Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Chitraratha

2026-05-07T18:19:59Z

Hearthospital:

{{short description|Gandharva in Hindu mythology}}
{{distinguish|Chitrasena (gandharva)}}
{{Infobox deity
|type=Hindu
|parents =
* Suryavarchas (according to ''Atharvaveda'')
* [[Kashyapa]] and Muni (according to the ''Mahabharata'')
|affiliation=[[Gandharvas]]
|texts=''[[Atharvaveda]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Ramayana]], [[Puranas]]''
|consort=Kumbhinasi
|symbols=Chariot
|abode =
|other_names = Angaraparna
|weapons=Bow and arrows, [[Agneyastra]]
}}
'''Chitraratha''' ({{langx|sa|चित्ररथ|Citraratha}}), also known as '''Angaraparna''' ({{langx|sa|अङ्गारपर्ण|Aṅgāraparṅa}}), is a prominent [[Gandharva]]—a class of celestial musicians in [[Hindu mythology]]. Although he is first mentioned in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', Chitraratha is primarily known for his role in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', where he encounters the [[Pandava]] brothers.

Identified as a king of the Gandharvas, Chitraratha confronts the Pandavas during their journey through his forest to the city of the Panchalas and forbids them from entering the area. This results in a direct battle between him and the third Pandava prince, [[Arjuna]]. Although Chitraratha is defeated, his life is spared after the pleadings of his wife, Kumbhinasi. Following this, Chitraratha befriends Arjuna, gifting him the knowledge of the ''Chakshushi Vidya'' and celestial horses. He also narrates the legends of Arjuna's ancestors and advises the Pandavas to appoint the ascetic [[Dhaumya]] as their family priest. In return, Chitraratha receives the [[Agneyastra]] weapon from Arjuna.

==In Vedic texts==
The gandharva Chitraratha first appears within a hymn (8.10.27) in the book 8 of the ''[[Atharva Veda]]'' dedicated to the glorification of Viraj—the divine cosmic cow whose milk nourishes every class of existence according to its nature. It describes how the [[gandharvas]] and [[apsarases]] call upon the Viraj, addressing her as ''Punyagandha''. Chitraratha, mentioned as a son of Suryavarcas, becomes the calf of the Viraj to induce milk secretion, while Vasuruchi, another son of Suryavarcas, acts as the milker.
The milk is drawn into a lotus-petal pail (or lotus leaf). From this divine milking emerges the "most delightful fragrance" — the holy scent upon which the Gandharvas and Apsarasas subsist.{{sfn|Singh|1997|p=178}}

This myth becomes the basis for the 'Milking of the Earth' episode narrated in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c 400 BCE) and various [[Puranas|Puranic]] texts (mostly composed after 400 CE), where King [[Prithu]] tames the [[Bhumi (goddess)|Earth]] in the form of a cow and extracts various treasures as milk. Chitraratha's role as the calf remains consistent in these accounts, except in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', where [[Vishvavasu]] acts as the calf instead.<ref>The Vayu Purana Part 1
Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 37
By G.P. Bhatt, Dr. G.V. Tagare · 2013, pp. 15</ref>{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=440}}

==In the Epics==
The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'' mentions Chitraratha among the sixteen sons of the proginator sage, [[Kashyapa]], and his wife [[Muni]]. His original name is mentioned as Angaraparna, which he changed to Chitraratha. Among the gandharvas, Chitraratha holds a high position, identified as a ''Devagandharva'' (lit. Divine gandharva) and is described being all wise and self-controlled. He is the mentioned as the foremost among all the gandharva by the god [[Krishna]] during the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' episode. He is regarded as a follower of the god [[Indra]] and a close friend of the god [[Kubera]].{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}<ref name=":0" />

According to the ''Ramayana'', he named prince [[Rama]]'s charioteer. In the ''Mahabharata'', even before his encounter, Chitraratha, along with all the prominent gandharvas, was present during the birth celebration of the epic's hero [[Arjuna]].{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}
===Encounter with the Pandavas===
The most famous incident featuring Chitraratha is narrated in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' as a minor episode, following the episode of killing of a demon namely, [[Bakasura]].{{sfn|Athavale|1949|p=97}} While the [[Pandavas]] and their mother, [[Kunti]], are traveling at night toward the northern [[Ganges]], they reach a sacred ford known as Somashravayana. At this location, Chitraratha is sporting in the water with his wives. Disturbed by the noise of the approaching party, he confronts them in a state of rage. Chitraratha asserts his dominion over that stretch of the river, claiming that during the hours of dusk and night, the waters belong exclusively to the [[Yaksha]]s, [[Gandharva]]s and [[Rakshasas]].{{sfn|Buitenen|2011|p=314-323}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}

The Pandava prince [[Arjuna]] challenges Chitraratha’s claim, asserting that the ocean, the [[Himalayas]], and the Ganges are open to all at any time. In the ensuing skirmish, Chitraratha attacks with blazing arrows, but Arjuna counters by using the [[Agneyastra]]—a divine weapon of fire he had received through his preceptor [[Drona]].
The weapon destroys Chitraratha’s chariot and renders him unconscious. Arjuna seizes him to bring him before his brothers. However, Chitraratha’s wife, Kumbhinasi, appeals to the eldest Pandava, [[Yudhishthira|Yudhisthira]], for mercy. Yudhisthira grants her request and orders Arjuna to release Chitraratha.{{sfn|Buitenen|2011|p=314-323}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}

Following his defeat, Chitraratha abandons his name "Angaraparna" (meaning "he whose chariot is like burning coal") out of shame of his defeat, and expresses gratitude for being spared. In exchange for his life and as a gesture of friendship, Chitraratha provides Arjuna with ''Chakshushi'', a spiritual knowledge/power which Chitraratha obtained from another Gandharva named [[Vishvavasu]]. It allows the possessor to see anything they wished within the three worlds. Chitraratha also promises one hundred horses of Gandharva breed to each of the Pandavas. In return, Arjuna gifts Chitraratha the knowledge of the Agneya weapon.{{sfn|Buitenen|2011|p=314-323}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}

Chitraratha then explains to the Pandavas that they had been vulnerable to his attack because they traveled without a dedicated priest (''[[Purohita]]'') and did not maintain the sacred fires. When Arjuna inquires if he knows of someone suitable for the role, Chitraratha directs them to the sage [[Dhaumya]]. He further recounts historical narratives of Pandavas’ ancestors, including the stories of [[Tapati]] and [[Vasishtha]]. Following this advice, the Pandavas depart to find Dhaumya.{{sfn|Buitenen|2011|p=314-323}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}{{Sfn|Mani|2015|p=186}}

The ''[[Sabha Parva]]'' narrates that later during Yudhishthira's coronation as Emperor, Chitraratha visits the [[Rajasuya|ceremony]] along with his brother, [[Tumburu]], and gifts speckled horses.{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}}

==Other mythology==
Chitraratha's role as a skilled musician and his high status among the Gandharvas remain consistent across various Puranic texts, which mention him performing at different events and specifically note his appointment as the king of the Gandharvas by the creator god [[Brahma]].

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions another bathing incident involving Chitraratha in which he, wearing only a garland of lotuses, enjoys erotic dalliances with his women while bathing in a river. This is witnessed by [[Renuka]], the wife of a sage, who experiences a temporary yet intense desire for Chitraratha, causing her to lose the powers she had gained through her chastity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmaniam |first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=14rXAAAAMAAJ&q=bhagavata+renuka+gandharva&dq=bhagavata+renuka+gandharva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirjrzL46eUAxVTV2wGHRuUAX4Q6AF6BAgKEAM#bhagavata%20renuka%20gandharva |title=The Bhagavatam |date=1983 |publisher=Jaico |language=en}}</ref> Although the same episode is narrated in other texts, including the ''Mahabharata'', Chitraratha there is described as a king of [[Martikavati|Marttikavata]] rather than a Gandharva. However some scholars specifically identifies him as the Gandharva himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Other_R%C4%81ma.html?id=jyT0DwAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q=renuka%20citraratha&f=false |title=The Other Rāma: Matricide and Genocide in the Mythology of Paraśurāma |date=2020-10-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8040-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sørensen |first=Søren |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c1ROAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=renuka+citraratha&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFztWv3KeUAxXsaXADHQVLNLYQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=renuka%20citraratha&f=false |title=An Index to the Names in the Mahabharata: With Short Explanations and a Concordance to the Bombay and Calcutta Editions and P. C. Roy's Translation |date=1904 |publisher=Williams & Norgate |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Athavale|1949|p=97}}

Across the texts, Chitraratha is also famous for the park he created, called Chaitraratha (lit. ‘belonging to Chitraratha). The ''Ramayana'' mentions it being owned by both Indra and Kubera, while the ''Mahabharata'' assigns it only to Kubera. The park is noted for its beautiful and scenic landscape, making it a popular spot for pilgrims,{{Sfn|Hopkins|1984|p=155}} as well as the place where the king [[Yayati]] enjoyed his sexual dalliances with the nymph Vishvachi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2010-10-13 |title=Section LXXV [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc4057.html |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{Cite book |last=Athavale |first=V. B. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=geHU2ls62pQC&q=chitraratha+gandharva&dq=chitraratha+gandharva&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGw7ThyY6UAxW5j68BHVz8MLwQ6AF6BAgJEAM#chitraratha%20gandharva |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona |date=1949 |publisher=The Institute |language=en |chapter=Movement of the Pāṇḍavas}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=E. Washburn |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Epic_Mythology/4nDiDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover |title=Epic Mythology |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0560-1 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA361&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=J. A. B. van |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=pPVJCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+book+of+beginnings+mahabharata&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20book%20of%20beginnings%20mahabharata&f=false |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning |date=2011-05-04 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-21754-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-08-04 |title=Strīkāmā vai gandharvāḥ. Spirit-possession, women, and initiation in Vedic India |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/journal/acta-orientalia/d/doc1428131.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jXw7-PdwZ7oC&pg=PA178&dq=citraratha+suryavarcas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHuuL7xZOUAxV1V3ADHfvYIIoQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=citraratha%20suryavarcas&f=false |title=Vedic Mythology |date=1997 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-867-5 |language=en}}
{{Hindu apsaras and gandharvas}}

[[Category:Gandharvas]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

India's Got Latent

2026-05-06T05:24:44Z

Hearthospital:

{{Short description|Indian stand-up comedy show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = India's Got Latent logo.jpg
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Stand-up comedy]]
* [[Reality television|Reality]]
* [[Talent show]]
* [[Variety show]]
}}
| creator =
| inspired_by = ''[[Kill Tony]]'' ''[[Got Talent]]''
| presenter = [[Samay Raina]]
| judges =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| editor = Pratham Sagar
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 43–67 minutes 36–54 minutes (Bonus episodes)
| company = Perception Media
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|06|14}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|02|12|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 12 (+6 Bonus episodes)
| location = The Habitat ([[Mumbai, Maharashtra]])
}}

'''''India's Got Latent''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[talent show]] hosted by [[Samay Raina]] on [[YouTube]] since 2024. Inspired by the international ''[[Got Talent]]'' franchise and ''[[Kill Tony]],'' it features a wide variety of acts including singing, dancing, magic, and comedy.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://trakt.tv/shows/india-s-got-latent-2024 |title=India's Got Latent |access-date=10 November 2024 |via=trakt.tv}}</ref> The show was initially called off by Raina and all episodes were made private on YouTube on February 12, 2025 after a controversy sparked over some [[Obscenity|obscene]] comments made by podcaster [[Ranveer Allahbadia]].

== History ==
''India's Got Latent'' was launched on June 14, 2024 by Samay Raina on his YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanzgiri |first=Shantanu |date=25 June 2024 |title='I Want To Level Up': Samay Raina On His Latest Project 'India's Got Latent' & Pushing The Envelope With His Comedy - DeadAnt |url=https://deadant.co/i-want-to-level-up-samay-raina-on-his-latest-project-indias-got-latent-pushing-the-envelope-with-his-comedy/ |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=deadant.co |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Aakash |date=2 October 2024 |title=India's Got Latent Episode 7 Release Date: When & Where To Watch Samay Raina Show New Episode Online? |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/viral/2024/india-s-got-latent-episode-7-release-date-platform-when-where-watch-samay-raina-full-episode-youtube-421067.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=filmibeat.com}}</ref> Raina also launched an ''India's Got Latent'' app on iOS and Android.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=Comedian Samay Raina launches India's Got Latent app, reaches top of the charts on Apple App Store and Google Play Store |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/comedian-samay-raina-launches-indias-got-latent-app-reaches-top-of-the-charts-on-apple-app-store-and-google-play-store-459966-2025-01-08 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The show and all its episodes were made private from YouTube on February 12, 2025, after a controversy sparked over alleged derogatory comments made by Ranveer Allahbadia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Deletes All 'India's Got Latent' Videos Amid Ranveer Allahbadia Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/comedian-samay-raina-removes-indias-got-latent-videos-amid-row-7695509 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> In November 2025, Raina revealed that he was planning to renew the show for a second season, almost four months after clips of the episodes resurfaced on YouTube through a different channel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-09 |title=India’s Got Latent season 2: Samay Raina drops big hint; Says. 'Show toh main wapas launga' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/indias-got-latent-season-2-samay-raina-drops-big-hint-says-show-toh-main-wapas-launga/articleshow/125199345.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shweta |title=Is Samay Raina’s 'India’s Got Latent' set to make its comeback with season 2? Here’s what we know |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-is-samay-raina-s-india-s-got-latent-set-to-make-its-comeback-with-season-2-here-s-what-we-know-3187422 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Samay Raina's Latent show returns on YouTube after row, fans ask for new content |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/samay-raina-indias-got-latent-show-returns-to-youtube-on-different-channel-after-row-fans-want-new-content-2744769-2025-06-23 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2026, he released a stand-up special on YouTube, titled ''Still Alive'', where he remarked that "his show's first season couldn't have ended on a higher note" and revealed that a second season of the show was in the works.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-08|title=India’s Got Latent Season 2 release announced? Samay Raina shares big update about his controversial comedy show. Here is what he said|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/indias-got-latent-season-2-release-announced-samay-raina-shares-big-update-about-his-controversial-comedy-show-here-is-what-he-said/articleshow/130097208.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2026-04-08|work=[[The Economic Times]]|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-08|title=Samay Raina confirms ‘India’s Got Latent 2’; Opens up about controversy in stand-up special ‘Still Alive’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/samay-raina-confirms-indias-got-latent-2-opens-up-about-controversy-in-stand-up-special-still-alive/articleshow/130108143.cms|access-date=2026-04-08|work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Format ==
The format of ''India's Got Latent'' follows a similar structure to other shows in the ''[[Got Talent]]'' franchise and that of ''[[Kill Tony]]''. Contestants perform in front of a panel of judges, who evaluate their acts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Got Latent (2024) - Comedy Show by Samay Raina {{!}} BrownPant |url=https://brownpant.com/shows/indias-got-latent/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Auditions ===
The show begins with a nationwide audition process, where contestants from various cities and towns upload their clip online while performing an act and is reviewed by the selection committee before getting called to the show for stage performance.

=== Winner mechanism ===
The unique aspect of ''India's Got Latent'' is its contestant rating system. Before each performance, contestants have to rate themselves. If the average rating given by the judge panel after the performance matches the contestant's self-rating, the contestant wins.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Yash |title=From Spinny to POP: Brands embrace Samay Raina's 'India's Got Latent' |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/influencer-marketing/from-spinny-to-pop-brands-embrace-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-7372000 |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Judges and hosts ==
The judging panel typically consists of celebrities from the Indian entertainment industry. Each judge provides feedback on the performances, while the host interacts with contestants and the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Iraa |date=12 November 2024 |title=Who is Samay Raina? Standup comedian making waves because of India's Got Latent |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/who-is-samay-raina-standup-comedian-making-waves-because-of-indiaa-got-latent-645730.html |website=Indiatimes |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

{{columns-list|{{legend|#FF87C3|Host}}{{legend|#FFC6C6|Guest Host}}{{legend|#90EE90|Judge}}{{legend|#DAEBFF|Guest Judge}}|colwidth=20em}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible mw-collapsible nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%"
! rowspan="3" scope="col" | Cast member
! colspan="18" scope="col" style="text-align:center" | Season 1 (2024)
! rowspan="3" |Ref.
|-
! colspan="18" | Episode
|-
! 1 !! 1+ !! 2 !! 2+ !! 3
!3+!! 4
!4+!! 5
!5+!! 6
!6+!! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10
!11
!12
|-
| [[Samay Raina]] || colspan="18" style="background:#FF87C3" | ●
|
|-
| Balraj Singh Ghai || colspan="9" style="background:#90EE90" | ●
|
|style="background:#90EE90" | ●
|
|style="background:#90EE90"|●|| || colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90" | ●
|
|style="background:#90EE90"|●
|
|-
| [[Raftaar]] || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sikha |first=Bunti |date=31 July 2024 |title=RAFTAAR TO APPEAR IN INDIA'S GOT LATENT AS A JUDGE - Desi Rap Network |url=https://desirapnetwork.com/index.php/2024/07/31/raftaar-to-appear-in-indias-got-latent-as-a-judge/ |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Sahil Kale || colspan="2" style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
|Arpit Bala|| |
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title='I Want To Level Up': Samay Raina On His Latest Project 'India's Got Latent' & Pushing The Envelope With His Comedy - DeadAnt |url=https://deadant.co/i-want-to-level-up-samay-raina-on-his-latest-project-indias-got-latent-pushing-the-envelope-with-his-comedy/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250315082831/https://deadant.co/i-want-to-level-up-samay-raina-on-his-latest-project-indias-got-latent-pushing-the-envelope-with-his-comedy/ |archive-date=2025-03-15 |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=DeadAnt |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Bhappa
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Aminjaz
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Anshu Bisht || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Joke Singh]]|| || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || ||
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| || || ||
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":7" />
|-
| [[Karan Singh (magician)|Karan Singh]]|| || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|-
| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]|| || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karki |first=Manisha |date=30 August 2024 |title=Rapper Badshah Takes Dig At Comedian Samay Raina's Show India's Got Latent: 'Downfall Is Real' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/rapper-badshah-takes-dig-at-comedian-samay-rainas-show-indias-got-latent-downfall-is-real |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]|| || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| Gursimran Khamba || || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Urfi Javed]]|| || || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| Ashish Solanki || || || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=8 October 2024 |title=Rakhi Sawant Gets Into Argument With India's Got Latent Co-Judge, Throws Chair On Stage |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rakhi-sawant-gets-into-argument-with-indias-got-latent-co-judge-throws-chair-on-stage-9078409.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=2025-01-08 |title=Rapper Yashraj says being a judge on Samay Raina's India's Got Latent is ‘always a hilarious experience’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/rapper-yashraj-says-being-a-judge-on-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-is-always-a-hilarious-experience-101736323721966.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Yashraj]]|| || || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|-
|[[Avika Gor]]
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Devesh Dixit
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Shashwat Maheshwari
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Maheep Singh || || || || ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Rakhi and Maheep Singh's Heated Argument Turns Ugly; Hurls Chair in Fiery Clash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/rakhi-and-maheep-singhs-heated-argument-turns-ugly-hurls-chair-in-fiery-clash/videoshow/114055928.cms |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
|-
| Amit Tandon || || || || ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| Neeti Palta || || || || ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Seedhe Maut]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Madhur Virli
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Kaustubh Agarwal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kunal Kamra]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Atul Khatri]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| ||
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rohan Joshi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Sahil Shah
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Vaibhav Munjal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Chandni Ghai
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Vipul Goyal]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| Sonali Thakker || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
| || || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
|Ranveer Allahbadia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":4" />
|-
|Ashish Chanchalani
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Apoorva Mukhija
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Jaspreet Singh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Saurabh Pandey || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| Rahgir (singer) || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| Ravi Gupta || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● || ||
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Poonam Pandey]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
|
|
|
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poonam Pandey surprises fans with her sense of humour on India's Got Latent; netizens say, 'What a Sport' |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/poonam-pandey-surprises-fans-with-her-sense-of-humour-on-indias-got-latent-netizens-say-what-a-sport_212869 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Aditya |date=15 October 2024 |title=Watch: Poonam Pandey joins Samay Raina on India's Got Latent and the internet is going wild |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/watch-poonam-pandey-samay-raina-indias-got-latent-internet-reaction-643821.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vidit Gujrathi]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
|
|
|
|-
| Vivek Desai || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sagar Shah]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ● ||
|
|
|
|-
| [[Manan Desai]]|| || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|-
| Deepak Kalal || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|-
| Agu Stanley Chiedozie || || || || ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || || || style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Raghu Ram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|-
|[[Tanmay Bhat]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|-
|Dr. Sid Warrier
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bharti Singh]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Riya |date=December 9, 2024 |title='Haarsh Limbachiyaa overshadowed Samay Raina', say fans after 'best episode' of India's Got Latent |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/haarsh-limbachiyaa-overshadowed-samay-raina-say-fans-after-best-episode-of-indias-got-latent-101733733692843.html |access-date=December 27, 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|-
|Drew Hicks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|-
|[[Tony Kakkar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|
|-
|[[Rakhi Sawant]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DAEBFF" | ●
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=7 November 2024 |title=Video, pics from Samay Raina's unreleased YouTube show get leaked; cricketer seen as judge on India's Got Latent |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/video-pics-from-samay-rainas-unreleased-youtube-show1-get-leaked-cricketer-seen-as-judge-on-india-s-got-latent-11730970781363.html |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=[[LiveMint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prajapati |first=Siddhika |date=8 November 2024 |title=Samay Raina Roasts Yuzvendra Chahal: A Hilarious Twist on India's Got Latent |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/samay-raina-roasts-yuzvendra-chahal-319006.html |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=myKhel.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Farah Khan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2025 |title=Farah Khan episode from Samay Raina show goes viral amid India's Got Latent controversy |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/farah-khan-episode-from-samay-raina-show-goes-viral-amid-indias-got-latent-controversy-1503399886.html#google_vignette |access-date=July 6, 2025 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Rajguru |first=Sumit |date=February 13, 2025 |title=Here's How Farah Khan, Bhuvan Bam, Mallika Sherawat, Munawar Faruqui Escaped From India's Got Latent Controversy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/heres-how-farah-khan-bhuvan-bam-mallika-sherawat-munawar-faruqui-escaped-from-indias-got-latent-controversy-article-118205636 |access-date=July 6, 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[KRSNA (rapper)|KRSNA]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bhuvan Bam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="12" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[Ahsaas Channa]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rahul Dua]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Sumaira Shaikh
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Manhar Seth
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Dalip Tahil]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mallika Sherawat]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Munawar Faruqui]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Varun Thakur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Anubhav Singh Bassi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Note: "+" represents bonus episodes.

== Famous contestants ==

* Naman Arora<ref>{{Cite web |last=T |first=Sachin |date=28 August 2024 |title=Who Is Naman Arora? All About Viral India's Got Latent Comedian Who Acted In Varun Dhawan-Starrer Jug Jugg Jeeyo |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/who-is-naman-arora-all-about-viral-indias-got-latent-comedian-who-acted-in-varun-dhawan-starrer-jug-jugg-jeeyo |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=सोशल लिस्ट : India's Got Latent से वायरल हुए नमन अरोड़ा के किन पुराने वीडियोज को खोज लाए लोग? |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/news/video/social-list-naman-arora-went-viral-from-indias-got-latent-and-now-people-are-digging-up-his-old-videos |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=The Lallantop |language=hi}}</ref>
* Keshav Jha<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=सोशल लिस्ट: समय रैना के शो से फेमस हुए केशव झा क्यों हुए ट्रोल? |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/news/video/why-keshav-jha-is-being-trolled-for-ae-murkh-apni-chhavi-sudhar-poetry-discussed-in-social-list |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=The Lallantop |language=hi}}</ref>
* Deepak Yadav (DDSRY)
* Sharon Verma<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=Comedian goes viral for sharing hilarious reason why she's a 'weak independent woman' on Samay Raina's 'India's Got Latent' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/comedian-viral-hilarious-reason-weak-independent-woman-samay-raina-9579204/ |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakani |first=Krishna |date=19 September 2024 |title='Weak, Independent Woman': This Bihar Comedian's Relatability is Off the Charts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/weak-independent-woman-this-bihar-comedians-relatability-is-off-the-charts-article-113473497 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
* Santosh Patra<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirani |first=Garvit |date=2025-11-27 |title=SC directs Samay Raina to invite disabled people with success stories on shows, raise funds for their treatment {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sc-directs-samay-raina-to-invite-disabled-people-with-success-stories-on-shows-raise-funds-for-treatment-11764227789418.html |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* Bhavya Shah<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-17 |title=Bhavya Shah, visually impaired comedian, signs first film with Palaash Muchhal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhavya-shah-visually-impaired-comedian-signs-first-film-with-palaash-muchhal-2634700-2024-11-17 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Anant Upadhyay
* Kushal Bhanushali<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=Partially blind IGL contestant on PIL against show for mocking disabled: 'Don’t need others to decide what’s offensive' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/partially-blind-igl-contestant-on-pil-against-show-for-mocking-disabled-don-t-need-others-to-decide-what-s-offensive-101748259704483.html |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Banti Banerjee<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2024 |title=After mocking Deepika Padukone's depression battle, 'India's Got Latent' contestant's joke on Kolkata's rape-murder case sparks outrage: 'Appalling'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/after-mocking-deepika-padukone-depression-battle-indias-got-latent-contestants-joke-on-kolkatas-rape-murder-case-sparks-outrage-9679353/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Jessy Nabam<ref name=":6" />

== Winner ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Episode
!Winner
|-
|1
|Jyoti Sharma, Vedant Modi
|-
|2
|Anant Upadhyay, Suryansh Pandey & Veer, and Ekant Sawant (bonus episode)
|-
|3
|Deepak Yadav (DDSRY)
|-
|4
|Hard Shivam, Kartikey & Deep (bonus episode)
|-
|5
|Naman Arora, and Poshak Dua (bonus episode)
|-
|6
| Sewashree Boruah, and Karan Shah (bonus episode)
|-
|7
|Parneet Singh
|-
|8
|Pravin Bhairwa
|-
|9
|Kushal Bhanushali
|-
|10
|Banti Banerjee, Mysterious Kayden
|-
|11
|Anmol Sharma, Kushal Bhanushali
|-
|12
|Yuvraj Gupta, Khushi Saini
|}

== Reception ==
''India's Got Latent'' has gained popularity for its diversity in showcasing talent from different regions of India. The show has been praised for its ability to discover unique talents that might not have been recognized in mainstream entertainment and also the amalgamation of various celebrities as judges which has proved to induce laughter and popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Varsha |date=11 November 2024 |title='He has a peculiar...': Rohit Shetty decodes how India's Got Latent's Samay Raina a cut above the rest |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-he-has-a-peculiar-rohit-shetty-decodes-how-india-s-got-latent-s-samay-raina-a-cut-above-the-rest-3117428 |work=[[DNA India]] |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

Latent was included in [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA'']]'s list of the top 5 crazy shows on YouTube in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiman |first=Harshvardhan |date=8 October 2024 |title=5 crazy shows on India YouTube |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/5-crazy-shows-on-india-youtube-1728363999319 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== YouTube earnings ==
Latent is estimated to earn over {{INR|1.5}} [[crore]] per month from [[YouTube Premium|YouTube memberships]], with additional revenue generated from in-stream advertisements on each episode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satija |first=Garima |date=4 November 2024 |title=Is Samay Raina earning Rs 1.5 crores per month from India's Got Latent? Fans say he deserves it |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/is-samay-raina-earning-rs-15-crores-per-month-from-indias-got-latent-fans-say-he-deserves-it-645150.html |website=Indiatimes |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2025}}

== Controversies ==

=== Rakhi Sawant vs Maheep Singh ===
[[Rakhi Sawant]] threw a chair on stage after getting into an argument with comedian Maheep Singh on an episode of ''India's Got Latent''. Sawant also made a derogatory remark about Singh, after which he left the stage. The episode was eventually released on YouTube as the twelfth episode on New Year's Eve 2024, after undergoing the removal of the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=8 October 2024 |title=Rakhi Sawant's Angry Outburst: Actress Throws Chair on India's Got Latent Stage After Heated Argument with Maheep Singh |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/rakhi-sawants-angrys-outburst-actress-throws-chair-on-indias-got-latent-stage-after-heated-argument-with-maheep-singh-a475/ |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=[[Lokmat Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Derogatory remarks against people with disabilities ===
During Santosh Patra's performance in sixth episode, the judges endorsed [[Ableism|derogatory remarks about disabled people]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=India's Got Latent के 5 कॉमेडियन को नोटिस, शो में दिव्यांग के मजाक उड़ाने का लगाया आरोप {{!}} defamation notice to 5 comedians of Indias got Latent for making fun of disabled people |url=https://www.patrika.com/ghaziabad-news/defamation-notice-to-5-comedians-of-indias-got-latent-for-making-fun-of-disabled-people-19009197 |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=It's not humour, it's hate: Amputee Tinkesh Kaushik blasts comedian Samay Raina |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/its-not-humour-its-hate-amputee-tinkesh-kaushik-blasts-comedian-samay-raina/articleshow/113528941.cms |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2025 |title='Social burden, not penal': SC tells Samay Raina, 3 comics to platform disabled achievers - what court said |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/social-burden-not-penal-sc-tells-samay-raina-3-comics-to-platform-disabled-achievers-what-court-said/articleshow/125608888.cms |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

=== Derogatory remarks towards Urfi Javed ===
During one of the performances on India's Got Latent, some of the contestants endorsed derogatory remarks on guest judge [[Urfi Javed]], which included "slut-shaming" her, and comparing her with [[Pornographic film actor|adult actress]] [[Mia Khalifa]], which eventually led to her walking off the show. The show's main judge Samay Raina didn't intervene and Balraj Ghai was called in to replace her for the last two performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |date=December 28, 2024 |title=Urfi Javed WALKS OUT Of Samay Raina's India's Got Latent After Contestant's Abusive Comment |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/urfi-javed-walks-out-of-samay-raina-indias-got-latent-after-contestants-abusive-comment-9170553.html |access-date=April 8, 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=From Ranveer Allahbadia's remarks to Urfi Javed's exit: 5 big controversies at India’s Got Latent |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/from-ranveer-allahbadias-remarks-to-urfi-javeds-exit-5-big-controversies-at-india-s-got-latent-101739260626991.html |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Urfi Javed Walks Out Of Samay Raina's India's Got Latent After Being Compared With Adult Star By Contestant: Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/urfi-javed-walks-out-of-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-after-being-compared-with-adult-star-by-contestant-report-article-116738788 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Banti Banerjee ===
Banti Banerjee was a contestant and a winner on the tenth episode. During her performance, she made several controversial remarks that were initially endorsed by the judges and audience but later sparked an online debate and outrage.

==== Jokes on Deepika Padukone’s depression ====
During her performance, Banerjee referenced [[Deepika Padukone|Deepika Padukone's]] recent experience of becoming a [[mother]] and her past struggles with [[Depression (mood)|depression]]:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=India's Got Latent contestant jokes on Deepika Padukone's depression battle, triggers outrage: 'Not cool' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/deepika-padukone-depression-joke-indias-got-latent-samay-raina-show-9675551/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>''"Deepika Padukone also became a mother recently, right? Great. Now she knows what depression really looks like. Actual depression happens when your sleep breaks, and your kid wakes in the middle of the night at 3 am and the kid wants to eat, poop, or play, at any order."'' - Banerjee said in a viral clip.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mittal |first=Nidhi |date=2024-11-18 |title=India's Got Latent contestant jokes 'Deepika Padukone Depression', mixed reactions from fans |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news/india-s-got-talent-contestant-jokes-deepika-padukone-depression-angry-fans-react-2024-11-18-962217 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>She also said she was intentionally mocking the actor's depression due to her breakup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=2024-11-18 |title=India's Got Latent contestant mocks Deepika Padukone's depression as Samay Raina, Tanmay Bhat laugh; angry fans react |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/indias-got-latent-contestant-mocks-deepika-padukones-depression-as-samay-raina-tanmay-bhat-laugh-angry-fans-react-101731909996926.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Latent's host [[Samay Raina]] also responded to outrage, by saying:<blockquote>''"To everyone who is outraging on [[Twitter]], one request: Could you please outrage in my YouTube comment section so I get some [[Advertising revenue|ad revenue]] from the traction, at least."'' - Raina wrote on Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruchita |date=2024-11-19 |title="Outrage on YouTube so I get some...": Samay Raina reacts to joke on Deepika Padukone's depression; trolled |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/outrage-youtube-so-i-get-some-samay-raina-reacts-joke-deepika-padukones-depression-875048 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>
===Derogatory remarks against people of Arunachal Pradesh===
The fifth bonus episode, which debuted in June 2024, faced criticism over [[Racism in India|racist]] comments made about [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Contestant Jessy Nabam, a native of the state, joked that her people consume [[dog meat]], and sometimes even their own pets. This remark prompted a resident of Arunachal Pradesh to file a complaint, reportedly leading to an [[First information report|FIR]] being registered, which termed her comments as derogatory and [[Indian defamation law|defamatory]] towards the [[Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh|indigenous people of Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ashana |title=Samay Raina's India's Got Latent Gets Into Legal Trouble, FIR Filed Over A Contestant's Controversial Comments News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-gets-into-legal-trouble-fir-filed-over-a-contestants-controversial-comments/462014/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Derogatory remarks against people of Kerala===
Comedian Jaspreet Singh has sparked significant outrage with a racist joke about [[Kerala]], drawing sharp criticism from [[Malayali people|Malayalis]] across social media in the sixth bonus episode and overall, the last episode of the show. This incident has since gained momentum, with many condemning the joke as offensive and derogatory to Kerala's literacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-09 |title=Racist accent joke on Keralites triggers criticism against Samay Raina's 'India's Got Latent' show |url=https://telanganatoday.com/racist-accent-joke-on-keralites-triggers-criticism-against-samay-rainas-indias-got-latent-show |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Offensive remarks by Ranveer Allahbadia and removal of the show ===
On 10 February 2025, podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia, popularly known as BeerBiceps, appeared as a guest judge in the sixth bonus episode alongside YouTuber Ashish Chanchlani, social media influencer Apoorva Mukhija, and Jaspreet Singh.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/indias-got-latent-episode-with-ranveer-allahbadias-obscene-and-perverse-comments-goes-offline-government-order-or-/articleshow/118143144.cms|title=India's Got Latent episode with Ranveer Allahbadia's 'obscene and perverse comments' 'deleted': Government order or …|date=12 February 2025|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> During the episode, Allahbadia made a remark that sparked widespread controversy. He asked the following question to a contestant:
<blockquote>Would you rather [[Voyeurism|watch your]] parents have sex every day for the rest of your life or [[Incest in media|join in]] once to make it stop forever?<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Ranveer Allahbadia controversy: When does a joke stop being funny? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/society/story/ranveer-allahbadia-samay-raina-indias-got-latent-controversy-vulgar-joke-gone-too-far-2677721-2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>
The remark led to significant backlash on social media. A police complaint was filed against Allahbadia for "promoting obscenity" and using offensive language. The complaint was submitted to the [[Commissioner of the Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police Commissioner]] and the [[National Commission for Women]], which led to an inquiry and the registration of an [[First information report|FIR]] against Allahbadia, as well as Apoorva Mukhija and comedian [[Samay Raina]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-11 |title=Trouble mounts for Ranveer Allahbadia & others linked to Samay Raina's show: Top developments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trouble-mounts-for-ranveer-allahbadia-others-linked-to-samay-rainas-show-indias-got-latent-top-developments/articleshow/118151638.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader & [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Chief Minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] commented on the incident, stating,
{{Blockquote|I have come to know about it. I haven’t seen it yet. Things have been said and presented in the wrong way. Everyone has freedom of speech, but our freedom ends when we encroach upon the freedom of others... In our society, we have certain rules, and if someone violates them, it is absolutely wrong, and action should be taken against them,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/maharashtra-cm-on-ranveer-allahbadia-freedom-of-speech-sab-ke-liye-hai-lekin/articleshow/118115443.cms|title=Maharashtra CM ... on Ranveer Allahbadia: Freedom of Speech Sab Ke Liye Hai, Lekin|author=TOI Tech Desk |website=[[Times of India]]|date=10 February 2025|access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>}}

Another BJP leader, [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Assam Chief Minister]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] also announced that an FIR had been filed by the [[Guwahati Police Commissionerate|Guwahati police]] against the individuals involved in the incident for promoting obscenity and engaging in inappropriate discussions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-announces-fir-against-youtubers-influencers-for-obscenity-on-indias-got-latent/articleshow/118124913.cms|title=Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma announces FIR against YouTubers, influencers for obscenity on India's Got Latent|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

On February 10, 2025, Allahbadia issued a video in which he stated that the controversial segments had been removed from the show, acknowledging that the attempt at humor was not well received.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ranveer-allahbadia-apologises-for-remarks-on-india-s-got-latent-i-m-sorry-101739178927970.html|title=Ranveer Allahbadia apologises for 'India's Got Latent' row: 'Shouldn't have said what I said'|date=10 February 2025|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> On February 12, 2025, Samay Raina removed all episodes of India's Got Latent from his YouTube channel, stating that he would fully cooperate with the authorities to ensure a fair inquiry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/samay-raina-deletes-all-videos-of-controversial-show-indias-got-latent-only-objective-make-people-laugh-9832770/|title=Samay Raina deletes all videos of controversial show India's Got Latent, says 'only objective was to make people laugh'|date=13 February 2025|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

Following this, the [[Maharashtra Police]] filled a complaint against Samay Raina and Ranveer Allahbadia for "creating [[Obscene|obscene content]]" and airing it on the shows YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranveer Allahbadia Controversy Deepens as Police Charge Comedian Samay Raina Over 'India's Got Latent' Episode |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/ranveer-allahbadia-controversy-deepens-as-police-charge-comedian-samay-raina-over-indias-got-latent-episode |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amid backlash, Ranveer Allahbadia loses followers; Gaurav Taneja claims 'Samay Raina won't stop till he gets YouTube India cancelled' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amid-backlash-ranveer-allahbadia-loses-followers-gaurav-taneja-claims-samay-raina-wont-stop-till-he-gets-youtube-india-cancelled/articleshow/118146585.cms |website=The Times of India |date=12 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akansha Ranjan Kapoor Defends Samay Raina Amid Ranveer Allahbadia's Controversial IGL Episode |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-defends-samay-raina-amid-ranveer-allahbadias-controversial-indias-got-latent-episode-article-118182945 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=12 February 2025}}</ref>

Apoorva Mukhija reported on social media about receiving threats of being raped & murdered on her social media accounts due to her presence at that episode.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2025-02-15 |title=Apoorva Mukhija gets death threats amid India's Got Latent and Ranveer Allahbadia controversy {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/apoorva-mukhija-getting-death-threats-amid-indias-got-latent-row-ranveer-allahbadia-controversy-11739615402889.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215134700/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/apoorva-mukhija-getting-death-threats-amid-indias-got-latent-row-ranveer-allahbadia-controversy-11739615402889.html |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=Apoorva Mukhija getting rape & death threats, claims friend |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-got-latent-row-apoorva-mukhija-getting-rape-threats-claims-friend-101739613201421.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She was dropped from the list of guests for the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] in [[Jaipur]] after the [[Karni Sena]] publicly declared its intention to physically assault her in protest of her actions if she arrived in the [[Rajasthan|state]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-15 |title=India's Got Latent row: Apoorva Mukhija dropped from IIFA event in Rajasthan after Karni Sena's threat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-got-latent-apoorva-mukhija-dropped-from-iifa-event-rajasthan-karni-sena-threat-rebel-kid-101739557872027.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215015323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-got-latent-apoorva-mukhija-dropped-from-iifa-event-rajasthan-karni-sena-threat-rebel-kid-101739557872027.html |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Hindutva|far-right Hindu]] outfit in [[Gwalior]] declared a bounty of 1 lakh INR to cut off Allahabadia's tongue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Rs 1 lakh bounty for attacking Ranveer Allahbadia, announces Hindutva outfit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/rs-1-lakh-bounty-for-attacking-ranveer-allahbadia-announces-hindutva-outfit-2679626-2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Mukhija also exposed about death and rape threats, as well as acid attacks from several trolls for her conduct in an interview and sharing screenshots months later.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/the-rebel-kid-apoorva-makhija-rape-death-threats-india-s-got-latent-11744112492556.html|title= Rape-death threats: Rebel Kid Apoorva Mukhija exposes trolls, gets massive support, 'More power to you'}}</ref>

The entire controversy around Allahbadia's comments was [[Media circus|fanned]] into a [[moral panic]] by India's [[Godi media|pro-government media]] about Indian youth being [[Cultural conflict|corrupted]] by inherently [[Decadence|decadent]] [[Western values]] via social media<ref>{{Cite web |last=Begam |first=Amana |date=2025-02-14 |title=Moral panic over Ranveer Allahbadia comes from India's family hierarchy |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/moral-panic-over-ranveer-allahbadia-india-family-hierarchy/2494687/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=vq4CNurZWeNnWlGn&v=ecqkmjv9i9I&feature=youtu.be |title=BeerBiceps, Samay Raina & The Hypocrisy of TV News Anchors {{!}} TV Newsance 286 |date=2025-02-14 |last=newslaundry |access-date=2025-04-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref> after it appeared that Allahbadia had copied that infamous joke from an [[Australia]]n YouTube channel called ''The'' ''OG Crew'' where it was directed by an Australian [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]] Sammy Walsh towards Alan Fang, two weeks before Allahbadia endorsed it on the show.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranveer Allahbadia's 'Sex with parents' question on Samay Raina's 'India's Got Latent' was copied: Here is the original |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ranveer-allahbadia-s-sex-with-parents-question-on-samay-raina-s-indias-got-latent-was-copied-here-s-the-original-101739275009040.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Even the obscene joke was copied: Internet digs out video to slam Ranveer Allahbadia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/ranveer-allahbadia-controversy-obscene-joke-copied-internet-digs-out-video-to-slam-2677567-2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Some critics have also accused the law enforcement authorities and judiciary of using the controversy as a smokescreen to divert attention from other pressing problems, such as [[Unemployment in India|unemployment]], [[Corruption in India|corruption]], [[Rape in India|rape]] and [[Environmental issues in India|pollution]], & the imposition of [[President's rule]] in [[Manipur]] due to [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic riots]],<ref name=":2" /> and questioned the hypocrisy of the judiciary and police about not taking any legal action against political figures who have made derogatory comments about women & [[Hate speech|hate-speech]] in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=19 February 2025 |title=YouTuber's 'dirty' comments spark massive row in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg4g8q51xdo.amp |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Concerns have been raised that the controversy might be used by the BJP government to tighten [[internet censorship]] [[Internet censorship in India|in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrashekar |first=Jisha Surya,Nandini |date=2025-03-08 |title=Ranveer Allahbadia case: The ripple effect of a single 'joke' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/ranveer-allahbadia-case-the-ripple-effect-of-a-single-joke |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2025-03-12 |title=Parliamentary panel pushes for bringing broadcast bill; experts fear censorship guidelines after Ranveer Allahbadia row {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/panel-pushes-for-bringing-broadcast-bill-experts-fear-censorship-guidelines-after-ranveer-allahbadia-row-11741778491466.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405143728/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/panel-pushes-for-bringing-broadcast-bill-experts-fear-censorship-guidelines-after-ranveer-allahbadia-row/amp-11741778491466.html |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wire Talks {{!}} After Beer Biceps Case, Could Broadcast Bill Be Pushed Through the Backdoor? |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/media/the-wire-talks-after-beer-biceps-case-could-broadcast-bill-be-pushed-through-the-backdoor/amp |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=thewire.in}}</ref>

On 14 February 2025, a parliamentary committee wrote to the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] seeking laws to regulate digital content like [[podcast]]s & [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTTs]] in the light of this incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Ranveer Allahbadia row: MPs urge government to regulate OTT, social media |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ranveer-allahbadia-row-mps-urge-government-to-regulate-ott-social-media-2679667-2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Supreme Court Judge [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]] has remarked that "there is nothing like a fundamental right on a platter," stating that citizens must fulfill their "duty" in order to enjoy their fundamental rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Oindrila |date=3 March 2025 |title='Youngsters May Think We're Outdated…': SC In Ranveer Allahbadia Hearing |url=https://www.news18.com/india/supreme-court-strong-remarks-ranveer-allahbadia-case-hearing-indias-got-latent-top-quotes-9248300.html |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=BeerBiceps Row: SC Says Fundamental Rights Not Provided on 'Platter'; Suggests Draft Regulations |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/ranveer-allahbadia-supreme-court-fundamental-rights-platter/amp |website=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=Allahbadia row: Nothing like fundamental right on platter, says SC on 'free speech' limits |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/allahbadia-row-nothing-like-fundamental-right-on-platter-says-sc-on-free-speech-limits-3429761 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

On 3 March 2025, Ranveer Allahbadia was allowed by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to resume airing his podcast "The Ranveer Show" on YouTube, on the condition that he will maintain decency on his show.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/india/only-source-of-livelihood-youtuber-ranveer-allahbadia-beerbiceps-asks-supreme-court-to-allow-him-to-air-programmes-11740992666716.html|title= Supreme Court allows Ranveer Allahbadia to resume The Ranveer Show after 'only source of livelihood' appeal|work= mint|last1= Yadav|first1= Krishna}}</ref> On 7 March 2025, Allahbadia was shown to be dragged by officers of [[Assam Police|Guwahati Police]], after he appeared to give his statements following warrants and summons; the maltreatment by dragging was heavily criticized by several netizens.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ranveer-allahbadia-appears-before-assam-guwahati-police-in-connection-with-in-india-s-got-latent-case-samya-raina-11741344455157.html|title= Ranveer Allahbadia appears before Assam Police in connection with 'India's Got Latent' case {{!}} Video|work= mint|date= 7 March 2025|author1= Livemint}}</ref> On 8 March 2025, the [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati HC]] granted anticipatory bail to Ashish Chanchlani in the matter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-08 |title=Gauhati HC grants anticipatory bail to Ashish Chanchlani in 'India's Got Latent' case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gauhati-hc-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-ashish-chanchlani-in-indias-got-latent-case/articleshow/118803248.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In April 2026, Raina revealed in his debut standup special, ''Still Alive'', that Allahbadia asked the same question at least eight times during the 5-hour event, but he chose to keep only one instance of him asking the question, in the edited version of the episode, which was released on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-08 |title=Samay Raina says Ranveer Allahbadia made the parent joke 8 times, he kept one |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/samay-raina-says-ranveer-allahbadia-made-the-parent-joke-8-times-on-indias-got-latent-he-kept-one-2893049-2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[India's Got Talent]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiasgotlatent.live Official Website]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt33094114|description=(2024)}}

[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Got Talent]]
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Roast (comedy)]]
[[Category:Indian talent shows]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in television]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Variety television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube series]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube controversies]]
[[Category:Online obscenity controversies]]
[[Category:Performing arts contests]]
[[Category:Competitions in India]]
[[Category:2020s variety television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 web series endings]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:2025 controversies]]

Annam (TV series)

2026-04-28T16:55:09Z

Hearthospital: New Data - done

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = Shakthi Jegan
| screenplay =
| director = A.P.Rajendran
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Abi Natchatra
* Bharat Kumar
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 350+
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Ayyan Movie Makers
| opentheme =
| cinematography = * S.Mohan
| editor = Sajin C
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20–22 minutes per episode
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|12|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| related = 
}}

'''''Annam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|television series]] written by Shakthi Jegan, directed by A.P.Rajendran, and starring Abi Natchatra and Bharat Kumar.<ref name=":Cast">{{cite news |title=அயலி இணையத் தொடர் நாயகியின் புதிய சீரியல்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2024/Nov/27/new-serial-from-the-web-series-heroine-ayali|newspaper=[[Dinamani]]|date=27 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref> The series produced by [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] and Ayyan Movie Makers.<ref>{{cite news |title=சன் டிவியில் புதியதாக களமிறங்கும் தொடர்.. வெளிவந்த முதல் புரொமோ |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/annam-promo-new-tamil-serial-coming-soon-sun-tv-1732158746|newspaper=cineulagam.com|date=|language=ta}}</ref> It premiered on 2 December 2024, and airs from daily on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]] from April 13, 2026.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=சன் டிவியில் முடியும் சுந்தரி சீரியல், களமிறங்கும் அன்னம் தொடர்.. எப்போது இருந்து தெரியுமா? |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-annam-serial-telecast-date-1732610701|newspaper=cineulagam.com|date=|language=ta}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Annam is an innocent village girl. She takes care of her family and faces all of life's issues calmly. She, living with an estranged father and a cruel stepmother, longs for a loving bond to escape her home for marriage to the right person.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*Abi Natchatra as Annalakshmi Karthikeyan alias Annam
*Bharat Kumar as Karthikeyan Shanmugam alias Karthik

=== Recurring ===
* [[Divya Ganesh (actress)|Divya Ganesh]] → Priyanka Shivanna as Ramya Saravanan
*Manohar Krishnan as Shanmugam
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Senbagavalli Shanmugam alias Shenbagam
*Ashwin Karthik as Saravanan Shanmugam alias Saravana
*Bharatha Naidu as Manimozhi "Mani"
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Saamydurai alias Saamy
*Saivam Ravi as Chellakili

=== Special appearances ===
*Maanya Anand as Kanmani
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Sakthivel Kalingarayar
*Sekar Raja as Duraisingam
*GV Krishna as Dinesh
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Aarumugam
* [[Ineya]] as herself

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Abi Natchatra<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Annam actress Abi Nakshathra acted in the web series Ayali?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-annam-actress-abi-nakshathra-acted-in-the-web-series-ayali/articleshow/123167061.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> plays the lead role in the series alongside Bharat Kumar, marking both debut appearance in a Tamil Television series.<ref name=":Cast"/> Divya Ganesh was selected to play the role of Ramya,<ref>{{cite news |title=முக்கோண காதல் கதையில் பாக்கியலட்சுமி சீரியல் நடிகை!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Dec/02/bakhyalakshmi-serial-actress-in-a-love-triangle-story|newspaper=[[Dinamani]]|date= 2 December 2024|language=ta}}</ref> but in end of October 2025, Divya quit the series to participate in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss Tamil season 9]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author= V Vasanthi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-9-wildcard-contestant-divya-ganesheverything-you-need-to-know-about-the-baakiyalakshmi-actress/articleshow/124872393.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 9: Wildcard contestant Divya Ganesh—Everything you need to know about the Baakiyalakshmi actress|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2025|language=en}}</ref> so she was replaced by actress Priyanka Shivanna.<ref>{{cite web|author= V Vasanthi|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/divya-ganesh-quits-sun-tv-annam-serial-8r9hzc0#goog_rewarded|title='அன்னம்' சீரியலில் இருந்து வெளியேறிய திவ்யா கணேசன்! இனி இவங்க தான் ரம்யாவா?|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=24 October 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

In September 2025, actors Maanya Anand<ref>{{cite news |title=புதிய சீரியலில் கமிட்டாகியுள்ள வானத்தை போல சீரியல் நடிகை மான்யா ஆனந்த்...|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vanathai-pola-actress-maanya-anand-new-serial-1756957141#google_vignette|newspaper=cineulagam.com|date=16 September 2025|language=ta}}</ref> and [[Y. G. Mahendran]] joined the cast for a special crossover event titled Triveni Sangamam.<ref>{{cite news |title=அன்னம் - கயல் - மருமகள் தொடர்களின் மகா சங்கமத்தில் இணையும் நடிகை மான்யா!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Sep/16/actress-manya-joins-the-mahasangamam-of-the-annam-kayal-marumgal-serials|newspaper=[[Dinamani]]|date=16 September 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

== Crossovers ==
A crossover with ''[[Kayal (TV series)|Kayal]]'', ''Annam'' and ''[[Marumagal (TV series)|Marumagal]]'' are together for a special crossover event titled Triveni Sangamam was announced on 15 September to 8 October 2025 for an unforgettable ride.<ref>{{cite news |title=Annam-Kayal-Marumagal: Triveni Sangaman of popular daily soaps to air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/annam-kayal-marumagal-triveni-sangaman-of-popular-daily-soaps-to-air-soon/articleshow/123159107.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date= 7 August 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news |title=சின்னத்திரை வரலாற்றில் முதல்முறை.. கயல், அன்னம், மருமகள் தொடர்கள் இணைப்பு..! |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/sun-tv-to-broadcast-a-crossover-of-three-serials-for-the-first-time-125080700050_1.html|newspaper=tamil.webdunia.com|date=7 August 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38225473}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]

Calcutta Tram Users Association

2026-04-25T05:56:25Z

Hearthospital: done - done

{{Short description|Advocacy group}}
{{notability|org|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = CTUA Logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo of Calcutta Tram Users Association
| formation = {{start date and age|December 2016}}
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dr. Debasish Bhattacharyya
| leader_title2 = Secretary-General
| leader_name2 = Mahadeb Shi
| abbreviation = CTUA
| logo_width =
| location = Kolkata, India
| website = {{URL|www.ctua.in}}
}}
The '''Calcutta Tram Users Association''' (CTUA) is an apolitical advocacy group formed in December 2016 to defend and promote the use of [[Trams in Kolkata]]. The association was established during the 20th anniversary of the [[Kolkata]]–[[Melbourne]] Tramjatra festival, taking its name and inspiration from the [[Public Transport Users Association]] in Melbourne. A public meeting of tram enthusiasts was held at Esplanade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/give-kolkata-back-its-tram-reiterate-enthusiasts-as-they-step-up-pressure-on-government/article68445991.ece|title=Give Kolkata back its tram, reiterate enthusiasts as they step up pressure on government|first=Bishwanath|last=Ghosh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 July 2024|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=3 August 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803091718/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/give-kolkata-back-its-tram-reiterate-enthusiasts-as-they-step-up-pressure-on-government/article68445991.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Allegations of anti-tram campaigns ==

Trams in Kolkata are currently operated by the [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]] through the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]]. Members of the CTUA allege that the gradual decline of Kolkata trams, beginning in 2011, is the result of an anti-tram propaganda campaign purportedly run by the government and supported by automobile and [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]] lobbies. Since 2011, most Kolkata tramlines have been progressively closed. Members of the CTUA have further alleged that the [[Government of West Bengal]] colluded with the [[Kolkata Police|Kolkata Traffic Police]] and the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] to suppress tram operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/elections-come-and-go-but-downward-trundle-continues-for-iconic-kolkata-tram/article68284986.ece|title=Elections come and go, but downward trundle continues for iconic Kolkata tram|first=Bishwanath|last=Ghosh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 June 2024|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805100115/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/elections-come-and-go-but-downward-trundle-continues-for-iconic-kolkata-tram/article68284986.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Foundation of CTUA ==

The CTUA, under the leadership of its president, Dr Debasish Bhattacharyya, a retired scientist, has been advocating for the preservation and revival of trams in Kolkata. Registered as an independent society, the association emerged as a collective of individuals united in their opposition to the removal of trams from the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/save-kolkata-s-trams-mission-by-a-retired-biochemist|title=Save Kolkata's Trams – mission by a retired biochemist|website=Get Bengal}}</ref>

== Legal advocacy ==

As a registered society, the CTUA is eligible to seek legal assistance and pursue legal remedies.<ref>https://www.wbidc.com/assets/doing_business/Model_Regulations.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjUneHrut6HAxWBU2wGHUBrBN4QFnoECCgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3ZeH3zFBWiQmss5P9uap1C {{dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref> The association has been involved in legal advocacy relating to the preservation and modernisation of tram services in Kolkata, including proceedings in which the High Court directed the state to consider restoring and upgrading the tram network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/consider-modernising-and-restoring-tram-services-in-city-hc-directs-state-544049|title=Consider modernising and restoring tram services in city: HC directs state|first=Team|last=MP|date=13 December 2023|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref>

== Public awareness programme ==

The CTUA advocates for the preservation of the city's tram system not only through legal efforts but also by promoting public awareness about trams. The association conducts press meetings, academic seminars, and public events to highlight the significance of trams in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/a-unique-tram-event-held-in-kolkata-to-preserve-the-environment-getbengal-story|title=A Unique Tram Event Held in Kolkata to Preserve the Environment — GetBengal story|website=Get Bengal|access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2024-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805182646/https://www.getbengal.com/details/a-unique-tram-event-held-in-kolkata-to-preserve-the-environment-getbengal-story|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Social events ==

* The 150th anniversary of the Kolkata tram system was celebrated with a special tram parade. As part of the event, a tramcar that had originally been used in the 1920s to supply water and clean the tracks was rolled out once again for a day. Later that month, two wooden-bodied trams manufactured in the previous two decades—but lying idle in depots—were also seen running on the streets of the city. The parade additionally featured double-bogey and air-conditioned trams that remain in service. These trams have survived [[World War II]] and witnessed major historical events, including the Bengal famine, communal riots, and the independence movement, and have now become historical artefacts in their own right. A week-long celebration of Calcutta Tramways' legacy was held from 24 February 2023 to 2 March 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=150 years of Calcutta Trams: All you need to know about eco-friendly vehicle introduced by East India Company |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/150-years-of-calcutta-trams-all-you-need-to-know-about-eco-friendly-vehicle-introduced-by-east-india-company-au1929-2052156 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=News9live |archive-date=2024-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805084342/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/150-years-of-calcutta-trams-all-you-need-to-know-about-eco-friendly-vehicle-introduced-by-east-india-company-au1929-2052156 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The 151st anniversary of Kolkata trams was observed from 20 to 24 February 2024 through a series of cultural events. The commemoration concluded with a street-corner meeting at the Esplanade tram terminus, which included public demonstrations against recent government policies perceived as aimed at phasing out this pollution-free, low-maintenance mode of public transport. Speaking at the meeting, CTUA president Dr Debasish Bhattacharyya stated: "We had a meeting on 13 February when we decided that to celebrate the 151st birthday of the Kolkata tram, we will gather at the Gariahat depot at 10 a.m. on 24 February. Notable people and dignitaries will be invited. It will be more of a cultural event than a direct protest, where we will voice our demands through the dignitaries. We will also organise a special tram ride to the Esplanade depot and back. On 15 March afternoon, a street-corner meeting will be held at the Esplanade. This will be a pure protest gathering in association with other organisations." <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Bishwanath |date=2024-02-20 |title=Cultural, protest events to mark 151 years of Kolkata tram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/cultural-protest-events-to-mark-151-years-of-kolkata-tram/article67866952.ece |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* After reports emerged suggesting that the [[Government of West Bengal]], the owner and current operating authority of Kolkata trams, intended to shut down the 151-year-old tramway—except for preserving a single route for tourism—and given that the government did not deny these reports, concerns intensified that the iconic Kolkata tramway may soon disappear from the city and from India. On 25 July 2024, the CTUA held a press conference as part of its renewed efforts to oppose the potential closure. At the conference, CTUA president Dr Debasish Bhattacharyya stated: "The transport department has completely ignored the guidelines issued by the high court in its order for 'restoration, maintenance, and preservation' of the tramways. The reasons forwarded by the department against tramways are completely imaginary, such as trams slowing down traffic. The sale of tram depot lands will be a disaster because, once sold, you won't get back the land. Moreover, heritage of the city is not confined to the Maidan (when the lone route might be preserved for tourism). The Kolkata tramway is a living industrial heritage eligible for UNESCO tag." At the same event, G. M. Kapur, CEO of the [[INTACH]] Kolkata Chapter, added: "There are cities in Europe, Asia, the Americas, Australia, Africa—in fact all over the world—where electric trams are either being modernised or being reintroduced, while shockingly, we in Kolkata are doing away with them. What can be the logic behind such a move is not understandable." <ref name=":0" />

== Collaborations ==

* On [[World Environment Day]], 5 June 2024, while much of India was following the results of the general elections, around 70 tram enthusiasts from the CTUA and the [[SWITCH Information Technology Services|SwitchOn Foundation]] gathered in Kolkata to call for the restoration of what they described as the most environment-friendly mode of urban transport.<ref name=":0" />
* On 25 July 2024, the CTUA, in association with the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]] (Kolkata Chapter), organised a press conference and public awareness programme criticising government policies that were perceived as attempts to phase out trams from the streets of Kolkata.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Transport organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Trams in Kolkata]]

City Palace, Jaipur

2026-04-25T00:47:12Z

Hearthospital:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = City Palace of Jaipur
| image = Chandra Mahal, City Palace, Jaipur, 20191218 0951 9043.jpg
| caption = Front elevation of City Palace
| pushpin_map = India Jaipur##Rajasthan##India
| map_caption = Location of City Palace in Jaipur##Location in Rajasthan##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9257|75.8236|region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| location_country = India
| main_contractor = [[Jai Singh II]]
| architect = Vidyadar Bhattacharya<ref name=TalwarGQ/>
| construction_start_date = 1729
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1732}}
| cost =
| architectural_style = Combination of Rajput, [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and European influence
}}
The '''City Palace, Jaipur''' is a [[official residence|royal residence]] and former administrative headquarters of the rulers of the [[Jaipur State]] in [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]].<ref name=TalwarGQ>{{cite web |last=Talwar |first=Shikha |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/35-inside-pictures-of-the-royal-city-palace-of-jaipur-the-luxurious-home-of-maharaja-padmanabh-singh-and-family/amp |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |title=35 inside pictures of the royal City Palace of Jaipur, the luxurious home of Maharaja Padmanabh Singh & family |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101073352/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/35-inside-pictures-of-the-royal-city-palace-of-jaipur-the-luxurious-home-of-maharaja-padmanabh-singh-and-family |url-status=live }}</ref>
Construction started soon after the establishment of the city of Jaipur under the reign of [[Jai Singh II|Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II]], who moved his court to Jaipur from [[Amber, India|Amber]], in 1727.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Jaipur City Palace|first=Vibhuti|last=Sachdev|date=2008|publisher=Lustre Press, Roli Books|others=Tillotson, G. H. R. (Giles Henry Rupert), 1960–, Chowdhury, Priyanka., Chowdhary, Eman.|isbn=978-8174365699|location=New Delhi|pages=7|oclc=276406345}}</ref> Jaipur remained the capital of the kingdom until 1949—when it became the capital of the present-day Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]—with the City Palace functioning as the ceremonial and administrative seat of the [[Maharaja]] of Jaipur.<ref name=":0" /> The construction of the Palace was completed in 1732, and it was also the location of religious and cultural events, as well as a patron of arts, commerce, and industry. It was constructed according to the rules of ''[[vastushastra]]'', combining elements of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajput architecture|Rajput architectural]] styles.<ref name=TalwarGQ/> It now houses the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, and continues to be the home of the Jaipur royal family. The royal family has around 500 personal servants.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The palace complex has several buildings, various courtyards, galleries, restaurants, and offices of the Museum Trust. The MSMS II [[Museum]] Trust is headed by chairperson Rajamata Padmini Devi of Jaipur (from Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://royaljaipur.in/index.php/the-royal-family/|title=The Royal Family: Present – Royal Jaipur- Explore the Royal Landmarks in Jaipur|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-13|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010948/https://royaljaipur.in/index.php/the-royal-family/|url-status=live}}</ref> Princess [[Diya Kumari]] runs the Museum Trust, as its secretary and trustee. She also manages The Palace School and Maharaja Sawai Bhawani Singh School in Jaipur. She founded and runs the [[Princess Diya Kumari Foundation]] to empower underprivileged and underemployed women of Rajasthan, and is also an entrepreneur. In 2013, she was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of Rajasthan from the constituency of [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]].<ref name=":3" />

== History ==
{{Further|Dhundhar}}The palace complex lies in the heart of Jaipur city, to the northeast of the very centre, located at {{coord|26.9255|N|75.8236|E}}. The site for the palace was located on the site of a royal hunting lodge on a plain land encircled by a rocky hill range, five miles south of [[Amber, India|Amber]]. The history of the city palace is closely linked with the history of Jaipur city and its rulers, starting with [[Jai Singh II of Amber|Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II]] who ruled from 1699 to 1744. He is credited with initiating construction of the city complex by building the outer wall of the complex spreading over many acres. Initially, he ruled from his capital at Amber, which lies at a distance of {{convert|11|km|mi}} from Jaipur. He shifted his capital from Amber to Jaipur in 1727 because of an increase in population in Jaipur and water shortages in Amber. He planned Jaipur city in six blocks separated by broad avenues, on the classical basis of principals of [[Vastushastra]] and another similar classical treatise under the architectural guidance of Vidyadar Bhattacharya, a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] architect from [[Naihati]] of present-day [[West Bengal]] who was initially an accounts-clerk in the Amber treasury, and later promoted to the office of Chief Architect by the King.<ref name=Marshall>{{Cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia|work=Jaipur|pages=444|access-date=2009-12-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA444|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101073349/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA444|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jaipur>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/city-palace.html|title=City Palace Jaipur|access-date=2009-12-10|archive-date=10 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110052019/http://www.jaipur.org.uk/forts-monuments/city-palace.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/tourism/city-palace-jaipur.html|title=City Palace Jaipur|access-date=2009-12-10|archive-date=8 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608053601/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/tourism/city-palace-jaipur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brown p.149">Brown p.149</ref>
[[File:The Indur Mahal -Chandra Mahal- from the garden, Jeypore.jpg|thumb|left|Chandra Mahal in 1885 from the Jai Niwas garden]]
Following Jai Singh's death in 1744, there were internecine wars among the Rajput kings of the region but cordial relations were maintained with the [[British Raj]]. [[Maharaja]] [[Ram Singh II|Ram Singh]] sided with the British in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] or [[Uprising of 1857]] and established himself with the Imperial rulers. It is to his credit that the city of Jaipur and all of its monuments (including the City Palace) are stucco painted pink, and since then the city has been called the "Pink City". The change in the colour scheme was as an honor of hospitality extended to the [[Prince of Wales]] (who later became [[King Edward VII]]) on his visit. This color scheme has since then become a trademark of the Jaipur city.<ref name=" Brown p.149"/>
[[File:A masterpiece of oriental magnificence - palace of the Maharaja of Jeypore, India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stereoscopic]] picture of the ''Chandra Mahal'' in 1903]]
[[Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur|Man Singh II]], the adopted son of [[Maharaja]] Madho Singh II, was the last [[Maharaja of Jaipur]] to rule from the Chandra Mahal palace, in Jaipur. This palace, however, continued to be a residence of the royal family even after the Jaipur kingdom merged with the Indian Union in 1949 (after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in August 1947) along with other Rajput states of [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Bikaner]]. Jaipur became the capital of the Indian state of Rajasthan and Man Singh II had the distinction of becoming the [[Rajapramukh]] (present-day Governor of the state) for a time, and later was the Ambassador of India to Spain.<ref name="Brown p.149"/>

==Architecture==
The City Palace is in the central-northeast part of the Jaipur city, which is laid in a unique pattern with wide avenues. It is a unique and special complex of several courtyards, buildings, pavilions, gardens, and temples. The most prominent and most visited structures in the complex are the Chandra Mahal, Mubarak Mahal, Shri Govind Dev Temple, and the City Palace Museum.

[[File:Jaipur 03-2016 23 City Palace complex.jpg|thumb|right|Rajendra Pol]]
=== Entrance gates ===
The Udai Pol near Jaleb chowk, the Virendra Pol near Jantar Mantar, and the Tripolia (three pols or gates) are the three main entry gates of the City Palace. The Tripolia gate is reserved for the entry of the royal family into the palace. Common people and visitors can enter the place complex only through the Udai Pol and the Virendra Pol. The Udai Pol leads to the Sabha Niwas (the ''Diwan-e-Aam'' or hall of public audience) through a series of tight dog-leg turns. The Virendra Pol leads to the Mubarak Mahal courtyard, which in turn is connected to the Sarvato Bhadra (the ''Diwan-e-Khas'') through the Rajendra Pol. The gateways were built at different times across the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries and are richly decorated in the contemporary architectural styles prevalent at the time.<ref name="Vibhuti Sachdev 2008">{{Cite book|title=Jaipur City Palace|last=Vibhuti Sachdev|first=Giles Tillotson|year=2008|publisher=Lustre Press, Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-569-9}}</ref><ref>Brown p.163</ref><ref name=Bindolass>{{Cite book|last=Bindolass|first=Joe|author2=Sarina Singh|title=India |work=City Palace|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/169 169]–170|access-date=2009-12-10|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|quote=City Palace, Jaipur.|publisher= Lonely Planet|year= 2007|isbn=978-1-74104-308-2}}</ref>

[[File:SabhaNiwas.jpg|thumb|left|Sabha Niwas]]
=== Sabha Niwas (''Diwan-e-Aam'') ===
Modeled on the lines of a Rajput hall of audience, the ''Diwan-e-Aam'', the Sabha Niwas, is a hall of the public audience. It has multiple cusped arches supported by marble columns and a beautifully painted plaster ceiling. The jalis on the southern end of the hall would have been used by women to oversee the proceedings in the hall, and facilitated their involvement in the outside world, while following the ''purdah''.
{{multiple image
| perrow= 1/2
| align = right
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Jaipur 03-2016 20 City Palace complex.jpg
| image2 = Jaipur city palace interior.jpg
| image3= Silver pot01.jpg
| footer = Top: Sarvato Bhadra, exterior. Bottom: Sarvato Bhadra, interior (left) and Gangajali (Silver Urn; right)
}}
=== Sarvato Bhadra (''Diwan-e-Khas'') ===
The Sarvato Bhadra is a unique architectural feature. The unusual name refers to the building's form: a Sarvato Bhadra is a single-storeyed, square, open hall, with enclosed rooms at the four corners.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jaipur City Palace|first=Vibhuti|last=Sachdev|date=2008|publisher=Lustre Press, Roli Books|others=Tillotson, G. H. R. (Giles Henry Rupert), 1960–, Chowdhury, Priyanka., Chowdhary, Eman.|isbn=978-8174365699|location=New Delhi|oclc=276406345}}</ref> One use of the Sarvato Bhadra was as the Diwan-e-Khas, or the Hall of Private Audience, which meant the ruler could hold court with the officials and nobles of the kingdom in a more private, intimate space than the grand spaces of the Sabha Niwas in the next courtyard, which was open to more people. But it's also one of the most important ritual buildings in the complex, and continues to be so today, representing as it does, 'living heritage'. Because of its location between the public areas and the private residence, it has traditionally been used for important private functions like the coronation rituals of the Maharajas of Jaipur.

Today, it continues to be used for royal festivals and celebrations like [[Dusshera]]. During [[Gangaur]] and [[Teej]], the image of the goddess is placed in her palanquin in the centre of the hall, before being carried in procession around the city. During the harvest festival of [[Makar Sankranti]], paper kites belonging to Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II who lived almost 150 years ago are displayed in the centre, and the roof is used for flying kites. It is also used for more modern celebrations like parties and weddings.

There are two huge sterling silver vessels of {{convert|1.6|m|ft}} height and each with capacity of 4000 litres and weighing {{convert|340|kg|lb}}, on display here. They were made from 14,000 melted silver coins without soldering. They hold the [[Guinness World Record]] as the world's largest sterling silver vessels.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/asia/india/rajasthan/jaipur/33234/city-palace/attraction-detail.html|title=City Palace|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2009-12-11|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124092123/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/asia/india/rajasthan/jaipur/33234/city-palace/attraction-detail.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These vessels were specially commissioned by Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh II to carry the water of the Ganges to drink on his trip to England in 1902 (for Edward VII's coronation). Hence, the vessels are named as ''Gangajalis'' (Ganges-water urns).<ref name="jaipur" /><ref name="maps" /><ref name="Bindolass" /><ref name="Brown p.156">Brown p.156</ref><ref name="Matane">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aIyc7_Q8JYC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA55|title=India: a splendour in cultural diversity|last=Matane|first=Paulias|author2=M. L. Ahuja|work=City Palace|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=2004|isbn=81-261-1837-7|pages=55–56|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101073427/https://books.google.com/books?id=8aIyc7_Q8JYC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA55|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 350
| image1 =Pritam Niwas Chawk Jaipur City Palace (July 2022).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = The western side of Pritam Niwas Chowk showing the Peacock Gate (left) and the Rose Gate (right)
| image2 = Portal, Pitam Niwas Chowk, City Palace, Jaipur, 20191218 1000 9059.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Close-up of the green coloured Leheriya Gate, with a [[Ganesha]] carving visible above the door
}}

=== Pritam Niwas Chowk ===
It is the inner courtyard, which provides access to the Chandra Mahal. Here, there are four small gates (known as Ridhi Sidhi Pol) that are adorned with themes representing the four seasons and Hindu gods. The gates are the Northeast Peacock Gate (with motifs of peacocks on the doorway) representing autumn and dedicated Lord [[Vishnu]]; the Southeast Lotus Gate (with continual flower and petal pattern) suggestive of summer season and dedicated to Lord [[Parvati|Shiva-Parvati]]; the Northwest Green Gate, also called the Leheriya (meaning: "waves") gate, in green colour suggestive of spring and dedicated to Lord [[Ganesha]], and lastly, the Southwest Rose Gate with repeated flower pattern representing winter season and dedicated to Goddess [[Devi]].<ref name="Brown p.156" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaipurthepinkcity.com/forts_monuments/city_palace/city_palace_jaipur.htm|title=Jaipur the Pink City|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-date=7 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207124631/http://www.jaipurthepinkcity.com/forts_monuments/city_palace/city_palace_jaipur.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chandra Mahal ===
Chandra Mahal is one of the oldest buildings in the City Palace complex. It has seven floors, a number considered auspicious by Rajput rulers. The first two floors consist of the Sukh Niwas (the house of pleasure), followed by the Shobha Niwas with coloured glasswork, then Chhavi Niwas with its blue and white decorations. The last two floors are the Shri Niwas, and Mukut Mandir which is literally the crowning pavilion of this palace. The Mukut Mandir, with a ''bangaldar'' roof, has the royal standard of Jaipur hoisted at all times, as well as a quarter flag (underscoring the Sawai in the title) when the Maharaja is in residence.<ref name=":1" />

There is an anecdote narrated about the 'one and quarter flag', which is the insignia flag of the Maharajas of Jaipur. [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] who attended the wedding of Jai Singh, shook hands with the young groom and wished him well on his marriage. On this occasion, Jai Singh made an irreverent remark to the Emperor stating that the way he had shaken hands with him made it incumbent on the Emperor to protect him ([[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]]) and his kingdom. Aurangzeb, instead of responding in indignation at the quip, felt pleased and conferred on the young Jai Singh the title of 'Sawai', which means "one and a quarter". Since then the Maharajas have pre-fixed their names with this title. During residence there, they also fly a one and a quarter size flag atop their buildings and palaces.<ref name="Brown p.149" />

<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
File:Chandra Mahal Jaipur (2022 July).jpg|View of the Chandra Mahal from the Pritam Niwas courtyard
File:Jaipur Royal Maharaja Flag on top of the Chandra Mahal (Makut Mandir).jpg|Closer view of the Jaipur flag on top of the Mukut Mandir
File:Chhavi Niwas, City Palace Jaipur.jpg|Chhavi Niwas, the blue room
File:Sobha Niwas, Jaipur City Palace.jpg|Sobha Niwas, decorated with glassworks
</gallery>

[[File:City Palace-Jaipur-India0001.JPG|thumb|left|Mubarak Mahal]]
=== Mubarak Mahal ===
The Mubarak Mahal courtyard at the City Palace was fully developed as late as 1900, when the court architect of the time, Lala Chiman Lal, constructed the Mubarak Mahal in its centre. Chiman Lal, had worked with [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]], the State's executive engineer, and also built the Rajendra Pol around the same time as the Mubarak Mahal, complementing it in style. The facade of the Mubarak Mahal has a hanging balcony and is identical on all four sides, the intricate carving in white ([[Stones of India|andhi marble]]) and beige stone giving it the illusion of delicate decoupage. The Mubarak Mahal was built for receiving foreign guests but it now houses the museum offices and a library on the first floor and the museum's Textile Gallery on the ground floor.<ref name="Vibhuti Sachdev 2008"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/jaipur-history-and-architecture|title=Jaipur: History and Architecture {{!}} Sahapedia|website=www.sahapedia.org|access-date=2019-03-13|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828033117/https://www.sahapedia.org/jaipur-history-and-architecture|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Govind Dev Ji temple ===
[[Govind Dev Ji Temple| Govind Dev Ji temple]], dedicated to the [[Hindu]] God [[Lord Krishna]], is part of the City Palace complex. Govind Dev an important deity, featured in many paintings, and on a large ''pichchawi'' (painted backdrop) on display in the Painting and Photography gallery.

[[File:Clock Tower City Palace Jaipur-1.jpg|thumb|Clock Tower, City Palace, Jaipur]]
=== The Clock Tower ===
The clock tower is a structure to the south of the Sabha Niwas. It is a sign of European influence in the Rajput court as the clock was installed in a pre-existing tower in 1873. The clock, purchased from Black and Murray & Co. of Calcutta, aimed to introduce a little Victorian efficiency and punctuality into court proceedings.<ref name=":0" />

== Galleries of the museum ==

=== Sabha Niwas (Hall of Audience) ===
This is the main hall of audience. It is a large room with two thrones at the centre, a set of chairs around, as if in a durbar setting. On the walls of the halls are large format paintings of the Maharajas of Jaipur, a large picchwai (a backdrop for a shrine), large paintings depicting the colourful festival of [[holi]], and a pair of paintings featuring spring and summer (possibly made in the Deccan). On display, you can also see military medals and polo trophies, marking the achievements of the rulers. The room is opulent in its decoration, with murals, and chandeliers. The current closed arches, on which the Holi paintings, and the Spring and Summer portrait hang, were closed in the recent times. Photos from the reign of Man Singh II, of the court in attendance, Lord and Lady Mountbatten's visit, line the corridor leading out to the Sarvato Bhadra courtyard.

=== Textile Gallery ===
This gallery is situated on the ground floor of the Mubarak Mahal. On display are various kinds of textiles and fabrics, including Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh I's ''atmasukha'', Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh's wedding jama, and a set of robes (''angarakhas'') belonging to Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II. Not to be missed is the rare pashmina carpet, made in Lahore or Kashmir around 1650. This gallery also has on display the Polo outfit and cups belonging Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II and the billiards outfit of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II.

=== Sileh Khana (Arms and Armour Gallery) ===
The Sileh khana showcases the many arms used by the Kachhwaha Rajputs of Jaipur and Amber. The collection features early 19th century swords with a variety of decorations on the handle as well as sword blade or Shamshir Shikargah. According to Robert Elgood, two of such pieces on display have chiselled animals down the length of the blade (a concept acquired from Europe that allows decoration to a greater effect) the blade has raised figures, buildings, animals and birds all highlighted in gold. There is true damascening in gold on the hilt as well as the blades. These swords were never used and purely made for decorative purposes. The hilts of the pieces displayed are of different styles and can be accurately dated to the workshop set up for Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh II ( r. 1880 – 1922).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Arms & armour at the Jaipur court : the royal collection|author=Elgood, Robert|year=2015|publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=9789383098774|oclc=911067516}}</ref>

Highlights of the collection are a tulwar owned by Maharaja Ram Singh Ji II (1835–80) (name inscribed on the blade) which had a blade length of 54 cm – bright steel, single-edged khanda blade with ricasso, shallow central fuller, and false edge. The blade is stamped at the forte with a Trishul and is heavier and shorter than normal indicating a special purpose. The gallery also showcases a tulwar which belonged to Maharaja Man singh ji l (1592) and tulwar of Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh II (1912). The tulwar's hilt has chequered grip and pommel steel inlaid with silver flowers.<ref name=":4" />

Additionally, a beautifully painted shield featuring the clan goddess, Shila Mata, and hunting scenes, belonged to Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh, and is an exquisite object of the collection, and a must-see object. The case also has a child's turban in metal which mimics a fabric turban, and is a unique item.

The armour section showcases helmets – "Khud". One of them is a 16th-century watered silver helmet & armour and pure gold helmet & armour which is rare to find. The helmet has been added with a false damascened band of decoration in the latter years of Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II (19th century). Watered silver and gold helmet & armour was extremely expensive and therefore used very sparingly.

=== Painting and photography gallery ===
One of the newest galleries at The [[Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II]] Museum is the Painting and Photography Gallery, where paintings and photographs from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Jaipur are showcased. This gallery highlights the ways in which traditional artistic practices were transformed by political and cultural changes, modern technologies, and new materials.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Museum. |first1=Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II |title=Painting & photography at the Jaipur court |year=2016 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-9385285240}}</ref>

Art historians have subdivided Rajput painting, a form of painting that developed in the sixteenth century, based on the kingdoms from within they emerged: Marwar, Mewar, and [[Dhundhar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Four centuries of Rajput painting : Mewar, Marwar, and Dhundhar Indian miniatures from the collection of Isabella and Vicky Ducrot |year=2009 |publisher=Skira |isbn=978-8857200187 |edition=1st}}</ref> Jaipur, the capital of the kingdom of Dhundhar, developed its own unique style of painting. At the same time, artistic exchanges between the Mughal and Rajput courts led to the development of new hybrid painting styles that brought together regional Indian, Mughal, and Persian traditions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mughal and Rajput painting |date=24 September 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521400279}}</ref> This was especially prevalent within the courts of kingdoms that were closely allied with the Mughal imperial court, such as Amber and Jaipur.

Currently, there are approximately 3,000 paintings housed in the MSMS II Museum, not including the paintings and manuscripts in the private collection of the royal family of Jaipur and in the kapad-dwara.<ref name="Painting and Photography page 12">{{cite book |last1=Museum. |first1=Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II |title=Painting & photography at the Jaipur court |year=2016 |isbn=978-9385285240 |page=12|publisher=Niyogi Books }}</ref> These include original Mughal and Deccani paintings, Jaipur copies of Mughal paintings, paintings from other Rajput kingdoms, religious and secular paintings, illustrated manuscripts, small- and large-scale portraits, nature studies, paper-cut collages, and other miscellaneous subjects.<ref name="Painting and Photography page 12"/> Many of these are displayed in the Painting and Photography gallery. One of the most striking paintings in the collection is the artist Sahibram's large-scale composition of the Raas-lila. The painting is based on a re-enactment at the court, in which only women performed, even for the role of Krishna<ref>{{cite book |last1=Museum. |first1=Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II |title=Painting & photography at the Jaipur court|year=2016 |isbn=978-9385285240 |page=101|publisher=Niyogi Books }}</ref>

The photography collection at the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum consists of approximately 6,050 photographic prints, 1,941 glass plate negatives and photography equipment. This collection ranges from the 1860s to the 1950s and is unique due to its association with Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II, who was not only a collector and patron, but also a practitioner of photography.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Painting & Painting Photography|last=Mrinalini Venkateswaran|first=Giles Tillotson|year=2016|publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-85285-24-0}}</ref>

The photographic prints in the collection are mainly [[Albumen print|albumen]] and [[Gelatin silver process|silver gelatin prints]], on both printed and developed out paper. They consist of portraits, landscapes and architectural images and views of the Indian subcontinent by established photographers or studios such as [[Lala Deen Dayal]], Jonston & Hoffman and [[Bourne & Shepherd]].<ref name=":5" />

The glass plate negatives are primarily the work of Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II or his studio – the ''tasveerkhana'' – and are [[Collodion process|wet collodion plates]], which was the dominant technology in use from the 1850s–1880s. The bulk of the negatives in the collection are portraits, but they also include numerous landscapes of Jaipur and Amber and art objects such as paintings and sword hilts. The most distinctive part of the collection is the set of wet plate negatives that documents the ''[[zenana]]'' women, offering us a unique insight into the microcosm of the ''zenana''.<ref name=":5" />

The photographic equipment in the collection belonged to Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II and it appears to date from the 1860s. It includes the camera equipment and assorted accessories for practicing the wet plate collodion photography process.<ref name=":5" />

'''Museum Administration'''

Rima Hooja,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Murtaza Ali |date=2022-03-14 |title=It's exciting to be back at JLF: Museum Director Rima Hooja |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/its-exciting-to-be-back-at-jlf-museum-director-rima-hooja |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> the well known archaeologist and historian, and author of several books such as A history of Rajasthan, Maharana Pratap- The invincible warrior, Rajasthan, The Ahar Culture and others is the Consultant Director of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh-II Museum,City Palace.

=== Entry timings ===
9.30 AM to 5.00 PM (Day visit)

7.00 PM to 10.00 PM (Night visit)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-17|title=City Palace Jaipur|url=https://exploremania.in/city-palace-jaipur/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Exploremania.in|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124161402/https://exploremania.in/city-palace-jaipur/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transport gallery ===
This gallery features pre-motorised transport like buggies, palkis, miyana, raths, camel saddles, etc. It is currently{{When|date=March 2024}} closed for renovation.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:City Palace, Jaipur (edited).jpg|Riddhi Siddhi Pol from Diwan-i-Khas
File:Clock Tower City Palace Jaipur-2.jpg|Clock Tower City Palace
File:Gardien, City Palace, Jaipur.jpg|Keeper at Rajendra Pol
File:Arches and Columns on City Palace's entrance.jpg|Arches and columns on Elevation
File:Jaipur 03-2016 22 City Palace complex.jpg|Courtyard
File:Jaipur-City Palace-Pitam Niwas Chowk-Monsoom doorway-20131016.jpg|Peacock Gate
File:Jaipur, India, City Palace, Diwan-i Khas 2.jpg|Diwan-i Khas, "Hall of private audiences"
File:Jaipur, India, City Palace, Procession 2.jpg|Guards around Diwan-i Khas
File:Diya Kumari 2026.jpg | Princess [[Diya Kumari]], with artisans during a workshop at the palace, January 2026
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Rambagh Palace]]
* [[Raj Mahal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Sachdev, Vibhuti; [[Giles Tillotson|Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert]] (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7F_MJcTjDOQC Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City].'' Reaktion Books, London. {{ISBN|1-86189-137-7}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Bindolass|first=Joe|author2=Sarina Singh|title=India|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/1236 1236]|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|quote=City Palace, Jaipur.|publisher= Lonely Planet|year= 2007|isbn=978-1-74104-308-2}}
*{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay|author2=Amelia Thomas|title= Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra|pages=420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA154|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1-74104-690-8}}
*{{Cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|title= World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia |pages=1584|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA444|publisher= Marshall Cavendish|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matane|first=Paulias|author2=M. L. Ahuja|title= India: a splendour in cultural diversity|pages=228|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aIyc7_Q8JYC&q=City+Palace%2C+Jaipur&pg=PA55|publisher = Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year= 2004|isbn=81-261-1837-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Jaipur}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Museums in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1729]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Textile museums]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Palaces in Jaipur]]
[[Category:1729 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:1730s architecture]]

Roshan Dalvi

2026-04-24T18:04:04Z

Hearthospital: done

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Roshan Dalvi
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start = June 2005
| term_end = 6 November 2015
| nominator = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| appointer = [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]]
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Ms. Justice (Retd.)
}}
'''Roshan Dalvi''' is a former judge of the [[Bombay High Court]], in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hon'ble Former Justices: Smt. R. S. DALVI|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTM4NSZwYWdlbm89MjA=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Bombay High Court]]}}</ref> As a judge, she adjudicated a number of widely reported and significant cases, including the dispute between the sons of [[Shiv Sena]] leader [[Bal Thackeray]] regarding their inheritance,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-01-21|title=Bal Thackeray's sons in legal row over property worth crores|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bal-thackerays-sons-in-legal-row-over-property-worth-crores/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and the challenge to a Maharashtra law forbidding dancers in bar from carrying on their profession.<ref name="Jan 18">{{Cite web|date=18 January 2019|title=Dance No Bar|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/dance-no-bar/articleshow/67580058.cms|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dalvi practiced law in Mumbai and also taught corporate law, as a visiting faculty member at the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] and [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1989, Dalvi was appointed as a judge in the City Civil and Sessions Court in Mumbai. In 2004, she was the principal judge of the Family Court in Mumbai. She was appointed to the Bombay High Court in June 2005.<ref name=":0" />

===Notable judgements===

In 2006, Dalvi along with judge F. I. Rebello held that a law framed by the Maharashtra government to forbid dancers in bar from carrying on their profession was unconstitutional, and struck it down. Dalvi and Rebello, in a widely reported judgement, directed the state to ensure that minors were not involved in the profession, but apart from that, held that the government could not justify the prohibition on grounds of morality.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Mohan|date=12 April 2006|title=HC: They dance to earn a living, its their right|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hc-they-dance-to-earn-a-living-it-s-their-right/2327/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2022-06-20|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Their ruling was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]], and an attempt to reintroduce the ban by subsequent legislation did not succeed.<ref name="Jan 18"/>

In 2010, Dalvi held that parties could not appoint representatives to conduct their cases in Family Courts in Mumbai, holding that in the absence of qualifications or guidelines about such representatives, the courts would be "overrun by any number of unqualified, unenrolled persons".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-23|title=Wife or husband's Attorney cannot appear in family courts : HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/wife-or-husband-s-attorney-cannot-appear-in-family-courts-hc/story-e8GJhOT7E9I2WsbO6A0u8N.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Dalvi was part of a bench of five judges that held that police officers were not required to give prior notice before freezing the bank accounts of persons being investigated, holding that principles of natural justice did not apply in this case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notice not needed to freeze accounts: High Court|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/notice-not-needed-to-freeze-accounts-high-court/765428/0|access-date=2020-11-09|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

In 2013, Dalvi held that both parents had an equal claim to guardianship of a child in the case of divorce, and that the default guardian was not necessarily the father.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Father can't take custody of child from separated mother: HC |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/father-cant-take-custody-of-child-from-separated-mother-hc/1115630/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Also in the same year, Dalvi held in a significant ruling that complaints filed under the Domestic Violence Act can only be filed while the domestic relationship is ongoing, and not after it has ended.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-15|title=After separation of a year, wife can't file complaint under domestic violence act, says high court|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/after-separation-of-a-year-wife-can-t-file-complaint-under-domestic-violence-act-says-high-court/story-Wcu66TCx6QWhy3D6axbFQL.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Dalvi convicted two persons of offences relating to fraud and corruption, in relation to the [[1992 Indian stock market scam]], and acquitted fourteen others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-01|title=Two convicted in 1992 securities scam|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/two-convicted-in-1992-securities-scam/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Following this conviction, several others, including Indian stockbroker, [[Harshad Mehta]], also were convicted of related offences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-07|title=The Story of a Scam: Harshad Mehta, 1992|url=https://economictranscript.wordpress.com/2017/02/07/the-story-of-a-scam-harshad-mehta-1992/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Economic Transcript|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-01|title=23 years on, 2 convicted in Harshad Mehta scam|url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/23-years-2-convicted-harshad-mehta-scam-011|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

Dalvi has also adjudicated in a number of significant cases involving public figures, including the dispute between politician [[Uddhav Thackeray]] and his brother over property belonging to their father, the deceased Shiv Sena leader Bal Thackeray,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-21|title=Bal Thackeray's sons in legal row over estate|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bal-thackeray-s-sons-in-legal-row-over-estate/story-MVNO0p6dhcuwy7fOtqqVSK.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> a case concerning assault charges against Nikhil Daswani, the heir to the Charagh Din clothing brand, and a property dispute between industrialists and business men, [[Raheja Developers|G.L. Raheja]] and [[Nusli Wadia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deshpande|first=Swati|date=20 July 2012|title=Raheja wins appeal against Wadia in Malad land case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Raheja-wins-appeal-against-Wadia-in-Malad-land-case/articleshow/15049667.cms|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Corruption allegations ===
In 2015, film producer Sanjay Punamiya accused Dalvi of corruption during court proceedings regarding a property dispute involving Punamiya. Punamiya stated in court that he had met Dalvi's husband, Shamim Dalvi, who had promised him a favourable order in the case in exchange for Rs.2.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deedwania|first=Bapu|date=8 May 2014|title=You are corrupt, defendant tells judge|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/pagenotfound.cms?url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/Mumbai/Crime/You-are-corrupt-defendant-tells-judge/articleshow/34795969.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225122/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/Mumbai/Crime/You-are-corrupt-defendant-tells-judge/articleshow/34795969.cms|archive-date=12 May 2014|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> In response, Dalvi ordered Punamiya and his legal representative to be taken into judicial custody for the offence of [[Contempt of court in India|contempt of court]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganz|first=Kian|date=10 May 2014|title=Bombay HC judge moves for contempt over allegation her husband offered favourable ruling for Rs 25 lakh|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/the-bench-and-the-bar/bombay-hc-judge-moves-for-contempt-over-allegation-her-husband-offered-favourable-ruling-for-rs-25-lakh-20140510-4702|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Legally India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Deshpande|first=Swati|date=June 26, 2014|title=Called corrupt by defendant, HC judge says apology not enough|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Called-corrupt-by-defendant-HC-judge-says-apology-not-enough/articleshow/37208675.cms|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Bombay Lawyers' Association made a representation to the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court, protesting against Dalvi's order of detention.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2014|first=Bapu|last=Deedwania|title=BLA concerned over judge detaining man who called her corrupt in court|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/BLA-concerned-over-judge-detaining-man-who-called-her-corrupt-in-court/articleshow/34910670.cms|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> On 30 July 2015, Punamiya withdrew his complaint and offered an "unconditional apology" to Dalvi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2014|first=Bapu|last=Deedwania|title=Film producer tenders 'unconditional apology' to Bombay HC judge|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Film-producer-tenders-unconditional-apology-to-Bombay-HC-judge/articleshow/39271337.cms|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

== Judicial reforms ==
Following her retirement from judicial service, Dalvi has engaged in public consultations about judicial reforms in India.

In 2017, Dalvi was appointed as a member of a panel constituted by the Maharashtra government to address the trafficking and sexual exploitation of children in India The panel recommended prosecution guidelines in case of such offences, as well as the establishment of specially trained police units, and a helpline.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-14|title=Curbing sex trade: Panel of experts to submit recommendations to Devendra Fadnavis soon|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/curbing-sex-trade-panel-of-experts-to-submit-recommendations-to-devendra-fadnavis-soon-4981736/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Dalvi has also spoken publicly about the need for distinct legislation and improved judicial infrastructure to address human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-14|title=Experts file petition demanding anti-child trafficking units in Maharashtra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/experts-file-petition-demanding-anti-child-trafficking-units-in-maharashtra/story-pdT8nYHRmTj2tIs2CdMEiP.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saigal|first=Sonam|date=2019-11-24|title='Technology a big challenge to tackle trafficking'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/technology-a-big-challenge-to-tackle-trafficking/article30064707.ece|access-date=2020-11-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2019 she spoke at a judges' conclave on the need for better infrastructure in courts addressing crimes against children, noting that in Mumbai courts, the juvenile victim was often placed between two sets of wooden cupboards in the court in order to separate them from the accused offender.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-24|title=Judges' Conclave: 'Need courts that cater exclusively to children,' says retd Bombay HC Justice|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/judges-conclave-need-courts-that-cater-exclusively-to-children-says-retd-bombay-hc-justice-6134119/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dalvi earned a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.Com) and a [[Master of Laws]] (LL.M) from [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]]. She was appointed as a Fellow of the Government Law College in Mumbai.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalvi, Roshan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]

Moondru Per Moondru Kadal

2026-04-24T01:53:17Z

Hearthospital:

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Vasanth}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Moondru Per Moondru Kadal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vasanth]]
| screenplay = Shankar Raman Vasanth
| story = Vasanth
| producer = Bharath Kumar Mahendhiran Maha Ajay Prasath
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Surveen Chawla]] [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] Lasini
| cinematography = Bhojan K. Dinesh
| editing = S. N. Fazil Vasanth
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Mahendra Talkies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|01}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Moondru Per Moondru Kadal''''' ({{IPA|ta|muːnd̺ʳʉ peːr muːnd̺ʳʉ kɑːd̪əl|pron}} {{translation|Three People, Three Loves}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed, co-edited and co-written by [[Vasanth]]. It stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] and Lasini. The film features music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. Cinematography and editing were handled by Bhojan K. Dinesh and S. N. Fazil respectively. The film revolves around three couples and the trials and tribulations they face. It was released on 1 May 2013 to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
Varun and Anjana's love story happens in the [[Ooty]] mountains (in Tamil literature, they are referred to as Kurinji); Guna's story happens in [[Tuticorin]] seashore (Neidhal); and Harris and Divya's story happens in the city (Marudham).

Varun explains his life story: he fell in love with Anjana despite knowing her engagement had been called off, but he later sacrifices his love after hearing Guna and Mallika's story.

Guna is a [[philanthropist]] who runs an organisation called "Punnagai," a rehabilitation centre for jail prisoners. Mallika, a [[physiotherapist]], silently pines for him. When Guna fails to reunite a prisoner, Ilankumaran, with his family, Mallika does so. Impressed with her, he gives her the responsibility of taking care of Punnagai and leaves the town.

Another story is of Harris, a [[swimming (sport)|swimming]] coach, and his student-come-lover Divya (Varun claims Divya is his childhood friend, but there is no scene where they are together). Divya is disappointed to lose the swimming match, and her father Thiruvengadam advises another coach, Elango, to replace Harris, but Divya is adamant that Harris should be her coach. Meanwhile, Harris is involved in a bike accident where his legs and hands are hurt, but he encourages Divya to participate in the [[Olympics]] swimming match. Divya rigorously practices for the match and wins by finishing it in less than 56 seconds.

In 2016, Varun narrated these stories because they prompted him to write a novel called "Moondru Kaadhal". Harris arrives at the press conference for the book release and says he is alive because of Divya. She is the epitome of goodness and confidence, and he narrates that though she had won the match, she died due to a [[heart attack]] in the swimming pool. The film ends with Harris saying that love is not to be asked but to be given.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Paul Harris Rosario
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as Gunasekar
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Varun
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Divya
* [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] as Mallika
* Lasini as Anjana
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Varun's friend
* [[Appukutty]] as Karunamurthy
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Thiruvengadam
* [[John Vijay]] as Elango
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Guna's mother
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as Varun's father
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Ilankumaran
* [[Bosskey]] as Interviewer
* Boys Rajan as Doctor
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* [[Suruli Manohar]]
* Pasanga Sivakumar
* Rindhu Ravi
* Theni Murugan
* Ritvik Varun in a special appearance
* [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] in a special appearance
* [[Blaaze]] in a special appearance
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In July 2011, reports confirmed that [[Vasanth]] would start directing his next film, titled ''Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal'', four years after his last film ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' was released.<ref name="Sify2011">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2011 |title=Director Vasanth is back with love! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-vasanth-is-back-with-love-news-tamil-lh5rhGafedb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706163224/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-vasanth-is-back-with-love-news-tamil-lh5rhGafedb.html |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Vasanth reportedly had been waiting with the script for three years to "get the right actors".<ref name="Itsybitsy">{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=28 January 2012 |title=Itsy bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2839850.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911171146/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2839850.ece |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> He further noted that the film was not a love story but a "story about love".<ref name="story about love">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=2 August 2011 |title='MPMK' is not a love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/MPMK-is-not-a-love-story/articleshow/9453422.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803174756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/MPMK-is-not-a-love-story/articleshow/9453422.cms |archive-date=3 August 2011 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film would consist of three love stories featuring the three lead characters, which play out in three landscapes: by the seaside, in the mountains and on the plains.<ref name="star vehicles">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=13 October 2012 |title=My films are not star vehicles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/my-films-are-not-star-vehicles/article3994387.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216054425/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/my-films-are-not-star-vehicles/article3994387.ece |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=4 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Bharath Kumar, a fan of Vasanth's films, came forward to produce the film along with his friends under his newly launched Mahendra Talkies banner.<ref name="Banking">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=2 June 2012 |title=Banking on love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3483115.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204181447/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3483115.ece |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="story about love" /> ''Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal'' was started on 9 August 2011.<ref name="story about love" />

=== Casting ===
The director hired [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], who had worked with him in ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000), and director-turned-actor [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] for the lead roles, while stating that four newcomers would be selected for another male lead and the three lead female roles.<ref name="Sify2011" /> By November 2011, it was speculated that Vasanth would introduce his son to play the third lead role.<ref name="son">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2011 |title=Director Vasanth introduces his son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vasanth-introduces-his-son/articleshow/10880460.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424003237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-vasanth-introduces-his-son/articleshow/10880460.cms |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2012, Vasanth confirmed that [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] had been finalised.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=21 January 2012 |title=Vimal is the third man! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vimal-is-the-third-man/articleshow/11577163.cms |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410233426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vimal-is-the-third-man/articleshow/11577163.cms |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha Bhanu]], formerly credited as Bhanu, was chosen to portray one of the female leads,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=3 December 2011 |title=Nayanthara look-alike Banu makes debut |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-03/news-interviews/30471722_1_nayanthara-cheran-yuddham-sei |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212130828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-03/news-interviews/30471722_1_nayanthara-cheran-yuddham-sei |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> while Lasini, a [[Kingfisher Calendar Model Hunt]] model from Mumbai and participant of I AM She 2010 beauty pageant,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=25 February 2013 |title=From calendar dates to film dates... |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130225/entertainment-kollywood/article/calendar-dates-film-dates%E2%80%A6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302033025/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130225/entertainment-kollywood/article/calendar-dates-film-dates%E2%80%A6 |archive-date=2 March 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2013 |title=DON'T MISS: A Kingfisher model gets candid |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-interview-with-kingfisher-model-lasini/20130404.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906045653/https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-interview-with-kingfisher-model-lasini/20130404.htm |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] actress [[Surveen Chawla]] agreed to play the other two female leads, making their Tamil film debut.<ref name="Itsybitsy" /> Furthermore, [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] winning actors [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and [[Appukutty]] were selected for supporting roles, providing [[comic relief]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Vasanth's MPMK gets bigger |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vasanths-mpmk-gets-bigger-news-tamil-mfplrLcajfb.html?ref=false |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118142054/http://www.sify.com/movies/vasanths-mpmk-gets-bigger-news-tamil-mfplrLcajfb.html?ref=false |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite knowing Tamil, Lasini, a native of [[Palakkad]], had to train to improve her Tamil accent. Chawla, despite already knowing how to swim, took additional training to prepare for her role and Bhanu took help from one of Vasanth's associates to speak her dialogues in [[Nagercoil]] slang.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=27 April 2013 |title=We've worked really hard on MPMK |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/04/27&ID=Ar02703 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706132537/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/04/27&ID=Ar02703 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=5 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming began in late 2011,<ref name="son" /> and was completed by late 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2012 |title='Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal' is to hit screens soon |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/moondru-per-moondru-kadhal-is-to-hit-screens-soon-527967.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906051020/https://www.news18.com/news/india/moondru-per-moondru-kadhal-is-to-hit-screens-soon-527967.html |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot in locations including [[Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2011 |title=Settle Mullaperiyar issue amicably: Cheran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/Nov/29/settle-mullaperiyar-issue-amicably-cheran-315027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906050536/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/Nov/29/settle-mullaperiyar-issue-amicably-cheran-315027.html |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Nagercoil]],<ref name="son" /> [[Ooty]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2012 |title=Vasanth goes eco-friendly, bans plastic on set |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vasanth-goes-eco-friendly-bans-plastic-on-set-491161.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906051206/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vasanth-goes-eco-friendly-bans-plastic-on-set-491161.html |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="Banking" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], collaborating with Vasanth after ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' (1999) and ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' (2007). Vasanth noted that Yuvan had put in about seven months of work for this film, while describing the genre of the soundtrack as [[postmodern music]].<ref name="Banking" /> The soundtrack album features six songs with lyrics penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref name="banumass">{{Cite news |title=Moondru Per Moondru Kadal Tamil Audio CD By Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd/yuvan-shankar-raja-audio-cd/moondru-per-moondru-kadal-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906062030/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd/yuvan-shankar-raja-audio-cd/moondru-per-moondru-kadal-tamil-audio-cd/ |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Banumass |language=en}}</ref>

Composing was started even before the film was launched, with the first song being recorded on 9 August 2011.<ref name="story about love" /> [[Sonu Nigam]] originally sang the melody titled "Mazhai Mazhai Mazhaiyo Mazhai", which was recorded in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=13 March 2012 |title=Sonu sings for Yuvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/sonu-sings-for-yuvan/articleshow/12244972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260424010409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/sonu-sings-for-yuvan/articleshow/12244972.cms |archive-date=24 April 2026 |access-date=24 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The final version, however, featured [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]'s vocals.<ref name="banumass" /> [[Neha Bhasin]], who had sung "Pesugiren" in ''Satham Podathey'', lent her voice for the song "Kaadhal Endhan Kaadhal".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2 April 2012 |title=Pesugiraen trio back again! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Pesugiraen-trio-back-again/articleshow/12492335.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002232247/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Pesugiraen-trio-back-again/articleshow/12492335.cms |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mood">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 December 2012 |title=Matching mood with song |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/matching-mood-with-song/article4253204.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906081740/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/matching-mood-with-song/article4253204.ece |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Padapadakkudhu Maname" was sung by [[Blaaze]] and [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]; the former wrote the rap lyrics.<ref name="mood" />

[[Nandini Srikar]] was chosen to sing "Aaha Kadhal" after Vasanth was impressed with her song "[[Ra.One (soundtrack)|Bhare Naina]]" in ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011). The song was recorded in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sharadha |date=21 May 2012 |title=It's MPMK after Ra.One |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article526100.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051801/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article526100.ece |archive-date=29 April 2014 |access-date=1 July 2012 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ramesh Vinayakam]], who previously worked as a composer in Vasanth's ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]'' (2002), sang a peppy number titled "Stop the Paatu".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=6 August 2012 |title=Yuvan goes for another composer! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/news-interviews/33064244_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-mpmk-music-directors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109175650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/news-interviews/33064244_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-mpmk-music-directors |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Yuvan himself sang "Unakkagave", which Vasanth claimed was the first [[dubstep]] track in Tamil cinema.<ref name="star vehicles" /> The final mixing was done by Kausikan Sivalingam in Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=4 August 2012 |title=Sathyan will be the next big comedian in Tamil |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article576582.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820083700/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article576582.ece |archive-date=20 August 2012 |access-date=20 September 2012 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The album was launched on 1 December 2012 at the Park Sheraton Hotel in [[Chennai]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2012 |title=MPMK- Glitzy and stylish audio launch |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mpmk-glitzy-and-stylish-audio-launch-news-tamil-mmcr8gbgicj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204072851/http://www.sify.com/movies/mpmk-glitzy-and-stylish-audio-launch-news-tamil-mmcr8gbgicj.html |archive-date=4 December 2012 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The event was hosted by television anchors [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Dhivyadharshini]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2012 |title='Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal' audio launched |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/news-interviews/35569739_1_audio-director-sasi-k-balachander |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527130045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/news-interviews/35569739_1_audio-director-sasi-k-balachander |archive-date=27 May 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' and [[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave the album positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=1 December 2012 |title=Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/01/moondru-per-moondru-kaadhal-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906061545/https://milliblog.com/2012/12/01/moondru-per-moondru-kaadhal-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2012 |title='Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal' Music Review: It's nice |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/moondru-per-moondru-kadhal-music-review-its-nice-525775.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126061906/https://www.news18.com/news/india/moondru-per-moondru-kadhal-music-review-its-nice-525775.html |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:48
| title1 = Kaadhal Endhan Kaadhal
| length1 = 5:02
| extra1 = [[Neha Bhasin]]
| title2 = Unakkaagave Uyir Vaazhgiren
| length2 = 4:37
| extra2 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title3 = Padapadakkudhu Maname
| note3 =
| length3 = 5:46
| extra3 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Blaaze]]
| title4 = Aaha Kaadhal Konji Pesudhe
| length4 = 4:08
| extra4 = [[Nandini Srikar]]
| title5 = Mazhai Mazhai
| length5 = 5:55
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| title6 = Stop The Paatu
| length6 = 4:20
| extra6 = [[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal'' was released on 1 May 2013 ([[May Day]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=May Day releases! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/may-day-releases-news-tamil-ne4qwlgdehd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501155816/http://www.sify.com/movies/may-day-releases-news-tamil-ne4qwlgdehd.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="trimmed">{{Cite news |date=8 May 2013 |title=Vasanth's MPMK trimmed to make it racy! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vasanths-mpmk-trimmed-to-make-it-racy/articleshow/19945159.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260423130443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vasanths-mpmk-trimmed-to-make-it-racy/articleshow/19945159.cms |archive-date=23 April 2026 |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> S Saraswathi from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal'' lacks the intensity expected of a Vasanth film, but makes up for it with its exceptional music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=2013-05-02 |title=Review: Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal is a musical treat |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-moondru-per-moondru-kadhal-is-a-musical-treat/20130502.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504135506/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-moondru-per-moondru-kadhal-is-a-musical-treat/20130502.htm |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=2013-05-27 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "''MPMK'' is technically chic and Vasanth has made an interesting film which has its shares of romantic break-up`s and heart breaks" and rated the film as average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPMK review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/moondru-per-moondru-kathal-review-review-tamil-15027786.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502205427/http://www.sify.com/movies/moondru-per-moondru-kathal-review-review-tamil-15027786.html |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of ''[[In.com]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "''MPMK'' is not entirely bad and those who love pure romantic flicks can watch it once provided if you can sit through the bland first hour of the film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramz |first=Vivek |date=2 May 2013 |title=Tamil movie review: Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal is a boring love saga! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-moondru-per-moondru-kaadhal-is-a-boring-love-saga-50209905-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615230458/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-moondru-per-moondru-kaadhal-is-a-boring-love-saga-50209905-in-1.html |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=27 May 2013 |website=[[In.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'' that "the film isn't worked out very well. It doesn't build the way it ought to, and the various strands don't come together satisfactorily – they hang loose".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=4 May 2013 |title=Moondru Per Moondru Kadal: In the mood for love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/moondru-per-moondru-kadal-in-the-mood-for-love/article4683448.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910053332/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/moondru-per-moondru-kadal-in-the-mood-for-love/article4683448.ece |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In response to criticism over its pacing, the two hours and thirty minutes long film was shortened by 16 minutes.<ref name="trimmed" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vasanth}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 romance films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanth]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2025}}

Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and Others

2026-04-16T03:56:38Z

Hearthospital: new - done

{{Short description|Alipore Bomb case}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''''Emperor v Aurobindo Ghosh and others''''', colloquially referred to as the '''Alipore Bomb Case''', the '''Muraripukur conspiracy''', or the '''Manicktolla bomb conspiracy''', was a revolutionary activity held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the [[Anushilan Samiti]] in [[Calcutta]], on charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the [[British Raj]]. The trial was held at [[Alipore]] Sessions Court, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], between May 1908 and May 1909. The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] in April 1908, which was recognised by the Bengal police as linked to attacks against the Raj in the preceding years, including attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907.

Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house at 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web | title=Alipore Bomb Case| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India| year=2007 | url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref>

Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active nationalist politics after serving a prison sentence awarded in the trial, beginning his journey into spirituality and philosophy that he described as having started with revelations that occurred to him during his incarceration. He later moved to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], establishing an ''Ashram''. For ''Anushilan Samiti'', the incarceration of many of its prominent leaders led to a decline in the influence and activity of the [[Maniktala|Manicktolla]] branch, and its activities were overtaken by what emerged to be called the ''Jugantar'' branch under the leadership of [[Bagha Jatin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Deepanjan |date=2020-09-09 |title=Alipore Bomb Case: A Landmark in Bengal's Revolutionary Struggle |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/eras/alipore-bomb-case |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
===Anushilan samiti===
{{Main|Anushilan samiti|Aurobindo Ghosh|Barin Ghosh}}
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Young India; an interpretation and a history of the nationalist movement from within (1916) (14802200463).jpg|[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]]
File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]
</gallery>
Political consciousness and opposition to [[British Raj]] in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. These included the ''[[Anushilan Samity]]'', founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of the Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], and a third one founded by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant nationalism at the time.<ref name="Sen244">{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghosh and a society started by Sarala Devi.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Having forsaken a potential career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of [[Baroda state|Baroda]]. Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra. Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism, Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution, in which he found support in Tilak. Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in the future. His younger brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] joined Aurobindo in Baroda. Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts. In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. By 1905, the controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact: it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community in Bengal, and helped ''Anushilan'' acquire a support base among of educated, politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal. The works of Aurobindo and his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] allowed ''Anushilan Samity'' to spread through Bengal. ''Anushilan'' began a program of slowly building a support base, preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising, on the lines of the Italian ''[[Carbonari]]''.<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref>

Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny.

===32 Muraripukur Garden House===
[[File:Muraripukur garden house.png|thumb|upright|Muraripukur garden house, in the Manicktolla suburbs of Calcutta. This served as the headquarters of Barin Ghosh and his associates.]]
By 1907, Barin Ghosh had begun gathering around groups of young men attracted to the ''Jugantar'' message. This was at a time that the [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]] under Pulin Das was becoming active in seeking to target British administrative officers and interests as targets. Police searches and surveillance of ''Jugantar'' became routine, and the younger Ghosh cut his ties with the paper. A close group of approximately a dozen young men gathered around Barin, some of whom lived in his garden house in 36 Muraripukur lane, in the Manicktolla suburb of Calcutta. The house was intended by Barin to be organised along the lines of an ''[[ashram]]'' or hermitage along the lines of Aurobindo's message in ''Bhawani mandir'', away from the public eye, where revolutionaries could live in strict discipline and prepare for a future revolution. Barin's group had been experimenting with production of explosives from 1906. In 1907, they were joined by [[Ullaskar Dutt]], a self-taught chemist from the [[Howrah]] suburb of Calcutta who was attracted to the ''Jugantar'' message. The group had targeted the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal since 1906. In autumn 1906, Charu Chandra Dutt and [[Prafulla Chaki]] had made a failed attempt to assassinate the governor at [[Darjeeling]].<ref name=Heehs2008p133/> With Dutta's expertise, the plans were revisited. By October that year, Dutta was in a position to manufacture a bomb powerful enough to blow up a train. With dynamite obtained by Barin's group, Dutt produced a bomb with a detonator of his own manufacturing. The intended target was the train carrying the lieutenant governor of Bengal, [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Fraser]]. Through November 1907, two attempts were made to target the train carrying the lieutenant governor, which were unsuccessful. However, the group was at last successful on 5 December when Bibhutibhushan sarkar and Prafulla Chaki successfully detonated Dutt's bomb under the Governor's train at [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur|Narayangarh]], near [[Midnapore]]. The Governor escaped unhurt, but security was tightened around him in the investigation that followed. In January 1908, Dutt successfully produced a more powerful [[picric acid]] bomb that was tested in [[Deoghar]]. Accidentally, a young revolutionary of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], Prafulla Kumar Chakraborty, died that time. However, by this time Bengal police had infiltrated the Medinapore branch of the ''Samiti'' through an infiltrator, who was able to pass on information on the Manisktolla ''ashram'', which he obtained from Satyendranth Bose. This included the names of Barin Ghosh and Aurobindo, and both were soon the subject of surveillance by Calcutta police. However, the Government desisted from acting against Ghosh's group, fearful they would melt away to regroup in secret.<ref name=Heehs2008p153>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=153}}</ref>

==Muzaffarpur bombings and aftermath==
===The plot of killing Kingsford===
In 1907, [[Hem Chandra Kanungo]] (Hem Chandra Das), left [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] for [[Paris]] to learn the art of bomb-making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile in the French Capital.<ref name=Popplewell104>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=104}}</ref> Returning to Bengal, Hem began working with Barin Ghosh again. With Fraser alerted, a new target was selected in Douglas Kingsford. Kingsford was the Chief Magistrate of the Presidency court of Alipore, and had overseen the trials of [[Bhupendranath Dutta]] and other editors of ''Jugantar'', sentencing them to rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=Sanyal2014p91-92>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=91–92}} "Bhupendranath Dutt, the editor, and proprietor of the ''Jugantar'' was arrested in July 1907 and charged under section 124 A ... Bhupendranath was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment ... The Jugantar's stance was typically defiant ... The paper did nothing to tone down the rhetoric in its future editions."</ref> ''Jugantar'' itself responded with defiant editorials.<ref name=Sanyal2014p91-92/> The defiance of ''Jugantar'' saw it face five more prosecutions that left it in financial ruins by 1908. These prosecutions brought the paper more publicity, and helped disseminate the ''Samiti'''s ideology of revolutionary nationalism. Shukla Sanyal notes in 2014 that revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win support amongst a significant populace in Bengal, tacitly even if not overt.<ref name=Sanyal2014p93>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|p=93}} "This attitude cost the paper dearly. It suffered five more prosecutions that, by July 1908, brought about its financial ruin … The trials brought the paper a great deal of publicity and helped greatly in the dissemination of the revolutionary ideology ... testimony to the fanatical loyalty that the paper inspired in its readers and the deep impression that the ''Jugantar'' writings made on them ... revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win if not overt, then at least the tacit, support of Bengalis."</ref> Kingsford also earned notoriety among nationalists when he ordered the whipping of a young Bengali boy by the name of [[Sushil Sen]] for participating in the protests that followed the ''Jugantar'' trial. The first attempt to kill Kingsford was in the form of a book bomb that Hem constructed. An empty tin of Cadbury's cocoa was packed with a pound of picric acid and three detonators. This was packed into a hollowed section of [[Herbert Broom]]'s ''Commentaries on the Common Law'' and delivered wrapped in brown paper to Kingsford's house by a young revolutionary named Paresh Mallick. Kingsford placed the unopened package in his shelf to examine it later. By March 1908, fearful of the judge's safety, he was promoted to District Judge and transferred by the government to [[Muzaffarpur]] in the northern part of [[Bihar]]. With him went his furniture, library and the book bomb made by Hem Chandra.

[[File:Bengali_revolutionary_Khudiram_Bose_under_guard..jpg|thumb|[[Khudiram Bose]], who threw the bomb at Muzaffarpur, held under guard some time after his arrest.]]

===The attempt and the failure===
''Anushilan'', under Barin, persisted in their attempts to kill Kingsford. In April, a two-man reconnaissance team visited Muzaffarpur, which included [[Prafulla Chaki]].<ref name=Heehs2008p156/> On their return, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] provided the bomb that was to be used, composed of 6 ounces of dynamite, a detonator, and a black powder fuse. Prafulla returned to Muzaffarpur with a new man, [[Khudiram Bose]]. However, the outlines of these plans to attempt to take Kingsford's life had also become known to Calcutta police, and commissioner Frederick Loch Halliday had passed on the alert to the Muzaffarpur superintendent of police. Kingsford was thus alerted by the superintendent, but had ignored the warnings. Four men were assigned to guard the magistrate's house.<ref name=Heehs2008p156>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=156}}</ref> On the evening of 29 April, Bose and Chaki were in place to execute their plans. Pretending to be schoolboys, they surveyed the Muzaffarpur park, opposite The British club frequented by Kingsford. They were noticed by a constable. The next day they returned and, being noticed by the same constable, they scurried away. The duo moved away, then doubled back, hiding in a tree with the bomb.<ref name=Heehs2008p156/> Kingsford was playing bridge that night at the club with his wife and the wife and daughter of a local barrister, [[Pringle Kennedy]]. Finishing the last game at 8:30 in the evening, the group broke up to head home. Kingsford and his wife were in a carriage identical to and immediately behind that carrying the Kennedys.<ref name=Heehs2008p157>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=157}}</ref> As the first carriage passed the tree hiding Chaki and Bose, Bose ran up to the carriage and threw his bomb through the carriage window. Both the occupants were fatally wounded. Escaping in the ensuing confusion, Bose and Chaki broke up and left the town separately. Bose walked through the night, reaching a small town called Waini, from where he intended to take the train back to Calcutta. Unfamiliar with the place, he came under the scrutiny of two constables and was caught while attempting to escape. Chaki, in the meantime, was able to take a different train, but came under the suspicion of an off-duty policeman named Nandalal Bannerjee. Bannerjee telegraphed Calcutta, and upon receiving instructions to detain Chaki, attempted to arrest. Chaki attempted to escape from the platform fighting his way through with his revolver and, down to his last bullet, shot himself in the mouth.<ref name=Heehs2008p157/>

===Arrest===
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Aurobindo jail picture.JPG|Aurobindo on the day of his arrest on 1 May 1908
</gallery>
News of the bombings reached Calcutta on 1 May 1908, and suspicion was immediately on Aurobindo and Barin. Fraser, the Governor of Bengal, contemplated arrest and deportation of the ''Samiti'' leadership of the Ghosh brothers, Abhinash Bhattacharya, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] and [[Satyendranath Bosu]]. Fraser feared that the evidence may not be sufficient to obtain conviction in a formal trial. By the time Fraser had wired the Government of India, however, Halliday, unaware of Fraser's actions, begun the process of charging Aurobindo and the Manicktolla group. By 7'o clock in the evening, warrants had been obtained to search eight places in Calcutta and the Manicktolla suburbs, and an operation was put in motion which involved all of Calcutta's police superintendents, nearly twelve inspectors, and more than a hundred constables.<ref name=Heehs2008p156/> A news of the killings broke in the evening newspapers in Calcutta. Barin and his group, warned by Aurobindo, began hiding away arms, ammunition, and bombs in various stages of preparation at the house in Muraripukur lane that served as the headquarters. The place also contained a substantial amount of incriminating papers which the group attempted to burn. On 2 May 1908, police arrested an initial 33 suspects. Aurobindo, Sailen Bose and Abhinash Bhattacharya were arrested from Ghosh's [[Aurobindo Sarani|Grey Street]] office where the trio were staying and his writings and letters were confiscated by the police. They were taken to the police headquarters at [[Lal Bazar]] at midday, and then held at the detective headquarters at Royd Street overnight, before being produced in front of Commissioner Halliday the following morning. Meanwhile, seven additional police teams raided properties linked to the Ghosh brothers in North Calcutta, including the residences in Scott Street and in Harrison Road. A search in this second place uncovered large amounts of explosives, bombs, and chemicals left behind by [[Ullaskar Dutta]]. Meanwhile, Barin and fourteen others were arrested in a raid at the Maniktala garden premises where they had been staying the night before. A search of the premises led to the discovery large amounts of arms and ammunitions the group had attempted to hide away, while a large amount of incriminating documents and papers that the group had not managed to burn were also seized.

===Statement by Barin Ghosh===
Fearing that the entire ''Samiti'' organisation stood at jeopardy, Barin offered to make a confessional statement taking responsibility for the conspiracy and the materiel. Convinced that they would be awarded the death penalty in any case, Barin was joined in written statements by Ullashkar Dutt, Indubhushan Roy and Bibhutibhushan Sarkar who implicated themselves taking entire responsibility with written statements, later confirmed orally in front of a magistrate.

==''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''==
[[File:Alipore Bomb Case 1908-09 Trial Room - Alipore Sessions Court - Calcutta 1997 1.jpg|thumb|The trial room, Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta in 1997.]]

The Maniktala gardens under the jurisdiction of the Alipore suburb of Calcutta. On 5 May 1908, Aurobindo and others were produced in front of the chief presidency magistrate's court, where they were allowed access to lawyers for the first time. From here the case was transferred to the Alipore chief magistrate's court, and the accused were held at Alipore jail, with Aurobindo held in solitary confinement.

===Initial hearings===
[[File:Eardley Norton 2.jpg|thumb|Eardley Norton]]
On 18 May, the accused were formally charged in the first hearing of ''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''. The charges included "organising to wage war against the government" and charging each individual accused with "waging war against the King". The prosecution was headed by [[Eardley Norton]], a leading barrister of the then presidency of [[Madras]]. The hearing was assigned to the court of additional district magistrate, Leonard Birley, [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]]. Birley started hearing evidence from the 222 witnesses even before formal charges had been pressed. Nearly 2000 material and documentary exhibits formed the evidence. In total, ultimately 49 stood accused. They were held separately from other prisoners. In the middle of June, the accused were transferred to a three-roomed wing at Alipore Jail, from where they were later moved to Ward 23 of Alipore jail.

The hearings against the accused had continued through May with intermittent recesses. However, despite a considerable body of evidence against most of the accused, very little evidence existed against Aurobindo himself. The structure of ''Anushilan Samiti'' prevented the higher echelons of the organisation from becoming familiar to the junior ranks, and Aurobindo's involvement in the organisation and its activities were hard to pinpoint, except for a few letters and correspondences confiscated at Barin's Manicktolla garden house. These included letters Barin had written in 1907, initialled "A.G." proclaiming the time for distributing "sweets" across India, a euphemism for bombs of which the technology [[Hemchandra Kanungo|Hem Chandra]] had learnt in Paris. On the other hand, much of the aim of the prosecution was to gain conviction against Aurobindo, who was seen as the most dangerous individual driving the ''Samiti'' against the Raj.

===Murder of Naren Goswami===
Unable to identify stronger material evidence, the prosecution began an effort to obtain witnesses who may be able to implicate Aurobindo. Their target became a young Anushilanite by the name of Naren Goswami. Goswami belonged to the family of a landowner in Bengal, of a wealthy background and social standing. He had been arrested at Maniktala with Barin and others on the initial raid. On 22 June, Prosecutor Norton announced to the court that Narendranath Goswami had turned "King's witness", or prosecution witness, in return for a pardon. By the middle of August, Birley had heard evidence against the accused. He twice rejected the defence's requests to cross-examine Goswami, using discretionary powers granted to him by the government of Bengal. On 19, 31 August, prisoners were committed to stand trial at Alipore Sessions Court for waging war against the King. On the evidence against Aurobindo, Birley concluded that letters and correspondences from members of the group --- particularly one letter from Barin where he had referred to "distributing sweets" across India --- indicated prima facie involvement on Aurobindo's part.

[[File:Kanailal Dutt and Satyen Basu arrested after murder of Naren Goswami.jpg|thumb|Kanailal Dutt (2nd from right) and Satyen Basu (4th from right), under arrest after assassinating Naren Goswami.]]
Interned with his fellow conspirators, Barin Ghosh had carefully planned to stage a jail-break. Careful plans were made to overpower guards with acid, bombs and with arms smuggled into the jail with the help of ''Samiti'' members and of family members. By the last week of August, Barin was able to obtain two revolvers, a [[Webley Revolver#Webley RIC|R.I.C.]] 0.45 calibre and an Osborne 0.38 calibre revolver. However, the accused soon realised that Goswami knew more than anticipated, and his evidence may implicate many accused including the Ghosh Brothers. A decision was taken by [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] to silence Naren. On 29 August, Kanailal Dutt feigned abdominal colic and gained admission to the Jail hospital, from where he sent word to Naren of wishing to turn approver, along with [[Satyendranath Bosu]]. Naren, believing the ruse, walked into the Hospital ward to meet the duo with the jail overseer. Armed with the two revolvers somehow smuggled in by Hem Chandra at Barin's request, Sen and Dutta chased Goswami down the jail corridors. The overseer accompanying Goswami, Warden Higgins, attempted to overpower Dutt but was shot through the wrist. Another overseer named Lynton tried to overpower Bose, but the latter broke free. Both Bose and Dutt shot Goswami multiple times, hitting his hip and piercing his spine, wounding him fatally. Bose and Dutta, firing nine shots in total into Goswami's lifeless body, gave themselves up once they realised Goswami was dead. Dutta later pleaded guilty, was convicted and hanged. Bose was initially declared not guilty by jury, but the verdict was returned to the high court, which returned a guilty verdict and awarded him the death sentence.

===Alipore sessions court===
[[File:Beachroft20.jpg|thumb|Charles Porten Beachroft]]
On 19 October 1908, the hearing for the trial began at the court of Charles Porten Beachroft who served as the additional sessions judge of the District 24 Paraganas. Beachcroft and Aurobindo had previously entered the Indian Civil Service Examinations in England in the same year, where Aurobindo had ranked ahead of Beachcroft. The defence team was composed of 15 lawyers, barristers and pleaders. Aurobindo was initially represented by Byomkesh Chakravarty, a leading Calcutta barrister. In addition to the 1500 documents and material evidence, defence team entered further 54 items. However, Chakravarty was successfully able to challenge Norton's attempts to enter Goswami's testimony as evidence, and able to obtain Beachcroft's ruling that Birley broke the law in refusing to allow defence to cross-examine Goswami. The trial continued for a year (1908-1909). In all, 206 witnesses were called, around 400 documents were filed with the court, and more than 5000 exhibits were produced including bombs, revolvers, and acids. However, Chakravarty soon pulled out of Ghosh's defence team, as the funds failed to meet his fees. On the desperate appeal of Ghosh's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, the defence was taken over by [[Chittaranjan Das]], then still a [[junior barrister]]. Early in the trial, Barin and his fellow detainees from the Manicktolla ashram withdrew their confessions. Despite this, the scope lay to use their evidences against themselves. However, the prosecution's efforts to link Aurobindo to the group and to implicate him as the leader of the conspiracy began to unravel. With assassination of Naren Goswami, precious little remained to link Aurobindo to the works of Barin's group other than his published views in ''Bande Mataram'' and ''Jugantar''. Das successfully argued that Aurobindo's thoughts and writings on independence were consistent with philosophical thoughts on liberty and freedom held by the English intelligentsia. On material evidences, Das alleged outright fabrication of documents by the police where these linked Aurobindo to the conspiracy.<ref name=Heehs2008p176>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=176}}</ref>

Significantly, as the hearings proceeded through 1908 into 1909, the government of Bengal came to fear that ''Anushilan Samiti'' would mount a rescue mission to break out the undertrials. A noted rise in militant actions and assassinations linked to ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in wider Bengal began to be reported, reaching the premises of the Alipore court as the hearings drew to a close. In November 1908, two assassinations were attempted in Calcutta two days apart, one targeting Chief of Police Andrew Fraser and the second where Nandalal Bannerjee --- the police officer who had arrested Prafulla Chaki --- was gunned down, both in public. That same month, a police informant was killed and mutilated in Dacca. A shaken Bengal government arrested and deported a number of ''Anushilan'' leaders, including [[Raja Subodh Mallik]], Aurobindo's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, and ''Bande Mataram'' editor Shyamsunder Chakravarty to Rangoon. In response, in March 1909, ''Anushilan'' assassinated public prosecutor Ashutosh Biswas when he was gunned down by [[Charu Chandra Bose]] in the very steps of the Alipore High court where the hearings were beginning to draw to a close.<ref name=Heehs2008p180>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=180}}</ref> The final arguments for prosecution and defence began amidst tight security at the end of March 1909. Das, closing his argument for defense, famously stated:{{blockquote|"''My appeal to you is this, that long after the controversy will be hushed in silence, long after this turmoil, the agitation will have ceased, long after he is dead and gone, he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism, as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity. Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed, not only in India but across distant seas and lands. Therefore, I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court, but before the bar of the High Court of History. The time has come for you, sir, to consider your judgment and for you, gentlemen, to consider your verdict...''"}}

===The verdict===
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], sentenced to death, later converted to transportation to Cellular Jail, Andamans
</gallery>
Beachcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909,<ref name=SAA/> amidst tight security in Calcutta to prevent outbreak of nationalist violence. Observing the popular supports following the executions of Khudiram Bose, [[Kanailal Dutta]] and [[Satyendranath Bosu|Satyen Bose]], the day of the verdict was kept closely guarded. Additional security measures were put in place, with a reserve force of European officers held ready in case of an outbreak of violence and disorder in the streets of Calcutta. Sessions Judge Charles Porten Beachcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909, amidst tight security in Calcutta.<ref name=SAA/>

Regarding Sri Aurobindo, he said: {{blockquote|"''I now come to the case of Arabinda Ghose, the most important accused in the case. He is the accused, whom more than any other the prosecution are anxious to have convicted and but for his presence in the dock there is no doubt that the case would have been finished long ago. It is partly for that reason that I have left his case till last of all and partly because the case against him depends to a very great extent, in fact almost entirely, upon association with other accused persons... The point is whether his writings & speeches, which in themselves seem to advocate nothing more than the regeneration of his country, taken with the facts proved against him in this case are sufficient to show that he was a member of the conspiracy. And taking all the evidence together I am of opinion that it falls short of such proof as would justify me in finding him guilty of so serious a charge.''"}}

In his verdict, [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh|Barin Ghosh]] and Ullaskar Dutt were found guilty, and sentenced to death by hanging (later commuted to life imprisonment). Thirteen others, [[Upendranath Bandhopadhyay]], Bibhuti Bhusan Sarkar, Hrishikesh Kanjilal, Birendra Sen, Sudhir Sarkar, Indra Nundy, Abinash Bhattacharjee, Soilendra Bose, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], [[Indu Bhusan Roy (independence activist)|Indu Bhusan Roy]], Poresh Mullick, Sishir Ghosh, Nirapado Roy were sentenced to transportation for life and forfeiture of all property. Three others, Poresh Mullick, Sishir Ghosh, Nirapado Roy were sentenced to ten years incarceration along with forfeiture of property. A further three Asoke Nundy, Balkrishna Kane, Susil Sen were sentenced to seven years jail terms. Seventeen, including Aurobindo, were found not guilty. One defendant, [[ Krishna Jiban Sanyal]], was sentenced to one-year rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=SAA/> Two of the 17 acquitted, Dharaninath Gupta & Nagendranath Gupta, were already undergoing a 7-year sentence for conviction in the Harrison Road case, so they were not released.<ref name=SAA/> Probash Chunder Dey was re-arrested on a [[sedition]] charge under Section 124A, in connection with the publication of the book "Desh Acharjya".<ref name=SAA/> The verdict on Aurobindo was passed last. Beachcroft highlighted the lack of concrete evidence linking Aurobindo to the conspiracy in the lack of crown-witness Naren Goswami.<ref name=upen>{{harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|1921}}</ref>

The verdict was disappointing to the Government of India, who had hoped to obtain a conviction against Aurobindo. Further fears were raised that those acquitted may have already received instructions from Hem on constructing the bombs. Aurobindo further was seen as the most dangerous adversary to the Raj whilst he remained free.<ref name=Heehs195>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=195}}</ref> Consulted on the prospects of a successful appeal against the verdict on Aurobindo, the advocate general of Bombay the chance of obtaining a conviction "fair", but was unable to provide more reassuring prospects. In August 1909, the government took the decision not to launch an appeal.

Of the two sentenced to death by hanging (but released in 1920), Ullaskar Dutt, a young man of 22, described his occupation as a cow keeper.<ref name=hoda/>
Barindra Kumar Ghosh, younger brother of [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], was a key player in the Alipore trial. It was in their house that the revolutionaries carried out their activities. Barindra had been born in England and came to India at the age of one. According to British Indian law, he was asked whether he preferred being tried as a British citizen. Barin, as a nationalist, refused. Those two were sentenced to death, with the sentence later commuted to life imprisonment in the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andamans]], where they remained until a general amnesty, in 1920.<ref name=hoda>{{Harvnb|Hoda|2008}}</ref>

==Popular perception==
The trial was considered sensational at the time, and generated an enormous amount of interest in both the British and Indian press. In India, journals such as ''The Empire'' ran editorials calling for harsh punishments for the undertrials. ''The Times'' published a number of reports, reflecting on Aurobindo's career, Aurobindo's monologues and essays, published in Karmayogin, ''Jugantar'', and other publications.

==Impact==
In the aftermath of the trial, the power of native Indian press in promoting nationalist messages were severely curtailed, with the [[Indian Press Act, 1910|Indian Press act of 1910]] allowing provincial governments to demand punitive deposits from journals deemed hostile to the Raj. [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], who had close ties with Aurobindo, was arrested and charged with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak#Sedition Charges|sedition]], subsequently found guilty despite publicly dissociating himself from the Muzaffarpur bombings. In the aftermath of these events, moderates in the Indian National Congress came to be a more prominent force within the organisation, and developed a closer working relationship with the Raj. The [[Minto-Morley Reforms|Minto-Morley reforms]] were passed in 1910. Historians like Peter Heehs argue that although these had been planned as early as 1906, the popular impact of the trials hastened, or were perceived to hasten, the passage. In the view of the larger population, the actions of Aurobindo and his group took credit for this.

==Aftermath==
[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]] was acquitted of the charges (among 17 acquitted)<ref name=SAA/> and came out of the affair with a new outlook on life and spirituality (see [[Aurobindo Ghosh#Conversion from politics to spirituality|final conversion]]). He recused himself from active politics, ultimately settling to his ''ashram'' in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. Barin was interred till 1920, and after being released from jail he worked as a journalist, including ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''. He died in 1959.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Aurobindo retired from active politics after he was acquitted.<ref name="Roy6">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Aurobihdo’s retirement from
active politics after his acquittal ...</ref> This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan to trial.<ref name="Popplewell111">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=111}}</ref><ref name="Roy105">{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=105}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the Manicktala conspiracy, the western Anushilan Samiti found a more-prominent leader in [[Bagha Jatin]] and emerged as the [[Jugantar]]. Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], establishing hideouts in the [[Sunderbans]] for members who had gone underground.<ref>''[[M.N. Roy]]'s Memoirs'' p3</ref> The group slowly reorganised, aided by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]], [[M.N. Roy|Naren Bhattacharya]] and other younger leaders. Some of its younger members, including [[Taraknath Das]], left India. Between 1909 and 1914, the group continued its campaign against the interests, making a number of attempts on the lives of Raj officials with variable successes. In a concerted attempt of revenge, Ashutosh Biswas, an advocate of Calcutta High Court in charge of the prosecution of the Narendranath Goswami murder case, was shot dead within Calcutta High Court in 1909. In 1910, Shamsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Bengal Police responsible for investigating the Alipore Bomb case, was shot dead on the steps of Calcutta High Court. Naren Bannerjee, the police officer who arrested Khudiram Bose, was murdered in 1910. These assassinations led up to the uncovering of Jatin's network, precipitating the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]]. Undeterred, the Samiti's networks continued the attempts on political violence and assassinations, using its base in [[Chandernagore]]. The most notable was the attempt on the life of Viceroy of India in 1912 [[Delhi-Lahore conspiracy|in a conspiracy]] headed by [[Rash Behari Bose]]. However, the most serious threat organised by the Samiti arose in 1914 when, with the clouds of war gathering in Europe in 1914, the Samiti began liaising with revolutionary groups abroad and with Imperial Germany to overthrow the British Raj [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|with a Pan-Indian Mutiny]].

==Memoirs and other publications==
Several convicts of Maniktala Bomb Case wrote memoirs after their release from British captivity. Following is a brief list:

*Bandyopadhyay, Upendranath (1921). ''নির্বাসিতের আত্মকথা'', Calcutta: Hrishikesh Kanjilal.<ref name=upen />
*Ghosh, Barindra Kumar (1922). ''The Tale of My Exile'', Pondicherry: Arya Office.<ref name=barin>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1922}}</ref>
*Ghosh, Barindra Kumar (1922). ''বারীন্দ্রের আত্মকাহিনী'', Calcutta: D.M. Library.<ref name=barin2>{{Harvnb|Ghosh_2|1922}}</ref>
*Datta, Ullaskar (1923). ''কারাজীবনী'', Calcutta: Arya Publishing House.<ref name=ullas1>{{Harvnb|Datta|1923}}</ref>
*Datta, Ullaskar (1924). ''Twelve Years of Prison Life'', Pondicherry: Arya Office.<ref name=ullas2>{{Harvnb|Datta|1924}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
*The site of Barin Ghosh's country residence – the site of arrest of fourteen nationalists who stood trial – is commemorated by a marble plaque unveiled in 1990 by the West Bengal state government in independent India.
*48 Grey Street, where Aurobindo was arrested with three others, was also commemorated with a marble plaque from the government in 1993. Grey street was renamed Aurobindo Sarani by West Bengal Government in independent India.
*Pusa road railway station, where Khudiram Bose was arrested, is now named after him.
*Kanailal Dutt is commemorated with a bust at his birth town of Chanderrnagore.
*The Osborne 0.38 calibre revolver used in Naren Goswami's assassination forms a part of collections of Police Museum at Kolkata.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Upendranath |date=1921 |title=''নির্বাসিতের আত্মকথা''|publisher= Arya Publications |place=Pondicherry }}.
* {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Ullaskar |date=1923 |title=কারাজীবনী|publisher= Arya Publishing House |place=Calcutta | url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4.pdf}}.
* {{Citation |last=Datta|first=Ullaskar |date=1924 |title=Twelve Years of Prison Life|publisher= Arya Publications |place=Pondicherry | url=https://archive.org/details/12YearsOfPrisonLifeUllaskarDUTT}}.
* {{Citation |last=Ghosh|first=Barindra Kumar |date=1922 |title=The tale of my exile - twelve years in Andamans|publisher= Arya Publications |place=Pondicherry | url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031246410/cu31924031246410_djvu.txt}}.
* {{Citation |last=Ghosh_2|first=Barindra Kumar |date=1922 |title=বারীন্দ্রের আত্মকাহিনী|publisher= D.M. Library |place= Calcutta| url= https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:বারীন্দ্রের_আত্মকাহিনী_-_বারীন্দ্রকুমার_ঘোষ.pdf/২ }}.
* {{citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |year=2008 |title=The Lives of ''Sri Aurobindo'' |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0}}.
* {{citation |last=Hoda|first=Noorul |year=2008 |title=The Alipore Bomb Case - A historic Pre-Independence Trial |location=Kolkata |publisher=Niyogi Books}}.
* {{Citation |last=Popplewell |first=Richard James |date=1995 |title=Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PP1 |location=London |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=0-7146-4580-X }}.
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Samren |year=1997 |title=M. N. Roy: A Political Biography |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-0299-5}}
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Shantimoy |year=2006 |chapter=India Freedom Struggle and Muslims |editor-last=Engineer |editor-first=Asghar Ali |editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer |title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105 |series=Sources of History |volume=III |publisher=Hope India Publications |page=105 |isbn=9788178710914}}
* {{citation |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |date=2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |location=Delhi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06546-8 }}.
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=2010 |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0230-32885-3}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101130091354/http://sriaurobindosociety.org.in/sriauro/aurolif1.htm#alipore Life of Sri Aurobindo]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040803155953/http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history3.htm#Alipore%20Bomb%20case British colonial period - Colonial Rule (1858 – August 1918)]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305050359/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=14 Alipore trial]

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

[[Category:1908 in British India]]
[[Category:1909 in British India]]
[[Category:1908 in case law]]
[[Category:1909 in case law]]
[[Category:1900s trials]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:Alipore]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]

Bethamangala Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:59Z

Hearthospital: New New Info

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bethamangala
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2008
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Bethamangala Assembly constituency''' was one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]] a southern state of [[India]]. It was also part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || E. N. Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. M. Doreswamy Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | C. Venkateshappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || A. Chinnappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="2" | M. Narayanaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || C. Venkateshappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Venkatamuniyappa B. P || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election resutls==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatamuniyappa B. P |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,117 |percentage = 33.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,570 |percentage = 33.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,096 |percentage = 26.18% |change = {{decrease}}42.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,150 |percentage = 2.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Mohan. C |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,768 |percentage = 1.44% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasaiah. V |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,657 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa. A |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,203 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sampathkumar Kv |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,043 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 547 |percentage = 0.45% |change = {{decrease}}38.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,612 |percentage = 68.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,604}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,972 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}35.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkateshappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 75,844 |percentage = 68.93% |change = {{increase}}64.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 32,604 |percentage = 29.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Srinivasan |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,578 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,240 |percentage = 39.30% |change = {{increase}}34.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,726 |percentage = 70.78% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,026}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,625 |percentage = 4.86% |change = {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,498 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}26.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 43,157 |percentage = 42.05% |change = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkateshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,483 |percentage = 37.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Hanumappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,353 |percentage = 7.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nagaraja |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 6,123 |percentage = 5.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Srikrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,686 |percentage = 4.57% |change = {{decrease}}22.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. M. Ravichandra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 790 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,674 |percentage = 4.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,681 |percentage = 71.87% |change = {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,622}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,059 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{decrease}}6.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,662 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,162 |percentage = 36.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkateshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,281 |percentage = 29.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,358 |percentage = 27.42% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,939 |percentage = 2.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkateshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 713 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Muniswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 576 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venhateshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 482 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,881 |percentage = 6.27% |change = {{decrease}}31.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,501 |percentage = 65.86% |change = {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,896}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,605 |percentage = 8.89% |change = {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,830 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}28.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Chinnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 38,843 |percentage = 65.13% |change = {{increase}}56.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkatamuni |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,321 |percentage = 27.37% |change = {{decrease}}11.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Pulieindiran |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,570 |percentage = 4.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Balu |party = Independent politician |votes = 861 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Hunumappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 393 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayanaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 378 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,522 |percentage = 37.76% |change = {{increase}}37.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,716 |percentage = 59.93% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,640}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,076 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,316 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}26.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkateshappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,253 |percentage = 38.86% |change = {{increase}}24.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmamma Narayanaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,152 |percentage = 38.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Narayanamma |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,525 |percentage = 8.68% |change = {{decrease}}18.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Ravi |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 4.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Narayanan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,080 |percentage = 3.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Balu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,320 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lorry Venkatashappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 667 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Muniswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 612 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 347 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 101 |percentage = 0.19% |change = {{decrease}}25.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,703 |percentage = 58.27% |change = {{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,114}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,589 |percentage = 2.96% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,167 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}14.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Venkateshappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,715 |percentage = 53.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Channaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,098 |percentage = 27.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayana |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,554 |percentage = 14.52% |change = {{decrease}}25.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 2.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Bhimanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 818 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = W. Muniyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 663 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,617 |percentage = 26.18% |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,541 |percentage = 62.58% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,016}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,525 |percentage = 2.85% |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,555 |ref = |change = {{increase}}47.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Doreswamy Naidu |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,380 |percentage = 56.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Venkatesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,490 |percentage = 40.47% |change = {{decrease}}19.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Padamanabhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 550 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Gangadharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 386 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,890 |percentage = 16.45% |change = {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,876 |percentage = 63.73% |change = {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,806}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,860 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bethamangala <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = E. N. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,059 |percentage = 60.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. S. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,843 |percentage = 39.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,216 |percentage = 20.79% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,722 |percentage = 61.34% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,902}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,711 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kolar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.01|78.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Rampura Phul Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:04Z

Hearthospital: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rampura Phul
| map_image = 90-Rampura Phul.svg
| mla = [[Balkar Singh Sidhu]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:170676}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 90
}}
'''Rampura Phul Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year<ref name="Rampura Phul Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency">{{cite news |title=Rampura Phul Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rampuraphul-punjab-assembly-constituency |access-date=27 October 2022 |work= |date=2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027093509/https://resultuniversity.com/election/rampuraphul-punjab-assembly-constituency |archive-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>
!Member
!
!Party
|-
|1977
|rowspan="2" |Babu Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1980
|-
|1985
|Sukhdev Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|1992
|Harbans Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1997
|[[Sikander Singh Maluka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2002
|rowspan="2" |[[Gurpreet Singh Kangar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2007
|-
|2012
|[[Sikander Singh Maluka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2017
| [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2022
| [[Balkar Sidhu|Balkar Singh Sidhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Rampura Phul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Balkar Singh Sidhu]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes=56,155|percentage=41.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Sikander Singh Maluka]]|votes=45,745|percentage=33.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gurpreet Singh Kangar]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=18 February 2022}}</ref>|votes=28,185
|percentage=20.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Baljinder Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = {{formatnum:2541}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amarjit Singh Sharma
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1041}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:720}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:10410}}
|percentage=7.65|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,36,089|percentage=79.7|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Rampura Phul<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55269}}
|percentage = 40.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sikander Singh Maluka]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:44884}}
|percentage = 32.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manjit Singh Sidhu
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:32693}}
|percentage = 23.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:445}}
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:10385}}
|percentage = 7.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:136162}}
|percentage = 86.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:158494}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bathinda district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.27|75.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Srikakulam Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:48Z

Hearthospital: Stub!

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Srikakulam
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (5-Srikakulam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Srikakulam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Gondu Shankar|Gondu Shankar Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 255,177
}}
'''Srikakulam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Gondu Shankar|Gondu Shankar Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Gondu Shankar with 117091 defeats YSRCP's Dharmana Prasada Rao |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/srikakulam-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548187-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 255,177 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders'' (1951).

== Mandals ==

The two [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandals
|-
| [[Srikakulam mandal|Srikakulam]]
|-
| [[Gara, Srikakulam district|Gara]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Srikakulam Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q24946368,Q59834158"}</mapframe>
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Killi Appala Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Pasagada Suryanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Andhavarapu Thavitiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Tangi Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |Challa Lakshminarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Tangi Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=4 |Appala Suryanarayana Gunda
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan =2|[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Gunda Lakshmi Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Gondu Shankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gondu Shankar]]
|votes = 1,17,091
|percentage = 42.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|votes =64,570
|percentage =23.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate =Ambati Krishna Rao
|votes =4,353
|percentage =1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =Remaining
|votes = 2,781
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =NOTA
|candidate =None Of The Above
|votes =3,373
|percentage =1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,92,168
|percentage = 70
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =2,74,523
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,521
|percentage = 19.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|votes =84,084
|percentage = 32.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =[[Gunda Lakshmi Devi]]
|votes =78,307
|percentage = 30.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Korada Sarveswara Rao]]
|votes =7,557
|percentage = 2.95
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,267
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =NOTA
|candidate =[[None Of The Above]]
|votes =3,082
|percentage =1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,77,297
|percentage = 69.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,56,243
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,777
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =[[Gunda Lakshmi Devi]]
|votes = 88,814
|percentage = 38.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|votes =64,683
|percentage = 28.35
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate =Chowdari Satish
|votes =3,683
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 6,468
|percentage = 2.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =NOTA
|candidate =None Of The Above
|votes = 875
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,64,523
|percentage = 72.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,28,112
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =24,131
|percentage = 10.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Killi Appala Naidu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=17,668 |percentage=15.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavali Narayana |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=16,244 |percentage=14.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kottapalli Narasayya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,222 |percentage=14.28% |change=14.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thammineni Paparao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,028 |percentage=13.23% |change=13.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gundu Surya Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=12,210 |percentage=10.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nadimpalli Lingaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=10,960 |percentage=9.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lolugu Sreeramulu Naiudu |party=Socialist Party (India, 1948)|votes=9,453 |percentage=8.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muddada Gurayya |party=Independent politician |votes=6,524 |percentage=5.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. S. Appalacharyulu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,781 |percentage=4.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruppa Appalaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,542 |percentage=4.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,424 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,632 |percentage=80.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,781 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pasagada Suryanarayana|votes=11,874|percentage=36.67|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Surayya Gondu|votes=9,475|percentage=29.26|change={{increase}}18.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pullela Seetharamayya|votes=9,327|percentage=28.20|change={{increase}}1.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gunda Simmanna|votes=1,204|percentage=3.72|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bontha Viswanatham|votes=501|percentage=1.55|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,399|percentage=7.41|change={{increase}}6.16}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=32,381|percentage=59.00|change={{decrease}}21.72}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Krishikar Lok Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Andhavarapu Thavitiah
|votes = 16,231
|percentage = 52.67
|change = {{increase}}23.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pasagada Suryanarayana
|votes = 14,583
|percentage = 47.32
|change = {{increase}}10.65
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,648
|percentage = 5.35
|change = {{decrease}}2.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 30,814
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = [[Tangi Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 27,764
|percentage = 55.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Andhavarapu Thavitiah|votes=18,276|percentage=36.76|change={{decrease}}15.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=D. Murty|votes=2,412|percentage=4.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|candidate=L. Rao|votes=1,261|percentage=2.54|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,488|percentage=19.09|change={{increase}}13.74}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=49,713|percentage=74.02|change={{decrease}} 6.5}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Challa Lakshminarayana
|votes = 27,627
|percentage = 52.55
|change = {{decrease}}21.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Thangi Satyanarayana
|votes = 24,944
|percentage = 47.45
|change = {{increase}}42.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,683
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{decrease}}13.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 52,271
|percentage = 62.68
|change = {{decrease}}11.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Challa Lakshminarayana|votes=23,643|percentage=33.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raghavadas Tripurna|votes=16,556|percentage=23.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tangi Satyanarayana|votes=14,766|percentage=20.8|change={{decrease}}26.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mylapilli Satyarajula|votes=7,509|percentage=10.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ippilli Venkatrao|votes=5,270|percentage=7.4|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Niddapu Sannibabu|votes=2,286|percentage=3.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gerimella Ramakrishna|votes=928|percentage=1.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,087|percentage=9.7|change={{increase}}4.6}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=73,224|percentage=75.7|change={{increase}}13.02}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Challa Lakshmi Narayana]]|votes=49,100|percentage=67.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chigilipalli Rao|votes=11,821|percentage=16.3|change={{decrease}}7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Suryanarayana Gunda|votes=10,114|percentage=14.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Reddy Parapati|votes=652|percentage=0.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mylapalli Suryanarayana|votes=451|percentage=0.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=Rayana Rao|votes=363|percentage=0.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,279|percentage=50.4|change={{increase}}40.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=73,943|percentage=69.0|change={{decrease}}6.7}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Appala Gunda
|votes = 51,925
|percentage = 74.7
|change ={{increase}} 7.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mylapilli Narsayya|votes=12,968|percentage=18.7|change={{increase}}2.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lokdal|candidate=Gouthu Latchanna|votes=4,187|percentage=6.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=N. V. Subbarao|votes=420|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,957|percentage=55.2|change={{increase}}4.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=70,637|percentage=62.5|change={{decrease}} 6.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Appala Gunda
|votes = 52,766
|percentage = 52.9
|change = {{decrease}}21.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vandana Rao
|votes = 47,055
|percentage = 47.1
|change = {{increase}}28.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,711
|percentage = 5.5
|change = {{decrease}}49.7
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 103,600
|percentage = 73.7
|change = {{increase}}11.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Appala Gunda|votes=70,441|percentage=62.7|change={{increase}}9.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Andhavarapu Narasimham|votes=38,868|percentage=34.6|change={{decrease}}12.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Appannachetti Vaddi|votes=1,434|percentage=1.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kuncham Kanakarao|votes=783|percentage=0.7|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Tammineni Jaganmohanrao|votes=538|percentage=0.5|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=G.V. Madhukrishna|votes=325|percentage=0.3|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,573|percentage=27.6|change={{increase}}22.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=114,297|percentage=73.8|change={{increase}}0.1}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Appala Gunda|votes=58,848|percentage=53.6|change={{decrease}}9.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Challa Ravikumar|votes=47,685|percentage=43.5|change={{increase}}8.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Tammineini Rao|votes=1,725|percentage=1.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kuncham Rao|votes=627|percentage=0.6|change={{decrease}}0.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Pyramid Party Of India|candidate=Prasada Nanda|votes=662|percentage=0.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Challa Venkatesh |votes=164|percentage=0.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,163|percentage=9.9|change={{decrease}}17.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=113,153|percentage=66.6|change={{decrease}}7.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]
|votes = 69,168
|percentage = 52.8
|change = {{increase}}9.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Appala Suryanarayana Gunda
|votes = 61,941
|percentage = 47.2
|change = {{decrease}}6.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,227
|percentage = 5.5
|change = {{decrease}}4.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,763
|percentage = 71.1
|change = {{increase}}4.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing = {{increase}}7.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]|votes=56,457|percentage=38.8|change={{decrease}}14.0}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Appala Suryanarayana Gunda|votes=51,987|percentage=35.8|change={{decrease}}11.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kornu Nagarjun|votes=28,553|percentage=19.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,470|percentage=3.1|change={{decrease}}2.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,380|percentage=74.4|change={{increase}}3.3}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{decrease}}1.3
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|18|18|11.62|N|83|50|57.43|E|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Srikakulam]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Bade Achhe Lagte Hain

2026-04-10T05:58:40Z

Hearthospital: New New Entry

{{Short description|Indian television soap opera}}
{{For|1976 Hindi song|Bade Achche Lagte Hain (song)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bade Achhe Lagte Hain text-intertitle.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Patrani''|Imtiaz Patel}}
| story = Doris Dey Sonali Jaffar Jayesh D. Patil Anil Nagpal
| screenplay = Dilip Jha Archita Biswas Jha Harneet Singh Anil Nagpal Saba Mumtaz Nandini Arora Doris Dey Nehum Rawat Ruchi Shah [[Kovid Gupta]] Akash Deep Shilpa Jathar Vikas Tiwari Kamolika Bhattacharjee '''Dialogues''' Deepti Rawal Shirish Latkar Priti Mamgain Richa Singh Gautam
| director = [[Partho Mitra]] [[Sangieta Rao]] [[Anil V. Kumar]] (directed episode 166; telecasted on 12 March 2012) Rakesh Malhotra Raja Mukherjee Muzammil Desai [[Ravindra Gautam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami---directors-take/15669154|title = 'Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami' - Director's take|date = 9 October 2014|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = mid-day.com|publisher = Mid-Day|last = Rao|first = Nilesh|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141011072405/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami---directors-take/15669154|archive-date = 11 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Ravindra-Gautam-all-set-to-helm-a-silver-screen-movie/articleshow/17568576.cms|title = Ravindra Gautam all set to helm a silver screen movie|date = 11 December 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|publisher = Times of India|last = Wadhwa|first = Akash|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141011030754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Ravindra-Gautam-all-set-to-helm-a-silver-screen-movie/articleshow/17568576.cms|archive-date = 11 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> Ajay Kumar Sahil Sharma Mohit Hussein Jaladh Sharma Vijay K. Saini
| creative_director = Doris Dey Udayan Pradeep Shukla Tanusri Dasgupta Prashant Bhatt Mansi Sawant Bharvi Shah Mohammed Suleman Quadri Mitu
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
* [[Ram Kapoor]]
* (''[[#Cast|For entire cast see below]]'')}}
| theme_music_composer = '''Composer''' [[R. D. Burman]] '''Music by''' Lalit Sen
| open_theme = "''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''" by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and Trijayh Dey
| end_theme =
| composer = Abhishek Singh Mintu Jha
| country =
| language =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 644
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Prashant Shekle
* Pradeep Hinduja
* Vijay Kumar Jaiswar}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Ekta Kapoor
* [[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| location = {{Plainlist|
* India
* Dubai, UAE (episodes #235–#270; mid-2012)<ref name="''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' team leaves for Dubai!">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Bade-Achhe-team-leaves-for-Dubai/articleshow/14711573.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103070427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-06/tv/32565128_1_dubai-ram-kapoor-priya|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=31 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 July 2012|title=''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' team leaves for Dubai!}}</ref>
* Australia (episodes #102–#117; late 2011)<ref name = honeymoon>{{cite news|title='Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain' travels to Australia|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hain-travels-to-Australia/5294200527|access-date=27 November 2012|date=22 November 2011|author=India Infoline News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227141531/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hain-travels-to-Australia/5294200527|archive-date=27 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> }}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Mahesh Talakad
* Sanjay Memane
* Anil Katke
* Shekhar Nagarkar
}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Vikas Sharma
* Vishal Sharma
* Sandeep Bhatt
* Prem Raaj
* Vishwabandhu}}

'''Online Editor(s)''' 
{{Plainlist|
* Vatan Singh
* Ramlochan Pandey
}}
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 20–25 minutes (per episode) 45–50 minutes (integration episodes) aprrox. 34 minutes (last episode)
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Telefilms Limited]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2011|5|30}}<ref name=balhoverview>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvbasti.com/tvshow/Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/536|title=BALH Overview|access-date=3 May 2012|author=TV Basti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503200931/http://www.tvbasti.com/tvshow/Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/536|archive-date=3 May 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|7|10}}<ref name = t2/><ref name = abp/>
| image_alt = Intertitle of Bade Achhe Lagte Hain
| related = ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'' ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3]]'' ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]''
}}

'''''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''''' ({{IPA|hns|bəˈɽeː ˈəttʃʰeː ləɡˈteː ɦɛ̃ː|pron}}; {{lit.}} ''They Look So Good'') is an [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 30 May 2011 to 10 July 2014. Based on the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] play ''Patrani'' by Imtiaz Patel, the soap opera was created and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under the banner of [[Balaji Telefilms]]. The title of the show, along with the title-track, was derived from a song composed by [[R. D. Burman|R.D. Burman]], from the soundtrack of the 1976 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]''.

The show explores the worlds of Priya Sharma ([[Sakshi Tanwar]]) and Ram Kapoor ([[Ram Kapoor]]), who accidentally discover love after getting married.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Remote Control: Indian Television in the New Millennium|last = Munshi|first = Shoma|publisher = Penguin Group|quote=Gone are the days when television was looked down upon as playing second fiddle to Bollywood. Soap stars, too, are now as many household names in India as their Bollywood counterparts. Typically, they are associated with their screen names and personas. Thus, Tulsi in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi|Kyunki]]'' ([[Smriti Irani]]); Parvati in ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii|Kahaani]]'' and now in her new avatar as Priya in ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' (Sakshi Tanwar); Ram Kapoor, the eponymous protagonist in ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''...all have achieved iconic status and are instantly recognizable...the actors often become so strongly associated with an image that audiences are unable to accept them in other kinds of roles. Thus, when Sakshi Tanwar, the dutiful and always upright Parvati bhabi from ''Kahaani'', played a cameo as Teepri, a home-breaker in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' (episodes in 2010), it did not go down well with audiences, who were unable to accept their role model as a negative character. Tanwar has since successfully morphed into her role as the thirty-something Priya who marries the rich tycoon in his forties, Ram Kapoor, in Sony's top-rated soap opera about finding love in an arranged marriage, titled ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''|isbn = 978-01-4341-402-5|date=15 December 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fdGATZeZWJcC&q=bade+achhe+lagte+hain&pg=PT37|access-date = 10 October 2014}}</ref> After the storyline moved five years ahead in June 2012, many new actors and characters, including [[Samir Kochhar]] and [[Amrita Mukherjee]] who played the roles of Rajat Kapur and Peehu respectively, were introduced.

According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' is the seventh most-watched television show of 2011 in India. The soap opera won the ''Kalakar Award'' for the ''Best Serial '' and the ''[[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Award]]'' for ''Favourite TV Drama'', both in 2012. The soap opera was voted the ''Most Inspiring Soap ''in 2013, receiving a vote count of 43.68%. It has been dubbed and rebroadcast in English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

==Plot==

42 year old Ram Kapoor is an unmarried, wealthy, established, and well-reputed [[Mumbai]]-based [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] businessman. 33 year old Priya Sharma is a diligent working woman and comes from a middle-class Mumbai family. Ram's stepmother Niharika only uses him for money and is responsible for creating misunderstandings between his parents Amarnath Kapoor and Krishna Kapoor when he was 22, which led to Ram's mother Krishna leaving the house.

Ram's best friend Vikram is worried about Ram’s singleness and wants him to get married. Ram's spoilt half-sister, Natasha Kapoor, and Priya's brother, Kartik Sharma, fall in love and have to consider the taboo of younger siblings marrying before their elder siblings. Ram has yet to select a prospective spouse so the marriage of Kartik and Natasha must wait.

Thus, Ram and Priya agree to the practice of [[watta satta]] although Priya dislikes the [[Income inequality in India|economic disparity]] between their families. Ram and Priya consider each other arrogant and quarrelsome. However they grow respect for each other with time and get married. Niharika is unhappy as Ram and Priya's relationship is improving day by day.

Natasha always believed she was an unplanned child of Niharika due to her behaviour. She fears she won't be able to become a good mother so she aborts her baby and hides the fact from everyone that she was pregnant. She regrets it and becomes depressed. Priya's younger sister Ayesha starts blackmailing Natasha for showstopper position in Natasha's upcoming fashion show. Ram and Priya's trust in each other increases when Priya's ex Ashwin tries to cause misunderstanding but Ram exposes him without doubting Priya at all. Ram and Priya fall in love.

Natasha causes Ayesha’s wardrobe malfunction. Sid maliciously reveals this to Ayesha hence Ayesha and Natasha have a nasty catfight in public. Priya solves their problems and Natasha tries to change but after this incident, Priya's family become skeptical of Natasha. One day a nasty argument takes place due to Sudhir becoming ill. Kartik asks Natasha to leave the house. Niharika takes advantage of this and brutally beats up Natasha and manipulates her to frame Kartik. This causes a clash between Ram and Priya. Eventually Natasha feels guilty and apologies to Priya and Kartik.

Niharika tricks Natasha into staying in a room while she frames Kartik for her kidnapping. Priya confronts Niharika and Niharika says she needs to leave Ram to save Kartik's life. Priya teams up with Vikram and his wife Neha to defeat Niharika. Natasha apologies to Sharma family and shames Niharika. Priya tries to expose Niharika with the help of Natasha, Vikram and Neha but fails. Sid causes a terrible fraud and frames Ram for the same. Niharika reveals her true face and Ram is devastated. Priya takes the blame to save Ram and gets arrested leaving Ram shattered. Ram tries his best to save Priya but Ayesha gives a testimony in Sid's favour under Sid's manipulation and promise of true love. Priya gets imprisoned. Sid plans to kill Ram but Niharika realises the error of her ways and saves Ram and dies, leaving everyone heartbroken. Guilty and devastated Sid runs away. Priya is pregnant, has an accident that others believe has killed her. She moves to [[Dubai]] out of depression as she thinks she will never be proved innocent.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Priya Sharma Kapoor: Sudhir and Shipra's daughter; Ayesha and Kartik's sister; Ram's wife; Pihu, Myra and Pari's mother (2011–14)
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Ram Kapoor: A business tycoon, Amarnath and Krishna's son; Niharika's stepson; Natasha and Rishab's half-brother; Priya's husband; Pihu, Myra and Pari's father (2011–14)
* [[Fenil Umrigar]] / [[Sonia Balani]] as Pihu Kapoor Shergill: Priya and Ram's daughter; Myra and Pari's sister; Samar's wife and former obsessive lover (2013–14)
** [[Aanchal Munjal]] as Teenage Pihu (2013)
** [[Amrita Mukherjee]] as Child Pihu (2012–13)

===Recurring===
* [[Sumona Chakravarti]] as Natasha "Nuts" Kapoor – Amarnath and Niharika's daughter; Rishabh's sister; Ram, Siddhant and Ishika's half-sister; Kartik's first wife (2011–14)
* [[Mohit Malhotra]] / Chirag Thakkar as Kartik Sharma – Shipra and Sudhir's son; Priya and Ayesha's brother; Natasha and Jhanvi's husband; Raunak's father (2011–14)
* Madhu Raja as Krishna "Krishu" Kapoor – Amarnath's first wife; Ram's mother; Apeksha's adoptive mother; Khush, Pihu, Myra and Pari's grandmother (2011–14)
* [[Chahat Khanna]] / [[Akanksha Juneja]] as Ayesha Sharma – Shipra and Sudhir's younger daughter; Priya and Kartik's sister; Khush's mother (2011–13)
* [[Eva Grover]] as Niharika "Sweety" Talwar Kapoor – Shiney's sister; Jayesh's ex-wife; Amarnath's second wife; Ram's stepmother; Siddhant, Ishika, Natasha and Rishab's mother; Khush's grandmother (2011–13)
* [[Jai Kalra]] as Vikram Shergill – Neha's husband; Ram's friend and business partner; Rahul, Samar and Riddhima's father (2011–14)
* [[Tarana Raja Kapoor]] as Neha Shergill – Vikram's wife; Rahul, Samar and Riddhima's mother; Priya and Ram's friend (2011–14)
* Salim Shah / Deepak Qazir Kejriwal as Shiney “Mamaji” Talwar – Niharika's brother; Natasha, Rishabh, Siddhant and Ishika’s uncle; Saudamini's boyfriend (2011–14)
* [[Mahesh Shetty]] as Siddhant “Sid” Kapoor (né Karyekar) – Jayesh and Niharika's son; Amarnath's stepson; Ishika's brother; Natasha and Rishab's half-brother; Ayesha's fiancé; Khush's father (2011–14)
* [[Shubhavi Choksey]] as Juhi – Priya's childhood friend; Naina's mother (2011–14)
* Gaurav Sharma / [[Aditya Kapadia]] / [[Ankit Narang]] as Khush Kapoor – Siddhant and Ayesha's son (2013–14)
** Neev Ritesh Jain as Child Kush (2012–13)
* [[Vinti Idnani]] as Myra Kapoor – Ram and Priya's daughter; Pihu’s younger and Pari's twin sister (2013–14)
** [[Ashnoor Kaur]] as Child Mayra (2013)
* [[Pragati Chourasiya]] as Pari Kapoor – Ram and Priya's youngest daughter; Pihu’s younger and Myra's twin sister (2013–14)
** [[Zaynah Vastani]] as Child Pari (2013)
* [[Rohan Shah]] / [[Yuvraj Thakur]] / Lavin Gothi as Samar "Sammy" Shergill – Vikram and Neha's son; Riddhima and Rahul's brother; Pihu's husband; Suhani's former lover turned obsessive lover; Gudiya's father (2013–14)
* Renuka Israni as Shipra Sharma – Sudhir's wife; Priya, Ayesha and Kartik's mother; Pihu, Khush, Myra, Pari and Raunak's grandmother
* Prithvi Sankhala as Sudhir Sharma – Shipra's husband; Priya, Ayesha and Kartik's father; Pihu, Khush, Myra, Pari and Raunak's grandfather
* Rajinder Kaur Manchanda as Mrs. Kapoor "Dadi" – Amarnath's mother; Ram, Natasha and Rishab's grandmother
* [[Samir Kochhar]] as Rajat Kapur – Ram's friend; Priya's landlord in Dubai; Jyoti's ex-boyfriend
* [[Ekta Kaul]] as Dr. Suhani Malhotra – Priya's nurse; Samar's lover; Gudiya's mother
* Sunny Goraya as Rishabh Kapoor – Amarnath and Niharika's son; Natasha's brother; Ram, Siddhant and Ishika's half-brother; Saumya's husband
* Deepti Shrikant Devi / Amrin Chakkiwala as Saumya Kapoor – Rishabh's wife
* [[Nitin Sahrawat]] as Rajeev – Juhi's husband
* [[Niti Taylor]] as Naina – Juhi and Rajeev's daughter
* Azaan Rustam Shah / [[Anshul Pandey]] as Rahul Shergill – Vikram and Neha's son; Samar and Riddhima's brother
* Ruhee Bagga as Riddhima Shergill – Vikram and Neha's daughter; Samar and Rahul's sister
* Kanika Shivpuri as Daai Jaa – Rajat's aunt and caretaker
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Jyoti Malhotra – Rajat's ex-girlfriend; Raina and Cady's mother
* [[Arshima Thapar]] as Kadambari "Cady" Malhotra – Jyoti's daughter; Raina's elder sister; Rahul's wife
* Vaibhav Joshi as Rehaan – Neha's son from her colleague
* [[Sonal Parihar]] as Jhanvi Sharma – Kartik's second wife; Raunak's mother
* Yatin Mehta as Raunak Sharma – Kartik and Jhanvi's son; Natasha's adopted son
* [[Harsh Khurana]] as Ashwin Khanna – Priya's ex-fiancé; Shruti's husband; Varun's father
* Madhumita Das as Shruti Khanna – Ashwin's wife; Priya's friend; Varun's mother
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]] as Varun Khanna – Ashwin and Shruti's son; Pihu's college friend
* Amit Bhalla as Dr. Jayesh Karyekar (later Patil) – Niharika's first husband; Siddhant and Ishika's father; Khush's grandfather
* [[Asha Negi]] as Apeksha Malhotra – Krishna's adoptive daughter; Ram's adoptive sister (2011–12)
* [[Kajal Pisal]] as Ishika Kapoor Dhanrajgir – Jayesh and Niharika's daughter; Siddhant's sister; Natasha and Rishabh's half-sister; Aditya's wife
* [[Parakh Madan]] as Harry - Vikram's boss
* Saptrishi Ghosh as Rishi Shandeliya – Ram's employee
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Bhanu Shergill – Vikram's brother
* [[Charu Asopa]] as Saudamini – Ayesha's friend; Shiney's girlfriend
* Anshuman Singh Mahant as Shags – Natasha'a colleague
* [[Rakshanda Khan]] as Isha Singhania – Ram's crush; Ram, Vikram, and Neha's college friend
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Ram, Vikram, and Neha's college friend
* [[Dimpy Ganguli]] as Preetika – Ayesha's friend
* [[Karan Jotwani]] as Mandeep Bittu Singh — Pihu's ex-fiancé
* Nandini Sen as Nandini Bittu Singh – Mandeep's mother
* Mamta Luthra as Shipra's mother
* Jai Shahideu as Saksh
* Nivin Ramani as Robin
* [[Neel Motwani]] as Daljeet Kapoor – Ram, Natasha and Rishab's cousin
* Bobby Arora as Bobby Singh
* [[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]] as Jenny – Ram's office secretary
* Rajdeep Sikdar as Ram’s office staff

===Guest appearances===
* [[Akshay Kumar]] to promote his film ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=TNN|title=Akshay Kumar in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Akshay-Kumar-in-Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/articleshow/21799133.cms|access-date=4 April 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Akshay-Kumar-in-Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/articleshow/21799133.cms|archive-date=2 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jackky Bhagnani]] and [[Neha Sharma]] to promote their film ''[[Youngistaan]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=TNN|title=Jackky Bhagnani in Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jackky-Bhagnani-in-Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hai/articleshow/32713101.cms|access-date=4 April 2014|date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329022325/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jackky-Bhagnani-in-Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hai/articleshow/32713101.cms|archive-date=29 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ram Charan]] to promote their film ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Kidwai|first=Uzma|title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hai: Priyanka Chopra, Ram Charan Teja's presence to grace the show|url=http://www.pardaphash.com/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hai-priyanka-chopra-ram-charan-teja-presence-to-grace-the-show/721501.html|publisher=Parda Phash|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072450/http://www.pardaphash.com/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hai-priyanka-chopra-ram-charan-teja-presence-to-grace-the-show/721501.html|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Ronit Roy]] to promote his television series ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Bade-Achche-Lagte-Hain-Ronit-Roy-to-play-cupid-in-Ram-Priya/16397|author=Metro Masti|access-date=30 July 2012|title=Ronit Roy in ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308140351/http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Bade-Achche-Lagte-Hain-Ronit-Roy-to-play-cupid-in-Ram-Priya/16397|archive-date=8 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sanaya Irani]] to promote her television series ''[[Chhanchhan]]''
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] to promote their film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=ANI|title=John Abraham on the sets of Bade Achhe Lagte Hain|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/john-abraham-on-the-sets-of-bade-achhe-lagte-hain/article1-1049675.aspx|access-date=4 April 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101301/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/john-abraham-on-the-sets-of-bade-achhe-lagte-hain/article1-1049675.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Tusshar Kapoor and [[Riteish Deshmukh]] to promote their film ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/tv/32849669_1_tusshar-kapoor-riteish-deshmukh-priya|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103231518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/tv/32849669_1_tusshar-kapoor-riteish-deshmukh-priya|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|author=The Times of India|author-link=The Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Tusshar and Ritesh in ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-a-super-kool-evening-with-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-3574387-NOR.html|title = A Super Kool evening with ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''|date = 26 July 2012|access-date = 26 September 2014|website = daily.bhaskar.com|publisher = Daily Bhaskar|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141020012042/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-a-super-kool-evening-with-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-3574387-NOR.html|archive-date = 20 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* [[Vidya Balan]] and [[Emraan Hashmi]] to promote their film ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''<ref name=balh>{{cite web|title=Vidya Balan to feature on 'Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain' again|date=20 February 2014|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/vidya-balan-to-feature-on-bade-acche-lagte-hain-again_151030.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423220511/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/vidya-balan-to-feature-on-bade-acche-lagte-hain-again_151030.html|archive-date=23 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Vidya Balan to promote her film ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''<ref name=balh/>

==Production==
===Development===
The name of the soap opera, along with its title track, has been inspired by a song of the same name, composed by [[R. D. Burman]], from the soundtrack of the 1976 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]''.<ref name="t2">{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140710/jsp/t2/story_18597858.jsp#.U75dttJHI8o|title = BALH caught and bowled: 644|date = 10 July 2014|access-date = 10 July 2014|publisher = t2|newspaper = The Telegraph|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174029/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140710/jsp/t2/story_18597858.jsp#.U75dttJHI8o|archive-date = 14 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="abp">{{Cite web|url = http://www.abplive.in/tv/2014/07/10/article359975.ece/BALHs-last-episode-bids-goodbye-with-Ram--Priya-passionate-kiss#.U75dvNJHI8o|title = 'Bade Achche Lagte Hain' bids goodbye tonight!|date = 10 July 2014|access-date = 10 July 2014|website = abplive.in|publisher = The Telegraph|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140713055353/http://www.abplive.in/tv/2014/07/10/article359975.ece/BALHs-last-episode-bids-goodbye-with-Ram--Priya-passionate-kiss#.U75dvNJHI8o|archive-date = 13 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/popular-hindi-songs-now-titles-of-tv-shows-88406-2012-01-03|title = Popular Hindi songs, now titles of TV shows|date = 4 January 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|publisher = India Today|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021055232/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/popular-hindi-songs-now-titles-of-tv-shows/1/167105.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> Based on the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] play ''Patrani'' by Imtiaz Patel,<ref name="Opening credits of the show">Opening credits of the show</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131203/jsp/t2/story_17635586.jsp#.VDdykcKSx9s|title = Ekta's latest show|date = 3 December 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = t2 (The Telegraph)|last = Kehsri|first = Shweta|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016001953/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131203/jsp/t2/story_17635586.jsp#.VDdykcKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> the soap opera is created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and produced by her production company [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Ekta Kapoor's ''Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain''....|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/bade-acche-lagte-hain-update/1/212496.html|magazine=India Today|access-date=22 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224445/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/bade-acche-lagte-hain-update/1/212496.html|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fixation">{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/TV/News/Ekta-Kapoor-reveals-her-fixation-with-songs-as-show-titles/articleshow/43611459.cms|title = Ekta Kapoor reveals her fixation with songs as show titles|date = 27 September 2014|access-date = 28 September 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140928043500/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Ekta-Kapoor-reveals-her-fixation-with-songs-as-show-titles/articleshow/43611459.cms|archive-date = 28 September 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "tie">{{Cite web|url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ram-kapoor-is-good-fat/807179/|title = Ram Kapoor is good fat|date = 22 June 2011|access-date = 13 October 2014|website = archive.indianexpress.com|publisher = The Indian Express|last = Bajpai|first = Shailaja|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160128031539/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ram-kapoor-is-good-fat/807179/|archive-date = 28 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Ekta Kapoor had got the name, ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'', registered about six years before the soap opera premiered.<ref name="toitt">{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/TV-serials-take-on-hit-Bollywood-songs-as-titles/articleshow/8524090.cms|title = TV serials take on hit Bollywood songs as titles|date = 23 May 2011|access-date = 3 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|last = Dubey|first = Bharati|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106012446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/TV-serials-take-on-hit-Bollywood-songs-as-titles/articleshow/8524090.cms|archive-date = 6 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Filming===

''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ''is reportedly one of the soap operas in India that broke the monotone of endless indoors-only sequences.<ref name= "graphiti">{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130526/jsp/graphiti/16933844.jsp|title = The super soaps|date = 26 May 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = Graphiti (The Telegraph)|last = Saha|first = Susmita|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016081039/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130526/jsp/graphiti/16933844.jsp|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> Most of its shooting has been done in India. But many episodes of the soap opera have also been shot in foreign locales. Sixteen episodes of the soap opera (episodes 102–117) were shot in Australia over 14 days, in partnership with [[Tourism Australia]], in late 2011, to portray the honeymoon of Ram (Kapoor) and Priya (Tanwar). ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' also received support from Destination New South Wales, Sony Entertainment Television India and Balaji Telefilms.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name="honeymoon" /><ref name="t2" /><ref name="abp" /><ref name= "graphiti"/><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/TV-soaps-soak-in-warmth-of-exotic-foreign-locales/articleshow/43067186.cms|title = TV soaps soak in warmth of exotic foreign locales|author = Aparna Ramalingam|date = 21 September 2014|work = Times of India|access-date = 10 October 2014|author2 = Sushma U.N.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/TV-soaps-soak-in-warmth-of-exotic-foreign-locales/articleshow/43067186.cms|archive-date = 2 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "Zee">{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120717/jsp/entertainment/story_15735303.jsp#.VDeXM8KSx9t|title = A ZEE TV soap travels from bhatinda to birmingham|date = 17 July 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = The Telegraph|last = Banerjee|first = Sudeshna|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016105334/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120717/jsp/entertainment/story_15735303.jsp#.VDeXM8KSx9t|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>}}

During the summer of 2012, Ekta Kapoor introduced a five-year leap in the narrative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain: Viewers slam the five year leap!|date=5 July 2012|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/bade-acche-lagte-hain-viewers-slam-five-year-leap-097136.html|publisher=One India Entertainment|access-date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026124223/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2012/bade-acche-lagte-hain-viewers-slam-five-year-leap-097136.html|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> After this leap, 36 episodes of ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain ''(episodes 235–270) had content which was shot in Dubai, UAE over a period of 10 days.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name="t2" /><ref name="abp" /><ref name = "Dubai">{{Cite web|url = http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/2.569/take-one/ekta-kapoor-s-top-rated-tv-serial-shoot-stalled-in-dubai-drama-2012-07-16-1.467388|title = Ekta Kapoor's top-rated TV serial shoot stalled in Dubai drama|date = 16 July 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = emirates247.com|publisher = Emirates 24|last = Suresh Rai|first = Bindu|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021170606/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/2.569/take-one/ekta-kapoor-s-top-rated-tv-serial-shoot-stalled-in-dubai-drama-2012-07-16-1.467388|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="leap" /><ref name = "Zee"/><ref name="jp">{{cite web|title=Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain shooting hindered in Dubai|url=http://jaipur.patrika.com/experience/entertainment/bade-acche-lagte-hain-shooting-hindered-in-dubai/|work=jaipur.patrika.com|publisher=Jaipur Patrika|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112957/http://jaipur.patrika.com/experience/entertainment/bade-acche-lagte-hain-shooting-hindered-in-dubai/|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} These episodes portray Priya (Tanwar) living with her five-year-old daughter Peehu (Amrita Mukherjee) in the city until she has to return to Mumbai, in India. The production team failed to obtain the correct permits to shoot in Dubai and had to briefly stop shooting until the paperwork was processed.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name="jp" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar under 'house arrest'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Ram-Kapoor-Sakshi-Tanwar-under-house-arrest/articleshow/15043932.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103134044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/tv/32748352_1_house-arrest-sakshi-tanwar-ram-kapoor|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=27 November 2012|date=20 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Priyanka Naithani}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ekta's ''Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain'' lands in a soup|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ekta-kapoor-bade-acche-lagte-hain-109706-2012-07-15|access-date=27 November 2012|newspaper=India Today (Online)|date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818130313/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ekta-kapoor-bade-acche-lagte-hain/1/208533.html|archive-date=18 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title="''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''" cast under house arrest in Dubai|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-cast-under-house-arrest-in-dubai/271017-44-124.html|access-date=27 November 2012|date=13 July 2012|author=IBN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128025239/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-cast-under-house-arrest-in-dubai/271017-44-124.html|archive-date=28 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

== Music ==
The title track of the soap opera, inspired by the song ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' is composed by R. D. Burman, from the 1976 Bollywood movie, ''Balika Badhu''.<ref name = t2/><ref name = abp/> The lyrics of the soap opera's title track have been penned up by Nawab Arzoo and the title track has been sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and Trijayh Dey. Lalit Sen provided the music to the title track.<ref name="Opening credits of the show"/> The background music or the incidental music of the soap opera has been provided by Abhishek Singh and Mintu Jha.<ref name="Opening credits of the show"/> It also includes songs from soundtrack albums of few Bollywood movies. The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version of the title track song was sung by [[Shweta Mohan]], with hummings of Shreya Ghoshal reused.<ref name="Tamil dubbed version"/>

==Broadcast==
''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' premiered on Sony Entertainment Television in India on 30 May 2011.<ref name ="ibn">{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tv-show-bade-acche-lagte-hain-completes-two-years/395255-44-124.html|title = TV show 'Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain' completes two years|date = 31 May 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = ibnlive.in.com/|publisher = IBN Live|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021021033/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tv-show-bade-acche-lagte-hain-completes-two-years/395255-44-124.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = "five hundred">{{Cite web|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bade-acche-lagte-hain-completes-500-episodes-1904574|title = 'Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain' completes 500 episodes|date = 17 October 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = dnaindia.com|publisher = DNA India|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141017081224/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bade-acche-lagte-hain-completes-500-episodes-1904574|archive-date = 17 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> It was initially intended to run for 150 episodes but it went on to telecast a total of 644 episodes, going off-air after completing a run of 3 years, 2 months and 41 days.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name="t2" /><ref name="abp" /><ref name = "rediff">{{Cite web|url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram-kapoor-im-glad-bade-achche-lagte-hain-is-over-tv/20140716.htm|title = Ram Kapoor: I'm glad Bade Achche Lagte Hain is over|date = 16 July 2014|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = rediff.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141007022907/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram-kapoor-im-glad-bade-achche-lagte-hain-is-over-tv/20140716.htm|archive-date = 7 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = leap>{{cite news|title=Ekta Kapoor gets hate mails for Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai leap|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Ekta-Kapoor-gets-hate-mails-for-Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hai-leap/Article1-863569.aspx|access-date=27 November 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times (Mumbai)|date=31 May 2012|author=Prashant Singh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705071450/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Ekta-Kapoor-gets-hate-mails-for-Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hai-leap/Article1-863569.aspx|archive-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120316/jsp/entertainment/story_15255302.jsp#.VDePGMKSx9s|title = Ekta's Soap Steams It Up|date = 16 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = t2 (The Telegraph)|last = Roy|first = Priyanka|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016094621/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120316/jsp/entertainment/story_15255302.jsp#.VDePGMKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131025/jsp/t2/story_17491200.jsp#.VDePG8KSx9s|title = Television|date = 25 October 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = t2 (The Telegraph)|last = Keshri|first = Shweta|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016095324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131025/jsp/t2/story_17491200.jsp#.VDePG8KSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130712/jsp/t2/story_17106967.jsp#.VDePHMKSx9s|title = Hindi soaps HOT UP|date = 12 July 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = t2 (The Telegraph)|last = Keshri|first = Shweta|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016092942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130712/jsp/t2/story_17106967.jsp#.VDePHMKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130316/jsp/entertainment/story_16677900.jsp#.VDeR1MKSx9s|title = Ram's Maruti|date = 16 March 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = t2 (The Telegraph)|last = Upadhyay|first = Karishma|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016093039/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130316/jsp/entertainment/story_16677900.jsp#.VDeR1MKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>}}

''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and broadcast on [[Gemini TV]] as ''Nuvvu Nachhavu'', an afternoon soap opera, premiered on 9 April 2012.<ref name = nn>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article3290650.ece|title=Small Talk: Soap sensibility|author=The Hindu|website=[[The Hindu]]|author-link=The Hindu|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423053853/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article3290650.ece|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=all>{{cite web|url=http://www.allvoices.com/news/11884791-small-talk-soap-sensibility|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328171943/http://www.allvoices.com/news/11884791-small-talk-soap-sensibility|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2014|title=''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' will also entertain Telugu viewers, on Gemini TV|author=allvoices.com|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nuvvu Nachav link|url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/gemini-tv-137/nuvvu-nachav-7407.html|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328220344/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/gemini-tv-137/nuvvu-nachav-7407.html|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' has also been dubbed in Tamil under the title ''Ullam Kollai Poguthada'', and it premiered on [[Polimer TV]], on 10 December 2012, with some of the characters' names changed.<ref name="Tamil dubbed version">{{cite news|url=http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/television/2013/01/ullam-kollai-poguthada-tamil-serial-in-polimer-tv-167347.html|author=Mayura Akilan|access-date=19 January 2013|publisher=Tamil One India|language=ta|date=4 January 2013|title=உள்ளம் கொள்ளை போகுதடா! பாலிமர் டிவியில் காதல் தொடர்|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106230407/http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/television/2013/01/ullam-kollai-poguthada-tamil-serial-in-polimer-tv-167347.html|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Integration episodes ===
The show had two integration episodes with ''[[Kya Hua Tera Vaada]]'' on 4 and 5 December 2012<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Ram Kapoor to leave ''Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain?''|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/ram-kapoor-to-leave-bade-achche-lagte-hain-122822-2012-11-28|access-date=1 December 2012|magazine=India Today|date=29 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201054904/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-kapoor-to-leave-bade-achche-lagte-hain/1/235246.html|archive-date=1 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and one with ''[[Kehta Hai Dil Jee Le Zara|Kehta Hai Dil...Jee Le Zara]]'' on 6 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/tv/Maha-Milan-of-Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hain-and-Kehta-Hai-Dil-Jee-Le-Zara/articleshow/26920544.cms | title=Maha Milan of Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hain and Kehta Hai Dil...Jee Le Zara | work=Mumbai Mirror | date=6 December 2013 | access-date=18 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034406/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/tv/Maha-Milan-of-Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hain-and-Kehta-Hai-Dil-Jee-Le-Zara/articleshow/26920544.cms | archive-date=29 November 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other media==
===Reboots===
{{main|Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2|Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3|Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4}}
In July 2021, a sequel was announced, with the title '''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ekta-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-ram-kapoor-announce-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-1838985-2021-08-10|title=Ekta Kapoor, Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar announce Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2|website=India Today|date=10 August 2021 }}</ref> [[Nakuul Mehta]] was finalized as the male-lead of the sequel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoor-announces-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-promo-release-date-nakuul-mehta-teases-fans-with-new-photo-7446754/|title=Ekta Kapoor announces Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2 promo release-date; Nakuul Mehta teases fans with new photo|date=11 August 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref> [[Disha Parmar]] was approached and locked by the makers to play the female lead, doing her second project with Mehta after seven years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nakuul-mehta-to-reunite-with-pyaar-ka-dard-co-star-disha-parmar-in-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-4047266.html|title=Nakuul Mehta to reunite with 'Pyaar Ka Dard' co-star Disha Parmar in 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2|website=News 18|date=5 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-disha-parmar-and-nakuul-mehtas-first-picture-from-bade-acche-lagte-hain-2-is-this-their-look-from-the-show/articleshow/85103246.cms|title=Here's Disha Parmar and Nakuul Mehta's first picture from 'Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2'; Is this their look for the show?|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/nakuul-mehta-and-disha-parmar-to-reunite-on-tv-293827|title=Nakul Mehta and Disha Parmar to soon reunite on TV|website=Tribune India|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130095413/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/nakuul-mehta-and-disha-parmar-to-reunite-on-tv-293827|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 12 August 2021, the first teaser for the same was unveiled featuring leads, Mehta and Parmar, as Ram Kapoor and Priya Sood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-2-promo-nakuul-mehta-disha-parmar-ram-priya-ekta-kapoor-7450343/lite/|title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2 Promo: Nakuul Mehta (Ram) and Disha Parmar (Priya) discuss marriage after 30|date=12 August 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref> The show premiered on 30 August 2021.

''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3'' was announced after the previous season's TRP fell. The original leads of the previous season Mehta and Parmar were cast as the leads, marking their second collaboration with [[Ekta Kapoor]].

''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]'' was announced on 25 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai new season first look: Harshad Chopda and Shivangi Joshi share a delightful chemistry. Watch | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bade-acche-lagte-hai-new-season-first-look-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshi-share-a-delightful-chemistry-watch-9906822/ | website=The Indian Express | date=26 March 2025}}</ref> It stars [[Harshad Chopda]] and [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Rishabh "Rishu" Kapoor and Bhagyashree "Bhagya" Iyer.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mandal | first=Pramila | title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain: 5 things to look forward to in Harshad Chopda and Shivangi Joshi's new show – storyline and more | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-5-things-to-look-forward-to-in-harshad-chopda-and-shivangi-joshis-new-show-storyline-and-more-1379360 | website=PINKVILLA | date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Response ===
''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' had a television viewer rating of 1.3 in the debut week after its premiere, which increased ten weeks later to 3.7.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hector|first=Dearton T.|title=Sony grabs the No.2 position from Colors
|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/perspective/sony-colors-kbc/story/18234.html|access-date=31 October 2020|newspaper=Business Today|date=2 September 2011}}</ref> It became the fifth most-watched Hindi television show in the thirty–fourth week (14–20 August) of 2011 in India, helping propel the broadcasting channel, Sony Entertainment Television India to number two in the rankings of the Hindi general entertainment television channels.<ref name="bmi">{{Cite web|url = http://bmi.mediology.in/2011/08/sony-overtakes-colors-to-become-no-2-gec-star-plus-zee-tv-register-growth/|title = Sony overtakes Colors to become No.2 GEC; Star Plus & Zee TV register growth|date = 25 August 2011|access-date = 26 September 2014|website = bmi.mediology.in|author = Neha Saraiya|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075654/http://bmi.mediology.in/2011/08/sony-overtakes-colors-to-become-no-2-gec-star-plus-zee-tv-register-growth/|archive-date = 6 October 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The soap opera had a [[Television Viewer Rating|television viewer rating]] of 3.7 that week while Sony Entertainment Television India recorded a [[gross rating point]] of 245.<ref name="bmi" /> In the forty eighth week of 2011 (25 November – 1 December), the soap opera became the fourth most-watched television show in India with a TVR of 4.30,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/281774,gec-ratings-colors-moves-back-to-number-two-spot.aspx|title = GEC Ratings: Colors moves back to number two spot|date = 30 November 2011|access-date = 26 September 2014|website = campaignindia.in|publisher = Campaign India|author = Campaign India Team|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092711/http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/281774,gec-ratings-colors-moves-back-to-number-two-spot.aspx|archive-date = 6 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> and is the seventh most-watched of 2011.<ref name="twenty">{{cite news|author=TNN|title=Top 10 Indian TV shows of 2011|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Top-10-Indian-TV-shows-of-2011/articleshow/11169259.cms|access-date=26 September 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228032854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Top-10-Indian-TV-shows-of-2011/articleshow/11169259.cms|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Episode #166 which was directed by [[Anil V. Kumar]]<ref name="Opening credits of the show"/> and telecast on 12 March 2012, portrayed Ram and Priya consummating their marriage.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name = "raya">{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramsakshi-sex-scene-gets-twitter-talking/238742-44-124.html|title = Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar's 'Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai scene gets Twitter talking|date = 13 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = ibnlive.in.com|publisher = [[IBN Live]]|last = Sen|first = Jhinuk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021042803/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ramsakshi-sex-scene-gets-twitter-talking/238742-44-124.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = "tweet">{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ram-kapoor-makes-love-trends-on-twitter-95820-2012-03-12|title = Ram Kapoor makes love, trends on Twitter!|date = 13 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|publisher = India Today|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021055226/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-kapoor-makes-love-trends-on-twitter/1/177603.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "boldy"/><ref name = "no sex">{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/No-sex-please-were-Indians/articleshow/12305494.cms|title = No sex please, we're Indians!|date = 17 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|last = Sinha Walunjkar|first = Somashukla|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/No-sex-please-were-Indians/articleshow/12305494.cms|archive-date = 2 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "ss">{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120708/jsp/graphiti/story_15701936.jsp#.VDffdMKSx9t|title = Screen Switch|date = 8 July 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = Graphiti (The Telegraph)|last = Sattar|first = Saimi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190506/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120708/jsp/graphiti/story_15701936.jsp#.VDffdMKSx9t|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = "Daily Bhaskar">{{Cite web|url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-when-ram-kapoor-kissed-sakshi-tanwar-for-17-minutes-in-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-4363025-PHO.html|title = When Ram Kapoor kissed Sakshi for 17 minutes in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = daily.bhaskar.com|publisher = [[Daily Bhaskar]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141019123002/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-when-ram-kapoor-kissed-sakshi-tanwar-for-17-minutes-in-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-4363025-PHO.html|archive-date = 19 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>}} The episode was backed by a teaser to draw hype and interest.<ref name = "boldy">{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/lovemaking-scene-in-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-96101-2012-03-15|title = The bold get bolder on Indian telly|date = 16 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|publisher = [[India Today]]|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021055228/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lovemaking-scene-in-bade-achhe-lagte-hain/1/177987.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> Within minutes of its telecast the episode went viral on [[YouTube]] with nearly 150,630 hits and counting.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name = "steamy"/><ref name = "tweet"/><ref name = "no sex"/><ref name = "ss"/>}} It also trended on social networking and microblogging sites such as [[Twitter]].{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name = "steamy"/><ref name = "raya"/><ref name = "tweet"/><ref name = "no sex"/>}} ''[[India Today]]'' described the episode as "aesthetically shot" while''[[Times of India]]'' described it as "action packed".<ref name = "no sex"/> There was mocking of the episode and the overweight Ram Kapoor from some segments; Ram Kapoor responded that he would not lose weight for the television industry.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name = "steamy"/><ref name = "raya"/><ref name = "kiss"/>}} ''[[IBN Live]]'' commented, "Indian television is still a good few decades immature when it comes to sex on the TV screen. So much for all the matured relationships and relevant themes – love making on Indian TV is as painful and archaic as the shaking flowers replacing actors on screen when they kiss or make love. A small sigh of relief and Ekta Kapoor and the director can congratulate themselves for the real onscreen peck on the lips."<ref name = "raya"/> The episode was hyped as a couple on an Indian television had never before been so bold.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name = "steamy">{{Cite web|url = http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/steamy-scenes-in-indian-tv-soap-opera-shock-viewers-2012-03-15-1.448523|title = Steamy scenes in Indian TV soap opera shock viewers|date = 15 March 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = emirates247.com|publisher = [[Emirates 24/7]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141020164925/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/steamy-scenes-in-indian-tv-soap-opera-shock-viewers-2012-03-15-1.448523|archive-date = 20 October 2014|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name = "no sex"/><ref name = "kiss">{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ill-be-known-as-first-actor-to-kiss-on-television-ram-kapoor/375415-44-124.html|title = I'll be known as the first actor to kiss on television: Ram Kapoor|date = 27 February 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = ibnlive.in.com|publisher = IBN Live|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021052821/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ill-be-known-as-first-actor-to-kiss-on-television-ram-kapoor/375415-44-124.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name = "top">{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Top-10-Intimate-Moments-on-TV/videols/16235396.cms|title = Top 10 Intimate Moments on TV|date = 4 September 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150121021058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Top-10-Intimate-Moments-on-TV/videols/16235396.cms|archive-date = 21 January 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} The episode worried certain viewers who did not want to watch the episode with their children.<ref name = "boldy"/><ref name = "Daily Bhaskar"/> ''[[Emirates 24/7]]'' called it a "shocker to the Indian families".<ref name = "steamy"/> Yet ''India Today'' described it as a "big surprise for the audiences". ''Times of India'' rated the consummation scene as the ''Top Intimate Moment on TV''.{{efn-ua|group=note|See references:<ref name = "tweet"/><ref name = "boldy"/><ref name = "top"/>}} The last couple who had kissed on Indian television was Aditya Jakhar ([[Raqesh Vashisth|Raqesh Vashisht]]) and Priya Jakhar ([[Ridhi Dogra]]) in the [[STAR Plus]] soap opera, ''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?|Maryada...Lekin Kab Tak?]]'' in 2010.<ref name = "no sex"/> Following the telecast of the episode Ram Kapoor tweeted a thank you.<ref name = "no sex"/>

''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain'' is the second most-watched fictional Hindi television show in the weekdays of the twenty-ninth week of 2012 (15–21 July) with a [[Television Rating Point]] (TRP) of 4.2, which was 0.5 points up from the TRP of the previous week (8–14 July) when the show had a TRP of 3.7.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120801/jsp/entertainment/story_15795798.jsp#.VDePNMKSx9s|title = TRP watch|date = 1 August 2012|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = telegraphindia.com|publisher = The Telegraph|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016111745/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120801/jsp/entertainment/story_15795798.jsp#.VDePNMKSx9s|archive-date = 16 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> In early January 2013, the soap opera's TRP went down to 2.3.<ref name="Wadhwa">{{cite news|last=Wadhwa|first=Akash|title=Highest paid TV stars garner the lowest TRPs|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/tv/36416290_1_tv-industry-tv-stars-vivian-d-sena|access-date=20 January 2013|date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630131612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/tv/36416290_1_tv-industry-tv-stars-vivian-d-sena|archive-date=30 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a 2014 poll conducted by [[Shaadi.com]], Ram and Priya were voted the ''Favourite TV Couple'' by 42.3% of Indians.<ref name = "Jan">{{Cite web|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-voted-favourite-tv-couple/370010-44-124.html|title = Ram Kapoor, Sakshi Tanwar voted favourite TV couple|date = 31 January 2013|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = ibnlive.in.com|publisher = IBN Live|author = IANS|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141021021037/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwar-voted-favourite-tv-couple/370010-44-124.html|archive-date = 21 October 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Ram-and-Priyas-love-story-to-be-revived-in-Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/articleshow/29959803.cms?|title = Ram-Priya's love story to be revived in Bade Achhe..|date = 6 February 2014|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|author = TNN|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Ram-and-Priyas-love-story-to-be-revived-in-Bade-Achhe-Lagte-Hain/articleshow/29959803.cms|archive-date = 2 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Fans even dub the on-screen couple Raya (also written as RaYa), which is a [[blend word|linguistic blend]] of the pair's names.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/After-Brangelina-desi-telly-jodis-trend-with-cool-monikers/articleshow/34334157.cms|title = After Brangelina, desi telly jodis trend with cool monikers|date = 29 April 2014|access-date = 10 October 2014|website = timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|last = Bhatia|first = Saloni|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202025658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/After-Brangelina-desi-telly-jodis-trend-with-cool-monikers/articleshow/34334157.cms|archive-date = 2 February 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> Ram Kapoor was also called "the Indian husband we love" by a Sunday publication in 2012.<ref name = "raya"/> Ram Kapoor and Sakshi Tanwar later came together to portray the role of a couple in the [[ALTBalaji]] web-series ''[[Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat]]'', which premiered in 2017 and was noted for its common plot elements with ''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat-3-first-impression-review-altbalaji-5655252/lite/|title = Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat 3 first impression: It's Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2.0 with Sakshi Tanwar and Ram Kapoor|date = 3 August 2019|access-date = 26 September 2019|publisher = Indian Express|last = Farzeen|first = Sana|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190407141932/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat-3-first-impression-review-altbalaji-5655252/lite/|archive-date = 7 April 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/on-public-demand-altbalaji-adds-another-episode-to-ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwars-karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat/articleshow/58398581.cms|date = 27 April 2017|title = On public demand ALTBalaji adds another episode to Ram Kapoor-Sakshi Tanwar's Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat|access-date = 26 September 2019|publisher = Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170817181421/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/on-public-demand-altbalaji-adds-another-episode-to-ram-kapoor-sakshi-tanwars-karrle-tu-bhi-mohabbat/articleshow/58398581.cms|archive-date = 17 August 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Bade Achhe Lagte Hain}}
''Bade Achhe Lagte Hain '' won the ''Kalakar Award'' for the ''Best Serial ''in 2012.<ref name="kklr">{{Cite web|url = http://kalakarawards.co.in/images/listofawardees.pdf|title = Kalakar Award Winners|access-date = 9 November 2014|website = kalakarwards.co.in|publisher = Kalakar Awards|page = 20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141109120043/http://kalakarawards.co.in/images/listofawardees.pdf|archive-date = 9 November 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> In addition, the show has won six ''[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2012 |title=Indian Television Academy Award Winners |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021114031/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2012 |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> three ''[[Star Guild Awards]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title = Winners of Apsara Star Guild Awards|access-date = 6 June 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930223430/http://www.starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date = 30 September 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> five ''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'', three ''FICCI Frames Excellence Honours ''and two ''[[People's Choice Awards India|People's Choice Awards]]'' (including the ''Favourite TV Drama'' award).<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Fans-have-faith-in-me-even-after-12-years-Sakshi/articleshow/17372724.cms?referral=PM|title = Fans have faith in me even after 12 years: Sakshi|last = Desai|first = Purva|date = 26 November 2012|access-date = 6 June 2014|newspaper = Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160122112624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Fans-have-faith-in-me-even-after-12-years-Sakshi/articleshow/17372724.cms?referral=PM|archive-date = 22 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist-ua|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://balajitelefilms.com/serial.php?id=1 Official webpage on balajitelefilms.com]
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/4682167176001/Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hai Official webpage on sonyliv.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926134645/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/4682167176001/Bade-Acche-Lagte-Hai |date=26 September 2019 }}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on plays]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]

Darlong people

2026-04-08T13:01:36Z

Hearthospital: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

The '''Darlong people''' (Darlong: ''Darlong hnam'') are a sub-tribe of [[Hmar people|Hmar]], living in the state of [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Assam]] of [[India]]. The Darlong call themselves ‘''hriam''’ or ‘''manmasi nauhai''’ (the first one literally meaning ‘people’. Manmasi is the ancestors of all the Hmar subtribes). They constitute less than one percent of the population of [[Tripura]].

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Darlong
| native_name = Darlong/Darlong Hmar
| image = File:Darlong people in traditonal dress.jpg
| caption = Darlong boys and girls in traditional dress
| population = 11,000<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-does-including-tripura-darlong-community-in-st-list-mean-7848016/lite/|title=Explained: What does including Tripura's Darlong community in ST list mean?}}</ref>
| genealogy =
| regions = [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]]
| languages = [[Darlong language|Darlong]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| religions = [[Christian]]
| related = [[Chin people|Chin]]{{·}}[[Halam people|Halam]]{{·}}[[Mizo people|Mizo]]{{·}}[[Kuki people|Kuki]]
}}

== Origin ==
The Darlong tribe, like many other tribes of the [[Hmar people|Hmar]]-Manmasi origin believe that man originated from a certain cave called ‘[[Sinlung]]’ which literally interpreted means closed stone of Tibet-China. The Darlong tribe believe that their forefathers came out of this cave one by one, and when the sub-tribe ''Fatlei'' came out of the cave, they talked so much and made such loud noise that the guardian-god of the cave fearing that the human population had grown too large closed the cave with a stone preventing any further exit of human beings from the cave. According to another interpretation this tribe made a long halt at Darlong ''tlang'' (hill) and came to be known as Darlongs after the name of the hill. This interpretation wins greater reliability on geographical and historical grounds, because the hill still stands as a living witness as Darlong ''tlang'' (hill) in the present [[Mizoram]]. Besides, the historians are of one opinion that the Darlongs made a long halt at that hill in course of their migration.<ref>A study of Religious beliefs and the festivals of the Darlongs of Tripura, by Dr. B Pani and U K Das,</ref>

According to the 2017 annual report of the DHI (Darlong Hnam Inzom), a total of 24 Darlong villages were reported in Tripura and about 8500 in number.
<ref>{{cite web|author=Darlong Bukpui |url=http://darlongbukpui.blogspot.in/2017/10/darlong-mipui-changzat-nih-khua-2017.html?m=1 |title=DARLONG BUKPUI: DARLONG MIPUI CHANGZAT NIH KHUA 2017 |publisher=Darlongbukpui.blogspot.in |date=2017-10-15 |accessdate=2019-05-04}}</ref>

== Language ==
The Darlong people speak the Darlong language which is more or less mutually intelligible with any of the other [[Hmar language|Hmar]] and [[Mizo language|Mizo]] languages. It has around 9000 speakers, all of whom are in [[Tripura]] state.

==Darlong sub-clans==
Bawng,
Biate,
Buangpu,
Bethlu,
Bawlte,
Chongthu(Lersia-Khuntil, Vanchiau),
Chonne,
Chante,
Chawngte
Chongkal,
Darngawn,
Darrivung,
Darte,
Fenkol,
Hrangchal,
Hawlzang,
Hnamte,
Hauhnar,
Hmante,
Hmaisak,
Hrahsel,
Invang,
Khawhreng/Khawlhring,
Kangbur,
Khawl,
chorai,
Tumchhung,
Khupchhung,
Khupthlang,
Khello,
Mualvum,
Chhinghel,
Khualtu,
Lungtai,
Laihring,
Laitui,
Lawnte,
Milai,
Neitham,
Nelriam,
Puiloi,
Pautu,
Punte,
Pachuai/Pachuau,
Rante/Ralte{Khuangphut(Siakeng,
Kawlni, Lelchhun, Khelte)},
Rawite,
Renthlei,
Ruankhum/Rokhum,
Sangate/Chhangte,
Saivate,
Siate,
Songkhar,
Thangur (Darlong Chief),
Thiak,
Thlangsasuan,
Thlaute,
Thlukte,
Tualngen,
Thuamte,
Thlangte,
Vanghroi/Vangchhia,
Vangkal,
Varte,
Vaiphei,
Zate,
Zongte ,
Zote,
Tualte,
Hekte,
Hrangate,
Tuahlawr,
Khawzawl,
Khothei.

<ref name="auto">Darlong Hnam Ziadan Bu (Customary laws & practices) 5th Edition-2012 by DHI.</ref>

Most of the clans present in Darlong are also found present in the sub-tribes and clans of [[Hmar people|Hmar]] and the [[Mizo people]]. One cannot but interpret this as a proof that these communities, all had shared ancestor in the past.

==Society==
[[File:Darlong couple in traditional attire, 2016.jpg|thumb|Darlong couple in traditional attire]]
The people are simple, hard-working, straightforward and honest with a high standard of integrity. In the social front the Darlong code of ethics is based on the concept of ‘''tlawminngaina''’. Tlawminngaina to a Darlong stands for self-sacrifice, selflessness, kindness and love. A Darlong (''Hriam'') must be hospitable, kind, unselfish, compassionate and helpful to others. The whole village is involved in important occasions like celebration of birth of a newborn child, marriage in the village and death of a person in the village or a community feast arranged by a member of the village.

===The village===
The Darlong tribes traditionally live in villages and prefer [[joint family]]. The village is a closely knit unit consisting of households of different clans. As of 2021, there are 24 Darlong villages in [[Tripura]]. [[Darchawi]] is the largest village and Boitang is the oldest village, among all the villages. The Darlong villages are roughly scattered around the Northern parts of Tripura in three districts, viz. [[Unakoti|Unokoti]], [[Dhalai]] and [[North Tripura]]. According to 2021 Census there are 1840 Households in Darlong villages, the population is 4764 males and 4852 females (according to 2021 Census).

Research into the traditional Darlong family shows that women played key roles in household management, weaving, food preparation, and childcare. [[Physical attractiveness]] was one among several qualities considered in the selection of marriage partner including skills such as weaving or dancing were also highly valued.

===Horticultural activities===
Traditionally the Darlong people practised shifting cultivation. Many of their traditional values, songs, dance and hunting activities revolved around the cycles of shifting cultivation (''jhum''), called as ‘''loi''’. The principal crops grown by the tribe are [[pineapple]], [[litchi]], and [[mangoes]] although a majority have switched over to [[rubber plantation]]s in the past few years.

===The ''Bukpui'' system===
The ''Bukpui'', or the bachelor dormitory system, used to be an essential part of Darlong life. In Lusei which is called as [[Zawlbuk]] . Apart from the family, it was the most important educational system of the people. It was mandatory for all the youths over 15 years of age to stay in the ''Bukpui'', where they received training in 'tribal welfare, wrestling, [[hunting]] and village government'. These ''Bukpui''s are often of great size, and are on much higher platforms than the other houses. To reach the platforms, notched logs of wood serve as staircases, and long pieces of cane are often suspended from an overhanging beam close to the notched logs to assist the inmates to climb up and down. The boys who went to the ''Bukpui'' emerged as complete men.
The ''Bukpui'' began to lose its importance after the appearance of the British on the scene. With the onset of modernity, the ''Bukpui'' system is no longer in practice among the tribe. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.darlonghub.com/articles1.html |title=Darlong Hnam Inzom-About |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121225102/http://www.darlonghub.com/articles1.html |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Marriage===
The Darlong people prefer [[Exogamy|exogamous marriage]] system. They prefer to marry someone outside their own [[clan]]. Sibling incest is legal among the Darlong people.<ref name="auto" /> Traditionally [[polygamy]] was allowed, but [[monogamy]] has been strictly enforced by the various churches. The wife or husband moves permanently to the husband's or wife's village upon marriage - depends on the individual.

===Teknonymy===
It is a cultural tradition of the Darlong tribe and it is still occasionally used. The parents of a child named X will generally be known as ‘''X-Pa''’ and ‘''X’Nu''’. If ''Mr. Liana'' and his wife have a son called ''Nema'', ''Mr.Liana'' will be called ‘''Nema pa''’, and his wife as ‘''Nema nu''’. In most villages, parents are addressed by the name of their first-borne child.

==Religion==
Until the time Christianity was introduced to the tribe, the Darlong people practiced [[animistic]] [[monotheistic]] religion. They believed that the hills, trees and streams were inhabited by various demons or spirits. These are known as ''Rithla'' or ''Huai''. These spirits are uniformly bad and all the troubles and ills are attributed to them. The spirits of the dead were believed to inhabit the other worlds. Those whose spirits were admitted in ''[[Pialral]]'' (beyond the ''Pial'' river) could live in a state of perpetual bliss. The Darlong people believed in one supreme being called ‘''Pathian''’ who is [[omnipotent]] and [[omnipresent]].

===Christianity and its impact: (1919–present)===
The Darlong people embraced Christianity in the year 1919. Since then they came out to mainstream of life without turning back to their Old life style. However, the early Darlong Christians had to meet opposition from their own people. They were driven out of the village by the [[Tribal chief|chief]] and were despised by their family members, relatives and friends. The Christians with their evangelist leader Zatuaha(11.10.1919), established a Christian village at [[Darchawi]] in 1923. It is now the biggest and most populated Darlong village in Tripura.

Christianity has brought a great change on the customs and lifestyle of the once [[semi-nomadic]] tribe. The [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]] was formed by the New Zealand Baptist Mission in December 1938. The Darlong Church joined TBCU in 1940. By 1972, the whole Darlong tribe became Christians. There is no denying that adoption of Christianity has helped them in advancement in many ways. <ref>Debbarma, Sukhendu. ''Origin and Growth of Christianity in Tripura'' 1996</ref>

The different denominations among the Darlong Christians are: Tripura Baptist Christian Union, Roman Catholic, Evangelical Free Church of India, Independent Church of India, Presbyterian Church, United Pentecostal Church, and the Kuki Christian Council.
Although Christianity brought about a near - total transformation in the Darlong lifestyle and outlook, some customary laws have stayed on. The customs and traditions which they found meaningless and harmful were abolished by persistent preaching. Thus, [[tea]] replaced ''ZU'' as a popular drink among the Darlong tribe. Bukpui had been replaced by modern education.

The first New Testament in Darlong was published in 1987 by Bibles for the World, second New Testament was published in 1995 by Bibles International, Ohio (USA) and again New Testament with Psalms & Proverbs was published by [[Bible Society of India]], Bangalore (India) in 1996 and then finally the complete Bible was published by Global Friendship Mission in 2010 in collaboration with Evangelical Free Church of India. The first translation of New testament in Darlong was headed by Rev. Hrengngura Darlong.

==Culture==

===Folk song and dances===

The Darlongs are fun loving people. They love to sing and dance. Merry-making and celebrations were part of their social life. Most of their songs and dances are imitation of nature, birds and animals, as well as events in the different cycles of shifting cultivation. Folk dances of the tribe are mostly performed in groups in [[Synchronization|synchronized]] fashion, by both men and women, depending on the type of dance. Dances are usually performed at festivals and religious occasions.

# ''Fahrel Inkan'' or ''Cheraw'': In earlier times this dance was usually performed to build up confidence and ease the pain of a pregnant woman during childbirth. It is also performed to ensure safe passage for the soul of a mother who died at childbirth. ''Fahrel Inkan'' is, therefore, a dance of sanctification and redemption performed with great care, precision and elegance. Long [[bamboo]] starves are used for this dance, therefore many people call it 'Bamboo Dance'. The dancers move by stepping alternatively in and out from between and across a pair of horizontal bamboos, held against the ground by people sitting face to face on either side. They tap the bamboos in rhythmic beats. The patterns and stepping of the dance have many variations. Sometimes the steppings are made to imitate the movement of birds, or the swaying of trees and so on.
# ''Chem Lam.''
# ''Khual Lam.''
# ''Salu Lam.''
# ''Silai Lam.''
# ''Parkam Lam.''
# ''Vathu Indi Lam.''
# ''Riki Fachawi Lam.''
# ''Arte Tual Phit Lam.''
# ''Sate Tual Infai Lam.''
# ''Pualvachang Hem Lam.''

The origin of Darlong traditional music is inexplicable. The Darlong [[folk song]]s can be broadly classified as:

# ''Indoi hla'': This is the chant or cry raised by the warriors when returning from a successful raid to show his superiority over the enemy, and to let his people know that a successful raid has taken place. No other members of the raiding party can chant ''Indoi hla''.
# ''Hlado'': Anyone who has witnessed the success of the hunt can chant ''hlado'' at any time and place.
# ''Thiam hla and dawi hla (Invocation & incantation)'': These are verse forms chanted by the priest and [[Magician (paranormal)|sorcerers]] while performing various rituals and ceremonies.
# ''Lengzem zai'': These are love songs that have no distinctive form but are generally named after the theme. These songs have gained popularity over the last few decades.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://darlonghub.com/abouts2.html |title=Darlong Hnam Inzom-About |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121070045/http://darlonghub.com/abouts2.html |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Musical Instruments===
The Darlongs in the past had their own music instruments such as {{Transliteration|dln|theitele}}, {{Transliteration|dln|tapual}}, {{Transliteration|dln|theikhang}}, {{Transliteration|dln|rosem}}, {{Transliteration|dln|dar-teng}}, {{Transliteration|dln|dar-ribu}}, {{Transliteration|dln|dar-khuang}}, {{Transliteration|dln|chawngpereng}}, {{Transliteration|dln|kaikawng}}, {{Transliteration|dln|tuithei}}, and {{Transliteration|dln|khuangpui}}. However, these are no longer prevalent nowadays except {{Transliteration|dln|rosem}}.<ref>Folk behavior of the Darlong: Investigating the buried traditions of the Darlong ethnicity from the eye of Bukpui, a traditional institute of the tribe. Darlong B., IJHSS, (ISSN 2321-9203), Pp.154-159. Vol 3, Issue 2. (2015)</ref>

===Ornaments===
Rithei, Kutkhi, Kuarbe, Khuaihnur, Theibuang, Thipawl, Thitak, Thi-eng, Pai (Chemkok) etc.<ref name="auto"/>

===Festivals===
The Darlong people enjoyed life and celebrated every occasion with dances, drinking (of rice beer, called ‘''zu''’) and feasting. The Darlong tribe had four annual community festivals called ‘''Kut''’, which make four different stages of their agricultural process. They are:-

# ''Ramzu In'' or ''Chapchar Kut'': This can be called ‘Spring Festival’. It is celebrated after the hard work of cutting their ''jhum'' and before they are burnt, that is towards the end of February and towards the beginning of March. This festival lasts for three to four days.
# ''Kangdai Kut'': This festival is observed from the evening of the ''jhum'' burning day to the following day. It is held in April. Here they make some merriment and appease the Gods for blessings on their ''jhum'' and on their health. This does not make a big festivity. Hence it is less significant than the rest of the festivals.
# ''Thlantawi Kut'': This festival lasts for a day only. This festival is observed in remembrance of their loved ones who have left the world. They prepare and offer the best food on each grave to show their love for the deceased and for their own mental satisfaction.
# ''Tharlak'' or ''Mim Kut'': This festival can be called ‘Autumn Festival’. This festival is particularly observed in honour and remembrance of the dead and the gods. The festival is believed to have originated from the legendary lovers ‘''Pangama'' and ''Thuitlingi''’. Thuitlingi died leaving Pangama. Pangama felt so lonely that he visited his wife in the abode of the dead. There he found that Thuitlingi had become so thin that he promised to feed her with the fast crops, particularly the maize, the harvesting of which precedes that of the paddy. From this the festival came to be known as ''Mim'' ([[maize]]) ''Kut''.<ref>Darlong Bukpui blog</ref>

All these festivals encompass profound inner meanings. However, modernization has caught up with the Darlongs and these festivals are on the wane due to non-practice for decades.

==See also==
* [[Darlong language]]
* [[Darchawi]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130507072122/http://www.darlonghub.com/ DHI website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading ==
* {{cite thesis |title=The Darlong orature and tradition: A study of Darlong folktales and folksongs |last=Darlong |first=Benjamina |publisher=[[Tripura University]] |date=2020 |hdl=10603/361626 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/361626}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tripura]]

Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy

2026-04-04T04:05:21Z

Hearthospital: done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
| term_start = 2024
| year =
| predecessor = [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Bhongir]]
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shaligowraram|Shaligouraram]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| father = Chamala Vasudeva Reddy
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| profession = Politician
| spouse = Chamala Dimple
| parents = Chamala Vasudeva Reddy, Aruna
| children = 2 Daughters
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5755?from=members
}}

'''Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy''' (born 24 October 1974) is an Indian politician, currently a Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> He was born in [[Shaligowraram|Shaligouraram]] Mandal, [[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthy Assembly constituency]].<ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy topped with 100% attendance as Lok Sabha member from Telangana in participating in debates during the Parliament sessions between 24 June 2024 to 4 April 2025.<ref name="First-time MP Chamala Kiran clocks 100% attendance in Parliament; Eatala tops with 80 questions">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=First-time MP Chamala Kiran clocks 100% attendance in Parliament; Eatala tops with 80 questions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-time-mp-chamala-kiran-clocks-100-attendance-in-parliament-eatala-tops-with-80-questions/article69460639.ece |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=17 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417144622/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-time-mp-chamala-kiran-clocks-100-attendance-in-parliament-eatala-tops-with-80-questions/article69460639.ece |archive-date=17 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He learned the values of diligence and sincerity from his father Chamala Vasudeva Reddy. He completed his Diploma in Hotel Management. Kiran started his political journey with the [[Indian Youth Congress]] and was an active member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-06-05 |title=Congress youngsters in Telangana make it to Lok Sabha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jun/05/congress-youngsters-in-telangana-make-it-to-lok-sabha |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in [[Telangana]] with dedication, strategic planning and efforts to support party activities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-14 |title=Kiran Reddy claims BRS handing strength to BJP, criticizes saffron party's constitutional record |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jul/14/kiran-reddy-claims-brs-handing-strength-to-bjp-criticizes-saffron-partys-constitutional-record |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kiran was elected as a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP) from the [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir Loksabha Constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2914.htm |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhongir Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Congress' Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/bhongir-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-telangana-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> He won against former MP [[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]. He has also occupied leadership positions in this organization, such as General Secretary, Spokesperson, Vice President etc.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2024-04-07 |title=Minister Komatireddy campaigns for Chamala Kiran setting aside his ‘disappointment’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/minister-komatireddy-campaigns-for-chamala-kiran-setting-aside-his-disappointment/article68039296.ece |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Key Positions Held ==

=== 2021 - Present: Vice President & Media Incharge, [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] (TPCC) ===
He oversees the media strategy for the [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana PCC]], creating messages designed to engage with the residents of [[Hyderabad]] and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2023-06-28 |title=Chamala Kiran: హైదరాబాద్ అభివృద్ధి అంతా కాంగ్రెస్ హయాంలోనే జరిగింది |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/telangana/hyderabad/telangana-pcc-vice-presidents-chamala-kiran-kumar-reddy-comments-msr-spl-1093535.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

=== 2017 - 2021: Spokesperson, [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] (TPCC) ===
He communicated the party's vision to the public, representing the party in various forums.

=== 2009 - 2011: General Secretary, [[Indian Youth Congress]] ===
He was responsible for overseeing activities in regions including [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]], and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar]], focusing on youth initiatives.

=== 2008 - 2009: Secretary, [[Indian Youth Congress]] ===
He worked on strategies and youth mobilization efforts in [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-27 |title=Former Youth Cong leader levels allegations against Rahul Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-youth-cong-leader-levels-allegations-against-rahul-gandhi/articleshow/9016857.cms |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2007 - 2008: Task Force Member for [[Rahul Gandhi]]’s Discovery India Tour ===
He participated in [[Rahul Gandhi]]'s Discovery India tour, contributing to the Aam Aadmi Ka Sipahi campaign, which focused on grassroots engagement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-02 |title=GPYC's rallies to assess strength at grassroots |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gpycs-rallies-to-assess-strength-at-grassroots/articleshow/4060979.cms |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2005 - 2006: General Secretary, Andhra Pradesh Youth Congress ===
He demonstrated organizational skills and worked to engage young members of the Andhra Pradesh Youth Congress.

==See also==
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]
*[https://www.inc.in/lok-sabha-members List of Congress Lok Sabha Members]
{{Portal|India
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

 

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Keep On Moving (Shaan album)

2026-04-01T17:47:36Z

Hearthospital:

#REDIRECT [[Shaan discography]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from album}}
}}

Indra Devi

2026-03-27T10:11:44Z

Hearthospital: adding new bio.

{{Short description|Yoga teacher of Hollywood stars}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Indra Devi
|image = Yoga For Americans (Indra Devi album - cover art).jpg
|caption = Indra Devi, upper left, in her distinctive [[sari]];{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=179}} 1963 album cover
|birth_name = Eugenie Peterson
|birth_date = 12 May 1899
|birth_place = [[Riga]], Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire
|death_date = 25 April 2002 (aged 102)
|death_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|known_for = Bringing yoga to [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] Yoga for stress relief
|occupation = Yoga teacher
|spouse = Jan Strakaty (1930–1946; his death) Sigfrid Knauer (1953–1984; his death)
|website = [http://www.fundacion-indra-devi.org Official webpage] (in Spanish)
}}

'''Eugenie Peterson''' ({{langx|lv|Eiženija Pētersone}}, {{langx|ru|Евгения Васильевна Петерсон|'''Yevgeniya Vasilyevna Peterson'''}};{{Family name footnote|Vasilyevna|Peterson|lang=Eastern Slavic}} 12 May 1899 – 25 April 2002),<ref>{{cite news |last=Aboy |first=Adriana |title=Indra Devi's Legacy |publisher=[[Hinduism Today]]|year=2002 |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3846 |access-date=2008-09-13}}</ref> known as '''Indra Devi''', was a pioneering teacher of [[yoga as exercise]], and an early disciple of the "father of modern yoga",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=A. G. |author1-link=A. G. Mohan |last2=Mohan |first2=Ganesh |date=5 April 2017 |orig-year=2009 |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2590 |title=Memories of a Master |work=[[Yoga Journal]]}}</ref> [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya]].

She went to India in her twenties, becoming a film star there and acquiring the stage name Indra Devi. She was the first woman to study under the yoga [[guru]] [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya|Krishnamacharya]] at the Mysore Palace, alongside [[B. K. S. Iyengar|B.K.S Iyengar]] and [[K. Pattabhi Jois]] who went on to become [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga gurus]]. Moving to China, she taught the first yoga classes in that country at the house of [[Soong Mei-ling]], wife of [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Her popularization of [[yoga in America]] through her many celebrity pupils in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], and her books advocating yoga for stress relief, earned her the nickname "first lady of yoga". Her biographer, [[Michelle Goldberg]], wrote that Devi "planted the seeds for the yoga boom of the 1990s".{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|p=271}}

==Early years==

Eugenie "Zhenya" Peterson was born on 12 May 1899 in [[Riga]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (now Latvia), to Vasili Peterson, a [[Sweden|Swedish]] bank director, and Aleksandra Labunskaya, a [[Russians|Russian]] noblewoman who acted at the Nezlobina Theatre. Eugenie was given a [[Russian Orthodox]] baptism. She went to high school in [[Saint Petersburg]], graduating with a gold medal in 1917. She briefly attended drama school in [[Moscow]]. In the [[Russian Revolution]], her father served as an army officer and went [[missing in action]] in the civil war. Eugenie and her mother escaped to Latvia as the [[Bolsheviks]] came to power in 1917, losing the family fortune; in 1920 they moved to Poland, and in 1921 to Berlin, where she became an actress and dancer.<ref>{{cite news |last=MacVean |first=Mary |title=Michelle Goldberg's book 'The Goddess Pose' paints vivid picture of yoga pioneer Indra Devi|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-summer-books-goldberg-20150531-story.html |journal=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=NYT/><ref name="Witt 2016">{{cite news |last=Witt |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Witt |title=The Goddess Pose by Michelle Goldberg review – the strange story of how yoga became popular |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/27/goddess-pose-michelle-goldberg-review-yoga-popular |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=338-339}}{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}}

In 1926, attracted by a notice in a bookshop in [[Tallinn]], she went to hear [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] at a [[Theosophical Society]] meeting in  the Netherlands;{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}} his chanting of Sanskrit [[mantra]]s around a campfire had a powerful effect on her. She later said "It seemed to me, I was hearing a forgotten call, familiar, but distant. From that day everything in me turned upside down."{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=338–339}}

==Career==

===India===

Devi's fascination with India began at 15 when she read a book by poet-philosopher [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and a yoga instruction book by [[Yogi Ramacharaka]]. In Berlin, she worked as an actor in ''[[The Blue Bird (play)|The Blue Bird]]'', touring Europe, and accepted a proposal of marriage from the banker Herman Bolm, on condition she could first go to India; he agreed and paid for the trip. She set off on 17 November 1927, crossing India from south to north, wearing a [[sari]] for the first time, sitting on the floor and eating with her fingers. She came back three months later, a changed woman, speaking only of India, and returned Bolm's engagement ring. She soon went back to India, selling her valuables to pay for the trip. At the [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society in Adyar]] (Madras, now [[Chennai]]), dancing "an Indian temple dance", she met [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], starting a long-term friendship, and the [[Indian cinema|Indian film]] director Bhagwati Mishra, who gave her a part in ''Sher-e-Arab'' (Arabian Knight): the 1930 premiere made her a film star in India, under a new stage name, Indra Devi.{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rolfe |first=Lionel |title=Indra Devi was not just a nice old lady |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lionel-rolfe/indra-devi-was-not-just-a_b_7078842.html |journal=[[Huffington Post]] |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|p=340}} In 1930, she married Jan Strakaty, a commercial attache to the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] consulate in [[Bombay]], and for some years lived as a society hostess there.<ref name=NYT/>{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=182}}

She became interested in yoga, Nepal's prince Mussoorie showing her some asanas,{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=182}}{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=341–342}} and she was impressed by the yoga [[guru]] [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya|Krishnamacharya]]'s demonstration of apparently stopping his heart.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=182}} She asked to study with him; in 1938, he reluctantly accepted her as a student after his employer, the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], spoke on her behalf. She was obliged to keep to the strict vegetarian diet and the monastic hours, with lights out at 9pm. She was the first foreign woman among his students in the yogasala in the Mysore Palace, studying alongside [[B. K. S. Iyengar|B.K.S Iyengar]] and [[K. Pattabhi Jois]] who went on to become world-famous yoga teachers.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/30/world/indra-devi-102-dies-taught-yoga-to-stars-and-leaders.html |title=Indra Devi, 102, Dies; Taught Yoga to Stars and Leaders |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=2002-04-30 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref>{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}}{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=342–345}} When she was leaving India to follow her husband to China, Krishnamacharya asked her to work as a yoga teacher there.<ref name=NYT/>

===China===

In 1939, she held what are believed to be the first yoga classes in China and opened a school in Shanghai at the house of [[Soong Mei-ling]], wife of the nationalist leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]], and a [[yoga as exercise]] enthusiast.<ref name=NYT/>{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=345-346}}
The classes began with 20 minutes of relaxation in [[shavasana]], followed by [[Setu Bandha Sarvangasana|bridge]], [[Sarvangasana|shoulderstand]], gentle backbends such as [[Bhujangasana|cobra pose]], [[lotus position]] (including leaning right forward into [[Yogamudrasana]]), and [[Shirshasana|headstand]], against a wall for beginners.{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=135-136}} There were many Americans and Russians among her pupils; she also taught free classes in orphanages. More and more people began to call her [[Mataji]], which means "respected mother".{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Abernethy |first=Susan |url=https://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/indra-devi-mother-of-western-yoga/|title=Indra Devi, Mother of Western Yoga - Amazing Women In History |date=2012-10-02 |work=Amazing Women In History |access-date=2018-05-08}}</ref>

===India and China===

Her husband died unexpectedly in 1946,<ref name=NYT/> and Devi returned to India, arriving in Bombay as the [[British Raj]] was coming to an end. She was hosted by the [[maharajah]] of [[Tehri Garhwal]] at [[Ananda–In the Himalayas|his palace in the Himalayas]]. She was hoping to stay in [[Kashmir]] to teach yoga in a centre to be run by the Cambodian monk [[Bellong Mahathera]], but her mother called her back to Shanghai, where Devi's house was being requisitioned by the army in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Devi arrived there in time to sell many of her possessions before the house was taken over. She claimed later that she had wanted to return to India, but she obtained a United States visa, and sailed on the troopship [[USS General W. H. Gordon|USS ''General W. H. Gordon'']] to San Francisco at the end of 1947.{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=149-155}}

===United States===
[[File:Indra anne harry.jpg|thumb|(left to right) [[Harry Lehrer]], Jean R. Miller, [[Anne T. Hill]], Indra Devi in Los Angeles in 1965]]
{{further|Yoga in America}}

In California, assisted by her experience as a diplomat's wife with a patrician manner and the natural confidence of the wealthy, she met the author and philosopher [[Aldous Huxley]] and Krishnamurti, giving her access to spiritually-inclined Americans; an especially valuable contact was the diet and health guru [[Paul Bragg]], who advised film and stage stars. In 1948 she opened a yoga studio at 8806 [[Sunset Boulevard]] in Hollywood, the first in Los Angeles; she had a distinctive style and appearance, as she normally wore a sari.<ref name=NYT/>{{sfn|Syman|2010|pp=179-184}}{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=348-363}}{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}} Her friends Magaña and Walt Baptiste opened a yoga school in San Francisco in 1952; she became godmother to their son Baron Baptiste, who went on to found [[Baron Baptiste Power Yoga]].<ref name="Baptiste 2018">{{cite web |last1=Baptiste |first1=Baron |title=How Baron Baptiste Grew Up on Yoga—& Eventually Got Into the Family Business |work=Yoga Journal |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/how-baron-baptiste-grew-up-on-yoga-got-into-the-family-business |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=30 January 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>

Devi taught her own form of [[hatha yoga]], with [[asanas]] (postures) and [[pranayama]] (breath control); she avoided spiritual teaching, which she preferred to leave to yoga gurus.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=180}} Her teaching style was in [[Stefanie Syman]]'s words "gentle and even relaxing".{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=181}} She was almost immediately successful in attracting leading stars, including men as well as women; Syman notes that "she could charm the pants off men".{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=181}}{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=339}} Elliott Goldberg gives a different explanation for her success, attributing it to her packaging of [[yoga for women]] as a "beauty secret, youth elixir, and health tonic".{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|p=352}} More generally, in his view, Devi saw [[Yoga as therapy|yoga as a remedy]] for anxiety and stress, noting that this [[yoga as exercise|transformed yoga]] from something that dissolved the ego to something that strengthened it, because, he commented, Americans did want to change "but not all that much".{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=349-357}} Devi's advocacy of yoga for stress relief contributed, in Goldberg's view, to the widespread acceptance of [[yoga in America]], and earned her the nickname "first lady of yoga".{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=354, 363}}

She taught yoga to many celebrities including [[Greta Garbo]], [[Eva Gabor]], and [[Gloria Swanson]].{{efn|But not [[Marilyn Monroe]], contrary to popular belief. While Monroe did own her bestselling<ref name="Schrank 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Schrank |first1=Sarah |title=American Yoga: The Shaping of Modern Body Culture in the United States |journal=American Studies |date=2014 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=169–182 |doi=10.1353/ams.2014.0021 |s2cid=144698814 |url=https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4730 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 April 2019 |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428175459/https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4730 |url-status=dead }}</ref> book ''Forever Young, Forever Healthy'', there is no proof that the two women met. A popular photo that shows [[Eva Gabor]] training with Devi in 1960 is commonly mistaken for Monroe. Monroe posed for glamour photographs in postures close to [[Navasana]] and [[Dhanurasana]], but again there is no evidence that she learnt these from yoga rather than Western gymnastics.{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=187}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Photographs of Marilyn Monroe doing yoga |url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/photographs_of_marilyn_monroe_doing_yoga |website=Dangerous Minds |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>}} Also among her students were [[Ramon Novarro]], [[Robert Ryan]], [[Yul Brynner]], [[Jennifer Jones]], and the violinist [[Yehudi Menuhin]], who brought Iyengar to the West.<ref name=NYT/>{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}}

Her books, including the 1953 ''Forever Young, Forever Healthy'' and the 1959 ''Yoga for Americans'' described a gentle, relaxing style of yoga using a small number of asanas,{{efn|Devi taught only 12 asanas, apart from [[Surya Namaskar]] (Sun Salutation); they included [[Bhujangasana]], [[Viparita Karani]], [[Lotus pose]], [[Yogamudrasana]] and [[Shirshasana]].{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=358-359}}}} practised slowly.{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|pp=358-359}} Devi's biographer, [[Michelle Goldberg]], describes ''Yoga for Americans'' as having "a chipper, secular practicality perfectly calibrated for [[Eisenhower]]'s America."{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=184-185}} Devi introduced the book as of value to artists, "businessmen and sportsmen, models and housewives"{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=184-185}} and office workers. Menuhin wrote the foreword. The two books were "an enormous success",{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=184-185}} and were translated into languages including French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish.{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=184-185}}

In 1953 Devi married the German [[Anthroposophic medicine|anthroposophical physician]] Sigfrid Knauer. In the mid-1950s she was granted American citizenship and changed her legal name to Indra Devi.<ref name=NYT/>{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|p=176}} In 1960 she visited the USSR, seeing Saint Petersburg (then Leningrad) for the first time in 40 years, and meeting the government ministers [[Andrei Gromyko]] and [[Alexei Kosygin]] at the Indian ambassador's reception at the Sovetskaya Hotel.{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}} Devi released several vinyl records, including ''Yoga for Americans'' (1965) and ''Indra Devi presents Concentration & Meditation'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Borgerson |first1=Janet |title=Designed for success: better living and self-improvement with midcentury instructional records |last2=Schroeder |first2=Jonathan E. |date=2024 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-04883-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> She later recorded several instructional talks on yoga, including "Renew Your Life with Yoga."<ref>{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Indra |title=Renew Your Life with Yoga (Audio CD) |publisher=Audio-Forum |date=2007|id={{ASIN|1579704794|country=uk}} }}</ref>

===Latin America===

In 1961, Knauer bought Devi a large [[ranch]] near [[Tecate]] in Mexico; she opened the Indra Devi Foundation there. From 1966, she became close to the Hindu guru [[Sathya Sai Baba]],{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|p=361}} and she travelled often from Tecate to [[Bangalore]] and [[Puttaparthi]]. She closed the Tecate operation in 1977 and moved with her very ill husband to Bangalore. In 1984 she and Knauer made a trip to Sri Lanka, where he died.{{sfn|Elliott Goldberg|2016|p=363}}{{sfn|Fedorov|2010}}

In 1985 she moved to [[Argentina]]. In 1987 she was elected president of honour of the International Yoga Federation, and of the Latin American Union of Yoga under the presidency of Swami Maitreyananda at [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.internationalyogafederation.net/history.html |publisher=International Yoga Federation |access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> She died in [[Buenos Aires]] in 2002.<ref name=NYT/>

==Legacy==
{{further|Yoga as exercise|Yoga for women}}
Biographer Michelle Goldberg comments that for most of her life, Devi's "only goal" was to bring yoga to the West, and when it became "a ubiquitous part of cosmopolitan urban culture, signifier of a lifestyle at once wholesome and sexy"{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=270-271}} in the 1990s, she had certainly succeeded, even if the new yoga is "much more vigorous than the style she taught".{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=270-271}}

Yoga remains, Goldberg writes, as Devi had made it, [[Yoga for women|a predominantly female pursuit]], despite the energetic workouts of [[Power Yoga]]; she created the link in the Western mind between yoga and [[organic food]], "holistic spas, and biodynamic beauty products".{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=272-273}} Goldberg also notes that [[Yoga_as_exercise#Differences|yoga in the West]] is "a hybrid culture", with "an immense gulf between the limber young women in [[Lululemon]] yoga gear ... and the ash-smeared half-naked yogins .. on the banks of the Ganges".{{sfn|Michelle Goldberg|2016|pp=273-274}}

==Works==

* {{cite book | last=Devi | first=Indra | title=Forever Young, Forever Healthy: Simplified Yoga for Modern Living | publisher=Prentice-Hall | year=1953 |oclc=652377847 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last=Devi | first=Indra | title=Yoga For Americans: A Complete 6 Week Course for Home Practice | publisher=Prentice-Hall | year=1959 | oclc=779004518 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last=Devi | first=Indra | title=Renew your life through yoga. The Indra Devi method for relaxation through rhythmic breathing | publisher=Prentice-Hall | year=1963 |oclc=877363243 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last=Devi | first=Indra | title=Una mujer de tres siglos | publisher=Sudmericana | location=Buenos Aires | year=2000 | isbn=978-950-07-1726-7 | oclc=48372297 | language=es | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/unamujerdetressi0000devi |ref=none}}

== See also ==

* [[Yoga in Russia]]
* [[Yoga in the United States]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|26em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite journal |last1=Fedorov |first1=Anton |title=Поставившая мир на голову |language=ru |trans-title=Turn the world on its head |journal=[[Vokrug sveta]] |date=1 October 2010 |issue=October 2010}} An [https://www.wildyogi.info/en/issue/one-who-put-world-head authorised English version of the article] is available on the Wild Yogi website.
* {{cite book | last=Goldberg | first=Elliott | title=The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice |title-link=The Path of Modern Yoga | publisher=Inner Traditions | location=Rochester, Vermont | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 |pages=338–363 | ref={{harvid|Elliott Goldberg|2016}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldberg | first=Michelle | author-link=Michelle Goldberg | title=The Goddess Pose: The Audacious Life of Indra Devi, The Woman Who Helped Bring Yoga to the West | publisher=Corsair | location=London | year=2016 | orig-year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4721-5204-6 | oclc=927383820 |ref={{harvid|Michelle Goldberg|2016}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Stefanie |last=Syman |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |title-link=The Subtle Body |year=2010 |publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma/page/179 179-197]}}

{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Modern Yoginis}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Indra}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American educators]]
[[Category:20th-century American women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian women educators]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Argentina]]
[[Category:American people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Swedish descent]]
[[Category:American women centenarians]]
[[Category:American yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Argentine women centenarians]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism]]
[[Category:Former Eastern Orthodox Christians from Russia]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Riga county]]
[[Category:People from Riga]]
[[Category:Russian women centenarians]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to the United States]]

Magadh Stock Exchange

2026-03-26T08:24:36Z

Hearthospital: adjusted section to improve readability and added references based on references

{{Short description|Stock exchange in Patna, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox exchange
|name = Magadh Stock Exchange Association
|type = [[Stock Exchange]]
|city = Patna
|closed = 3 September 2007
|country = India
|founded = 1986
|owner = [[Government of India]] (100%)
|key_people = Unknown
|currency = {{INR}}
|homepage =

}}
'''Magadh Stock Exchange Association''' (MSEA) was located in [[Patna]], India. It was established in the year 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.appuonline.com/appu/investment/about.html |title=History of stock exchanges, Introduction, Calcutta Stock Exchange, Delhi Stock Exchange, India |publisher=Appuonline.com |date=1946-12-31 |access-date=2012-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614000325/http://www.appuonline.com/appu/investment/about.html |archive-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is [[List of South Asian stock exchanges|one among the 25 old regional stock exchanges in India]]. The exchange was disbanded on 3 September 2007 by [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/investor/stockexchadd.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921214111/http://www.sebi.gov.in/investor/stockexchadd.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
by 1999–2000, the Magadh Stock Exchange had a total of 199 brokers, out of which 15 were corporate brokers. Among 199 brokers, it was further classified as 183 proprietor brokers, 1 partnership broker and 5 corporate brokers. Then, there were only 2 sub-brokers registered.

In September 2005, the Magadh Stock Exchange was corporatised and demutualised in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/document_detail.jsp?link=http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/docfiles/11345_t.html |title=Securities and Exchange Board of India - Print Page |publisher=Sebi.gov.in |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref>

On 17 August 2000, the Magadh Stock Exchange became the only [[List of stock exchanges in India|regional stock exchange in the country]] to trade on the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]] (CSE) and the [[Interconnected Stock Exchange]] (ISE) when the exchange finally got connected to the NSE through [[Interconnected Stock Exchange|ISE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000818/fns18079.html |title=Magadh stock exchange begins trading on NSE |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=2000-08-18 |access-date=2012-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207072617/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20000818/fns18079.html |archive-date=7 February 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] vide order dated September 3, 2007 refused to renew the recognition granted to Magadh Stock Exchange Ltd. On SEBI website, Magadh Stock Exchange shows "valid upto as permanent" but it is clearly mentioned that its renewal has been refused.

==See also==
* [[List of South Asian stock exchanges]]
* [[List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations]]
* [[Economy of Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Stock exchanges in India}}

[[Category:Economy of Bihar]]
[[Category:Economy of Patna]]
[[Category:Former stock exchanges in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in India]]

Jimmy Lemi Milla

2026-03-26T01:45:51Z

Hearthospital: update citations per sources and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|South Sudanese politician (1948–2011)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
|name = Jimmy Lemi Milla
|honorific_suffix =
|image =
|office = Minister for Co-operatives and Rural Development
|president = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|term_start = 2010
|term_end = 9 February 2011
|predecessor = [[Ann Itto Leonardo]]
|successor =
|office2 =
|term_start2 =
|term_end2 =
|primeminister2 =
|predecessor2 =
|office3 =
|deputy3 =
|term_start3 =
|term_end3 =
|predecessor3 =
|successor3 =
|primeminister3 =
|office4 =
|leader4 =
|term_start4 =
|term_end4 =
|predecessor4 =
|successor4 =
|constituency_MP5 =
|term_start5 =
|term_end5 =
|predecessor5 =
|successor5 =
|majority5 =
|constituency_MP6 =
|parliament6 =
|term_start6 =
|term_end6 =
|predecessor6 =
|successor6 =
|birth_date = August 8, 1948
|birth_place = [[Central Equatoria]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|2|9|1948|8|8}}
|death_place = [[Juba (Southern Sudan)|Juba]], [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]]
|party = [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]], then [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People's Liberation Movement]]
|alma_mater = [[Makerere University]]
|website =
}}

'''Jimmy Lemi Milla''' (August 8, 1948<ref name=govweb>[http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/ministries/Rural-Development-and-Cooperatives.html Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101081956/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/ministries/Rural-Development-and-Cooperatives.html |date=2010-11-01 }} on the website of the government of Southern Sudan</ref> – February 9, 2011)<ref name=BBC>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12403620 "Southern Sudan minister Jimmy Lemi Milla shot dead"], [[BBC]], 9 February 2011.</ref> was a [[Sudan]]ese politician, and cabinet member in [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]]. He was a [[Pojulu people|Pojulu]].<ref>[http://sudancatholicradio.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3191:late-minister-lemi-to-be-laid-to-rest-at-home-town&catid=2:south-sudan&Itemid=84 "Late Minister Lemi to be Laid to Rest at Home Town"], Sudan Catholic Radio Network, February 10, 2011</ref><ref name=afp>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110212170621/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jNiJ6Ob4O3QyO-bvawBwSVqabSpA?docId=CNG.d39e7bf47904a1f7d313ba0831998b5a.141 "South Sudan minister shot dead in Juba: SPLA"], [[Agence France-Presse]], 9 February 2011.</ref>

==Career==
Milla studied at [[Makerere University]] in [[Uganda]], obtaining a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1973. He subsequently studied in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]], for a Diploma in Aviation, which he obtained in 1976. In 1980, he obtained a Certificate in Mass Communication from the [[Khartoum School of Mass Communication]].<ref name=govweb/>

He began his political career in his home [[States of Sudan|state]] of Central Equatoria, serving at different times as Minister for Education and deputy Governor of the state government, as well as chairman of the State Human Rights Commission. He has also been Assistant Commissioner for Culture and Information in [[Eastern Equatoria]], and Director of Information and Press Secretary to the President of the High Executive Council of Southern Sudan.<ref name=govweb/>

In his career in national government in Sudan, he served as chairman of the States Commission in the [[National Assembly of Sudan|National Assembly]] in [[Khartoum]], and Deputy Secretary General of Government.<ref name=govweb/>

He was initially a member of the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]], Sudan's ruling [[conservatism|conservative]] party, but joined the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement|Sudan People's Liberation Movement]], the dominant party in [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]], following the latter's [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] with the Sudanese government in 2005.<ref name=afp/>

In 2010, he was appointed Minister for Co-operatives and Rural Development in the [[Politics of Southern Sudan|government of autonomous Southern Sudan]], replacing [[Ann Itto Leonardo]], who had been promoted Minister for Agriculture.<ref name=afp/> He also represented the constituency of Lainy in the [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Southern Sudan]].<ref>[http://www.goss.org.za/docs/SSLA.pdf Members of the Legislative Assembly of Southern Sudan]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Milla was still holding that position in government when, on 7 February 2011, the result of the [[2011 Southern Sudanese independence referendum|Southern Sudanese independence referendum]] was announced, indicating that Southern Sudan would become an independent State.

==Murder==
Two days after announcing the Southern Sudanese independence referendum, Milla and his bodyguard were shot dead inside his ministry building, reportedly by Milla's driver. The reason for the murder was said to be "personal rather than political".<ref name=BBC/><ref name=afp/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101101081956/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/ministries/Rural-Development-and-Cooperatives.html Jimmy Lemi Milla Biography on the Southern Sudan government website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Milla, Jimmy Lemi}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Central Equatoria]]
[[Category:Pojulu people]]
[[Category:South Sudanese Christians]]
[[Category:National Congress Party (Sudan) politicians]]
[[Category:Sudan People's Liberation Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Government ministers of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Members of the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Makerere University alumni]]
[[Category:Assassinated South Sudanese politicians]]
[[Category:Sudanese murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Sudan]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Sudan]]

Kishkinta

2026-03-24T15:24:31Z

Hearthospital: minor adjusted citations to improve readability and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Theme park in Chennai, India}}
{{confuse|Kishkindha}}
{{notability|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox amusement park
| name = Kishkinta
| image = Train of Kiskinda.jpg
| caption = Train in Kiskinta
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.93914|80.07785}}
| opening_date = {{start date|df=y|1995|8}}
| status = Closed
| closing_date = {{closed date|df=y|2016|6}}
}}

'''Kishkinta''' was a theme park located in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It was founded by [[Navodaya Appachan]], the owner of [[Navodaya Studio]]. The park named after the fabled simian kingdom in the epic ''Ramayana''. It spread across {{convert|120|acre}} of vast area with a scenic landscape, bushes, fountains, decorations and designs. Along with these, the park had various entertainment such as wave pools, water rides, roller coasters, and toy trains, especially for children who visited for picnics.

Following a fatal accident caused by a [[Disk'O]] ride malfunction, this theme park has been closed since June 2025 for safety reasons.<ref>{{cite web |last=Madhavan |first=T |date=14 March 2016 |title=Owner of amusement park held |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/owner-of-amusement-park-held/article8599029.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |location=Chennai |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Due to lack of proficient engineers for inspection and analysis, Kishkinta ride quality checks were done by amateurs, and for weight tests, labourers were forced to participate. One such incident resulted in the death of a young labourer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kishkinta-theme-park-accident-workers-wanted-to-get-off-but-no-one-listened/|title=Kishkinta theme park accident: Workers wanted to get off, but no one listened|date=13 May 2016|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/130516/chennai-kishkinta-owner-staffer-arrested.html|title=Caught on camera: Giant Wheel collapses in Chennai theme park|date=13 May 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://www.kishkinta.in/ Kishkinta website]
* [http://tourthemost.com/a/147-list-of-rides-in-kishkinta-chennai.html List of rides in kishkinta chennai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075526/http://tourthemost.com/a/147-list-of-rides-in-kishkinta-chennai.html |date=12 October 2016 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{amusement Parks in India}}

{{coord|12.93914|N|80.07785|E|display=title}}

[[Category:1995 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:amusement parks in Chennai]]
[[Category:amusement parks opened in 1995]]
[[Category:defunct amusement parks]]

C (programming language)

2026-03-24T00:55:20Z

Hearthospital: enhance section also and corrected details

{{Short description|General-purpose programming language}}
{{Redirect|C programming language|the book|The C Programming Language{{!}}''The C Programming Language''}}
{{Redirect|C lang|the compiler front end|Clang}}
{{Distinguish|C++|C Sharp (programming language){{!}}C#}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{CS1 config |mode=cs1 }}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = C
| logo = The C Programming Language logo.svg
| logo caption = Logotype used on the cover of the first edition of ''[[The C Programming Language]]''<ref name="C in a Nutshell">{{Cite book|url={{GBurl|id=4Mfe4sAMFUYC}}|title=C in a Nutshell|last1=Prinz|first1=Peter|last2=Crawford|first2=Tony|date=December 16, 2005|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.|isbn=978-0-596-55071-4|page=3}}</ref>
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm]]: [[Imperative programming|imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]]
| designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]]
| developer = ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22|ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 22 (Subcommittee 22)]] / WG 14 (Working Group 14) (ISO C)
| latest release version = [[C23 (C standard revision)|C23]]
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2024|10|31}}
| latest preview version = [[C2Y (C standard revision)|C2Y]] (N3220)
| latest preview date = {{start date and age|2024|2|21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3221.htm|title=N3221 – Editor's Report, Post January 2024 Strasbourg France Meeting|work=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14|publisher=Open Standards|date=February 21, 2024|access-date=May 24, 2024}}</ref>
| typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Strong and weak typing|weak]], [[Manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]]
| implementations = [[Portable C Compiler|pcc]], [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]]}}, [[C++Builder]], {{nowrap|[[Microsoft Visual C++]]}}, {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++|Watcom C]]}}
| dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]]
| influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[JS++]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[V (programming language)|V (Vlang)]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=June 3, 2010|access-date=August 19, 2013|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: Verilog first introduced; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2013}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]], [[Zig (programming language)|Zig]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| year = {{start date and age|1972}}{{efn |"Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a|p=9}}{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993b|p=9}}{{sfnp|Ritchie|2003}}}}
| influenced by = [[B (programming language)|B]], [[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]], [[ALGOL 68]],{{efn |"The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a|p=8}}{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993b|p=8}}{{sfnp|Ritchie|2003}} }} [[PL/I]], [[Fortran]]
| file ext = .c, .h
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.c-language.org/|c-language.org}}|{{URL|https://www.iso.org/standard/82075.html|iso.org}}|{{URL|https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/|open-std.org}}}}
| wikibooks = C Programming
}}
{{C sidebar}}

'''C'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|s|iː}}, like the letter {{gloss |[[c]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The name is based on, and pronounced like the letter C in the English alphabet |url=https://eng.ichacha.net/pronounce/the%20c%20programming%20language.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117151137/https://eng.ichacha.net/pronounce/the%20c%20programming%20language.html |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |website=the c programming language sound |publisher=English Chinese Dictionary}}</ref>}} is a [[general-purpose programming language]] created in the 1970s by [[Dennis Ritchie]]. By design, C gives the [[programmer]] relatively direct access to the features of the typical [[Central processing unit|CPU]] architecture, customized for the target [[Instruction set architecture|instruction set]]. It has been and continues to be used to implement [[operating system]]s (especially [[Kernel (operating system)|kernels]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munoz |first=Daniel |title=After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming {{!}} Toptal |url=https://www.toptal.com/c/after-all-these-years-the-world-is-still-powered-by-c-programming |access-date=June 15, 2024 |website=Toptal Engineering Blog}}</ref>), [[device driver]]s, and [[protocol stack]]s, but its use in [[application software]] has been decreasing.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2016 |title=C Language Drops to Lowest Popularity Rating |url=https://www.developer.com/news/c-language-drops-to-lowest-popularity-rating/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822225609/https://www.developer.com/news/c-language-drops-to-lowest-popularity-rating/ |archive-date=August 22, 2022 |access-date=August 1, 2022 |website=Developer.com}}</ref> C is used on computers that range from the largest [[supercomputer]]s to the smallest [[microcontroller]]s and [[embedded system]]s.

A successor to the programming language [[B (programming language)|B]], C was originally developed at [[Bell Labs]] by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on [[Unix]]. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system.{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}} During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used [[programming language]]s,<ref name="langpop">{{cite web |url=https://www.langpop.com/ |title=Programming Language Popularity |year=2009 |access-date=January 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090116080326/http://www.langpop.com/ |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref><ref name="TIOBE-2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.tiobe.com/index.php/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html | title=TIOBE Programming Community Index |year=2009 |access-date=May 6, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090504181627/http://www.tiobe.com/index.php/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html |archive-date=May 4, 2009}}</ref> with C [[compiler]]s available for practically all modern [[computer architecture]]s and [[operating system]]s. The book ''[[The C Programming Language]]'', co-authored by the original language designer, served for many years as the ''de facto'' standard for the language.<ref name="ward198308">{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Terry A. |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-08/1983_08_BYTE_08-08_The_C_Language#page/n267/mode/2up |title=Annotated C / A Bibliography of the C Language |work=Byte |date=August 1983 |access-date=January 31, 2015 |pages=268}}</ref><ref name="C in a Nutshell"/> C has been standardized since 1989 by the [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) and, subsequently, jointly by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) and the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC).

C is an [[Imperative programming|imperative]] [[Procedural programming|procedural]] language, supporting [[structured programming]], [[lexical variable scope]], and [[Recursion (computer science)|recursion]], with a [[static type system]]. It was designed to be [[compiled]] to provide [[Low-level programming language|low-level]] access to [[Computer memory|memory]] and language constructs that map efficiently to [[machine instructions]], all with minimal [[Runtime system|runtime support]]. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A [[Specification (technical standard)|standards]]-compliant C program written with [[Software portability|portability]] in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.

Although neither C nor its standard library provide some popular features found in other languages, it is flexible enough to support them. For example, [[Object-oriented programming|object orientation]] and [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] are provided by external libraries [[GLib Object System]] and [[Boehm garbage collector]], respectively.

Since 2000, C has typically ranked as the most or second-most popular language in the [[TIOBE index]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TIOBE Index for September 2024|url=https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/|access-date=2025-12-16|archive-date=September 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918165843/https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie--1973.jpg|thumb|[[Dennis Ritchie]] (right), the inventor of the C programming language, with [[Ken Thompson]]]]

The C language exhibits the following characteristics:
{{Div col |colwidth=30em}}
* [[Free-form language|Free-form]] source code
* [[Semicolon]]s terminate [[Statement (programming)|statements]]
* [[Curly braces]] group statements into [[Block (programming)|blocks]]
* [[Executable code]] is contained in [[Function (computer programming)|function]]s (no script-like syntax)
* [[Function parameter|Parameters]] are passed by value; pass by-reference is achieved by passing a pointer to a value
* Relatively small number of keywords
* [[Control flow]] constructs, including <code>[[Conditional (computer programming)|if]]</code>, <code>[[For loop|for]]</code>, <code>[[Do while loop|do]]</code>, <code>[[While loop|while]]</code>, and <code>[[Switch statement|switch]]</code>
* [[Arithmetic]], [[bitwise]], and logic operators, including {{codes|+|+{{=}}|++|&|{{!!}}|d=,}}
* Multiple [[Assignment (computer science)|assignments]] may be performed in a single statement
* User-defined identifiers are not distinguished from keywords (i.e., by a [[Sigil (computer programming)|sigil]])
* A variable declared inside a block is accessible only in that block and only below the declaration
* A function return value can be ignored
* A function cannot be nested inside a function, but some translators support this
* [[Run-time polymorphism]] may be achieved using function pointers
* Supports [[Recursion (computer science)|recursion]]
* Data typing is [[Static typing|static]], but [[Strong and weak typing|weakly enforced]]; all variables have a type, but [[implicit conversion]] between primitive types weakens the separation of the different types
* [[typedef|User-defined]] data types allow for aliasing a data type specifier
* Syntax for [[Array (data type)|array]] definition and access is via square bracket notation, for example <code>month[11]</code>. Indexing is defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Whole arrays cannot be copied or compared without custom or library code
* User-defined [[struct (C programming language)|structure]] types allow related data elements to be passed and copied as a unit although two structures cannot be compared without custom code to compare each field
* User-defined [[Union type|union]] types support overlapping members, allowing multiple data types to share the same [[memory location]]
* User-defined [[enumerated type|enumeration]] types support aliasing integer values
* Lacks a [[String (computer science)|string type]] but has syntax for [[null-terminated string]]s with associated [[C string handling|handling]] in its standard library
* Supports low-level access to [[computer memory]] via [[Pointer (computer programming)|pointers]]
* Supports [[Procedure (computer science)|procedure-like]] construct as a function returning <code>void</code>
* Supports [[Dynamic allocation|dynamic memory]] via standard library functions
* Includes the [[C preprocessor]] to perform [[Macro (computer science)|macro]] definition, [[source code]] file inclusion, and [[conditional compilation]]
* Supports [[Modular programming|modularity]] in that files are processed separately, with visibility control via <code>static</code> and <code>extern</code> attributes
* Minimized functionality in the core language while relatively complex functionality such as [[Input/output|I/O]], string manipulation, and mathematical functions supported via standard library functions
* Resulting compiled code has relatively straightforward needs on the underlying platform, making it desirable for operating and [[embedded system|embedded]] systems

{{Div col end}}

== "Hello, world" example ==
[[File:Hello World Brian Kernighan 1974.jpg|thumb|"Hello, World!" program by [[Brian Kernighan]] (1978)]]
The [["Hello, World!" program]] example that appeared in the first edition of ''[[The C Programming Language|K&R]]'' has become the model for an introductory program in most programming textbooks. The program prints "hello, world" to the [[standard output]].

The original version was:{{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1978|p=6}}

<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
main()
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>

A more modern version is:{{efn|The original example code will compile on most modern compilers that are not in strict standard compliance mode, but it does not fully conform to the requirements of either C89 or C99. In fact, C99 requires that a diagnostic message be produced.}}


<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}
</syntaxhighlight>

The first line is a [[C preprocessor|preprocessor]] [[Directive (programming)|directive]], indicated by <code>#include</code>, which causes the preprocessor to replace that line of code with the text of the <code>[[stdio.h]]</code> header file, which contains declarations for input and output functions including <code>printf</code>. The angle brackets around <code>stdio.h</code> indicate that the header file can be located using a search strategy that selects header files provided with the compiler over files with the same name that may be found in project-specific directories.

The next code line declares the [[entry point]] function <code>main</code>. The [[run-time environment]] calls this function to begin program execution. The type specifier <code>int</code> indicates that the function returns an integer value. The <code>void</code> parameter list indicates that the function consumes no arguments. The run-time environment actually passes two arguments (typed <code>int</code> and <code>char *[]</code>), but this implementation ignores them. The ISO C standard (section 5.1.2.2.1) requires syntax that either is void or these two arguments{{snd}}a special treatment not afforded to other functions.

The opening curly brace indicates the beginning of the code that defines the function.

The next line of code calls (diverts execution to) the C standard library function <code>[[printf]]</code> with the [[Memory address|address]] of the first character of a null-terminated string specified as a [[string literal]]. The text <code>\n</code> is an [[escape sequence]] that denotes the [[newline]] character which when output in a terminal results in moving the cursor to the beginning of the next line. Even though <code>printf</code> returns an <code>int</code> value, it is silently discarded. The semicolon <code>;</code> terminates the call statement.

The closing curly brace indicates the end of the <code>main</code> function. Prior to C99, an explicit <code>return 0;</code> statement was required at the end of <code>main</code> function, but since C99, the <code>main</code> function (as being the initial function call) implicitly returns <code>0</code> upon reaching its final closing curly brace.{{efn|Return value <code>0</code> is typically used in this context to indicate success.<ref name="bk21st">{{cite book |last1=Klemens |first1=Ben |author-link=Ben Klemens |title=21st Century C |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4493-2714-9}}</ref>}}

== History ==

=== Early developments ===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"
|+Timeline of C language
|-
! Year
! Informal name
! Official standard
|-
| 1972
| first release
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 1978
| [[K&R C]]
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 1989, 1990
| [[ANSI C]], C89, ISO C, C90
| ANSI X3.159-1989 ISO/IEC 9899:1990
|-
| 1999
| [[C99]], C9X
| ISO/IEC 9899:1999
|-
| 2011
| [[C11 (C standard revision)|C11]], C1X
| ISO/IEC 9899:2011
|-
| 2018
| [[C17 (C standard revision)|C17]], C18
| ISO/IEC 9899:2018
|-
| 2024
| [[C23 (C standard revision)|C23]], C2X
| ISO/IEC 9899:2024
|-
| {{TBA}}
| [[C2Y (C standard revision)|C2Y]]
|
|}

The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the [[Unix]] operating system, originally implemented in [[assembly language]] on a [[PDP-7]] by [[Dennis Ritchie]] and [[Ken Thompson]], incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a [[PDP-11]]. The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language.{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}}

==== B ====
{{main|B (programming language)}}
Thompson wanted a programming language for developing utilities for the new platform. He first tried writing a [[Fortran]] compiler, but he soon gave up the idea and instead created a cut-down version of the recently developed [[systems programming language]] called [[BCPL]]. The official description of BCPL was not available at the time,<ref name="NFDsZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.lysator.liu.se/c/dmr-on-histories.html |first=Dennis |last=Ritchie |title=BCPL to B to C |website=lysator.liu.se |access-date=September 10, 2019 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212221532/http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/dmr-on-histories.html }}</ref> and Thompson modified the syntax to be less 'wordy' and similar to a simplified [[ALGOL]] known as SMALGOL.<ref name="Ars">{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Richard |date=December 9, 2020 |title="A damn stupid thing to do"—the origins of C |url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2020/12/a-damn-stupid-thing-to-do-the-origins-of-c/ |access-date=March 28, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328143845/https://arstechnica.com/features/2020/12/a-damn-stupid-thing-to-do-the-origins-of-c/}}</ref> He called the result [[B (programming language)|''B'']],{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}} describing it as "BCPL semantics with a lot of SMALGOL syntax".<ref name=Ars /> Like BCPL, B had a [[bootstrapping]] compiler to facilitate porting to new machines.<ref name=Ars /> Ultimately, few utilities were written in B because it was too slow and could not take advantage of PDP-11 features such as [[byte]] addressability.

Unlike BCPL's <code>// comment</code> marking comments up to the end of the line, B adopted <code>/* comment */</code> as the comment delimiter, more akin to PL/1, and allowing comments to appear in the middle of lines. (BCPL's comment style would be reintroduced in C++.){{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}}

==== New B and first C release ====
In 1971 Ritchie started to improve B, to use the features of the more-powerful PDP-11. A significant addition was a character data type. He called this ''New B'' (NB).<ref name=Ars /> Thompson started to use NB to write the [[Research Unix|Unix]] kernel, and his requirements shaped the direction of the language development.<ref name="Ars" /><ref name="unixport" />

Through to 1972, richer types were added to the NB language. NB had arrays of <code>int</code> and <code>char</code>, and to these types were added pointers, the ability to generate pointers to other types, arrays of all types, and types to be returned from functions. Arrays within expressions were effectively treated as pointers. A new compiler was written, and the language was renamed C.{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}}

The C compiler and some utilities made with it were included in [[Version 2 Unix]], which is also known as [[Research Unix]].<ref name="QtqTh">{{cite tech report |first=M. D. |last=McIlroy |author-link=Doug McIlroy |year=1987 |url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |title=A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 |series=CSTR |number=139 |institution=Bell Labs |format=PDF |page=10 |access-date=February 1, 2015 |archive-date=November 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151817/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf}}</ref>

==== Structures and Unix kernel re-write ====
At [[Version 4 Unix]], released in November 1973, the [[Unix]] [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]] was extensively re-implemented in C.{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}} By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as <code>struct</code> types.

The [[C preprocessor|preprocessor]] was introduced around 1973 at the urging of [[Alan Snyder (computer scientist)|Alan Snyder]] and also in recognition of the usefulness of the file-inclusion mechanisms available in BCPL and [[PL/I]]. Its original version provided only included files and simple string replacements: <code>#include</code> and <code>#define</code> of parameterless macros. Soon after that, it was extended, mostly by [[Mike Lesk]] and then by John Reiser, to incorporate macros with arguments and [[conditional compilation]].{{sfnp|Ritchie|1993a}}

Unix was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than [[assembly language|assembly]]. Earlier instances include the [[Multics]] system (which was written in [[PL/I]]) and [[Master Control Program]] (MCP) for the [[Burroughs large systems|Burroughs B5000]] (which was written in [[ALGOL]]) in 1961. In and around 1977, Ritchie and [[Stephen C. Johnson]] made further changes to the language to facilitate [[Software portability|portability]] of the Unix operating system. Johnson's [[Portable C Compiler]] served as the basis for several implementations of C on new platforms.<ref name="unixport">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=S. C. |author-link1=Stephen C. Johnson |last2=Ritchie |first2=D. M. |author-link2=Dennis Ritchie |title=Portability of C Programs and the UNIX System |journal=Bell System Tech. J. |year=1978 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2021–2048 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02141.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.138.35 |s2cid=17510065 |issn = 0005-8580 }} (Note: The PDF is an OCR scan of the original, and contains a rendering of "IBM 370" as "IBM 310".)</ref>

=== K&R C ===
[[File:The C Programming Language, First Edition Cover (2).svg|thumb|240x240px|The cover of the book ''The C Programming Language'', first edition, by [[Brian Kernighan]] and [[Dennis Ritchie]]]]
In 1978 [[Brian Kernighan]] and [[Dennis Ritchie]] published the first edition of ''[[The C Programming Language]]''.{{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1978}} Known as ''K&R'' from the initials of its authors, the book served for many years as an informal [[Specification (technical standard)|specification]] of the language. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as "'''K&R C'''". As this was released in 1978, it is now also referred to as ''C78''.<ref name="qOvzA">{{cite book |url=https://nxmnpg.lemoda.net/7/c78 |title=FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual |date=May 30, 2011 |edition=FreeBSD 13.0 |chapter=C manual pages |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024455/https://nxmnpg.lemoda.net/7/c78 |archive-date=January 21, 2021}} [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=c78&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+9-current&arch=default&format=html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121033654/https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=c78&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+9-current&arch=default&format=html|date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> The second edition of the book{{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1988}} covers the later [[ANSI C]] standard, described below.

''K&R'' introduced several language features:
* [[C file input/output|Standard I/O library]]
* <code>[[long int]]</code> data type
* <code>unsigned int</code> data type
* Compound assignment operators of the form <code>=''op''</code> (such as <code>=-</code>) were changed to the form <code>''op''=</code> (that is, <code>-=</code>) to remove the semantic ambiguity created by constructs such as <code>i=-10</code>, which had been interpreted as <code>i =- 10</code> (decrement <code>i</code> by 10) instead of the possibly intended <code>i = -10</code> (let <code>i</code> be −10).

Even after the publication of the 1989 ANSI standard, for many years K&R C was still considered the "[[Lowest common denominator (computers)|lowest common denominator]]" to which C programmers restricted themselves when maximum portability was desired, since many older compilers were still in use, and because carefully written K&R C code can be legal Standard C as well.

Although later versions of C require functions to have an explicit type declaration, K&R C only requires functions that return a type other than <code>int</code> to be declared before use. Functions used without prior declaration were presumed to return <code>int</code>.

For example:

<syntaxhighlight lang="c" line>
long long_function();

calling_function()
{
long longvar;
register intvar;
longvar = long_function();
if (longvar > 1)
intvar = 0;
else
intvar = int_function();
return intvar;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

The declaration of {{code|long_function()}} (on line 1) is required since it returns {{code|long}}; not {{code|int}}. Function {{code|int_function}} can be called (line 11) even though it is not declared since it returns {{code|int}}. Also, variable {{code|intvar}} does not need to be declared as type {{code|int}} since that is the default type for {{code|register}} keyword.

Since function declarations did not include information about arguments, [[Type checking|type checks]] were not performed, although some compilers would issue a warning if different calls to a function used different numbers or types of arguments. Tools such as Unix's [[Lint programming tool|lint]] utility were developed that (among other things) checked for consistency of function use across multiple source files.

In the years following the publication of K&R C, several features were added to the language, supported by compilers from AT&T (in particular [[Portable C Compiler|PCC]]<ref name="SkKfZ">{{cite report |first1=Bjarne |last1=Stroustrup |author-link=Bjarne Stroustrup |title=Sibling rivalry: C and C++ |publisher=AT&T Labs |number=TD-54MQZY |year=2002 |url=http://stroustrup.com/sibling_rivalry.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=August 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824072719/http://www.stroustrup.com/sibling_rivalry.pdf}}</ref>) and other vendors. These included:
* <code>[[void type|void]]</code> functions; functions returning no value
* Functions returning <code>[[Struct (C programming language)|struct]]</code> or <code>[[Union (computer science)|union]]</code> types
* [[Assignment (computer science)|Assignment]] for <code>struct</code> variables
* [[Enumerated type]]s

The popularity of the language, lack of agreement on [[C standard library|standard library]] interfaces, and lack of compliance to the K&R specification, led to standardization efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~pjj/cs211/c_rationale/node2.html |title=Rationale for American National Standard for Information Systems – Programming Language – C |access-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717164722/https://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~pjj/cs211/c_rationale/node2.html |archive-date=July 17, 2024}}</ref>

=== ANSI C and ISO C ===
{{Main|ANSI C}}


During the late 1970s and 1980s, versions of C were implemented for a wide variety of [[mainframe computer]]s, [[minicomputer]]s, and [[microcomputer]]s, including the [[IBM PC]], as its popularity increased significantly.

In 1983 the [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. X3J11 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non-portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the [[IEEE]] [[working group]] 1003 to become the basis for the 1988 [[POSIX]] standard. In 1989, the C standard was ratified as ANSI X3.159-1989 "Programming Language C". This version of the language is often referred to as [[ANSI C]], Standard C, or sometimes '''C89'''.

In 1990 the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, which is sometimes called '''C90'''. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to the same programming language.

ANSI, like other national standards bodies, no longer develops the C standard independently, but defers to the international C standard, maintained by the working group [[ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22]]/WG14. National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication.

One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a [[superset]] of K&R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as [[function prototype]]s (borrowed from C++), <code>void</code> pointers, support for international [[character sets]] and [[Locale (computer software)|locales]], and preprocessor enhancements. Although the [[C syntax|syntax]] for parameter declarations was augmented to include the style used in C++, the K&R interface continued to be permitted, for compatibility with existing source code.

C89 is supported by current C compilers, and most modern C code is based on it. Any program written only in Standard C and without any hardware-dependent assumptions will run correctly on any [[Computing platform|platform]] with a conforming C implementation, within its resource limits. Without such precautions, programs may compile only on a certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as [[GUI]] libraries, or to a reliance on compiler- or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of data types and byte [[endianness]].

In cases where code must be compilable by either standard-conforming or K&R C-based compilers, the <code>__STDC__</code> macro can be used to split the code into Standard and K&R sections to prevent the use on a K&R C-based compiler of features available only in Standard C.

After the ANSI/ISO standardization process, the C language specification remained relatively static for several years. In 1995, Normative Amendment 1 to the 1990 C standard (ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995, known informally as C95) was published, to correct some details and to add more extensive support for international character sets.<ref name="NWUon">{{cite book |author= |title=C Integrity |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/23909.html |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=March 30, 1995 |access-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033429/https://www.iso.org/standard/23909.html}}</ref>

=== C99 ===
{{Main|C99}}

The C standard was further revised in the late 1990s, leading to the publication of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 in 1999, which is commonly referred to as "[[C99]]". It has since been amended three times by Technical Corrigenda.<ref name="WG14">{{cite web |title=JTC1/SC22/WG14 – C |url=http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/ |work=Home page |publisher=ISO/IEC |access-date=June 2, 2011 |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212100115/http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/}}</ref>

C99 introduced several new features, including [[inline function]]s, several new [[data type]]s (including <code>long long int</code> and a <code>complex</code> type to represent [[complex number]]s), [[variable-length array]]s and [[flexible array member]]s, improved support for [[IEEE 754]] floating point, support for [[variadic macro]]s (macros of variable [[arity]]), and support for one-line comments beginning with <code>//</code>, as in BCPL or C++. Many of these had already been implemented as extensions in several C compilers.

C99 is for the most part backward compatible with C90, but is stricter in some ways; in particular, a declaration that lacks a type specifier no longer has <code>int</code> implicitly assumed. A standard macro <code>__STDC_VERSION__</code> is defined with value <code>199901L</code> to indicate that C99 support is available. [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Solaris Studio]], and other C compilers now{{when|date=August 2022}} support many or all of the new features of C99. The C compiler in [[Microsoft Visual C++]], however, implements the C89 standard and those parts of C99 that are required for compatibility with [[C++11]].<ref name="YTKIv">{{cite web |url=http://www.drdobbs.com/cpp/interview-with-herb-sutter/231900562 |title=Interview with Herb Sutter |website=[[Dr. Dobbs]] |author=Andrew Binstock |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2013 |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802070446/http://www.drdobbs.com/cpp/interview-with-herb-sutter/231900562}}</ref>{{update inline|date=February 2021}}

In addition, the C99 standard requires support for [[Identifier (computer languages)|identifiers]] using [[Unicode]] in the form of escaped characters (e.g. {{code|\u0040}} or {{code|\U0001f431}}) and suggests support for raw Unicode names.

=== C11 ===
{{Main|C11 (C standard revision)|l1=C11}}

Work began in 2007 on another revision of the C standard, informally called "C1X" until its official publication of ISO/IEC 9899:2011 on December 8, 2011. The C standards committee adopted guidelines to limit the adoption of new features that had not been tested by existing implementations.

The C11 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves compatibility with C++. The standard macro <code>__STDC_VERSION__</code> is defined as <code>201112L</code> to indicate that C11 support is available.

=== C17 ===
{{Main|C17 (C standard revision)|l1=C17}}

C17 is an informal name for ISO/IEC 9899:2018, a standard for the C programming language published in June 2018. It introduces no new language features, only technical corrections, and clarifications to defects in C11. The standard macro <code>__STDC_VERSION__</code> is defined as <code>201710L</code> to indicate that C17 support is available.

=== C23 ===
{{Main|C23 (C standard revision)|l1=C23}}

C23 is an informal name for the current major C language standard revision. It was known as "C2X" through most of its development. It builds on past releases, introducing features like new keywords, additional meaning for <code>auto</code> to provide [[type inference]] when declaring variables, new types including <code>nullptr_t</code> and <code>_BitInt(N)</code>, and expansions to the standard library.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO/IEC 9899:2024 (en) — N3220 working draft |url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3220.pdf |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref>

C23 was published in October 2024 as ISO/IEC 9899:2024.<ref name="N3132">{{cite web |title=WG14-N3132 : Revised C23 Schedule |url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3132.pdf |website=open-std.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609204739/https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3132.pdf |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |date=June 4, 2023}}</ref> The standard macro <code>__STDC_VERSION__</code> is defined as <code>202311L</code> to indicate that C23 support is available.

=== C2Y ===
{{Main|C2Y (C standard revision)|l1=C2Y}}
C2Y is an informal name for the next major C language standard revision, after C23 (C2X), that is hoped to be released later in the 2020s, hence the '2' in "C2Y". An early working draft of C2Y was released in February 2024 as N3220 by the working group [[ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22]]/WG14.<ref name="N3220">{{cite web |title=WG14-N3220 : Working Draft, C2y |url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3220.pdf |website=open-std.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226053735/https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3220.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>

=== Embedded C ===
{{Main|Embedded C}}

Historically, embedded C programming requires non-standard extensions to the C language to support exotic features such as [[fixed-point arithmetic]], multiple distinct [[memory bank]]s, and basic I/O operations.

In 2008, the C Standards Committee published a [[technical report]] extending the C language<ref name="TR18037">{{cite web |title=TR 18037: Embedded C |url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1169.pdf |website=open-std.org |id=ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG14 N1169 |date=April 4, 2006 |access-date=July 26, 2011 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224616/https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1169.pdf}}</ref> to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing.

== Definition ==
{{Main|C syntax}}

C has a [[formal grammar]] specified by the C standard.<ref name="h&s5e">{{cite book |last1=Harbison |first1=Samuel P. |last2=Steele |first2=Guy L. |author-link2=Guy L. Steele, Jr. |title=C: A Reference Manual |edition=5th |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=2002 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-089592-9}} Contains a [[Backus–Naur form|BNF]] grammar for C.</ref> Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters <code>/*</code> and <code>*/</code>, or (since C99) following <code>//</code> until the end of the line. Comments delimited by <code>/*</code> and <code>*/</code> do not nest, and these sequences of characters are not interpreted as comment delimiters if they appear inside [[String literal|string]] or character literals.{{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1988|p=192}}

C source files contain declarations and function definitions. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and [[Statement (computer science)|statements]]. Declarations either define new types using keywords such as <code>struct</code>, <code>union</code>, and <code>enum</code>, or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing the type followed by the variable name. Keywords such as <code>char</code> and <code>int</code> specify built-in types. Sections of code are enclosed in braces (<code>{</code> and <code>}</code>, sometimes called "curly brackets") to limit the scope of declarations and to act as a single statement for control structures.

As an imperative language, C uses ''statements'' to specify actions. The most common statement is an ''expression statement'', consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by a semicolon; as a [[Side effect (computer science)|side effect]] of the evaluation, [[Function (computer programming)|functions may be called]] and [[Assignment (computer science)|variables assigned]] new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, C provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. [[Structured programming]] is supported by <code>if</code> ... [<code>else</code>] conditional execution and by <code>do</code> ... <code>while</code>, <code>while</code>, and <code>for</code> iterative execution (looping). The <code>for</code> statement has separate initialization, testing, and reinitialization expressions, any or all of which can be omitted. <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> can be used within the loop. Break is used to leave the innermost enclosing loop statement and continue is used to skip to its reinitialisation. There is also a non-structured <code>[[goto]]</code> statement, which branches directly to the designated [[Label (computer science)|label]] within the function. <code>[[Switch statement|switch]]</code> selects a <code>case</code> to be executed based on the value of an integer expression. Different from many other languages, control-flow will [[Switch statement#Fallthrough|fall through]] to the next <code>case</code> unless terminated by a <code>break</code>.

Expressions can use a variety of built-in operators and may contain function calls. The order in which arguments to functions and operands to most operators are evaluated is unspecified. The evaluations may even be interleaved. However, all side effects (including storage to variables) will occur before the next "[[sequence point]]"; sequence points include the end of each expression statement, and the entry to and return from each function call. Sequence points also occur during evaluation of expressions containing certain operators (<code>&&</code>, <code>||</code>, <code>[[?:]]</code> and the [[comma operator]]). This permits a high degree of object code optimization by the compiler, but requires C programmers to take more care to obtain reliable results than is needed for other programming languages.

Kernighan and Ritchie say in the Introduction of ''The C Programming Language'': "C, like any other language, has its blemishes. Some of the operators have the wrong precedence; some parts of the syntax could be better."{{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1978|p=3}} The C standard did not attempt to correct many of these blemishes, because of the impact of such changes on already existing software.

=== Character set ===
The basic C source character set includes the following characters:<ref name="draft2007">
[https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf "Committee Draft ISO/IEC 9899:TC3: 5.2.1 Character sets"].
2007.
</ref>
* Lowercase and uppercase letters of the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]: <code>a</code>–<code>z</code>, <code>A</code>–<code>Z</code>
* Decimal digits: <code>0</code>–<code>9</code>
* Graphic characters: <code>! " # % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? [ \ ] ^ _ { | } ~</code>
* [[Whitespace character]]s: ''[[Space (punctuation)|space]]'', ''[[horizontal tab]]'', ''[[vertical tab]]'', ''[[form feed]]'', ''[[newline]]''

The ''newline'' character indicates the end of a text line; it need not correspond to an actual single character, although for convenience C treats it as such.

The POSIX standard mandates a [[portable character set]] which adds a few characters (notably "@") to the basic C source character set. Both standards do not prescribe any particular value encoding—[[ASCII]] and [[EBCDIC]] both comply with these standards, since they include at least those basic characters, even though they use different encoded values for those characters.

Additional multi-byte encoded characters may be used in [[string literal]]s, but they are not entirely [[Software portability|portable]]. Since [[C99]] multi-national Unicode characters can be embedded portably within C source text by using <code>\uXXXX</code> or <code>\UXXXXXXXX</code> encoding (where <code>X</code> denotes a hexadecimal character).

The basic C execution character set contains the same characters, along with representations for the [[null character]], [[Bell character|alert]], [[backspace]], and [[carriage return]].<ref name="draft2007" />

[[Run time (program lifecycle phase)|Run-time]] support for extended character sets has increased with each revision of the C standard.

=== Reserved words ===
All versions of C have [[reserved words]] that are [[case sensitive]]. As reserved words, they cannot be used for variable names.

C89 has 32 reserved words:

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* <code>auto</code>
* <code>[[Break statement|break]]</code>
* <code>case</code>
* <code>char</code>
* <code>[[const]]</code>
* <code>[[Continue (keyword)|continue]]</code>
* <code>default</code>
* <code>do</code>
* <code>[[Double-precision floating-point format|double]]</code>
* <code>[[Conditional (computer programming)|else]]</code>
* <code>[[Enumerated type|enum]]</code>
* <code>[[extern]]</code>
* <code>[[Floating-point arithmetic|float]]</code>
* <code>[[For loop|for]]</code>
* <code>[[goto]]</code>
* <code>[[Conditional (computer programming)|if]]</code>
* <code>[[Integer (computer science)|int]]</code>
* <code>[[Long integer|long]]</code>
* <code>[[Register (keyword)|register]]</code>
* <code>[[Return statement|return]]</code>
* <code>[[Short integer|short]]</code>
* <code>[[Signed number representations|signed]]</code>
* <code>[[sizeof]]</code>
* <code>[[Static (keyword)|static]]</code>
* <code>[[Struct (C programming language)|struct]]</code>
* <code>[[Switch statement|switch]]</code>
* <code>[[typedef]]</code>
* <code>[[Union type|union]]</code>
* <code>[[Signed number representations|unsigned]]</code>
* <code>[[Void type|void]]</code>
* <code>[[Volatile variable|volatile]]</code>
* <code>[[While loop|while]]</code>
{{div col end}}

C99 added five more reserved words: (‡ indicates an alternative spelling alias for a C23 keyword)

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* <code>[[Inline function|inline]]</code>
* <code>[[restrict]]</code>
* <code>_Bool</code> ‡
* <code>[[Complex data type|_Complex]]</code>
* <code>[[Complex data type|_Imaginary]]</code>
{{div col end}}

C11 added seven more reserved words:<ref name="ISOIEC 9899">{{Cite web|url=http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf|title=ISO/IEC 9899:201x (ISO C11) Committee Draft|website=open-std.org|date=December 2, 2010|access-date=September 16, 2011|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222215122/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1548.pdf}}</ref> (‡ indicates an alternative spelling alias for a C23 keyword)

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* <code>_Alignas</code> ‡
* <code>_Alignof</code> ‡
* <code>_Atomic</code>
* <code>_Generic</code>
* <code>_Noreturn</code>
* <code>_Static_assert</code> ‡
* <code>_Thread_local</code> ‡
{{div col end}}

C23 reserved fifteen more words:

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* <code>alignas</code>
* <code>alignof</code>
* <code>bool</code>
* <code>constexpr</code>
* <code>false</code>
* <code>nullptr</code>
* <code>static_assert</code>
* <code>thread_local</code>
* <code>true</code>
* <code>typeof</code>
* <code>typeof_unqual</code>
* <code>_BitInt</code>
* <code>_Decimal32</code>
* <code>_Decimal64</code>
* <code>_Decimal128</code>
{{div col end}}

Most of the recently reserved words begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter, because identifiers of that form were previously reserved by the C standard for use only by implementations. Since existing program source code should not have been using these identifiers, it would not be affected when C implementations started supporting these extensions to the programming language. Some standard headers do define more convenient synonyms for underscored identifiers. Some of those words were added as keywords with their conventional spelling in C23 and the corresponding macros were removed.

Prior to C89, <code>entry</code> was reserved as a keyword. In the second edition of their book ''[[The C Programming Language]]'', which describes what became known as C89, Kernighan and Ritchie wrote, "The ... [keyword] <code>entry</code>, formerly reserved but never used, is no longer reserved." and "The stillborn <code>entry</code> keyword is withdrawn."{{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1988|pp=192, 259}}

=== Operators ===
{{Main|Operators in C and C++}}

C supports a rich set of [[Operator (computer programming)|operators]], which are symbols used within an [[Expression (computer science)|expression]] to specify the manipulations to be performed while evaluating that expression. C has operators for:
* [[arithmetic]]: [[Addition|<code>+</code>]], [[Subtraction|<code>-</code>]], [[Multiplication|<code>*</code>]], [[Division (mathematics)|<code>/</code>]], [[Modulo operation|<code>%</code>]]
* [[Assignment (computer science)|assignment]]: <code>=</code>
* [[augmented assignment]]: {{codes|+{{=}}|-{{=}}|*{{=}}|/{{=}}|%{{=}}|&{{=}}|{{!}}{{=}}|^{{=}}|<<{{=}}|>>{{=}}|d=,{{space}}}}
* [[bitwise logic]]: <code>~</code>, <code>&</code>, <code>|</code>, <code>^</code>
* [[bitwise shift]]s: <code><<</code>, <code>>></code>
* [[Boolean logic]]: <code>!</code>, <code>&&</code>, <code>||</code>
* [[?:|conditional evaluation]]: [[?:|<code>? :</code>]]
* equality testing: [[Equality (mathematics)|<code>==</code>]], [[Inequality (mathematics)|<code>!=</code>]]
* [[Subroutine|calling functions]]: <code>( )</code>
* [[Increment and decrement operators|increment and decrement]]: <code>++</code>, <code>--</code>
* [[Record (computer science)|member selection]]: <code>.</code>, <code>-></code>
* object size: <code>[[sizeof]]</code>
* type: <code>[[typeof]]</code>, <code>typeof_unqual</code> ''since C23''
* [[order relation]]s: <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>
* [[Pointer (computer programming)|reference and dereference]]: <code>&</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>[ ]</code>
* sequencing: [[Comma operator|<code>,</code>]]
* [[Order of operations#Programming languages|subexpression grouping]]: <code>( )</code>
* [[type conversion]]: <code>(''typename'')</code>

C uses the operator <code>=</code> (used in mathematics to express equality) to indicate assignment, following the precedent of [[Fortran]] and [[PL/I]], but unlike [[ALGOL]] and its derivatives. C uses the operator <code>==</code> to test for equality. The similarity between the operators for assignment and equality may result in the accidental use of one in place of the other, and in many cases the mistake does not produce an error message (although some compilers produce warnings). For example, the conditional expression <code>if (a == b + 1)</code> might mistakenly be written as <code>if (a = b + 1)</code>, which will be evaluated as <code>true</code> unless the value of <code>a</code> is <code>0</code> after the assignment.<ref name="AutoTX-8">{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nxiao/cs10/errors.htm |title=10 Common Programming Mistakes in C++ |website=Cs.ucr.edu |access-date=June 26, 2009 |archive-date=October 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021080953/http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nxiao/cs10/errors.htm}}</ref>

The C [[operator precedence]] is not always intuitive. For example, the operator <code>==</code> binds more tightly than (is executed prior to) the operators <code>&</code> (bitwise AND) and <code>|</code> (bitwise OR) in expressions such as <code>x & 1 == 0</code>, which must be written as <code>(x & 1) == 0</code> if that is the coder's intent.<ref name="AutoTX-9">{{cite book |title=C and the 8051 |edition=3rd |last1=Schultz |first1=Thomas |year=2004 |publisher=PageFree Publishing Inc. |location=Otsego, MI |isbn=978-1-58961-237-2 |page=20 |url={{GBurl|id=rI0c8kWbxooC|pg=PT47}} |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref>

=== Data types ===
{{Main|C data types}}
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2012}}

[[File:1999 ISO C Concepts.png|thumb]]
The [[type system]] in C is [[static typing|static]] and [[Strong and weak typing|weakly typed]], which makes it similar to the type system of [[ALGOL]] descendants such as [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]].<ref name="Nmlwr">{{cite journal |last1=Feuer |first1=Alan R. |last2=Gehani |first2=Narain H. |date=March 1982 |title=Comparison of the Programming Languages C and Pascal |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=73–92 |doi=10.1145/356869.356872 |s2cid=3136859}}</ref> There are built-in types for integers of various sizes, both signed and unsigned, [[floating-point number]]s, and enumerated types (<code>enum</code>). Integer type <code>char</code> is often used for single-byte characters. C99 added a [[Boolean data type]]. There are also derived types including [[Array (data type)|arrays]], [[Pointer (computer programming)|pointers]], [[record (computer science)|records]] (<code>[[Struct (C programming language)|struct]]</code>), and [[union (computer science)|unions]] (<code>union</code>).

C is often used in low-level systems programming where escapes from the type system may be necessary. The compiler attempts to ensure type correctness of most expressions, but the programmer can override the checks in various ways, either by using a ''[[Type conversion|type cast]]'' to explicitly convert a value from one type to another, or by using pointers or unions to reinterpret the underlying bits of a data object in some other way.

Some find C's declaration syntax unintuitive, particularly for [[function pointer]]s. (Ritchie's idea was to declare identifiers in contexts resembling their use: "[[declaration reflects use]]".){{sfnp|Kernighan|Ritchie|1988|p=122}}

C's ''usual arithmetic conversions'' allow for efficient code to be generated, but can sometimes produce unexpected results. For example, a comparison of signed and unsigned integers of equal width requires a conversion of the signed value to unsigned. This can generate unexpected results if the signed value is negative.

==== Pointers ====
C supports the use of [[Pointer (computer programming)|pointers]], a type of [[Reference (computer science)|reference]] that records the address or location of an object or function in memory. Pointers can be ''dereferenced'' to access data stored at the address pointed to, or to invoke a pointed-to function. Pointers can be manipulated using assignment or [[pointer arithmetic]]. The run-time representation of a pointer value is typically a raw memory address (perhaps augmented by an offset-within-word field), but since a pointer's type includes the type of the thing pointed to, expressions including pointers can be type-checked at compile time. Pointer arithmetic is automatically scaled by the size of the pointed-to data type.

Pointers are used for many purposes in C. [[Text string]]s are commonly manipulated using pointers into arrays of characters. [[Dynamic memory allocation]] is performed using pointers; the result of a <code>malloc</code> is usually [[Type conversion|cast]] to the data type of the data to be stored. Many data types, such as [[Tree (data structure)|trees]], are commonly implemented as dynamically allocated <code>struct</code> objects linked together using pointers. Pointers to other pointers are often used in multi-dimensional arrays and arrays of <code>struct</code> objects. Pointers to functions (''[[function pointer]]s'') are useful for passing functions as arguments to [[higher-order function]]s (such as [[qsort]] or [[bsearch]]), in [[dispatch table]]s, or as [[callbacks]] to [[event handler]]s.<ref name="bk21st" />

A ''[[null pointer]] value'' explicitly points to no valid location. Dereferencing a null pointer value is undefined, often resulting in a [[segmentation fault]]. Null pointer values are useful for indicating special cases such as no "next" pointer in the final node of a [[linked list]], or as an error indication from functions returning pointers. In appropriate contexts in source code, such as for assigning to a pointer variable, a ''null pointer constant'' can be written as <code>0</code>, with or without explicit casting to a pointer type, as the <code>NULL</code> macro defined by several standard headers or, since C23 with the constant <code>nullptr</code>. In conditional contexts, null pointer values evaluate to <code>false</code>, while all other pointer values evaluate to <code>true</code>.

Void pointers (<code>void *</code>) point to objects of unspecified type, and can therefore be used as "generic" data pointers. Since the size and type of the pointed-to object is not known, void pointers cannot be dereferenced, nor is pointer arithmetic on them allowed, although they can easily be (and in many contexts implicitly are) converted to and from any other object pointer type.<ref name="bk21st" />

Careless use of pointers is potentially dangerous. Because they are typically unchecked, a pointer variable can be made to point to any arbitrary location, which can cause undesirable effects. Although properly used pointers point to safe places, they can be made to point to unsafe places by using invalid [[pointer arithmetic]]; the objects they point to may continue to be used after deallocation ([[dangling pointer]]s); they may be used without having been initialized ([[wild pointer]]s); or they may be directly assigned an unsafe value using a cast, union, or through another corrupt pointer. In general, C is permissive in allowing manipulation of and conversion between pointer types, although compilers typically provide options for various levels of checking. Some other programming languages address these problems by using more restrictive [[Reference (computer science)|reference]] types.

==== Arrays ====
{{See also|C string handling}}


[[Array (data type)|Array]] types in C are traditionally of a fixed, static size specified at compile time. The more recent C99 standard also allows a form of variable-length arrays. However, it is also possible to allocate a block of memory (of arbitrary size) at run time, using the standard library's <code>malloc</code> function, and treat it as an array.

Since arrays are always accessed (in effect) via pointers, array accesses are typically not checked against the underlying array size, although some compilers may provide [[bounds checking]] as an option.<ref name="fedoraproject">For example, gcc provides _FORTIFY_SOURCE. {{cite web |url=http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security/Features |title=Security Features: Compile Time Buffer Checks (FORTIFY_SOURCE) |publisher=fedoraproject.org |access-date=August 5, 2012 |archive-date=January 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107153447/http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security/Features}}</ref><ref name="Programming with C">{{Cite book|title=Programming with C|last1=เอี่ยมสิริวงศ์|first1=โอภาศ|publisher=SE-EDUCATION PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED|year=2016|isbn=978-616-08-2740-4|location=Bangkok, Thailand|pages=225–230}}</ref> Array bounds violations are therefore possible and can lead to various repercussions, including illegal memory accesses, corruption of data, [[buffer overruns]], and run-time exceptions.

C does not have a special provision for declaring [[multi-dimensional array]]s, but rather relies on [[Recursion (computer science)|recursion]] within the type system to declare arrays of arrays, which effectively accomplishes the same thing. The index values of the resulting "multi-dimensional array" can be thought of as increasing in [[row-major order]]. Multi-dimensional arrays are commonly used in numerical algorithms (mainly from applied [[linear algebra]]) to store matrices. The structure of the C array is well suited to this particular task. However, in early versions of C the bounds of the array must be known fixed values or else explicitly passed to any subroutine that requires them, and dynamically sized arrays of arrays cannot be accessed using double indexing. (A workaround for this was to allocate the array with an additional "row vector" of pointers to the columns.) C99 introduced "variable-length arrays" which address this issue.

The following example using modern C (C99 or later) shows allocation of a two-dimensional array on the heap and the use of multi-dimensional array indexing for accesses (which can use bounds-checking on many C compilers):
<syntaxhighlight lang="c" line>
int func(int n, int m) {
float (*p)[n][m] = malloc(sizeof *p);
if (p == NULL) {
return -1;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
(*p)[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
print_array(n, m, p);
free(p);
return 1;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

And here is a similar implementation using C99's ''Auto [[Variable length array|VLA]]'' feature:{{efn|Code of <code>print_array</code> (not shown) slightly differs also, because of the type of ''p'', being a pointer to the 2D array in the malloc'd version, and just a 2D array in the auto VNA version.}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="c" line="">
int func(int n, int m) {
// Caution: checks should be made to ensure n * m * sizeof(float) does NOT exceed limitations for auto VLAs and is within available size of stack.
float p[n][m]; // auto VLA is held on the stack, and sized when the function is invoked
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
p[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
print_array(n, m, p);
// no need to free(p) since it will disappear when the function exits, along with the rest of the stack frame
return 1;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

==== Array–pointer interchangeability ====
The subscript notation <code>x[i]</code> (where <code>x</code> designates a pointer) is [[syntactic sugar]] for <code>*(x+i)</code>.<ref name="Raymond1996">{{cite book |last1=Raymond |first1=Eric S. |author-link=Eric S. Raymond |title=The New Hacker's Dictionary |edition=3rd |url={{GBurl|id=g80P_4v4QbIC|p=432}} |access-date=August 5, 2012 |date=October 11, 1996 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-68092-9 |page=432 }}</ref> Taking advantage of the compiler's knowledge of the pointer type, the address that <code>x + i</code> points to is not the base address (pointed to by <code>x</code>) incremented by <code>i</code> bytes, but rather is defined to be the base address incremented by <code>i</code> multiplied by the size of an element that <code>x</code> points to. Thus, <code>x[i]</code> designates the <code>i+1</code>th element of the array.

Furthermore, in most expression contexts (a notable exception is as operand of <code>[[sizeof]]</code>), an expression of array type is automatically converted to a pointer to the array's first element. This implies that an array is never copied as a whole when named as an argument to a function, but rather only the address of its first element is passed. Therefore, although function calls in C use [[pass-by-value]] semantics, arrays are in effect passed by [[reference (computer science)|reference]].

The total size of an array <code>x</code> can be determined by applying <code>sizeof</code> to an expression of array type. The size of an element can be determined by applying the operator <code>sizeof</code> to any dereferenced element of an array <code>A</code>, as in <code>n = sizeof A[0]</code>. Thus, the number of elements in a declared array <code>A</code> can be determined as <code>sizeof A / sizeof A[0]</code>. Note, that if only a pointer to the first element is available as it is often the case in C code because of the automatic conversion described above, the information about the full type of the array and its length are lost.

=== Memory management ===
One of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facilities for managing [[Computer memory|memory]] and the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three principal ways to allocate memory for objects:<ref name="bk21st" />
* [[Static memory allocation]]: space for the object is provided in the binary at compile time; these objects have an [[Variable (programming)#Scope and extent|extent]] (or lifetime) as long as the binary which contains them is loaded into memory.
* [[Automatic memory allocation]]: temporary objects can be stored on the [[Call stack|stack]], and this space is automatically freed and reusable after the block in which they are declared is exited.
* [[C dynamic memory allocation|Dynamic memory allocation]]: blocks of memory of arbitrary size can be requested at run time using library functions such as <code>malloc</code> from a region of memory called the [[Memory management|heap]]; these blocks persist until subsequently freed for reuse by calling the library function <code>realloc</code> or <code>free</code>.

These three approaches are appropriate in different situations and have various trade-offs. For example, static memory allocation has little allocation overhead, automatic allocation may involve slightly more overhead, and dynamic memory allocation can potentially have a great deal of overhead for both allocation and deallocation. The persistent nature of static objects is useful for maintaining state information across function calls, automatic allocation is easy to use but stack space is typically much more limited and transient than either static memory or heap space, and dynamic memory allocation allows convenient allocation of objects whose size is known only at run time. Most C programs make extensive use of all three.

Where possible, automatic or static allocation is usually simplest because the storage is managed by the compiler, freeing the programmer of the potentially error-prone chore of manually allocating and releasing storage. However, many data structures can change in size at run time, and since static allocations (and automatic allocations before C99) must have a fixed size at compile time, there are many situations in which dynamic allocation is necessary.<ref name="bk21st" /> Prior to the C99 standard, variable-sized arrays were a common example of this. (See the article on [[C dynamic memory allocation]] for an example of dynamically allocated arrays.) Unlike automatic allocation, which can fail at run time with uncontrolled consequences, the dynamic allocation functions return an indication (in the form of a null pointer value) when the required storage cannot be allocated. (Static allocation that is too large is usually detected by the [[Linker (computing)|linker]] or [[Loader (computing)|loader]], before the program can even begin execution.)

Unless otherwise specified, static objects contain zero or null pointer values upon program startup. Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are initialized only if an initial value is explicitly specified; otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever [[bit pattern]] happens to be present in the [[Computer storage|storage]], which might not even represent a valid value for that type). If the program attempts to access an uninitialized value, the results are undefined. Many modern compilers try to detect and warn about this problem, but both [[Type I and type II errors|false positives and false negatives]] can occur.

Heap memory allocation has to be synchronized with its actual usage in any program to be reused as much as possible. For example, if the only pointer to a heap memory allocation goes out of scope or has its value overwritten before it is deallocated explicitly, then that memory cannot be recovered for later reuse and is essentially lost to the program, a phenomenon known as a ''[[memory leak]]''. Conversely, it is possible for memory to be freed but referenced subsequently, leading to unpredictable results. Typically, the failure symptoms appear in a portion of the program unrelated to the code that causes the error, making it difficult to diagnose the failure. Such issues are ameliorated in languages with [[automatic garbage collection]].

=== Libraries ===
The C programming language uses [[Library (computing)|libraries]] as its primary method of extension. In C, a library is a set of functions contained within a single "archive" file. Each library typically has a [[header file]], which contains the prototypes of the functions contained within the library that may be used by a program, and declarations of special data types and macro symbols used with these functions. For a program to use a library, it must include the library's header file, and the library must be linked with the program, which in many cases requires [[compiler flag]]s (e.g., <code>-lm</code>, shorthand for "link the math library").<ref name="bk21st" />

The most common C library is the [[C standard library]], which is specified by the [[ISO standard|ISO]] and [[ANSI C]] standards and comes with every C implementation (implementations which target limited environments such as [[embedded system]]s may provide only a subset of the standard library). This library supports stream input and output, memory allocation, mathematics, character strings, and time values. Several separate standard headers (for example, <code>stdio.h</code>) specify the interfaces for these and other standard library facilities.

Another common set of C library functions are those used by applications specifically targeted for [[Unix]] and [[Unix-like]] systems, especially functions which provide an interface to the [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]]. These functions are detailed in various standards such as [[POSIX]] and the [[Single UNIX Specification]].

Since many programs have been written in C, there are a wide variety of other libraries available. Libraries are often written in C because C compilers generate efficient [[object code]]; programmers then create interfaces to the library so that the routines can be used from higher-level languages like [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Perl]], and [[Python (programming language)|Python]].<ref name="bk21st" />

==== File handling and streams ====
File input and output (I/O) is not part of the C language itself but instead is handled by libraries (such as the C standard library) and their associated header files (e.g. <code>stdio.h</code>). File handling is generally implemented through high-level I/O which works through [[Stream (computing)|streams]]. A stream is from this perspective a data flow that is independent of devices, while a file is a concrete device. The high-level I/O is done through the association of a stream to a file. In the C standard library, a [[data buffer|buffer]] (a memory area or queue) is temporarily used to store data before it is sent to the final destination. This reduces the time spent waiting for slower devices, for example a [[hard drive]] or [[solid-state drive]]. Low-level I/O functions are not part of the standard C library{{clarify|date=October 2021}} but are generally part of "bare metal" programming (programming that is independent of any [[operating system]] such as most [[embedded programming]]). With few exceptions, implementations include low-level I/O.

== Language tools ==
{{See also|List of C software and tools}}
A number of tools have been developed to help C programmers find and fix statements with undefined behavior or possibly erroneous expressions, with greater rigor than that provided by the compiler.

Automated source code checking and auditing tools exist, such as [[lint (software)|Lint]]. A common practice is to use Lint to detect questionable code when a program is first written. Once a program passes Lint, it is then compiled using the C compiler. Also, many compilers can optionally warn about syntactically valid constructs that are likely to actually be errors. [[MISRA C]] is a proprietary set of guidelines to avoid such questionable code, developed for embedded systems.<ref name="MI2L0">{{cite web|url=http://www.unix.com/man-page/FreeBSD/1/lint |title=Man Page for lint (freebsd Section 1) |website=unix.com |date=May 24, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2014}}</ref>

There are also compilers, libraries, and operating system level mechanisms for performing actions that are not a standard part of C, such as [[bounds checking]] for arrays, detection of [[buffer overflow]], [[serialization]], [[dynamic memory]] tracking, and [[automatic garbage collection]].

Memory management checking tools like [[IBM Rational Purify|Purify]] or [[Valgrind]] and linking with libraries containing special versions of the [[malloc|memory allocation functions]] can help uncover run-time errors in memory usage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardison |first=Nate |title=CS107 Valgrind Memcheck |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/cs/cs107/cs107.1236/resources/valgrind.html |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=web.stanford.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hastings |first1=Reed |last2=Joyce |first2=Bob |title=Purify: Fast Detection of Memory Leaks and Access Errors |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs343/resources/purify.pdf |journal=Pure Software Inc. |pages=9}}</ref>

== Uses ==
C has been widely used to implement [[End-user (computer science)|end-user]] and system-level applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After All These Years, the World is Still Powered by C Programming |first1=Daniel |last1=Munoz |url=https://www.toptal.com/c/after-all-these-years-the-world-is-still-powered-by-c-programming |access-date=November 17, 2023 |website=Toptal Engineering Blog}}</ref>

=== Rationale for use in systems programming ===
[[File:The C Programming Language.png|thumb|Some software written in C]]
C is widely used for [[systems programming]] in implementing [[operating system]]s and [[embedded system]] applications.<ref name="Zh3CW">{{Cite book|title=Programming and problem solving with C++ |edition=6th |last1=Dale |first1=Nell B. |last2=Weems |first2=Chip |year=2014 |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-1-4496-9428-9 |oclc=894992484}}</ref> This is for several reasons:
* The C language permits platform hardware and memory to be accessed with pointers and [[type punning]], so system-specific features (e.g. [[Control/Status Register]]s, [[Memory-mapped I/O|I/O registers]]) can be configured and used with code written in C – it allows fullest control of the platform it is running on.
* The code generated by compilation does not demand many [[runtime system|system features]], and can be invoked from some boot code in a straightforward manner – it is simple to execute.
* The C language statements and expressions typically map well to sequences of instructions for the target processor, and consequently there is a low [[Run time (program lifecycle phase)|run-time]] demand on system resources – it is fast to execute.
* With its rich set of operators, the C language can use many of the features of target CPUs. Where a particular CPU has more esoteric instructions, a language variant can be constructed with perhaps [[intrinsic function]]s to exploit those instructions – it can use practically all the target CPU's features.
* The language makes it easy to overlay structures onto blocks of binary data, allowing the data to be comprehended, navigated and modified – it can write data structures, even file systems.
* The language supports a rich set of operators, including bit manipulation, for integer arithmetic and logic, and perhaps different sizes of floating point numbers – it can process appropriately structured data effectively.
* C is a fairly small language, with only a handful of statements, and without too many features that generate extensive target code – it is comprehensible.
* C has direct control over memory allocation and deallocation, which gives reasonable efficiency and predictable timing to memory-handling operations, without any concerns for sporadic ''[[stop-the-world]]'' garbage collection events – it has predictable performance.
* C permits the use and implementation of different [[C dynamic memory allocation|memory allocation]] schemes, including a typical {{code |lang=c |malloc}} and {{code |lang=c |free}}; a more sophisticated mechanism with [[Region-based memory management|''arenas'']]; or a version for an [[OS kernel]] that may suit [[Direct memory access|DMA]], use within [[interrupt handler]]s, or integrated with the [[virtual memory]] system.
* Depending on the linker and environment, C code can also call libraries written in [[assembly language]], and may be called from assembly language – it interoperates well with other lower-level code.
* C and its [[calling convention]]s and linker structures are commonly used in conjunction with other high-level languages, with calls both to C and from C supported – it interoperates well with other high-level code.
* C has a mature and broad ecosystem, including libraries, frameworks, open source compilers, debuggers and utilities, and is the de facto standard. It is likely the drivers already exist in C, or that there is a similar CPU architecture as a back-end of a C compiler, so there is reduced incentive to choose another language.

===Games===
Computer games are often built from a combination of languages. C has featured significantly, especially for those games attempting to obtain best performance from computer platforms. Examples include [[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]] from 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development of Doom |url=https://doomwiki.org/wiki/Development_of_Doom |website=DoomWiki.org |access-date=2025-03-02 |date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

===World Wide Web===
Historically, C was sometimes used for [[web development]] using the [[Common Gateway Interface]] (CGI) as a "gateway" for information between the web application, the server, and the browser.<ref name="Dobbs 1995">{{cite book |title=Dr. Dobb's Sourcebook |date=November–December 1995 |publisher=Miller Freeman, Inc. |location=U.S.}}</ref> C may have been chosen over [[interpreted language]]s because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability.<ref name="linuxjournal 2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6863 |publisher=linuxjournal.com |title=Using C for CGI Programming |access-date=January 4, 2010 |date=March 1, 2005 |archive-date=February 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213075858/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6863}}</ref> It is no longer common practice for web development to be done in C,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Perkins |first1=Luc |title=Web development in C: crazy? Or crazy like a fox? |url=https://medium.com/@lucperkins/web-development-in-c-crazy-or-crazy-like-a-fox-ff723209f8f5 |website=Medium |date=September 17, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-date=October 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004135317/https://medium.com/@lucperkins/web-development-in-c-crazy-or-crazy-like-a-fox-ff723209f8f5}}</ref> and many other [[web development#Server-side languages|web development languages]] are popular. Applications where C-based web development continues include the [[HTTP]] configuration pages on [[router (computing)|routers]], [[IoT]] devices and similar, although even here some projects have parts in higher-level languages e.g. the use of [[Lua]] within [[OpenWRT]].

Two popular [[web server]]s, [[Apache HTTP Server]] and [[Nginx]], are written in C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mull-overthing.com/what-programming-language-does-nginx-use/|title=What programming language does NGINX use?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greengeeks.com/blog/what-is-apache/|title=What is Apache and What Does it Do for Website Development? |date=February 15, 2022 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2025|reason=Blogs are self published sources}} C's close-to-the-metal approach allows for the construction of these high-performance software systems.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

===C as an intermediate language===
C is sometimes used as an [[intermediate language]] by implementations of other languages. This approach may be used for portability or convenience; by using C as an intermediate language, additional machine-specific code generators are not necessary. C has some features, such as line-number preprocessor directives and optional superfluous commas at the end of initializer lists, that support compilation of generated code. However, some of C's shortcomings have prompted the development of other [[List of C-family programming languages|C-based languages]] specifically designed for use as intermediate languages, such as [[C--]]. Also, contemporary major compilers [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] and [[LLVM]] both feature an [[intermediate representation]] that is not C, and those compilers support front ends for many languages including C.

===Computationally intensive libraries===
C enables programmers to create efficient implementations of algorithms and data structures, because the layer of abstraction from hardware is thin, and its overhead is low, an important criterion for computationally intensive programs. For example, the [[GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library]], the [[GNU Scientific Library]], [[Mathematica]], and [[MATLAB]] are completely or partially written in C. Many languages support calling library functions in C; for example, the [[Python (programming language)|Python]]-based framework [[NumPy]] uses C for the high-performance and hardware-interacting aspects.

===Other languages are written in C===
A consequence of C's wide availability and efficiency is that [[compiler]]s, libraries and [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreters]] of other programming languages are often implemented in C.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2018 |title=C – the mother of all languages |url=https://ict.iitk.ac.in/c-the-mother-of-all-languages/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=ICT Academy at IITK |archive-date=May 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531161841/https://ict.iitk.ac.in/c-the-mother-of-all-languages/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, the [[reference implementation]]s of [[Python (programming language)|Python]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1. Extending Python with C or C++ |website=Python 3.10.7 documentation |url=https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html |access-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105232707/https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html}}</ref> [[Perl]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview of the Perl 5 engine |url=https://opensource.com/article/18/1/perl-5-engine |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Opensource.com |first1=Michael |last1=Conrad |date=January 22, 2018 |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526105419/https://opensource.com/article/18/1/perl-5-engine}}</ref> [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=To Ruby From C and C++ |url=https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/ruby-from-other-languages/to-ruby-from-c-and-cpp/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=Ruby Programming Language |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812003928/https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/ruby-from-other-languages/to-ruby-from-c-and-cpp/}}</ref> and [[PHP]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Para |first1=Michael |date=August 3, 2022 |title=What is PHP? How to Write Your First PHP Program |url=https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-php-write-your-first-php-program/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804050401/https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-php-write-your-first-php-program/ |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=freeCodeCamp}}</ref> are written in C.

==Limitations==
Ritchie himself joked about the limitations of the language that he created:<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=2011-10-13 |title=Dennis Ritchie: The Shoulders Steve Jobs Stood On |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/10/thedennisritchieeffect/ |url-access=subscription |magazine=Wired |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005125/http://www.wired.com/2011/10/thedennisritchieeffect/}}</ref>
{{blockquote |text=the power of assembly language and the convenience of ... assembly language |author=Dennis Ritchie}}
While C is popular, influential and hugely successful, it has drawbacks, including:
* The standard [[dynamic memory]] handling with <code>malloc</code> and <code>free</code> is prone to mistakes. Improper use can lead to [[memory leaks]] and [[dangling pointers]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Internet Security Research Group |title=What is memory safety and why does it matter? |url=https://www.memorysafety.org/docs/memory-safety/ |website=Prossimo |access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref>
* The use of pointers and the direct manipulation of memory means corruption of memory is possible.
* There is [[type checking]], yet it does not apply to some areas like [[variadic functions]], and the type checking can be trivially or inadvertently circumvented. It is [[Strong and weak typing|weakly typed]], despite being statically typed.
* Since the code generated by the compiler contains few run-time checks, there is a burden on the programmer to consider all possible outcomes, to protect against buffer overruns, array bounds checking, [[stack overflow]]s, memory exhaustion, and consider [[Race condition#In software|race conditions]], thread isolation, etc.
* The use of pointers and the run-time manipulation of these enables two ways to access the same data (aliasing), which is not always determinable at compile time. This means that some optimizations that may be available to some other languages, such as Fortran, are not possible in C. For this reason, Fortran is sometimes considered faster.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* Some of the standard library functions, e.g. <code>scanf</code> or {{code|strncat}}, can lead to [[C standard library#Buffer overflow vulnerabilities|buffer overruns]].
* There is limited standardization in support for low-level variants in generated code, such as different function [[calling conventions]] and [[Application binary interface|ABI]]s; different [[Data structure alignment|structure packing]] conventions; and different byte ordering within larger integers (including endianness). In many language implementations, some of these options may be handled with the preprocessor directive <code>[[C preprocessor#Compiler-specific preprocessor features|#pragma]]</code>,<ref>{{Cite web |last=corob-msft |title=Pragma directives and the __pragma and _Pragma keywords |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/preprocessor/pragma-directives-and-the-pragma-keyword |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Microsoft Learn |date=March 31, 2022 |archive-date=September 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924075131/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/preprocessor/pragma-directives-and-the-pragma-keyword}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pragmas (The C Preprocessor) |url=https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Pragmas.html |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection |archive-date=June 17, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020617041757/https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Pragmas.html}}</ref> and some with additional keywords e.g. use <code>[[__cdecl]]</code> calling convention. The directive and options are not consistently supported.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pragmas |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/cpp-compiler-developer-guide-and-reference/top/compiler-reference/pragmas.html |publisher=Intel |work=Intel C++ Compiler Classic Developer Guide and Reference |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410113529/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/cpp-compiler-developer-guide-and-reference/top/compiler-reference/pragmas.html}}</ref>
* [[C string handling|String handling]] using the standard library is code-intensive, with explicit memory management required.
* The language does not directly support object orientation, [[type introspection|introspection]], run-time expression evaluation (like <code>eval</code> in JavaScript), garbage collection, etc.
* There are few guards against misuse of language features, which may enable [[Software maintenance|unmaintainable]] code. In particular, the [[C preprocessor]] can hide troubling effects such as double evaluation and worse.<ref>{{cite web |title=In praise of the C preprocessor |url=https://apenwarr.ca/log/20070813 |website=apenwarr |date=August 13, 2007 |access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref> This capability for obfuscated code has been celebrated with competitions such as the [[International Obfuscated C Code Contest]] and the [[Underhanded C Contest]].
* C lacks standard support for [[exception handling]] and only offers [[return code]]s for error checking. The [[Setjmp.h|<code>setjmp</code> and <code>longjmp</code>]] standard library functions have been used<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roberts |first1=Eric S. |title=Implementing Exceptions in C |date=March 21, 1989 |url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/dec/tech_reports/SRC-RR-40.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115152453/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/dec/tech_reports/SRC-RR-40.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2017 |access-date=January 4, 2022 |publisher=[[DEC Systems Research Center]] |id=SRC-RR-40}}</ref> to implement a try-catch mechanism via macros. Also, <code>goto</code> statements are commonly used for error handling.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

=== Mitigations for C's problems ===

For some purposes, restricted styles of C have been adopted, e.g. [[MISRA C]] or [[CERT C]], in an attempt to reduce the opportunity for unwanted behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secure Coding Overview |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1090471.pdf |publisher=Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University |access-date=2025-12-15}}</ref> Databases such as [[Common Weakness Enumeration|CWE]] attempt to count the ways that systems in general, especially those coded in C, have potential vulnerabilities, along with recommendations for mitigation.

There are [[#Language tools|tools]] that can mitigate some of the drawbacks. Contemporary C compilers include checks which may generate warnings to help identify many potential bugs.

C's use of pointers can be made less risky by use of [[instruction set architecture]] extensions such as ''[[CHERI]]'' or ''Permission Overlay Extensions''. These techniques change the fundamental nature of pointers at a hardware level to include bounds checks and purposes, which can help prevent buffer over-runs and inappropriate heap accesses.

Since the early 2020s the Linux kernel has sections written in [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], a language which has specific measures to improve safety.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Linux Patch Confirms: Rust Experiment Is Done, Rust Is Here To Stay |url=https://www.phoronix.com/news/Rust-To-Stay-Linux-Kernel |website=www.phoronix.com |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en}}</ref>

== Related languages ==
{{main|List of C-family programming languages}}

[[File:TIOBE Index.webp|thumb|[[TIOBE index]]]]

Many languages developed after C were influenced by and borrowed aspects of C, including [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[C shell]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Objective-C]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]], [[Verilog]] and [[SystemVerilog]].<ref name="vinsp" /><ref name="kafmy">{{Cite book|title=Pillars of computing : a compendium of select, pivotal technology firms |last1=O'Regan |first1=Gerard |isbn=978-3-319-21464-1 |oclc=922324121 |date=September 24, 2015|publisher=Springer }}</ref> Some claim that the most pervasive influence has been syntactical {{endash}} that these languages combine the statement and expression syntax of C with type systems, data models and large-scale program structures that differ from those of C, sometimes radically.

Several C or near-C interpreters exist, including [[Ch (computer programming)|Ch]] and [[CINT]], which can also be used for scripting.

When [[object-oriented programming]] languages became popular, [[C++]] and [[Objective-C]] were two different extensions of C that provided object-oriented capabilities. Both languages were originally implemented as [[source-to-source compiler]]s; source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler.<ref name="dSI6f">{{Cite book |title=Languages and compilers for parallel computing : 16th international workshop, LCPC 2003, College Station, TX, USA, October 2–4, 2003 : revised papers|last1=Rauchwerger |first1=Lawrence |year=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-24644-2 |oclc=57965544}}</ref>

The [[C++]] programming language (originally named "C with [[Class (programming)|Classes]]") was devised by [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] as an approach to providing [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] functionality with a C-like syntax.<ref name="stroustrup 1993">{{cite web |url=http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl2.pdf |title=A History of C++: 1979–1991 |first1=Bjarne |last1=Stroustrup |author-link=Bjarne Stroustrup |year=1993 |access-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-date=February 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202050609/http://www.stroustrup.com/hopl2.pdf}}</ref> C++ adds greater typing strength, scoping, and other tools useful in object-oriented programming, and permits [[generic programming]] via templates. Nearly a superset of C, C++ now{{when|date=August 2022}} supports most of C, with [[Compatibility of C and C++|a few exceptions]].

[[Objective-C]] was originally a thin layer on top of C, and remains a strict [[superset]] of C that permits object-oriented programming using a hybrid dynamic/static typing paradigm. Objective-C derives its syntax from both C and [[Smalltalk]]: syntax that involves preprocessing, expressions, function declarations, and function calls is inherited from C, while the syntax for object-oriented features was originally taken from Smalltalk.

In addition to [[C++]] and [[Objective-C]], [[Ch (computer programming)|Ch]], [[Cilk]], and [[Unified Parallel C]] are nearly supersets of C.

== See also ==
* [[Comparison of Pascal and C]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages]]
* [[List of C compilers]]
* [[List of computer books#C|List of C programming books]]
* [[Outline of the C programming language]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}
*{{cite Q |Q63565563 |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |author1-link=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |author2-link=Dennis Ritchie |publication-date=1978 }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFKernighanRitchie1978}}
*{{cite Q |Q63413168 |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |author1-link=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |author2-link=Dennis Ritchie |publication-date=1988 }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFKernighanRitchie1988}}
*{{cite Q |Q55869040 |last=Ritchie |first=Dennis M. |author-link=Dennis Ritchie |publication-date=March 1993a |editor-last=Wexelblat |editor-first=Richard L. |editor-link=Richard Wexelblat }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFRitchie1993a}}
*{{cite Q |Q29392176 |last=Ritchie |first=Dennis M. |author-link=Dennis Ritchie |publication-date=1993b |editor1-last=Bergin |editor1-first=Thomas J. |editor2-last=Gibson |editor2-first=Richard G. }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFRitchie1993b}}
*{{cite Q |Q134885774 |last=Ritchie |first=Dennis M. |author-link=Dennis Ritchie |publication-date=2003 |orig-date=1993 |via=Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFRitchie2003}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Plauger |first1=P.J. |author-link=P. J. Plauger |title=The Standard C Library |edition=1 |year=1992 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-131509-9}} [https://github.com/wuzhouhui/c_standard_lib ''(source)'']
* {{cite book |last1=Banahan |first1=M. |last2=Brady |first2=D. |last3=Doran |first3=M. |title=The C Book: Featuring the ANSI C Standard |edition=2 |year=1991 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-54433-6}} [https://github.com/wardvanwanrooij/thecbook ''(free)'']
* {{cite book |last1=Feuer |first1=Alan R. |title=The C Puzzle Book |edition=1 |year=1985 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-109934-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harbison |first1=Samuel |last2=Steele |first2=Guy Jr. |title=C: A Reference Manual |edition=5 |year=2002 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-089592-9}} [https://archive.org/details/creferencemanual00harb ''(archive)'']
* {{cite book |last1=King |first1=K.N. |title=C Programming: A Modern Approach |edition=2 |year=2008 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-97950-3}} [https://archive.org/details/cprogrammingmode0000king ''(archive)'']
* {{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=David |last2=Griffiths |first2=Dawn |title=Head First C |edition=1 |year=2012 |publisher=O'Reilly |isbn=978-1-4493-9991-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Greg |last2=Miller |first2=Dean |title=C Programming: Absolute Beginner's Guide |edition=3 |year=2013 |publisher=Que |isbn=978-0-7897-5198-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deitel |first1=Paul |last2=Deitel |first2=Harvey |title=C: How to Program |edition=8 |year=2015 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-397689-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gustedt |first1=Jens |title=Modern C |edition=2 |year=2019 |publisher=Manning |isbn=978-1-61729-581-2}} ''[https://gustedt.gitlabpages.inria.fr/modern-c/ (free)]''
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|C Programming}}
* [https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/ ISO C Working Group official website]
** [https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/standards ISO/IEC 9899], publicly available official C documents, including the C99 Rationale
** {{cite web |url=https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025205438/http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2007 |title=C99 with Technical corrigenda TC1, TC2, and TC3 included}} {{small|(3.61 MB)}}
* [https://c-faq.com/ comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions]
* [https://csapp.cs.cmu.edu/3e/docs/chistory.html A History of C], by Dennis Ritchie
* [https://en.cppreference.com/w/c C Library Reference and Examples]

{{Subject bar |auto=y |v=C |commons=Category:C (programming language) |b=C Programming |portal1=Computer programming }}
{{C programming language|state=expanded}}
{{Integrated development environments}}
{{Programming languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:C (programming language)| ]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Articles with example C code]]
[[Category:C programming language family]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:High-level programming languages]]
[[Category:Procedural programming languages]]
[[Category:Structured programming languages]]
[[Category:Programming languages created in 1972]]
[[Category:Programming languages with an ISO standard]]
[[Category:Statically typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Systems programming languages]]
[[Category:Compiled programming languages]]

Carry On Jatta

2026-03-20T11:52:01Z

Hearthospital: slightly cleanup intro for clarity and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Smeep Kang}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Carry On Jatta
| native_name =
| image = Carry on Jatta - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Smeep Kang]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sippy Grewal]]
* Pushpinder Happy
* Semi Dhaliwal
* Sukha Singh
* Nitin Talwar
}}
| writer = [[Naresh Kathooria]]
| screenplay = Smeep Kang Naresh Kathooria Zahid khursheed
| story = Smeep Kang Naresh Zahid khursheed
| based_on =
| starring = [[Gippy Grewal]] [[Mahie Gill]] [[Binnu Dhillon]] [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] [[Rana Ranbir]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| cinematography = Binendra Menon
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Gurfateh Films
* Sippy Grewal Production
}}
| distributor = White Hill Studios, Sukha Production (Australia)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|7|27}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/carry-jatta-2012 |title=Carry on Jatta (2012) |publisher=[[BBFC]] |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015142857/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/carry-jatta-2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR}}18 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/carry-jatta-3-box-office-gippy-grewal-starrer-crosses-rs-100-cr-emerges-first-punjabi-film-enter-rs-100-cr-club/|title=Carry on Jatta 3 Box Office: Gippy Grewal starrer crosses Rs. 100 cr; emerges as first Punjabi film to enter the Rs. 100 cr club|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2023-09-14|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918005909/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/carry-jatta-3-box-office-gippy-grewal-starrer-crosses-rs-100-cr-emerges-first-punjabi-film-enter-rs-100-cr-club/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Carry On Jatta''''' is a 2012 [[India]]n [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Smeep Kang]] and starring [[Gippy Grewal]], and [[Mahie Gill]]. The film was released on 27 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/carry_on_jatta/ |title=Carry on Jatta - 2012 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201185506/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/carry_on_jatta |url-status=live }}</ref> This film was remade in [[Odia language|Odia]] in 2015 as ''[[Pilata Bigidigala]]'', in Telugu in 2016 as ''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]'', in Bangladesh (Bengali) in 2017 as ''[[Dhat Teri Ki]]'' and in Bengali (India) in 2019 as ''[[Jamai Badal]]''.

==Plot==
Jass ([[Gippy Grewal]]) falls in love with Mahie ([[Mahie Gill]]) at a friend's wedding. She tells her friends that she is going to marry someone who does not have a family, like herself. Mahi does not want to deal with the nagging, and interference of in-laws after marriage. So, to woo her, Jass with the help of his friend Honey ([[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]) pretends that he is an orphan. She falls in love with him, but when she tells her brother, Taji ([[Karamjit Anmol]]) he forces them to get married right away. So, Jass marries Mahie without telling his father Advocate Dhillon ([[Jaswinder Bhalla]]), brother Goldy Dhillon ([[Binnu Dhillon]]), or his wife Diljit Dhillon (Anshu Sawhney). Now, after marriage, Jass tells Mahie to find them a place to stay, and she finds a sublease room in Jass's own home, and this is where the comedy of errors begins. Jass and his best friend Honey ([[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]) cook up several plans to confuse Jass's family so Jass can live with his wife Mahie in his own home without his family ever finding out. But in between all this, Honey marries his girlfriend Preet ([[Khushboo Grewal]]) in secret because his dad Inspector Sikander Tiwana ([[B.N. Sharma]]) won't agree to his marriage, but Honey tricks Preet's parents and Preet into believing that he is Advocate Dhillon's son. This leads to a big-time fiasco. Everything unravels at the end and Mahi accepts Jass for who he is.

==Cast==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Jass Dhillon
* [[Mahie Gill]] as Mahie
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Honey Tiwana
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Goldy Dhillon
* Anshu Sawhney as Daljeet Dhillon
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] as Advocate Dhillon
* [[Khushboo Grewal]] as Preet Bhullar
* [[Sardar Sohi]] as Vada Bhullar
* [[B.N. Sharma]] as Sikander Singh Tiwana
* [[Rana Ranbir]] as Chota Bhullar/Aarhu
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Taji
* [[Inderjit Nikku]] [cameo]
* [[Naresh Kathooria]] as the advisor to a parliament candidate.
* Lakki Harkhowalia as Veer
* Harby Sangha
* Azzy Bagria as Lucky

==Production==
This is [[Gippy Grewal]]'s home production where he launched his banner Gurfateh Films along with his brothers Sippy Grewal who launched his banner Sippy Grewal Productions, Sukha Production and Pushpinder Happy. The entire shoot of the film took place in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

==Box office==
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}
''Carry On Jatta'' had the second-highest opening for a Punjabi film in Punjab with {{INR}}61 [[lakh]] net on its opening day.<ref name="COJ 1st day BO">{{cite news |url=http://movieweaver.com/box-office/carry-on-jatta-first-day-box-office-collections-report/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730010411/http://movieweaver.com/box-office/carry-on-jatta-first-day-box-office-collections-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Carry On Jatta First Day Box Office Collections Report |work=Movie Weaver |date=28 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It then went on to have a weekend collection of {{INR}} 2.05 [[crore]], an opening week collection {{INR}}3.75 crore and is on its way to make a total of {{INR}}10 crore in India, making it the second-highest grossing Punjabi film in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Carry On Jatta Is A Blockbuster|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4745&nCat=|accessdate=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805192209/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4745&nCat=|archivedate=5 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = ''Carry On Jatta''
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Punjabi
| label = Speed Records
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

===Track listing===
{| class="wikitable"
! Track !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Lyrics !! Music
|-
| 01
| "Carry On Jatta"
| [[Gippy Grewal]]
| Kumar
| [[Jatinder Shah]]
|-
| 02
| "Sada Hi Funda"
| Gippy Grewal
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 03
| "Rakhi Karde Kanka Di"
| Gippy Grewal-Gurlej Akthar
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 04
| "Mar Jawan"
| Gippy Grewal
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 05
| "Udai Ja Udai Ja"
| Gippy Grewal-Gurlej Akthar-Veet Baljit
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 06
| "Ni Sweety"
| Gippy Grewal
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 07
| "Roula Pai Gaya"
| Gippy Grewal - [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| Jaggi Singh
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 08
| "Tera Naam"
| Gippy Grewal
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|-
| 09
| "Mar Jawan" (Lounge Mix)
| Gippy Grewal
| Veet Baljit
| Jatinder Shah
|}

==Awards==

''Carry On Jatta'' won eight awards at the 3rd PTC Punjabi Film Awards in 2013.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Winner's Name
|-
| Best Editing || Bunty Nagi
|-
| Best Performance In A Comic Role || [[Binnu Dhillon]] [[Jaswinder Bhalla]]
|-
| Popular Star Of The Year || [[Gippy Grewal]]
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
|-
| Best Dialogues || [[Naresh Kathooria]]
|-
| Critics Award for Best Film || Gurfateh Films, Sippy Grewal Productions,Sukha production
|-
| Critics Award for Best Director || [[Smeep Kang]]
|}

==Sequel==
''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'' a sequel with [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in lead roles and [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], [[B.N. Sharma]], [[Karamjit Anmol]], [[Upasana Singh]] and [[Jyotii Sethi]] in supporting roles was released on 1 June 2018.

The third installment of the franchise, ''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]'' was released on 29 June 2023. The film features Gippy Grewal and Sonam Bajwa in lead roles, along with returning supporting actors from the previous films.

Upcoming Sequel and fourth installment of the franchise, Carry On Jatta 4, is scheduled to be released on 26 June 2026.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2245544|Carry on Jatta}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]
[[Category:Punjabi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Punjabi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]

Asom Gana Parishad

2026-03-14T15:28:35Z

Hearthospital:

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{distinguish|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Asom Gana Parishad
|abbreviation = AGP
|colorcode = {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|president = [[Atul Bora]]
|secretary = [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
|founder = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]] [[Biraj Kumar Sarma]]
|leader = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1985|10|14}}
|alliance = [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] (2016–2019, 2019–present) [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2016–2019, 2019–present)
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|9|126|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|eci = State Party<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
|ideology = [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Ethnic nationalism]]
|position = {{Nowrap|[[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]] to [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]}}
|headquarters = AGP Complex, Gopinath Bordoloi Road, [[Ambari]], [[Guwahati]] - 781001
|publication =
|youth = [[Jitu Borgohain]]
|students = [[Tridip Bora]]
|women = [[Manoshi S. Bhagowati]]
|peasants = [[Sunil Deka]]
|symbol =[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|100px]] Elephant
|flag=
|website=https://agpofficial.in}}

'''Asom Gana Parishad''' ([[translation]]: ''Assam People's Council'', {{small|abbr.}} '''AGP''') is a [[political party]] in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]]. The AGP formed the government after the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]] and [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]] legislative assembly elections. Party leader, [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], twice served as the [[Chief Minister of Assam]], from 1985 to 1990 and again from 1996 to 2001.

The AGP was formed following the [[Assam Accord]] and the [[Golaghat Convention]] in 1985.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |date=November 1986 |title=Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil--Assam, 1979-1985 |journal=Asian Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644315 |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=1184–1206|doi=10.2307/2644315 |jstor=2644315 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19851115-birth-of-agp-leads-to-assam-being-divided-into-two-irreconcilable-camps-802167-2014-01-17|title=Birth of AGP leads to Assam being divided into two irreconcilable camps|newspaper=[[India Today]]|author=Indranil Banerjie|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> The AGP split in 1991, with former Home Minister, [[Bhrigu Phukan|Brighu Kumar Phukan]], forming the [[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]]. The party reunited before the 1996 elections. The AGP split once again in 2005, with former Chief Minister, Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, forming the [[Asom Gana Parishad (Progressive)|Asom Gana Parishad Pragatishel]]. The AGP reunited in October 2008 at Golaghat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081015/jsp/guwahati/story_9969896.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212845/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081015/jsp/guwahati/story_9969896.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2018|title=AGP unification amid scepticism – Sections still unsure about party fortunes|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|author=Samir K. Purkayastha|date=15 October 2008}}</ref>

The AGP was a member of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] that won the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]] Assam legislative assembly elections. At the federal level, the AGP was a member of the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] from 1989 to 1990 and the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] from 1996 to 1998. Since 1998, the AGP has often joined and supported the National Democratic Alliance.

==History==
The [[Assam Movement]], also known as the '''Anti-Foreigners Agitation''', was a movement, from 1979 to 1985, that demanded the [[Government of India]] detect, disenfranchise and deport foreign-born inhabitants without citizenship. Led by the [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU), the movement defined a six-year period of sustained [[civil disobedience]] campaigns, political instability and ethnic violence. The movement ended in 1985 with the [[Assam Accord]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Implementation of Assam Accord|url=https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/information-services/martyrs-of-assam-agitation|website=assamaccord.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

In 1985, the Assam Legislative Assembly was dissolved and the Congress government headed by [[Hiteswar Saikia]], which came to power in [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]], was dismissed by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. The [[Golaghat Convention|Golaghat National Convention]] of Assam Movement activists, held in [[Golaghat]] on 13–14 October 1985, formally established the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) to contest the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]] elections.<ref>Hazarika, Niru. “ASOM GANA PARISHAD.” ''The Indian Journal of Political Science, vol. 49, no. 1, 1988''. pp. 95–104. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855355. Accessed 30 Jan. 2026.</ref> [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], the President of the AASU, was elected the President of the presidium of the AGP.

After the 1985 elections, the AGP formed a government with the support of the successful independent candidates affiliated with the Assam Movement. The AGP thereafter held 92 seats in the 126-member Assam legislative assembly. AGP affiliated independents won seven of the 14 Lok Sabha (Parliament) seats in the delayed [[1984 Indian general election|1984-85]] general election in Assam. The AGP formed the government again after the [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]] elections.

Party leader, [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], served as the [[Chief Minister of Assam]] for two terms, first from 1985 to 1990 and again from 1996 to 2001. The Asom Gana Parishad was a part of the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] government from December 1989 to November 1990. AGP [[Member of Parliament]] [[Dinesh Goswami]] was the Union Minister of Law and Justice in the [[V. P. Singh Ministry]]. The party also took part in the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] governments headed by [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] from 1996 to 1998. Party leaders [[Birendra Prasad Baishya]] and [[Muhi Ram Saikia]] took office as Union Minister of Steel and Mines and the Union Minister of State for Human Resources Development respectively in the United Front governments.

[[File:M. Venkaiah Naidu with a delegation of Ministers and MLAs of Asom Gana Parishad led by the Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture & Food Processing, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, UDD and T&CP, Assam, Shri Atul Bora.jpg|thumb|The [[Vice President of India]], Venkaiah Naidu, with a delegation of Ministers and MLAs of the Asom Gana Parishad.]]

Since the late 1990s, the AGP has often joined and supported the [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/agp-strikes-a-deal-with-bjp-joins-nda/articleshow/37142678.cms</ref><ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/agp-joins-bjp-led-nda-33350-2008-11-13</ref> There have been tactical alliances and seat-sharing arrangements in assembly and Lok Sabha elections. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was the junior coalition member in the [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]] assembly elections, but the AGP accepted the role of junior coalition member in the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]] assembly elections.<ref name="the print">{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2021 |title=How BJP has reduced AGP, leading party of Assamese aspiration, into a crumbling hanger-on |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjps-tail-agp-seems-set-to-split-once-again-with-prafulla-mahanta-shown-the-door/617126 |website=The Print}}</ref> As a member of the National Democratic Alliance, the AGP is a constituent also of the [[North-East Democratic Alliance]] (NEDA).<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2016 |title=Amit Shah holds meeting with northeast CMs, forms alliance |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amit-shah-holds-meeting-with-northeast-cms-forms-alliance/story-YDYLQ6YsImuzZOQ6Zev5MO.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In 2019, the AGP briefly withdrew from the National Democratic Alliance due to the unpopularity of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] with its voter base.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-loses-assam-ally-agp-pulls-out-over-citizenship-bill-5527731/</ref> AGP ministers resigned from the state government, including [[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]], [[Keshab Mahanta]] and [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]].<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/3-asom-gana-parishad-ministers-tender-resignation-over-citizenship-amendment-bill-1427373-2019-01-09</ref> Senior AGP leaders officially oppose the Citizenship Amendment Act and support the implementation of the Assam Accord, as of 2024.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/still-oppose-caa-will-continue-to-pursue-case-in-supreme-court-agp/articleshow/109853527.cms</ref> However, the AGP renewed its membership in the National Democratic Alliance before the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/agp-bjp-join-hands-two-months-after-separation-722964.html BJP, AGP back together after 2-month divorce]</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/agp-to-fight-lok-sabha-polls-with-bjp-in-assam/articleshow/68388940.cms AGP to fight Lok Sabha polls with BJP in Assam]</ref> The AGP faces factionalism over the Citizenship Amendment Act, with supporters and detractors amongst the party's legislators and voter base.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/agp-gen-secy-resigns-alleges-bjp-influence-on-party-president/articleshow/123683569.cms</ref>

==Factionalism==
The AGP in March 1991 underwent a split when party general secretary and former [[Assam]] Home Minister [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]], former Union Law Minister and MP [[Dinesh Goswami]], former state Education Minister [[Brindaban Goswami]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] speaker [[Pulakesh Barua]] and others formed the [[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]] (''natun'' means ''new'' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]). This fraction came back to the party fold before the 1996 elections.

In 2000, former Assam [[Public Works Department|PWD]] minister and senior party leader [[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]] (Senior) moved away along with [[Pulakesh Barua]] and formed [[Trinamool Gana Parishad]].

After the second AGP Government's reign under [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] came to an end and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] regained power, numerous allegations were raised against him related to the corruption during his tenure, government's involvement in secret killings, and Mahanta's overall inactive leadership. These led to his demotion from being President of the party and later he was expelled from the party on 3 July 2005 after being accused of anti-party activities. Mahanta then formed his own party, [[Asom Gana Parishad (Progressive)]].

In 2008, a process started to reconcile the differences among all the breakaway fractions and to bring back everybody under the mother party umbrella to strengthen the regional party movement in [[Assam]]. Finally, on 14 October 2008, all breakaway groups reconciled in one umbrella at the historic town Golaghat. [[Prafulla Mahanta]] merged his AGP(P) with it. [[Atul Bora]] and [[Pulakesh Barua]] merged their TGP with the AGP and farmer leader and former legislator of Patacharkuchi, [[Pabindra Deka]] too merged the [[Purbanchaliya Loka Parishad]] (PLP) with it.

In 2011, [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] resigned from all executive posts within AGP and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], due to dissatisfaction with and amongst the senior leadership of the party who were trying to forge an alliance with a party that was against the scrapping of the controversial IMDT Act. "The AGP was born out of the illegal foreigners' issue after the six-year-long [[Assam Movement|Assam agitation]]; 855 people laid down their lives in the agitation. However, the party has failed to honor the sacrifice of the martyrs by deviating from its principles. But I have no grievances against the dedicated grassroots-level workers. Since the AGP has failed to tackle the illegal migrants' problem, I've joined the BJP keeping in mind the interest of the people of [[Assam]] and the fact that I'll be able to highlight the problems and issues of the state at the national level," Sonowal, the former AGP general secretary, said.

On 8 February 2011, Sonowal joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the presence of the then BJP National President [[Nitin Gadkari]] and senior leaders like [[Varun Gandhi]], [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]], [[Bijoya Chakravarty]] and state [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] president [[Ranjit Dutta]]. He was immediately appointed a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] National Executive and then later on State Spokesperson of the state [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] unit, prior to his current assignment to head the state as the new president.

Again on 3 July 2013, senior party leader [[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]] once again left the party and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

== Electoral performance ==
===Assam Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Seats
!Seats contested
!Votes
!Vote Percentage
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|92|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|126|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|New
|38.91%
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|19|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|121|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{decrease}} 73
|17.93%
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|59|126|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|96|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{increase}} 41
|29.70%
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Composition bar|20|126|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|77|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Decrease}}39
|20.02%
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Composition bar|24|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|100|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
|20.39%
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar|10|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|104|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{decrease}}14
|16.29%
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Composition bar|14|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|30|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{increase}}4
|8.1%
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Composition bar|9|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|29|126|hex={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{decrease}}5
|7.91%
|}

===Lok Sabha, Assam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Seats
!Seats contested
!Votes
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|7|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|2,628,291
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
!colspan="3"| Election not held
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|14|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|1,489,898
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|5|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|11|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|2,560,506
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|0|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|1,064,977
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|0|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|8|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|1,182,061
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|2|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|12|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|2,069,600
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|6|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|1,773,103
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|0|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|12|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|577,730
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|0|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|1,480,697
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|14|{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}}}
|1,298,707
|-
|}

==Leadership==
'''List of presidents'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
|-
|-
|1
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|[[File:The_former_Chief_Minister_of_Assam,_Shri_Prafulla_Kumar_Mahanta_calling_on_the_Minister_of_State_for_Culture_and_Tourism_(Independent_Charge),_Dr._Mahesh_Sharma,_in_New_Delhi_on_July_20,_2017_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|
|[[Nowgong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
|-
|3.
|[[Thaneswar Boro]]
|
|
|[[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
|-
|2.
|[[Brindaban Goswami]]
|[[File:M. Venkaiah Naidu with a delegation of Ministers and MLAs of Asom Gana Parishad led by the Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture & Food Processing, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, UDD and T&CP, Assam, Shri Atul Bora.jpg|thumb]]
|September, 2001 – 21 September 2008
|[[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
|-
|4.
|[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
|[[File:Nitin Gadkari, the Chief Minister of Haryana, Shri Manohar Lal Khattar, the Minister of State for Road Transport & Highways and Shipping, Shri P. Radhakrishnan, the Transport Minister, Assam.jpg|thumb|Chandra Mohan Parowary in left corner with P. Radhakrishnan.]]
|21 September 2008 – 14 May 2011
|[[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]
|-
|(1)
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|[[File:The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|14 May 2011-15 July 2014
|[[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
|-
|5.
|[[Atul Bora]]
|[[File:Minister for Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Processing, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, UDD and Town & Country Planning, Assam, Shri Atul Bora calling on the Union Home Minister (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|15 July- Incumbent
|[[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
|}
'''List of Working Presidents'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
|-
|-
|1
|[[Bhrigu Phukan]]
|
|-
|3.
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|
|}
'''List of Chief Ministers'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"; style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2 scope=col| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Ministries
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan=3 | Term of office<ref>[http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html Chief Ministers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |date=16 January 2014 }} from the [http://assamassembly.nic.in/ Assam Assembly] website</ref>
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:The former Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Prafulla Kumar Mahanta calling on the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on July 20, 2017 (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[First Mahanta ministry]]
| [[Nowgong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
| 24 December 1985
| 28 November 1990
| {{Age in years and days|1985|12|24|1990|11|28}}
|-
|[[Second Mahanta ministry]]
| [[Barhampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhampur]]
| 15 May 1996
| 17 May 2001
| {{Age in years and days|1996|5|15|2001|5|17}}
|}
'''List of Leaders of Opposition'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Portrait & Term
|-
|-
|1
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|[[File:The_former_Chief_Minister_of_Assam,_Shri_Prafulla_Kumar_Mahanta_calling_on_the_Minister_of_State_for_Culture_and_Tourism_(Independent_Charge),_Dr._Mahesh_Sharma,_in_New_Delhi_on_July_20,_2017_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]4 September 2010 - 14 July 2014
|-
|2.
|[[Brindaban Goswami]]
|[[File:M._Venkaiah_Naidu_with_a_delegation_of_Ministers_and_MLAs_of_Asom_Gana_Parishad_led_by_the_Minister_of_Agriculture,_Horticulture_&_Food_Processing,_Animal_Husbandry_&_Veterinary,_UDD_and_T&CP,_Assam,_Shri_Atul_Bora.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|3
|[[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
|[[File:Nitin Gadkari, the Chief Minister of Haryana, Shri Manohar Lal Khattar, the Minister of State for Road Transport & Highways and Shipping, Shri P. Radhakrishnan, the Transport Minister, Assam.jpg|thumb|5 September 2007 – 5 September 2010]]
|}

== Members in Rajya Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |[[Rajya Sabha]] members AGP
|-
!Name
!Portrait
!State
!Appointment date
!Retirement date
|-
|[[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]
|[[File:M. Venkaiah Naidu with a delegation of Ministers and MLAs of Asom Gana Parishad led by the Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture & Food Processing, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, UDD and T&CP, Assam, Shri Atul Bora.jpg|thumb|B.P. Baishya in between [[Keshab Mahanta]] and [[Atul Bora]]]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Assam]]
|
|
|-
|[[Kumar Deepak Das]]
|[[File:Mohd. Hamid Ansari releasing a book entitled “An Ardent Patriot – Dinesh Goswami”, edited by Shri Kumar Dipak Das, (MP), in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Tribal Affairs and Panchayati Raj, Shri V. Kishore Chandra Deo.jpg|thumb|Kumar Deepak Das in the left corner.]]
|
|
|-
|[[Parag Chaliha]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|
|
|-
|[[Joyasree Goswami Mahanta]]
|[[File:Joyasree Goswami Mahanta.jpg|thumb]]
|
|
|-
|[[Bhadreswar Buragohain]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|
|
|-
|[[David Ledger]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|
|
|-
|[[Bijoya Chakravarty]]
|[[File:Bijoya Chakravarty in August 2015.jpg|thumb]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Nagen Saikia]]
|[[File:Nagen Saikia.jpg|thumb]]
|
|
|
|}
* [[Birendra Prasad Baishya|Baishya]]
* [[Bhadreswar Buragohain|Buragohain]]
* [[Bijoya Chakravarty|Chakravarty]]
* [[Parag Chaliha|Chaliha]]
* [[Kumar Deepak Das|Das]]
* [[David Ledger|Ledger]]
* [[Jayashree Goswami Mahanta|Mahanta]]
* [[Nagen Saikia|Saikia]]
*

== Members in Lok Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" |[[Lok Sabha]] members from AGP
|-
!Name
!Portrait
!Term
!Constituency
!State
|-
|[[Parag Chaliha]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1985-1989
|[[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| rowspan="14" |[[Assam]]
|-
|[[Dinesh Goswami]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1985-1989
|[[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
|-
|[[Gakul Saikia]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1985-1989
|[[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|-
|[[Muhi Ram Saikia]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1984-1989, 1991-1996, 1996-1998
|[[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
|-
|[[Prabin Chandra Sarma]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1996-1998
|[[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
|-
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|[[File:Keshab Mahanta (cropped).JPG|thumb]]
|1996-1998
|[[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
|-
|[[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|
|[[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|-
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|[[File:Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal.jpg|thumb]]
|2004-2009
|[[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
|-
|[[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]
|[[File:M. Venkaiah Naidu with a delegation of Ministers and MLAs of Asom Gana Parishad led by the Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture & Food Processing, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, UDD and T&CP, Assam, Shri Atul Bora.jpg|thumb|fourth from left side,in middle between [[Keshab Mahanta]] and [[Atul Bora]].]]
|1996-1998
|[[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
|-
|[[Joseph Toppo]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|2009-2014
|[[Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency|Tezpur]]
|-
|Ataur Rahman
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1985-1989
|[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
|-
|[[Bhadreswar Tanti]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1985-1989
|[[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
|-
|Saifuddin Ahmed
|[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|1985-1989
|[[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
|-
|[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|
|2024-incumbent
|[[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
|}
*
* [[Gakul Saikia|Saikia]]
* [[Muhi Ram Saikia|Saikia]]
* Tanti<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=4&lsno=8|access-date=2021-01-18|website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
* [[Keshab Mahanta|Mahanta]]
* [[Arun Kumar Sarmah|Sarmah]]
* [[Birendra Prasad Baishya|Baishya]]
* [[Sarbananda Sonowal|Sonowal]]
* [[Joseph Toppo|Toppo]]
== State ministers ==
=== Ministers under [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |List of AGP Ministers in [[Sonowal ministry]](5-December-2016-
|-
!Nos.
!'''Portrait'''
!Ministers
!CM
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Cabinet Minister'''
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal.jpg|thumb|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]]]
|-
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Minister for Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Processing, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, UDD and Town & Country Planning, Assam, Shri Atul Bora calling on the Union Home Minister (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|[[Atul Bora]]
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[File:Keshab Mahanta (cropped).JPG|thumb]]
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|-
|'''3.'''
|
|[[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|}
=== Ministers under [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |List of AGP Ministers in [[Sarma ministry]](5-December-2016-
|-
!Nos.
!'''Portrait'''
!Ministers
!CM
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Cabinet Minister'''
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|'''1.'''
|[[File:Minister_for_Agriculture,_Horticulture_and_Food_Processing,_Animal_Husbandry_and_Veterinary,_UDD_and_Town_&_Country_Planning,_Assam,_Shri_Atul_Bora_calling_on_the_Union_Home_Minister_(cropped).jpg|thumb]]
|[[Atul Bora]]
|-
|'''2.'''
|[[File:Keshab_Mahanta_(cropped).JPG|thumb]]
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Golaghat Convention]]
*[[Natun Asom Gana Parishad]]
*[[Assamese Language Movement]]
*[[Nellie Massacre]]
*[[National Register of Citizens for Assam]].
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}
{{North-East Democratic Alliance}}

[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:State political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Bagpiper (whisky)

2026-03-12T05:32:37Z

Hearthospital: updated details

{{Short description|Brand of Indian Whisky}}
{{Infobox Beverage
| name = Bagpiper
| image = Bagpiper.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| type = [[Indian whisky]]
| abv = 42.8%
| manufacturer = [[United Spirits Ltd]] (USL) ([[Diageo]])
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = October 1976
| discontinued = Bagpipes
| colour = Brown
| flavour = Light malty aroma, smooth woody character
| ingredients =
| variants = Bagpiper Bagpiper Gold
| related = {{ubl|[[McDowell's No.1]]|[[Director's Special (whisky)|Director's Special]]|[[DSP Black]]|[[Royal Challenge]]|[[Signature (whisky)|Signature]]|[[Antiquity (whisky)|Antiquity]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.unitedspirits.in/bagpiper-whisky.aspx|unitedspirits.in/bagpiper}}
}}

'''Bagpiper''' is a brand of [[Indian whisky]], manufactured by [[United Spirits Ltd]] (USL), a subsidiary of [[Diageo]]. It was launched in October 1976. Bagpiper is sold in a square bottle with black and gold packaging design. The company describes the whisky's flavour as "a light malty aroma and a hint of a smooth woody character, owing to the use of malt spirits specifically matured in pre-identified American [[oak]] [[cask]]s".<ref name="unitedspirits.in">[http://www.unitedspirits.in/bagpiper-whisky.aspx Whisky – Antiquity, Bagpiper, and Mc Dowell's No 1, Royal Challenges, Signature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508090256/http://www.unitedspirits.in/bagpiper-whisky.aspx |date=2013-05-08 }}. Unitedspirits.in. Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref> It is similar to a [[blended whisky]] flavored with [[pot still]] [[malt whisky]], but the [[neutral spirits]] used as base are distilled from [[molasses]] instead of [[Food grain|grain]].

The brand uses tamper-proof bottles. It also introduced whisky in [[Tetra Pak]]. Bagpiper was the seventh largest selling spirits brand by volume in 2010, according to London-based liquor research firm International Wine & Spirit Research (IWSR). The brand sold 16.92 million cases of 9 litres each that year. It was ranked ninth in the 2009.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130401225632/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-15/news/29777847_1_liquor-brands-indian-whisky-indian-liquor McDowell's No.1 is World's No. 10 among biggest global spirits brands by volume – Economic Times]. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (2011-07-15). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref>

Bagpiper is exported to ten countries,<ref name="unitedspirits.in"/> including those in the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==
Bagpiper was launched in 1976 by Herbertsons Limited, which had been acquired by the United Breweries Group in 1973. Herbertsons Limited was merged with several other UB Group-owned companies to form United Spirits Limited in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |title=Editorial |date=2011 |website=www.ambrosiaindia.com |format=PDF |access-date=2019-07-06 |archive-date=2018-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003020055/http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1993, with [[Dharmendra]] as [[brand ambassador]], the brand introduced the slogan of "''Khoob Jamega Rang Jab Mil Bhaitenge Teen Yaar. Aap, Mein Aur Bagpiper''"{{clarify|date=June 2013}}, and the company continues to use the slogan in its advertising. Bagpiper has had several [[Bollywood]] stars as brand ambassadors including [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Jackie Shroff]], Dharmendra, [[Sunny Deol]], [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and [[Ajay Devgn]].

Bagpiper was India's largest selling whisky from 2005 until 2010,<ref>[http://www.unitedspirits.in/bagpiper.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004183908/http://www.unitedspirits.in/bagpiper.aspx|date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> when it was overtaken by [[Officer's Choice]], which is manufactured by Allied Blenders & Distillers (ABD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Allied Blenders & Distillers |url=http://www.abdindia.com/home.asp |access-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517002047/http://abdindia.com/home.asp |archive-date=17 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Sales==
{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}
* 1987: Annual sales of 1 million cases
* 1991: Annual sales of 2 million cases
* 1993: Annual sales of 3 million cases
* 1996: Annual sales of 4 million cases
* 1998: Annual sales of 5 million cases
* 2003: Annual sales of 6 million cases
* 2005: Becomes India's largest selling whisky
* 2006: Annual sales of 10 million cases
* 2008: Annual sales of 15.4 million cases<ref name="thespiritsbusiness1">[http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2013/07/indian-whisky-brand-champions-2013/ Indian Whisky Brand Champions 2013]. Thespiritsbusiness.com (2013-07-08). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref>
* 2009: Annual sales of 16.3 million cases.<ref name="thespiritsbusiness1"/>
* 2010: Annual sales of 16.4 million cases.<ref name="thespiritsbusiness1"/>
* 2011: Annual sales of 15.8 million cases.<ref>{{cite news|title=Officer's Choice world's largest whisky brand|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/news/31477480_1_officer-s-choice-chhabria-led-bagpiper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627022659/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-29/news/31477480_1_officer-s-choice-chhabria-led-bagpiper|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 27, 2014|newspaper=Economic Times|date=April 29, 2012}}</ref>
* 2012: Annual sales of 14 million cases.<ref name="thespiritsbusiness1"/>

==References==
<references/>{{Alcoholic drinks}}{{United Spirits}}
[[Category:Diageo brands]]
[[Category:United Spirits brands]]
[[Category:Indian whisky]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1976]]
[[Category:Whisky brands]]
{{distilled-drink-stub}}

Rajasthan Educational Service

2026-03-11T20:35:38Z

Hearthospital: done...

{{Short description|Governmental Service}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Overloaded with minutiae and detail. Needs a strip down|date=February 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox
| title = Rajasthan Educational Service {{small|{{IAST|Rājasthāna Śikṣā Sevā}}}}
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| label3 = Also known as
| data3 = R.E.S.
| label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data4 = 1970<ref name="auto">{{Cite web| title=The Rajasthan educatonal service rules, 1970 | url=https://www.rajteachers.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/raj-_education-1970.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518004025/https://www.rajteachers.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/raj-_education-1970.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-18}}</ref>
| label5 = State
| data5 = [[Rajasthan]]
| label6 = Training
| data6 = RSCERT, Udaipur, [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=RSCERT | url=https://rscertudai.rajasthan.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131163006/https://rscertudai.rajasthan.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-12-26 | archive-date=2024-01-31}}</ref>
| label7 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data7 = Education Department, [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| label8 = Minister Responsible
| data8 = [[Madan Dilawar]], Minister of Education
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Governmental]]; state service
| label10 = Duties
| data10 =
| label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre Strength]]
| data12 = ~90,049<ref>{{Cite web | title=राजस्थान में अगले महीने से शुरू होगी शिक्षकों की भर्ती, शिक्षा विभाग में 1.19 लाख पद खाली, टीचरों की सबसे ज्यादा कमी | url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/rajasthan-education-department-has-1-19-lakh-vacant-positions-when-will-teacher-recruitment-begin-20093129 | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=www.patrika.com}}</ref><ref>https://scontent.fudr1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/580345744_750711468020552_4441941965207512158_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_s640x640_tt6&_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=833d8c&_nc_ohc=VkSrilPEsH4Q7kNvwFxHdw7&_nc_oc=Adl8wy6uiz71VIATUQzaBtTeGqoAxOqIVDiMhrHCsfw2XLN__l_xlFnntz5dWy8oky5xMyh_ZoEm3Grq7PFpCCEL&_nc_zt=23&_nc_ht=scontent.fudr1-1.fna&_nc_gid=eKmg3F4bEkC2IGec0BG9vA&oh=00_AfmQLMsVGtjF_I_Rg4BDquC8yMTdk-SURa989ye8ByRWKg&oe=69543B98{{Dead link | date=March 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = School Lecturer Competitive Exam conducted by RPSC
| label14 = Association
| data14 = Rajasthan Shikshak Sangh<ref>{{Cite web | title=राजस्थान शिक्षक संघ, शिक्षक संघ, शिक्षक | url=https://rssrashtriya.org/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604101955/http://www.rssrashtriya.org | access-date=2025-12-26 | archive-date=2013-06-04}}</ref>
| header15 =
| label16 =
| data16 =
}}

'''Rajasthan Educational Service''' ('''RES''') is a State Service of the [[Rajasthan]] (India) for school education system. RES officers are Gazetted Officers under the Education Department, [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web| title=राजस्थान शिक्षा (राज्य एवं अधीनस्थ) सेवा नियम | language=hi | trans-title=Rajasthan Education (State and Subordinate) Service Rules | year=2021 | url=https://dop.rajasthan.gov.in/writereaddata/modulCategory/202402130428529716391EducationstateSub2021erged.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412202524/https://dop.rajasthan.gov.in/writereaddata/modulCategory/202402130428529716391EducationstateSub2021erged.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-12}}</ref>

The functioning of the service is regulated by the Rajasthan Educational (State and Subordinate) Service Rules, 2021.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="auto"/> Education Department serves as the administrative parent organization, but the daily operations and cadre management are executed by the Directorate of Secondary Education, Bikaner.<ref>{{Cite web| title=VASUNDHARA RAJE Mobile App | url=https://education.rajasthan.gov.in/secondary/#/home/dptHome | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325204651/http://education.rajasthan.gov.in:80/secondary | archive-date=2017-03-25}}</ref>

The execution of duties is managed by the Directorate of Secondary Education, Bikaner the directorate is commonly referred to as the ''Secondary Education Department'' (or collectively with Elementary Education as the ''School Education Department''). However, all these comes under the Education Department Secretariat, [[Jaipur]].

== Rajasthan School Education Intuitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Entity / Institution<ref name=":3" />
!Common Name
!Actual Status
|-
|Directorate of Elementary Education (Bikaner)
|Elementary Education Department
|This is a Directorate responsible for Classes 1 to 8.
|-
|Directorate of Secondary Education (Bikaner)
|Secondary Education Department
|This is also a Directorate responsible for Classes 9 to 12.
|-
|Rajasthan Council of School Education (RCSCE), Jaipur
|Samagra Shiksha (Samsa)
|Project Nodal Agency: Manages the ''Samagra Shiksha'' budget, infrastructure projects, and monitors the CDEO hierarchy.
|-
|Elementary & Secondary Education (Combined)
|School Education Department
|This is a collective term used in general conversation. Technically, these two are separate directorates working under the same the Education Department.
|-
|Education Department (Secretariat, Jaipur)
|Parent Department
|This is the actual Department. The administrative power, policy-making, and the Principal Secretary are located here. All Directorates report to this body.
|}

== Recruitment ==
Entry into the Rajasthan Educational Service typically begins from the post of Lecturer (also known as Post Graduate Teacher). The recruitment exam is conducted by the [[Rajasthan Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=राजस्थान लोक सेवा आयोग, अजमेर | language=hi | trans-title=Rajasthan Public Service Commission, Ajmer | url=https://rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in/Static/RecruitmentAdvertisements/862FEB183739480DA415B050A6BA994A.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027043736/https://rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in/Static/RecruitmentAdvertisements/862FEB183739480DA415B050A6BA994A.pdf | archive-date=2024-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=RPSC Recruitment 2025: Exam schedule for School Lecturer posts released, check dates here - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/rpsc-recruitment-2025-exam-schedule-for-school-lecturer-posts-released-check-dates-here/articleshow/121431693.cms | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=27 May 2025 }}</ref>

* Designation''':''' Lecturer.
* Role''':''' Teaching Senior Secondary classes (Class 11 and 12).
* Appointment Authority''':''' Directorate Secondary Education Rajasthan, Bikaner.

== Types of Posts ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''(Various Roles in Group A & B)<ref name=":3" />'''
!S.No
!Rank
!Posts / Designations
!Nature of Duties
|-
|1.
|AD
|Additional Director
|Highest promotion post in the Rajasthan Educational Service
(generally filled by RAS officers)
|-
|2.
|JD
|Joint Director
|Head of the Education Division / Range
|-
|3.
|DD
|1. Deputy Director
2. Chief District Education Officer (CDEO)
|CDEO is the Head of the District Education Administration
|-
|4.
|DEO
|1. District Education Officer-HQ (Elementary)
2. District Education Officer-HQ (Secondary)
3. Chief Block Education Officer
4. DIET Principal
|Administrative Post
|-
|5.
|Principal
|1. Principal
2. PEEO
3. ACBEO (Deputation)
4. ADEO (Deputation)
5. Deputy Director (Deputation)
6. Assistant Project Coordinator (Deputation)
|Administrative Post
|-
|6.
|Senior Lecture
|1. Senior Lecturer
2. Vice Principal
3. Head Master
|Administrative & Teaching Post
|-
|5.
|Lecturer
|Lecturer
|Teaching Post
|}

== Promotion within the service ==
=== School Level Posts ===
Source:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| title=Education (General Branch) | url=https://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/website/BhatnagarCommittee6PC/ChapterIII-11-135-154.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623210930/https://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/website/BhatnagarCommittee6PC/ChapterIII-11-135-154.pdf | archive-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>

* '''[[Lecturer]]:''' The entry-level post in the service.<ref>{{Cite web | title=RPSC Rajasthan 1st Grade Teacher Recruitment 2025: Last date to apply online for 3,225 posts; check direct link here |work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/rpsc-rajasthan-1st-grade-teacher-recruitment-2025-last-date-to-apply-online-for-3225-posts-check-direct-link-here/articleshow/123843892.cms | access-date=2025-12-26 | date=12 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/rpsc-school-lecturer-group-1-admit-card-2025-released-at-rpsc-rajasthan-gov-in-direct-link-to-download-here-101750400877456.html|title=RPSC School Lecturer Group 1 Admit Card 2025 released at rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in, direct link to download here|date=June 20, 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/rpsc-rajasthan-1st-grade-teacher-recruitment-2025-last-date-to-apply-online-for-3225-posts-check-direct-link-here/articleshow/123843892.cms|title=RPSC Rajasthan 1st Grade Teacher Recruitment 2025: Last date to apply online for 3,225 posts; check direct link here|date=September 12, 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* '''Senior Lecturer:''' This post was created in 2025 to replace the "Vice Principal" cadre<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rajasthan government teachers hit hard as department scraps this post; order issued | url=https://www.patrika.com/en/political-news/rajasthan-to-abolish-vice-principal-post-in-government-schools-19498814 | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=patrika.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web | title=Sr lecturers to replace 'dying cadre' of schoolvice-principals in state |work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sr-lecturers-to-replacedying-cadre-of-schoolvice-principals-in-state/articleshow/119822518.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20April,tnn | access-date=2025-12-26 | date=April 2025 }}</ref>
* '''[[School Principal|Principal]]:''' The Head of Institution for Senior Secondary Schools. Formal administrative duties (such as DDO powers) begin from this rank.
** ''Regulation:'' Up to the rank of Principal, the regulating authority is the Directorate of Secondary Education, Bikaner.<ref>{{Cite web | title=4,055 government schools in Rajasthan to get new principals: Objections on merit list accepted until tomorrow; schedule for online counseling to be released soon - Rajasthan News {{!}} Bhaskar English | url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/news/government-schools-in-rajasthan-to-get-new-principals-27-march-2025-rajasthan-bikaner-top-news-headlines-latest-news-rajasthan-134718013.html | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=bhaskarenglish.in | date=27 March 2025 }}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

=== Administrative Posts (District & Block Level) ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />

After getting promotion from Principal, officers enter in the senior administrative cadre also known as the District Education Officer (DEO) rank. From this rank the regulating authority is the Education Department (State Government).

* '''District Education Officer (DEO) Rank:'''
** At Block Level: Officers posted at the Block level are designated as Chief Block Education Officer (CBEO). They serve as the administrative head of all schools within the block.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Schools in Rajasthan's Khanua continue to operate amid cold weather, CBEO orders closure - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/schools-in-rajasthans-khanua-operate-amid-cold-weather-cbeo-orders-closure/articleshow/106364931.cms | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=29 December 2023 }}</ref>
** At District Level: There are two distinct District Education Officer posts at the headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Now there will be direct recruitment of DEO in the education department {{!}} अब शिक्षा विभाग में डीईओ की होगी सीधी भर्ती: शिक्षा मंत्री की बैठक, 1 डीईओ सस्पेंड, दूसरे का डेपुटेशन निरस्त - Bikaner News {{!}} Dainik Bhaskar | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/now-there-will-be-direct-recruitment-of-deo-in-the-education-department-134903480.html | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref>
*** DEO HQ (Elementary)
*** DEO HQ (Secondary)
* '''Deputy Director (DD) Rank:'''
** At District Level: An officer of this rank posted as the head of the district's education administration is designated as the Chief District Education Officer (CDEO).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | title=Pali News - rajasthan news education department reorganized cdeo district level and block level deo planted {{!}} शिक्षा विभाग का पुनर्गठन हुआ, सीडीईओ जिला स्तर व ब्लॉक लेवल डीईओ लगाए {{!}} Dainik Bhaskar | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/pali/news/rajasthan-news-education-department-reorganized-cdeo-district-level-and-block-level-deo-planted-054709-3734046.html | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref>
** Unified Command''':''' The CDEO supervises both DEO's (Secondary and Elementary) and all CBEO's in the district.
** Samagra Shiksha: The CDEO serves as the Ex-officio District Project Coordinator (DPC) for the Rajasthan Council of School Education (RCSE), Jaipur managing central schemes and infrastructure budgets.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, Govt. Of Rajasthan | url=https://rajsmsa.nic.in/public/ContactUsNew.aspx?Contact_TypeId=2&t=D | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212104337/http://www.rajsmsa.nic.in:80/public/ContactUsNew.aspx?Contact_TypeId=2&t=D | access-date=2026-02-28 | archive-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>
** District Authority: The CDEO is the authorized officer to issue district-wide orders, such as declaring local school holidays due to extreme weather conditions (heatwaves or cold waves).
{| class="wikitable"
|+District Education Administration (2018 Reforms)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Samagra Shiksha - An Integrated Scheme to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels of school education. | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181084&reg=3&lang=2 | access-date=2026-02-28 | website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
!Administrative Level
!Designation
!Rank
!Role & Responsibilities
|-
|District (Apex Level)
|Chief District Education Officer (CDEO)
|Deputy Director
|Overall In-charge: The highest authority in the district; supervises all education wings.
Project Role: Acts as the ''District Project Coordinator (DPC)'' for Samagra Shiksha.
|-
|District (Functional Wing)
|1. District Education Officer (Elementary)
2. District Education Officer (Secondary)
|District Education Officer
|Wing Head: Posted at the HQ to manage specific wings (Elementary or Secondary) functioning under the CDEO.
|-
|Block Level
|Chief Block Education Officer (CBEO)
|District Education Officer
|Block Head: Administrative head of the Block exercising unified control over all schools (Class 1–12).
The CBEO reports directly to the CDEO regarding the implementation of ''Samagra Shiksha'' (SMSA) projects.
|-
|Panchayat Level
|Panchayat Elementary Education Officer (PEEO)
|Principal
|Nodal Officer: The Principal of the Senior Secondary School acts as the PEEO to monitor elementary schools in the Gram Panchayat.
|}

=== Divisional and State Level ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />

* '''Joint Director (JD):''' Officers promoted from Deputy Director to this rank are often posted as the head of an Education Division. The Joint Director supervises education administration across multiple districts.<ref>{{Cite web | title=State government transfers 612 education officers in 24 hours Acts on 2 proposals including ban removal reshuffles from block to state level - Rajasthan News {{!}} Bhaskar English | url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/news/state-government-transfers-612-education-officers-in-24-hours-acts-on-2-proposals-including-ban-removal-reshuffles-from-block-to-state-level-135601298.html | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=www.bhaskarenglish.in | date=4 August 2025 }}</ref>
* '''Additional Director''' '''(AD):''' This is the highest promotional post within the Rajasthan Educational Service. There are three sanctioned posts of Additional Director.<ref>{{Cite web | title=1.19 Lakh Vacant Posts in Rajasthan Education Department, Check Details Here | url=https://www.adda247.com/teaching-jobs-exam/1-19-lakh-vacant-posts-in-rajasthan-education-department-check-details-here/ | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=www.adda247.com | date=11 November 2025 }}</ref>

== See also ==

# [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]
# [[Rajasthan Accounts Service]]
# [[Rajasthan Forest Service]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Government of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State civil services of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in India]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2026}}

2024 Durand Cup

2026-03-11T07:24:50Z

Hearthospital: New New Stub

{{Short description|133rd edition of the Durand Cup}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=IndianOil Durand Cup
|other_titles=
|year=[[2024-25 in Indian football|2024]]
|size=
|image=133rd Durand Cup 2024 logo.jpg
|caption=Logo of the 133rd Durand Cup, 2024
|country=India
|dates=27 July – 31 August
|winners=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|count=1
|second=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|venue= [[Kolkata]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Shillong]] and [[Kokrajhar]]
|num_teams=24
|scoring_leader= {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]] (Kerala Blasters) (6 goals)
|matches=43
|goals= {{#expr: + 1 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 8 + 2 + 2 + 7 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 6 + 1 + 7 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 1 + 3 + 4 + 4}}
|attendance={{#expr: + 8356 + 9469 + 131 + 8245 + 6925 + 0 + 4829 + 184 + 435 + 4143 + 112 + 1236 + 172 + 346 + 145 + 351 + 121 + 212 + 14217 + 2042 + 6137 + 1287 + 1012 + 7828 + 12210 + 1400 + 7338 + 1635 + 10963 + 3240 + 9000 + 4125 + 2134 + 13661 + 1000 + 14248 + 7290 + 14988 + 3759 + 638 + 15915 + 18342 + 52391}}
|prev_season=[[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]
|next_season=[[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2024 Durand Cup''' (also known as '''IndianOil Durand Cup''' due to sponsorship ties with the [[Indian Oil Corporation]]) was the 133rd edition of [[Durand Cup]], the oldest [[Association football|football]] tournament in [[Asia]], and the third edition since it was supported by the [[Asian Football Confederation]]. The tournament is hosted by the Durand Football Tournament Society in co-operation with the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the [[Government of West Bengal]], supported by the governments [[Government of Assam|Assam]] and [[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]].

This is the third season of the tournament wherein all the clubs in the top tier [[Indian Super League]] have been mandated to participate (but later [[Hyderabad FC]] withdrew), along with [[I-League]], [[I-League 2]] ([[Hyderabad FC]] was replaced by [[Meghalaya State League]] club [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]), [[I-League 3]] and [[Indian State Leagues|state leagues]] clubs, and guest invitees representing armed forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mergulhao |first1=Marcus |date=25 May 2022 |title=Nine-month calendar for Indian football from next season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/nine-month-calendar-for-indian-football-from-next-season/articleshow/91774042.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527162037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/nine-month-calendar-for-indian-football-from-next-season/articleshow/91774042.cms |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] were the defending champions, having defeated the [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in the [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]] final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal Highlights, Durand Cup 2023 Final: Dimitri Petratos On Target As MBSG Clinch Record 17th Durand Cup Title |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-live-durand-cup-2023-final-latest-updates-4355298 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=NDTV Sports |language=en}}</ref>

The [[2024 Durand Cup final]] saw [[NorthEast United]] beat the defending champions [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] to win this tournament and the club's first ever trophy in their history.

== Teams ==
{{location map+|India |float=right|width=385|caption=Locations of the participating teams|places={{location map~ |India |lat=12.98 |long=77.59 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=34.1 |long=74.79 |mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08 |long=80.27 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=30.90 |long=75.86 |label_size=90|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India2 |lat=25.318889 |long=83.012778 |label_size=90|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]}}</div>|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=25.58 |long=91.89 |mark=Green pog.svg|label_size=90|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=15.50 |long=73.83 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=22.79 |long=86.18 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=19.08 |long=72.88 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=26.17 |long=91.75 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=25.58 |long=91.2 |mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=26.40 |long=90.27 |mark=Blue pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=20.27 |long=85.84 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=9.97 |long=76.28 |mark=Red pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=27.71 |long=85.32 |mark=Yellow pog.svg|label_size=90|label= {{nowrap|[[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]}}|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India2 |lat=22.57 |long=88.37 |mark=Black pog.svg|label_size=90|label= '''Kolkata'''|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=17.5 |long=87 |label_size=90|label='''{{nowrap|[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] teams:}}''' 
[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=12.5 |long=87 |label_size=90|label='''{{nowrap|[[Services Sports Control Board|Armed Forces]] teams:}}''' 
{{nowrap|[[File:White pog.svg|8px]] [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:White pog.svg|8px]] [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:White pog.svg|8px]] [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]}} 
[[File:White pog.svg|8px]] [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]] 
{{nowrap|[[File:White pog.svg|8px]] [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:White pog.svg|8px]] [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]}}
|position=right}}}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Team
!Head coach
!Captain
!Location
|-
! colspan="4" |[[File:Red_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[Indian Super League]] teams
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Gerard Zaragoza]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Carles Cuadrat]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Noel Wilson]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikash Yumnam]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Israil Gurung]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Leander D'Cunha]]
|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
|[[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SWE}} [[Mikael Stahre]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|{{flagicon|UGA}} Hakim Ssengendo
|{{flagicon|IND}} Thokchom James Singh
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Francisco Molina]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Mohan Dass
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Nikhil Shinde
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Juan Pedro Benali]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|Morocco}} [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer]]
|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|-
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Amit Rana
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalliansanga Renthlei]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]
|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|[[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
! colspan="4" |[[File:Green_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[I-League]] teams
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Arata Izumi]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sumeet Passi]]
|[[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Hevia]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
! colspan="4" |[[File:White_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[I-League 3]] teams
|-
|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Hilal Rasool Parray
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|Morocco}} [[Rédah Atassi]]
|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
! colspan="4" |[[File:White_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[Indian State Leagues|State League]] teams
|-
|[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Khlain Syiemlieh
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Danswrang Basumatary
|[[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]]
|-
|[[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Aibanjop Shadap
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Balamlynti Khongjee
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
! colspan="4" |[[File:White_pog.svg|8x8px]] [[Services Sports Control Board|Indian Armed Forces]] teams
|-
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vikash Panthi
|{{flagicon|IND}} David Lalrinchhana
|[[Dispur]], [[Assam]]
|-
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gurjit Singh Atwal
|{{flagicon|IND}} Md. Aasif
|[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]]
|-
|[[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ajit Kumar
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rahul Aswal
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Priya Darshan
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ashok Kumar
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Manish Wahi
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Raman Rai
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Novin Gurung]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|-
! colspan="4" |[[File:Yellow e3e300 pog.svg|8x8px]] Guest invitees/Foreign armed forces teams
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} Meghraj KC
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NEP}} [[Bharat Khawas]]
|[[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|}

== Venues ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
![[Jamshedpur]]
|-
|[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
|-
|Capacity: '''68,000'''
|Capacity: '''12,000'''
|Capacity: '''24,424'''
|-
|[[File:2021 Durand Cup Final-2.jpg|300x300px]]
|
|[[File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|300x300px]]
|-
![[Shillong]]
![[Kokrajhar]]
|-
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: '''17,500'''
|Capacity: '''10,000'''
|-
|
|[[File:Kokrajhar_SAI.jpg|300x300px]]
|}

== Broadcasting ==
[[Sony Sports Network]] have acquired the broadcasting rights starting from 2023. The 2024 edition is being live streamed on the network's [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform [[SonyLIV]] as well as TV channels Sony Ten 2 and Sony Ten 2 HD.<ref name="2023DetailsTheHindu">{{cite news |date=23 July 2023 |title=Durand Cup 2023: All you need to know about Indian football's oldest tournament; Schedule, groups, live streaming info |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2023-all-you-need-to-know-teams-groups-venues-trophy-history-live-streaming-info-indian-football-news/article67112589.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727012730/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2023-all-you-need-to-know-teams-groups-venues-trophy-history-live-streaming-info-indian-football-news/article67112589.ece |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Group stage ==
{{Main|2024 Durand Cup group stage}}
=== Group A ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A}}
=== Group B ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B}}
=== Group C ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C}}
=== Group D ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D}}
=== Group E ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group E}}
=== Group F ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group F}}
=== Ranking of second-placed teams ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=2nd placed teams}}

== Knockout stage ==
=== Qualified teams ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
! width="180" |Winners (6)
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group A|A]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group B|B]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group C|C]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group D|D]]
| [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group E|E]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group F|F]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
! width="180" |Best second-placed teams (2)
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group C|C]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
![[2024 Durand Cup#Group A|A]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|}

In the knockout stage matches (quarter-finals, semi-finals, and final), no extra time would be played and for any draws, matches would be directly decided by a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shootout]].

=== Bracket ===

<onlyinclude>
<section begin=bracket />{{#invoke:RoundN|main
|columns=3|style=white-space:nowrap|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|RD1=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD2=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD3=[[#Final|Final]]


| 21 August – [[Sports Authority of India|Kokrajhar]] |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|2|[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]|0
| 21 August – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Shillong]] |[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]|2 |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]|1
| 23 August – [[JRD Tata Sports Complex|Jamshedpur]] |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]|3(6) |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]|3(5)
| 23 August – [[Salt Lake Stadium|Kolkata]] |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]| 1|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|0


| 26 August – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Shillong]] | [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]| 3| [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] |
0| 27 August – [[Salt Lake Stadium|Kolkata]] | [[Mohun Bagan]]|2(4)| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]| 2(3)


| 31 August – [[Salt Lake Stadium|Kolkata]] | [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|2(4)| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]|2(3)}}</onlyinclude>

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|21|df=y}}
| time = 16:00
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36554
| team2 = [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
| goals1 =
* [[Néstor Albiach|Néstor]] {{goal|54}}
* [[Guillermo Fernández (footballer, born 1993)|Guillermo]] {{goal|73}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Stadium]]
| location = [[Kokrajhar]]
| attendance = 7,290
| motm = [[Néstor Albiach]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}
----
{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:00
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36555
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
* Marcos {{goal|8}}
* Figo {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Nandha]] {{goal|77}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Shillong]]
| attendance = 14,988
| motm = Manas Dubey (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}
----{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|23|df=y}}
| time = 16:00
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36556
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals2 =
*[[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal| 17}}
*[[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|62}}
*[[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|E. Vidal]] {{goal|71}}
| goals1 =
*[[Suhail Bhat|Suhail]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|79}}
| penalties1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Liston]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Subhasish Bose|Subhasish]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Tom Aldred|Aldred]] {{pengoal}}
| penaltyscore = 6–5
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Vinit Rai|Vinit]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|E. Vidal]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Mushaga Bakenga|Bakenga]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Filip Mrzljak|Filip]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Ivan Novoselec|Novoselec]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Melroy Melwin Assisi|Melroy]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Denechandra Meitei|Denechandra]]
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]]
| attendance = 3,759
| motm = [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Ezequiel Vidal]] (Punjab FC)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya
}}
----{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|23|df=y}}
| time = 19:00
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score = 1-0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36557
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 =
* [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz|Diaz]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 638
| motm = [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz|Diaz]]
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|26|df=y}}
| time = 17:30
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36842
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
*Thoi Singh {{goal|13}}
*[[Alaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|32}}
*[[Parthib Gogoi|Parthib]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Shillong]]
| attendance = 15,915
| motm = Huidrom Thoi Singh (NorthEast United)
| referee = Crystal John
}}
----{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|27|df=y}}
| time = 17:30
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36843
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|68|pen.}}
*[[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|43|pen.}}
*[[Vinith Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|51}}
| penalties1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{penmiss}}
| penaltyscore = 4–3
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Halicharan Narzary|Narzary]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Aleksandar Jovanović (soccer, born 1989)|Jovanović]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 18,342
| motm = [[Vishal Kaith]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}

=== Final ===
{{Main|2024 Durand Cup final}}

{{football box
| date = {{start date|2024|08|31|df=y}}
| time = 17:30
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant| Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=37045
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC| NorthEast United]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|11|pen.}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|45+5}}
| goals2 =
*[[Alaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|55}}
*[[Guillermo Fernández (footballer, born 1993)|Guillermo]] {{goal|58}}
| penalties1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Subhasish Bose|Subhasish]] {{penmiss}}
| penaltyscore = 3–4
| penalties2 =
*[[Guillermo Fernández (footballer, born 1993)|Guillermo]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Míchel Zabaco|Zabaco]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Parthib Gogoi|Parthib]] {{pengoal}}
**[[Alaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{pengoal}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 52,391
| motm = [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

==Season statistics==
{{updated|31 August 2024}}
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#FFD700" width="40"|{{hash}}
|Golden Boot Winner
|}
{| class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left" bgcolor="gold" | {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]] {{sup|{{hash}}}}
| align="left" | [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| rowspan="1" | 6
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Guillermo Fernández (footballer, born 1993)|Guillermo Fernández]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|5
|-
| rowspan="4" | 3
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Kwame Peprah]]
| align="left" | [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| rowspan="4" | 4
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jithin M. S.]]
| align="left" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
| align="left" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|7
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Alaeddine Ajaraie]]
| align="left" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| rowspan="3"|3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz]]
| align="left" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
| rowspan="21" | 10
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Filip Mrzljak]]
| align="left" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| rowspan="21" | 2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Mushaga Bakenga]]
| align="left" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|SER}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
|align="left" |[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
| align="left" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]]
| align="left" | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| align="left" |[[Mohun Bagan]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Aimen]]
| align="left" |[[ Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishan Pandita]]
| align="left" |[[Kerala Blasters]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Sanan]]
| align="left" | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Bhat]]
| align="left" |[[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Gillespye Jung Karki]]
|align="left" |[[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuwan Army]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Givson Singh]]
| align="left" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|LBR}} Darius Snorton Perwood
| align="left" | [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} Marcos Rudwere
| align="left" |[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Huidrom Thoi Singh
|align="left" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Vinith Venkatesh
|align="left" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Lalthangliana
|align="left" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Alan Thapa
|align="left" |[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Jwngbla Brahma
|align="left" |[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kishori
|align="left" |[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Devendra Dhaku Murgaokar
|align="left" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|}

=== Hat-tricks ===
{|class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap
!Sl No.
!Player
!For
!Against
!Result
!Date
|-
| rowspan="1" |1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]]
| align="left" | [[Kerala Blasters]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|align="center" | 0–8
|01 August 2024
|-
| rowspan="1" |2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Kwame Peprah]]
| align="left" | [[Kerala Blasters]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|align="center" | 0–8
|01 August 2024
|-
| rowspan="1" |3
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]]
|[[Kerala Blasters]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]
|align="center" | 7–0
|10 August 2024
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{{updated|31 August 2024}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#FFD700" width="40"|{{hash}}
|Golden Glove Winner
|}

{| class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|rowspan="2"|1
|bgcolor="gold" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]] {{sup|{{hash}}}}
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|rowspan="2"|3
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|3
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Som Kumar]]{{efn|name=^|Played only one half against CISF Protectors}}
|[[Kerala Blasters]]
|rowspan="3"|2
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
|[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
| rowspan="16" |6
|{{flagicon|IND}} Syed Zahid
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| rowspan="16" |1
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manas Dubey
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Umaid Hussain
|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Niraj Kumar
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Raj Kumar Mahato
|[[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Daoga Brahma
|[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dheeraj Singh]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vishnu VK
|[[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Neithovilie Chalieu
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dipesh Chauhan
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]]{{efn|name=^}}
|[[Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Bikesh Kuthu]]
|[[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuwan Army]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nikhil Deka
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Awards ==
=== Prize money ===
The total pool of prize money for the 2024 edition is {{INRConvert|1.05|c}}.
{| class="wikitable"
!Prize
!Recipient
!Amount
|-
!Champions
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{INRConvert|60|l|lk=l}}
|-
!Runner-up
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{INRConvert|30|l|lk=l}}
|-
! Golden glove
| [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]] ([[Northeast United FC]])
| {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=l}}
|-
!Golden boot
|[[Noah Sadaoui]] {{nowrap|([[Kerala Blasters FC]])}}
|{{INRConvert|5|l|lk=l}}
|-
!Golden ball
|[[Jithin M. S.]] {{nowrap|([[Northeast United FC]])}}
|{{INRConvert|5|l|lk=l}}
|}

=== Man of the match ===
{| class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap
! rowspan="2" |Match
! colspan="2" |Man of the Match
! rowspan="2" |Match
! colspan="2" |Man of the match
! rowspan="2" |Match
! colspan="2" |Man of the match
|-
!Player
!Team
!Player
!Team
!Player
!Team
|-
|Match 1
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ Suhail Bhat]]
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|Match 16
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ Chandra Kumar Karketta]]
| [[CISF Protectors]]
|Match 31
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ Sujit Singh]]
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|-
|Match 2
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Imran Khan (footballer)|Imran Khan]]
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|Match 17
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ Vellington Fernandes]]
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|Match 32
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[ Gillespye Jung Karki]]
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]
|-
|Match 3
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ Anand Usuda]]
| [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|Match 18
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Wanboklang Lyngkhoi]]
|[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|Match 33
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Alan Thapa]]
| [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|-
|Match 4
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ Madih Talal]]
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|Match 19
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinith Venkatesh]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Match 34
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jithin M. S.]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
|Match 5
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jithin M. S.]]
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|Match 20
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil B]]
|[[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|Match 35
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkaran Singh]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
|Match 6
| {{flagicon|SVN}} [[ Luka Majcen]]
| [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|Match 21
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[ Madih Talal]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|Match 36
| colspan="2" align="center"|Cancelled
|-
|Match 7
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ Liton Shil]]
| [[Army Red football team|Indian Army]]
|Match 22
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|Match 37
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Néstor Albiach]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
|Match 8
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ Rahul Bheke]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Match 23
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Leander D'Cunha]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|Match 38
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dubey]]
|[[Shillong Lajong]]
|-
|Match 9
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Match 24
| {{flagicon|SER}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|Match 39
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Ezequiel Vidal]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
|Match 10
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Wadajied Ryngkhlem]]
| [[Shillong Lajong]]
|Match 25
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Guillermo Fernández (footballer, born 1993)|Guillermo Fernández]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|Match 40
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|-
|Match 11
| {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Darius Snorton Perwood]]
| [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|Match 26
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
|[[Shillong Lajong]]
|Match 41
|{{flagicon|IND}} Thoi Singh
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
|Match 12
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Givson Singh]]
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|Match 27
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Match 42
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|Match 13
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
| [[Bengaluru FC |Bengaluru]]
|Match 28
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|Match 43
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
|Match 14
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Freddy Lallawmawma]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Match 29
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shobhan Dev Biswas]]
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|-
|Match 15
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Imran Khan (footballer)|Imran Khan]]
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|Match 30
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jwngbla Brahma]]
| [[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|}

== See also ==
* '''Men'''
** [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup (April)]]
* '''Women'''
** [[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]
** [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Durand Cup}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}
{{2024–25 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2024 Durand Cup|Group Stage]]
[[Category:Durand Cup seasons]]
[[Category:2024 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2024 in Asian domestic association football cups|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:July 2024 sports events in India|Durand Cup]]
[[Category:August 2024 sports events in India|Durand Cup]]

Ilakkiya

2026-03-10T06:19:56Z

Hearthospital: adding new article

{{Short description|2022-Indian television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Saregama]]
| writer = C.U Muthuselvan Anil Nagpal Kavita Nagpal (Hindi adaptation writer) [[Dialogues]] Guru Sampath Kumar Palani Swamy
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Sai Marudhu (1–221)
* G.Stalin Iniyan (222–314)
* Natarajan (315–813)
* A.P.Rajendran (814–985)}}
| screenplay = "Kalaimamani" Sekkizhar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Shambhavi Gurumoorthy
* [[Nandan Loganathan]]
}}
| editor = Vinoth.S
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 985<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shambhavi-gurumoorthy-and-nandan-loganathan-starrer-ilakkiya-completes-600-episodes/articleshow/113422687.cms|title=Shambhavi Gurumoorthy and Nandan Loganathan starrer ''Ilakkiya'' completes 600 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shambhavi-gurumoorthy-and-nandan-loganathan-starrer-ilakkiya-completes-800-episodes/articleshow/121247941.cms|date=18 May 2025|title=Shambhavi Gurumoorthy and Nandan Loganathan starrer 'Ilakkiya' completes 800 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
| theme_music_composer = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| open_theme = "Vaazha Ninaithaal Vaazhalam" [[M. M. Manasi]] Ravi (vocals) [[Kannadasan]] (lyrics)
| list_episodes =
| cinematography = Akilan
| producer = [[Saregama India]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 19–22 minutes per episode
| company = [[Saregama]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|10|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|01|14|df=y}}
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| related = Mangalyam Thanthunanena Tujhi Majhi Jamali Jodi
}}

'''''Ilakkiya''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|television series]] starring Shambhavy Gurumoorthy and [[Nandan Loganathan]] in lead roles. The series was produced by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-famous-tv-channel-going-to-live-ilakkiya-mega-serial-519700|title=பிரபல தொலைக்காட்சியில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் இலக்கியா மெகாத் தொடர்|website=www.maalaimalar.com|date=2 October 2022|language=ta|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002154826/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-famous-tv-channel-going-to-live-ilakkiya-mega-serial-519700|url-status=live}}</ref> It was premiered on 10 October 2022 and ended on 14 January 2026, along with [[Anandha Ragam (TV series)|Anandha Ragam]] as both of them were replaced by Iru Malargal serial. Ilakkiya aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] at 2pm from Monday to Saturday, replacing the longest running tamil serial, Chandralekha. It is also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]]. To celebrate the completion of the TV series, many cast from the serial came to Ranjithame Season 4 episode 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/ilakkiya-tamil-serial-sun-tv/|title=Ilakkiya Tamil Serial on Sun TV Launching on Monday, 10th October at 02:00 PM|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinemavalai.com/sun-tv-new-mega-serial-ilakkiya/|title=சன் டிவியின் புதிய நெடுந்தொடர் இலக்கியா|website=cinemavalai.com|date=October 2022|language=ta|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007080901/https://cinemavalai.com/sun-tv-new-mega-serial-ilakkiya/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ilakkiya is a popular Tamil TV serial on Sun TV about a kind-hearted girl named Ilakkiya who finds joy in others' happiness, marries her friend Gautham, but faces intense challenges, family politics, and scheming from his aunt Bairavi and cousin Anjali, focusing on her struggles to maintain her values amidst adversity, especially concerning her family's situations and relationships.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Hima Bindu → Sambhavi Gurumoorthy as Illakiya Gautham: Lakshmi's daughter; Gautham's wife
* [[Nandan Loganathan]] as Gautham SSK: SSK and Revathi's illegitimate son; Illakiya's husband

===Recurring===
*[[Roopa Sree]] → Gayatri Shastri as Janaki Venkataraman: Gautham's foster mother
*Rani → Priya Prince as Bhairavi: Gautham's foster aunt
*[[Sushma Nair]] as Anjali Karthik: Illakiya's cousin; Karthik's wife
*Jay Srinivas Kumar → Aravish as Karthik Venkataraman: Gautham's adopted brother
*Rajeshwari as Revathi SSK: Gautham's biological mother
*[[Saakshi Siva]] as SSK: Gautham's biological father
*[[Shanthi Arvind]] → Banumathi as Dhatchayini SSK: Gautham's step mother, SSK’s wife
*Meena Vemuri as Chintamani: Anjali's mother, Ilakkiya and Vasanth’s aunt, Masilamani’s wife, Karthik’s mother in law
*Satheesh Kumar as Masilamani: Anjali's father, Ilakkiya and Vasanth’s uncle, Lakshmi’s elder brother, Chintamani’s husband, Karthik’s father in law
*Gayathri Priya as Lakshmi: Illakiya and Vasanth’s mother, Chintamani’s sister in law, Masilamani’s younger sister, Anjali’s aunt, Gowtham’s mother in law
*Sahil Singh as Vasanth: Illakiya's brother, Lakshmi’s son, Anjali’s cousin, Masilamani’s nephew
*Bharat Kalyan as Venkataraman: Gautham's foster father, Janaki’s husband, Bhairavi’s elder brother, a businessman, Aishwarya and Karthik’s father, ilakkiya’s foster father in law, Anjali’s father in law
*Harsha Harish as Aishwarya Venkataraman: Gautham's step sister, Karthik’s sister Venkatraman and Janaki Venkatraman’s daughter, Bhairavi’s niece, Ilakkiya’s step sister in law, Anjali’s sister in law
*Sathya Rajaa: As Mahesh: Anjali's fiancée who tricked her and was about to sell her to someone
*Sonia Vikram as Priya: Karthik's fiancé, Gowtham’s friend’s younger sister
*Maanas Chavali as Murali: Ilakkiya’s one sided lover
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Astrologer

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Nandan Loganathan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-ilakkiya-completes-100-episodes-heres-what-actors-hima-bindhu-and-nandan-loganathan-have-to-say/articleshow/97640820.cms|title=Popular TV show 'Ilakkiya' completes 100 episodes; here's what actors Hima Bindhu and Nandan Loganathan have to say|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323021022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-ilakkiya-completes-100-episodes-heres-what-actors-hima-bindhu-and-nandan-loganathan-have-to-say/articleshow/97640820.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast in the male lead role as Gowtham and Hima Bindu was cast as the female lead role as Ilakkiya. At the end of December 2023, actress Hima Bindu quit the series<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/hima-bindhu-quits-her-show-ilakkiya-says-thank-you-for-the-memories/articleshow/106399424.cms|title=Hima Bindhu quits her show 'Ilakkiya'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and was replaced by Shambhavy Gurumoorthy as Ilakkiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shambavy-gurumoorthy-joins-the-cast-of-ilakkiya/articleshow/106398123.cms|title=Shambavy Gurumoorthy joins the cast of 'Ilakkiya'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=30 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Roopa Sree]] was cast as Janaki but she quit the series and was replaced by Gayathiri Shashtry. Bharath Kalyan was cast as Venkataraman Karthik and Aishwarya's father.

Rani was selected to portray the role of Bhairavi (Gowtham's aunt) who played a negative role, but in January 2023 she quit the series and was replaced by Priya Prince.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enewz.in/sun-tv-ilakiya-serial-villan-actor-maanas-entry-update|title=சன் டிவி ஹிட் சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுத்த மாஸ் வில்லன்., மறுபடியும் இந்த காம்போ வா? இனி டிஆர்பி டாப் தான்!!|website=enewz.in|date=11 February 2023 |language=ta|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820134800/https://enewz.in/sun-tv-ilakiya-serial-villan-actor-maanas-entry-update|url-status=live}}</ref> and Sushma Nair was cast as Anjali in a negative role. In July 2023, Jay Srinivas Kumar quit the series and was replaced by Aravish Kumar as Karthik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/ilakkiya-serial-jai-srinivas-quits-serial-1690223845|title=சன் டிவி இலக்கியா சீரியலில் இருந்து விலகிய முக்கிய நடிகர்! இனி அவருக்கு பதில் இவர்|website=cineulagam.com|language=ta|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002154506/https://cineulagam.com/article/ilakkiya-serial-jai-srinivas-quits-serial-1690223845|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=114980|title=இலக்கியா தொடரிலிருந்து விலகிய ஹீரோ நடிகர்?...|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002154506/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=114980|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-jay-srinivasa-kumar-announces-his-exit-from-tv-show-ilakiya-vishnu-to-replace-him-as-karthick/articleshow/101917209.cms|title=Actor Jay Srinivasa Kumar announces his exit from TV show 'Ilakiya'; Vishnu to replace him as Karthick?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist
| title1 = ''Vaazha Ninaithaal Vaazhalam'' ''வாழ நினைத்தால் வாழலாம்''
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| music1 = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Ravi
| length1 = 3:00
}}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Ilakkiya'' இலக்கியா
| 10 October 2022
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 17 January 2026
| Original
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/ilakkiya-tamil-serial-sun-tv/|title=Ilakkiya Tamil Serial on Sun TV Launching on Monday, 10th October at 02:00 PM|website=Indian TV Info|date=8 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Tujhi Majhi Jamali Jodi'' तुझी माझी जमली जोडी
| 11 December 2023
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 13 July 2025
| Remake
|<ref>{{cite web|title='तुझी माझी जमली जोडी' नवी मालिका येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला; 'या' दिवशी होणार सुरु|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tujhi-majhi-jamli-jodi-marathi-serial-latest-update-entertainment-television-new-cast-ent-1236151|work=[[ABP Majha]]|date=10 December 2023|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Mangalyam Thanthunanena'' മാംഗല്യം തന്തുനാനേന
| 5 February 2024
| [[Surya TV]]
|
|Remake
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalyam Thanthunanena {{!}} From Feb 5 @ 7:30 PM {{!}} Surya TV| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7c_z6_HKeY|access-date=2023-02-02}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-ilakkiya-episodeno295-Sep22-2023/detail/149528/173886 ''Ilakkiya''] at [[Sun NXT]]
* {{IMDb title|tt29869034}}
* [https://www.tamildhool.net/sun-tv/sun-tv-serial/ilakkiya/] at [[TamilDhool]]
* [https://www.tamildhool.uno/] at [[TamilDhool]]

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Saregama}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Saregama]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series endings]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2011

2026-03-07T07:24:08Z

Hearthospital: creating some biography v1...

{{Short description|2011 Indian Bengali films}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Bengali films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] (Bengali language film industry) based in [[Kolkata]] in 2011.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/decades.aspx?decade=2010-2011&lang=3&GotoYear=2011
|title=gomolo.in: Yearwise search result
|publisher=gomolo.in
|access-date=1 January 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511064732/http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/decades.aspx?decade=2010-2011&lang=3&GotoYear=2011
|archive-date=11 May 2011
}}
</ref>

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:50%;" | Cast
! Genre
|-
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''7'''
| ''[[Apon Shatru]]'' || Susanta Saha || Indrajit, Angshuman, [[Arunima Ghosh]] || [[Drama film|Drama]]
|-
|''Bedeni''|| [[Anjan Das]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Rajesh Sharma || Drama
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''14'''
| ''[[Hello Memsaheb]]'' || [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]], [[Nandita Roy]]|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Priyanka Upendra]]|| Drama
|-
|''[[Agnisakshi (2011 film)|Agnisakshi]]''|| Dipankar Bhattacharya || Devjit, Pamela, [[Soumili Biswas]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] || Drama
|-
|''[[Egaro]]''|| Arun Roy || Hirak Das, Ronodeep Bose, Kharaj Mukerjee, Tamal Roy Choudhury, Sankar Chakrabarty, Nitya Ganguly, Bhaskar Bandopadhyay, Biswajit Chakrabarty, Tulika Basu || Drama
|-
|''[[Takhan Teish]]''|| [[Atanu Ghosh]] || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]], [[Tanusree Shankar]], Rajatabha Dutta, Biswajit Chakrabarty, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]], Locket Chatterjee, [[Indrani Haldar]] || Drama
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''28'''
| ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' || [[Aniket Chattopadhaya]] || [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Silajit Majumder]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Anjana Basu]], Locket Chatterjee, Sonali Choudhury, Kanchan Mallik, [[Kanchana Moitra|Kanchana Maitra]], Neel Mukherjee, [[Rajatava Dutta]], Biswajit Chakrabarty, Phalguni Chatterjee, Kunal Padhi || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
| ''[[Bangla Bachao]]'' || Anup Sengupta || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Parno Mittra]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Teen Tanaya (2011 film)|Teen Tanaya]]'' || Shukla Mitra || Saheb Chattopadhyay, [[Rupanjana Mitra]], Soumili Biswas, [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay|Bhaswar Chatterjee]], Sudipta Chatterjee, Debottam || Drama
|-
! rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''4'''
| ''[[Kagojer Bou]]'' || [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]] || [[Paoli Dam]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Necklace (2011 film)|Necklace]]'' || Shekhar Das || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Locket Chatterjee, [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty|Ritwik Chakraborty]], Chandreyee Ghose, [[Deepankar De]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] || Drama
|-
| ''Bhoy'' || Subhendu Ghosh || Amitava Bhattacharya, Manami Ghosh, Biplab Chattopadhyay, [[Satabdi Roy]], Abhishek Chatterjee || Drama
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''11'''
| ''[[Paapi (2011 film)|Paapi]]'' || Aziz Sajwal || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Arya Babbar, [[Sayantika Banerjee]], Rajesh Sharma || Drama
|-
| ''[[Jiyo Kaka]]'' || [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Abhiraj, [[Silajit Majumder]], Kanchan Mallik || Comedy
|-
| ''[[Fight 1:1]]'' || Debaditya || [[Satabdi Roy]], Raja, Mouli, Pamela, Raj, Moumita || Drama
|-
| ''[[Ohh My Love]]'' || Partho Sarathi Joarder || - || [[Romantic film|Romance]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
| ''[[Piriti Kathaler Aatha]]'' || Reshmi Mitra || Sourov, [[Ridhima Ghosh]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]] || Romance
|-
| ''[[Tupi Diye Topor]]'' || Swapan Ghosal || Wrick, Sarbani, Tamal Ray Choudhury, Pushpita Mukherjee, Joy || Romance
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''25'''
| ''[[Janala]]'' || [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]] || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Ami Aadu|Aami Adu]]'' || Somnath Gupta || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Debolina, Samadarshi || Drama
|-
| ''[[Handcuff (film)|Handcuff]]'' || Sanat Dutta || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Samir, Aftab, Samrat Mukherjee || Drama
|-
| ''[[Abhisandhi]]'' || Tarun Chattopadhya || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Mukul Dev, Kalyan Ray, [[Barun Chanda]], [[Sreela Majumdar]], Nimu Bhoumick, Sanjay Swaaraj, Chidananda Dasgupta (Special Appearance) || Drama
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''4'''
| ''[[Chalo Paltai]]'' || [[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Mouli Ganguly]], [[Devdaan Bhowmik]], [[Tathoi Deb]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Superstar - A Love Story]]'' || James Anthony || Joy, Pamela || Romance
|-
| ''[[Punorutthan]]'' || Rishi Mukherjee || [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Reema Lagoo]] || Drama
|-
| ''[[Ekdin Thik]]'' || Nirmalya Banerjee || Debashree Roy, [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] || Drama
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''11'''
| ''[[Street Light (Bengali film)|Street Light]]'' || Animesh Roy || Abhishek Chatterjee, [[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], Locket Chatterjee, Nivedita, Pulakita Ghosh || Drama
|-
| ''[[Ei Aranya]]'' || - || Firdaus, [[Debashree Roy]], Abhishek Chatterjee, Rajatava Dutt || Drama
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''18'''
| ''[[Mon Bole Priya Priya]]'' || Milan Bhowmik || Raj, Pamela, [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Tapas Paul]], Subhasish Mukherjee, Rita Koyral || Romance
|}

==April–June==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:18%;" | Director
! style="width:50%;" | Cast
! Genre
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''1'''
| ''Bajikar'' || Prodyut Bhattacharya || Rohan, Pamela, Rajatava Dutt, Rama Prasad Banik, Kharaj Mukherjee, Parthasarathi Dev || Drama
|-
| ''Run'' || [[Swapan Saha]] || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], Priyanka || Drama
|-
| ''Love Birds - The Symbol of Love'' || S.K. || Subho, Arunima Ghosh, [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Aditi Sinha, [[Supriya Devi]], [[Dulal Lahiri]], [[Sumit Ganguly]], Master Arya, Ashoke Mukherjee, Jagannath Patra, [[Bhola Tamang]], Praloy, Partho, Jhoni, Kunaljit, Arpita, Govindo, Polomy, Sunita, Indrani, Raju, Sudipta, Tapan Bharadwaj || Romance
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''8'''
| ''Private Practice'' || Panna Hossain || Jagannath Patra, Pasha, Aishwarya, Ratri, Mrinal Mukherjee, [[Ramaprasad Banik]], [[Manasi Sinha]], Sunil Mukherjee || Romance
|-
| ''Jibon Rong Berong'' || Sanghamitra Chaudhuri || Chiranjit, [[Debashree Roy]], Soham, Swarnakamal, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] || Drama
|-
| ''Cholte Cholte'' || Jagannath Patra || Subham Singh, Dulofar Khan, Ranjit, Navin Nishchol || [[Adventure film|Adventure]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''15'''
| ''Baaz'' || - || Anshuman, Sneha, Jagannath Patra || Drama
|-
| ''Love Me'' ||Ashish Roy - || Nabin, Chandrika, Shangkalita, Sandip, Papiya Adhikary - || Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''22'''
| ''Bhorer Alo'' || [[Prabhat Roy]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Rohit Roy]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], Anusmriti Sarkar || Drama
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''29'''
| ''Duti Mon'' ||Subhash Sen|| [[Ranjit Mallick]], Rohit, Moyuri, Indrani || Drama
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |M A Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''6'''
| ''Ogo Bideshini'' || - || Abhishek Chatterjee, Locket Chatterjee, [[Sohini Paul]], [[Tapas Paul]] || Drama
|-
| ''Bidehir Khonje Rabindranath'' || Sanghamitra Chaudhuri ||Abhishek Chatterjee, Arpita Mukherjee, Angshuman, Souradeep, Sangita - || Drama
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
|''[[Chatrak]]''||[[Vimukthi Jayasundara]]||[[Paoli Dam]], Sudeep Mukherji||Drama
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''20'''
| ''[[Noukadubi (2011 film)|Nouka Dubi]]'' || [[Rituparno Ghosh]] || [[Raima Sen]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] || Drama
|-
| ''Ek Poloke Ektu Dekha'' || Supriyo Sinha || Angshuman, Kasturi || Romance
|-
| ''Aat Paake Bandha'' || Kunal Choudhury and Ruby Gupta || Abhishek Chatterjee, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], Arpita Baker, Ruhi, Chaitali Dasgupta, Dipannita, Vishaal || Romance
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |J U N E
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''3'''
|-
| ''[[Fighter (2011 film)|Fighter]]'' || [[Ravi Kinagi]]|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee|Srabanti]], [[Ferdous Ahmed]], [[Locket Chatterjee]]|| [[Action film|Action]]
|-
| ''[[Paglu]]'' || Rajeeb || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Koyel Mullick|Koel]], Rajatava Dutta || Romance
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''24'''
| ''[[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]]'' || [[Anjan Dutt]] || [[Anjan Dutt]], Parno Mittra, [[Kabir Suman]], [[Kanchan Mullick]] || [[Musical film|Musical]]
|-
| ''Amio Nebo Challenge'' || - || - || -
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''30'''
| ''Bindas Prem'' || Partha Sarkar || Mainak, Megha, [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] || Romance
|}

==July–September==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:45%;" | Cast
! '''Genre'''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J U L Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''8'''
| ''[[Achena Prem]]'' || [[Swapan Saha]] || Aakash, Barsha, Mou Saha, Anuradha Ray || Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''15'''
| ''[[Icche]]'' || [[Nandita Roy]] & Shibaprasad Mukherjee || [[Sohini Sengupta]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]], Bratya Basu, Ruplekha Mitra, [[Bidita Bag]] || Drama
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''22'''
| ''[[Tomake Chai (film)|Tomake Chai]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=Ethical SEO |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/movie_listings/Kolkata+Tomake+Chai+12.html |title=Movie Listings | Show Timings | In Theatres | Indian City Theatres | Cinema House | Multiplexes | Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=2012-10-12}}</ref> || - || - || Romance
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''29'''
| ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' || [[Aparna Sen]] || [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Srijit Mukherji]], [[Ananya Chatterjee]], Locket Chatterjee, Shaheb Bhattacharjee, Suzanne Bernert, Gargi Roychowdhury, Dulal Lahiri, Rita Koiral || Drama
|-
| ''[[System (film)|System]]''|| [[Riingo Banerjee|Riingo]] || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Subhra Kundu, [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Rajesh Sharma, Barun Chanda, Indrajit, Kaushik Ganguly || [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G U S T
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''12'''
| ''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || [[Mithun Chakrabarty]], Saheb, Barkha Bisht || Drama
|-
| ''[[Uro Chithi]]'' || [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Sreelekha Mitra, Tanusree, Rudranil Ghosh || Drama
|-
| ''[[Get Together (film)|Get Together]]'' || [[Arindom Chakrabarty]] || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]]||
|-
| ''[[Ajob Prem Ebong]]'' || [[Arindom Dey]] || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Paoli Dam]] || Romance
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''26'''
| ''[[Chaplin (2011 film)|Chaplin]]'' || Anindo Bandopadhyay || [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Rachita Bhattacharya, Mir || Drama
|-
| ''[[Seven Days (2011 film)|Seven Days]]'' || Tathagata Bhattacharjee || [[Saheb Chatterjee]], Moubani Sarkar, Sreelekha Mitra, Subhasish Mukherjee, Dipankar Dey || Thriller
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''31'''
| ''[[Tomae Bhalobashi]]'' || [[Sujit Guha]] || Kunal, Jhilik, [[Shakti Kapoor]], Bharat Kaul || Romance
|-
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S E P T E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''9'''
| ''[[Rang Milanti]]'' || [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Churni Ganguly]], [[Ridhima Ghosh]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Indrasish Roy]], [[Gourab Chatterjee]]|| Romance, Comedy
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''16'''
| ''[[Someday Somewhere - Jete Pari Chole]]'' || Sanghamitra Choudhuri || Paoli Dam, Saheb Bhattacharya, Shankar Chakravarty, Debjani Chatterjee, Biswajit Chakravarty, Soma Chakravarty, Souradeep Ghosh, Trishna Mukherjee || Romance
|-
| ''[[Bhool Bhal]]'' || Susanta Saha || Susanta Saha, Angshuman Gupta, Aparupa, Prince, Sucheta Nath || Comedy
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''23'''
| ''[[Keloda In Kashmir]]'' || Sanghamitra Choudhuri || Bhola Tamang, Sangita Sonali, Priyanka Banerjee, Souradeep Ghosh, Raj Sinha, Abhinandan Dutta, Madhumita Ghosh, [[Shankar Chakraborty]], Pallabi Chatterjee, Joyjit Banerjee || Comedy
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''30'''
| ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' || [[Srijit Mukherji]] || [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Gautam Ghose]] || Thriller
|-
| ''[[Shotru]]'' || [[Raj Chakraborty]]|| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]|| Comedy
|-
| ''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]'' || Soumik Chatterjee || [[Srabanti Chatterjee|Srabanti]], Sohom || Comedy / [[Romance film|Romance]]
|-
| ''[[Warrant - The Mission]]'' || Swaroop Ghosh || Joy Mukherjee, Priyanka, Biswajit Chakraborty, [[Anamika Saha]] || Action
|}

==October–December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:50%;" | Cast
! '''Genre'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''14'''
| ''[[Mone Mone Bhalobasha]]'' || D. Mukherjee || Joy Mukherjee, Arunima Ghosh, Sabyasachi Mukherjee || Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''21'''
| ''[[Moubone Aaj]]'' || Raja Sen || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], Priyanka, Ranjit Mallick || Drama
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''4'''
| ''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]'' || Sujit Mondal || [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]] || Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''11'''
| ''[[Best Friend (Bengali film)|Best Friend]]'' || Swapan Saha || Mainak, Biswajit, Sujoy, Priyanka || Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
| ''[[Premer Katha Koli]]'' || Alok Roy || Arjun Chakraborty, Dolon Ray, Pallabi Chattopadhyay, Shantilal Mukhopadhyay, Dron Mukherjee || Romance
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''25'''
| ''[[Jaani Dyakha Hawbe]]'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Mamata Shankar]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata]], [[Payel Sarkar]] || Romance
|-
! rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''2'''
| ''[[Katakuti (2011 film)|Katakuti]]'' || Premangshu || [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], Jaya Seal Ghosh, Silajit Majumdar, Krishnakishore, Kharaj Mukherjee || Drama
|-
| ''[[Trishanku (Bengali film)|Trishanku]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || Aviraj, Moubani || Drama
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''9'''
|-
| ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' || [[Nitish Roy]] || Tojo, Antony, [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Tinu Anand]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Paran Bandyopadhay, Kanchan Mallick || [[Children's film|Children]]
|-
| ''[[Murder (Bengali film)|Murder]]'' || Prakash Jaiswaal || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Indrajeet, Amitabha Bhattacharjee || Thriller
|-
| ''[[Mone Pore Ajo Sei Din]]'' || Sudipto Ghatak, Ajay Singh || Joy, Sayantika, Aviraj || Romance
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''16'''
|-
| ''[[Tenida (film)|Tenida]]'' || [[Chinmoy Roy]] || [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]], Gaurav Das Gupta, Moinak Dutta, Ritam Bose, Sreemonti || Comedy
|-
| ''[[Bhorer Pakhi]]'' || Tapan Dutta || Amitava Bhattacharya, [[Sreelekha Mitra]], Rajatava Dutta, [[Manoj Mitra]], [[Monu Mukhopadhyay]], Nimu Bhowmik, Debika Mukhopadhyay, Mrinal Mukherjee, Sumit Gangopadhyay, Shankar Chakraborty || Drama
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''23'''
|-
| ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' || [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Bibhu Bhattacharjee, Saheb Bhattacharya || Thriller
|-
| ''[[Aami Montri Hobo]]'' || Partha Chakraborty || Kharaj Mukherjee, Manasi Sinha, Dulal Lahiri, [[Shakuntala Barua]] || Drama
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2011 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films of 2011}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2011]]
[[Category:Lists of 2011 films by language]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2011 Bengali-language films| ]]

Pilisthe Palukutha

2026-03-03T18:10:50Z

Hearthospital: entry

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
|name =Pilisthe Palukutha
|director=[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
|writer=Kodi Ramakrishna
|producer=Sajjala Srinivas
|starring=[[Jai Akash|Akash]] [[Shamita Shetty]]
|music=[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|released={{Film date|2003|1|23|df=yes}}
|studio=Radha Chithra
|country=India
|language =Telugu
|runtime=129 minutes
}}

'''''Pilisthe Palukutha''''' is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language divine romantic film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. The film stars [[Jai Akash|Akash]], [[Shamita Shetty]] (in her Telugu debut) with [[Vijay Chandar]] in a supporting role. The film was released on 23 January 2003. Music and background score by [[M. M. Keeravani]].

== Plot ==
''Pilisthe Palukutha'' is a religious romantic Telugu film, which talks about the life in college of students Akash, Sunil & Shamita Shetty and the love between [[Jai Akash|Akash]] and [[Shamita Shetty]]. Suddenly Shamita's life takes a turn due to a brain tumor and believes Sai Baba can save her from dying, which he does along with converting all the non-believers into his devoted devotees. Akash, Shamita and Sunil are the students of the college.

Vijay Chander, plays the role of Shirdi Sai Baba whose divine help is sought by the young lovers (Akash and Shamita Shetty). Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam plays a devoted and lovable principal. Chandra Mohan has an important role as a beggar and is connected with the love story between the hero and heroine.

== Cast ==
{{div col |colwidth=25em}}
* [[Jai Akash|Akash]] as Ajay<ref name="F"/>
* [[Shamita Shetty]] as Shanti<ref name="F"/>
* [[Vijayachander]] as [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]]<ref name="I"/>
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Ajay's friend<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Shanti's father<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]<ref name="indiancine.ma"/> as College Principal
* [[L. B. Sriram]]<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[M. S. Narayana]]<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Advocate<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Nana<ref name="F"/>
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]]<ref name="indiancine.ma"/> as Shanti's sister
* [[Gautam Raju]]<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Shanti's mother<ref name="indiancine.ma"/>
{{div col end}}

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and features a seven-minute song on Sai Baba.<ref name="I">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/piliste.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Preview - Piliste Palukutha - Vijaya Chandar, Sharmita Shetty, Akash|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Devi Nundi Digivachina
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 6:27
| title2 = Manasa Ottu
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Pilisthe Palukuthanani
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 6:10
| title4 = Students Students Thummedha
| extra4 = Godwin, Gopika Poornima
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Rotte Kavalante
| lyrics5 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra5 = K. S. Chitra, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 5:38
| title6 = Bujjulu Bujjulu
| lyrics6 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra6 = K. S. Chitra, Karthik
| length6 = 5:27
| title7 = Nuvve Muddu Nadake Muddu
| extra7 = Karthik
| length7 = 4:52
| title8 = Priyathama
| lyrics8 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| length8 = 1:45
| title9 = Andhala Muddula Gummaku
| lyrics9 = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra9 = [[R. P. Patnaik]], Nitya Santoshini, [[Kulasekhar]]
| length9 = 5:30
| total_length = 45:00
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "''Piliste Palukutha'' may have a salvation message hidden in it somewhere, but it doesn't seem very strongly presented".<ref name="F">{{cite web |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pilisthe-palukutha/telugu/pilisthe-palukutha-movie-reviews-370-2.html |title=Pilisthe Palukutha Review |website=fullhyderabad.com}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/2002yearendnotes.html|title=Jeevi notes for the year 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/ASWW |title=Pilisthe Palukutha (Kodi Ramakrishna) 2003 |website=Indiancine.ma |accessdate=22 January 2024}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0368924}}
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/devi-undi-digivachina/FwwHfRJRTn8 ''Pilisthe Palukutha'' at JioSaavn]

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]

Gangotri (2003 film)

2026-03-03T18:05:09Z

Hearthospital: new

{{Short description|2003 Telugu film by K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gangotri
| image = Gangotri film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[C. Aswini Dutt]] [[Allu Aravind]] {{small|(Presenter)}}
| writer = '''Story & Screenplay''': Chinni Krishna '''Dialogues''': Viswanath
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] Aditi Agarwal [[Prakash Raj]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
| music = [[M.M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts#Sri Raghavendra Movie Corporation and United Producers (Dutt, Aravind, Raghavendra Rao)|United Producers]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|03|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gangotri''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language drama film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], marking his 100th directorial venture. The film was produced by [[C. Aswini Dutt|C. Aswani Dutt]] and presented by [[Allu Aravind]]. Written by Chinni Krishna, it features [[Allu Arjun]] and Aditi Agarwal in their debut lead roles. Music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and the cinematography was handled by [[Chota K. Naidu]].<ref name=":0" />

Released on 28 March 2003, the film was later dubbed and released in [[Malayalam]] as ''Simhakutty'' and in [[Hindi]].

== Plot ==
Neelakantam Naidu, a powerful factionist, has a devoted follower, Narasimha, who is ready to sacrifice his life for his master. After years of misfortune with childbirth, Neelakantam's wife Tulasi gives birth to a daughter. Following the advice of priests, they name her Gangotri and warn that she is afflicted with jalagandam (a water-related curse). To protect her, they suggest taking her to the holy site of [[Gangotri]] in the [[Himalayas]] for a ritual bath (abhyangana snanam) for 15 years. This is believed to remove all dangers.

Gangotri grows up under strict protection, with Simhadri, Narasimha’s son, acting as her companion and entertainer. Their bond deepens over time, and they become close friends. However, tragedy strikes when Simhadri's mother is killed in a trap intended for Neelakantam. As Gangotri matures, her paternal aunt begins to impose restrictions on her interactions with Simhadri, viewing their closeness as inappropriate. When Simhadri secretly visits Gangotri, they are caught by Neelakantam, leading to accusations and violence. Neelakantam's sister maligns their relationship, and Neelakantam beats Simhadri.

Narasimha intervenes, resulting in a misunderstanding between him and Neelakantam. Believing Narasimha has ulterior motives, Neelakantam plants bombs at Narasimha's house, killing him. Simhadri, unaware of this at first, confronts Neelakantam upon learning the truth and vows to marry Gangotri within a year. He retreats to the holy site of Gangotri and waits for her final ritual bath.

Gangotri eventually arrives at the holy site, and the two attempt to elope. However, Neelakantam intercepts them and stabs Simhadri. In despair, Gangotri attempts suicide, prompting Neelakantam to realise the depth of their love. Simhadri regains consciousness after hearing their favourite flute tune. The couple reunites and embrace, overcoming the obstacles in their path.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Allu Arjun]] as Simhadri
** [[Teja Sajja|Master Teja]] as Young Simhadri
*Aditi Agarwal as Gangotri (Voice by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
**[[Kavya Kalyanram|Baby Kavya]] as Young Gangotri
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Neelakantam Naidu
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Narasimha
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Simhadri's mother
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Tulasi
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Durgamma
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Hindi Lecturer
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Exam Invigilator
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Anjaneya Sastri
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Subbaraya Sarma]]
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
*Sobha
}}

== Production ==
''Gangotri'' marked the 100th directorial venture of K. Raghavendra Rao. The film was jointly produced by C. Aswani Dutt and Allu Aravind under the banner of United Producers. It introduced Allu Arjun, the second son of producer Allu Aravind, and Aditi Agarwal in their debut lead roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2002 |title=Gangotri team leaves for Gangotri |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

For this milestone project, Raghavendra Rao selected the [[Himalayas]], particularly [[Gangotri]], as the location for the film’s opening shot and several pivotal scenes.<ref name=":1" /> The choice of this sacred site aligned with the film’s storyline. In September 2002, the production team traveled to [[New Delhi]] before proceeding to the Himalayas to begin filming.<ref name=":1" /> The "Ganga" song was shot at Gangotri starting from 25 September 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2002 |title=Sirivennela pens a Ganga song for Gangotri |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

By November 2002, the team returned to [[Hyderabad]] after completing an extensive schedule in North India, which included filming key scenes and two songs in locations such as [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2002 |title=Allu Arjun Gangotri details |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Gangotri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 February 2003
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 30:41
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = M. M. Keeravani
| prev_title = [[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Saaya (2003 film)|Saaya]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and released on [[Aditya Music]] label.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gangothri – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – Saavn |date=16 February 2003 |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/gangothri/TaaVQ9rZgp4_ |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 17 February 2003 at [[Annapurna Studios]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Audio Function of Gangotri|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/gangotriaudio.html|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=17 February 2003|author=Jeevi|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> In an audio review, Sreya Sunil of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' unfavourably compared the film's soundtracks to Keeravani's Hindi works but rated several songs four out of five.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/gangotri.html|title=Audio review of Gangotri - Good but not great|work=Idlebrain.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030228031937/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/gangotri.html|archive-date=28 February 2003|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:41
| title1 = Nuvvu Nenu
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Oka Thotalo
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| extra2 = [[S. P. B. Charan]], Malavika
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Vallanki Pitta
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]], D. Aiswarya
| length3 = 3:45
| title4 = Railu Bandi
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = S. P. B. Charan, Srivardhini
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = Mavayyadi Mogalthooru
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Smita]]
| length5 = 4:29
| title6 = Ganga
| lyrics6 =Chandrabose
| extra6 = S. P. B. Charan, Sunitha Upadrashta
| length6 = 4:16
| title7 = Jevana Vahini
| lyrics7 = [[Veturi]]
| extra7 = M. M. Keeravani, [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length7 = 5:57
|all_writing=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

== Reception ==
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director Raghavendra Rao renders the film as a lesson to show how various elements in a film can be best used to create a perfect balance" and concluded that "The film is worth watching".<ref>{{cite web|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari|title=Centurion makes a mark|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-gangotri.html|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Over all its an average film".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Gangotri|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-gangotri.html|work=Idlebrain.com|date=28 March 2003|author=Jeevi|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "In spite of all this Raghavendra Rao fails to lift this adolescent love story, as there are no major twists in the plot".<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangothri|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gangothri-review-telugu-12981573.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408091459/http://www.sify.com/movies/gangothri-review-telugu-12981573.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2014|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Allu Arjun]] won the Nandi Award for Best Debut Hero
* [[Allu Arjun]] won the Santosham Best Young Performers Award
* Allu Arjun won the [[CineMAA Awards#CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut|CineMAA Award for Best Male Debut]]
* [[Prakash Raj]] won the [[Nandi Award for Best Villain]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0340122|Gangotri}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000s teen romance films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttarakhand Police]]
[[Category:2003 musical films]]

List of districts of Rajasthan

2026-03-03T16:10:11Z

Hearthospital: further reworked content further and corrected details

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Rajasthan
| map = 2025 Rajasthan State New 41 District Map.jpg
| category = [[District]]s
| territory = [[Rajasthan]]
| start_date = 30 March 1949
| current_number = 41
| number_date = 30 December 2024
| population_range = {{unbulleted list
|[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] – 669,919 (lowest)
|[[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] – 6,626,178 (highest)
}}
| area_range = {{unbulleted list
|[[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]– {{Convert|3,084|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)
|[[Jaisalmer District | Jaisalmer]]– {{Convert|38,401|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
}}
| government = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| subdivision = [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan|Tehsil]] (Sub district)
| caption = Districts of Rajasthan in 2025
}}
The [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of '''[[Rajasthan]]''' is located in the northwestern part of the country. For the administrative purposes the state is divided into '''41''' districts and '''7''' divisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajasthan.gov.in/District/Pages/DistrictProfile.aspx |title=District Profile |access-date=2015-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609195128/http://rajasthan.gov.in/District/Pages/DistrictProfile.aspx |archive-date=2015-06-09}} Rajasthan District Profile</ref> After the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] with 75 districts and [[Madhya Pradesh]] with 57 districts, Rajasthan ranks third in India by number of districts. Rajasthan covers 342,239 square kilometers (132,139 square miles) making it the largest state in India by area.

The responsibilities of district management in the state are carried out by [[All India Services|All-India]] officials and [[Government of Rajasthan|state-appointed]] officials. The All-India officials in each district are a [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] or district Magistrate (from the [[Indian Administrative Service]]), a [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (from the [[Indian Police Service]]) and a Deputy Conservator of Forests (from the [[Indian Forest Service]]), each of which is assisted by officers of various [[Rajasthan Administrative Service|Rajasthan state services]]. The state-appointed officials are responsible for matters such as health, education, and other primary facilities.

==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!S.No.
!District
!District's Website
!Area (km2)
!Population
!Division
|-
|01
|[[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]||[https://ajmer.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Ajmer]
||8,481||1,531,974||[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
|-
|02
|[[Alwar district|Alwar]]||[https://alwar.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Alwar]||8,380||2,015,275||[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|03
|[[Balotra district|Balotra]]
|[https://balotra.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Balotra]
|
|1,115,751
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|04
|[[Banswara district|Banswara]]||[https://banswara.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Banswara ]||5,037||1,798,194||[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|05
|[[Baran district|Baran]]||[https://baran.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Baran ]||6,992||1,223,921||[[Kota division|Kota]]
|-
|06
|[[Barmer district|Barmer]]||[https://Barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Barmer]||28,387||1,488,000||[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|07
|[[Beawar District|Beawar]]
|[https://beawar.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Beawar] ||8,481||1,094,918
|[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
|-
|08
|[[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]||[https://bharatpur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Bharatpur]||5,066||1,475,707||[[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
|-
|09
|[[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]||[https://Bhilwara.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Bhilwara]||10,455||1,589,543||[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
|-
|10
|[[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]||[https://bikaner.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Bikaner]||30,247||2,367,745||[[Bikaner division|Bikaner]]
|-
|11
|[[Bundi district|Bundi]]||[https://Bundi.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Bundi]||5,550||1,113,725||[[Kota division|Kota]]
|-
|12
|[[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]||[https://Chittorgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Chittorgarh]||7,822||1,544,392||[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|13
|[[Churu district|Churu]]||[https://Churu.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Churu ]||13,858||2,041,172||[[Bikaner division|Bikaner]]
|-
|14
|[[Dausa district|Dausa]]||[https://Dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Dausa]||3,432||1,637,226||[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|15
|[[Deeg district|Deeg]]
|[https://Deeg.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Deeg]
|
|10,72,755
|[[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
|-
|16
|[[Didwana-Kuchaman district|Didwana-Kuchaman]]
|[https://deedwana-kuchaman.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Didwana-Kuchaman]
|6,796
|1,625,837
|[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
|-
|17
|[[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]||[https://dholpur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Dholpur]||3,084||1,207,293||[[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
|-
|18
|[[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]||[https://Dungarpur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Dungarpur]|||3,770
|1,388,906||[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|19
|[[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
|[https://Hanumangarh.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Hanumangarh]
|9,656
|1,774,692
|[[Bikaner division|Bikaner]]
|-
|20
|[[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
|[https://Jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Jaipur]
|11,152
|6,046,835
|[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|21
|[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
|[https://Jaisalmer.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Jaisalmer]
|38,401
|669,919
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|22
|[[Jalore district|Jalore]]
|[https://Jalore.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Jalore]
|10,640
|1,828,730
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|23
|[[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]
|[https://Jhalawar.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Jhalawar]
|6,928
|1,411,129
|[[Kota division|Kota]]
|-
|24
|[[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
|[https://jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Jhunjhunu]
|5,928
|2,137,045
|[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|25
|[[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
|[https://Jodhpur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Jodhpur]
|22,850
|2,955,582
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|26
|[[Karauli district|Karauli]]
|[https://karauli.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Karauli]
|5,043
|1,458,248
|[[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
|-
|27
|[[Khairthal-Tijara district|Khairthal-Tijara]]
|[https://khairthaltijara.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Khairthal-Tijara]
|
|966,821
|[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|28
|[[Kota district|Kota]]
|[https://Kota.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Kota]
|5,217
|1,951,014
|[[Kota division|Kota]]
|-
|29
|[[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]
|[https://kotputlibehror.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Kotputli-Behror]
|
|1,271,426
|[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|30
|[[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
|[https://Nagaur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Nagaur]
|17,718
|1,605,543
|[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
|-
|31
|[[Pali district|Pali]]
|[https://Pali.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Pali]
|12,387
|1,605,543
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|32
|[[Phalodi district|Phalodi]]
|[https://phalodi.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Phalodi]
|
|731,583
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|33
|[[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
|[https://Pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Pratapgarh]
|4,117
|867,848
|[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|34
|[[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
|[https://Rajsamand.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Rajsamand]
|4,550
|1,156,597
|[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|35
|[[Salumbar district|Salumbar]]
|[https://salumber.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Salumbar]
|
|570,775
|[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|36
|[[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
|[https://sawaimadhopur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Sawai Madhopur]
|10,527
|1,335,551
|[[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
|-
|37
|[[Sikar district|Sikar]]
|[https://Sikar.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Sikar]
|7,742
|2,677,333
|[[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
|-
|38
|[[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
|[https://Sirohi.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Sirohi]
|5,136
|1,036,346
|[[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
|-
|39
|[[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
|[https://sriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Sri Ganganagar]
|11,154
|1,969,168
|[[Bikaner division|Bikaner]]
|-
|40
|[[Tonk district|Tonk]]
|[https://Tonk.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Tonk]
|7,194
|1,421,326
|[[Ajmer division|Ajmer]]
|-
|41
|[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
|[https://Udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Udaipur ]
|11,724
|2,497,645
|[[Udaipur division|Udaipur]]
|-
|}

== Division ==
The 41 districts have been divided into 7 divisions: Ajmer, Bharatpur, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota and Udaipur divisions. Each division consists of some districts (mainly 4-8 districts)

[[File:Map rajasthan dist 7 div.png|thumb|300px|Divisions of Rajasthan]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
![[Ajmer Division]]
![[Bharatpur division]]
![[Bikaner division]]
![[Jaipur division]]
![[Jodhpur division]]
![[Kota division]]
![[Udaipur division]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
# [[Ajmer District|Ajmer]]
# [[Beawar District|Beawar]]
# [[Bhilwara District|Bhilwara]]
# [[Didwana-Kuchaman district|Didwana-Kuchaman]]
# [[Nagaur District|Nagaur]]
# [[Tonk District|Tonk]]
|
# [[Bharatpur District|Bharatpur]]
# [[Deeg district|Deeg]]
# [[Dholpur District|Dholpur]]
# [[Karauli District|Karauli]]
# [[Sawai Madhopur District|Sawai Madhopur]]
|
# [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
# [[Churu District|Churu]]
# [[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]]
# [[Sri Ganganagar District|Sri Ganganagar]]
|
# [[Alwar District|Alwar]]
# [[Dausa District|Dausa]]
# [[Jaipur District|Jaipur]]
# [[Jhunjhunu_district|Jhunjhunu]]
# [[Khairthal-Tijara district|Khairthal-Tijara]]
# [[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]
# [[Sikar District|Sikar]]
|
# [[Balotra district|Balotra]]
# [[Barmer District|Barmer]]
# [[Jaisalmer District|Jaisalmer]]
# [[Jalore District|Jalore]]
# [[Jodhpur District|Jodhpur]]
# [[Pali District|Pali]]
# [[Phalodi district|Phalodi]]
# [[Sirohi District|Sirohi]]
|
# [[Baran District|Baran]]
# [[Bundi District|Bundi]]
# [[Jhalawar District|Jhalawar]]
# [[Kota District|Kota]]
|
# [[Banswara District|Banswara]]
# [[Chittorgarh District|Chittorgarh]]
# [[Dungarpur District|Dungarpur]]
# [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
# [[Rajsamand District|Rajsamand]]
# [[Salumbar district|Salumbar]]
# [[Udaipur District|Udaipur]]
|}

== Proposed districts ==
There are demands for more than 50 districts. The most notable new district-forming demands are given below.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New district demands |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/ahead-of-2023-state-elections-demand-for-new-districts-in-rajasthan-gathers-steam/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जयपुर से बनेंगे 4 जिले? राजस्थान में 50 नए डिस्ट्रिक्ट बनाने की उठी मांग |url=https://smart.livehindustan.com/jaipur/news/cm-ashok-gehlot-government-rajasthan-budget-before-50-new-districts-demand-4-districts-from-jaipur-81645351581473.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Hindustan Smart |language=hindi}}</ref>

'''Legends''': 9 districts highlighted in '''bold''' were notified in 2025 as "nine newly created districts have been dissolved",<ref name=drop1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/from-50-to-41-protests-rage-over-scrapping-9-rajasthan-districts/articleshow/116784881.cms Protests erupted across Rajasthan after the BJP government denotified nine districts established by the previous Congress government.], Times of India, 30 Dec 2024.</ref> and 3 districts highlighted in ''bold italics'' were earlier notified as revoked.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Current district{{Disputed inline|date=December 2024}}
!Demanded district{{Disputed inline|date=December 2024}}
|-
|Jodhpur
|'''Jodhpur Rural'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Jalore
|Bhinmal
|-
|'''Sanchore'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Khairthal-Tijara
|Bhiwari
|-
|Khairthal
|-
| rowspan="3" |Kotpulti-Behror
|Behror
|-
|Neemrana
|-
|Kotputli
|-
| rowspan="3" |Didwana-Kuchaman
|Makrana
|-
|'''''Kuchaman City'''''
|-
|Sujla
|-
|Nagaur
|Merta City
|-
| rowspan="5" |Jaipur
|Shahpura
|-
|Phulera
|-
|'''Dudu'''
|-
|'''Jaipur Rural'''
|-
|Sambhar Lake
|-
| rowspan="3" |Sikar
|Fatehpur Shekhawati
|-
|'''Neem ka thana'''
|-
|Shrimadhopur
|-
|Jaisalmer
|Pokhran
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ajmer
|'''Kekri'''
|-
|Madanganj-Kishangarh
|-
| rowspan="2" |Churu
|Ratangarh
|-
|'''''Sujangarh'''''
|-
| rowspan="3" |Shriganganagar
|'''Anupgarh'''
|-
|Gharsana
|-
|Shri Vijaynagar
|-
| rowspan="2" |Hanumangarh
|Nohar
|-
|Bhadra
|-
|Bikaner
|Nokha
|-
|Kota
|None district is demanded
|-
|Baran
|Chhabra
|-
|Jhalawar
|Bhawani Mandi
|-
|Bharatpur
|Bhayana
|-
|Deeg
|Kaman
|-
|Sawai Madhopur
|'''Gangapur City'''
|-
|Karauli
|Hindaun City
|-
|Bhilwara
|'''Shahpura'''
|-
|Chittorgarh
|Rawatbhata
|-
| rowspan="2" |Udaipur
|Kherwara
|-
|Sarada
|-
| rowspan="3" |Pali
|Falna
|-
|Sumerpur
|-
|Bali
|-
|Tonk
|'''''Malpura'''''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
* [[Government of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan]]
* [[Urban Improvement Trust]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan]]
* [[List of urban local bodies in Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan| ]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Districts]]

Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)

2026-03-03T03:15:03Z

Hearthospital: Done!

{{for|the 1978 film|Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakka Podu Podu Raja
| image = Sakka Podu Podu Raja Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Theatrical Poster
| director = G. L. Sethuraman
| producer = [[VTV Ganesh]]
| writer = G. L. Sethuraman
| based_on = ''[[Loukyam]]''
| starring = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[Sanjana Singh]] [[Sampath Raj|Sampath]]
| music = [[Silambarasan]]
| cinematography = [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = VTV Productions
| distributor = Trident Arts AP International
| released = {{Film date|2017|12|22|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/sakka-podu-podu-raja.html|title=Sakka Podu Podu Raja Tamil Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers,Sakka Podu Podu Raja 2017 – Filmibeat|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208111104/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/sakka-podu-podu-raja.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Sakka Podu Podu Raja''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Sethuraman and produced by [[VTV Ganesh]]. The film features [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in the leading roles. Featuring cinematography by [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]] and edited by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]], the film began production in October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santhanam-next-also-with-vaibhavi-shandilya-news-tamil-qkpoypidggjhe.html|title=Santhanam next film is again with Vaibhavi Shandilya !|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104010048/http://www.sify.com/movies/santhanam-next-also-with-vaibhavi-shandilya-news-tamil-qkpoypidggjhe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This film is a remake of the 2014 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Loukyam]]'', starring [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Sampath Raj]] (who reprises his role in this film), [[Mukesh Rishi]] and [[Brahmanandam]]. It was released in a [[Hindi]] dub in 2021, titled ''Santa'', by RKD Studios.<ref>{{Citation |title=Santa (2021) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zutjr3jQkUI |access-date=2024-03-19 |publisher=RKD Studios |language=en}}.</ref>

==Plot==
Santa helps his friend Saravana elope with his lover, who happens to be the sister of a local don, Bhavani. Knowing this, Bhavani vows to take revenge on Santa and keeps searching for him. Meanwhile, Santa meets Yazhini, a college student, and gets attracted to her. After some initial fights, Yazhini also falls for Santa. One day, Yazhini is chased by a few goons and there comes Bhavani who saves her. It is revealed that Yazhini is the youngest sister of Bhavani, which shocks Santa. A small flashback is shown where there is an enmity prevailing between another don, Das, who wants to kill Bhavani’s sisters as Bhavani refused to marry Das’ only sister, which led to her death.

Santa comes up with a plan to win the heart of Bhavani. As Bhavani has not seen Santa, he decides to use it as an advantage. As per plan, Santa introduces Bhavani as a land lord and lets him stay at his place. Santa gets close to Bhavani, and stages another drama, and makes Bhavani accept the wedding of Saravana and Bhavani’s sister. Bhavani arranges Yazhini’s wedding with Karthik, who was supposed to marry Yazhini’s sister. Now, Santa finds that Karthik is none other than the son of Das, and their plan is to trouble Yazhini post wedding as a means of revenge against Bhavani. A fight ensues, and Bhavani understands Das’ plan. Finally, Santa is married to Yazhini.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] as Santa
*[[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] as Yazhini
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Delhi
*[[Sampath Raj|Sampath]] as Bhavani (Yazhini's Biological brother)
*[[Sanjana Singh]] as Hamsa (Delhi's wife)
*[[Narayan Lucky|Narayan]] as Karthik
*[[VTV Ganesh|V.T.V. Ganesh]] as J. Neelakandan, Santa's father
*[[V. Sethuraman|Dr. Sethuraman]] as Saravana
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Kasimedu Das
*[[ Ashmita Singh ]] as Das' Sister
*[[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]] as Srinivasan
*Natraj Pillai as Sathya, Yazhini’s adopted brother
*Surekha Vani as Neelakandan's wife
*[[Robo Shankar]] as Sathya's henchman
*[[Daniel Annie Pope|Daniel Pope]] as Santa's friend
*[[Swaminathan]] as Raghava Chari, Santa's uncle
*[[Mayilswamy]] as Vastu
*[[Papri Ghosh]] as Yamini
*[[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as Santa's friend
*[[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] as Ravi
*'Lollu Sabha' Anthony
*[[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as Film crew member
*[[Abhishek Vinod]]
*Divya Ganesh as Yazhini's college friend
*Niharika as Yazhini's college friend
*Adithya Kathir
*[[Kanal Kannan]] in a special appearance as himself
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] special appearance in the song "Kalakku Machaan"
*[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] special appearance in the song "Kalakku Machaan"
*Nobel Paul special appearance in the song "Kalakku Machaan"
*Jhony special appearance in the song "Kalakku Machaan"
*Boopathy special appearance in the song "Kalakku Machaan"
}}

==Production==

In October 2016, [[VTV Ganesh]] announced that he would finance a film directed by newcomer Sethuraman, which would feature [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-begins-his-next-film.html|title=Santhanam begins his next film|date=14 October 2016|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000415/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-begins-his-next-film.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was launched with a small ceremony during the middle of the month and the lead pair in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Santhanam-launches-his-next-film-with-VTV-Ganesh/articleshow/54847928.cms|title=Santhanam launches his next film with VTV Ganesh|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216071953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Santhanam-launches-his-next-film-with-VTV-Ganesh/articleshow/54847928.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In early November 2016, it was announced that production had begun and Ganesh had signed on comedian [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] to play a supporting role, while [[Sampath Raj]] and [[Robo Shankar]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-and-vivek-to-team-up-for-sakka-podu-podu-raja.html|title=Santhanam and Vivek to team up for Sakka Podu Podu Raja|date=2 November 2016|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000311/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-and-vivek-to-team-up-for-sakka-podu-podu-raja.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-vivekh-robo-shankar-new-movie-sakka-podu-podu-raja-tamil-news-170437.html|title=Mersal combo! Santhanam and Vivekh new movie title is here|date=2 November 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104014056/http://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-vivekh-robo-shankar-new-movie-sakka-podu-podu-raja-tamil-news-170437.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2016, the team approached [[A. R. Rahman]] to work on the film as music composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/051116/guess-whos-santhanams-co-star.html|title=Guess who's Santhanam's co-star!|date=5 November 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105234807/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/051116/guess-whos-santhanams-co-star.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the composer turned down the request, VTV Ganesh also enquired with [[Anirudh Ravichander]] before signing on [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/071216/harris-jayaraj-for-vtv-ganesh.html|title=Harris Jayaraj for VTV Ganesh?|date=7 December 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207142456/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/071216/harris-jayaraj-for-vtv-ganesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] announced that actor [[Silambarasan|STR]] will make his debut as composer in the film. Sharing the news on his Twitter page on Sunday, [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] wrote: "It's my godfather and wonderful human Silambarasan, who is going to compose music for first time for this film 'Sakka Podu Podu Raja'."

== Soundtrack ==

Music for the movie was composed by [[Silambarasan]], in his debut as a music composer. The movie consists of a total of 5 songs.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Song name
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
!Length
|-
|1
|"Kalakku Machaan"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Rokesh]] 
|3:58
|-
|2
|"Kadhal Devathai"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Vairamuthu]] 
|6:17
|-
|3
|"Unakkaga"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]], Dr. Burn, [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|Dr. Burn, [[Vignesh Shivan]]
|4:18
|-
|4
|"Siru Siru"
|Keerthana Vaidyanathan, Vasudev Krishna
|Karunakaran
| 5:28
|-
|5
|"Vaa Munimma"
|Usha Rajendar, [[T. Rajendar]]
|[[Madhan Karky]]
|4:35
|}

==Reception==
Baradwaj Rangan of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Santhanam’s latest attempt to position himself as a matinee idol pivots on an utterly original plot: the hero falls for a gangster’s sister. "<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/sakka-podu-podu-raja-movie-review |title=Yet another boring stab at making Santhanam a star |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803061236/https://www.filmcompanion.in/sakka-podu-podu-raja-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Home media==
[[Amazon.com|Amazon]] has acquired the digital rights of ''Sakka Podu Podu Raja''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k4_v7qIUXs |title= Amazon Prime Video {{!}} Sakka Podu Podu Raja |work= Amazon Prime Video India |access-date= 13 January 2018 |archive-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211008210642/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k4_v7qIUXs |url-status= live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7510870}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Silambarasan]]

Manjunath (film)

2026-03-02T10:03:29Z

Hearthospital: minor rework layout as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manjunath
| image = Manjunath Movie Poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sandeep A. Varma
| producer = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] ICOMO Films
| writer = Sandeep A. Varma
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Sasho Satiiysh|[[Seema Biswas]]|[[Divya Dutta]]|[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]}}
| music = Sonam-Nitin-Subir [[Parikrama (band)]]
| cinematography = Prakash Kutty
| editing = Sandeep Francis
| studio = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Icomo
| distributor = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|05|09|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie on whistleblower Manjunath's sacrifice released| url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/iim-alumnus-manjunath-movie-released/1/206035.html}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|3|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|30|c}}
}}
'''''Manjunath''''' is an Indian drama film written and directed by Sandeep A. Varma based on the true story of [[Shanmugam Manjunath|Manjunath Shanmugam]], the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]] graduate who was killed in Lakhimpur, U.P., in November 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Manjunath murder: Court announces verdict| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/manjunath-murder-court-announces-verdict-12928}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Manjunath-case-Killers-death-sentence-commuted-to-life/articleshow/5326652.cms|title=Manjunath case: Killer's death sentence commuted to life | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> for his stand against corruption and fuel adulteration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-extraordinary-tale-of-an-ordinary-man/article4278354.ece|title=The extraordinary tale of an ordinary man|first=Hari|last=Narayan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 January 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

In the hinterland of [[Uttar Pradesh]] 27-year-old [[Manjunath Shanmugam]] is a student at the state-of-the-art campus of the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]] (IIM-L). After graduating, Manjunath joins a petroleum company as a sales officer. He is posted in Lakhimpur Kheri, a remote district in rural Uttar Pradesh. One day Manjunath goes missing.

His friends panic, because they know that of late he had been very disturbed and was behaving strangely. He had become serious and scared. He was different from the Manjunath they knew in college, who was always jovial, fun-loving, friendly, and a great entertainer.

One of his friends finds him, but Manjunath is frantic. They send him back to his hometown. Manjunath's parents try to convince him to leave his job at Bharat Oil that is causing him stress. Initially he seems willing but slowly he realises that he doesn't want to be a quitter. (Manjunath believes that, being from a top institute in the country, he has been given an opportunity. As the eldest son of a mineworker, he has had a humble upbringing.)

He realises that the kerosene, mixed with diesel, is coming from ration shops — 'it's the poor people's kerosene'. In addition, he becomes conscious of the extent of pollution caused by burning adulterated fuel. He finds strength and comes back to fight, against his parents wishes.

There is a clear threat to his life, because he insists on doing his duty to stop petrol adulteration. This time, Manjunath is not deterred. He continues doing what he considers right, without worrying about the consequences. As a result, one night he gets brutally killed by the people who are harmed by him doing his duty. His family and friends suffer over his death. They wonder why he put himself in so much danger.

Slowly, the worst fears start coming true. Beyond the initial grief, no one wants to come forward to carry on the fight.

In the film, Manjunath is shown watching what happens after he dies. He is starting to feel that it is all pointless. He cannot watch his parents' tears any more: What was their fault? Maybe he should have compromised. But how can people not see what he has? What he fought was something very big and very important.

Suddenly, people who have no connection to him realise the importance of what Manjunath did and start trying to do something. Like novices, they search their way around: Their will is strong. They start getting help again from unexpected quarters. It is nerve-wracking, with dangers for everyone. Then, instead of one or two, there are a lot of people helping. Manjunath, who has lost hope, realises that it's not all going to waste.

He hopes and prays that they succeed.

The film cuts back and forth from a rock concert. The conflict of the story is not whether Manjunath lived or died, but if the effect of Manjunath lives or dies, and in the end that's the victory.

==Cast==
* Sasho Satiiysh Saarathy as [[Shanmugam Manjunath|Manjunath]]
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Anjali Mullatti
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Manjunath's mother
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Manjunath's father
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Golu Goyal
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Raina, Manjunath's boss
* [[Asif Basra]] as Devendra
* [[Anjori Alagh]] as Sujata
* Faisal Rashid as Gautam
* [[Gireesh Sahedev]] as H.Jaishankar
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as I.B. Singh
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Golu's father
* Saksham Dayma as Inspector Shukla
*[[Nalneesh Neel]] as Paanwala

==Production==

===Development===
In an interview with Firstpost, director Sandeep A. Varma stated,
<blockquote>"''Manjunath'' actually picked me. One day, I got a call from the Manjunath Trust Trustees who were fighting his case. They wanted some creative work like posters, etc. to be created pro bono and had got to know that I had a creative advertising background. As I researched on Manjunath, two things staggered me. One was he was totally unlike what I'd thought he would be. I'd thought he'd be idealistic, preachy, etc but he was interesting, very ordinary in the sense of how we used to be in college, he made mistakes, was a musician – basically very cinematic. It made me curious that if he was so 'like any of us' then what happened to him to make him do what he did? Secondly, also that the people fighting his case, did not know him, were not doing it for glory or money, just strangers, taking on something thousands of miles away, just because they were inspired by what he did. 
I thought these may be ingredients of a story worth telling."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-story-of-manjunath-picked-me-says-director-sandeep-varma-1499953.html|title=The story of Manjunath picked me, says director Sandeep Varma|date=29 April 2014|website=Firstpost}}</ref></blockquote>

===Official support===
The film was supported by the Manjunath Shanmugam Trust <ref>{{cite web|title=Manjunath Shanmugam Trust|url=http://www.manjunathshanmugamtrust.org/|access-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726223213/http://www.manjunathshanmugamtrust.org/|archive-date=26 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> through which the support of IIM-Lucknow and Manjunath's parents were enlisted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2014/mar/22/manjunath-biopic-a-story-worth-telling-589397.html|title=Manjunath Biopic: 'A story Worth Telling'|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Filming===

''Manjunath'' was primarily shot in Lucknow and areas around, including at the IIM. The rest of the portions were filmed in Mumbai and Bangalore. The filming in U.P. was done under a pseudo-name of being a romantic movie, to avoid the attention of the local people and media. Sandeep and his crew had a close shave with a few corrupt petrol pump owners whilst shooting which forced him to choose the cover story. “Unlike the collective memory of the rest of the country, Manjunath’s story is still alive in Uttar Pradesh. We didn’t want to put the 100-crew unit at risk,” said director Sandeep A. Varma, in an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manjunath-no-ordinary-man/|title=Manjunath: No ordinary man|date=9 May 2014}}</ref>

==Music==

The soundtrack is composed by Sonam Sherpa, Nitin Malik and Subir Malik of Delhi-based rock band [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]]. The film has four original songs with lyrics penned by Rajneesh Bisht and Sandeep A. Varma. The track "Shlokas" is the first rock rendition of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/releases/manjunath-rocks-the-bhagavad-gita-375|title=Manjunath rocks the Bhagavad Gita|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref>

{{track listing
| title1 = Amma
| note1 = performed by [[Shankar Mahadevan]]; lyrics by Rajneesh Bisht and Sandeep A. Varma
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = The Rock Song
| note2 = performed by [[KK (singer)|KK]]; lyrics by Rajneesh Bisht and Sandeep A. Varma
| length2 = 5:33
| title3 = Gol
| note3 = performed by [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]; lyrics by Rajneesh Bisht and Sandeep A. Varma
| length3 = 6:16
| title4 = Shlokas
| note4 = performed by Sukriti, Shambhunath, Arindam; lyrics courtesy The Bhagavad Gita
| length4 = 3:04
}}

==Release==
''Manjunath'' was released in India on 9 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/off-track/iim-alumnus-manjunath-movie-released/story/206035.html|title=Movie on whistleblower Manjunath's sacrifice released|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
Critic [[Taran Adarsh]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and states that, "''Manjunath'' is a film that is realistic, brave and powerful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/manjunath/critic-review/manjunath-movie-review/|title=Manjunath Review 3.5/5 | Manjunath Movie Review | Manjunath 2014 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> Critic Subhash K. Jha also gave 3.5 stars out of 5 saying, "The director pieces together Manjunath's story like Orson Welles' [[Citizen Kane]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/manjunath-movie-review-962|title=Manjunath Movie Review - NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> For ''[[The Times of India]]'', Renuka Vyavahare wrote, "One of the least promoted films of the week, Manjunath pleasantly surprises you with its thought-provoking, hard-hitting content and earnest execution. What also set the film apart are its heart-rending parent-child moments and heartfelt performances. Renowned artistes [[Seema Biswas]] (as Manju's mother) and [[Kishor Kadam]] (Manju's father) deserve awards for their tear-evoking acts." She gave the film 3 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/manjunath/movie-review/34891085.cms|title=Manjunath Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Manjunath by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] for [[IBN Live]] gave it a rating of 3/5, calling it "An important story that deserves to be heard."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manjunath-review-its-an-important-story-that-deserves-to-be-heard/470817-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512012831/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manjunath-review-its-an-important-story-that-deserves-to-be-heard/470817-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-05-12|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref> Sify.com gave it 3.5 out of 5 saying, "Don't miss this rare gem. Varma is an astute storyteller, also showcasing a flair for cinematic style. The atmospherics are delightful, and so are the nuances (right from Manjunath's nerdy dressing sense to his worn-out steering wheel cover). Music by Parikrama is superb, even if too much at times."
<ref>{{cite web|title=Manjunath review: Don't miss this rare gem!|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manjunath-review-don-t-miss-this-rare-gem-review-bollywood-15055122.html#.U3PnLTm_K5o.facebook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510174929/http://www.sify.com/movies/manjunath-review-don-t-miss-this-rare-gem-review-bollywood-15055122.html#.U3PnLTm_K5o.facebook|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-05-10}}</ref>

Rahul Desai for [[Mumbai Mirror]] wrote, "The sign of a good biopic, like a documentary, is its current relevance and ability to transcend flaws, as well as the first emotion it elicits from viewers. I felt wronged, and grew stronger as things progressed, only to be shaken by the truth of how relatable Manjunath's psychological struggle was. The tragic part is that Manjunath wasn't a hero; he only had his eyes open in an unrelenting world." He gave it 3 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Manjunath/articleshow/34913406.cms|title=Film review: Manjunath|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
Paloma Sharma for [[Rediff.com]] gave it 3 stars out of 5 and said, "Several scenes even take place from beyond the grave and this turn of events ruins the fast-paced, crisply edited aspect of the film and hence, the early promise it showed. That said though, Manjunath is a brave film, like the man it is based on, as it openly takes on the issue of caste and class – an everyday discrimination that the protagonist faced."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-manjunath-is-a-brave-film/20140509.htm|title=Review: Manjunath is a brave film|website=Rediff}}</ref>

===Response from Manjunath's family===

In an open letter to DNA, Manjunath's brother S. Raghavendran, as a response to the film's low box office response, wrote,

<blockquote>"We saw Manjunath come alive in front of our eyes last weekend in the theatre near you. A few people had come forward to honour his memory. Why? Was he useless? Did what he did not matter to anyone? Would you react the same way if your loved one is brutally killed for doing his duty? 
It’s not a movie with an item song or love story or the one which audience normally expect. It’s poignant, isn’t it... an ordinary man fighting against corruption and getting brutally killed. I only wish and hope that more people should know of his real story, what he did, why, what he stood for, and get inspired by him. Let’s all start dreaming about a corruption free country. Don’t we have the right to at least start dreaming and thinking in that direction?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=64730&boxid=41521&ed_date=2014-05-23&ed_code=820004&ed_page=6|title=Letter from a brother!}}</ref></blockquote>

==Television premiere==

''Manjunath'' had its world television premiere on 19 November 2014 (Manjunath's death anniversary) on &Pictures (Zee Group).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nine-years-after-his-murder-shanmughan-manjunath-s-story-to-unravel-on-tv-2036071|title=Nine years after his murder, Shanmughan Manjunath's story to unravel on TV|first=Tanea|last=Bandyopadhyay|date=18 November 2014|website=DNA India}}</ref>

To create awareness, &Pictures organised on-ground events at notable colleges as such IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Indore, IIM Lucknow and St. Andrew's College, Mumbai, where a panel discussion was held on the topic “Are heroes like Manjunath ‘brave’ or ‘stupid’ in doing what they do?” The panelists included the film's director Sandeep A. Varma; Raghavendran Shanmugam (Manjunath's brother); cast members from the movie like Sasho Satiiysh, Yashpal Sharma and Rajesh Khattar; notable government officials and IPS officers; and faculty members from the institutes. The events were covered by mainline and regional press.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/discussion-on-whistleblower-manjunaths-biopic-stirs-social-impact-discourse-at-iima/|title=Discussion on whistleblower Manjunath's biopic stirs 'social impact' discourse at IIMA|date=6 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/was-manjunath-idiotic-or-heroic-mumbai-college-debates/15777168|title=Was Manjunath idiotic or heroic? Mumbai college debates|date=19 November 2014|website=mid-day}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3056632|Manjunath}}

{{Vaicom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]

AH1

2026-02-27T13:53:38Z

Hearthospital: clean up

{{Short description|Longest route of the Asian Highway Network}}
{{About|a route of the Asian Highway Network|the single engine helicopter gunship|Bell AH-1 Cobra|the dual engine helicopter gunship|Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|other uses|AH-1 (disambiguation){{!}}AH-1}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox road
| country = ASIA
| type = AH
| route = 1
| map = AH1 Route Map.svg
| length_km = 20557
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = [[Tokyo]], Japan {{Coord|35|41|03|N|139|46|29|E|}}
| terminus_b = [[Kapıkule]], Turkey {{Coord|41|43|01|N|26|21|10|E|}}
| junction =
| next_type = AH
| next_route = 2
| countries = [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[North Korea]], [[China]] (including [[Hong Kong]]), [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]]
}}

'''Asian Highway 1''' ('''AH1''') is the longest east–west route of the [[Asian Highway Network]], running {{convert|20,557|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Tokyo]], Japan via the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]] ([[South Korea]] and [[North Korea]]), [[China]] ([[Mainland China]] and [[Hong Kong]]), [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] ([[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Myanmar]]), the [[South Asia]] ([[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]]), and the [[Iranian Plateau]] ([[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]]) to the [[Kapıkule|international border]] between [[Turkey]] and [[Bulgaria]] west of [[Istanbul]] where it joins [[European route E80]], running all the way to [[Lisbon]], Portugal.

==Japan==
[[File:The starting point of Asian highway Route 1, Chuo-city, Tokyo, Japan.jpg|thumb|AH1 at [[Nihonbashi]], Tokyo, the "zero milepost" for measuring highway distances to Tokyo.]]

The 1,200-kilometre<ref>Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, [http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf 2003 Asian Highway Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414184019/http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf |date=2012-04-14 }}, 2003, page 54</ref> section in Japan was added to the system in November 2003.<ref>Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, [http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf 2003 Asian Highway Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414184019/http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf |date=2012-04-14 }}, 2003, page 3</ref> It runs along the following [[toll road|tolled]] [[expressways of Japan|expressways]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/sign/sign/asian_highway/map.htm |script-title=ja:アジアハイウェイ標識の設置場所 |publisher=[[MLIT]] |language=ja |access-date=December 5, 2011}}</ref>
* [[File:Shuto Urban Expwy Sign C1.svg|30px]] [[Shuto Expressway]] [[Inner Circular Route|C1 Inner Circular Route]], Edobashi JCT to Tanimachi JCT via Takebashi JCT
* [[File:Shuto Urban Expwy Sign 0003.svg|30px]] [[Shuto Expressway]] [[Shibuya Route|Route 3 Shibuya Line]], Tanimachi JCT to Yoga Exit (Tokyo Interchange)
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E1|dab1=T}},<ref>Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,[http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf 2003 Asian Highway Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414184019/http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf |date=2012-04-14 }}, 2003, page 54 shows an aerial photo of the Yokohama Aoba Interchange, placing AH1 clearly on the Tomei Expressway rather than the other Tokyo-Nagoya expressway, the [[Chūō Expressway]].</ref> Tokyo Interchange to [[Komaki]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E1|dab1=M}}, Komaki to [[Suita]] via [[Kyoto]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E2A|dab1=C}}, Suita to [[Kobe]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E2}}, Kobe to [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi]] via [[Hiroshima]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E2A|dab1=C}}, Yamaguchi to [[Shimonoseki]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E2A|dab1=K}}, Shimonoseki to [[Kitakyushu]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Exp|E3}}, Kitakyushu to [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]
* [[File:Japanese Urban Expwy Sign 0004.svg|30px]] [[Fukuoka Expressway]] Route 4
* [[File:Japanese Urban Expwy Sign 0001.svg|30px]] [[Fukuoka Expressway]] Route 1
* [[File:Japan ferry sign.png|30px|alt=|link=]] [[Camellia Line]] ferry to [[Busan]], South Korea.

From Fukuoka, the [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] has been proposed to provide a fixed crossing.

== South Korea ==
[[File:Asian Highways 1 South Korea.jpg|206px|right|thumb|Signage along the [[Gyeongbu Expressway]] with AH 1 route marker]]

The section in South Korea mainly follows the [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]. The Highway Boundary of South and North Korea.
* [[File:Korea Urbanexpwy 71.png|30px|Right]] {{Interlanguage link|Busan City Route 71|ko|3=충장대로}}: [[Busan]]-[[Jung-gu, Busan|Centre]] - [[Busan]]-[[Dong-gu, Busan|Dong-gu]]
* [[File:Korea Urbanexpwy 11.svg|30px]] [[Beonyeong-ro (Busan)|Busan City Route 11]]: [[Busan]]-[[Dong-gu, Busan|Dong-gu]] - [[Busan]]-[[Geumjeong-gu, Busan|Geumjeong-gu]]
* [[File:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|30px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]: [[Busan]]-[[Geumjeong-gu, Busan|Geumjeong-gu]] - [[Gyeongju]] - [[Daegu]] - [[Daejeon]] - [[Seoul]]-[[Seocho-gu]]
* [[File:Korea Urbanexpwy 41.png|30px]] [[Seoul City Route 41]]: [[Seoul]]-[[Seocho-gu]] - [[Seoul]]-[[Gangnam-gu]] - [[Seoul]]-[[Yongsan-gu]]
* [[File:KR road sign 138.svg|30px]] [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]] 1st tunnel: [[Seoul]]-[[Yongsan-gu]] - [[Seoul]]-[[Jung-gu, Seoul|Jung-gu]]
* [[File:Korea Urbanexpwy 21.png|30px]] [[Seoul City Route 21]]: [[Seoul]]-[[Jung-gu, Seoul|Jung-gu]] - [[Seoul]]-[[Eunpyeong-gu]]
* [[File:Korea National Route No.1.svg|30px]] [[National Route 1 (South Korea)|National Route 1]]: [[Seoul]]-[[Eunpyeong-gu]] - [[Panmunjeom]]

==North Korea==
* {{RouteBox|1||#0066B4}} [[Panmunjeom|P'anmunjŏm]] - [[Kaesong|Kaesŏng]]
* [[File:고속도로시작안내.svg|x25px]] [[Reunification Highway|Pyongyang-Kaesong Motorway]]: [[Kaesong|Kaesŏng]] - [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]]
* {{RouteBox|1||#0066B4}} [[File:고속도로시작안내.svg|x25px]] [[Pyongyang-Sinuiju Motorway]]: [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]] - [[Sinuiju|Sinŭiju]]

==China==
* Within Dandong: [[New Yalu River Bridge]] - Guomen Avenue - {{jct|country=CHN|S|326}} (Dandong Xinqu IC) - {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|11}} Zhangjiabao JCT - {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|1113}} Dandong JCT
* {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|1113}}: [[Dandong]] - [[Shenyang]]
* Within Shenyang: {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|1501}}: Xiashengou JCT - Jinbaotai JCT - Beiliguan JCT
* {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|1}}: [[Shenyang]] - [[Jinzhou]] - [[Beijing]]
* Within Beijing: {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|4501}}: Shiyuan JCT - Maju JCT - Shuangyuan JCT - Fangshan Liyuan JCT
* {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|4}}: [[Beijing]] - [[Shijiazhuang]] - [[Zhengzhou]] - [[Xinyang]] - [[Wuhan]] - [[Changsha]] - [[Xiangtan]] - [[Guangzhou]]
* Within Guangzhou: {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|1508}}: Taihe JCT - Longshan JCT - Leping JCT - Hengjiang JCT
* {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|80}}: [[Guangzhou]] - [[Nanning]]
* {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|7211}}: [[Nanning]] - [[Friendship Pass|Youyiguan]]

=== Guangzhou - Shenzhen branch ===
* {{jct|country=CHN|Expwy|1508}}: Taihe JCT - Guantian JCT
* {{jct|country=CHN|province=GD|S|3}}: [[Guangzhou]] - [[Shenzhen]] ([[Shenzhen Bay Port]])

==Hong Kong==
* {{jct|country=HKG|route|10}}: Shenzhen Bay Port - [[Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor|Shenzhen Bay Bridge]] - [[Lam Tei]]
* {{jct|country=HKG|route|9}}: [[Lam Tei]] - [[Yuen Long Highway]] - [[San Tin Highway]] - [[Lok Ma Chau Control Point]]

==Vietnam==
[[File:Cầu Long Thành, Đường cao tốc TP.HCM - Long Thành - Dầu Giây.JPG|thumb|Long Thanh Bridge]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|QL|1}}: [[Friendship Pass|Hữu Nghị Quan]] - [[Đồng Đăng]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|01}}:[[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]] - [[Bắc Giang]] - [[Bắc Ninh]] - [[Hanoi]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|37}}: [[Hanoi]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|01}}: [[Hanoi]] - [[Thanh Hoá]] - [[Diễn Châu]] - [[Nghi Sơn]] - [[Đông Hà]] - [[Huế]] - [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] - [[Hội An]] - [[Quảng Ngãi]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|QL|1}}: [[Quy Nhơn]] - [[Tuy Hòa]] - [[Cả Pass|Cả Tunnel(Pass)]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|01}}: [[Cả Pass|Cả Tunnel(Pass)]] - [[Cam Ranh]] - [[Tuy Phong]] - [[Phan Thiết]] - [[Dầu Giây]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|29}}: [[Dầu Giây]] - [[Long Thành district|Long Thành]] - [[Phú Hữu, District 9|Phú Hữu]]
** Connection to {{ill|HCMC Ring Road 2|vi|Đường vành đai 2 (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)}} (Phú Hữu to High-Tech Park) (temporary)
* {{Vietnam road banner|QL|1}}: [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|40}}: [[Dĩ An, Bình Dương|Dĩ An]] - [[Thuận An, Bình Dương|Thuận An]]
** Connection to {{Vietnam road banner|QL|13}} (Thuận An to Thủ Đức) (temporary)
* {{Vietnam road banner|QL|1}}: [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh]]
* {{Vietnam road banner|QL|22}}: [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh]] - [[Mộc Bài]]

In future,
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|1}} (Đồng Đăng - Lạng Sơn, Diễn Châu - Cam Lộ, Quảng Ngãi - Nha Trang)
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|40}} (Long Trường - Tân Vạn, Bình Chuẩn - Củ Chi)
* {{Vietnam road banner|CT|31}} (HCMC - Mộc Bài)

will become part of AH1 instead of the current National Highway 1 and National Highway 22.

==Cambodia==
* [[File:N1-KH.svg|x30px]] [[National Highway 1 (Cambodia)|Route 1]]: [[Bavet]] - [[Phnom Penh]]
* [[File:N5-KH.svg|x30px]] [[National Highway 5 (Cambodia)|Route 5]]: [[Phnom Penh]] - [[Poipet]]

==Thailand==
[[File:Thailand AH1 AH2 Route 32 Ayutthaya.JPG|thumb|AH1, [[AH2]] and [[Thailand Route 32]] in [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]]]]
[[File:Thai myanmar friendship bridge.jpg|thumb|Thai Myanmar Friendship Bridge]]
* [[File:Thai Highway-33.svg|30px]] [[Thailand Route 33|Route 33]]: [[Aranyaprathet]] - [[Kabin Buri District|Kabin Buri]] - [[Hin Kong]]
* [[File:Thai Highway-1.svg|30px]] [[Phahonyothin Road|Route 1]]: [[Hin Kong]] - [[Bang Pa-in District|Bang Pa In]]
* [[File:Thai Highway-32.svg|30px]] [[Thailand Route 32|Route 32]]: - [[Bang Pa-in District|Bang Pa In]] - [[Chai Nat]] (Concurrent with {{Jct|country=THA|AH|2}})
* [[File:Thai Highway-1.svg|30px]] [[Phahonyothin Road|Route 1]]: [[Chai Nat]] - [[Tak, Thailand|Tak]] (Concurrent with {{Jct|country=THA|AH|2}})
* [[File:Thai Highway-12.svg|30px]] [[Thailand Route 12|Route 12]]: [[Tak, Thailand|Tak]] - [[Mae Sot]]

==Myanmar==
* [[National Highway 8 (Myanmar)|National Highway 8]]: [[Myawaddy]] - [[Payagyi]]
** ''Branch'' [[Yangon–Mandalay Expressway]] : [[Payagyi]] - [[Yangon]]
* [[Yangon–Mandalay Expressway]]: [[Payagyi]] - [[Meiktila]] - [[Mandalay]]
* [[National Highway 7 (Myanmar)|National Highway 7]]: (Concurrent with {{Jct|country=MMR|AH|2}}): [[Mandalay]] - [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]]

==India (East)==
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|102}}: [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] - [[Imphal]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|2}}: [[Imphal]] - [[Viswema]] - [[Kohima]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|29}}: [[Kohima]] - [[Chümoukedima]] - [[Dimapur]] - [[Doboka]]
* {{jct |country=IND|NH|129}}: [[Dimapur]]- [[Silonijan]] - [[Rangajan]] - [[Numaligarh]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|27}}: [[Doboka]] - [[Nagaon]] - [[Jorabat]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|6}}: [[Jorabat]] - [[Shillong]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|206}}: [[Shillong]] - [[Dawki]]

==Bangladesh==

[[File:Road to jaflong.jpg|thumb|N2 in Bangladesh]]
* {{Jct|country=BGD|N|2}}: [[Tamabil, Sylhet]] - [[Sylhet]] - [[Kanchpur]] - [[Dhaka]]
* {{Jct|country=BGD|N|8}}: [[Dhaka-Mawa-Bhanga Expressway]]
* {{Jct|country=BGD|N|804}}: [[Bhanga Upazila|Bhanga]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] - Alipur, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]
* {{Jct|country=BGD|N|803}}: Alipur, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] - Goalchamot, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]
* {{Jct|country=BGD|N|7}}: [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] - [[Jessore (city)|Jashore]]
* {{Jct|country=BGD|N|706}}: [[Jessore District|Jashore]] - [[Benapole]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rhd.gov.bd/RHDMaps/Maps/Country_Bangladesh.pdf |title=RHD Road Network Bangladesh |access-date=2009-01-26 |archive-date=2017-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013155115/http://www.rhd.gov.bd/RHDMaps/Maps/Country_Bangladesh.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==India (West)==
[[File:Asean India Car Rally While Reached Numaligarh.jpg|thumb|Asean India car rally crossing AH1 at [[Numaligarh]] ]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|112}}: [[Petrapole]] - [[Barasat]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|12}}: [[Barasat]] - [[Kolkata Airport]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|19}}: [[Dankuni]] - [[Bardhaman|Bardhaman]] - [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] -[[Asansol]] - [[Dhanbad]] [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|-Barhi]] - [[Mohania]] - [[Varanasi]] - [[Allahabad]] - [[Kanpur]] - [[Agra]] - [[New Delhi]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|44}}/ [[Grand Trunk Road]]: [[New Delhi]] - [[Sonipat]] - [[Ambala]] - [[Jalandhar]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|3}}/ [[Grand Trunk Road]]: [[Jalandhar]] - [[Amritsar]] - [[Attari]]

==Pakistan==
[[File:KhyberPassPakistan.jpg|thumb|[[Khyber Pass]]]]

[[File:Cruising on M2.jpg|thumb|Motorway [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2]], [[Lahore]]-[[Islamabad]]]]
* [[Grand Trunk Road]], [[Wagah]] — [[Lahore]]
* [[File:Pakistan M-2.svg|30px|M-2|link=M2 motorway (Pakistan)]] [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2]]: [[Lahore]] — [[Islamabad]]
* [[File:Pakistan M-1.svg|30px|M-1|link=M1 motorway (Pakistan)]] [[M-1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1]]: [[Islamabad]] — [[Peshawar]]
* [[File:Pakistan N-5.svg|30px|N-5|link=N-5 National Highway]] [[N-5 National Highway|N-5]]: [[Peshawar]] — [[Torkham]]

==Afghanistan==
* {{RouteBox|NH08||#0000CD}}: [[Jalalabad]] - [[Kabul]]
* {{RouteBox|NH0101||#0000CD}} [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Ring Highway]]: [[Kabul]] - [[Kandahar]]
* {{RouteBox|NH0102||#0000CD}} [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Ring Highway]]: [[Kandahar]] - [[Delaram]] - [[Herat]]
* {{RouteBox|NH63||#0000CD}}: [[Herat]] - [[Islam Qala]]

==Iran==
* [[File:Road36.png|18px|link=Road 36 (Iran)]] : [[Islam Qala]] - [[Taybad]]
* [[File:Road97.png|18px|link=Road 97 (Iran)]] : [[Taybad]]- [[Sang Bast, Razavi Khorasan|Sang Bast]]
* [[File:Road44.png|18px|link=Road 44 (Iran)]] : [[Sang Bast, Razavi Khorasan|Sang Bast]] - [[Nishapur]] - [[Sabzevar]] - [[Shahrood]] - [[Damghan]] - [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]] - [[Tehran]]
* [[File:Freeway2 East in iran.jpg|thumb|[[Freeway 2 (Iran)|Freeway 2]], the continuation of AH1 in [[Iran]]]] [[File:Freeway in Iran.svg|30px]] [[File:Iran Freeway 2.png|13px|link=Freeway 2 (Iran)]] : [[Tehran]] - [[Qazvin]] - [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]] - [[Tabriz]] [[File:خروجی زنجان در آزادراه زنجان قزوین.jpg|thumb|[[Freeway 2 (Iran)|Qazvin Zanjan Freeway]] is a part of Asian Highway 1 in [[Iran]]]] [[File:Qazvin-Rasht freeway intersection bridge on Zanjan-Qazvin freeway.jpg|thumb|[[Qazvin-Rasht Freeway]] [[Intersection (road)|intersection]] bridge on [[Freeway 2 (Iran)|Zanjan-Qazvin freeway]] in Iran]]
* [[File:Road32.png|18px|link=Road 32 (Iran)]] : [[Tabriz]] - [[Town of Bazargan, Iran|Bazargan]]
[[File:Abhar exit on Qazvin-Zanjan freeway.jpg|thumb|[[Abhar]] exit on [[Freeway 2 (Iran)|Qazvin-Zanjan freeway]] in Iran]]
[[File:Qazvin Zanjan Freeway.jpg|thumb|[[Freeway 2 (Iran)|Qazvin Zanjan Freeway]] in [[Khorramdarreh County]]-[[Zanjan province|Zanjan]] in Iran]]

==Turkey==
[[File:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (30881432865).jpg|thumb|[[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge]]]]
* {{jct|country=TUR|E|80|D|100 }} [[State road D100 (Turkey)|Road D100]]: [[Gürbulak]] - [[Doğubayazıt]] - [[Aşkale]] - [[Refahiye]]
* {{jct|country=TUR|E|88|D|200 }} [[State road D200 (Turkey)|Road D200]]: [[Refahiye]] - [[Sivas]] - [[Ankara]]
* {{Jct|E|90|E|89|O|20|country=TUR}}: [[Ankara]]
* {{jct|country=TUR|E|89|E|80|O|4}} [[Otoyol 4]]: [[Ankara]] - [[Gerede]] - [[Istanbul]]
* {{jct|country=TUR|E|80|O|7 }} [[Otoyol 7]]: [[Istanbul]]
* {{jct|country=TUR|E|80|O|3 }} [[Otoyol 3]]: [[Istanbul]] - [[Edirne]] - - [[Kapıkule]] ({{flag|Bulgaria}}, [[Image:Mw A4 BG.svg|25px|link=Maritsa motorway]] [[Maritsa motorway]])

==Connection to E80==
[[File:European route E80.png|thumb|E80 across southern Europe]]
{{main|European route E80}}
The route AH1 links to {{jct|country=EUR|E|80 }} in Turkey. The E80 continues in the [[E-road network]] from the [[Iran–Turkey border|border station]] at [[Gürbulak]] in [[Turkey]] to [[Istanbul]] followed by E80 highways to [[Bulgaria–Turkey border|Kapitan Andreevo/Kapıkule]], [[Sofia]], [[Niš]], [[Pristina]], [[Dubrovnik]], [[Pescara]], [[Rome]], [[Genoa]], [[Nice]], [[Toulouse]], [[Burgos]], [[Valladolid]], [[Salamanca]] and finally [[Lisbon]] on the Atlantic Ocean.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}{{AHN}}

[[Category:AH1| ]]
[[Category:Asian Highway Network]]
[[Category:Transport in Iran]]
[[Category:Transport in North Korea]]
[[Category:Roads in China]]
[[Category:Transport in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Transport in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Transport in Japan]]
[[Category:Roads in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Roads in Iran]]
[[Category:Roads in Japan]]
[[Category:Roads in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roads in North Korea]]
[[Category:Roads in South Korea]]
[[Category:Roads in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Roads in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Highways in Thailand]]
[[Category:Roads in India]]
[[Category:Roads in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Highways in Bangladesh]]

Achamillai Gopi

2026-02-23T00:11:08Z

Hearthospital: New A Info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Achamillai Gopi
| image =achamillai gopi.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| birth_name = V. Gopalakrishnan
| birth_date = 9 May 1955<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nadigarsangam.org/member/v-gopalakrishnan-a-k-a-achamillai-gopi/|title=V.Gopalakrishnan (a.k.a) Achamillai Gopi {{!}} Official Site of South Indian Artists Association, Nadigar Sangam, Tamil Nadigar Sangam|website=www.nadigarsangam.org|access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
| other_names = Jayagopi, Kadhirmani Gopi, Achamillai Achamillai Gopi<ref name=vi>{{cite web | url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/91500-tv-actor-gopi-interview | title=''திறமைசாலி நடிகர்களுக்கு மரியாதையே இல்லை!'' - வருந்தும் சென்னை தொலைக்காட்சியின் முதல் நடிகர் }}</ref>
| occupation = Film actor, Singer, dramatist, [[Voice Over]] & [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|Dubbing]]
| years_active = 1975–present
| spouse = Shobana <ref name=vi/>
| children =2<ref name=vi/>
}}

'''Gopalakrishnan''' (born 9 May 1955), known professionally as '''Achamillai Gopi''', is an Indian actor, singer, dramatist, and a [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|voice over & dubbing]] artist. He has acted in a number of films and TV serials and has also given his voice for various cine actors in Tamil. He is a singer, owns a band called "Gopi melodies" for more than 30 years, and has been consistently performing live shows.

He has acted in several films in Tamil and has done over 1,000 telefilms and serials.

== Early life and family ==

Born in [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] his parents, Mr. M. Venkatraman, a retired Railway officer, and Ms. Meenakshi, named him V. Gopalakrishnan (fondly called 'Achamillai Gopi' today).<ref name=vi />

== Career ==
He was trained under the tutelage of guru Shrimaan Kumbakonam Nataraj Iyer, and after a while, started his music troop 'Gopi Krishna' in 1970, facilitating his stage career and passion. Very soon he got the opportunity to do backing vocals for [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and sung many songs for composers like [[Raveendran|Ravindran]], Narasimhan and [[V. Kumar]].<ref name=vi /> Directors Mr. [[K. Balachander]] and Mr. Ananthu, screenplay writers Mr. G. Balasubramanian and Mr. Gokulnath, were all working in the AG's office then. He also participated in singing competitions and dramatics.<ref name=vi />

In the film ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkalkuthirai]]'', one of [[K. Balachander]] directorial ventures, Mr. [[Raveendran (actor)|Ravindran]] played an interesting character that required dialogues to be voiced in a unique manner. Gopi was given the opportunity to dub for this role.<ref name=vi /> His first onscreen debut was offered by [[K. Balachander]], the man who had also given him his first dubbing project. He was to play a role alongside none other than Mr. [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'', a Balachander film.<ref name=vi />

== Filmography ==
=== As actor ===
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]'' || Palavesam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''Thavam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padikkadha Pannaiyar]]'' || Pannaiyar's son ||
|-
| ''Oru Pullankuzhal Adupputhukirathu'' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Marakka Maaten'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987 || ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Kowsalya's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiavan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ivargal Indiyargal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988 || ''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paarthal Pasu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kai Koduppal Karpagambal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 || ''[[Athaimadi Methaiadi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aavathellam Pennale'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1990 || ''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panakkaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Marupakkam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vaaku Moolam'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Iniyaraja'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vanjagan]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Nee Naan Nila]]'' || Nila's father ||
|}
;Television
*Akshaya
*''Enge Brahmanan''
*''Vanna Kolangal''
*''Mangalyam''
*'' Take it Easy Vazhkai''
*''Dheerga Sumangali''
*''Sorgam''
*''Kanavugal Aayiram''
*''[[Aarthi (TV series)|Aarthi]]''
*''[[Kasthuri (TV series)|Kasthuri]]''
*''Kalyanee'' – [[Gemini TV]]
*''Vairanenjam'' (dubbed as ''Aadajanma'' on [[Star Maa]] and ''Swarna Manasu'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Anandham vilaiyadum veedu''
*''Vasantham''
* ''Kodi Mullai''

=== Dubbing artist ===
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Actor
!Film
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] ||''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]'' (1983)||
|-
|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]||''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]'' (1985)||
|-
|[[Ramkumar]] ||''[[Government Mappillai]]'' (1992)||
|-
|[[Vinod Kumar Alva]]||''[[Bharata Ratna]]'' || Tamil dubbed version
|-
|[[Shihan Hussaini]]||''My India''||
|-
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]||''[[Nippu Ravva|Surya]]'' (1993) ||
|-
|[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]||''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' (2001)||
|-
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] ||''[[Gair Kanooni|Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu]]'' (1989) ||
|-
|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] ||''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' (1990), ''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]'' (1990), ''[[Pattikattan]]'' (1990) ''[[Pattanamdhan Pokalamadi]]'' (1990) ''[[Seetha (1990 film)|Seetha]]'' (1990) ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' (1992), ''Mappillai Vandhachu'' (1992), ''[[Naane Varuven (1992 film)|Naane Varuven]]'' (1992) ''[[Udan Pirappu]]'' (1993), ''[[Karuppu Vellai]]'' (1993) ''[[Hero (1994 film)|Hero]]'' (1994) ''[[Paattu Padava]]'' (1995), ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]'' (1996) ''[[Ninaikkatha Naalillai]]'' (2001) ||
|-
|[[Ganesh Kumaresh|Kumaresh]] || ''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vaasal]]'' (1990) ||
|-
|[[Vijayaraghavan]] || ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' (1990) ||
|-
|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]||''[[Bobbili Raja|Vaaliban]]'' (1990), ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1991), ''[[Surya IPS|Mudhalamaichar Jayanthi]]'' (1991), ''[[Super Police]]'' (1994) ''[[Sarada Bullodu|Enga Oor Singam]]'' (1996), ''[[Chinnabbayi|College Galatta]]'' (1997) ||
|-
|[[Arun Pandian]] || ''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]'' (1991) ||
|-
|Pramod ||''[[Jenma Natchathram]]'' (1991)||
|-
|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]||''[[Ajay Vijay|Pudhiya Natchathiram]]'' (1991) ||
|-
| Jagadeesh ||''Kasthuri Manjal'' (1992) ||
|-
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] || ''[[Killer (1992 film)|Eswar]]'' (1992) ''[[Auto Driver|Autokaaran]]'' (1998) ''[[Seetharama Raju|Sathriya Dharmam]]'' (1999) ''[[Jaitra Yatra|Pongada Neengalum Unga Arasiyalum]]'' ||
|-
|[[Raja (actor)|Raja]] || ''[[Kizhakku Veluthachu]]'' (1992)||
|-
|Rajaprabhu || ''[[Chinna Poovai Killathey]]'' (1992)||
|-
|[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] || ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' (1993)||
|-
|[[Jagapathi Babu]] || ''[[Allari Premikudu|Pokkiri Kadhalan]]'' (1994) ||
|-
|[[Suresh Gopi]] ||''[[Saadaram|Mr. Deva]]'' (1995), ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' (1995) ''[[Dhruvam|Narasimha Naicker]]'' (2001) ||
|-
|[[Devaraj]] || ''Circle Inspector'' (1996) || Tamil dubbed version
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]] ||''[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|VIP]]'' (1997)||
|-
|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] ||''[[Zulm-O-Sitam|Arjuna]]'' (1998) ||
|-
|[[Manoj K. Jayan]] ||''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' (2002) ||
|-
|[[Naseeruddin Shah]] ||''[[Krrish]]'' (2006)||Tamil dubbed version
|-
|[[Charan Raj]] ||''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' (2007)||
|-
|Shobraj ||''Lady Tiger'' (2010)||
|-
|Sayaji Shinde||''Sudesi'' (2006) ||
|-
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || ''[[Sevakudu|Ini Oru Vidhi Seivom]]'' (2014)||
|}
;Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Actor
!Character
!Serial
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
|Raviraj || Doctor || ''Micro Thodar – Manjal Nila'' ||
|-
|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]|| ||''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'', ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'', ''[[Thendral]]'' ''Madhavi'' ''Ilavarasi'' ''[[Priyamanaval]]'' ''Thenmozhiyaal'' ||
|-
|Sridhar||Sahana's father || ''Sahana'' ||
|-
|[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]|| || ''Thyagam'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9280000}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopi, Acha}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Bhimashankar Temple

2026-02-19T15:01:46Z

Hearthospital: small changes

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Pune district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Bhimashankar Temple
| native_name = Bhimashankar Jyotirlinga
| image = Bhimashankar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bhimashankar mandir in its namesake village
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|19.072|73.536|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| taluka =
| locale =
| elevation_m =934
| deity = Bhimashankar (Shiva Shankar)
| festivals= [[Mahashivratri]]
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
| temple_quantity =2
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =https://shreebhimashankar.com/hi/
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|length=26|width=14|location=''Bhimashankar'' village, Khed taluka, [[Pune district]], Maharashtra}}
{{Saivism}}

'''Bhimashankar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to ''[[Shiva]]'' situated in its [[eponym]]ous village, Bhimashankar, in [[Pune district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is a key [[pilgrimage]] centre and contains one of the 12 ''[[Jyotirlinga]]s''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=भीमाशंकर ज्योतिर्लिंग: इथं सूर्योदयानंतर पूजा केल्याने पापांपासून मिळते मुक्ती, अशी आहे कथा |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/religion/twelve-jyotirlinga-interesting-facts-about-bheemashankar-in-marathi-mhrp-827334.html |website=Lokmat News18 |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816210511/https://lokmat.news18.com/religion/twelve-jyotirlinga-interesting-facts-about-bheemashankar-in-marathi-mhrp-827334.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The temple's Shiva [[lingam]] is one of the three<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 Jyotirlinga of India |url=https://www.makemytrip.com/tripideas/jyotirlingas-in-india}}</ref> ''Jyotirlingas'' of Maharashtra.<ref name=":2" /> The ''mandir'' is situated on a mountain, 110 kilometers away from Pune. The temple's vicinity has rare plant and animal species.<ref name=":1" /> The mandir is located in ''[[Khed taluka]]'', in the [[Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhimashankar forest range]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landslide on Bhimashankar Temple road; no casualties |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/landslide-on-bhimashankar-temple-road-no-casualties-8023460/ |website=[[The Indian Expresse]]|date=12 July 2022 }}</ref>

Dating back to the 13th century this temple is carved in black stone, the ''sabhamandap (central hall)'' and the ''shikhara (dome)'' were improved upon in the 18th century by Nana Phadnavis.

The [[Bhima River]] originates from the Bhimashankar village, and the hills of the Manmad village are present near it, there are old rock carvings of the God Bhimashankar, ''Bhootings'' and ''Amba-Ambika'' on these hills.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-04 |title=Welcome to the Official Website of Pune District, Maharashtra. |url=http://pune.gov.in/tourism/tour_rel.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604021424/http://pune.gov.in/tourism/tour_rel.html |archive-date=2009-06-04 }}</ref>

==History==
According to [[Namdev]], a saint in the medieval era, Saint Jnaneshwar went to Tryambakeshwar and then Bhimashankar. Namdev himself has also visited this place.<ref name="Temples and Legends of Maharashtra">{{Cite book |last=Mate |first=M.S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1962 |edition=1st |location=Bombay |pages=129 |language=English}}</ref>

Bhimashankaram shrine and the Bhimarathi river have been talked about in writings as far back as the 13th century;<ref name="Temples and Legends of Maharashtra" /> however, the current construction of the temple seems to be fairly new.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pant Bansal |first=Sunita |title=Hindu Pilgrimage |publisher=V&S Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-505725-1-1 |location=Delhi |pages=69 |language=English}}</ref>

The temple is built in the ''[[Nagara Style|Nagara]]'' style, which combines traditional and modern designs. The temple hall was constructed during the 18th century by Nāna Phadnavis of Peshwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhimashankar Temple - DOT-Maharashtra Tourism - Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/-/bhimashankar-temple |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=DOT-Maharashtra Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> The village of Kharosi was granted to the temple by King [[Shivaji]]. The daily religious observance was funded through the financial resources derived from the people of the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mate |first=M.S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1962 |edition=1st |location=Bombay |pages=128–129 |language=English}}</ref>

He offered one here at Bhimashankar and the others in [[Menawali|Menavali]], near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], in front of a ''Shiva'' temple on the banks of the [[Krishna River]], the Banshanker Temple in Pune, the [[Omkareshwar Temple|Omkareshwar]] Temple in Pune, and the Ramlinga Temple in Pune ([[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]]).<ref name="GoM" />

[[Chimaji Appa]] (brother of [[Bajirao I]]) donated a big bell to the temple, which is visible in front of the temple.<ref name="GoM" /> This is one of the many [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonists']] [[Church bell|church's bell]], which Chimaji and his army brought from [[Fort Vasai|Vasai fort]] as souvenirs after defeating the Portuguese at the [[Battle of Vasai|Battle of Baçaim]] on February 1739. This type of bell is also present at the [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|Khandoba temple]] and Naro Shankar mandir in [[Nashik]].<ref name="V" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/why-bells-from-portuguese-era-churches-ring-in-temples-across-maharashtra/story-YYcaRl2vQ7rlULOu1oztzI_amp.html&ved=2ahUKEwi1grbxvNuAAxUUTGwGHWDcBrYQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0ZnJgr6ceeTweaJo4Agtyg | title=Why bells from Portuguese-era churches ring in temples across Maharashtra | date=22 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Legend ==
The shrine is linked to the legendary ''[[asura]]'' known as ''[[Tripura Sundari|Tripura]]''. The story goes that Tripura did penance, and Brahma, delighted with Tripura's penance, manifests and grants him three wishes. Tripura demanded that he be invulnerable to the gods, devils, ''[[yaksha]]s'', and ''[[gandharva]]s''. His three "puras" should be unbreakable, and he should be able to travel anywhere in the universe. All his desires were fulfilled. Tripura embarked on a conquest to subjugate three [[Loka]]. [[Indra]], the deity associated with the heavens, was also vanquished. Indra made the decision to seek blessings from the deity Shiva and performed penance. Shiva made a vow to annihilate Tripura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mate |first=M.S |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1962 |edition=1st |pages=122–125 |language=English}}</ref>

On the peak of the [[Sahyadri]] hills, it is said that Shiva assumed the form of "Bhīmā Shankara" at the behest of the gods, and the sweat that spilled from his body after the battle is said to have formed the ''Bhimarathi'' river.<ref name=":0" />

==Architecture==
The architectural style of Bhimashankar is characterised by the use of the Nagara style, which is commonly found in northern India. The building style has some similarities to the [[Hemadpanti architecture|''Hemadpanthi'' style]], which is common in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region.<ref name=":3" /> It is claimed that the old temple was built on a ''[[Swayambhu]] Shiva [[Lingam|Linga]]''.

Furthermore, it can be seen that the ''Ling'' is located precisely in the center of the ''[[Garbhagriha]]'' (''[[Sanctum sanctorum]]'') of the temple. The ''[[garbhagriha]]'' and ''[[antarala]]'' are constructed using indigenous stone in the Indo-Aryan architectural style, which is also commonly found in [[Jain temple]]s. The pillars and door frames of the temple are covered with intricate [[carving]]s of deities and human figures.<ref>DR. M. B. POTDAR and DR. RUPA CHAVAN TOURISM IN BHIMASHANKAR : A GEOGRAPHICAL REIVIEW : Golden Research Thoughts (April; 2012)</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Mate |first=M.S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1962 |edition=1st |location=Bombay |pages=127–128 |language=English}}</ref>

In the 18th century, [[Nana Fadnavis|Nāna Phadnavis]] built the ''Sabhamandap''; he also designed and built the ''[[shikhara]]''. The Maratha King [[Shivaji|Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] endowed this temple to facilitate religious ceremonies.<ref name="GoM">{{Cite web |title=Bhimashankar Temple (Pune) |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/-/bhimashankar-temple |publisher=Government of Maharashtra}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Archana |title=Shiva Temples |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87285-4_4 |work=Mandala Urbanism, Landscape, and Ecology: Interpreting classic Indian texts and Vaastupurusha mandala as a framework for organizing towns |pages=35–46 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Archana |access-date=2023-02-12 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-87285-4_4 |isbn=978-3-030-87285-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Vicinity ==
{{refimprove section |date=March 2025}}
In addition to the Bhimashankar Mandir, devotees also take ''[[Darshan (Hinduism)|darshan]]'' of the deities of temples present in the vicinity. There is a shrine for ''Siva Ganams'', ''Shaakini,'' and ''[[Dakini|Daakini]],'' who assisted Shiva in the battle against the demon [[Tripurasura|Tripurasur]].

There are other temples near the main temple, such as ''Kamalaja'' ''mata,'' who is an incarnation of Goddess [[Parvati|Parvathi]] and who aided Shiva in his battle against Tripurasur.

Behind the Bhimashankar temple is ''Mokshakund Tirtha''. The custom is to take a bath in the ''kund'' before proceeding to the temple. The ''kund'' is the result of Maha-muni Kaushika's legendary penance here. Additionally, there are the Jnyankund that Dattatreya created and the Sarvatirth connected to the goddess Bhashitadevi. Kusharanya tirth is located to the south of the temple, and it is from here that the Bhima River begins to flow eastward.

A minor shrine dedicated to [[Shani|Lord Shani]] can be seen within the temple's grounds.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Anuradha |date=2021-03-25 |title=Bhimashankar Temple On Banks Of Bhima River Near Pune |url=https://www.inditales.com/bhimashankar-jyotirlinga-temple-bhima-river-pune/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Inditales |language=en-US}}</ref> There is a statue of ''[[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]'' in front of the Bhimashankar ''Shiva Linga''.

The "Shani Temple" is situated within the main complex of the Bhimashankar temple.

Between the two pillars in front of the "[[Shani]]" shrine, there is an enormous antique Portuguese [[bell]] donated by Chimaji Appa in 1739 after his victory against the Portuguese. Behind the temple, there is a narrow walk that goes to the riverbanks. Outside the temple, there is forest area surrounded by mountains and ancient forts on top of them.
[[Image:topView BM.jpg|thumb|[[Mandir kalash|Kalash]] of this mandir]][[Image:bull BM.jpg|200px|thumb|Stone bull]]
[[File:Temple front view3.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Temple top view1.jpg|thumb|312x312px]]
[[File:Temple front view 2.jpg|thumb|Temple front view 2|292x292px]]
[[File:Bhimashankar Naagphani kada1.jpg|thumb|]]

[[File:Bhimashankar Naagphani kada4.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Temple entry gate.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Bhimashankar temple, Maharashtra.JPG|thumb|Bhimashankar temple, Maharashtra]][[Image:bell BM.jpg|200px|thumb|Portuguese church's bell of [[Vasai]] donated by [[Chimaji Appa]] in 1739 after the Marathas led by him won the war against the Portuguese<ref name=V>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/Vasai-group-bells-abandoned-Portuguese-churches-missing-Mumbai-news-17688172 | title=Mumbai group turned sleuths to find missing bells from abandoned Portuguese churches | date=16 October 2016 }}</ref>]]

== Other Jyotirlinga In Maharashtra ==
* [[Jyotirlinga]]
* [[Grishneshwar Temple]]
* [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]]
* [[Shri Vaijnath Temple]]
* [[Aundha Nagnath Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation
| ref=Chaturvedi
| last=Chaturvedi
| first=B. K.
| year=2006
| title=Shiv Purana
| place=New Delhi
| publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd
| edition=First
| isbn=81-7182-721-7
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bchgql0em9YC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PA58
}}
* {{Citation
| ref=Eck
| last=Eck
| first=Diana L.
| year=1999
| title=Banaras, city of light
| place=New York
| publisher= Columbia University Press
| edition=First
| isbn=0-231-11447-8
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PA107
}}
* {{Citation |ref=Gwynne|last=Gwynne|first=Paul |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Publication | location =Oxford |isbn=978-1-4051-6702-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PT271}}.
* {{cite book
| ref = Harding
| last = Harding
| first = Elizabeth U.
| title = Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar
| chapter = God, the Father
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 1998
| pages = 156–157
| isbn = 978-81-208-1450-9
}}
* {{Citation | ref = Lochtefeld| last = Lochtefeld | first = James G. | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M | year = 2002 | publisher=Rosen Publishing Group | isbn=0-8239-3179-X | page=122 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC}}
* {{Citation
| last=R.
| ref=R.
| first=Venugopalam
| year=2003
| title=Meditation: Any Time Any Where
| place=Delhi
| publisher= B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd.
| edition=First
| isbn=81-8056-373-1
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtnNw_hiA9oC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PT113
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Vivekananda
| ref = Vivekananda
| first = Swami
| title = The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
| chapter = The Paris Congress of the History of Religions
| chapter-url = http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm
| volume = 4
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* Bhimashankar on Maharashtra gov tourism website -[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706012358/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Shrines/Shrines.aspx?strpage=Jyotrilingas_Bhimashankar.html]
* The temple information on Pune district's website - [https://web.archive.org/web/20090604021424/http://pune.gov.in/tourism/tour_rel.html]

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Jyotirlingas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Pune district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]

World Wrestling Association (Indianapolis)

2026-02-11T04:42:50Z

Hearthospital: entry

{{Short description|American professional wrestling promotion (1964–1989)}}
{{other uses|World Wrestling Association (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox wrestling promotion
|name=World Wrestling Association
|image=
|acronym=WWA
|established=March 1964<ref name="KayfabeIntro">{{cite web|url=http://www.kayfabememories.com/Regions/wwa-ind/wwaindintro.htm|title=Regional Territories: WWA-Indianapolis - Intro|publisher=Kayfabe Memories|access-date=2009-08-23}}</ref>
|folded=1989
|style=[[American wrestling]]
|location=[[Indiana]]
|founder=[[Dick the Bruiser]]<ref name="Kayfabememories"/> [[Wilbur Snyder]]<ref name="Kayfabememories"/>
|owner=[[Dick the Bruiser]] [[Wilbur Snyder]]
|parent=[[WWE Libraries]]
|sister=[[Powerful Women of Wrestling]]
|split=[[List of NWA territories#Defunct and former NWA member promotions|NWA Indianapolis]]
|website=
|}}

The '''World Wrestling Association''' was an [[Indianapolis]]-based [[professional wrestling]] [[professional wrestling promotion|promotion]] which was operated by [[Dick the Bruiser]] and his business partner [[Wilbur Snyder]].<ref name="KayfabeIntro"/><ref name="Kayfabememories">{{cite web|url=http://www.kayfabememories.com/Regions/wwa-ind/wwaind.htm|title=Regional Territories: WWA-Indianapolis|publisher=Kayfabe Memories|access-date=2009-08-23}}</ref> It was affiliated with the larger [[American Wrestling Association]] and recognized its champions, along with its own and those of the Indianapolis-based [[Powerful Women of Wrestling]]. It ran from 1964 to 1989.

==History==
The World Wrestling Association (WWA), operating under the legal name Championship Wrestling of Indiana, Inc., was established in 1964 by William Afflis and Wilbur Snyder.<ref name="KayfabeIntro"/><ref name="Kayfabememories"/> The duo purchased the Indianapolis NWA promotion in 1964 from its longtime owner [[Jim Barnett (wrestling)|Jim Barnett]], who at that time was attempting to start up a promotion in Australia. The name of the promotion was taken from the former promotions in the Chicago and Los Angeles areas.<ref name="Kayfabememories"/>

In 1965, the WWA purchased the Chicago-based [[Fred Kohler Enterprises]] from [[Fred Kohler (wrestling promoter)|Fred Kohler]]. In May of the same year, the promotion ceased promoting events in Detroit.

The promotion developed wrestlers such as [[Bobby Heenan]] and [[amateur wrestler]] [[Greg Wojciechowski]]. Wojciechowski wrestled for the WWA under the name "The Great Wojo" and held the WWA World Heavyweight Championship three times.<ref name="Titles"/> In later years, [[Scott Steiner]] got his start in the WWA under his real name, Scott Rechsteiner.

A talent sharing agreement with [[American Wrestling Association]] (AWA) head (and longtime champion) [[Verne Gagne]] brought forth other talent, including [[The Crusher (wrestler)|The Crusher]] and [[Baron von Raschke]]. The WWA also put on joint wrestling events with the AWA starting in 1966. In 1971, the WWA returned to promoting events in Detroit in competition with the NWA Detroit until 1975.

The WWA tried to make a go of it in the mid-1980s, when [[Vince McMahon]]'s [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) was buying regional promotions across the country, but the Bruiser's advancing age and the talent drain to the WWF were too much, and the WWA ceased promoting matches in 1989.

==Championships==
* [[WWA World Heavyweight Championship (Indianapolis version)|WWA World Heavyweight Championship]]<ref name="Titles">{{cite book | author=Royal Duncan & Gary Will | title=Wrestling Title Histories | publisher=Archeus Communications | year=2006|edition=4th | isbn=0-9698161-5-4 }}</ref>
* [[WWA World Tag Team Championship (Indianapolis version)|WWA World Tag Team Championship]]<ref name="Titles"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Lentz III |first=Harris M. |date=2003 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Professional Wrestling |edition=2 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0786417544 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.wwasuperstarwrestling.com WWAsuperstarwrestling.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128143430/http://www.wwasuperstarwrestling.com/ |date=2009-11-28 }}
*[http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/in/wwa/ WWA title histories at Wrestling-Titles.com]
*[http://www.cagematch.net/?id=8&nr=103&page=16 World Wrestling Association alumni at Cagematch.net]
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/promotions/wwa-in.html World Wrestling Association alumni at OWW.com]
*[http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=ligen&kategorie=8&liga=291&infos=1 World Wrestling Association alumni at Wrestlingdata.com]

{{Professional wrestling in the United States}}

[[Category:Independent professional wrestling promotions based in the Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Defunct professional wrestling promotions]]

1977 elections in India

2026-01-27T20:18:42Z

Hearthospital: enhanced formatting additionally and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1975 elections in India
| previous_year = 1975
| election_date = 1977
| next_election = 1978 elections in India
| next_year = 1978
}}
{{Politics of India}}

'''Elections in India in 1977''' included Legislative Assembly ([[Vidhan Sabha]]) elections in several [[States and territories of India|Indian states]], including [[Goa]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[West Bengal]].

== Parliamentary Election Result 1977==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1977.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=78062828|seats1=295|sc1=+209
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes2=65211589|seats2=154|sc2=–198
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=8113659|seats3=22|sc3=–3
|party4=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes4=5480378|seats4=18|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=5322088|seats5=7|sc5=–16
|party6=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes6=3323320|seats6=2|sc6=–21
|party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=3252217|seats7=3|sc7=–13
|party8=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes8=2373331|seats8=9|sc8=+8
|party9=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes9=1030232|seats9=5|sc9=+5
|party10=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes10=956072|seats10=2|sc10=+2
|party11=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes11=851164|seats11=4|sc11=+1
|party12=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes12=633644|seats12=3|sc12=+1
|party13=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes13=565007|seats13=2|sc13=0
|party14=Kerala Congress (Pillai Group)|votes14=526937|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes15=491674|seats15=2|sc15=–1
|party16=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes16=483192|seats16=2|sc16=New
|party17=[[Muslim League (Opposition)]]|votes17=318979|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes18=280995|seats18=0|sc18=0
|party19=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes19=192867|seats19=0|sc19=–1
|party20=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes20=155972|seats20=0|sc20=–1
|party21=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes21=126288|seats21=1|sc21=0
|party22=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]|votes22=124627|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes23=118748|seats23=1|sc23=+1
|party24=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes24=116961|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes25=109130|seats25=0|sc25=0
|party26=Shoshit Samaj Dal (Akhil Baharatiya)|votes26=96753|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes27=45047|seats27=0|sc27=0
|party28=[[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]|votes28=35916|seats28=0|sc28=New
|party29=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes29=35419|seats29=0|sc29=0
|party30=[[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]|votes30=27116|seats30=0|sc30=0
|party31=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes31=26169|seats31=0|sc31=0
|party32=All India Labour Party|votes32=17191|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]]|votes33=12509|seats33=0|sc33=0
|party34=All India Shiromani Baba Jivan Singh Mazabhi Dal|votes34=5868|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=Independents|votes35=10393617|seats35=9|sc35=–5
|row55=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats55=2|sc55=0
|invalid=5346411
|electorate=321174327
|total_sc=+23
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9749&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}

==Overall Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
|rowspan="2" |19 March 1977
|rowspan=2|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Achutha Menon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Karunakaran]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:IN-KL.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| rowspan="7"| 10 June 1977
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| [[File:IN-TN.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| [[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| [[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Nilamani Routray]]
| [[File:IN-OD.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Karpoori Thakur]]
| [[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|-
|14 June 1977
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|[[Jyoti Basu]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|[[Shashikala Kakodkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|[[Shashikala Kakodkar]]
| [[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
|9 July 1977
|[[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Sheik Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Sheik Abdullah]]
| [[File:IN-JK.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|6 October 1977
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|[[Devi Lal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|[[Devi Lal]]
| [[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Kailash Chandra Joshi]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 18 November 1977
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
| United Democratic Front (Nagaland)
| [[Vizol Koso]]
| [[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|-
| 31 December 1977
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| [[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===Bihar===
{{Main|1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!colspan=2|Party!! Seats contested !! Seats won !! Seats Change !! Vote Share
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}} || 311 || 214 || {{increase}} 214 || 42.7%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 286 || 57 || {{decrease}} 110 || 23.6%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2206 || 24 || {{increase}} 7 || 23.7%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 73 || 21 || {{decrease}} 14 || 7.0%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 16 || 4 || {{decrease}} 14 || 0.9%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}} || 31 || 2 || {{increase}} 1 || 0.4%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Shoshit Samaj Dal}} || 26 || 1 || New || 0.8%
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}} || 21 || 1 || New || 0.5%
|-
|}

===Goa, Daman and Diu===
{{Main|1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Goa Legislative Assembly election, 1977<ref name= pdf>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF GOA |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3844-goa-1977/}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats contested 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|align="left"|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]||29||15||116,339||38.49%||{{decrease}} 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||27||10||87,461||28.94%||{{increase}} 9
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||30||3||69,823||23.10%||{{increase}} 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]||57||2||28,022||9.27%||{{increase}} 1
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||'''145'''||'''30'''||'''302,237'''||||
|-
|}

===Haryana===
{{Main|1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Haryana Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=1765566|seats1=75|sc1=
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=648422|seats2=3|sc2=
|party3=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes3=225478|seats3=5|sc3=
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=29196|seats4=0|sc4=
|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes5=23191|seats5=0|sc5=
|party6=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Center of India]]|votes6=2916|seats6=0|sc6=
|party7=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes7=2058|seats7=0|sc7=
|party8=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes8=1150|seats8=0|sc8=
|party9=Independents|votes9=1082982|seats9=7|sc9=
|electorate=5938821
|invalid=47101
|source=ECI:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3819-haryana-1977 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Himachal Pradesh===
{{Main|1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats won
! align="center" | % votes
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Janata Party]]'''||68||'''53'''||'''49.01'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||56||'''9'''||'''27.32'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'''||68||'''6'''||'''21.10'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''68'''||''' '''
|}
Source <ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH]</ref>

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections for the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were held in June 1977,<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html 1977 J&K elections]</ref> which are generally regarded as the first 'free and fair' elections in the state.{{sfn|Guha|2008|loc=Section 23.III}}
[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], newly revived from the former [[Plebiscite Front]], won an overwhelming majority and re-elected [[Sheikh Abdullah]] as the Chief Minister.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf Statistical report J&K 1977]</ref>
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes1=807166|seats1=47|sc1=0
|party2=[[Janata Party]]|votes2=414259|seats2=13|sc2=New
|party3=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes3=294911|seats3=11|sc3={{decrease}}47
|party4=[[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]|votes4=62654|seats4=1|sc4={{decrease}}4
|party20=Others|votes20=1903|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=165477|seats21=4|sc21={{increase}}1
|total_sc={{increase}}1
|invalid=57734
|electorate=2684992
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3791-jammu-kashmir-1977/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Kerala===
{{Main|1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Party Wise Results'''
!Party
!Seats
!Alliance
|----
|----
|Indian National Congress (INC)
|38
| rowspan="5" style="background:skyblue; color:black;" | United Front
|----
|Communist Party of India (CPI)
|23
|----
|Kerala Congress (KEC)
|20
|----
|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)
|13
|----
|Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP)
|9
|----
|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM)
|17
| rowspan="4" style="background:#f00; color:black;" | Opposition
|----
|Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD)
|6
|----
|All India Muslim League (Opposition) (AIML)
|3
|----
|Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP)
|2
|----
|Independent (IND)
|9
|
|----
!Total
!140
!
|----
|}

===Madhya Pradesh===
{{Main|1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- "
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|- style="background:#90EE90;"
| 1
| [[Janata Party]]
| 319
| 230
| N/A
| 47.28%
|-
| 2
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| 320
| 84
| -136
| 35.88%
|-
| 3
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]
| 4
| 1
| N/A
| 2.88%
|-
| 4
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 320
| 5
| -13
| 15.35%
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''320'''
|
|
|}

===Nagaland===
{{Main|1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[United Democratic Front (Nagaland)|United Democratic Front]]|votes1=127445|seats1=35|sc1=+10
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=65616|seats2=15|sc2=New
|party3=[[National Convention of Nagaland]]|votes3=38528|seats3=1|sc3=New
|party4=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes4=93405|seats4=9|sc4=–3
|total_sc=0
|invalid=6407
|electorate=403454
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3635-nagaland-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Odisha===
{{Main|1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Party
! No. of candidates
! No. of elected
! No. of votes
! %
|-

| [[Janata Party]]
| 147
| 110
| 2527787
|| 49.2%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 146
| 26
| 1594505
| 31.0%
|-
| Independents
| 264
| 9
| 738545
| 14.4%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 25
| 1
| 183485
| 3.6%
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4
| 1
| 45219
| 0.9%
|-
| [[All India Jharkhand Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 25002
| 0.5%
|-
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
| 6
| 0
| 18773
| 0.4%
|-
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| 2
| 0
| 7233
| 0.1%
|-
|}

===Punjab===
{{Main|1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=2|Party
!contested
!Seats won
!change in seats
!popular vote
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|70
|58
|{{increase}} 34
|17,76,602
|31.41%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party]]
|41
|25
|(new)
|8,47,718
|14.99%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|96
|17
|{{decrease}} 49
|18,99,534
|33.59%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|8
|8
|{{increase}} 7
|1,98,144
|3.50%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|18
|7
|{{decrease}} 3
|3,72,711
|6.59%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|435
|2
|{{decrease}} 1
|5,41,958
|9.58%
|-
!
|Others
|14
|0
| -
|18,686
|0.33%
|-
!colspan=2 |Total<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Assembly Election Results in 1977 |url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |website=elections.in}}</ref>
!682
!117
!
!56,55,353
!
|}

===Rajasthan===
{{Main|1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=4160373|seats1=152|sc1=New
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=2599772|seats2=41|sc2=–104
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=91640|seats3=1|sc3=–3
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=61682|seats4=1|sc4=+1
|party5=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes5=21889|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes6=1290|seats6=0|sc6=New
|party7=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes7=320|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party21=Independents|votes21=1319053|seats21=5|sc21=–6
|total_sc=+16
|invalid=177653
|electorate=15494289
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-rajasthan-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Tamil Nadu===
{{Main|1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election}}
The sixth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on June 10, 1977. [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won the election defeating its rival [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R), the AIADMK founder and a leading [[Kollywood|Tamil film]] actor, was sworn in as Chief Minister for the first time. The election was a four cornered contest between the AIADMK, DMK, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[Janata Party]]. Earlier on 17 October 1972, M.G.R had founded the AIADMK following his expulsion from the DMK after differences arose between him and DMK leader [[M. Karunanidhi]]. On 31 January 1976, Karunanidhi's government was dismissed by the central government of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] citing corruption charges against Karunanidhi and [[President's rule]] was imposed on the state. Karunanidhi had been at odds with Indira Gandhi over his opposition to [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] and allied with [[Janata Party]] founded by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. Meanwhile, M.G.R had developed a close relationship with [[Indira Gandhi]] and supported the Emergency. M.G.R remained as Chief Minister until his death in 1987, winning the next two elections held in [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] and [[1984 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|1984]].
[[File:1977 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 1977 June Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
| '''144'''
| '''+142'''
| '''5,734,692'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''33.5%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 130
| +130
| 5,194,876
| 30.4%
| 35.4%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 12
| +12
| 477,835
| 2.8%
| 33.0%
|-
|[[All India Forward Bloc|FBL]]
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| –
| 35,361
| 0.2%
| 62.0%
|-
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IND]]
! style="background-color: olive" |
| 1
| –
| 26,620
| 0.2%
| 42.9%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK
! style="background-color: {{party color|DMK}}" |
| '''48'''
| '''-136'''
| '''4,258,771'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''24.9%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 48
| -136
| 4,258,771
| 24.9%
| 25.3%
|-
! style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black"|Congress alliance
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| '''32'''
| '''+24'''
| '''3,491,490'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''20.4%'''
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 27
| +27
| 2,994,535
| 17.5%
| 20.8%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 5
| -3
| 496,955
| 2.9%
| 20.4%
|-
! style="background-color:yellow; color:black"|Janata
! style="background-color:yellow" |
| '''10'''
| '''+10'''
| '''2,851,884'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''16.7%'''
|-
|[[Janata Party|JNP]]
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 10
| +10
| 2,851,884
| 16.7%
| 16.8%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| '''1'''
| '''-7'''
| '''751,712'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''4.4%'''
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 1
| -7
| 751,712
| 4.4%
| –
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 17,108,146
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}{{refbegin}}
'''‡''': Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India <ref>{{cite web
| last = Election Commission of India
| title = 1977 Election Statistical Report
| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf
| access-date = 19 April 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf
| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>
{{refend}}

===Tripura===
{{Main|1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of the political parties in this election
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1972 Seats
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 10
| 0
| 6,266
| 0.84%
| 1
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 55
| 51
| 352,652
| 47.00%
| 16
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 60
| 0
| 133,240
| 17.76%
| 41
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 59
| 0
| 78,479
| 10.46%
| -
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 1
| 1
| 7,800
| 1.04%
| 0
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 2
| 12,446
| 1.66%
| -
|-
| [[Proutist Bloc of India]]
| 6
| 0
| 2,139
| 0.29%
| -
|-
| [[Congress for Democracy]]
| 59
| 0
| 66,913
| 9.08%
| -
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 28
| 4
| 59,474
| 7.93%
| 0
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 48
| 2
| 30,862
| 4.11%
| 2
|-
! Total
! 328
! 60
! 750,271
!
!
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1977/|title=1977 Tripura Election result}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=11351359|seats1=352|sc1=New
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=7592107|seats2=47|sc2=–168
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=611450|seats3=9|sc3=–7
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=136850|seats4=1|sc4=–1
|party20=Others|votes20=241821|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=3832832|seats21=16|sc21=+12
|total_sc=+1
|invalid=386237
|electorate=52345606
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

===West Bengal===
{{Main|1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
[[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] elections were held in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]] on 14 June 1977.<ref name="(India)Sengupta1978">{{cite book|author1=West Bengal (India)|author2=Jatindra Chandra Sengupta|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Nadiā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TluAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|page=420}}</ref> The polls took place after the ousting of [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government at the Centre. The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] won a landslide victory, much to the surprise of the left parties themselves. The 1977 election marked the beginning of the 34-year Left Front rule in West Bengal, with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader [[Jyoti Basu]] leading the first Left Front cabinet.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidates
!Seats
!Votes
!%
|-
|rowspan=7 align=left|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|224
|178
|5,080,828
|35.46
|-
|align=left|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|36
|25
|750,229
|5.24
|-
|align=left|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|23
|20
|536,625
|3.74
|-
|align=left|[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
|4
|3
|75,156
|0.52
|-
|align=left|[[Marxist Forward Bloc]]
|3
|3
|58,466
|0.41
|-
|align=left|[[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]
|2
|1
|35,457
|0.25
|-
|align=left|LF independent
|1
|1
|32,238
|0.22
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Janata Party]]
|289
|29
|2,869,391
|20.02
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (R)]]
|290
|20
|3,298,063
|23.02
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Communist Party of India]]
|63
|2
|375,560
|2.62
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
|29
|4
|211,752
|1.48
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|32
|1
|54,942
|0.38
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Workers Party of India]]
|2
|1
|29,221
|0.20
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|2
|0
|5,701
|0.04
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Republican Party of India]]
|3
|0
|1,652
|0.01
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[All India Gorkha League]]
|2
|0
|810
|0.01
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|Bharater Biplobi Communist Party
|1
|0
|489
|0.00
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|Independents
|566
|7
|912,612
|6.37
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|'''Total'''
|'''1,572'''
|'''294'''
|'''14,329,201'''
|'''100'''
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source: [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf ECI]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation|last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0330396110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1977 elections in India]]
[[Category:1977 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1977 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Rangampally

2026-01-22T17:49:30Z

Hearthospital: expanded intro for consistency and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rangampally
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikarabad district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Mandal Office
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Panchayat
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mandal Office
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rangampally''' is a village and [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Vikarabad district]], [[Telangana [TS]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It falls under [[Parigi Mandal, Vikarabad district]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]

{{Rangareddi-geo-stub}}

Khiamnyunga

2026-01-22T17:19:05Z

Hearthospital: adding new data

{{short description|Locality in Nagaland, India}}
{{wiktionary|Khīamnyúngá}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khiamnyunga
| native_name = [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]]
| native_name_lang = kix
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Origin, Ancestral place
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.194904|94.977719|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]], [[Khiamniungan language]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| footnotes =
}}
The people of Khiamniungans trace their origin to a place called '''Khiamnyunga'''. Sometimes spelled "Khiamniunga Nokthang", "Khiamniunga", "Khiamnga", "Khiamngan" etc.<ref name="noklak">{{cite web|url=https://noklak.nic.in/culture-heritage/#:~:text=The%20people%20of%20Khiamniungan%20trace,directions%20to%20form%20several%20villages.|title=Culture-Heritage|date=18 March 2024|website=noklak.nic.in|access-date=18 March 2024|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413065511/https://noklak.nic.in/culture-heritage/#:~:text=The%20people%20of%20Khiamniungan%20trace,directions%20to%20form%20several%20villages.|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is located a few kilometres away from [[Patsho]] near [[Tshüvau]] village and [[Longsheu king]].<ref>[http://nuir.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/327/1/PUTCHONG%20THAI%2C%20Eng.pdf/|SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS IN NATIVE AMERICAN AND ...|website -http://nuir.inflibnet.ac.in]</ref> It is from this place, group of people moved to [[Lümuoking]] and the present day [[Patsho]]. Later numerous hamlets/villages began to be established across the region.<ref name="tuensang">{{cite web|url=https://tuensang.nic.in/khiamniungan/|title=Tuensang-Khiamniungan|date=17 March 2024|website=tuensang.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="indigenous">{{cite web|url=https://indigenouspeoplenet.wordpress.com/2023/05/09/mythologies-of-the-khiamniungan-tribe/|title= Mythologies of the Khiamniungan tribe|date=15 March 2024|website=indigenouspeoplenet.wordpress.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Mother's Institute of Technology, Bihta

2026-01-19T13:29:46Z

Hearthospital: brief adjust layout for clarity further and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Engineering college in Bihar}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Mother's Institute of Technology, Bihta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = private, self-financed
| established = {{start date and age|1989}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Dr. B.D. Singh
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal =
| director = Dr. S.B. Singh
| dean =
| head_label = Teacher-in-Charge
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Plot No - A-4, Mega Industrial Park Lai Road
| city = [[Bihta]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 801103
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5520451|N|84.8614291|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{url|http://www.mitbihta.org/}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mother's Institute of Technology, Bihta''', is a private degree engineering college situated in [[Bihta]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].

==About college==
It offers undergraduate degree engineering in computer science and engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and civil engineering. This college is affiliated with the [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]] (AKU).<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Aryabhatta Knowledge University | url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Bihar]]
*[[List of educational institutions in Patna]]
*[[All India Council for Technical Education]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://www.mitbihta.org/
*[http://akubihar.ac.in/ Aryabhatta Knowledge University]

{{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}

Shahryar (poet)

2026-01-16T01:49:42Z

Hearthospital: Done!

{{Short description|Indian academic and writer (1936–2012)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Akhlaq Mohammed Khan Shahryar
| image =
| alt = Akhlaq Mohammed Khan Shahryar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|6|16}}
| birth_place = [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]], [[Bareilly district]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|02|13|1936|6|16}}
| death_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Educator]], [[poet]], [[lyricist]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Nazm]]
| subject = [[Love]], [[Philosophy]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1987) [[Jnanpith Award]] (2008)
}}

'''Akhlaq Mohammad Khan''' (16 June 1936 – 13 February 2012), better known by his pen name (''[[takhallus]]'' in Urdu language) '''Shahryar'',''''' was an Indian [[Academic staff|academic]], and a doyen of [[Urdu poetry]] in India.<ref name=TheHindu3>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/05/stories/2007080561160300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2011|access-date=15 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925231836/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/05/stories/2007080561160300.htm|title=Shahryar, Faraz recite at mushaira|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=5 August 2007}}</ref><ref name=MG>{{cite news|url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-30Sep04-Print-Edition/163109200453.htm|title= Renowned Urdu Poet Professor Shahryar to visit USA|newspaper=Milligazette.com website|date=16 September 2004|archive-date=24 April 2025|url-status=dead|access-date=15 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424035052/https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-30Sep04-Print-Edition/163109200453.htm}}</ref>

As a [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film lyricist, he is best known for his lyrics in ''[[Gaman]]'' (1978) <ref name=TheHindu/> and ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981) directed by [[Muzaffar Ali]]. He retired as the head of the Urdu Department at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and thereafter he remained a sought-after-name in ''[[mushaira]]s'' or poetic gatherings, and he also co-edited the literary magazine ''Sher-o-Hikmat''.<ref name=toi12/>

He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Urdu for ''Khwab Ka Dar Band Hai'' (1987), and in 2008 he won the [[Jnanpith Award]], the highest literary award and only the fourth Urdu poet to win the award.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/doyen-of-urdu-poetry-shahryar-presented-jnanpith-award/article2467289.ece|url-status=dead|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|title=Doyen of Urdu poetry Shahryar presented Jnanpith Award|date=19 September 2011|archive-date=20 June 2014|access-date=14 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620053503/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/doyen-of-urdu-poetry-shahryar-presented-jnanpith-award/article2467289.ece}}</ref><ref name=toi12>{{cite web|title=Umraao Jaan lyricist passes away|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Umraao-Jaan-lyricist-passes-away/articleshow/11882478.cms?referral=PM |date=14 February 2012|access-date=13 March 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He has been widely acknowledged as the finest exponent of modern Urdu poetry.<ref name=TheHindu/>

==Early life and education==
Shahryar was born in 1936 at [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]], [[Bareilly]] to a [[Muslim Rajput]] family.<ref name=TOI/><ref name=toi12/> His father Abu Mohammad Khan was posted as a police officer, though the family hailed from village Chaundhera in [[Bulandshahr District]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jnanpith-for-Malayalam-poet-Kurup-Urdu-scholar-Shahryar/articleshow/6622275.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-25/india/28270456_1_jnanpith-selection-board-muslim-rajput-family-akhlaq-khan-shahryar|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Jnanpith for Malayalam poet Kurup, Urdu scholar Shahryar|date=25 September 2010|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> He received his early education at Bulandshahr.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3950&dq=Shahryar+Urdu+poet&sig=k-81CEMZgTKyn5JDAFP9gOpBnRA Shahryar] Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 5. Page 3950.</ref>

In his childhood days, Shahryar wanted to be an athlete but his father wanted him to join the police force.<ref name=TheHindu2/> It is then that he ran away from home and was guided by [[Khaleel-Ur-Rehman Azmi]], the eminent Urdu critic and poet.<ref name=TheHindu2/> He then studied at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and received his BA degree in psychology in 1958. He joined MA in psychology but quit it after a year and got admission to the Urdu department of AMU. In 1961 he passed his MA in Urdu.<ref name=Rakhshanda>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9llDwAAQBAJ&q=shahryar+rakhshanda#v=snippet&q=shahryar%20rakhshanda&f=false|url-status=dead|author=Rakhshanda Jalil|title=Shahryar: A Life in Poetry (pages 2, 3)|page=2,3|publisher=Harper Collins, 2018 via Google Books|isbn=9789353020316}}</ref> He also completed his Ph.D. in Aligarh.<ref name=TheHindu2>{{cite news|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|title=Shahryar (1936–2012): The poet who gave Umrao Jaan her voice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article2893025.ece|access-date=15 January 2026|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=14 February 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215184301/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/article2893025.ece}}</ref>

==Career==
Shahryar started his career as a writer at ''Hamari Zubaan'', the weekly magazine of the ''[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Anjuman Tarraqqi-e-Urdu]]'' in 1961 and worked there until 1966.<ref name=Rakhshanda/> After that in 1966, he joined [[Aligarh Muslim University]] as a lecturer in Urdu.<ref name=TheHindu2/><ref name=Rakhshanda/> He was appointed professor in 1986 and in 1996, he retired as chairman of the Urdu Department. He co-edited the literary magazine ''Sher-o-Hikmat'' (Poetry and Philosophy).<ref name=TheHindu2/>

===Literary career===
His first poetry collection ''Ism-e-azam'' was published in 1965, the second collection, ''Satvan dar'' (''Satva yet'' in English), appeared in 1969, and the third collection titled ''Hijr Ke Mausam'' was released in 1978. His most celebrated work, ''Khwab Ke Dar Band Hain'', arrived in 1987, which also won him the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Urdu for that year. In addition, he published five collections of his poetry in [[Urdu]] script. In 2008, he became the fourth Urdu writer to win the [[Jnanpith Award]], after [[Firaq]], [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], and [[Qurratulain Hyder]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Poet, lyricist, Jnanpith Winner|url=http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=2331&eid=5|publisher=Outlook magazine|access-date=15 January 2026|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522014953/http://blogs.outlookindia.com/default.aspx?ddm=10&pid=2331&eid=5|archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jnanpith Laureates|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|url=http://jnanpith.net/page/jnanpith-laureates|access-date=15 January 2026|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120218122436/http://www.jnanpith.net/page/jnanpith-laureates| archive-date=18 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Lyricist===
Shahryar wrote lyrics for select films, only from Aligarh where he was approached by filmmakers. Muzaffar Ali and Shahryar were friends from their student days, and Shahryar had shared some of the ghazals with him. Later when Ali made his directorial debut with ''[[Gaman]]'' in 1978, he used two of his ghazals ''Seene Mein Jalan Ankhon Mein Toofan Sa Kyun Hai'' and ''Ajeeb Saneha Mujhpar Guzar Gaya Yaaron'' in the film, and they are still considered classic. All his [[ghazal]]s from ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'', 'Dil Cheez Kya Hai Aap Meri Jaan Lijiye', 'Ye Ka Jagah Hai Doston', '[[In Ankhon Ki Masti Ke|In Aankhon Ki Masti Ke]]' are among the finest lyrical works in Bollywood. He also wrote for [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Faasle]]'' (1985), thereafter Chopra offered him three more films to write for him, but he refused as he didn't want to become a "song shop".<ref name=TheHindu2/> Though he wrote for Muzaffar Ali's ''[[Anjuman (1986 film)|Anjuman]]'' (1986). He also left behind unfinished contributions to Ali's ''[[Zooni]]'' and ''Daaman''.<ref name=Rakhshanda/><ref name=TheHindu2/>

==Personal life==
Shahryar married Najma Mahmood, a teacher in the English department in the Women's College at Aligarh in 1968. They had three children, Humayun Shahryar, Saima Shahryar, and Faridoon Shahryar who is an entertainment journalist.<ref name=Rakhshanda/> He died on 13 February 2012 in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]], after a prolonged illness due to lung cancer.<ref name=TheHindu2/><ref name=TOI3>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-14/mumbai/31058623_1_sahitya-akademy-award-urdu-literature-jnanpith-award|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714220655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-14/mumbai/31058623_1_sahitya-akademy-award-urdu-literature-jnanpith-award|title=Noted poet Shahryar passes away|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 February 2012|archive-date=14 July 2013|access-date=15 January 2026|author=Bharati Dubey & Bella Jaisinghani}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu|Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]] for his poetry collection, ''Khwab Ka Dar Band Hai'' (1987).<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=TOI/><ref name=TheHindu2/><ref name=IndianMuslims>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/people/list_of_sahitya_akademi_award_winners.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|access-date=14 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130132859/http://www.indianmuslims.info/people/list_of_sahitya_akademi_award_winners.html|title=List of Sahitya Akademi Award Winners in Urdu (read line '1987' on the List)|website=IndianMuslims.info website}}</ref>
* The fourth Urdu writer to win the [[Jnanpith Award]] – 2008.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=TheHindu2/>
* Firaaq Samman award.<ref name=TOI/>
* [[Delhi Urdu Academy]]'s All India Bahadur Shah Zafar Award.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=TOI/>

Four theses have been written on Shahryar's works.

==Selected bibliography==
* ''Ism-e-Azam'', 1965.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=TheHindu2/>
* ''Saatwan Dar'', 1969.<ref name=TheHindu/>
* ''Hijr Ke Mausam'', 1978.<ref name=TheHindu/>
* ''Khwab Ke Dar Band Hain'', 1987<ref name=TheHindu/>
* ''Neend ki Kirchen'' – (English: ''Shards of Shattered Sleep'').
* ''Mere Hissay Ki Zameen''<ref name=TheHindu/>
* ''Through the Closed Doorway: A Collection of Nazms by Shahryar'', tr. Rakhshanda Jalil. 2004, Rupa & Co., {{ISBN|81-291-0458-X}}.
* Shahryar, Akhlaq Mohmmad Khan: ''Influence of the western criticism on the Urdu criticism'', Aligarh.
* Dhund ki Roshni (English: ''The Light of Dusk''): Selected Poems of Shahryar, 2003, [[Sahitya Akademi]], {{ISBN|81-260-1615-9}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9llDwAAQBAJ&q=shahryar+rakhshanda|title=Shahryar: A Life in Poetry|date=2018-08-25|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-93-5302-031-6|language=en}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0787565}}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article2893025.ece The poet who gave Umrao Jaan her voice]

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{Gangadhar National Award For Poetry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Akhlaq Mohammed}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]

Chuknagar massacre

2026-01-11T15:55:17Z

Hearthospital: expanded content

{{Short description|1971 massacre during the Bangladesh War of Independence}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Chuknagar massacre
| native_name = চুকনগর গণহত্যা
| native_name_lang = bn
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=22.84|long=89.29|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Chuknagar, Khulna, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]<ref name="Dhaka Tribune"/>
| coordinates =
| date = 20 May 1971
| time =
| timezone = UTC+6:00
| type = [[Burst fire]], [[mass murder]], [[genocidal massacre]], [[ethnic cleansing]]
| fatalities = 10,000 - 12,000<ref name="Dhaka Tribune"/>
| injuries =
| perps = [[Pakistan Army]], [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
| weapons = [[Light machine gun]]s, [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic rifle]]s
| numparts =
| motive = [[Anti-Hindu sentiment]], [[racism]]
}}

'''Chuknagar massacre''' ({{langx|bn|চুকনগর গণহত্যা}}) was a [[massacre]] of [[Bengali Hindus]] committed by the [[Pakistan Army]] and local collaborators during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] in 1971.<ref name="Dhaka Tribune">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=21 May 2022 |title=Recognize Chuknagar Genocide, demand activists |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/war-crimes/2022/05/21/recognize-chuknagar-genocide-demand-activists |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=The massacre at Chuknagar: A forgotten chapter of the liberation war history |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/massacre-chuknagar-forgotten-chapter-liberation-war-history-634882 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> The massacre took place on 20 May 1971 at [[Dumuria Upazila|Dumuria]] in [[Khulna]]<ref name="Prothom">{{Citation |last=Rahman |first=Md Mujibur |date=20 May 2013 |script-title=bn:২০ মে চুকনগর গণহত্যা দিবস |trans-title=20 May Chuknagar Day Massacre |url=http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=13&dd=2013-05-20&ni=135950 |newspaper=[[The Daily Janakantha]] |language=bn |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054719/http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=13&dd=2013-05-20&ni=135950 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> and it was one of the largest massacres during the war.<ref>{{Citation |title=Chuknagar genocide day observed |newspaper=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]] |page=11 |date=21 May 2006 |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/may/21/nat.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023064055/http://www.newagebd.com/2006/may/21/nat.html |archive-date=23 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bartrop |first1=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxnOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chuknagar+massacre&pg=RA6-PT2983 |title=Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection [4 volumes] |last2=Jacobs |first2=Steven Leonard |date=2014-12-17 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-11854-1 |language=en}}</ref>

According to local estimates, between 10,000 and 12,000 people were killed, though the exact number of persons killed in the massacre is not known.<ref name="Dhaka Tribune"/> Academic [[Sarmila Bose]], in her controversial book.<ref name="LawsonControversial">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13417170 |title=Controversial book accuses Bengalis of 1971 war crimes |last=Lawson |first=Alastair |date=16 June 2011 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> dismisses claims that 10,000 were killed as "unhelpful", and argues that the reported number of attackers could have shot no more than several hundred people before running out of ammunition.<ref>{{citation |author=Sarmila Bose |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=[[London]] |publisher=Hurst and Co |page=124 |isbn=978-1-84904-049-5}}</ref> The majority of people killed in the massacre were men, although an unknown number of women and children were murdered as well.<ref name="Bose, pg. 119">{{citation |author=Sarmila Bose |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=[[London]] |publisher=Hurst and Co |pages=119–122 |isbn=978-1-84904-049-5}}</ref> She does admit a massacre took place, but the numbers claimed are unhelpful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Salil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&dq=Chuknagar+massacre&pg=PA124 |title=The Colonel who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21818-3 |pages=124–125 |language=en}}</ref> [[Salil Tripathi]] had criticized Bose for taking at face value defensive statements by Pakistan Army officers, but doubting any claims made by Bangladeshis.<ref name=":2" />
{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}
== Background ==
[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] led [[Awami League]] wins the majority of the parliamentary seats in the [[1970 Pakistani general election]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |title=The National Archives - Homepage |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-independence-of-bangladesh-in-1971/the-independence-of-bangladesh-in-1971-source-4/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The National Archives |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=When an election broke Pakistan in two |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/pakistan-election-2024-national-assembly-polls-1970-yahya-khan-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-zulfikhar-ali-bhutto-imran-khan-2499656-2024-02-09 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The results were not accepted by West Pakistan which led to a politicial stalemate.<ref name=":6" /> Following widespread unrest, the Pakistan Military launches ''[[Operation Searchlight]]''
==Massacre==
Chuknagar is a small town at Dumuria of [[Khulna District|Khulna]], adjacent to the Indian border, and on the banks of the Bhodra River.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Dipankar |date=20 May 2024 |title=The blood river |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/the-blood-river-3614036 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Pradip Kumar |date=20 May 2022 |title=Let Not Memory of Chuknagar Massacre Fade Away |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/621669/Let-Not-Memory-of-Chuknagar-Massacre-Fade-Away |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=daily-sun |language=en}}</ref> After the Pakistan military launched a military campaign called ''[[Operation Searchlight]]'', many people of the [[Bengali Hindu]] community started fleeing from Khulna and [[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-20 |title=Chuknagar: A forgotten massacre |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/chuknagar-forgotten-massacre-3899636 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525110159/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/chuknagar-forgotten-massacre-3899636 |archive-date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> It became a transit point for the refugees fleeing to India.<ref name=":3" /> India provided shelter to around 10 million refugees from Bangladesh during the War.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Kaustubh |last2=Islam |first2=Nazmul |last3=Jalal |first3=Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman |date=2025 |title=Death toll among the Bangladeshi refugees of the 1971 war |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=20 |issue=4 |article-number=e0320760 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0320760 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=11970699 |pmid=40184376|bibcode=2025PLoSO..2020760A }}</ref> The chairman of Atlia Union, Ghulam Hossain, had informed the Pakistan Army that refugees were using Chuknagar to flee to India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-20 |title=Chuknagar: A sea of blood |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/news/chuknagar-sea-blood-3027756 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519191856/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/news/chuknagar-sea-blood-3027756 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

They crossed [[Bhodra River|Bhadra River]] and arrived at Chuknagar to cross the Indian border using Satkhira Road. By May 15, 1971, large numbers of refugees from nearby localities gathered at Chuknagar, as rumors broke out of an impending Pakistani attack. Eye witness Sirajul Islam reported seeing hundreds of thousands of refugees at the area on 20 May.<ref name=":5" /> Around 11:00 am, a group of Pakistani military personnel equipped with [[semi-automatic rifle]]s and [[light machine gun]]s came on around three trucks.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Chuknagar Genocide Day to be observed tomorrow {{!}} Others |url=https://www.bssnews.net/others/274499 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=BSS}}</ref> They stopped at a place called Jhautala (then known as Pathkhola) at the left corner of the Chuknagar Bazaar.<ref name=":5" /> The Pakistan Army divided into three units.<ref name=":5" /> Then they opened fire on the Pathkhola grounds and later moved to Chuknagar Bazaar and continued firing until 3:00 pm or 5:00 pm.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /> An estimated 10 thousand people were killed in the massacre.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Krishnankutty |first=Pia |date=2021-05-22 |title=What was the Chuknagar massacre? A lesser-known, bloody episode from 1971 Bangladesh war |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/what-was-the-chuknagar-massacre-a-lesser-known-bloody-episode-from-1971-bangladesh-war/662934/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Many people drowned as they jumped into the river in a largely futile attempt to flee the carnage. Local people later disposed off the dead bodies by throwing them into the river.<ref name="Bose, pg. 119" /> Men from a local warehouse were hired to dump the bodies into the river.<ref name=":4" /> The [[Bhodra River|Bhadra River]] had reportedly turned red from all the bodies.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Dhaka Tribune" /> One local man who was involved with removing the bodies stated he had removed around 4200 bodies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1wjEQAAQBAJ&dq=Chuknagar+massacre&pg=PT58 |title=Conditions of Violence |date=2024-11-04 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-156901-7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Further massacre ===
Another massacre of refugees fleeing to India took place at the nearby Dakra area in [[Rampal Upazila]], [[Bagerhat District]].<ref name="Dhaka Tribune" /> [[AKM Yusuf|AKM Yousuf]] led unit of [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] killed an estimated 700 to 2 thousand people.<ref name="Dhaka Tribune" />

=== Survivors ===
Ershad Ali, searching for his father among the dead, instead rescued a toddler clinging to her mother's lifeless body.<ref name=":3" /> The baby was also seen by Assistant Professor of Chuknagar Degree College Md Monirul Islam who was searching for his father.<ref name=":9" /> The baby, Rajkumari Sundari Dasi, was raised by Ershad's friend Mandar Das.<ref name=":5" /> Survivor Surendranath Bairagi saw five of his brothers killed in the massacre.<ref name=":3" />

==Legacy==
[[File:চুকনগর শহীদ স্মৃতিস্তম্ভ.jpg|thumb|220px|Chuknagar memorial]]
The government of Bangladesh purchased 78 decimals land in 2005 to establish a monument to the massacre.<ref name=":3" /> A memorial was built by the [[Public Works Department (Bangladesh)|Public Works Department]] in 2006 to pay homage to the people who died in the massacre.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=INSPIRELI |title=Tale of A Blooded River: Chuknagar Genocide Memorial Complex, Chuknagar, Khulna |url=https://www.inspireli.com/en/awards/detail/5601 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.inspireli.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Chuknagar: Site of largest massacre in Liberation War left neglected |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/368202/chuknagar-site-of-largest-massacre-in-liberation |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The memorial is called ''Chuknagar Shohid'' Smriti Shoudho or Chuknagar Martyred Memorial.<ref name="Prothom"/> The structure in complete and has not been properly maintained.<ref name=":10" /> The incident is remembered as the Chuknagar Genocide Day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BSS |date=2025-05-19 |title=Chuknagar Genocide Day to be observed Tuesday |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/d6mp7r4o88 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tathagata Roy]], former governor of Tripura, stated "[[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh]] pales in comparison" about the massacre.<ref name=":1" /> There has been criticism over the lack of effort to preserve the site.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Anukrati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GorEQAAQBAJ&dq=Chuknagar+massacre&pg=PA223 |title=Dark Tourism: Theory, Interpretation and Attraction |last2=Arora |first2=Shruti |last3=Shukla |first3=Parag |date=2024-10-30 |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |isbn=978-1-83797-336-1 |page=223 |language=en}}</ref> On the 51st annivarsy of the massacre, acitivists called on the government of Bangladesh to investigate the massacre, give it proper recognition, and bring the preparators to justice.<ref name="Dhaka Tribune" />

==See also==
* [[List of massacres in Bangladesh]]
* ''[[Jibondhuli]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Salil |date=2016 |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=118–124 |isbn=978-0-300-21818-3}}

{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}
{{Bangladesh liberation}}

{{Coord|22.84|N|89.29|E|region:BD_type_event|display=title}}

[[Category:May 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Violence against men in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of Khulna District]]

Rāhula

2026-01-10T07:07:44Z

Hearthospital: minor correct structure based on references and improved wording for accuracy

{{other uses|Rahula (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{short description|Only son of the Buddha}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = The Elder
| background = #FFD068
| name = Rāhula
| image = Rahula - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption = Rāhula on a Tibetan painting, 16th century
| other_names = 1. {{langx|pi|Rāhula-bhadda|lit=Rāhula the Lucky}}, {{langx|sa|Rāhula-bhadra}}; 2. {{cjkv|c=長子|r=chōshi|l=The Eldest Child}}
| birth_date = {{circa|534 BCE or 451 BCE}}{{sfn |Keown |2004 |page=233}}{{sfn |Irons |2007 |p=400}}
| birth_place = [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]
| death_date =
| death_place = Sources differ
| title = Patriarch of the Dharma (East Asian Buddhism)
| predecessor = [[Āryadeva]]
| successor = Sanghānandi
| religion = Buddhism
| location =
| education =
| rank =
| teacher = [[Gautama Buddha]], the Elder [[Shariputra|Śariputra]]
| known_for = 1. {{langx|pi|sikkhākāmanaṃ|italic=yes|lit=Eagerness for learning}}; 2. {{zh|p=mixing diyi|l=Practicing with discretion}}
| initiation_date = 7{{en dash}}15 years in the Buddha's ministry
| initiation_place = [[Nigrodharama|Park of Nigrodha]]
| initiator = Śāriputra
| parents = Prince [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhārtha]] (father),
Princess [[Yashodhara|Yaśodharā]] (mother)
| relatives = [[Śuddhodana]] (grand father)
[[Queen Maya|Queen Māyā]] (grand mother) [[Suppabuddha|Suprabuddha]] (grand father)
Amita (grand mother) Queen [[Mahapajapati Gotami|Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī]] (grand aunt) [[Nanda (Buddhist nun)|Sundarī Nandā]] (aunt) [[Nanda (Buddhist)|Nanda]] (uncle)
}}

'''Rāhula''' (born {{nowrap|{{circa}} 534 BCE or 451 BCE}}) was the only son of [[The Buddha|Siddhārtha Gautama]], commonly known as the Buddha, and his wife, princess [[Yasodharā|Yaśodharā]]. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from the [[Early Buddhist Texts|early period]] onward. Accounts about Rāhula indicate a mutual impact between Prince Siddhārtha's life and the lives of his family members.

According to the [[Pali Canon|Pāli tradition]], Rāhula was born on the day of Prince Siddhārtha's [[Great Renunciation|renunciation]], and was therefore named ''Rāhula'', meaning a fetter on the path to [[enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]].

According to the [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] tradition, however, Rāhula was only {{em|conceived}} on the day of Prince Siddhartha's renunciation, and was born six years later, when Prince Siddhārtha became enlightened as the [[Buddha (title)|Buddha]]. This long gestation period was explained by bad [[karma (Buddhism)|karma]] from previous lives of both Yaśodharā and of Rāhula himself, although more [[religious naturalism|naturalistic]] reasons are also given. As a result of the late birth, Yaśodharā needed to prove that Rāhula was really Prince Siddhārtha's son, which she eventually did successfully by an [[sacca-kiriya|act of truth]].

Historian [[H.W. Schumann]] has argued that Prince Siddhārtha likely conceived Rāhula and waited for his birth, to be able to leave the palace with the king and queen's permission (having produced a [[Crown prince|Crown Heir]] as necessary for succession).

However, Orientalist [[Noël Péri]] considered it more likely that Rāhula was born after Prince Siddhārtha left his palace.

12 years after Rahula's birth, the Buddha returned to his [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|hometown]], where Yaśodharā had Rāhula ask the Buddha for the throne of the [[Shakya|Śākya]] clan. The Buddha responded by having Rāhula [[pabbajja|ordained]] as the first Buddhist [[samanera|novice monk]]. He taught the young novice about [[Sacca (Buddhism)|truth]], self-reflection, and [[anatta|not-self]], eventually leading to Rāhula's enlightenment. Although early accounts state that Rāhula died before the Buddha did, later tradition has it that Rāhula was one of the disciples that outlived the Buddha, guarding the [[Buddha's Dispensation]] until the rising of the [[Maitreya|next Buddha]]. Rāhula is known in Buddhist texts for his eagerness for learning, and was honored by novice monks and [[samaneri|nuns]] throughout Buddhist history. His accounts have led to a perspective in Buddhism of seeing children as hindrances to the spiritual life on the one hand, and as people with potential for enlightenment on the other hand.

== Accounts ==
Some [[Early Buddhist Texts|early texts]] such as those of the [[Pali Canon|Pāli tradition]] do not mention Rāhula at all;{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=139}}{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=113}} but he is mentioned in later Pāli texts such as the [[Apadāna]] and the [[atthakatha|commentaries]], as well as in the texts on [[Vinaya|monastic discipline]] of the [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] and [[Mahasanghika|Mahāsaṇghika]] traditions.{{refn |For the [[Apadana|Apadāna]], see {{harvtxt |Crosby |2013 |page = 105}}. The other information is mentioned in {{harvtxt |Meeks |2016 |p=139}}.}} Earliest texts do not describe Rāhula in much detail, and he remains an ideal figure without much depth in character.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=109}} Because of the lack of detail, especially after Rāhula's ordination, some scholars have argued Rāhula did not have an important role in Buddhism.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}} Apart from the early texts, there are many [[post-canonical Buddhist texts]] that contain accounts about Rāhula.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=139}} The accounts about Rāhula reveal that when Prince Siddhārtha left his palace to become a monk; his decision and subsequent spiritual quest was not just a personal matter, but also affected his family every step during the way, as they responded to and affected the prince on his path to [[enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]]. Thus, the prince's life before enlightenment is about two parallel spiritual lives, that of the Buddha and that of his family.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |pp=122{{en dash}}4}}

=== Birth ===
==== Pāli tradition ====
[[File:Siddhartha leaving sleeping Yashodhara and Rahula Roundel 17 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|Just before the prince leaves the palace for the spiritual life, he takes one look at his wife Yaśodharā and his just-born child. 7 years after attaining Buddhahood the Buddha visited Kapilawastupura again on the behalf of Minister Kaludaiy
|alt=Ivory tusk showing a woman and a child sleeping on a bed, and a man standing besides the bed.]]
Rāhula was born on the same day Prince [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhārtha Gautama]] renounced the throne by leaving the palace,{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} when the prince was 29 years old,{{sfn |Keown |2004 |page=233}}{{sfn |Irons |2007 |p=400}}{{refn |group=note |According to some traditional sources, the prince is sixteen then.{{sfn |Keown |2004 |p=267}} Furthermore, some sources say that Rāhula is born seven days before Prince Siddhārtha leaves the palace.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/rahulamata.htm Rāhulamātā]}}{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}}}} on the full moon day of the eighth [[lunar month]] of the [[Hindu calendar|ancient Indian calendar]].{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} That day, Prince Siddhārtha was preparing himself to leave the palace. The Pāli account claims that when he received the news of his son's birth he replied "{{IAST|rāhulajāto bandhanaṃ jātaṃ}}", meaning "A ''rāhu'' is born, a fetter has arisen",{{sfn |Powers |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} that is, an impediment to the search for enlightenment. Accordingly, [[Suddhodana|Śuddhodana]], Prince Siddhārtha's father and king of the [[Shakya|Śākya clan]], named the child ''Rāhula'',{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} because he did not want his son to pursue a spiritual life as a mendicant.{{sfn |Irons |2007 |p=400}} In some versions, Prince Siddhārtha was the one naming his son this way, for being a hindrance on his spiritual path.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}} Just before the prince left the palace for the spiritual life, he took one look at his wife Yaśodharā and his just-born child. Fearing his resolve might waver, Prince Siddhārtha resisted to hold his son and left the palace as he had planned.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} Rāhula therefore became Prince Siddhārtha's first and only son.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Violatti |first1=Cristian |title=Siddhartha Gautama |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Siddhartha_Gautama/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825002210/http://www.ancient.eu/Siddhartha_Gautama |archive-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=live |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |access-date=29 October 2018 |date=9 December 2013 }}</ref>{{sfn |Powers |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}

==== Other traditions ====
Other texts derive ''rāhu'' differently. For example, the Pāli ''[[Apadana|Apadāna]]'', as well as another account found in the texts of [[vinaya|monastic discipline]] of the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, derive ''rāhu'' from the eclipse of the moon, which traditionally was seen to be caused by the [[asura (Buddhism)|asura]] (demon) [[Rāhu]].{{sfn |Gnoli |1977 |page = 119}}{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} The ''Apadāna'' states that just like the moon is obstructed from view by Rāhu, Prince Siddhārtha was obstructed by Rāhula's birth.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=105}} The Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition relates, however, that Rāhula was conceived on the evening of the renunciation of Prince Siddhārtha, and born six years later, on the day that his father achieved enlightenment,{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} which was during a lunar eclipse.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=119}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=105}} Further credence is given to the astrological theory of Rāhula's name by the observation that sons of [[list of Buddhas|previous Buddhas]] were given similar names, related to constellations.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}}

Mūlasarvāstivāda and later Chinese texts such as the ''[[Dharmaguptaka#Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra|Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra]]'' give two types of explanation for the long gestation period.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |pp=139{{en dash}}40}}{{sfn |Sasson |Law |2008 |p=69}} The first type involves the [[karma (Buddhism)|karma]] of Princess Yaśodharā and Rāhula himself. According to this interpretation, Yaśodharā had to bear the suffering of carrying a child in her womb for six years, because in a previous life as a cow herder she had refused to help her mother to carry a pail of milk and left it for her mother to carry the extra pail for six [[yojana|leagues]].{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |pp=139{{en dash}}40}}{{sfn |Sasson |Law |2008 |pp=69{{en dash}}70}} As for Rāhula, his karma was that in a previous life as a king he unintentionally had a sage wait for six days.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=140}}{{sfn |Ohnuma |2012 |p=143}} In this life, he was a king called Sūrya and his brother, [[Bodhisattva#Early and Theravāda Buddhism|a previous life of the Buddha]],{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}} was a [[rishi|hermit]] called Candra or Likhita who had taken a vow he would only live from what was given by people. One day, the brother broke his vow to take some water, and feeling guilty, asked the king to punish him.{{refn |group=note |In the texts of the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, the brother is another hermit, not the king, but he sends his brother to see the king for punishment.{{sfn |Péri |1918 |p=8}}}} The king refused to issue a punishment for such a trivial matter, but had his brother wait for his final decision and constrained in the royal gardens. After six days, the king suddenly realized he had forgotten about the hermit and immediately set him free, including apologies and gifts. As a result, Rāhula had to wait for six years before being born.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Sasson |Law |2008 |p=69}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |1997 |p=117}}. For the names of the two brothers, see {{harvtxt |Deeg |2010 |pp=59, 62}}.}} In some versions, the king did not allow a sage to enter his kingdom and accumulated the same bad karma of a long gestation period.{{sfn |Shirane |2013 |pp=168{{en dash}}9}} The later Mahāyāna commentary ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa]]'' ({{zh|t=大智度論|p=Dazhidulun}}) does not blame Yaśodharā's karma for the six years gestation period, but does mention Rāhula's same karma as a king. However, in the 13th-century Japanese devotional text ''Raun Kōshiki'', Rāhula's late birth is seen as evidence of a miracle, rather than a result of karma.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=141}}{{sfn |Sergeevna |2019 |p=81}}{{refn |group=note |In the Pāli texts, no long gestation period of Rāhula is mentioned, but a similar motif occurs in the story of Suppāvāsā, with a similar karma in a past life.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}}}}

The second type of explanation consists of the more [[Religious naturalism|naturalistic]] argument that Yaśodharā was practicing [[Asceticism#Buddhism|religious austerities]] involving fasting and sleeping on a straw bed, which caused Rāhula's growth to slow down. She was involved in these practices during the time when Siddhārtha was practicing self-mortification. Later, King Śuddhodana prevented Yaśodharā from hearing any news of her former husband, and she gradually became healthier, as the pregnancy continued normally. However, some time later, the false rumor spread that the former prince had died of his ascetism. Yaśodharā became very desperate and depressed, endangering her own pregnancy. When the news reached the palace that Siddhārtha had attained enlightenment, Yaśodharā was overjoyed and gave birth to Rāhula. Buddhist Studies scholar [[John S. Strong]] notes that this account draws a parallel between the quest for enlightenment and Yaśodharā's path to being a mother, and eventually, they both are accomplished at the same time.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=140}}{{sfn |Strong |1997 |pp=118{{en dash}}9}}
[[File:Rāhula seeing the Buddha.png|thumb|The Buddha returning home following his enlightenment, being greeted by Rāhula. The Buddha is represented by his footprints and throne. [[Amaravati|Amarāvatī]], 3rd century. [[National Museum, New Delhi]]. |alt=Stone relief with throne at the center and numerous figures surrounding the throne, including a mother and her child ]]
The late childbirth leads to doubts in the Śākya clan as to who is the father, as told in the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, in the ''Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa'' and in the later Chinese ''Zabaozang jing'' ({{zh|t=雜寶藏經}}).{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=139}} Since Rāhula's birth was not regarded by Buddhists to be a virginal or miraculous birth, tradition had to explain that Prince Siddhārtha was actually the father.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=119}} Yaśodharā responded by putting her child on a stone in a pond of water and making an [[sacca-kiriya|act of truth]] that if Rāhula really was his child, that Rāhula and the stone may not sink, but rather float back-and-forth. After she made the declaration, the child floated according to her vow.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2012 |p=142}}{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=120}} Strong notes that this is a symbolic parallel with the attainment of enlightenment by the Buddha{{em dash}}described as the "further shore"{{em dash}}and the return to teach humankind.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=140}}{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=120}} The ''Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa'' contains another account, in which Prince Siddhārtha has several wives, and a wife other than Yaśodharā is the one defending her, being witness of her purity in conduct.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |pp=139{{en dash}}41}}

Furthermore, in both the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts and the ''Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa'', there is a third account that proves Yaśodharā's purity in conduct: in this version, the Buddha made everyone around him look identical to him, through a [[ṛddhi|supernatural accomplishment]]. Rāhula proved that the Buddha was his true father when he managed to approach the real Buddha straight away.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=120}}{{sfn |Edkins |2013 |pp=32{{en dash}}3}}{{refn |group=note |Yaśodharā had Rāhula present a gift to his real father, and he manages to find him straight away. In one version of the story the gift is a ring signet,{{sfn |Edkins |2013 |pp=32{{en dash}}3}} in another version it is an aphrodisiac.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=120}} (''See [[Rāhula#Ordination|§ Ordination]], below.'')}} In a fourth story about proving Yaśodhara's purity, appearing in Chinese [[Avadana|Avadāna]]-style texts from the 5th century CE onward, she was burnt alive, but miraculously survived. In this account, King Śuddhodana ordered that she be killed by burning her alive as punishment for her alleged impurity. Instead of being hurt by the flames, however, she performed an act of truth and the fire transformed into a pond of water. Śuddhodana welcomed her and her son back into the clan, and later became very fond of Rāhula.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=142}} Some Chinese [[Jataka|Jātakas]] say that he recognized his son Siddhārtha in the child, and managed to better cope with the loss of Prince Siddhārtha.{{sfn |Péri |1918 |p=22}} Religion scholar Reiko Ohnuma sees the fire ordeal as a metaphor that parallels the Buddha's enlightenment, a similar argument that Strong makes.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2012 |p=142}}

==== Scholarly analysis ====
Historians [[Mircea Eliade]] and [[H.W. Schumann]] hypothesized that Prince Siddhārtha conceived Rāhula to please his parents, to obtain their permission for leaving the palace and becoming a mendicant.{{sfn |Schumann |2004 |p=46}}{{sfn |Eliade |1982 |p=74}} It was an Indian custom to [[brahmacarya|renounce the world]] only after the birth of a child or grandchild.{{sfn |Eliade |1982 |p=74}} Schumann further speculated that the prince only conceived a son thirteen years after his marriage, because Yaśodharā initially did not want to bear a child, for fear that the prince would leave the palace and the throne as soon as the child was conceived. Orientalist [[Noël Péri]] believed, however, that a late gestation period was more historically probable than the birth on the same day, as in the Pāli tradition. He believed that if Prince Siddhārtha had left an heir to the throne, there would have been no sound reason for him to leave secretly at night. In many traditional biographies, Prince Siddhārtha is described leaving the palace without his parents' permission. Péri argued that this makes little sense if he had already provided an heir to his parents' satisfaction. He further argued that there are many sources that try to explain the long gestation period, indicating an established tradition.{{sfn |Péri |1918 |pp=34{{en dash}}5}} Nevertheless, although many traditional accounts of the Buddha's life relate that Siddhartha leaves the palace in secret, Early Buddhist Texts clearly state that his parents are aware of his choice, as they are said to weep at the time their son leaves them.{{sfn |Schumann |2004 |pp=45–46}}

From a mythological and text critical point of view, Buddhist Studies scholar Kate Crosby argues that Prince Siddhārtha conceiving or giving birth to a son before his renunciation functions as a motif to prove that he was the best at each possible path in life: after having tried the life of a father to the fullest, he decided to leave it behind for a better alternative. In [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhist]] India, being a father and bearing a son was seen as a spiritual and religious path as well as that of renouncing one's family, and Prince Siddhārtha's bringing a son in the world before renunciation proves he was capable of both.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |pp=108{{en dash}}9}} Buddhist studies scholar John S. Strong hypothesizes that the Mūlasarvāstivāda version of the story of the prince conceiving a child on the eve of his departure was developed to prove that the Buddha was not physically disabled in some way. A disability might have raised doubts about the validity of his ordination in monastic tradition.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}}

=== Ordination ===
[[File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Ordination of Rahula, Jamalgarhi (9220605766).jpg|thumb |Ordination of Rāhula, [[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]] |alt=Relief with child depicted at the center, and numerous figures at the sides, including the Buddha |upright=1.8]]
The accounts continue and describe that Rāhula was raised by his mother Yaśodharā and grandfather King Śuddhodana.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} When Rāhula was between seven and fifteen years old,{{refn |Different texts refer to different ages. For seven years, see {{harvtxt |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}}; for nine years, see {{harvtxt |Meeks|2016 |p=136}} and {{harvtxt |Schumann |2004 |p=123}}; for fifteen years, see {{harvtxt |Crosby |2013 |p=110}}.}} the Buddha returned to his home city of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] at the request of Śuddhodana.{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} The [[Mahavastu|Mahāvastu]] text from the [[Lokottaravāda]] tradition states that the royals tried to prevent Rāhula from learning about the return of his father, but eventually he insisted to know who the "Great Ascetic" about to arrive was, and he was told.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |pp=133{{en dash}}4}}{{refn |group=note |Indologist Bhikkhu Telwatte Rahula argues that the child was conscious of being without a father.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=134}}}} Next, the Mahāvastu and the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts relate that Yaśodharā tried to tempt the Buddha back into his life as a prince by having Rāhula offer the Buddha an [[aphrodisiac]].{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=121}}{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=134}} Mūlasarvāstivāda texts continue and tell that her plan backfired when the Buddha had Rāhula eat it himself, and Rāhula therefore became enamored by his father and wished to follow him.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2012 |p=145}}{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=121}} In the Pāli version of the story, on the seventh day of the Buddha's return, Yaśodharā took Rāhula to see his father, the Buddha. She told Rāhula that since his father had renounced the palace life and as he was the next royal prince in line, he should ask his father for his inheritance of crown and treasure. This would be for his future sake when his grandfather would no longer rule the kingdom.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=134}} After the Buddha had a meal, Rāhula followed the Buddha and asked him for his inheritance.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} The Buddha did not try to prevent Rāhula from following him,{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=68}} but in some versions of the story, some women from the court did try to, yet Rāhula persisted.{{sfn |Péri |1918 |p=5}} He then looked at his father and says, "Pleasant is your shadow, [[shramana|recluse]]".{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}} After Rāhula reached the [[Nigrodharama|Park of Nigrodha]], where the Buddha was staying,{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}} the Buddha considered that the heritage of the throne would one day perish, and was tied up with suffering and stress: "I will give him the wealth I obtained under the [[Bodhi tree|tree of enlightenment]] thus making him the heir of an inheritance that does not perish."{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=68}}
{{Quote box
| quote="The Prince Rāhula 
When he was nine years old 
Went forth from the home life 
To cultivate the Eightfold Path. 
Let us take refuge in and pay highest homage to Venerable Rāhula, who was born and went forth in order to benefit sentient beings."
| source = ''Raun Kōshiki''
| align = right
| width = 40%
| salign = right
| author = cited in {{harvtxt |Sekiguchi |1998 |p=16}}, translated by {{harvtxt |Meeks |2016 |p=144}}
}}
Most traditions relate that the Buddha then called [[Sariputta|Śāriputra]] and asked him to ordain Rāhula. Rāhula was ordained, becoming the first [[Samanera|''śrāmaṇera'']] (novice monk),{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} and probably the first person in the [[sangha|monastic order]] to [[pabbajja|receive ordination in a formal way]].{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=83}} In some versions of the story, such as the 9th-century Chinese ''Weicengyou Yinyuan Jing'' ({{zh|t=未曾有因緣經}}), a group of young boys were ordained together with him.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=143}}{{sfn |Edkins |2013 |pp=34{{en dash}}5}} The king discovered that his grandson, [[Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)|his son Nanda]] and a number of other young men in the royal family had then received ordination and left the palace. Seeing his daughter grieve, he asked the Buddha that from now on, he only ordain people with the consent of their parents.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}{{sfn |Keown |2004 |p=281}} Śuddhodana explained that Rāhula's ordination was a great shock to him. The Buddha assented to the proposal.{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}} This rule was later expanded in the case of women ordaining, as both parents and the husband had to give permission first to allow women to join the order of monks and nuns.{{sfn |Schumann |2004 |p=163}} In some versions of the story of Rāhula's ordination, Yaśodharā also protested, but relented in the end.{{sfn |Edkins |2013 |p=34}} The Mahāvastu states, however, that Rāhula asked to ordain himself, and was eventually granted permission by Yaśodharā and Śuddhodana.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=134}}

Archaeologist Maurizio Taddei has noted that in many [[Gandhara|Gandhāran]] art depictions, Rāhula's life is linked to that of a previous life of the Buddha, the hermit [[Sumedha]]. The Buddha giving his spiritual heritage to his son is compared to that of Sumedha allowing the [[Dipankara|Buddha Dīpaṃkara]] to walk over him, which was followed by Dipaṃkara predicting that Sumedha will become a [[Buddha (title)|Buddha]] in a future life. Both the figure of Gautama Buddha giving his inheritance to his son, and the figure of Dīpaṃkara Buddha giving his inheritance of [[Buddhahood]] to Sumedha are depicted with flames emitting from their bodies; both scenes are depictions of inheritance, [[filial piety in Buddhism|filial]] and disciple piety; both may have been considered by 5th-century Buddhists to be representations of "eager youth".{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |pp=119{{en dash}}20}}

=== Enlightenment and death ===
[[File:Ping Sien Si - 036 Rahula Thera (Thinking) (15638059169).jpg|thumb |Statue of Rāhula as monk at Ping Sien Si, [[Pasir Panjang]], [[Perak]], Malaysia |alt=Image of older monk with large eyebrows, sitting, with his hands hidden in his sleeves |upright=.8]]
According to the Pāli texts, once Rāhula had become novice, the Buddha taught Rāhula regularly.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} His instructions were very age-specific, using vivid metaphors and simple explanations.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |pp=113, 115}} The Buddha's teachings have led to numerous [[sūtra|discourses]] being named after Rāhula in the [[Early Buddhist Texts]].{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} Pāli texts relate how Rāhula grew up to become a novice that was diligent, dutiful, amenable and eager for learning,{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Nakagawa |2005 |p=34}} but there are also some early medieval Chinese and Japanese accounts which relate that Rāhula initially struggled with being a novice and only later appreciated the Buddha's teaching.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=143}} Besides the Buddha, [[Śāriputra]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Maugalyayāna]] also helped to teach Rāhula.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Shariputra: Disciple of the Buddha |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shariputra |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=30 October 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114220448/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shariputra |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn |Nakagawa |2005 |p=34}} Rāhula often assisted Śāriputra on his rounds for [[alms (Buddhism)|alms]] in the morning, and sometimes on other travels.{{refn |Both {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} and {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} mention the alms, but only {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} mentions the other travels.}} Every morning, Rāhula woke up and threw a handful of sand in the air, making the wish that he may be counselled by good teachers as much as those grains of sand.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}}

Still in the same year as Rāhula's ordination, the Buddha taught his son the importance of telling the truth in a discourse known as the ''Ambalaṭṭhika-Rāhulovāda Sutta''.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} In this discourse, the Buddha taught and encouraged consistent self-reflection, to help let go of all evil actions that lead to harm to oneself and others, and to develop self-control and a moral life.{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}}{{sfn |Schlieter |2014 |p=319}} He encouraged reflection before, during and after one's actions,{{sfn |Schlieter |2014 |p=319}} and explained that lying makes the spiritual life void and empty,{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}} leading to many other evils.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ambalatthika_raahulovaada_s.htm Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda Sutta]}}

When Rāhula became eighteen years old, the Buddha instructed Rāhula in a [[Kammaṭṭhāna|meditation technique]] to counter the desires that hinder him during his tours for alms. Rāhula had grown enamored with his own and his father's handsome appearance. To help Rāhula, the Buddha taught another discourse to him. He told Rāhula that all [[rūpa|matter]] is [[anatta|not-self]], and the same held for the [[skandhas|different parts of one's mental experience]].{{refn |For the part on alms rounds, see {{harvtxt|Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}}. For the part about not-self, see {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} and {{harvtxt|Crosby |2013 |p=115}}.}} Having heard the discourse, Rāhula started to practice meditation. His teacher Śāriputra recommended him to practice [[anapanasati|breathing meditation]],{{sfn |Shaw |2006 |pp=189{{en dash}}93}} but was unable to give Rāhula the instructions he needed.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=110}} Rāhula therefore asked the Buddha to explain the meditation method in more detail and the Buddha responded by describing several meditation techniques to him.{{sfn |Shaw |2006 |pp=189{{en dash}}93}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=115}} On a similar note, the Buddha taught Rāhula at a place called Andhavana about the [[anicca|impermanence]] of all things, and instructed him how to overcome the [[asava|"taints"]] inside the mind. As a result, Rāhula attained enlightenment.{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |pp=482{{en dash}}3}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=116}} Pāli tradition has it that the sermon was also attended by a [[crore]] of [[deva (Buddhism)|heavenly beings]], who once had vowed to witness the enlightenment of the son of the Buddha. Rāhula obtained the name "Rāhula the Lucky" ({{langx|pi|Rāhula-bhadda|italic=no |link=no}}; {{langx|sa|Rāhula-bhadra|link=no}}), which he himself explained was because of being the son of the Buddha, and because of having attained enlightenment.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} and {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}. For the Sanskrit translation, see {{harvtxt |Burnouf |2010 |p=489}}.}}
[[File:Bodh Gaya - Buddha Statue - Rahula (9224949643).jpg|thumb |Statue of Rāhula, [[Bihar]], India. |alt=Statue of monk with one shoulder uncovered |upright=.7 |left]]
Later, the Buddha declared that Rāhula was [[Śrāvaka#Foremost disciples|foremost]] among all disciples in eagerness in learning ({{langx|pi|sikkhākamānaṃ|italic=yes |link=no}}).{{sfn |Powers |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} and in the Pāli [[Udana|Udāna]], the Buddha included him as one of eleven particularly praiseworthy disciples.{{sfn |Sarao |2004 |p=720}} Chinese sources add that he was also known for his [[khanti|patience]], and that he was foremost in 'practicing with discretion' ({{zh|p=mixing diyi}}), meaning practicing the Buddha's teaching consistently, dedication to the [[śila|precepts]] and study, but without seeking praise or being proud because of being the son of the Buddha.{{refn |For the aspect of dedication to the [[śila|precepts]] and to study, as well as avoiding being proud, see {{harvtxt |Irons |2007 |p=163}}; for the aspect of seeking praise, see {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}.}} Pāli texts give examples of Rāhula's strictness in monastic discipline. E.g. after there was a rule established that no novice could sleep in the same room as a [[bhikkhu|fully ordained monk]], Rāhula was said to have slept in an outdoor toilet.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}} When the Buddha became aware of this, he admonished the monks for not taking proper care of the novices. After that, the Buddha adjusted the rule.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/t/tipallatthamiga_jat_16.htm Tipallatthamiga Jātaka (No.16)]}}

Pāli texts state that despite Rāhula being his son, the Buddha did not particularly favor him: he is said to have loved problematic disciples such as [[Aṅgulimāla]] and [[Devadatta]] as much as his own son, without any bias.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} Schumann writes that the Buddha's relationship with his son was "... trusting and friendly, but not cordial or intimate", in order to prevent attachment in the monastic life. Schumann concludes that the Buddha's discourses to his son were essentially not different in nature from those he gave to his other disciples.{{sfn |Schumann |2004 |pp=123–4}}

Later in Rāhula's life his mother Yaśodharā became ordained as a [[bhikkhuni|nun]]. In one story, the nun Yaśodharā fell ill with [[flatulence]]. Rāhula helped her recover by asking his teacher Śāriputra to find sweetened mango juice for her, which was the medicine she was used to and required. Therefore, with Rāhula's help, she eventually recovered.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/rahulamata.htm Rāhulamātā]}} and {{harvtxt |Crosby |2013 |p=112}}. Only Malalasekera mentions the mango juice and the recovery.}}

When he was 20 years old, Rāhula [[upasampada|fully ordained]] as a monk in [[Savatthi|Sāvatthī]].{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Baroni |2002 |p=261}} and {{harvtxt |Schumann |2004 |p=123}}. For the information that he was fully ordained in Sāvatthī, see {{harvtxt |Sarao |2013 |p=157}}.}}

Rāhula's death receives little attention in the earliest sources.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=106}} Rāhula died before the Buddha and his teacher Śariputra did. According to Pāli{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} and Chinese{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} sources, this happened as he was travelling psychically through the [[Tavatimsa|second Buddhist heaven]] ({{langx|sa|Trāyastriṃśa|link=no}}). According to the early ''[[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara Āgama]]'' ([[Sarvastivada|Sārvastivāda]] or Mahāsaṅghika tradition) and the later ''Śāriputrapṛcchā'', however, Rāhula was one of the four [[arhat|enlightened disciples]] whom Gautama Buddha asked to prolong their lives to stay in the world until the [[Maitreya|next Buddha Maitreya]] has risen, to protect his dispensation.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=121}}

=== Previous lives ===
Following the Pāli and Sanskrit language sources, Rāhula was the son of the [[Bodhisattva#Early and Theravāda Buddhism|Buddha-to-be]] throughout many lifetimes.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} He developed his habit of being amenable and easy to teach in previous lives.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=482}} Pāli texts explain that in a previous life he was impressed by the son of a previous Buddha, and vowed to be like him in a future life.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}

== Legacy ==
Texts in the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] tradition describe that Rāhula is the eleventh of the [[16 arhats|16 Elders]] ({{langx|sa|Ṣoḍaśasthavira|italic=yes}}; Chinese tradition added two elders in the 10th century, making for 18 Elders{{sfn |Dong |2010 |p=33}}), enlightened disciples that have been entrusted with taking care of the Buddha's dispensation until the rising of Maitreya Buddha. Tradition states therefore that Rāhula will be alive until the next Buddha, and until that time resides with 1,100 of his pupils in an island called the 'land of chestnuts and grains' ({{zh|t=畢利颺瞿洲|p=Biliyangqu zhou}}).{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} and {{harvtxt |Meeks |2016 |pp=137{{en dash}}8}}. For the number of 18, see {{harvtxt |Irons |2007 |p=400}}; {{harvtxt|Strong |1997 |pp=121{{en dash}}22}}. For the information that ''Biliyangqu zhou'' is an island, see {{harvtxt |Dong |2010 |p=59 n.11}}.}} The pilgrim [[Xuan Zang]] ({{circa}}602{{en dash}}664) heard a [[brahmin]] claim that he met Rāhula as an old man, who had delayed his passing into [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]] and was therefore still alive.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=146}}{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=122}} On a similar note, Rāhula is considered one of the [[Ten Principal Disciples]],{{sfn |Keown |2004 |p=298}} known for his dedication to training new monks and novices.{{sfn |Baroni |2002 |p=262}} Moreover, he is considered to be one of the 23{{en dash}}28 masters in the lineage of the [[Tiantai]] tradition, one of the 28 in the [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]] lineage,{{refn |{{harvtxt |Welter |2004 |pp=462{{en dash}}3}} says [[Tiantai]] has only 23 patriarchs, whereas {{harvtxt |Irons |2007 |p=526}} states they later expanded to 28.}} and one of the eight enlightened disciples in the Burmese tradition.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=122}}

As one of the enlightened disciples responsible for protecting the Buddha's dispensation, Rāhula has often been depicted in East Asian art. He is depicted with a large, "umbrella-shaped" head, prominent eyes and a hooked nose.{{sfn |Watters |1898 |p=340}}

The Chinese monks Xuan Zang and [[Faxian]] ({{circa}}320{{en dash}}420 CE) noted during their pilgrimages in India that a cult existed that worshiped Rāhula, especially in the [[Madhura]] area. Whereas monks would worship certain early male disciples following their particular specialization, and nuns would honor [[Ānanda]] in gratitude for helping to set up the nuns' order, novices would worship Rāhula.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |pp=135{{en dash}}6}} The two Chinese pilgrims noted that Emperor [[Ashoka|Aśoka]] built a [[stupa|monument]] in honor of Rāhula, especially meant for novices to pay their respects.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} Religious studies scholar [[Lori Meeks]] points out with regard to Japan, however, that Rāhula was not the individual object of any devotional cult, but was rather honored as part of a group of enlightened disciples, such as the 16 Elders. Exception to this was the 13th{{en dash}}14th century, when the figure of Rāhula became an important part of a revival of devotion to early Buddhist disciples among the old [[Nara prefecture|Nara]] schools, as [[kōshiki|chanted lectures]] (''kōshiki'') rites, and images were used in dedication to Rāhula. On regular [[uposatha|days of religious observance]], male and [[samaneri|female]] novices performed rites and gave lectures in honor of Rāhula. These were popular with the laypeople, as well as with priests that aimed to revive Indian Buddhism, in particular early Buddhist [[vinaya|monastic discipline]].{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |pp=131{{en dash}}3, 147}}{{sfn |Sergeevna |2019 |p=83}} In the ''kōshiki'' Rāhula was praised extensively, and was described as the "Eldest Child", ''eldest'' being a devotional term, since Prince Siddhārtha had no other children.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=137, n.2}} Thus, the person of Rāhula became an object of devotion and inspiration for monks who wished to observe monastic discipline well.{{sfn |Sergeevna |2019 |p=83}}

The ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sūtra]]'', as well as later East Asian texts such as the ''Raun Kōshiki'', relate that Gautama Buddha predicts Rāhula will become a [[Buddha (title)|Buddha]] in a future life,{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} named "Stepping on Seven Treasure Flowers" ({{langx|sa|Saptaratnapadmavikrama |link=no}}). In these texts, Rāhula is seen as a [[Bodhisattva#In Mahāyāna Buddhism|Mahāyāna type of Buddha-to-be]], who would save many [[sentient being (Buddhism)|sentient beings]] and lives in a [[Pure Land]].{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |p=144}}{{sfn |Sergeevna |2019 |p=82}}

The exhortations the Buddha gives to Rāhula have also become part of his legacy. The ''Ambalaṭṭhika-Rāhulovāda Sutta'' became one of the seven Buddhist texts recommended for study in the [[Edicts of Ashoka|inscriptions]] of the Emperor Aśoka.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/am/ambalatthika_raahulovaada_s.htm Ambalatthika-Rāhulovāda Sutta]}}{{sfn |Hazzra |1995 |p=38}} This discourse has been raised by modern ethicists as evidence for [[consequentalism|consequentalist]] ethics in Buddhism, though this is disputed.{{sfn |Schlieter |2014 |p=319}}

Rāhula is mentioned as one of the founders of a system of Buddhist philosophy called the ''[[Vaibhāṣika]]'', which was part of the Sarvāstivāda schools.{{sfn |Burnouf |2010 |p=418}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=107}} He is also considered by some Thai schools of Buddhist [[Tantric Theravada|''borān'']] meditation to be the patron of their tradition, which is explained by referring to Rāhula's gradual development in meditation as opposed to the instant enlightenment of [[disciples of the Buddha|other disciples]].{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=121}}

=== Childhood in Buddhism ===
[[File:Novices studying Dhamma and Pali language.jpg|The acceptance of Rāhula in the monastic order as a child set a precedent, which later developed into a widespread Buddhist tradition of educating children in monasteries.|thumb |alt=Teenage novices studying in class. |upright=1.2]]
From the narratives surrounding Rāhula several conclusions have been drawn with regard to Buddhist perspectives on childhood. Several scholars have raised Rāhula's example to indicate that children in Buddhism are seen as an obstacle to spiritual enlightenment,{{sfn |Thompson |Mauk |Kelly |Cook |2012 |p=61}} or that Buddhism, being a monastic religion, is not interested in children.{{sfn |Sasson |2014 |pp=594{{en dash}}5}} Education scholar Yoshiharu Nakagawa argues, however, that Rāhula's story points at two ideals of childhood which exist parallel in Buddhism: that of the common child, subject to the [[human condition]], and that of the child with a potential for enlightenment, who Crosby describes as a heroic disciple.{{sfn |Nakagawa |2005 |p=41}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |pp=119, 121}} Religion scholar Vanessa Sasson notes that although Prince Siddhārtha initially abandons his son, he comes back for him and offers a spiritual heritage to him as opposed to a material one. This heritage is given from a viewpoint of trust in the potential of the child Rāhula, presuming that the Buddhist path can also be accessed by children.{{sfn |Sasson |2014 |p=595}}

The acceptance of Rāhula in the monastic order as a child set a precedent, which later developed into a widespread Buddhist tradition of educating children in monasteries.{{sfn |Nakagawa |2005 |pp=34{{en dash}}5}} The numerous teachings given to Rāhula have left behind teaching material which could be used for teaching children of different ages, and were sophisticated for the time period with regard to their age-specific material. [[Theravada|Theravāda]] tradition further built on this genre, with Pāli manuals of religious teaching for novices.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |pp=117{{en dash}}8}} Writing about the Buddha's teachings methods used for Rāhula, psychologist Kishani Townshend argues "... Buddha's use of [[socratic method|Socratic questioning]], poetic devices and role modelling are still relevant to developing virtue in today's children."{{sfn |Townshend |2018 |p=11}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin |30em}}
* {{Citation |last=Baroni |first=Helen J. |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism |year=2002 |publisher=[[Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-8239-2240-6 |url=https://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/Baroni.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528024341/http://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/Baroni.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2018 }}
* {{Citation |last=Burnouf |first=Eugene |author-link=Eugene Burnouf |editor1-last=Buffetrille |editor1-first=Katia |editor2-last=Lopez |editor2-first=Donald S. Jr. |editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr |trans-title=Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism |title=Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien |year=2010 |orig-date=1844 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-08125-0 |url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/eugene_burnouf_introduction_to_the_history_of_indian_buddhism_buddhism_and_modernity__2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721063040/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/eugene_burnouf_introduction_to_the_history_of_indian_buddhism_buddhism_and_modernity__2010.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=live |language=fr }}
* {{Citation|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E. Jr.|author1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|author2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|date=2013|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|url=http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042558/http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Sasson |editor-first=Vanessa R. |last=Crosby |first=Kate |encyclopedia=Little Buddhas: Children and Childhoods in Buddhist Texts and Traditions |title=The Inheritance of Rāhula: Abandoned Child, Boy Monk, Ideal Son and Trainee |year=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-994561-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TytPQ1gCvwC |pages=97–123 }}
*{{cite web |author=Vanessa R. Sasson |author2=Franz Metcalf |date=26 April 2018 |title=Buddhist Views of Childhood |website=Oxford Bibliographies |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791231/obo-9780199791231-0073.xml#obo-9780199791231-0073-div1-0001 |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0073 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation |last=Deeg |first=M. |editor1-last=Covill |editor1-first=L. |editor2-last=Roesler |editor2-first=U. |editor3-last=Shaw |editor3-first=S. |title=Lives Lived, Lives Imagined: Biography in the Buddhist Traditions |year=2010 |publisher=[[Wisdom Publications]] and [[Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies]] |isbn=978-0-86171-578-7 |pages=49––88 |chapter=Chips from a Biographical Workshop—Early Chinese Biographies of the Buddha: The Late Birth of Rāhula and Yaśodharā's Extended Pregnancy}}
* {{Citation |title=Two Decades of Local Democratic Experiment in China: Developments and Changing Assessments |last=Dong |first=L. |year=2010 |journal=Southeast Review of Asian Studies |volume=32 |pages=48{{en dash}}67 |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.4579 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Edkins |first1=Joseph |title=Chinese Buddhism: A Volume of Sketches, Historical, Descriptive and Critical |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-37881-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVH_AQAAQBAJ }}
* {{Citation |last=Eliade |first=Mircea |author-link = Mircea Eliade |title=Histoire des croyances et des idées religieuses. Vol. 2: De Gautama Bouddha au triomphe du christianisme |year=1982 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |trans-title=A History of Religious Ideas: From Gautama Buddha to the Triumph of Christianity |isbn=0-226-20403-0 |language=fr }}
* {{Citation |first = Raniero |last = Gnoli |title = The Gilgit Manuscript of the Sanghabhedavastu |publisher = Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year = 1977 |volume = 1 }}
* {{Citation |last=Hazzra |first=Kanai Lal |title=The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India |date=1995 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers]] |isbn=978-81-215-0651-9 |url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/rise_and_decline_of_buddhism_in_india.pdf |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720112413/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/rise_and_decline_of_buddhism_in_india.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation|last=Irons|first=Edward|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|year=2007|publisher=[[Facts on File]]|isbn=978-0-8160-5459-6|url=http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/encyclopedia_of_buddhism.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824083035/http://www.khamkoo.com/uploads/9/0/0/4/9004485/encyclopedia_of_buddhism.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2015|url-status=live|access-date=31 October 2018}}
* {{Citation |last1=Keown |first1=Damien |author-link1=Damien Keown |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-157917-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC }}
* {{Citation|last1=Malalasekera|author-link=G P Malalasekera|first1=G.P.|title=Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names|year=1960|publisher=[[Pali Text Society]]|oclc=793535195|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/dic_idx.html}}
* {{Citation |last1=Meeks |first1=Lori |title=Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan |journal=[[Japanese Journal of Religious Studies]] |date=27 June 2016 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=131–51 |doi=10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151 |url=http://frogbear.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/JJRS-43-1-MEEKS.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202813/http://frogbear.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/JJRS-43-1-MEEKS.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2018 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation |editor-last1=Yust |editor-first1=Karen-Marie |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Aostre N. |editor-last3=Sasso |editor-first3=Sandy Eisenberg |editor-last4=Roehlkepartain |editor-first4=Eugene C. |encyclopedia=Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions |year=2005 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4616-6590-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adMkAgAAQBAJ |title=The Child as Compassionate Bodhisattva and as Human Sufferer/Spiritual Seeker: Intertwined Buddhist Images |first=Yoshiharu |last=Nakagawa |pages=33{{en dash}}42 }}
* {{Citation |last=Ohnuma |first=Reiko |title=Ties That Bind: Maternal Imagery and Discourse in Indian Buddhism |year=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-991567-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqlP0LgZMBUC }}
* {{Citation |last=Penner |first=Hans H. |title=Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-538582-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moI8DwAAQBAJ }}
* {{Citation |last1=Péri |first1=Nöel |author-link=Noël Péri |title=Les femmes de Çākya-Muni |language=fr |trans-title=The Wives of Śākyamunī |journal=[[Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient|Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient]] |year=1918 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1918.5886 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1918_num_18_1_5886 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |author-link1=John Powers (academic) |title=A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism |year=2013 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-476-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZycAwAAQBAJ }}
* {{Citation |last=Rahula |first=T. |year=1978 |title = A Critical Study of the Mahāvastu |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |oclc=5680748 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Saddhasena |first1=D. |editor1-last=Malalasekera |editor1-first=G. P. |editor2-last=Weeraratne |editor2-first=W. G. |editor1-link=G. P. Malalasekera |title=Rāhula |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism |year=2003 |publisher=[[Government of Sri Lanka]] |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/283220451/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-Vii |volume=7 |oclc=2863845613 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation |first=K. T. S. |last=Sarao |editor-last1=Jestice |editor-first1=Phyllis G. |title=Rahula |encyclopedia=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia |year=2004 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-57607-355-1 |url=http://www.encyclopedias.biz/dw/Encyclopedia%20of%20Holy%20People%20of%20the%20World.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911173309/http://www.encyclopedias.biz/dw/Encyclopedia%20of%20Holy%20People%20of%20the%20World.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2018 |url-status=usurped |pages=719{{en dash}}20 }}
* {{Citation |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305045208 |title=The Buddhist and Jaina Texts |date=January 2013 |editor1-last=Sarao |editor1-first=K. T. S. |editor2-last=Long |editor2-first=Jeffery D. |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |encyclopedia=Buddhism and Jainism |isbn=9789402408515 }}
* {{Citation |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |editor1-last=Sarao |editor1-first=K. T. S. |editor2-last=Long |editor2-first=Jeffery D. |title=History, Indian Buddhism |year=2017 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |encyclopedia=Buddhism and Jainism |isbn=9789402408515 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315861623 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Sasson |first1=Vanessa R. |last2=Law |first2=Jane Marie |title=Imagining the Fetus: The Unborn in Myth, Religion, and Culture |year=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-970174-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOe3jsja4OwC }}
* {{Citation |last1=Sasson |first1=Vanessa R. |title=Buddhism and Children |journal=[[Child Abuse & Neglect]] |date=April 2014 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=593–599 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.017 |pmid=24731761 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12654079 }}
* {{Citation |last=Schlieter |first=Jens |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Ronald M. |editor2-last=Palpant |editor2-first=Nathan J. |title=Endure, Adapt, or Overcome? The Concept of Suffering in Buddhist Bioethics |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=309–36 |encyclopedia=Suffering and Bioethics |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264468618 |isbn=978-0-19-992618-3 }}
* {{Citation |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByQR06AzKZizWHJUM1FaV0pNSFE |last=Schumann |author-link=H.W. Schumann |first=H.W. |translator-first=M. O' C. |translator-last=Walshe |title=Der historische Buddha |trans-title=The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism |year=2004 |orig-date=1982 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1817-0 |language=de }}
* {{Citation |last=Sekiguchi |first=Shizuo |year=1998 |chapter=Raun kōshiki shōkō |script-title=ja:羅云講式小考 |language=ja |title=Ube kokubun kenkyū |volume=29 |pages=3–20 }}
* {{Citation |year=2019 |first=Lepyokhova Elena |last=Sergeevna |trans-title=The image of Rahula in Japanese ritual texts of ''Koshiki'' |title=Образ Рахулы в японских ритуальных текстах ''косики'' |journal=Religiovedenie |issue=2 |pages=77–84 |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39106240 |issn=2072-8662 |language=ru |doi=10.22250/2072-8662.2019.2.77-84 |publisher=[[Amur State University]] |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation |last1=Shaw |first1=Sarah |title=Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pāli Canon |date=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-35918-4 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Meditation%20An%20anthology%20from%20the%20Pali%20canon_Sarah%20Shaw.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911050559/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Buddhist%20Meditation%20An%20anthology%20from%20the%20Pali%20canon_Sarah%20Shaw.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |last=Shirane |first=H. |year=2013 |title=Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon Ryoiki |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSI2AAAAQBA }}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Schober |editor-first=Juliane |last=Strong |first=John S. |author-link=John S. Strong |year=1997 |title=A Family Quest: The Buddha, Yaśodharā, and Rāhula in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya |encyclopedia=Sacred Biography in the Buddhist Traditions of South and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2JBVKRXveQC |pages=113{{en dash}}28 |isbn=978-0-8248-1699-5 }}
* {{Citation |last=Strong |first=J.S. |author-link = John S. Strong |title=The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-78074-054-6}}
* {{Citation |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |last2=Mauk |first2=H. |last3=Kelly |first3=V. |last4=Cook |first4=M. |last5=Matthews |first5=M. |title=Women and Children Last? Buddhism, Children, and the Naga-King's Daughter |journal=Virginia Review of Asian Studies |url=https://virginiareviewofasianstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-Thompson-Buddhism-Children.doc |year=2012 |pages=60{{en dash}}81 |access-date=10 November 2018 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110160114/https://virginiareviewofasianstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-Thompson-Buddhism-Children.doc |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |last=Townshend |first=K. |year=2018 |title=Evolving Emotions: Critically Analysing the Associations between Mindful Parenting and Affect Regulation |type=PhD thesis |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/120132/1/Townshend2019_PhD.pdf |publisher=[[University of Adelaide]]b }}
* {{Citation |last=Watters |first=T. |year=1898 |title=Art. XVIII.—The Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=329{{en dash}}47 |jstor=25207967 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00025223 |s2cid=163796720 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Welter |first1=Albert |editor1-last=Buswell |editor1-first=Robert E. |editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |title=Lineage |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |year=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA, [[Thomson Gale]] |isbn=978-0-02-865720-2 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912051354/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Encyclopedia%20of%20Buddhism_2%20Vols_%20Buswell.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |url-status=dead |pages=461{{en dash}}5 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/buddha-teachingsurw6.pdf ''The Buddha and His Teaching''], by [[Narada Mahathera|Nārada Mahāthera]], {{ISBN|967-9920-44-5}}. A classic book about Buddhism from a Sri Lankan monk, with a section about the Buddha's encounters with Rāhula (pp. 94–102).

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rāhula}}
{{Wikisource|Ekottara Āgama 17.1: Ānāpānasmṛti Sūtra}}
* [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.11.irel.html ''Rāhula Sutta'', the Pāli text in which the Buddha gives advice to Rāhula about meditation], translated by John Ireland, hosted on the website [[Access to Insight]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060701055840/http://www.accesstoinsight.org:80/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.11.irel.html Archived] from the original on 1 July 2006.
* [https://suttacentral.net/thag4.8/en/sujato The poems attributed to Rāhula], as found in the [[Theragatha|Theragāthā]], translated by [[Bhikkhu Sujato]] and Jessica Walton, hosted on Sutta Central.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmpKCi2ZH98 Talk about Rāhula], based on the Pāli tradition and a book of [[Nanamoli Bhikkhu|Ñānamoli Bhikkhu]], speaker unknown, hosted by the [[London Buddhist Centre]].

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|bu}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aryadeva|Āryadeva]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lineage (Buddhism)|Chan and Zen lineages]] (According to the [[Zen]] schools of China and Japan)|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sanghānandi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Family of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:530s BC births]]
[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:Good articles]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Shakyas]]

Kamukara Purushothaman

2026-01-08T00:06:32Z

Hearthospital: adding stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamukara Purushothaman
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|12|4}}
| birth_place = Thiruvattar, [[Kanyakumari]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|5|25|1930|12|4}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Playback singer, School teacher
| yearsactive = 1953-1995
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Kamukara Purushothaman''' (4 December 1930 – 26 May 1995) was an Indian singer. He was a noted [[playback singer]] in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam cinema]] during its early years. He has recorded over 170 songs in 68 movies in various [[South Indian]] languages.

==Early life==

Kamukara was born on 4 December 1930 in [[Thiruvattar]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district of present day [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was the son of Parameswara Kurup and Lekshmikkutty Amma. He started learning music from an early age under [[Karnatic music]] guru Thiruvattar Arumugham Pillai Bhagavathar, along with his sister, [[Leela Omchery]], a known singer and musicologist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leelaomchery.org/ |title=PROF. DR. LEELA OMCHERY | Musician, Musicologist and author |publisher=Leelaomchery.org |date= n.d.|accessdate=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065154/http://leelaomchery.org/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His career debut was at the local temple, Aadi Keshava Temple, Thiruvattar. He started music concerts by the age of 15 and became an artist at Trivandrum Broadcasting Corporation by the age of 20 and became active in [[All India Radio]] music programmes.

== Career ==
His first recording for a film was in 1953 for the Malayalam film, ''Ponkathir'', a [[Merryland Studio]] production to start a film career which spanned over 20 years and 68 Malayalam (total 125) films. He was the leading male singer in Malayalam films during the 50s and 60s till [[K.J. Yesudas]] appeared on the scene. Two of his soulfully rendered songs, "Aathmavidyalayame" for the film ''[[Harishchandra]]'' and "Ekanthathayude" for ''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]'' are widely considered to be among the all-time great songs of Malayalam film music. He was a regular singer in Merryland films until the 1970s. Most of his songs were written by [[Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair|Thirunainar kurichi Madhavan Nair]] and composed by [[Brother Lakshmanan]].

Later in his career, Kamukara Purushothaman, along with [[K. P. Udayabhanu]] and other senior singers formed a music troupe by name ''Old is Gold'' and performed stage programs all over India and abroad.

In 1983, he received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/light-music/467 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Light Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==Death==
Kamukara, who was a school teacher by profession, and retired as the Principal of Thiruvattar Govt. School, died suddenly on 26 May 1995 after suffering from a massive [[heart attack]] while on a journey to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He was aged 64 at the time of his death. He is survived by his four children, children-in-law and grandchildren. Ramani Purushothaman, his wife, died on 30 January 2025, aged 88.

==Popular songs==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Film
|-
| Aathmavidyalayame || [[Harishchandra (1955 film)|Harishchandra]]
|-
| Eeswara chintha ithonne manushyanu || [[Bhakta Kuchela (1961 film)|Bhakta Kuchela]]
|-
| Nale Nale ennayittum Bhagavane || [[Bhakta Kuchela (1961 film)|Bhakta Kuchela]]
|-
| Ganga Yamuna || Hotel Highrange
|-
| Sangeethame Jeevitham || Jail Pulli
|-
| Osana, Osana || Snapaka Yohannan
|-
| Mattoru Seethaye || Tharavattamma
|-
| Ekanthathyude Apara theeram || [[Bhargavi Nilayam]]
|-
| Pancha Varna Thatha Pole || Karutha kai
|-
| Asoka Vanathile Seethamma || [[Kallichellamma]]
|-
| Marakkan Kazhiyumo || Kannur Deluxe
|-
| Padachavan Padachappol || Kayamkulam Kochunni
|-
| Panineer Malarinorithal kozhinjalum || Njana Sundari
|-
| Thumpappoo peyyana poonilaave || Randidangazhi
|-
| Poovinu manamilla kinavinu kulirilla || Chilamboli
|-
| Chandrande prabhayil chandana mazhayil ||
|-
| Poothaliyundo kinave poopanthalundo nilave || Indulekha
|-
| Mindathathenthanu thathe || Njanasundari
|-
| Kanninayum kanninayum bandham nischayichu || Lady doctor
|-
|}

==Kamukara Awards==
Kamukara Award is instituted in the remembrance of Kamukara Purushothaman, to exemplary musicians. It was started in 1997, as a part of Kamukara's second death anniversary. Awardees by the year are:

[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[K. Raghavan]], [[P. Leela]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Vani Jairam]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[M. S. Baburaj]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Baburaj selected for Kamukara Music award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/baburaj-selected-for-kamukara-music-award-114051700695_1.html}}</ref> [[B. Vasantha]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[K. J. Joy]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[M. K. Arjunan]], [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], [[Shyam (composer)]], [[K. P. Udayabhanu]], [[P. Madhuri]], [[Ouseppachan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] and [[M. G. Sreekumar]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBddfe2C7U0 on YouTube
* http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?ArtistID=113 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420070552/http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?ArtistID=113 |date=20 April 2014 }} on ''Devaragam''
* http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/album/MC0000054.html on ''Raaga''
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jj90iwKzvyY on YouTube
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQO10CdixFY on YouTube

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purushothaman, Kamukara}}
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

List of urban parks in India by size

2025-12-20T20:23:21Z

Hearthospital:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2023}}
Below is a '''list of urban parks in India by size'''. [[Urban park]]s refer to the public [[urban green space]]s contained entirely within an urban city's municipal or metropolitan boundary. The list does not contain any [[National park]]s, biological parks, [[botanical garden]]s, [[zoological park]]s or [[Protected area|natural park]]s.

==List==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!style="background-color:#00FF7F;"|Rank
! style="background-color:#00FF7F;"|Name
! style="background-color:#00FF7F;"|City/ Metropolitan area
!style="background-color:#00FF7F;"|State/UT
! style="background-color:#00FF7F;"|Urban green space
!style="background-color:#00FF7F;"|Ref(s)

|-
|1
| [[Eco Park, New Town]]
|[[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|480 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ecoparknewtown.com/ |title=Eco Park | New Town Eco Park | Rajarhat, Kolkata |website=ecoparknewtown.com}}</ref>

|-
|2
|[[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|400 Acres
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/famous-urban-parks-in-india-that-are-also-landmarks/photostory/93534971.cms | title=Famous urban parks in India that are also landmarks | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

|-
|3
|[[Janeshwar Mishra Park]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|375 Acres
|
|-
|4
|[[Sri Chamarajendra Udyanavana]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|300 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/tourist-attractions.php |title=Bangalore Tourist Attractions |date=August 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829130432/http://www.bengaloorutourism.com/tourist-attractions.php |archive-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

|-
|5
| Swarn Jayanti Park
|[[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]], [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]
|[[Delhi]]
|237 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dda.gov.in/land-/swarn-jayanti-park |title=Swarn Jayanti Park |website=dda.gov.in}}</ref>

|-
|6
|[[Central Park, Kharghar]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]], [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|290 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIDCO ::Mega Progect Central Park |url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/MP_Central_Park.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013416/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in:80/MP_Central_Park.aspx |access-date=2025-09-27 |archive-date=2012-10-24}}</ref>

|-
|7
|[[Jubilee Park, Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|200 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://biharjharkhandnewsnetwork.com/jamshedpur-news-inauguration-jubilee-park/ |title=Jamshedpur News :Inauguration of Jubilee Park |date=December 3, 2021}}</ref>

|-
|8
|[[Aastha Kunj]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|200 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://delhitourism.gov.in/dttdc/explore_the_city/aastha_kunj_park.jsp|title=aastha kunj park|website=delhitourism.gov.in}}</ref>

|-
|9
|[[Rabindra Sarobar]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|192 Acres
|
|-
|10
|[[Central Park (Kolkata)|Central Park, Salt Lake]]
|[[Bidhannagar]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|152 Acres
|
|-
|11
|[[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]]
|[[Prayagraj]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|133 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/allahabad/attractions/alfred-park/ |title=Alfred Park, Allahabad |website=www.nativeplanet.com}}</ref>

|-
|12
|[[Ambedkar Memorial Park]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|108 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/BlFbwHfSBGko9gt3nelyGI/Where-Ambedkar-is-enthroned-like-Lincoln.html|title=Where Ambedkar is enthroned like Lincoln|first=Aakar|last=Patel|date=September 13, 2014|website=mint}}</ref>

|-
|13
|[[Sanjeevaiah Park]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana]]
|92 Acres
|
|-
|14
|[[Sunder Nursery]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|90 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/sunder-nursery-in-delhi-an-oasis-in-the-heart-of-a-concrete-jungle/cid/1911060 |title=Sunder Nursery in Delhi: An oasis in the heart of the capital jungle |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

|-
|15
|[[Lodi Gardens]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|90 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/10/16/stories/2002101608260400.htm |title=The Hindu : A 'Panipat' won for the Lodhi's |date=August 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802215938/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/10/16/stories/2002101608260400.htm |archive-date=2009-08-02}}</ref>

|-
|16
|[[Buddha Jayanti Park]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|81 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/at-buddha-jayanti-park-a-walk-to-discover-delhis-natural-heritage/articleshow/71017547.cms?from=mdr |title=At Buddha Jayanti Park, a walk to discover Delhi's natural heritage |newspaper=The Times of India |date=September 7, 2019}}</ref>

|-
|17
|Mohan Kumar Mangalam Park
|[[Durgapur]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|80 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/mkm-park-14812911273.html |title=MKM Park |website=indiamart.com}}</ref>

|-
|18
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Regional Park]]
|[[Indore]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|80 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myindorecity.com/2011/02/atal-bihari-vajpeyi-regional-park.html |title=Atal Bihari Vajpeyi Regional Park, Pipliyapala Park | My Indore City इंदौर शहर |website=www.myindorecity.com}}</ref>
|-
|19
|Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Lucknow
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|76 Acres
|-
|20
|Indira Park, Hyderabad
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana]]
|76 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.treebo.com/blog/famous-parks-in-hyderabad/ |title=A Perfect Day Out to the Famous Parks in Hyderabad |date=March 22, 2018 |website=Treebo Blog}}</ref>

|-
|21
|[[Nehru Park, Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|75 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nehru Park {{!}} DelhiLive.com |url=http://www.delhilive.com/nehru-park-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102021918/http://www.delhilive.com:80/nehru-park-0 |access-date=2025-09-27 |archive-date=2008-01-02}}</ref>

|-
|22
|Subhas Sarobar Park
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|73 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |date=2020-11-07 |title=Fingers crossed for Kolkata's Subhas Sarobar |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/fingers-crossed-for-subhas-sarobar/articleshow/79088593.cms}}</ref>

|-
|23
|[[Nehru Park, Burnpur]]
|[[Asansol]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|64 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web| title=Assessment of the carrying capacity of the green spaces in Asansol city | url=http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20542384.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808003855/http://www.ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20542384.pdf | archive-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>

|-
|24
|[[Victoria Memorial]] Gardens
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|64 Acres
|
|-
|25
|[[Gandhi Maidan]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[Bihar]]
|62 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/patna/gandhi-maidan.html|title=Gandhi Maidan | Incredible India|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref>

|-
|26
|[[Brindavan Gardens]]
|[[Mysore]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|60 Acres
|<ref name="auto" />

|-
|27
|[[NTR Gardens]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana]]
|55 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hyderabad.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/ntr-gardens/ |title=NTR Gardens | Hyderabad District, Government of Telangana | India}}</ref>

|-
|28
|[[Nana Rao Park]]
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|52 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/a-ramshackle-heritage/articleshow/5324203.cms?from=mdr |title=A ramshackle heritage |newspaper=The Times of India |date=December 10, 2009}}</ref>

|-
|29
|[[Talkatora Gardens]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|48 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Important Gardens of NDMC |url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/hi/departments/Departments/Horticulture/Important%20Gardens%20of%20NDMC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721055538/https://ndmc.gov.in/hi/departments/Departments/Horticulture/Important%20Gardens%20of%20NDMC.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-21}}</ref>

|-
|30
|Meghdoot Gardens
|[[Indore]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|42 Acres
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.seawatersports.com/places/madhya-pradesh/meghdoot-gardens |title=Meghdoot Gardens In Madhya Pradesh | Things To Do |website=Tours & Travel Company, Sea Water Sports}}</ref>

|-
|31
|[[Rock Garden of Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|40 Acres
|<ref>https://archive.today/20130126225232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-01/chandigarh/32494297_1_night-tourism-feasibility-study-prominent-tourist-destinations</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of parks in India|urban parks in India by size]]

Satish Davara

2025-12-17T22:30:32Z

Hearthospital: Done!

{{short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satish Davara
| image = Satish Davara.jpg
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|film producer}}
| years_active = 2005–present
| children =
}}
'''Satish Davara''' is an Indian filmmaker and writer. who worked in [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/satish-davara-to-direct-his-second-gujarati-film-bham-exclusive/articleshow/98113846.cms | title=Satish Davara to direct his second Gujarati film 'Bham'- Exclusive! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=21 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Davara was born on 5 May 1980 in [[Surat]], Gujarat. He earned a Bachelor of Commerce
degree from [[Gujarat University]]. While studying at Shree [[Swaminarayan Gurukul]]
Vishwavidya Pratishthanam (SGVP), he took part in school stage productions as a writer,
actor, and director.

== Career ==
In 2021 Davara directed the feature film ''[[Divaswapna]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chetan-daiya-on-his-next-release-divaswapna-the-films-concept-is-the-need-of-the-hour/articleshow/88054044.cms | title=Chetan Daiya on his next release 'Divaswapna': The film's concept is the need of the hour | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 December 2021 }}</ref> The film garnered 53 awards and 35 nominations worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ગુજરાતનું ગૌરવ : "દિવાસ્વપ્ન" ફિલ્મ એ નેશનલ અને ઇન્ટરનેશનલ કક્ષાના 52 એવોર્ડ અને 35 નોમીનેશન મેળવી આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય ફલક પર છવાઈ|url=https://sanjsamachar.net/news/details/355105/pride-of-gujarat-divaswapn-has-won-52-national-and-international-awards-and-35-nominations|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Sanj Samachar|language=gu|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205112101/https://sanjsamachar.net/news/details/355105/pride-of-gujarat-divaswapn-has-won-52-national-and-international-awards-and-35-nominations|url-status=live}}</ref> His second feature, ''Bham'', was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-21 |title=Satish Davara to direct his second Gujarati film 'Bham'- Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/satish-davara-to-direct-his-second-gujarati-film-bham-exclusive/articleshow/98113846.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is also the author of the dark fantasy science fiction novel The Mosquito Man.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davara |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8V9EQAAQBAJ |title=The Mosquito Man – The Swarm Rises: Book One of the Mosquito Man Trilogy |date=2025-08-20 |publisher=Phantastic Publishing |isbn=978-3-69111-512-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|+ List of Satish Davara film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Writer
! scope="col" | Producer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" | Producers
|-
| 2021
| style="text-align: left;" | ''[[Divaswapna]]''
| {{Yes}}|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || style="text-align: left;" | Co-written screenplay with Naresh D Prajapati, Jayesh K. Patel, Sanjay Prajapati || rowspan="1" | K.D. Films
|-
| 2023
| style="text-align: left;" | ''Bham''
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || style="text-align: left;" | || rowspan="1" | Maruti Enterprise
|-
|}

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|+ List of Satish Davara Novels and Book credits
|-
! Year
! Title
! Credit
! Publisher
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2025
| The Mosquito Man – The Swarm Rises
| Created by Written by
| Phantastic Publishing
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davara |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8V9EQAAQBAJ |title=The Mosquito Man – The Swarm Rises |publisher=Phantastic Publishing |isbn=978-3-69111-512-3 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| The Mosquito Man – Blood Future
| Created by Written by
| Phantastic Publishing
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davara |first=Satish |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mosquito_Man_Blood_Future/WdKcEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Mosquito+Man+%E2%80%93+Blood+Future:+Book+Two+of+The+Mosquito+Man+Trilogy&pg=PT7&printsec=frontcover |title=The Mosquito Man – Blood Future: Book Two of The Mosquito Man Trilogy |date=2025-12-18 |publisher=Phantastic Publishing |isbn=978-3-69228-053-0 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
Davara was nominated in the Best Director category at the Anatolia International Film Festival, Istanbul, Turkey, for ''Divaswapna'' in 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://epaper.gujarattimesusa.com/2024_02_23/20/ | title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોને નવતર શૈલીમાં ઢાળવા પ્રયત્નશીલ દિગ્દર્શક : સતીશ દાવરા | newspaper=Gujarat Times | date=23 February 2024 }}</ref> Davara also won the State Film Awards for the Best Popular Film of the Year and secured the 2nd rank in the Best Feature Film category in the State Film Awards by the Gujarat Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Popular film Divaswapna won 5 prestigious awards at Gujarat State Government Awards Ceremony 2024 {{!}} લોકપ્રિય ફિલ્મ દિવાસ્વપ્નને મળ્યા 5 પ્રતિષ્ઠિત પારિતોષિક (AWARDS) – ગુજરાત રાજ્ય સરકાર પુરસ્કાર સમારોહ -2024 |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/popular-film-divaswapna-won-5-prestigious-awards-at-gujarat-state-government-awards-ceremony-2024-214967 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-15 |title=Divaswapna triumphed with 5 awards at the prestigious Gujarat State Awards 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/divaswapna-triumphed-with-5-awards-at-the-prestigious-gujarat-state-awards-2024/articleshow/108518095.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Gujarat State Awards 2024 ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Films
!Category
!Result
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Divaswapna]]'' {{small|(As director)}}
|rowspan=1| Best Popular Film of the Year<ref name=":0"/>
|rowspan="1" {{won}}
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Divaswapna]]'' {{small|(As director)}}
|rowspan=1| Second Best Feature Film<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIVASWAPNA Shines: 5 Wins at Gujarat State Awards 2024 |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/divaswapna-shines-5-wins-at-gujarat-state-awards-2024/81863672.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan="1" {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9879118}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davara, Satish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hmar Students' Association

2025-12-09T20:08:25Z

Hearthospital:

{{Short description|Student association of Hmar tribe}}

The '''Hmar Students Association''' ('''HSA'''), established in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur, India]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Regional Political Parties in North East India |publisher=Omsons Publications |year=1992 |isbn=81-7117-093-5 |editor-last=Gassah |editor-first=L. S. |location=New Delhi |pages=77–78 |oclc=27771429}}</ref> is a large [[student organisation]] among the indigenous [[Hmars|Hmar]] people.

It was established on the 3rd of October 1939 which is celebrated as 'HSA Day'.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as Witness: A Social History of Mizoram, Northeast India |last2=van Schendel |first2=Willem |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-316-39155-6 |location=Daryaganj, Delhi |pages=373 |oclc=908253925}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Background==
The organisation was outraged at the [[mass sexual assault]] of Hmar women in 2006, along with other groups, to facilitate justice.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Charu |url= |title=Problems and Perspectives of the Relationship Between the Media and Human Rights |last2=Pandey |first2=Gyan Prakash |last3=Das |first3=Paromita |others=Charu Joshi, Paromita Das |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4438-7832-6 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, UK |pages=119 |oclc=974947496}}</ref> The organisation has also assisted relocating internally displaced people,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashutosh |url= |title=Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions within Regions. |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-39145-8 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=253 |oclc=1003259671}}</ref> and opposed a dam project.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Monirul |url= |title=Interrogating development: State, Displacement and Popular Resistance in North East India |publisher=Sage |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7829-969-3 |location=Los Angeles |pages=128 |oclc=317454805}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj-BAAAAMAAJ |journal=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |pages=68}}</ref>

== Motto ==
The H.S.A. motto is ‘Sinin, Hrilin, Sanin, Thuoiin, Serve the Nation,’ meaning ‘Work, Share, Assist, Lead and Serve the Nation’.[[File:In hmar.png|thumb|Hmar Students Association flag]]

== Flag ==
The flag is green in colour with a white star in the middle within which H.S.A. is inscribed. The green colour signifies that the H.S.A. stands for truth. The star is the Pole Star signifying H.S.A as a guide for the nation. Its white colour signifies purity and truth to stand for.H.S.A, inscribed in red {in the middle} shows its dedication and sacrifice for the nation.[https://hmarstudents.org/about-us/]

== Logo ==
== Governing Bodies ==
The Hmar students are governed by three supreme bodies, namely General Assembly, Executive Council and General Headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://hmarstudents.org/about-us/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Hmar Students' Association |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''General Assembly:'''

The General Assembly is the apex body and holds the Sovereign power to amend the Constitution. The General President summons and presides its meeting held once every year.

'''Executive Council:'''

The Executive Council stands or functions on behalf of the General Assembly. Therefore it has the right to amend the Constitution. In case of an emergency, the General President may summon a meeting of the General Assembly with the approval of the Executive Council.

'''General Headquarters:'''

The President and Secretary of General Headquarters are called as President and General Secretary respectively. The General Assembly elects the office bearers of the General Headquarters. Its committee is called the Executive Committee

== Joint Headquarters ==
The Hmar Students’ Association currently have its Joint Headquarters in [[Shillong]], [[Imphal]], [[Delhi]], [[Aizawl]], [[Kolasib]], Sinlung Hills, Hmarram, Vangai, [[Jiribam]], [[Barak Valley]], [[Churachandpur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]] Hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmar Students' Association - Official Website of the Hmar Students' Association |url=https://hmarstudents.org/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Hmar Students' Association |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Branches ==
HSA has its Branch offices in [[Silchar]] in Assam, [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Pune]].

==See also==
* [[List of Indian student organizations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://hmarstudents.org/}} (archived)

[[Category:Hmar|Students]]
[[Category:Student organisations in India]]

Khurd and Kalan

2025-12-01T16:01:49Z

Hearthospital: add structure as per guidelines and corrected details to improve readability

{{redirect|Khurd|the village only named Khurd|Khurd, Pakistan}}
'''Khurd''' and '''Kalan''' ([[Urdu]]: خرد اور کلاں, [[Hindustani language|Hindi]]: ख़ुर्द और कलाँ, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: [[Gurmukhi]]: ਖ਼ੁਰਦ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਾਂ, [[Shahmukhi]]: خرد تے کلاں) are administrative designations used in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] to indicate the mainland (Khurd) and extension (Kalan) of a town, village or settlement.

They are usually added after place names. For instance, [[Berote Khurd]] and [[Berote Kalan]] in [[Abbottabad District]] in the [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province, [[Dangoh Khurd]] in [[Una District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the many villages in Delhi such as [[Holambi Khurd]] and [[Holambi Kalan]], [[Pooth Khurd]] and [[Pooth Kalan]] and Mangolpur Khurd and Mangolpur Kalan in North west and north districts of Delhi and the famous [[Dariba Kalan]] jewellery market in [[Delhi]], there was also a smaller street nearby, known as Dariba Khurd or Chhota Dariba, both mean small, now known as Kinari Bazaar.<ref name="bigexp">{{cite news|title=Big Bazaar|author=Danish Shafi|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/big-bazaar/230560/|publisher=Indian Express|date=Oct 21, 2007|access-date=May 23, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616134950/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/big-bazaar/230560/|archive-date=June 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Upper Chambal Basin: A Geographical Study in Rural Settlements|author=Moti Lal Nath|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year= 1989|isbn=8185119597 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIgBKeSXF4AC&dq=Khurd++Kalan&pg=PA47 }}</ref>

In some parts of the former [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] territory, [[Budruk]] is used instead of "Kalan." It is a corruption of the Persian word for "greater."<ref>{{cite book |title=Maratha town and city planning with reference to the systems of village development during 17th and 18th centuries |chapter=Provincial divisions Administration Of Maratha province During 17th to 18th Centuries |author=Avinash Sowani |year=2011 }}</ref> In [[Manipur]], Khullen and Khunou are used.

==Adjacent places with Khurd and Kalan combination==
This list contains place names that are adjacent to each other having the same first name with Kurd and Kalan as second name respectively. Alphabetical entries with no red links.

===India===
* [[Mehal Khurd barnala|Mehal Khurd]] and [[Mehal Kalan Assembly Constituency|Mehal kalan]], Barnala district, Punjab, India
*[[Mundhal Khurd]] and [[Mundhal Kalan]], Bhiwani district, Haryana, India
* [[Bhainsru Khurd]] and [[Bhainsru Kalan]], Rohtak district, Haryana, India
*[[Rani Khurd]] and [[Rani Kalan]], Pali district, Rajasthan, India
* [[Haibowal Kalan]] and [[Haibowal Khurd]], [[Ludhiana district]], India
* [[Tikri Khurd]] and [[Tikri Kalan]], Delhi, India
* [[Jhojhu Khurd]] and [[Jhojhu Kalan]], Charkhi dadri district, Haryana, India
*[[Urlana Khurd]] and [[Urlana Kalan]], Panipat district, Haryana, India
*[[Kang Khurd]] and [[Kang Kalan]], Jalandhar district, Punjab, India
*[[Abiana Khurd]] and [[Abiana Kalan]], Ropar district, Punjab, India
* Barian khurd and Barian kalan, Hoshiarpur district, Punjab, India
* Kosi Khurd and Kosi Kalan, Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Kharsod kalan and kharsod khurd, district Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

===Pakistan===
* [[Berote Khurd]] and [[Berote Kalan]], Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
* [[Buchal Khurd]] and [[Buchal Kalan]], Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan

==Other solo places with either Khurd or Kalan==
This list contains solitary place names that have either Khurd or Kalan as second name, but without a corresponding adjacent village to complete the pair. Alphabetical entries with no red links.

===Afghanistan===
* [[Anjuman-i-Khurd]], Afghanistan

===India===


==== [[Telangana]] ====
* [[Ravulapally Khurd]]
* [[Thupra Khurd]]
* [[Toole Khurd]]
Kongarkalan. Marpallykalan
Uppal kalan

==== [[Bihar]] ====
* [[Madhaul Khurd]]

==== [[Delhi]] ====
* [[Dariba Kalan]] - Dariba Khurd (now known as Kinari Bazaar), Delhi, India
* [[Dichaon Khurd]]
* [[Khera Khurd]]
* [[Rajpur Khurd]]

==== [[Haryana]] ====
* [[Asan Khurd]]
* [[Baliar Khurd (Rewari)]]
* [[Berwala Khurd]]
* [[Bhattu Kalan]]
* [[Dhabi Kalan]]
* [[Jhojhu Khurd]]
* [[Nanu Khurd]]

==== [[Himachal Pradesh]] ====
* [[Dangoh Khurd]]

==== [[Jharkhand]] ====
* [[Kabra Khurd]]
* [[Jori Kalan]]

==== [[Karnataka]] ====
* [[Ugar Khurd]]

==== [[Madhya Pradesh]] ====
* [[Khardon Kalan]]
* [[Lidhora Khurd]]
* [[Tillore Khurd]]
* [[Soyatkalan|Soyat Kalan]]
* [[Tonk Khurd]]
* Kanadi Khurd

==== [[Maharashtra]] ====
* [[Anjani Khurd]]
* [[Bavdhan|Bavdhan Khurd]]
* [[Bhikawadi Khurd]]
* [[Ghoti Khurd]]
* [[Lahit Khurd]]

==== [[Punjab]] ====
* [[Akbarpur Khurd]]
* [[Bhikhi Khurd]]
* [[Dham Talwandi Khurd]]
* [[Buttar Kalan, Moga]]
* [[Ghuman Khurd]]
* [[Jajja Khurd]]
* [[Khatkar Kalan]]
*[[Haibowal khurd|Haibowal khurd, Ludhiana]]
* [[Nangal Khurd, Hoshiarpur]]
* [[Pakho Kalan]]
* [[Rure Ke Kalan]]
* [[Rurka Kalan]]
* [[Rurkee Kalan]]
* [[Talwandi Kalan]]
Chapar Chiri Khurd, Sirhind

==== [[Rajasthan]] ====
* [[Bairathal Kallan]]
* [[Dhuan Kalan]]
* [[Jonaicha Khurd]]
* [[Ramjipura Khurd]]

==== [[Uttar Pradesh]] ====
* [[Bal Khurd]]
* [[Barkachha Khurd]]
* [[Bhora Kalan]]
* [[Dharoti Khurd]]
* [[Dugauli Khurd]]
* [[Kaserua Khurd]]
* [[Khajuri Khurd]]
* [[Kosi Kalan]]
* [[Malava Khurd]]
* [[Palia Kalan]]
* [[Rajpur Khurd, Mainpuri]]
* [[Rampur Khurd]]

===Pakistan===

==== [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]====
* [[Kotli Khurd (Nowshera District)]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

==== [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]====
* [[Attock Khurd]]
* [[Aujla Khurd]]
* [[Chakori Khurd]]
* [[Dhool Khurd]]
* [[Jamber Khurd]]
* [[Jamsher Khurd]]
* [[Jataria Khurd]]
* [[Khasala Khurd]]
* [[Khinger Khurd]]
* [[Kotli Khurd (Mandi Bahauddin District)]]
* [[Mohla Khurd]]
* [[Multan Khurd]]
* [[Nakka Khurd]]
* [[Renala Khurd]]
* [[Buchal Khurd]]
* [[Buchal Kalan]]
* [[Bhiri kalan ]]
* [[Bhiri Khurd ]]

==See also==
* [[Pur (Vedic)#Pur and Pura|Pur and Pura]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Place name element etymologies]]
[[Category:Geography of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Pakistan]]

Seera Puranam

2025-11-14T12:17:47Z

Hearthospital: Entry!

{{Short description|Tamil epic poem}}

{{Infobox book
| name = Seera Puranam
| title_orig = சீறாப்புராணம்
| translator = 
| image = 
| caption = 
| author = [[Umaru Pulavar]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| subject = Islamic literature
| genre = Biography, Poetry
| published = 17th century
| media_type =
| pages = 
| isbn = 
}}

'''Seera Puranam''' (Tamil: சீறாப்புராணம்) is a 17th-century Tamil literary work written by the [[Rowther]] Tamil poet [[Umaru Pulavar]], which narrates the life and teachings of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anwar |first=Kombai S. |date=2023-01-12 |title=When a dargah vidwan sang Tyagaraja kritis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/nagore-dargah-sma-kadir-tyagaraja/article66369649.ece |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is regarded as a significant contribution to Tamil Islamic literature and is known for its poetic rendition of religious themes.<ref>Green, Nile. ''Islam in Tamil Nadu: The Culture of a Tamil Muslim Community''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>
It is considered one of the earliest Islamic literary works in Tamil, exemplifying the synthesis of Tamil and Islamic literary traditions that characterized South Indian literature during the medieval period.<ref>More, J. B. Prashant. ''Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu''. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004.</ref>

== Historical context ==
The composition of ''Seera Puranam'' occurred in a period marked by increased interaction between South Indian cultures and Islamic influences, largely through trade and cultural exchange. [[Tamil Nadu]], with its long history of trade, had established connections with the Persian world, which facilitated the growth of a Tamil Muslim community.<ref>Abdul Rahman, Mohideen. "Maritime Trade and Islam in Tamil Nadu: A Cultural Bridge between India and the Arab World." ''Journal of Islamic History'', vol. 20, no. 2, 2012, pp. 134-148.</ref> This exchange led to the emergence of Tamil Islamic literature, of which ''Seera Puranam'' is a prominent example.<ref>Wickramasinghe, Nira. ''Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities''. University of Hawaii Press, 2006.</ref> Umaru Pulavar composed this work to communicate the ideals and teachings of Islam in a way that resonated with Tamil-speaking Muslims and fostered greater understanding among non-Muslim Tamils.<ref>Green, Nile. ''Terrains of Exchange: Religious Economies of Global Islam''. Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 187-189.</ref>

== Literary style and structure ==
''Seera Puranam'' follows a classical Tamil poetic form known as ''[[viruttam]]'', a meter commonly used in Tamil devotional literature.<ref>Zvelebil, Kamil. ''The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India''. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1973, pp. 325–328.</ref> The text is organized into multiple cantos, each detailing significant events in the life of Prophet Muhammad.<ref>Mohamed Imtiaz. "Tamil Islamic Literature and its Contribution to Cultural Heritage." ''Journal of Tamil Studies'', 2017.</ref> The poem’s verses describe key episodes in Muhammad’s life, with themes of faith, resilience, and moral integrity. The structure follows a classical Tamil style, using elaborate language to appeal to both Tamil-speaking Muslims and broader audiences interested in religious literature.<ref>Kamil Zvelebil. ''Tamil Literature''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975, pp. 256–258.</ref> The text also highlights important battles, such as the [[Battle of Badr]] and the [[Battle of Uhud]], depicting them as moments of divine support and moral trials. The final sections of the work focus on Muhammad’s legacy, his final pilgrimage, and his passing, ending with reflections on the impact of his teachings. The cantos are composed in the Tamil poetic form of ''viruttam'', integrating both narrative and lyrical elements to convey religious devotion and ethical guidance.<ref>More, J. B. Prashant. ''Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu''. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004.</ref><ref>Kamil Zvelebil. ''Tamil Literature''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975.</ref>

== Cultural and religious significance ==
''Seera Puranam'' holds a unique place within [[Tamil Muslim|Tamil Muslim communities]] and has served as a medium for religious education. The text is recited in mosques and during religious gatherings, especially on occasions like the Prophet’s birthday (''Mawlid'').<ref>More, J. B. Prashant. ''Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu''. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004, pp. 60-65.</ref> It is also used as a teaching text in some madrassas in Tamil Nadu to convey Islamic principles through [[Tamil language]] and poetry.<ref>Green, Nile. ''Islam in Tamil Nadu: The Culture of a Tamil Muslim Community''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
The influence of ''Seera Puranam'' extends beyond [[Tamil Muslim|Tamil Muslims]], as it is recognized within Tamil literary circles as a classical work that contributes to the diversity of the Tamil literary tradition. The epic has inspired later [[List of Rowthers#Literature|Tamil Muslim poets and writers]] who followed Umaru Pulavar’s approach of adapting Islamic stories for Tamil-speaking audiences.<ref>Raman, Mohan. "Influences of Islamic Literature in Tamil." ''Studies in South Asian Languages'', vol. 15, 2018, pp. 202-215.</ref> In modern times, cultural organizations and the Tamil Nadu government have promoted ''Seera Puranam'' through literary festivals, reprints, and translations, preserving its legacy for future generations.<ref>Singh, S. "Reviving Tamil Islamic Literature: Cultural Events and Government Support." ''Indian Journal of Cultural Studies'', 2019.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Umaru Pulavar]]
* [[Islamic literature]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p65/p65ep1.jsp Seera Puranam at Tamil Virtual University]
* [https://archive.org/details/seerapuranam Original text of Seera Puranam at Internet Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seera Puranam}}
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Indian poetry]]
[[Category:Biographies of Muhammad]]

Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman

2025-11-11T00:55:36Z

Hearthospital: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Inscriptions in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg
|name = Jungadh rock inscription of Rudradaman I
|image_caption = The inscribed rock
|material =
|size =
|writing =[[Sanskrit]], [[Brahmi script]]
|created = circa 150 AD
|period =
|place = Junagadh, [[Gujarat]]
|discovered =
|discovered_coords =
|location = near Girnar mountain
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Rudadaman inscription rock
| lat_deg = 21.5329
| lon_deg = 70.4815
}}
|id =
|registration =
}}
The '''Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman''', also known as the '''Girnar Rock inscription of Rudradaman''', is a Sanskrit prose inscribed on a rock by the [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Rudradaman I]]. It is located near [[Girnar]] hill near [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The inscription is dated to shortly after 150 CE.<ref name=salomon1998p89/> The Junagadh rock contains inscriptions of one (of fourteen) the [[Major Rock Edicts]] of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]], as well as inscriptions from the [[Saka]] ruler Rudradaman I and [[Skandagupta]] of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="Guha">Artefacts of History: Archaeology, Historiography and Indian Pasts, Sudeshna Guha, SAGE Publications India, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jhqJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 p.50]</ref>

==Description==
{{main|Sudarshana Lake}}
The inscription is found on a major rock to the east of the town of Junagadh in Kathiavad region of Gujarat, India. It is near the base of the Girnar mountain. The Rudradaman inscription is one of the three significant inscriptions found on the rock, dated to be the second in chronology. The oldest inscription is a version of Ashoka edicts, while the last and third inscription is of Skandagupta. The Rudradaman inscription is near the top, above the Ashoka edict.<ref name=kielhorn36/> It is dated to shortly after 150 CE.<ref name=salomon1998p89/>

The inscription has twenty lines, of different lengths spread over about 5.5 feet high and 11 feet wide. The first sixteen lines are extensively damaged in parts and are incomplete, with evidence suggesting willful damage as well as natural rock peeling. The lost text constitutes about 15 percent of the total text. The last four are complete and in a good state of preservation.<ref name=kielhorn36/> According to Kielhorn, the alphabet is an earlier form of the "decidedly southern alphabet" of those found later in [[Gupta Empire]] and inscriptions of Skandagupta. The inscribed characters are about 7/8 inches in height.<ref name=kielhorn36/> The first eight lines offer a historical record of water management and irrigation conduits at the Sudarshana Lake from the era of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (321-297 BCE) to the time when the inscription was written around 150 CE. The last twelve lines praise king Rudradaman I (literally, "garland of [[Rudra]]").<ref name=kielhorn36/><ref name=salomon1998p89/><ref name="Chakrabarti1999p294">{{cite book|author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti|title=India, an Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564573-6|pages=294–295}}</ref>

The inscription is in Sanskrit language and entirely in prose. The text is generally in good standard classical Sanskrit but reflects much that is non-standard Sanskrit, according to Kielhorn. For example, it disregards the ''sandhi'' rules of the Sanskrit language "no less than 10 times", but some of these may have been "mere clerical errors". The text also has an "extreme dearth of verbal forms", states Kielhorn, a form that mirrors the classical prose writing style of the early era.<ref name=kielhorn36/> According to Salomon, noting Kielhorn and Renou's observations, "the language of the Junagadh inscription is not pure classical Sanskrit in the strictest sense of the term" and its orthography too is inconsistent about ''anusvara'', ''visarga'', notation of double consonants and the ''ḷ'' retroflex. These and other errors may reflect an influence of the less formal epic-vernacular style and the local dialect features, states Salomon. Nevertheless, beyond disregarding some of "the grammatical niceties of Paninian/classical Sanskrit", the inscription does closely approach the classical Sanskrit norms.<ref name=salomon1998p89/>

==Inscription==
[[James Prinsep]], known for his work with the [[Brahmi script]], first edited and translated this inscription in April 1838. It thereafter attracted a series of visits, revisions and scholarly publications, including those by Lassen, Wilson, Fleet and the significant work of Bhagvanlal Indraji and Bhau Daji in 1862. The edition and interpretation published by Bhau Daji was reviewed and revised further by Eggeling with collotype estampages by Burgess. Kielhorn's translation was published in the ''Epigraphia Indica'' Volume VIII, and the translation below is based on it.<ref name=kielhorn36>F. Kielhorn, ''Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman'', Epigraphia Indica, Volume VIII, No. 6, pages 36-49</ref>

===Translation===
{| class = "wikitable center"
|+ Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman
|-
! scope = "col" align=center |English translation
|-
| align = left |

{{blockquote|
(Be it) accomplished!

(Line l.) This lake Sudarshana, from [[Girnar|Girinagara]] [even a long distance?] .. of a structure so well joined as to rival the spur of a mountain, because all its embankments are strong, in breadth, length and height constructed without gaps as they are of stone, [clay], . furnished with a natural dam, [formed by?].., and with well-provided conduits, drains and means to guard against foul matter,three sectionsby.............and other favours is (now) in an excellent condition.

(L. 3.) This same (lake) -on the first of the dark half of Margashirsha in the seventy-second -72nd - year of the king, the Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman whose name is repeated by the venerable, the son of . . . . . . . . . . . . , (and) son's son of the king, the Mahakshatrapa Lord Chashtana the taking of whose name is auspicious,. when by the clouds pouring with rain the earth had been converted as it were into one ocean, by the excessively swollen floods of the Suvarnasikata, Palasini and other streams of mount Urjayat the dam , though proper precautions [were taken], the water- churned by a storm which, of a most tremendous fury befitting the end of a mundane period, tore down hill-tops, trees, banks, turrets, upper stories, gates and raised places of shelter - scattered, broke to pieces, [tore apart].. ., -with stones, trees, bushes and creeping plants scattered about, was thus laid open down to the bottom of the river:-

(L. 7.) By a breach four hundred and twenty cubits long, just as many broad, (and) seventy-five cubits deep, all the water escaped, so that (the lake), almost like a sandy desert, [became] extremely ugly [to look at].

(L.8) for the sake of/ ordered to be made by the Vaishya Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]]; adorned with conduits for [[Ashoka]] the Maurya by the [[Yavana]] king [[Tushaspha]] while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach, the extensive dam...

(L. 9.) ..he who, because from the womb he was distinguished by the possession of undisturbed consummate Royal Fortune, was resorted to by all castes and chosen their lord to protect them; who made, and is true to, the vow to the latest breath of his life to abstain from slaying men, except in battles; who [showed] compassion not failing to deal blows to equal antagonists meeting him face to face; who grants protection of life to people repairing to him of their own accord and those prostrating themselves before him;

...who is the lord of the whole of eastern and western Akaravanti (Akara: East [[Malwa]] and [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]: West Malwa), the [[Anupa]] country, [[Anarta]], [[Surashtra]], Svabhra (northern [[Gujarat]]) Maru ([[Marwar]]), Kachchha ([[Cutch State|Cutch]]), [[Sindhu]]-[[Sauvira]] ([[Sindh]] and [[Multan]] districts), Kukura (Eastern [[Rajputana]]), [[Aparanta]] ("Western Border" - Northern [[Konkan]]), [[Nishada]] (a tribe, [[Malwa]] and parts of [[Central India]]) and other territories gained by his own valour, the towns, marts and rural parts of which are never troubled by robbers, snakes, wild beasts, diseases and the like, where all subjects are attached to him, (and) where through his might the objects of [religion], wealth and pleasure [are duly attained];

...who by force destroyed the [[Yaudheyas]] who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all Kshatriyas; who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni|Satakarni]], the lord of [[Dakshinapatha]], on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him; who [obtained] victory . . . . . . . .; who reinstates deposed kings;

...who by the right raising of his hand has earned the strong attachment of [[Dharma]]; who has attained wide fame by studying and remembering, by the knowledge and practice of, grammar, music, logic and other great sciences; who the management of horses, elephants and chariots, (the use of) sword and shield, pugilistic combat and other . .. . . . the acts of quickness and efficiency of opposing forces; who day by day is in the habit of bestowing presents and honours and eschewing disrespectful treatment; who is bounteous; whose treasury by the tribute, tolls and shares rightfully obtained overflows with an accumulation of gold, silver, diamonds, beryl stones and (other) precious things; who........... prose and verse, which are clear, agreeable, sweet, charming, beautiful, excelling by the proper use of words and adorned; whose beautiful frame owns the most excellent marks and signs, such as (auspicious) length, dimension and height, voice, gait, colour, vigour and strength; who himself has acquired the name of Mahakshatrapa; who has been wreathed with many garlands at the svayamvaras of kings' daughters; -he, the [[Mahakshatrapa]] [[Rudradaman]], in order to . . . . . . . . . . . cows and Brahmans for a thousand of years, and to increase his religious merit and fame, -without oppressing the inhabitants of the towns and country by taxes, forced labour and acts of affection -by (the expenditure of) a vast amount of money from his own treasury and in not too long a time made the dam three times as strong in breadth and length . . . . . . . . [on] all [banks] . . . . . . (and so) had (this lake) made (even) more beautiful to look at.

(L. 16.) When in this matter the Mahakshatrapa's counsellors and executive officers, who though fully endowed with the qualifications of ministers, were averse to a task (regarded as) futile on account of the enormous extent of the breach, opposed the commencement (of the work), (and) when the people in their despair of having the dam rebuilt were loudly lamenting, (the work) was carried out by the minister Suvishakha, the son of Kulaipa, a Pahlava, who for the benefit of the inhabitants of the towns and country bad been appointed by the king in this government to rule the whole of [[Anarta]] and [[Surashtra]], (a minister) who by his proper dealings and views in things temporal and spiritual increased the attachment (of the people), who was able, patient, not wavering, not arrogant, upright (and) not to be bribed, (and) who by his good government increased the spiritual merit, fame and glory of his master.
|Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1905-6, 45-49</ref><ref name="WB">[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm "Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman", ''Project South Asia''.]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm |date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>}}
|}

==Significance==
The inscription is significant as a historical record of public works in ancient India, nearly 500 years before the inscription was created. It mentions the construction of a water reservoir named Sudarshana nearby, during the reign of the [[Maurya Empire]] founder [[Chandragupta Maurya]] by Vaishya Pushyagupta.<ref name=kielhorn36/> Later, during the reign of Ashoka, it mentions a Yavana king named [[Tushaspha]] building conduits.<ref name="WB"/> According to
Dilip Chakrabarti, a professor of South Asian archaeology at the Cambridge University, the inscription is an evidence of historical record keeping tradition in ancient India because Rudradaman otherwise would not have known the names of people involved in the project in 4th-century BCE, or who later worked on the water reservoir in following centuries, before Rudradaman promoted his Sanskrit inscription in 150 CE.<ref name="Chakrabarti1999p294"/>

The Junagadh rock inscription also highlights a eulogy-style Sanskrit from the 2nd-century. It is the first long inscription in fairly standard Sanskrit that has survived into the modern era. According to Salomon, the inscription "represents a turning point in the history of epigraphic Sanskrit. This is the first long inscription recorded entirely in more or less standard Sanskrit, as well as the first extensive record in the poetic style. Although further specimens of such poetic [[prasastis]] in Sanskrit are not found until the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta era]], from a stylistic point of view Rudradaman's inscription is clearly their prototype".<ref name=salomon1998p89>{{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|pages=89–90}}</ref><ref name="SI">{{cite book |last1=Ichimura |first1=Shōhei |title=Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=9788120817982 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref> The Western Satraps successors of Rudradaman, however, were not influenced by this inscription's literary style, but preferred a less formal hybrid Sanskrit language.<ref name=salomon1998p89/>

The inscription also is significant in recording that the modern era town of Junagadh has ancient roots and it was known as Girinagara in the 2nd-century CE. The mountain [[Girnar]] used to be called Urjayat then.<ref name=kielhorn36/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" caption="The inscription of Rudradaman, its rubbings and coins">
File:Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman (complete).jpg|Complete rubbing
File:Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman (portion).jpg|The right portion
File:Vashishtiputra Sri Satakarni.jpg|Silver coin of [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]], defeated by Rudradaman I.
Rudradaman coin.jpg|[[Rudradaman I]] coin, with corrupted Greek legend, at the [[British Museum]].
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions]]
*[[Naneghat|Nanaghat inscription]]
*[[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]]
*[[Sudarshana Lake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2nd-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]