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<p>Hayat hospital: Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{coord|11|8|14|N|79|4|40|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 149<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Ariyalur.svg<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician, Ariyalur)|S. Rajendran]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Ariyalur<br /> | electors = 262,942 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ariyalur''' is a legislative assembly, that includes the city of [[Ariyalur]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 149. Until 2006, Ariyalur Assembly constituency was part of [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2006, it has been a part of [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2019|access-date =4 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;const_map&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Map showing the new assembly constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/maps/tamil_map.pdf|format=PDF|page=1|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) three times during the 1977, 1980 and 1989 elections, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) two times during the 2001 and 2011 elections, [[Indian National Congress]] once during 2006 and [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] once during the 1996 elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp162.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 January 2014|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of the constituency was [[S. Rajendran (Ariyalur politician)|Thamarai S.Rajendran]] from the AIADMK Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLA of Ariyalur&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=MLA of Ariyalur |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2021 |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The current MLA since 2021 has been [[K. Chinnappa]] from DMK.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Assembly<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Duration<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | First<br /> | 1952-57<br /> | [[Palaniandi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Second<br /> | 1957-62<br /> | [[Ramalinga Padayachi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Third<br /> | 1962-67<br /> | [[R. Narayanan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | Fourth<br /> | 1967-71<br /> | [[R. Karuppiam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Duration<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[G. Sivaperumal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[T. Arumugam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]<br /> | T. Arumugam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[S. Purushothaman]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]<br /> | T. Arumugam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[S. Manimegalai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[D. Amaramoorthy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[P. Elavazhagan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]<br /> | D. Amaramoorthy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[Durai. Manivel]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician, Ariyalur)|S. Rajendran]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[K. Chinnappa]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | S. Rajendran<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=[[S. Rajendran (AIADMK politician, Ariyalur)|S. Rajendran]]<br /> |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=95,219<br /> |percentage=40.06%<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Latha Balu<br /> |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=70,721<br /> |percentage=29.77%<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Sivakumar M<br /> |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |votes=57,359<br /> |percentage=24.15%<br /> |change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Pugazhendhi D<br /> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |votes=8,527<br /> |percentage=3.59%<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=NOTA<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |votes=641<br /> |percentage=0.27%<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=24,498<br /> |percentage=10.29%<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes=237,858<br /> |percentage=81.46%<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors=291m987<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Chinnappa]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,03,975 |percentage=46.45% |change=5.48% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Rajendran (Aiadmk Politician)|Rajendran. S]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,00,741 |percentage=45.01% |change=3.07% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suguna Kumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,346 |percentage=5.52% |change=4.97% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai. Manivel |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,044 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,389 |percentage=0.62% |change=-0.28% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,234 |percentage=1.44% |change=0.48% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,23,839 |percentage=84.48% |change= -0.45% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=567 |percentage=0.25% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,64,971 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran. S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,523 |percentage=41.94% |change=-5.83% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Sivashankar]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,480 |percentage=40.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayavel. Rama |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=13,599 |percentage=6.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirumavalavan. K |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,529 |percentage=6.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,896 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayakumar. R |party=Independent politician |votes=1,348 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Baskar. C |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,330 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manikkam. T |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,146 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeramani. T |party=Independent politician |votes=995 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Savarianandham. V |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=675 |percentage=0.32% |change=-0.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pazhanivel. P |party=Independent politician |votes=577 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,043 |percentage=0.97% |change=-8.63% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,078 |percentage=84.93% |change= 0.11% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,541 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Durai. Manivel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,726 |percentage=47.77% |change=5.57% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Amaramoorthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=70,906 |percentage=38.17% |change=-7.19% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Baskar C |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=9,501 |percentage=5.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Panneerselvam R |party=Independent politician |votes=7,099 |percentage=3.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abirami P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,981 |percentage=1.60% |change=0.77% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muruganantham T |party=Independent politician |votes=2,640 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Neelamegam K |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,267 |percentage=1.22% |change=0.43% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusami M K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,629 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,820 |percentage=9.59% |change=6.43% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,18,992 |percentage=84.82% |change= 4.01% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,749 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Amaramoorthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,089 |percentage=45.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravichandran. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,895 |percentage=42.20% |change=1.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayavel. Rama |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,630 |percentage=6.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariyappan. K |party=Independent politician |votes=2,936 |percentage=2.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar. K |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,111 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Samidurai. M |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,041 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sukumar. G |party=Independent politician |votes=782 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekar. S. M |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthil @ Senthil Kumar. V |party=Independent politician |votes=629 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Maheshkumar. N |party=Independent politician |votes=579 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,194 |percentage=3.17% |change=-4.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,32,460 |percentage=80.81% |change= 10.45% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,907 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.33% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Elavazhagan. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,676 |percentage=41.03% |change=9.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathiravan. T. A. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,297 |percentage=32.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Punnyamoorthy. D. |party=Independent politician |votes=20,399 |percentage=15.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnappa. K. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,121 |percentage=7.88% |change=-2.53% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Maheshkumaran. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,891 |percentage=2.25% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,379 |percentage=8.08% |change=-13.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,384 |percentage=70.37% |change= -8.18% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,82,450 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -12.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Amaramoorthy]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=62,157 |percentage=53.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elavarasan. A. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,263 |percentage=31.89% |change=-25.11% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnappah. K. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,163 |percentage=10.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja. P. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,926 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyarappan. G. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,060 |percentage=0.91% |change=0.24% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Panneerselvam. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nedumaran. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=147 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaliyaperumal. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramasivam. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,894 |percentage=21.30% |change=0.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,854 |percentage=78.55% |change= 2.44% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,636 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Manimegalai S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,680 |percentage=57.00% |change=30.08% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnappa K. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,551 |percentage=36.62% |change=-6.98% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arivalagan R. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,744 |percentage=5.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppaiah N. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=755 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekar M. |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathiaresan K. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=269 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Samivelu A. |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,129 |percentage=20.38% |change=3.71% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,474 |percentage=76.11% |change= -5.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,420 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,353 |percentage=43.60% |change=3.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elavazhagan P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,242 |percentage=26.92% |change=-31.44% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Swamynathan T. K. S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,247 |percentage=19.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,507 |percentage=9.67% |change=-48.69% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abaranji C. |party=Independent politician |votes=258 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,111 |percentage=16.68% |change=-1.58% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,607 |percentage=81.45% |change= -1.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,145 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.76% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Purushothaman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,815 |percentage=58.36% |change=16.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,045 |percentage=40.11% |change=-12.42% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=996 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=497 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,770 |percentage=18.25% |change=7.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=97,353 |percentage=82.57% |change= 6.48% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,373 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,980 |percentage=52.53% |change=12.80% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Asokan. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,776 |percentage=42.01% |change=3.88% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aramirdham. A. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=3,695 |percentage=4.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=738 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,204 |percentage=10.52% |change=8.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,531 |percentage=76.09% |change= 1.34% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,590 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Arumugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,380 |percentage=39.73% |change=-24.45% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah Alias Asokan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,125 |percentage=38.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Srinivasan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,359 |percentage=15.65% |change=-14.56% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Natarajan |party=Janata Party |votes=3,781 |percentage=4.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,131 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A.P. Munisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,255 |percentage=1.59% |change=-32.39% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=78,989 |percentage=74.75% |change= -6.68% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,638 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.45% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Sivaperumal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,320 |percentage=64.18% |change=28.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sambasivam Moopanar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,740 |percentage=30.20% |change=-7.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,535 |percentage=4.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,580 |percentage=33.98% |change=31.97% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,287 |percentage=81.43% |change= -1.72% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,537 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 26.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppiam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,440 |percentage=37.37% |change=10.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sepperumal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,017 |percentage=35.36% |change=-28.98% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasami |party=Independent politician |votes=19,294 |percentage=27.27% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,423 |percentage=2.01% |change=-35.06% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,751 |percentage=83.15% |change= 13.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,136 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Narayanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,721 |percentage=64.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Viswanathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,681 |percentage=27.27% |change=-0.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vadivel |party=Tamil National Party |votes=3,095 |percentage=4.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,346 |percentage=3.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,040 |percentage=37.07% |change=33.95% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=64,843 |percentage=69.58% |change= 22.52% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,922 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 36.90% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramalinga Padayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,741 |percentage=27.44% |change=1.95% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,404 |percentage=24.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Haji Abdul Kadir Jamali |party=Independent politician |votes=6,992 |percentage=16.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=4,797 |percentage=11.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,069 |percentage=7.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arasan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,640 |percentage=6.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,154 |percentage=5.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=992 |percentage=2.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,337 |percentage=3.12% |change=-0.48% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=42,789 |percentage=47.06% |change= -12.47% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,932 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -1.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariyalur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniandi |party=Independent politician |votes=11,422 |percentage=29.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Razar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,007 |percentage=25.49% |change=25.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmughasundara Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,289 |percentage=21.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=8,141 |percentage=20.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periaswami Padyachi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,403 |percentage=3.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,415 |percentage=3.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=39,262 |percentage=59.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,957 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Ariyalur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangola_Assembly_constituency&diff=532648 2026-05-06T22:28:55Z

<p>Hayat hospital: added new details basic info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sangola<br /> | map_image = 253-Sangola.svg<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | constituency_no = 253<br /> | district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[Babasaheb Deshmukh]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2024<br /> | electors= 334,379<br /> }}<br /> '''Sangola Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Solapur district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt;<br /> Before the formation of Maharashtra as a separate state, the Sangola Assembly constituency was part of the [[Bombay State]] during the early years of the Indian Republic.It was a reserved constituency for the 1951 and 1957 Bombay State elections. The constituency is not a [[Reservation in India|reserved constituency]]. It is a part of [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]], [[Karmala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karmala]] and [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] in [[Solapur district]] and [[Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Phaltan]] and [[Man Assembly constituency|Man]] in [[Satara district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency comprises [[Sangola]]] taluka and Jilha parishad gat(Bhalavani) from [[Pandharpur]] taluka. In the Sangola Assembly constituency, there is a total voter population of '''3,29,048'''. Out of these, there are '''1,70,690''' male voters and '''1,58,353''' female voters. The number of transgender voters in the constituency is 5. Additionally, the voting process is being conducted across a total of '''305''' polling stations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Keshavrao Shripatrao Raut || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> | Kambale Maruti Mahadeo<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. Bapusaheb Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Shahajibapu Patil|Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Shahajibapu Patil|Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]]|| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Babasaheb Deshmukh|Dr. Babasaheb Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sangola&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sangola |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13253.htm |accessdate=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114084909/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13253.htm |archivedate=14 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babasaheb Deshmukh|Dr. Babasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 116,256 |percentage = 44.28% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Patil|Adv. Shahajibapu Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 90,870 |percentage = 34.61% |change = {{decrease}}11.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dipakaba Bapusaheb Salunkhe |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 50,962 |percentage = 19.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,106 |percentage = 0.42% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,386 |percentage = 9.67% |change = {{increase}}9.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 263,679 |percentage = 78.86% |change = {{increase}}5.79 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 262,573}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 334,379 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.39 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}2.03 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Patil|Adv. Shahajibapu Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 99,464 |percentage = 46.31% |change = {{increase}}11.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Aniket Chandrakant Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 98,696 |percentage = 45.95% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashritai Dattatraya Nagane - Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,484 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Damu Kalebag |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapusaheb Chandu Thokale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,568 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 700 |percentage = 0.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 768 |percentage = 0.36% |change = {{decrease}}12.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 215,486 |percentage = 73.07% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 214,768}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,895 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.67 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}1.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 94,374 |percentage = 47.80% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Patil|Adv. Shahajibapu Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 69,150 |percentage = 35.03% |change = {{increase}}34.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Shrikant Appsaheb |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,074 |percentage = 7.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aldar Sambhaji Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,444 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Lalaso Babar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,457 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}40.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Milind Revan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,323 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamruddin Aftabshaha Kazi |party = Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,317 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 666 |percentage = 0.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,224 |percentage = 12.78% |change = {{increase}}7.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 198,197 |percentage = 73.03% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 197,420}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,376 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}0.64 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 86,548 |percentage = 47.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Patil|Adv. Shahajibapu Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 76,744 |percentage = 41.82% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Shrikant Appsaheb |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 13,997 |percentage = 7.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Machhindra Aappaso Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,506 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dethe Navanath Bhagawan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,078 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Walake Jalindar Shivaling |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 1,651 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,804 |percentage = 5.34% |change = {{decrease}}5.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 183,994 |percentage = 72.88% |change = {{decrease}}5.40 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 183,524}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,474 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.97 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}5.48 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 100,000 |percentage = 52.64% |change = {{decrease}}7.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 79,404 |percentage = 41.80% |change = {{increase}}39.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shivajirao Krishnarao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,768 |percentage = 1.98% |change = {{decrease}}0.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarrao Dattuji Linge |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,410 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Navale Somnath Krishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,118 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tanaji Sopan Howal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,277 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,596 |percentage = 10.84% |change = {{decrease}}15.15 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 190,100 |percentage = 78.28% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 189,977}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,836 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.29 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}7.82 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 93,819 |percentage = 60.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 53,485 |percentage = 34.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Dattu Linge |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,145 |percentage = 2.67% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shende Amar Shivajirao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,156 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{decrease}}46.23 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,334 |percentage = 25.99% |change = {{increase}}25.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 161,950 |percentage = 80.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 155,179}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,206 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.20 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,910 |percentage = 48.26% |change = {{increase}}5.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 73,718 |percentage = 48.13% |change = {{decrease}}7.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Ganpatrao Misal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,675 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{increase}}0.55 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 192 |percentage = 0.13% |change = {{decrease}}12.37 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 156,478 |percentage = 82.56% |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 153,155}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,538 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.08 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}7.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 72,341 |percentage = 55.40% |change = {{increase}}0.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,023 |percentage = 42.90% |change = {{decrease}}2.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolekar Bhanudas Eknath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,318 |percentage = 12.50% |change = {{increase}}3.67 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 132,608 |percentage = 74.22% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 130,576}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,667 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.53 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}0.99 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 54,816 |percentage = 54.41% |change = {{decrease}}3.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhambyre Pandurang Abasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,923 |percentage = 45.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,893 |percentage = 8.83% |change = {{decrease}}6.08 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 102,557 |percentage = 69.76% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 100,739}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,009 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.67 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}3.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 48,262 |percentage = 57.45% |change = {{decrease}}6.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. A. Bhambure |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 35,739 |percentage = 42.55% |change = {{increase}}41.35 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,523 |percentage = 14.91% |change = {{decrease}}13.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 86,001 |percentage = 67.67% |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 84,001}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,096 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.43 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}6.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 47,625 |percentage = 63.69% |change = {{increase}}15.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghadage Bajirao Dadasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,067 |percentage = 34.86% |change = {{decrease}}16.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ishwarrao Balasaheb |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 898 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,558 |percentage = 28.83% |change = {{increase}}26.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 76,620 |percentage = 65.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.80 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 74,779}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,220 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Bapusaheb Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,448 |percentage = 50.94% |change = {{increase}}1.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 31,793 |percentage = 48.42% |change = {{decrease}}2.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parapsa Khadtare |party = Independent politician |votes = 416 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,655 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{increase}}1.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 67,119 |percentage = 73.16% |change = {{increase}}5.09 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 65,657}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,744 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.37 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}0.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 26,843 |percentage = 50.63% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Salunkhe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,175 |percentage = 49.37% |change = {{increase}}4.69 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 668 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.58 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 56,581 |percentage = 68.07% |change = {{increase}}18.69 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 53,018}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,122 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.31 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}0.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,800 |percentage = 50.52% |change = {{increase}}34.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shripatrao Raut |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,743 |percentage = 44.68% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Tipanna Bansode |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,692 |percentage = 4.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,057 |percentage = 5.84% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 37,549 |percentage = 49.38% |change = {{decrease}}34.69 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 35,235}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,040 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}39.39 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}26.08 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shripatrao Raut |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,779 |percentage = 24.44% |change = {{decrease}}21.72 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kambale Maruti Mahadeo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,868 |percentage = 21.68% |change = {{decrease}}24.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranashringare Ramchandra Sakharam |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 21,798 |percentage = 20.67% |change = {{increase}}12.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Jaysingrao Rangarao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,630 |percentage = 15.77% |change = {{decrease}}22.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Honamane Pandurang Mailarling |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,167 |percentage = 14.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Rayaba Jogu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,237 |percentage = 3.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,981 |percentage = 3.77% |change = {{decrease}}4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 105,479 |percentage = 84.07% |change = {{increase}}37.58 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 105,479}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}154.18 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangola &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shripatrao Raut |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,593 |percentage = 46.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patange Sopan Abaji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,705 |percentage = 37.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Magade Govind Pandurang |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 1,913 |percentage = 8.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavade Tulshiram Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,735 |percentage = 7.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,888 |percentage = 8.23% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 22,946 |percentage = 46.49% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 22,946}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,361 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[Solapur district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Solapur district topics}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coord|17.44|75.19|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_David_Lyon&diff=498173 2026-05-03T08:56:51Z

<p>Hayat hospital: made initial pg and citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English photographer and military officer, ca. 1829–1891}}<br /> {{Infobox artist<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = David Edmund Lyon<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = &lt;!-- use the image's pagename; do not include the &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and do not use brackets--&gt;<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = 1825&lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living artists, {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} for dead. For living people supply only the year unless the exact date is already WIDELY published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. Treat such cases as if only the year is known, so use {{birth year and age|YYYY}} or a similar option. --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | baptised = &lt;!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --&gt;<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1891|1825}}&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt; <br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | known_for = Archaeological photography, architectural photography, porn<br /> | notable_works = <br /> | style = <br /> | movement = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | father = <br /> | mother = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | family = <br /> | awards = &lt;!-- {{awd|award|year|title|role|name}} (optional) --&gt;<br /> | elected = <br /> | patrons = <br /> | memorials = <br /> | influences = &lt;!-- only add entries which are explained and cited in the body of the article (or cited here)--&gt;<br /> | influenced = &lt;!-- only add entries which are explained and cited in the body of the article (or cited here)--&gt;<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | module = <br /> }}<br /> '''Edmund David Lyon''' (1825–1891) was a British photographer and served in [[British Army]]. He photographed in more than 100 archeological sites in India.<br /> <br /> ==Photography==<br /> Later he extensively took photographs in southern India and opened his studio in [[Ooty|Ootakamund]] in 1865. He was commissioned by Madras Government and Bombay Government (both British) to take photographs of Archeological sites during 1867–69. In 1871, he published a book with title 'Notes to Accompany a Series of Photographs Designed to Illustrate the Ancient Architecture of Western India' which contained numerous photographs of archeological sites as well as social life of 19th century [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Luminous |first1=Lint |title=Captain Edmund David Lyon |url=http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Edmund_David__Lyon/ABCDEF/ |website=Luminous-Lint |publisher=Luminous LInt |access-date=8 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also considered himself as commercial photographer after retirement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Edmund David Lyon |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100120521 |website=Oxford referenceq |publisher=Oxford reference |access-date=8 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was appointed as general photographer for [[Madras Presidency]] in November 1867 and from November 1867 to August 1868, he toured Trichinopoly, Madurai, Tanjore, Halebid, Bellary and Vijayanagara [[Hampi]] exclusively to take photographs of temples and archeological sites.&lt;ref name=&quot;ark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=arknetimages |title=Edmund David Lyon |url=https://maddyworks.com/edmund-david-lyon/ |website=maddyworks.com |publisher=maddyworks.com |access-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He produced more than 300 photographs of ancient monuments, temples at the request of Madras and Bombay presidencies of British Raj.&lt;ref name=&quot;ark&quot;/&gt; He has also produced landscape photographs of [[Coonoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Coonoor |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/coonoor-edmund-david-lyon/cAGPSr7cutrUDA?hl=en |website=art sand culture |publisher=arts and culture |access-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; His photographic works were displayed at Photographic Society of London in 1869 and they were well received.&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EDMUND DAVID LYON (1825-1891) AND VARIOUS OTHER PHOTOGRAPHERS |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4572604 |website=christies.com |publisher=christies.com |access-date=9 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Use of reflectors===<br /> Some of the corridors of ancient temples in South India are 700 feet long and to capture details of such monuments, Lyon created banks of reflectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;ark&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ch&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Author==<br /> Edmund David Lyon wrote two novels, The Signora (1883) and Ireland's dream : a romance of the future (1888) apart from producing books on photography.&lt;ref name=&quot;ark&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Collections==<br /> Lyon's work is represented in the permanent collections of the [[J. Paul Getty Museum|Getty Museum]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Getty&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Longside Aisle. Ramisum Pagoda |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/107Q93 |website=Getty Museum |access-date=2 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Getty2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Interior of Peroor Temple. Nr. Coimbatore |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/107Q99 |access-date=2 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]],&lt;ref name=&quot;V&amp;A&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General view of the Ranganatha Temple at Srirangam |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O108793/general-view-of-the-ranganatha-photograph-lyon-edmund-david/ |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |access-date=2 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[British Library|British Library Collection]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Streevelliputtur [Srivilliputtur]. Tank and portions of old temple outside the town |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho0000212s3u00005000.html |website=British Library |access-date=2 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Museum of Photographic Arts]],&lt;ref name=&quot;MoPA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India and the Picturesque |url=https://mopa.org/exhibitions/india-and-the-picturesque/ |website=Museum of Photographic Arts |access-date=2 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; among others.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> File:Ruins of Vijianuggur, conical temples, Hemakuta hill Shiva temples in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868 photo.jpg|Ruins of Vijianuggur, conical temples, Hemakuta hill Shiva temples in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868<br /> File:Ruins of Vijianuggur, the Volkonda Ramachandra temple in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868 photo.jpg|Ruins of Vijianuggur, the Volkonda Ramachandra temple in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868<br /> File:Tadpatri, Andhra Pradesh ruins of Ramalingeshvara Hindu temple, 1868 photo.jpg|Tadpatri, Andhra Pradesh ruins of Ramalingeshvara Hindu temple, 1868<br /> File:The Elephant Stables (5711526154).jpg|The Elephant Stables, c.1865-1871<br /> File:An 1868 photograph of Arjuna's Penance, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|Arjuna's Penance, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, 1868<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lyon, Edmund David}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> [[Category:1825 births]]<br /> [[Category:1891 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century British photographers]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological photographers]]<br /> [[Category:British people in British India]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandaulim_(Ilhas)&diff=499724 2026-05-03T08:06:48Z

<p>Hayat hospital: made initial pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br /> '''Gandaulim''' (historically known as ''' São Brás''') is a village located on the western bank of the [[Cumbarjua Canal]], within [[Tiswadi|Ilhas]] in the state of [[Goa]], India. It marked the eastern end of the metropolitan [[City of Goa]] as a populous sub-urb in the 16th to 18th century. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fonseca |first=José Nicolau da |title=An historical and Archaelogical sketch of the city of Goa |date= |publisher=Thacker &amp; Co, Limited, Bombay, 1878 |year=2026 |isbn=9788119808687 |edition=Reprint}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | official_name = Gandaulim<br /> | native_name = São Brás<br /> | image_skyline = St. Blaise Church and it's Altar, Gandaulim.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Igreja de São Brás, Gandaulim<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | pushpin_map = India Goa<br /> | subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Goa State|Goa]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Goa|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa District|North Goa]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Talukas of Goa|Sub District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Ilhas]]<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = [[Saint Blaise]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]<br /> | leader_name = unknown<br /> | established_title = <br /> | established_date = 1540s<br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2021<br /> | population_total = approx. 300<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = Gandaulicar<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Also spoken (understood)<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | demographics1_title3 = Historical<br /> | demographics1_info3 = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Religions<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Dominant<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Christianity]]<br /> | demographics2_title2 = Minor<br /> | demographics2_info2 = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | demographics2_title3 = Historical<br /> | demographics2_info3 = [[Roman Catholicism]]<br /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|15|30|44.5|N|73|56|28.9|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation_m = 8<br /> | postal_code_type = Postcode<br /> | postal_code = 403505<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 08343<br /> | government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Croatian_India_-_Location_of_São_Braz_in_Goa.jpg|thumb|Map of &quot;[[Colonial India#Croatia|Sao Braz]]&quot; in [[Goa]], 1630]]<br /> Croatian sailors and merchants from the [[Republic of Ragusa]] in [[Dalmatia]] established contact with [[Goa]], India, in the 16th century, then amidst [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Paul |date=2021-11-15 |title=Croatian documentary team’s visit stirs up Gandaulim’s historic past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/croatian-documentary-teams-visit-stirs-up-gandaulims-historic-past/articleshow/87705040.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Between 1530 and 1535, adventurers from Dubrovnik joined the Portuguese to establish [[Colonial India#Croatia|Sao Braz]], a small Ragusan colonial settlement in the modern-day village of Gandaulim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why this Goan village will root for Croatia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/why-this-goan-village-will-root-for-croatia/articleshow/64983827.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The colony was named after [[Saint Blaise]], the patron saint of Dubrovnik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In the annals of 1605, [[Jakov Lukarević (historian)|Jakov Lukarević]] noted that Ragusan merchants invested in decorating a local church.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Andrijanić |first=Ivan |date=26 February 2018 |title=Hrvatska i Indija: Kulturno-povijesne i gospodarsko-političke veze |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/196110?lang=en |journal=Zbornik sveučilišta Libertas |language=hr |location=Zagreb, Croatia |publisher=Libertas international university |volume=3 |page=351 |issn=2584-6167 |quote=U Goi, na zapadnoj obali indijskoga potkontinenta, trgovci iz Dubrovnika bogato su uresili crkvu Sv. Vlaha (São Braz). Na temelju toga svjedočanstva, koje navodi Jakov Lukarević (1605),[21] neki su istraživači pretpostavili postojanje dubrovačke kolonije São Braz u blizini Goe, ali za potvrdu te tvrdnje za sad nema dovoljno dokaza (Bašić, 1999: 85–93). |number=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goese historian Gomes Catão documented the town to have a population of 12,000 settlers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tomas|first=Lora|date=2014-05-19|title=Distant liaisons|url=https://www.himalmag.com/distant-liaisons/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=[[Himal Southasian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[1667 Dubrovnik earthquake]] destroyed the city of Dubrovnik which left the Ragusan Republic financially strained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Trading disputes with Portuguese settlers and declining trade with Indians forced the Republic of Ragusa to [[Colonial India#Croatia|surrender their colony]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Public interest in the former colony was revived in 1999, when Croatian [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Zdravka Matišić]] discovered a reference to ties between Ragusa and Goa while studying [[Sanskrit]] texts in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/why-this-goan-village-will-root-for-croatia/articleshow/64983827.cms|title=Why this Goan village will root for Croatia|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After an official Croatian delegation visited the village that year, benefactors have since donated to and refurbished local buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=D’Souza |first=Clinton |date=16 July 2024 |title=Unveiling a 400-yr-old bond: Historical connection between Croatia &amp; Goa |url=https://www.thegoan.net/tg-life-sunday/unveiling-a-400yrold-bond-historical-connection-between-croatia-goa/116030.html |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=The Goan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/the-croats-of-goa-india/|title=The Croats of Goa, India|date=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Church of Saint Blaise in the village is a common tourist attraction buoyed by [[Croatia–India relations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Since the 2000s, [[heritage tourism]] between [[Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik, Croatia]] and Gandaulim has increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the [[Romani people in Croatia]] originated in northwestern India and migrated to Europe as a group.&lt;ref name=&quot;IsabelMendizabal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Mendizabal |first=Isabel |date=6 December 2012 |title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=24 |pages=2342–2349 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039 |hdl=10230/25348 |pmid=23219723 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Romani people were mentioned for the first time in the Republic of Ragusa in 1362 in some commercial records.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obilježja Roma u RH&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ured vlade za nacionalne manjine-Obilježja Roma u RH |url=http://www.vlada.hr/hr/uredi/ured_za_nacionalne_manjine/nacionalni_program_za_rome/obiljezja_roma_u_rh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216140539/http://www.vlada.hr/hr/uredi/ured_za_nacionalne_manjine/nacionalni_program_za_rome/obiljezja_roma_u_rh |archive-date=2013-02-16 |access-date=2013-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tomas |first=Lora |date=19 May 2014 |title=Distant liaisons |url=https://www.himalmag.com/distant-liaisons/ |url-access=registration |website=Himal Southasian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Comas&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Sindya N. Bhanoo |date=11 December 2012 |title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0 |work=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sushma Swaraj]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]], stated that the people of the Roma community in Croatia were to be recognized a part of the [[Indian diaspora]].&lt;ref name=&quot;diaspora&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora? |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora |access-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=khaleejtimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> <br /> In 2016, a bridge was constructed on the outskirts of the village, over the canal. This bridge now links the islands of [[Tiswadi taluka]] to [[Cumbarjua]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tpf.eu/projects/gaundalim-bridge-goa/|title=Gaundalim Bridge, Goa &amp;#124; TPF|website=www.tpf.eu}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net//gaundalim-cumbarjua-bridges-opened-for-traffic/15899.html|title=Gaundalim, Cumbarjua bridges opened for traffic|website=The Goan EveryDay}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gandaulim Fort ==<br /> Gandaulim was a site of the historical [[Gandaulim Fort]], which was demolished in early 21st century for a road expansion project.<br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Gandaulim Fort Entrance Gate.jpg|Gandaulim Fort Entrance Gate<br /> File:Gandaulim Fort Entrance Gate after Demolition.jpg|Gandaulim Fort Entrance Gate after Demolition<br /> File:Gandaulim Fort Entrance Gate post Demolition.jpg|Gandaulim Fort Entrance Gate post Demolition<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Colonial India]]<br /> * [[History of Goa]]<br /> * [[Dubrovnik#History|History of Dubrovnik]]<br /> * [[Catholic Church in India]] <br /> * [[Foreign relations of Croatia|Foreign policy of Croatia]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in North Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:1530s establishments in Portuguese India]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanju_Sivram&diff=532805 2026-05-01T14:21:22Z

<p>Hayat hospital: added the details needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sanju Sivram<br /> | image = Sanju_Sivram.jpg<br /> | caption = Sanju Sivram<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]), [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}<br /> | years_active = 2013–present<br /> }}<br /> '''Sanju Sivram''' is an Indian actor primarily known for his work in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He made his debut in 2012 with the film ''[[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]]'', a major hit that helped usher in the new generation wave in Malayalam films. His next notable project was the 2013 release ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]''. In addition to his work in Malayalam cinema, Sanju has also appeared in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Sanju was born in [[Kolkata]], where his parents were employed. During his childhood, he moved to his hometown of [[Oachira]], where he spent his early years. He began his education at St. John's in [[Kayamkulam]] until the 3rd grade, after which he attended St. Pius X Convent in [[Kuttikkanam]] for a year. He later transferred to [[Chinmaya Mission College|Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Thrissur]], where he completed his high school education.<br /> <br /> After high school, he returned to Kolkata and enrolled at [[Heramba Chandra College|South City College]], where he earned a B.Com with honors. He then pursued an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in Finance at [[Alliance University]] in [[Bengaluru]].<br /> <br /> Professionally, he worked with [[Tata AIA Life]] and [[Dhanlaxmi Bank]], eventually resigning from the latter in 2012.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sanju Sivram made his silver screen debut with the [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]]'', directed by Gireesh. He has also acted in films like ''[[Bharya Athra Pora]]'', ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'', [[Monsoon Mangoes]], ''[[Beware of Dogs]]. His portrayal of the character Babukuttan was well appreciated in 2014 hit movie 1983.''<br /> <br /> ''[[Hello Namasthe]]''. He played&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Spotted-Sanju-Sivaramin-a-pearl-white-shirt-at-Kochi/articleshow/53252352.cms|title=Spotted Sanju Sivaram in a pearl white shirt at Kochi - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; the male lead along with [[Vinay Forrt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vinay-Forrt-Sanju-Sivaram-to-play-RJs/articleshow/48773683.cms|title=Vinay Forrt, Sanju Sivaram to play RJs - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the light hearted film ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'', which revolves around the theme of friendship.<br /> <br /> Sanju also appeared in a few short films, ''A Friday''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=pramod mohan|title=A Friday {{!}} Malayalam Short Fiction {{!}} Sanju Sivram ( 1983 Fame)|date=2014-09-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63pOWqSVEWg|accessdate=2016-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Maniyara, The Chef'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Team Jango Space|title=Maniyara Short Film|date=2014-12-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkC5vV7YXMY|accessdate=2016-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Sanju Sivram and Mridula Murali star in a short film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanju-sivram-and-mridula-murali-star-in-a-short-film/articleshow/45393248.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; etc.<br /> <br /> He made his debut in Telugu in 2018 with the movie [[Raktham – The Blood]] directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver]], with whom he also did Telugu-Odiya bilingual Mindgame.<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 | 2013 || ''[[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]]'' || Abu Hameed ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Good Bad &amp; Ugly]]'' || Anwar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Omege.exe'' || Nischal ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bharya Athra Pora]]'' || Anwar ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 2014 ||''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'' || Babukuttan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Sreekkuttan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' || Goutham ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' || RJ Jerry ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]'' || Koshy ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 | 2017 || ''[[Raktham – The Blood|Raktham]]'' || Anand || Telugu film<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Achayans]]'' || Rafi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' || Sanju ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Villain (2017 film)|Villain]]'' || Shravan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]'' || Nandan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' || Singer ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' || Nisam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || Sudhi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Rampunthanavaruthi'' || Jeevan ||<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Varthamanam]]'' || Adarsh Chacko ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Padmini'' || K Damodharan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2022 || ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' || Anil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Whine'' || Martin ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Head master'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Theru'' || Lalu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023 || ''[[Purusha Pretham]]'' || Viswanath ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''|| Vivek ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]''|| Vinod||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2024 || ''Partners''|| Krishnakumar||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' || [[Constable]] Chandran ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manorathangal]]''|| Vincent ||[[Anthology]] Series Segment : ''Kadalkkaattu'' [[ZEE5]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[1000 Babies]]'' || Bibin Ouseph /Harshan/Naisam Ali || Web Series [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Rowspan=2|2025 || ''[[Aap Kaise Ho]]'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang]]'' ||Arikuttan / Arun || Web Series [[SonyLIV]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=45 Gang OTT Release Date, Platform: Sony LIV original starring Sanju Sivaram, Darshana Rajendran |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/45-gang-ott-release-date-platform-sony-liv-original-sanju-sivaram-darshana-rajendran-9729854 |website=The Indian Express Malayalam |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2026 || ''[[Masthishka Maranam]]'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Rajisha Vijayan faces flak for special number in Masthishka Maranam|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/11/rajisha-vijayan-faces-flak-for-special-number-in-masthishka-maranam |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}7. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanju-sivram-shares-fond-memories-of-his-roommate-tovino-thomas-with-the-minimum-dollars-in-hand-we-earned-the-best-of-times-in-life/articleshow/113302739.cms ARM times of India]<br /> <br /> 8.[https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/10/28/1000-babies-actor-sanju-sivaram-exclusive-interview.html Manorama online interview 1000 babies]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=6740245}}<br /> * {{Instagram|sanjusivram}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1984 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikkiku_Chikkikkichu&diff=494132 2026-04-26T18:54:16Z

<p>Hayat hospital: made the post added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2015 Indian film by N Rajesh Kumar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chikkiku Chikkikkichu<br /> | image = Chikkiku Chikkikkichu.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Official poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = N Rajesh Kumar<br /> | writer = N Rajesh Kumar<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = K. Balasubramanian <br /> | starring = Mithun Maheshwaran&lt;br /&gt;[[Mrudula Murali]] <br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = N. S. Rajesh Kumar<br /> | editing = A. Kevin<br /> | music = Vijay Benjamin<br /> | studio = NCR Movie Creations<br /> | distributor = [[R. K. Suresh|Studio 9 Productions]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|10|30}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Chikkiku Chikkikkichu ''''' ({{Translation|Caught in a trap}}) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by N Rajesh Kumar and starring Mithun and [[Mrudula Murali]]. The film takes place on a train from [[Chennai]] to [[Nagercoil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=சிக்கிக்கு சிக்கிக்கிச்சு |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1290/Chikkikku-Chikkikichi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091138/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1290/Chikkikku-Chikkikichi/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jayachitra |date=16 August 2015 |title=ஓடும் ரயிலில் ஒரு ஜிலு ஜிலு ரொமான்ஸ்.. அதுதான் சிக்கிக்கு சிக்கிக்கிச்சு! |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/chikkiku-chikkikichu-036233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091142/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/chikkiku-chikkikichu-036233.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mrudula Murali is busy in Kollywood |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-kollywood/article/mrudula-murali-busy-kollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130917102234/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130829/entertainment-kollywood/article/mrudula-murali-busy-kollywood |archive-date=17 September 2013 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *Mithun as Chikki a.k.a. Chidambara Krishnan<br /> *[[Mrudula Murali]] as Varsha<br /> *[[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]] as Venky<br /> *Anup Arvind<br /> *Anjali Devi<br /> *Afzal<br /> *S. Guru<br /> *Ashwin<br /> *Telephone Karunanidhi<br /> *Arun<br /> *Vishal Vijay<br /> *Narayanan<br /> *Swaminathan<br /> *Sona<br /> *Seetha<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music by Vijay Benjamin features a song sung by [[T. Rajender]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=14 December 2013 |title=Etcetera: Opening the innings with a rom-com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-opening-the-innings-with-a-romcom/article5459591.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206114423/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-opening-the-innings-with-a-romcom/article5459591.ece |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that &quot;But at times it does look like the debutant maker had attempted to stretch what should have been a short film, to an unmanageable length&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=14 September 2015 |title=A Short Film Made Lengthy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/sep/14/a-short-film-made-lengthy-814389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810020718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/sep/14/A-Short-Film-Made-Lengthy-814389.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that &quot;The director should be commended for steer clearing from sleazy scenes despite the film being a romantic tale that takes place in one night journey. The problem with the movie is that it just revolves around the lead two characters most part of it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=1 November 2015 |title=Movie Review Chikkiku Chikkikichu: An interesting love story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151031/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-chikkiku-chikkikichu-interesting-love-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810020751/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151031/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-chikkiku-chikkikichu-interesting-love-story |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|13057574}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modipuram_Depot_metro_station&diff=518058 2026-04-25T15:55:50Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating some stub from scratch!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Under-construction metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}} <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = '''AS3'''&lt;br&gt;Modipuram Depot<br /> | style = Meerut Metro<br /> | type = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = Siwaya-Jamalullapur, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|29.08483|77.70254|display=inline}}<br /> | elevation = <br /> | owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]<br /> | operator = NCRTC<br /> | line = {{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS<br /> | platform = 2 [[side platforms]]&lt;br /&gt;Platform-1 → ''Terminus''&lt;br&gt;Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}}<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | connections = <br /> | structure = [[At-grade railway|At-grade]]<br /> | levels = 1<br /> | parking = In progress<br /> | accessible = In progress<br /> | status = Under construction<br /> | code = <br /> | opened = Q3 2026<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]] (in progress) <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Modipuram}}<br /> | route_map = {{Meerut Metro Route}}<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | image_size = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Modipuram Depot metro station''' is an under-construction [[At-grade railway|at-grade]] or ground-level [[Meerut Metro]] station on the Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor (also known as the '''Namo Bharat''' corridor) that will serve Siwaya-Jamalullapur in northern Modipuram, located in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It will serve as the last station and northern terminus of Meerut Metro and its trains, which run at a speed of 120 km/h. The RRTS trains, which will not stop here, will pass through the station at a slower speed due to the Modipuram Depot–also being built for maintenance and storage of the [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|RRTS]] and metro trains, just ahead of the metro station. The station is being constructed, to be owned and operated by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC).&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 April 2026 |title=Modipuram Depot metro station–Meerut Metro|url=https://meerutmetro.in/modipuram-depot-meerut-metro-station|access-date=7 March 2026 |publisher=Meerut Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Meerut News: मेरठ साउथ से मोदीपुरम तक नमो भारत और मेट्रो के स्टेशन तैयार, डिपो का काम बाकी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/namo-bharat-and-metro-stations-from-meerut-south-to-modipuram-are-ready-but-depot-work-is-pending-meerut-news-c-14-1-mrt1005-1106481-2026-02-12|work=Amar Ujala|date=12 February 2026|access-date=7 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The station is expected to be ready with the depot by the third quarter of 2026, while the rest of the Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor with Meerut Metro was inaugurated on 22 February 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The station is part of the 23 km-long Meerut Metro segment within the Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor. Construction works began in early 2024 under the supervision of the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), due to Modipuram Depot's plan coming later than the RRTS and metro on the table. All major civil works and finishing works, including electrical and platform installations, are underway as of March 2026. It is expected to be finished by the third quarter of 2026, while the rest of the entire RRTS and metro corridors were inaugurated on 22 February 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MRN&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=KSM wins contract to construct the Modipuram Depot for the Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://metrorailnews.in/ksm-won-contract-to-construct-the-modipuram-depot-for-the-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/|work=Metro Rail News|date=17 February 2023|access-date=7 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> The station is being built just beside the [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line]] of the [[Indian Railways]], east of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology (SVPUAT), northwest of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (ICAR-IIFSR) Modipuram, {{cvt|4|km}} south of [[Daurala, Uttar Pradesh|Daurala]] and its railway station, and close to the [[National Highway 344B (India)|NH-334B]] running from [[Meerut]] to [[Roorkee]] in the east. Thanks to its location, the station will provide direct access to local transport routes, major landmarks and the outskirts of Meerut.<br /> <br /> == Design and structure ==<br /> The station is being designed as an [[At-grade railway|at-grade]] or ground-level structure with two [[side platforms]] and two parallel tracks between them. The tracks will be used by both the RRTS trains–which will pass through without stopping, and metro trains–which will halt. This design will optimize land use and reduced construction costs, while also leaving space for future expansion or modifications.<br /> <br /> === Facilities ===<br /> <br /> * Passenger waiting areas<br /> * Ticket vending machines and smartcard facilities<br /> * CCTV surveillance and security systems<br /> * [[Platform screen doors]] (PSDs)<br /> * Dedicated facilities for physically challenged passengers<br /> * Parking and drop-off zones for last-mile connectivity<br /> <br /> == Connectivity ==<br /> Apart from serving the metro, the station will make multiple transport options accessible for ease of travel, including local modes like [[autorickshaws]], buses and cabs. These plus points will improve accessibility and cut down travel time from Siwaya-Jamalullapur and towns like [[Daurala, Uttar Pradesh|Daurala]] outside Meerut to [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]], directly to [[Delhi]] through the RRTS and to Meerut's city centre.<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> <br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = &lt;small&gt;'''AS3'''&lt;/small&gt; Modipuram Depot metro station<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = CONTg\CONTfa~~ ~~ ~~ to/from ''Terminus/Modipuram Depot and Workshop''<br /> PSTR(R)\PSTR(L)~~ ~~ ~~'''Modipuram Depot'''<br /> CONTge\CONTf~~ ~~ ~~ from/to [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;''** (The tracks will act as passageways for both the RRTS and metro trains.) ''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''G1'''<br /> |valign=top|Mezzanine/Concourse<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, Station agent, Facilities, Retail stores, Token and ticket vending machines, Crossover&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''G2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100|{{blue|'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Northbound'''}}<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|Towards<br /> ''Terminus''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Modipuram Depot and Workshop&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{blue|'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Southbound'''}} <br /> |Towards<br /> [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Meerut South RRTS station]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;/small&gt;[[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] &lt;small&gt;[[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''G2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100|<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Modipuram Depot and Workshop ==<br /> <br /> Roughly 400 metres ahead of the metro station, the Modipuram Depot is being built. Initially, the depot's plan did not exist as part of the RRTS corridor. Later, due to the corridor's long distance–which would have made ferrying trains to [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]] from a far-off place like Meerut very difficult for storage and maintenance, the plan for a second depot at Modipuram was made in late 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS second depot to come up at Modipuram|url=https://ncrtc.in/delhi-meerut-rrts-second-depot-to-come-up-at-modipuram-hindustan-times/|work=NCRTC|date=23 June 2024|access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the time the plan was put forward by the NCRTC, the RRTS and metro corridors were already under construction. This is why the Modipuram Depot did not become operational with the rest of the RRTS corridor on 22 February 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;IT&quot;/&gt; Construction began from early 2024, and as of March 2026, it is expected to be finished by the end of 2026, along with the metro station.&lt;ref name=&quot;MM&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MRN&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AU&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The depot will be similar to the structure and design of the Duhai Depot. It will feature advanced amenities, including a Depot Control Centre (DCC), a train workshop, and 34 stabling lines to accommodate both [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]] and Meerut Metro trainsets. The depot will also include:<br /> <br /> • 4 inspection bay lines (IBLs)&lt;br&gt;• 4 workshop lines&lt;br&gt;• A 1.2 km-long test track&lt;br&gt;• Heavy internal and external coach cleaning facilities&lt;br&gt;• An automatic coach washing plant&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=RRTS Update: Modipuram depot and metro station construction gains momentum on Namo Bharat corridor|url=https://railanalysis.in/metro/rrts-update-modipuram-depot-and-metro-station-construction-gains-momentum-on-namo-bharat-corridor/|work=RailAnalysis|date=3 July 2025|access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Future ==<br /> In view of rising in traffic due to growth in population, Meerut's city expansion and heightened demand for Delhi, Modipuram Depot, along with all 13 stations of the metro, will have sufficient space to expand more to handle longer metro trains and greater number of passengers. This expansion will make the station aligned with other stations in the metro, thus enhancing connectivity between Delhi and Meerut even further in the next 10-20 years.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Meerut Metro]]<br /> * [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]<br /> * [[RapidX]]<br /> * [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://meerutmetro.in/modipuram-depot-meerut-metro-station Official Meerut Metro – Modipuram Depot metro station page]<br /> * [https://ncrtc.in/project/delhi-ghaziabad-meerut/ NCRTC official Delhi–Meerut project page]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nara_Bharath_Reddy&diff=520452 2026-04-20T05:37:58Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating initial pg from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1990)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | name = Nara Bharath Reddy<br /> | caption = <br /> | constituency_MP = <br /> | parliament = <br /> | term_start = 13 May 2023<br /> | term_end = <br /> | birth_date = 25 October 1990<br /> | birth_place = [[Bellary]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] until 2014<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = 1<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> | predecessor = Gali Somashekar Reddy<br /> | constituency = [[Bellary City Assembly constituency|Bellary City]]<br /> | office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | parents = N Surayanarayana Reddy<br /> | education = B.BM<br /> | profession = Businessperson <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nara Bharath Reddy''' (born 25 October 1990) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Bellary Assembly constituency]] in [[Ballari district|Bellary district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Bellary City Election Result Live {{!}} Nara Bharat Reddy of Congress wins by 37,863 votes – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ballari-city-election-results-2023-live-updates-mining-congress-nara-reddy-janardhan-reddy-16618201.htm |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Reddy is from [[Ballari|Bellary]]. He was born to Nara Suryanarayana Reddy who is the former [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] MLA from [[Kurugodu Assembly constituency]] in [[Bellary]] district. He completed his B.B.M. in 2010 at [[Gulbarga University]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nara Bharath Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BELLARY CITY(BELLARY) – Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7861 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then pursued his Masters in Business Administration in London, UK.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Bharath Reddy first contested for Zilla Panchayat elections in 2014 and won against the BJP with highest margin in Karnataka from Korlagundi Zilla Panchayat. Reddy won from [[Bellary City Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 86,440 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gali Lakshmi Aruna of the KRPP, by a huge margin of 37,863 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nara Bharath Reddy in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/nara-bharath-reddy-bellary-city-candidate-s10a094c009/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Chunav Result 2023 – Candidate Winning List |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the highest margin win ever achieved in history of bellary elections.He is also Director (Apex Bank Representative) of [[Bellary]] DCC bank.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Nara Bharath}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1990 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ballari district]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Marketcity_(Bengaluru)&diff=525399 2026-04-19T08:44:30Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Made New Place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Shopping mall in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox shopping mall<br /> | name = Phoenix Marketcity<br /> | image = Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-1.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | location = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.996|N|77.696|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | address = Whitefield Main Road, Singayyanapalya, Mahadevapura<br /> | opening_date = <br /> | closing_date = <br /> | developer = Island Star Mall Developers Private Limited.<br /> | manager = <br /> | owner = <br /> | architect = [[Benoy]]<br /> | number_of_stores = 296+&lt;ref name='Phoenix Malls'/&gt;<br /> | number_of_anchors = 15+<br /> | floor_area = {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}&lt;ref name='Phoenix Malls'/&gt;<br /> | parking = 1700 car parks<br /> | floors = 4, including basement<br /> | website = {{url|https://www.phoenixmarketcity.com/bangalore}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | publictransit = {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|broute|X}} at [[Singayyanapalya metro station|Singayyanapalya]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Phoenix Marketcity''' is a [[shopping mall]] developed by [[Phoenix Mills|The Phoenix Mills Co. Ltd.]], located in [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India.<br /> <br /> It is the largest mall in Bangalore by area and occupying with total area of {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2}} on four floors, which houses 296 stores,&lt;ref name=&quot;Phoenix Malls&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Phoenix Malls |url=https://www.thephoenixmills.com/businesses/retail}}&lt;/ref&gt; a nine-screen [[PVR Cinemas]] multiplex&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=9 Screen Multiplex in Phoenix Marketcity Bangalore|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/releases/pvr-launches-9-screen-multiplex-bangalore-its-3rd-the-city}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a [[food court]].<br /> [[File:Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-2.jpg|thumb|Inside View]]<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> On 28 October 2013, the PVR multiplex along with 54 other shops in the mall were sealed for not having obtained trade licenses from the [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]], but later reopened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/multiplex-shops-at-phoenix-mall-sealed/article5282567.ece|title=Multiplex, shops at Phoenix mall sealed|date=29 Oct 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Owned channels== <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;<br /> !Channel<br /> !Launch<br /> !Video<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Phoenix Entertainment<br /> |July 1, 2025<br /> |SD+HD+4K<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Phoenix Movies<br /> |July 1, 2025<br /> |SD+HD+4K<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Phoenix Sports<br /> |July 1, 2025<br /> |SD+HD<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Phoenix India<br /> |July 1, 2025<br /> |SD<br /> |Replacing as [[Bharat Express]]<br /> |-<br /> |Phoenix Music<br /> |July 1, 2025<br /> |SD+4K<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Phoenix Movies 2<br /> |July 1, 2025<br /> |SD+HD+4K<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> On 18 May 2016, Phoenix Mall was raided along with other malls in the city, on a tip-off that they were ignoring the [[Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags#India|ban on plastic bags]]. Phoenix was one of the bigger violators and over {{cvt|1000|kg}} of plastic bags were seized from the mall and a fine imposed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-three-malls-in-bangalore-found-in-violation-of-plastic-ban-raided-2214920| title=Plastic ban: raid on 3 malls|date=19 May 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 July 2025, Channel was in India is watch on [[Airtel Digital TV]], [[Dish TV]], [[Tata Play]], [[Sun Direct]] and [[Videocon d2h]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)]]<br /> * [[Phoenix Market City (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)]]<br /> * [[High Street Phoenix]]<br /> * [[List of shopping malls in India]]<br /> * [[List of shopping malls in India#Karnataka|List of shopping malls in Bangalore]]<br /> * [[Manipal Hospitals]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Phoenix Marketcity, Bengaluru}}<br /> {{Shopping malls in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shopping malls in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Shopping malls established in 2011]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikhita_Gandhi&diff=521947 2026-04-17T16:57:54Z

<p>Hayat hospital: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Nikhita Gandhi<br /> | image = Nikhita gandhi 1.jpg<br /> | caption = Gandhi in 2017<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|1|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<br /> | genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]<br /> | occupation = Singer<br /> | years_active = 2013–present<br /> | website =<br /> | Caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nikhita Gandhi''' (born 1 October 1991) is an Indian [[playback singer]] who has worked in Indian films in five different languages. She has worked in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, and Kannada film projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She playback sung for [[Deepika Padukone]] in ''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]'' for the title track &quot;Raabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170519-i-don%E2%80%99t-think-i-could-have-asked-something|title=I don't think I could have asked for something better: Nikhita Gandhi on 'Raabta'|access-date=2017-09-26|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927112238/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170519-i-don%E2%80%99t-think-i-could-have-asked-something|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her duet song &quot; Ullu Ka Pattha&quot; with [[Arijit Singh]] from the film [[Jagga Jasoos]] is a hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2017/jun/09/from-km-to-jagga-jasoos-tracing-nikita-gandhis-musical-journey-2095.html|title=From KM to Jagga Jasoos, tracing Nikhita Gandhi's musical journey|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-26|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052809/http://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2017/jun/09/from-km-to-jagga-jasoos-tracing-nikita-gandhis-musical-journey-2095.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has sung for many Hindi films including ''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]'', ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'', ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'', ''[[Luka Chuppi]]'', ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' and ''[[Tiger 3]]''. She has also sang Bengali and Tamil songs from movies like ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'', ''[[Varisu]]'', ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'' and ''[[Kishmish]]''. Her songs &quot;Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe&quot; and &quot;Poster Lagwa Do&quot; also became popular. The song &quot;Jugnu&quot; with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] turned out a viral hit.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Gandhi was born in Kolkata and lived in [[Chennai]] while doing her graduation. Growing up she learnt [[Odissi]] dance and Hindustani music for almost 12 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nikhita-gandhi-ladio-girl-and-her-band/article7329932.ece|title=Ladio girl and her band|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2015-06-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Born into a mixed Bengali and Punjabi family in [[Kolkata]]. Gandhi did her schooling at [[La Martiniere Calcutta|La Martiniere for Girls, Kolkata]]. She relocated to Chennai in 2010 to pursue a degree in dentistry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-did-not-know-that-i-was-singing-the-final-version-of-raabta/articleshow/58957717.cms|title=I did not know that I was singing the final version of Raabta|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-26|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703152537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-did-not-know-that-i-was-singing-the-final-version-of-raabta/articleshow/58957717.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A former student of [[A. R. Rahman]]'s K. M. College of Music and Technology, Nikhita's first association with Rahman was during an Indo-German exchange, where she was a part of a choir which performed with the German orchestra. Rahman then individually auditioned her for a commercial project titled 'Qyuki' with [[Shekhar Kapur]], the duo were working on.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2012, she cut a Bengali album titled ''Kotha'', a re-arrangement of [[Nazrul Geeti]], songs written by renowned poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Taking the next step|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/taking-the-next-step/article7286350.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2015-06-05|access-date = 2015-12-30|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN|archive-date = 8 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201008152511/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/taking-the-next-step/article7286350.ece|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After having worked on her personal studio album and sung as a part of songs in regional films, Gandhi got a breakthrough by performing the song &quot;Ladio&quot; from [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s film, ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015). Composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], she managed to record the song within four hours after translating it into Hindi. She then also subsequently recorded the Telugu and Hindi versions of the song, earning critical acclaim for her work.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Nikhita Gandhi: AR Rahman never lets his singers get nervous|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Nikhita-Gandhi-AR-Rahman-never-lets-his-singers-get-nervous/articleshow/44946946.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2015-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other projects she worked for in 2015 include Rahman's ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' and Anirudh's ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]''.<br /> <br /> Apart from singing in the movies, she has put together a band and has also performed at Kerala and Kolkata. Gandhi's five-member band includes Sajith Sathya, Jerard Felix, Godfrey Immanuel and Joshua Gopal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She has been adjudged as the best female playback singer of the year by Zee Cine Awards 2018 for the title track of [[Raabta (film)|Raabta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2018-winners-list-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-akshay-kumar-4990849/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2018 complete winners list: Secret Superstar, Golmaal Again and Toilet Ek Prem Katha win big|date=2017-12-20|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-18|language=en-US|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311105525/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2018-winners-list-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-akshay-kumar-4990849/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was nominated for best playback singer (female) category in the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-the-official-list-of-nominations-for-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018/articleshow/62554021.cms?TOI_bro | title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Official list of nominations | date=23 January 2018 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=8 June 2018 | archive-date=12 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-the-official-list-of-nominations-for-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018/articleshow/62554021.cms?TOI_bro | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; for her song &quot;Ghar&quot; from [[Jab Harry Met Sejal]].<br /> <br /> She was also nominated for best playback singer (female) in the [[3rd Filmfare Awards East]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2018/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards East 2018 Nominations - Filmfare.com|website=filmfare.com|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101211341/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2018/nominations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for her Bengali song &quot;Tomra Ekhono Ki&quot; from ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''.<br /> <br /> In November 2018 she did playback for the song &quot;Qaafirana&quot; from the film [[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]] and became a hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/qaafirana-highlights-soulful-love-between-sara-sushant-118112000915_1.html|title='Qaafirana' highlights soulful love between Sara, Sushant|last=ANI|date=2018-11-20|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419122223/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/qaafirana-highlights-soulful-love-between-sara-sushant-118112000915_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2019, she won the Nestle Kitkat Sony Mix Audience Music Award for the best duet for Qaafirana from Kedarnath along with [[Arijit Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Best Duet|url=https://www.facebook.com/sonymixtv/videos/vb.141872455887063/389663274979131/?type=2&amp;theater|website=facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101211341/https://www.facebook.com/sonymixtv/videos/vb.141872455887063/389663274979131/?type=2&amp;theater|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2019, she released her single Ek Do Teen on [[Zee Music Company]] that has been composed by Raees &amp; Zain - Sam, she later followed it up with Madari from the film The Extraordinary Journey of The Fakir along with [[Vishal Dadlani]] in June 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-sets-dance-floor-fire-song-madaari-extraordinary-journey-fakir-455241|title=Dhanush sets the dance floor on fire in the song Madaari from The Extraordinary Journey of the Fakir|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101211341/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhanush-sets-dance-floor-fire-song-madaari-extraordinary-journey-fakir-455241|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and followed it up with Main Deewana Tera from Arjun Patiala&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=T-Series|title=Guru Randhawa: Main Deewana Tera {{!}}Arjun Patiala {{!}} Diljit D, Kriti S {{!}}Sachin -Jigar {{!}} Nikhita Gandhi|date=2019-06-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NypyVD3ov8k|access-date=2019-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, Gandhi participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' as a wild card entrant but did not get selected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-11-nikhita-ghandhi-gets-eliminated-wildcard-contestants-manisha-rani-dhanashree-verma-and-others-enter-the-show/articleshow/106850860.cms|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11: Nikhita Gandhi gets eliminated; wildcard contestants Manisha Rani, Dhanashree Verma and others enter the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 January 2024|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206010149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-11-nikhita-ghandhi-gets-eliminated-wildcard-contestants-manisha-rani-dhanashree-verma-and-others-enter-the-show/articleshow/106850860.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In August 2025, Gandhi signed a worldwide management and bookings agreement with The Hello Group India, a joint-venture between [[The Hello Group]] and [[Sony Music India|Sony Music Entertainment India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=THG India signs Nikhita Gandhi in exclusive global management &amp; bookings deal |url=https://www.musicplus.in/thg-india-signs-nikhita-gandhi-in-exclusive-global-management-bookings-deal/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Musicplus |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;| <br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year <br /> ! Film<br /> ! Song title <br /> ! Co-singer<br /> ! Music director<br /> ! Language <br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' || &quot;Modern Kalyanam&quot; || [[Megha (singer)|Megha]] ||Navin<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; | 2015 || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || &quot;Ladio&quot; || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Solo ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[A. R. Rahman]] <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Lady O&quot; (Dubbed version) || [[Hindi]] <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ladiyo&quot; (Dubbed version) <br /> |rowspan=2| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || &quot;Beautiful Zindagi&quot;||Radhan <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' || &quot;Theera Ulaa&quot; || A. R. Rahman, [[Darshana KT|Darshana]] ||A. R. Rahman || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ouija (2015 film)|Ouija]]'' || &quot;Nam Sexy Looksu&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Solo ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hari Nikesh || [[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aata'' || &quot;Ma sexy lookse&quot; || Telugu <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' || &quot;Oh Oh&quot; || [[Dhanush]] ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]] || Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)|''Muhammad: The Messenger of God'']] || &quot;Prologue —The Infinite Light&quot; || Faarooqi Parissa || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |A. R. Rahman || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Arabic]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Signs of the Last Prophet&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Solo<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;And He was Named Muhammad (SAL)&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016 || ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]'' || Neethone Dance Tonight || Hiphop Tamizha ||[[Hiphop Tamizha]] || Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Si3 (film)|Singam 3]]'' (Dubbed version) || Wi Wi Wi Wifi || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Christopher Stanley ||[[Harris Jayaraj]] <br /> |rowspan=3|Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;18&quot; | 2017 || ''[[Dhayam]]'' || &quot;Nee Yaaro&quot; || Solo ||Sathish Selvam <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' || &quot;Saarattu Vandiyila&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[A. R. Reihana]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | A. R. Rahman <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai|Cheliyaa]]'' (Dubbed version) || &quot;Morethukuchindi&quot; || Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]''|| &quot;Boomerang&quot; || Hiphop Tamizha, [[Velmurugan]] ||Hiphop Tamizha || Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]'' || &quot;Raabta Title Song&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Arijit Singh]] ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pritam]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' || &quot;Ullu ka Pattha&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maacher Jhol]]'' || &quot;Bangali Maacher Jhol&quot; <br /> |colspan=2|[[Anupam Roy]] || Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]'' (Dubbed version) || &quot;Sachin Sachin&quot; || [[Sid Sriram]], [[Poorvi Koutish]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |A. R. Rahman || Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sachin Sachin&quot; || Parag Chhabra, Poorvi Koutish || Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sachin Sachin&quot; || [[Nakash Aziz]], Poorvi Koutish || Marathi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' || &quot;Ghar&quot; || [[Mohit Chauhan]] || Pritam || Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' || &quot;Dhooram&quot; <br /> |rowspan=2|Solo ||Radhan || Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Spyder (film)|Spyder]]'' || &quot;Boom Boom&quot; ||Harris Jayaraj || Telugu&lt;br&gt;Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'' || &quot;Mithe Alo&quot; || [[Atif Aslam]] ||[[Arindom Chatterjee]] || Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' || &quot;Malik Tere&quot; || Solo ||Prashanth R Vihari <br /> |rowspan=2|Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]'' || &quot;Padmavyuham&quot; || [[Pranav Chaganty]]||Vivek Sagar <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]'' || &quot;Tan Tan&quot; || Solo ||[[Raghu Dixit]] ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]'' || &quot;Ittefaq Se (Raat Baaki)&quot;|| [[Jubin Nautiyal]] ||[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; | 2018 || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|Beyond the Clouds]]'' || &quot;Beyond The Clouds&quot; || Solo ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | A. R. Rahman || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Hindi, Tamil, [[English language|English]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ala Re Ala&quot; || Dilshaad Shabbir Shaikh, Srinivas Raghunathan, MC Heam<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ey Chhote Motor Chala&quot; || MC Heam, [[Arjun Chandy]], Sid Sriram<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' || &quot;Hey Reengara&quot; || [[Saisharan]], [[Mark Thomas]] ||[[Justin Prabhakaran]] || Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sanju]]'' || &quot;Mujhe Chand Pe Le Chalo&quot; || Solo ||A. R. Rahman || Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Fidaa (2018 film)|Fidaa]]'' || &quot;Tomake&quot; <br /> |colspan=2|[[Arindom Chatterjee]] || rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|Bengali<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Crisscross (2018 film)|Crisscross]]'' || &quot;Duniya&quot; || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Solo ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[JAM8]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Bari Phire Aye&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''Villain'' || &quot;Bhole Baba&quot; || [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Hoichoi Unlimited]]'' || &quot;Oh Baby&quot; || [[Armaan Malik]] ||[[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kabir (2018 film)|Kabir]]'' || &quot;Kabir (Title Track)&quot; || Ishaan Mitra, Arijit Dev ||[[Indraadip Dasgupta]] <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mitron]]'' || &quot;Sawarne Laage&quot; (Female Version) || Solo || Tanishk Bagchi || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' || &quot;Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe&quot; || Badshah, Sachin–Jigar ||[[Sachin–Jigar]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' || &quot;Dhyaanchand&quot; || Vijay Yamla, Amit Trivedi, Suhas Sawant || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Amit Trivedi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' || &quot;Qafirana&quot; || Arijit Singh<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;17&quot; |2019 || ''[[Bhobishyoter Bhoot]]'' || Bhobishyoter Bhoot Title Song || Solo ||[[Debojyoti Mishra]] || Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Luka Chuppi]]'' || &quot;Poster Lagwa Do&quot; || [[Mika Singh]], [[Sunanda Sharma]] || White Noise || Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |''Ek Do Teen'' (Music Video) || &quot;Ek Do Teen&quot;<br /> |rowspan=2|Solo ||Raees-Zain-Sam || Hindi, Punjabi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]'' || Khachar Pakhi|| [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] || Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu]]'' || &quot;Nuvvele Nuvve&quot; || [[Sanjith Hegde]] || [[Balamurali Balu]] <br /> |rowspan=3|Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Majili]]'' || &quot;Naa Gundello&quot; || [[Yazin Nizar]] ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Gopi Sundar]] <br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Yedetthu Mallele&quot; || [[Kaala Bhairava]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Extraordinary Journey Of The Fakir]]'' || &quot;Madari&quot; || [[Vishal Dadlani]] ||Amit Trivedi || Hindi <br /> |-<br /> | ''Meghnadbodh Rohoshyo'' || &quot;End Song&quot; <br /> |rowspan=2|Solo <br /> |rowspan=2|Debojyoti Mishra <br /> |rowspan=2| Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | ''Uronchondi'' || &quot;Saiyo Re&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arjun Patiala]]'' || &quot;Main Deewana Tera&quot; || Guru Randhawa ||Sachin Jigar, Guru Randhawa || Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ranarangam]]'' || :Pilla Picture Perfect&quot; || Solo || Sunny MR || Telugu <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Panther: Hindustan Meri Jaan]]'' || &quot;Marhaba&quot; || [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Shovon Ganguly ||Amit-Ishan <br /> |rowspan=2|Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | ''Oriplast Originals'' || &quot;Eh Shomoy&quot; || [[Javed Ali]] || Subhadeep Mitra <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'' || &quot;Maula Maula&quot; || [[Kutle Khan]], [[Bamba Bakya]] ||[[Hiphop Tamizha]]<br /> |rowspan=1|Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ghost (2019 film)|Ghost]]''|| &quot;Dil Maang Raha Hai&quot; (Female Version) ||[[Yasser Desai]]<br /> |Sanjeev–Darshan<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | ''Paap'' || &quot;Paap Ki Parchayi&quot; ||Solo<br /> |Subho Pramanik<br /> |Bengali<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2020 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Love Aaj Kal Porshu]]'' || &quot;Shune ne&quot; || Dev Arijit<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Arindom Chatterjee]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Bengali<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Shune Ne&quot; (Reprise Version) || [[Ash King]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Baaghi 3]]'' || &quot;Do You Love Me&quot;|| Solo ||[[Tanishk Bagchi]] ||Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |''[[V (2020 film)|V]]''<br /> |&quot;Ranga Rangeli&quot;<br /> |[[Yazin Nizar]]<br /> |Amit Trivedi<br /> |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''<br /> |&quot;Jai Mummy Di – Title Track&quot; <br /> |Parag Chhabra, Vivek Hariharan, [[Devender Pal Singh]]<br /> |Parag Chhabra <br /> |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> ||''[[Titli (2020 TV series)|Titli]]'' || &quot;Serial song&quot; || Solo ||[[Arindom Chatterjee]], Suvam Moitra<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] <br /> |-<br /> |''[[SOS Kolkata]]''<br /> |&quot;Raagi Raja&quot;<br /> |Oindrila Sanyal, Dev Arijit<br /> |[[Savvy Gupta]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Durga Puja Special Song''<br /> |&quot;Bolo Dugga Maiki&quot;<br /> |[[Nakash Aziz]]<br /> |[[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Laxmii]]''<br /> |&quot;Burjkhalifaa&quot;<br /> |colspan=2|Shashi-DJ Khushi<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Angrezi Medium]]''<br /> |&quot;Nachan Nu Jee Karda&quot;<br /> |[[Romy (singer)|Romy]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Naach Meri Rani (Music Video)''<br /> |&quot;Naach Meri Rani&quot;<br /> |[[Guru Randhawa]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Unarvugal Thodarkadhai]]''<br /> |&quot;Alaya&quot;<br /> |colspan=2|Hari Dafusia<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2021<br /> |''Bad Boy x Bad Girl (Music Video)''<br /> |&quot;Bad Boy x Bad Girl&quot;<br /> |colspan=2|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<br /> |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Baazi (2021 film)|Baazi]]''<br /> |&quot;Baare Baare&quot;<br /> |[[Dev Negi]] <br /> |[[Jeet Gannguli]]<br /> |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Ranjha Tere Naal (Music Video)''<br /> |&quot;Ranjha Tere Naal&quot;<br /> |Solo<br /> |Haroon Gavin<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Jugnu (Music Video)''<br /> |&quot;Jugnu&quot;<br /> |[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<br /> |Badshah, Hiten<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''<br /> |&quot;Jee Ni Karda&quot;<br /> |[[Jass Manak]]<br /> |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shiddat]]''<br /> |&quot;Barbaadiyan&quot;<br /> |[[Sachet Tandon]], Madhubanti Bagchi, Sachin–Jigar <br /> |[[Sachin–Jigar]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sooryavanshi]]''<br /> |&quot;Najaa&quot; <br /> |Pav Dharia<br /> |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Jhoota Lagda(Music Video)''<br /> |&quot;Jhoota Lagda&quot;<br /> |Solo<br /> |Nitesh T<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[99 Songs]]''<br /> |&quot;Poyisonna Posikiduven&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Shashaa Tirupati]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Jola Jola&quot;<br /> |Telugu<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; | 2022<br /> |''[[Badhaai Do]]''<br /> |&quot;Bandi Tot&quot;<br /> |colspan=2|[[Ankit Tiwari]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Freddy (film)|Freddy]]''<br /> |&quot;Kala Jaadu&quot;<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]]<br /> |[[Pritam]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Govinda Naam Mera]]''<br /> |&quot;Kya Baat Ay 2.0&quot;<br /> |[[Hardy Sandhu]]<br /> |[[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[B Praak]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''<br /> |&quot;Summa Surrunu&quot;<br /> |[[Armaan Malik]]<br /> |[[D. Imman]]<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Kishmish]]''<br /> |&quot;Tui Bolbo Na Tumi&quot;<br /> |Subhadeep Pan<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Nilayan Chatterjee]]<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;3| [[Bengali Language|Bengali]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Janina Bhalolaga&quot;<br /> |[[Shaswat Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kolkatar Harry]]''<br /> |&quot;Tara Khosa Raat&quot;<br /> | Solo<br /> |[[Jeet Ganguli]]<br /> |-<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Dhaakad]]''<br /> |&quot;She's On Fire&quot;<br /> |[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Namonishan&quot;<br /> |[[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> |-<br /> |''O Kala''<br /> |&quot;Selayeti&quot;<br /> |[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Arun Kaundinya<br /> |Neelesh Mandalapu<br /> |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Naughty Balam'' (Music Video)<br /> |Naughty Balam<br /> |[[Rahul Vaidya]] and Mellow D<br /> |[[Rahul Vaidya]]<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|[[Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |2023<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''<br /> |&quot;Munda Sona Hoon Main&quot;<br /> |[[Diljit Dosanjh]]<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Pritam]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chedkhaniyan&quot; <br /> |Rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Arijit Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''<br /> |&quot;Tere Pyaar Mein&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Selfiee]]''<br /> | &quot;Selfiee Title Song&quot; <br /> |[[Nakash Aziz]], [[Akasa Singh]]<br /> | Lijo George-[[DJ Chetas]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''<br /> |&quot;Cocktail&quot;<br /> |[[Nakash Aziz]]<br /> |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Varisu]]'' '''(D)'''<br /> |&quot;Jimki Song&quot; <br /> |Harshvardhan Wavre<br /> |[[Thaman S]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Thank You for Coming]]''<br /> |&quot;Desi Wine&quot; <br /> |Qaran, The Rish, Arjun <br /> |Qaran <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Duniya Farzi&quot;<br /> |Vishal Mishra, Hansika Pareek<br /> |[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ganapath]]''<br /> |&quot;Lafda Kar Le&quot;<br /> |Amit Trivedi<br /> |Amit Trivedi<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''<br /> |&quot;Ordinary Person&quot;<br /> |Solo<br /> |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aankh Micholi (2023 film)|Aankh Micholi]]''<br /> |&quot;Shaadi Dope Hai&quot;<br /> |[[Dev Negi]], Rakesh Maini<br /> |[[Sachin-Jigar]]<br /> |rowspan=8|[[Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tiger 3|''Tiger 3'']] <br /> |&quot;Leke Prabhu Ka Naam&quot;<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]]<br /> |Pritam<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|2024<br /> |''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''<br /> |&quot;Mast Malang Jhoom&quot;<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]], Vishal Mishra <br /> |[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Madgaon Express]]''<br /> |&quot;Baby Bring It On&quot;<br /> |Ajay Gogavale<br /> |[[Ajay-Atul]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]''<br /> |&quot;Ishq Vishk Pyaar Vyaar&quot;<br /> |[[Sonu Nigam]], MellowD<br /> |[[Rochak Kohli]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Gore Gore Mukhde Pe&quot;<br /> |[[Udit Narayan]], Badshah <br /> |[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Hiten <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vedaa]]''<br /> |&quot;Holiyaan&quot;<br /> |Asha Sapera, MC Square <br /> |Yuva<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |2025<br /> | rowspan=3|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''<br /> |&quot;Aavan Jaavan&quot;<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Pritam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ulagena Uruveduthaay (Dubbed version)<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Shashwat Singh]]<br /> | Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |Oopiri Ooyalaga (Dubbed version)<br /> | Telugu<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''<br /> |&quot;Sugar Baby&quot; (Dubbed version)<br /> |Shuba, [[Shashwat Singh]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |rowspan=4|[[Hindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Veer E Kainaat&quot; (Dubbed version)<br /> |A. R. Ameen, Prashanth Venkat<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|''[[Metro... In Dino]]''<br /> |&quot;Das Haasil Sau Baaki&quot; (Acapella)<br /> |[[Papon (singer)|Papon]], [[Shashwat Singh]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Pritam]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Ishq Ya Tharak&quot; <br /> |[[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Antara Mitra]], [[Shashwat Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Blackmail (2025 film)|Blackmail]]''<br /> |&quot;Othukkiriya&quot;<br /> |<br /> |[[D. Imman]]<br /> | Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Baaghi 4]]''<br /> |&quot;Bahli Sohni&quot;<br /> |colspan=2|Mani Moudgill, Badshah<br /> |rowspan=3|Hindi <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Heer Express]]''<br /> |&quot;I Love My India&quot;<br /> |[[Javed Ali]]<br /> |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''<br /> |&quot;Panwadi&quot;<br /> |[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], Masoom Sharma, [[Dev Negi]], [[Pritam]], [[Akasa Singh]], Siva G<br /> |[[Pritam|A.P.S]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2026<br /> |[[Mon Maaney Na (2026 Film)|''Mon Maaney Na'']]<br /> |&quot;Ke Tumi Nandini 2.0&quot;<br /> |Subhadeep Pan, [[Qaushiq Mukherjee|Doctor Q]], Manna Dey<br /> |[[Nilayan Chatterjee]]<br /> |Bengali<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]''<br /> |&quot;Halo Halo&quot;<br /> |[[Deepthi Suresh]]<br /> |[[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhooth Bangla]]''<br /> |&quot;Tu Hi Disda&quot;<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]]<br /> |[[Pritam]]<br /> |Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Award Ceremony<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Nominated work<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref.(s)<br /> |-<br /> | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> | [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&quot;Ghar&quot; from ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-13|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084119/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Female)]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards 2018 Nominations - 63rd Filmfare Awards 2018|website=filmfare.com|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715124831/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations?year=2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sony MIX Audience Music Awards<br /> |Best Duet <br /> |Qaafirana from [[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]] <br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{imdbname|6774648}}<br /> {{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackFemale}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Nikhita}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:1991 births]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> * [https://open.spotify.com/artist/3tPQOjkxO3mrYrrgkTeXgH Nikhita Gandhi at Spotify]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundargarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=538277 2026-04-14T03:35:58Z

<p>Hayat hospital: added first data from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Sundargarh}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sundargarh<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 9<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Northen Division<br /> | district = [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | mla = [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,30,729{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sundargarh''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Sundergarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031951/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=9 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 January 2014 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Sundargarh (9) District : Sundargarh|accessdate= 5 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was established in 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==<br /> <br /> * Tangarpali Block<br /> * Hemgiri Block <br /> * Lephripara Block : Badbanga, Chhatenpali, Darlipali, Jhurimal, Raibaga, Raidihi and Sargipali GPs<br /> * Sundargarh Block<br /> * Sundargarh Muncipalty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp135.htm|title= 135 - Sundergarh Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.15}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|2005 (bypoll)|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|67.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|56.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|73.52}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.87}}<br /> }}<br /> Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including in one bypoll in 2005. It was a 2 member constituency for 1952 &amp; 1957.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Sundargarh constituency are:&lt;ref name=prevMLAs&gt;{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sundargarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Sundargarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/sundargarh-constituency-result-18009 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Kusum Tete]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2005 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Shankarsan Naik}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Sundargarh 2005 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/219 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Sushama Patel<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shankarsan Naik<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Kishore Chandra Patel<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bharatendra Sekhar Deo<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kishore Chandra Patel<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I) |dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dibyalochan Shekhar Deo<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Harihar Patel<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Gangadhar Pradhan<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Ganatantra Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> |Udit Pratap Sekhar Deo<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Dwarikanath Kusum<br /> |-<br /> |Krupanidhi Naik<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br /> |Ram Charan Patel<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> |Shib Narayan Singh Mohapatra<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kusum Tete]] by a margin of 10,066 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin <br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Sundargarh}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]<br /> |votes = 86,398<br /> |percentage = 48.15<br /> |change = {{increase}}4.70<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kusum Tete]]|votes=77,276|percentage=43.07|change={{decrease}}4.60}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sudharani Raudia|votes=8,301|percentage=4.63|change={{decrease}}2.30}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,755|percentage=0.98|change={{decrease}}0.15}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=9,122|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,79,440|percentage=75.7|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Kusum Tete]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]] by a margin of 7364 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundargarh&lt;ref name=&quot;SP Ass Cand&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS189.htm?ac=9|title=Assembly Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kusum Tete]]<br /> |votes = 83,118 <br /> |percentage = 47.67<br /> |change = {{increase}}30.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]|votes=75,754|percentage=43.45|change={{increase}}9.63}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Amita Biswal|votes=12,087|percentage=6.93|change={{decrease}}34.84}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,967|percentage=1.13|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=7364|percentage=4.22|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=174346|percentage=75.14|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Kusum Tete]] by a margin of 12584 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> | title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Sundargarh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Odisha - Sundargarh|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS189.htm?ac=9|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Sundargarh (9)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&amp;cid=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051736/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&amp;cid=9|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=1 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]<br /> |votes = 66,138<br /> |percentage = 41.77<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.15<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Kusum Tete]]|votes=53,554|percentage=33.82|change={{increase}}6.56}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sahadev Xaxa|votes=27,935|percentage=17.64|change={{decrease}}2.45}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,358|percentage=1.49|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=12,584|percentage=7.95|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,58,356|percentage=73.26|change=7.71}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,16,152<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Sunil Kumar Singh Deo by 20,930 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=20930 |accessdate=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |title= 2009 Vidhan Sabha Election, Sundargarh&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]<br /> |votes = 55,183 <br /> |percentage = ''43.92''<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Sunil Kumar Singh Deo|votes=34,253|percentage=27.26|change=''-''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Prem Sagar Oram|votes=25,245|percentage=20.09|change=''-''}}{{Election box majority|votes=20,930|percentage=''16.66''{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,26,076|percentage=65.55|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sundergarh district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coord|22.12|84.04|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sundergarh district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharenda_Assembly_constituency&diff=525342 2026-04-14T03:32:11Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Made Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Pharenda<br /> | map_image = 315-Pharenda.svg<br /> | mla = [[Virendra Chaudhary]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Alliance|SP+}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2022<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 211490<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 315<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pharenda''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Pharenda in the [[Maharajganj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<br /> <br /> Pharenda is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 315 amongst 403 constituencies.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pharenda Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pharenda.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Gauri Ram<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> | Pyari <br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> | Lakshmi Narayan <br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}&quot; rowspan=2|<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Communist Party of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shyam Narayan Tiwari<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent }}&quot; |<br /> | [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Harshwardhan Singh<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; | <br /> | [[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shyam Narayan Tiwari<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; rowspan=2|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Chaudhary Shivendra Bahadur Singh<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |Vinod Mani<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> | Shyam Narayan Tiwari<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; rowspan=2|<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |2015^<br /> |Vinod Mani<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |[[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | [[Virendra Chaudhary]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pharenda&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Virendra Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:85181}}<br /> |percentage = 40.28<br /> |change = +3.1<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bajrang Bahadur Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:83935}}<br /> |percentage = 39.69<br /> |change = +1.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ishoo Chaurasiya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:21665}}<br /> |percentage = 10.24<br /> |change = -7.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Shankh Lal manjhi]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:16457}}<br /> |percentage = 7.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1484}}<br /> |percentage = 0.7<br /> |change = -0.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1246}}<br /> |percentage = 0.59<br /> |change = -0.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:211490}}<br /> |percentage = 60.19<br /> |change = +0.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Virendra Chaudhary by a margin of 2,354 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/pharenda.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Pharenda&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:76312}}<br /> |percentage = 38.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Virendra Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:73958}}<br /> |percentage = 37.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Bechan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:35765}}<br /> |percentage = 17.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> |candidate = Vijay Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2742}}<br /> |percentage = 1.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = NISHAD Party<br /> |candidate = Raj Kumar Nishad<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1930}}<br /> |percentage = 0.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> |candidate = Reena<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1878}}<br /> |percentage = 0.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1992}}<br /> |percentage = 1.01<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2354}}<br /> |percentage = 1.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:198945}}<br /> |percentage = 59.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = {{increase}}0.99<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2015===<br /> Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;election2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-03 |title=SP wins Pharenda Assembly seat in bypoll |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sp-wins-pharenda-assembly-seat-in-bypoll-115050300383_1.html |access-date=2020-06-07 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=2015 By Poll Elections: Pharenda&lt;ref name=&quot;election2015&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Vinod Mani<br /> |votes = 64,818<br /> |percentage = 37.76<br /> |change = {{increase}}23.50<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Virendra Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 55,647<br /> |percentage = 32.42<br /> |change = {{increase}}13.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]<br /> |votes = 41,247<br /> |percentage = 24.03<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.25<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Vijay<br /> |votes = 5,720<br /> |percentage = 3.33<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 3 Candidates<br /> |votes = 4,149<br /> |percentage = 2.41<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the Above<br /> |candidate = None of the Above<br /> |votes = 2,056<br /> |percentage = 1.19<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 9,231<br /> |percentage = 5.37<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,71,641<br /> |percentage = 53.02<br /> |change = {{decrease}}6.96<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 3,23,726<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = {{increase}}11.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Pharenda&lt;ref name=&quot;election2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=7 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh (politician)|Bajrang Bahadur Singh]]<br /> |votes = 47,921<br /> |percentage = 26.28<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Virendra Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 34,586<br /> |percentage = 18.97<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Parsuram<br /> |votes = 34,065<br /> |percentage = 18.68<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Shyam Narayan<br /> |votes = 26,006<br /> |percentage = 14.26<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Peace Party of India<br /> |candidate = Ram Prakash Singh<br /> |votes = 23,438<br /> |percentage = 12.86<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 15 Candidates<br /> |votes = 16,302<br /> |percentage = 8.94<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 13,335<br /> |percentage = 7.31<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,82,318<br /> |percentage = 59.98<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|27.10|83.27|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Maharajganj district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh_ke_Bheem_Chintaram&diff=493995 2026-04-07T23:51:40Z

<p>Hayat hospital: made basic pg initial version!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian documentary film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chhattisgarh ke Bheem Chintaram<br /> | image = Chintaram Documentary Poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = S Anshu Dhurandhar<br /> | narrator = S Anshu Dhurandhar<br /> | music = [[Meer Ali Meer]]<br /> | production_companies = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|01|06|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 85 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Chhattisgarh ke Bheem''''' '''Chintaram''' (&lt;abbr&gt;transl.&lt;/abbr&gt;  ''Chhattisgarh’s Bheem Chintaram'') is an Indian [[documentary film]] directed by S Anshu Dhurandhar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=CG Film: छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम पर बनी फिल्म, कसरत के साथ सिखाएगी संस्कार {{!}} CG Film: A film made on Bheem of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.patrika.com/baloda-bazar-news/cg-film-a-film-made-on-bheem-of-chhattisgarh-19298370 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on the life of Indian strongman [[Chintaram Tikariha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=CG News: दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म व पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा बोले – कसरत के साथ संस्कार सिखाएगी {{!}} CG News: Film and book made on Bhim Chintaram Tikriha of Chhattisgarh released |url=https://www.patrika.com/baloda-bazar-news/cg-news-film-and-book-made-on-bhim-chintaram-tikriha-of-chhattisgarh-released-19297645 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khare |first=Basant |date=2025-01-05 |title=चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म 6 जनवरी को होगी रिलीज़, तुरतुतिया मंदिर के पुनर्निर्माण में निभाई थी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका - johar36garh.com |url=https://johar36garh.com/the-film-based-on-chintaram-tikriha-will-be-released-on-january-6-played-an-important-role-in-the-reconstruction-of-turtutiya-temple/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first Chhattisgarhi documentary to contain interviews of over 250 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=RALFF फिल्म फेस्टिवल में हुई चिंताराम की विशेष स्क्रीनिंग... जानें क्या हुआ! - pradeshvad |url=https://pradeshvad.com/chhattisgarh-ke-bhim-fillm-award/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film features first-hand accounts by locals, Tikariha's family and interviews from public figures including chief minister of Chhattisgarh [[Bhupesh Baghel]], cabinet minister [[Tank Ram Verma]] and member of parliament [[Vijay Baghel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म &quot;छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम&quot; और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- युवाओं को उनके जीवन से लेनी चाहिए प्रेरणा |url=https://www.ramraj.co/state.php?articleid=9107 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म “छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम” और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- युवाओं को उनके जीवन से लेनी चाहिए प्रेरणा |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The documentary was launched at a public event at Budgahan, Baloda Bazar on 6 January 2025. In February the film was screened at [[Raipur Art Literature and Film Festival]] 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Manish |date=2025-02-07 |title=रायपुर में 8 फरवरी को होगा आर्ट, लिट्रेचर और फिल्म फेस्टिवल: इंटरनेशनल फिल्मों की धूम, छत्तीसगढ़ की पहली बायोपिक 'मंदराजी' की स्क्रीनिंग, एंट्री फ्री! |url=https://media24news.in/?p=78148 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Media24 News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The research for the documentary started in 2013 after filmmaker S Anshu Dhurandhar noticed the lack of proper documentation of a widely known local figure Chintaram Tikariha. While initially planned to be a short 20 minutes documentary the project was soon expanded to be a long form documentary due to the vastness of the source material gather during the research process. The production team travelled to over 80 locations across Chhattisgarh tracking Tikariha's life. The filming began in 2021 and lasted until late 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=समाजसेवी चिंताराम टिकरिहा की जीवनगाथा पर बनी डॉक्यूमेंट्री |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/baloda/news/chhattisgarh-a-documentary-made-on-the-life-story-of-chintaram-tikriha-134712337.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम&quot; ने रचा इतिहास एक महीने में 3 लाख से अधिक दर्शकों ने देखा |url=https://daharchala.com/2126 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> Chintaram is a documentary film based on the life and contributions of Chintaram Tikariha. He was born in 1880 in Kumhari, British India. From an early age, he was recognized for his extraordinary physical strength. He could lift heavy loads, carry large stone columns, and perform strenuous tasks that others struggled with. His feats of strength earned him great respect in his community, where he was often relied upon for demanding physical tasks.<br /> <br /> Chintaram was deeply involved in community welfare. He donated his land to the government for the construction of roads and schools, ensuring better infrastructure and education for future generations. He also paid for weddings expense and covering funeral expenses for those in need, reflecting his commitment to social responsibility. Additionally, he provided employment opportunities to many, helping people sustain their livelihoods through agricultural and community-based work. Chintaram introduced the Ropa method, significantly improving agricultural productivity in Chhattisgarh. His expertise in farming and irrigation management helped farmers achieve better yields, making him an influential figure in the region.<br /> <br /> Apart from his contributions to farming and social work, Chintaram was instrumental in reconstructing multiple temples, preserving cultural heritage in the region. One of his most significant efforts was the reconstruction of the Turturiya Temple in Balodabazar, an important religious site. His dedication to temple restoration highlighted his commitment to both spiritual and community welfare. He remained dedicated to agriculture, temple restoration, and social service until his passing on 21 November 1982. His contributions to farming, cultural preservation, and his legendary physical strength made him a well-respected figure in Chhattisgarh’s history.<br /> <br /> == Proving Chintaram ==<br /> [[File:Proving Chintaram Poster.jpg|thumb|Promotional poster of Proving Chintaram.]]<br /> ''Proving Chintaram'' is a thematic segment within ''Chhattisgarh ke Bheem Chintaram'', focusing on scientifically and physically examining Chintaram’s feats of strength. The segment consists of ten structured tasks designed to assess the plausibility of these feats based on measurable standards of strength and endurance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mukesh |date=25 March 2025 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम&quot; ने रचा इतिहास एक महीने में 3 लाख से अधिक दर्शकों ने देखा |url=https://daharchala.com/2126 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+List of sub-segments in Proving Chintaram<br /> !No.<br /> !Title<br /> !Description<br /> !Weight/Quantity<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Turturiya Idol<br /> |Lifting a stone idol from the historic Turturiya site.<br /> |~100 kg<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Raw Stones<br /> |Carrying traditional raw stones used for testing strength.<br /> |95 kg<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Atlas Stone<br /> |Lifting an atlas stone, commonly used in strength sports.<br /> |85 kg<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Wood Log<br /> |Carrying a heavy wooden log over a set distance.<br /> |~100 kg<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Chintaram Pillar<br /> |Lifting one side of a historical stone pillar.<br /> |~800 kg<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |The Bori<br /> |Holding a sack of weight while climbing stairs.<br /> |66 kg<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |The Gupchup<br /> |Consuming a large number of Golgappas.<br /> |&gt;100<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Pahalwan Thali<br /> |Eating a high-caloric meal in one sitting.<br /> |&gt;3 kg<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Coconut Breaking<br /> |Breaking coconuts with bare hands and knuckles.<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |The Mudgar<br /> |Swinging traditional Indian clubs (Mudgars).<br /> |600x<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and promotion ==<br /> [[File:Chintaram documenatry film release event.jpg|thumb|[[Tank Ram Verma]], [[Vijay Baghel]] and [[Motilal Sahu]] at the film release event (January 6, 2025)]]<br /> A public event for the film's release was held on 6 January 2025, attended by notable figures including [[Tank Ram Verma]], [[Vijay Baghel]], [[Gaurishankar Agrawal|Gauri Shankar Agrawal]], [[Motilal Sahu]], Khodas Ram Kashyap(Kendreey Adhyaksha, cg Manawa Kurmi Samaj) and Shivratan Sharma(former MLA). The event featured a live recreation of Chintaram's physical feats.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम: चिंताराम जी को जानें...मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने क्यों उठाया मुदगर! - pradeshvad |url=https://pradeshvad.com/chhattisgarh-ke-bhim-bahubali-chinta-ram-ji/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The film's music composer, [[Meer Ali Meer]], performed the film’s music live. The program featured a traditional Chhattisgarhi dance performance, a special devotional presentation by [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]], and various native cultural acts. Additionally, a poetry recitation by artist Chowaram Verma 'Badal' was performed. The complete movie was screened to an audience of 1,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast and technical staff ==<br /> <br /> === Interviewees ===<br /> <br /> * [[Bhupesh Baghel]] as Self – former Chief Minister, Chhattisgarh<br /> * [[Tank Ram Verma]] as Self – Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare, Chhattisgarh<br /> * [[Vijay Baghel]] as self – [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (Lok Sabha)<br /> * [[Chhaya Verma]] as self– Member of Parliament ([[Rajya Sabha]])<br /> * [[Gaurishankar Agrawal|Gaurishanker Agrawal]] as self – Speaker, Legislative Assembly, Chhattisgarh<br /> * [[Janak Dhruw]] as self – Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly<br /> <br /> === Technical staff ===<br /> <br /> * Cinematography – Pramod Gilhare, Jageshwar Kurre<br /> * Graphic Designer – Mukul Verma<br /> * Editor – Vajra Vision Studio<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalbir_Singh_Tong&diff=495396 2026-04-07T03:32:27Z

<p>Hayat hospital: made some bio and citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name =<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | order = <br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | term_end = &lt;!-- Add data only when the actual term has ended, not for terms which will end in the future. (Per usage guideline.) --&gt;<br /> | constituency = [[Baba Bakala Assembly constituency|Baba Bakala]]<br /> | majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | order2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | office2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | term_start2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | term_end2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--&gt; <br /> &lt;!--Personal data--&gt;<br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | citizenship = <br /> | party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | salary = <br /> | cabinet = <br /> | committees = <br /> | portfolio = <br /> | awards = &lt;!-- For civilian awards - appears as &quot;Awards&quot; if |mawards= is not set --&gt;<br /> | blank1 = <br /> | data1 = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | website = <br /> | nickname = <br /> }}<br /> '''Dalbir Singh Tong''' is the MLA from [[Baba Bakala Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;List Financialexpress&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2022 Winner list&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br /> He represents the [[Baba Bakala Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]] <br /> *Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&amp;Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&amp;Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==<br /> During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 27,82,812 as an overall financial asset and Rs. nil as financial liability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dalbir Singh Tong(AAP):Constituency- BABA BAKALA (SC)(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=259 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance == <br /> {{transcluded section|source=Baba Bakala Assembly constituency}} <br /> {{#section:Baba Bakala Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-par|in-la}}<br /> {{IN MLA box<br /> | state= Punjab<br /> | constituency= Baba Bakala<br /> | before= - <br /> | after= <br /> | years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tong, Dalbir Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=RmKV&diff=530653 2026-04-02T02:03:35Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Made Info</p> <hr /> <div>'''RmKV Silks''', also for commercial purposes branded as '''RmKV,''' is an Indian [[textile]] manufacturing company and a wedding silk retailer. The company operates outlets in across South Indian region and it manufactures [[wedding sari]]s, [[Silk|silk fabrics]] and men's wear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-05-16 |title=RmKV opens third store at Forum Mall |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/May/16/rmkv-opens-third-store-at-forum-mall-477763.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-06-17 |title=Why RmKV is setting foot in malls |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/why-rmkv-is-setting-foot-in-malls/article20624834.ece1 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-07 |title=Rm.K.V. to launch naturally dyed new range of silk sarees for Deepavali; to have second showroom in Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/rmkv-to-launch-naturally-dyed-new-range-of-silk-sarees-for-deepavali-to-have-second-showroom-in-coimbatore/article68497014.ece |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:RmKV logo 1200x1200.jpg|right|thumb|200px|RmKV Silks logo]]<br /> <br /> == Corporate history ==<br /> [[File:RmKV Silks Chennai Tamil Nadu India.jpg|right|thumb|200px|RmKV Silks in Chennai]]<br /> [[File:RmKV tvl vannarapettai.JPG|right|thumb|200px|RmKV Silks in Vannarapettai]]<br /> [[File:RmKV Wedding Silks Chennai Tamil Nadu India.jpg|right|thumb|200px|RmKV Silks putting up banner to mark [[Pongal (festival)|Thai Pongal]] celebration]]<br /> <br /> RmKV began business operations initially as a small scale business enterprise at Turunelveli in 1924.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=How the 94-year-old RmKV became a pioneer in silk-weaving techniques |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Oct/10/how-the-94-year-old-rmkv-became-a-pioneer-in-silk-weaving-techniques-1883761.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company was named as RmKV in honor of its founding father Rm K Visvanatha Pillai by using initials mentioned on his birth certificate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rmkv-silks-looks-to-raise-rs-200-crore-to-widen-its-presence-in-south-india-113120501122_1.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company made rapid strides by incorporating [[Loom|handloom]] silk [[weaving]] techniques to design and produce different types of sarees considering the evolution of the demographic aspects of women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The company also introduced natural silk saree which was a predominant product sold by RmKV Silks to their customer base. RmKV also initiated a French tapestry technique in their weaving method to replicate [[Raja Ravi Varma]] paintings on the saree designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; RmKV Silks also gained patent rights for its innovative novelty of lino silk saris, which weighs around 40% comparatively lesser than traditional silk sarees in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=George |first=Diya Maria |date=2022-09-16 |title=RmKV silks: Old colours and techniques in new collection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Sep/16/rmkv-silks-old-colours-andtechniques-innew-collection-2498915.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, RmKV introduced the modernised pneumatic handloom in order to expedite and speed up their processing of weaving silk fabrics and sarees at their manufacturing facilities. Modernised pneumatic handloom was developed by streamling the worflow of lifting the loom using compressed air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-03-07 |title=A sari tale: When tech weaves magic between warp and weft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-sari-tale-when-tech-weaves-magic-between-warp-and-weft/articleshow/90036897.cms |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2015-07-21 |title=RmKV Patents New Woman-friendly Handloom That Eliminates Strain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Jul/21/rmkv-patents-new-woman-friendly-handloom-that-eliminates-strain-789006.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported that RmKV pioneered the concept of modernised pneumatic handloom in the textile industry and RmKV applied patent rights through the National Research Development Corporation for their innovative concept of modernised pneumatic handloom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RmKV modernises pneumatic handloom |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/490652/rmkv-modernises-pneumatic-handloom.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, to mark the centennial year anniversary of RmKV company, a natural dyed silk saree was launched and the product was unveiled with over 4,000 colour design patterns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-03 |title=Festive range from RmKV |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Oct/03/festive-range-from-rmkv |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=2024-10-10 |title=Stories in silk: RmKv launches thematic handloom silk saris with natural dye |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/stories-in-silk-rmkv-launches-thematic-handloom-silk-saris-with-natural-dye/article68704664.ece |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, RmKV has been operating three showrooms in [[Chennai]], and has been operating single showroom in Tirunelveli, [[Coimbatore]] and in [[Bengaluru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Philanthropy ==<br /> RmKV started sponsoring an inter-school cultural competition called &quot;kiddival&quot; that was started in 1990 by the Rotaract Club of Tinnevelly (Parent club: Rotary Club of Tinnevelly). The first Kiddival was conducted in Sakuntala International Hotel complex in November 1990 to commemorate the children's day. Later the event was taken over by several Rotary clubs in Tirunelveli with the continuing support of RmKV, is held every year in the month of November&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZ4YZkDDH_k&lt;/ref&gt;. In the Kiddival conducted in 2006, the founding members of the event rejoined after 25years. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-thirunelveli/thirunelveli/2023/Nov/27/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF--%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D---2023-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-4112883.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Samuel JK Abraham, RmKV K.Viswanathan, Rev. Jason Dharmaraj, Godwin J. Jawaharlal, John Sudhakar at First Kiddival Nov 1990 Tirunelveli.jpg|thumb|Samuel JK Abraham, RmKV K.Viswanathan, Rev. Jason Dharmaraj, Godwin J. Jawaharlal, John Sudhakar at the First Kiddival, November 1990, in Tirunelveli.]]<br /> [[File:Members of Rotaract Club of Tinnevelly in II Kiddival Nov 1991 Tirunelveli.jpg|thumb|Members of Rotaract Club of Tinnevelly in the II Kiddival, November 1991, in Tirunelveli.]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1924]]<br /> [[Category:Retail companies established in 1924]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Village_Tech_Park&diff=470945 2026-03-29T14:33:30Z

<p>Hayat hospital: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Technology park in Bangalore, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{coord|12.9203972|77.5042898|display=title}}<br /> {{infobox<br /> | titleclass = &quot;fn org&quot;<br /> | title = Sattva Global Citys<br /> | image = {{photomontage<br /> | photo1a = Sattva Global City, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore (2024) 13.jpg<br /> | size = 200<br /> | color = white<br /> | border = 0<br /> }}<br /> | caption = Sattva Global City in 2024<br /> | label1 = [[Owner]]<br /> | data1 = <br /> | label2 = Founded<br /> | data2 = [[V. G. Siddhartha]] / [[Cafe Coffee Day]] Group<br /> | label3 = Location<br /> | data3 = [[Kengeri]], [[Mysore Road]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | label4 = Surface area<br /> | data4 = <br /> | label5 = Owners<br /> | data5 = {{ubl|[[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]] (80%)|Salarpuria Sattva (20%)}}<br /> | label6 = Area served<br /> | data6 = <br /> | label7 = Industry<br /> | data7 = [[Information technology]], [[Internet of Things|IoT]], [[Electronics]], [[Mechanical engineering]]<br /> | label8 = [[Companies|Major companies]]<br /> | data8 = [[LTIMindtree]], [[Mphasis]], [[NTT Data]], [[Tietoevry]], [[Northern Trust]], [[Textron]], [[Sonata Software]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Capgemini]]<br /> | label9 = [[Product (business)|Products]]<br /> | data9 = <br /> | label10 = [[Employment|Employees]]<br /> | data10 = <br /> | label11 = [[Invest|Total investments]]<br /> | data11 = <br /> | label12 = [[Website]]<br /> | data12 = <br /> | data13 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sattva Global City''' (formerly '''Global Village Tech Park''') is a [[software]] technology park in [[Bangalore]], India. The park is in [[Kengeri]] off [[Mysore Road]], behind the [[R.V. College of Engineering]]. It is about 4&amp;nbsp;km away from [[Kengeri railway station]] and 1&amp;nbsp;km away from [[Pattanagere metro station]]. The park is spread over 120 acres&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/curious-case-of-ccd-founder-v-g-siddhartha-was-under-heavy-debt-burden-119073000404_1.html|title=Curious case of CCD founder: V G Siddhartha was under heavy debt burden|first=Debasis|last=Mohapatra|date=30 July 2019|via=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; with a total built-up area of 3.3 million sq ft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/blackstone-salarpuria-in-talks-to-jointly-buy-rs-2700-crore-tech-park/articleshow/68227383.cms|title=Blackstone, Sattva Group in talks to jointly buy Rs 2,700-crore tech park|first=Sobia|last=Khan|date=2 March 2019|via=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The headquarters of erstwhile [[Mindtree]] is within the park.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Sonata Global Village.JPG|thumb|left|[[Sonata Software]] building]]<br /> <br /> Global Village Tech Park was constructed and owned until 2019 by [[Café Coffee Day]] Group under its real estate arm Tanglin Developments Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gtvltd.com/GlobalVillage.html|url-status=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110235623/http://www.gtvltd.com/GlobalVillage.html|archivedate=January 10, 2015|title=Global Village|website=Tanglin}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tech park's value was estimated at {{INR}}3,000 crore in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/likely-valuation-of-rs-3000-crore-vg-siddharthas-family-blackstone-may-revive-tech-park-sale-talks/articleshow/70490917.cms|title=Likely valuation of Rs 3,000 crore: Siddhartha's family &amp; Blackstone may revive Tech Park sale talks|first1=Indulal|last1=PM|first2=K. R.|last2=Balasubramanyam|date=2 August 2019|via=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/announcements/vg-siddharthas-kin-blackstone-to-resume-talk-for-coffee-day-tech-park-sale-report-4281831.html|title=VG Siddhartha's kin, Blackstone to resume talk for Coffee Day tech park sale: Report|website=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2019, Cafe Coffee Day Group sold the tech park for {{INRconvert|2700|c|mode=historical|year=2019}} to a consortium owned by the [[Blackstone Group]] (80%) and Salarpuria Sattva (20%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Coffee Day sells Global Village Tech Park for ₹2,800 cr to Blackstone |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/coffee-day-sells-global-village-tech-park-for-rs-2-800-cr-to-blackstone-1567779189132.html |accessdate=21 April 2020 |work=Livemint |date=6 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Blackstone, Salarpuria Sattva finalise deal to acquire CDEL's tech park for Rs 2,700 crore |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/blackstone-salarpuria-sattva-finalise-acquisition-of-cdel-tech-park-228371-2019-09-17 |access-date=18 December 2023 |work=Business Today |date=17 September 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Global Village Tech Park was consequently renamed Sattva Global City. {{clear}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Sattva Global City}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Software technology parks in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Special Economic Zones of India]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Headley&diff=455586 2026-03-28T19:34:17Z

<p>Hayat hospital: refine references also and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Pakistani-American terrorist (born 1960)}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox criminal<br /> | name = David Headley<br /> | image_name = DavidHeadley.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | birth_name = Dawood Sayed Gilani<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|6|30}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | cause = <br /> | conviction = [[Title 18 of the United States Code|Conspiracy to bomb places of public use in India (18 U.S.C. § 2232)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Title 18 of the United States Code|Conspiracy to murder and maim in India (18 U.S.C. § 956)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Murder|Murder of United States nationals abroad (18 U.S.C. § 2332)]] (6 counts)&lt;br /&gt;[[Title 18 of the United States Code|Conspiracy to provide material support to foreign terrorists in India and Pakistan (18 U.S.C. §§ 2339A and 2339B)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Title 18 of the United States Code|Conspiracy to murder and maim in Denmark (18 U.S.C. § 956)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Title 18 of the United States Code|Conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists in Denmark (18 U.S.C. § 2339A)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Title 18 of the United States Code|Providing material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization (18 U.S.C. § 2339B)]]<br /> | conviction_penalty = 35 years imprisonment<br /> | conviction_status = <br /> | occupation = Video store proprietor&lt;br /&gt;[[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] informant&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Member of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = Sayed Salim Gilani (father)&lt;br /&gt;Alice Serrill Headley (mother)<br /> | children = 4&lt;ref name=propub-homegrown&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/david-headley-homegrown-terrorist|title = The American Behind India's 9/11 – and How U.S. Botched Chances to Stop Him| date=January 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''David Coleman Headley''' (born '''Dawood Sayed Gilani;''' June 30, 1960) is a Pakistani-American who was the mastermind behind the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. With the Pakistan-based [[Islamist]] militant organization [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)]], Headley conducted extensive surveillance and reconnaissance missions throughout central [[Mumbai]], providing critical information to facilitate planning and executing the attacks. Additionally, he, along with his accomplice [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]], was involved in an unsuccessful plot to carry out an attack in [[Copenhagen]], targeting the Danish newspaper ''[[Jyllands-Posten]].'' For both of these crimes, Headley was convicted of 12 counts of terrorism and sentenced to 35 years in prison.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=  |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil/pr/david-coleman-headley-sentenced-35-years-prison-role-india-and-denmark-terror-plots |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.justice.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Born in Washington D.C., as an adult Headley became involved with drugs and trafficking. He was recruited as a U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) informant as part of his plea deal following conviction for multiple heroin-related offenses, including attempting to smuggle narcotics into the U.S. from Pakistan. After being placed on probation, he made frequent unauthorized visits to Pakistan. There he became involved in the local [[Jihadism|jihad]] movement through his introduction to Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).&lt;ref name=&quot;dea_admission&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/10/15/ST2010101505105.html?sid=ST2010101505105 <br /> | title = Scout in Mumbai attacks was DEA informant while in terror camp, authorities say<br /> | author = Sebastian Rotella<br /> | quote= &quot;U.S. authorities took seriously what Headley's former wives said,&quot; a senior administration official said. &quot;Their information was of a general nature and did not suggest any particular terrorist plot.&quot; But Headley's wife's considerable knowledge of Lashkar should have reinforced her credibility, because the Pakistani extremist group is not well known to the average American.<br /> | date = October 17, 2010<br /> | access-date = October 17, 2010<br /> | newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dea_disputed&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/did-the-u-s-know-more-than-it-let-on-about-mumbai-attacks-suspect/<br /> | title = Did the U.S. know more than it let on about Mumbai attacks suspect?<br /> | author = Sebastian Rotella<br /> | quote= &quot;The DEA officials said Headley's relationship with the anti-drug agency was more limited than has been widely described. The DEA officially deactivated Headley as a confidential source on 27 March 2002, according to a senior DEA official. That was weeks after he began training in Lashkar terror camps in Pakistan and six years before the Mumbai attacks. ....Headley has testified that he did not stop working for the DEA until September 2002, when he had done two stints in the Lashkar camps.&quot;<br /> | date = November 22, 2011<br /> | access-date = April 12, 2015<br /> | work=PBS Frontline-ProPublica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Five Surprising Facts About the American Behind &quot;India's 9/11&quot; |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/five-surprising-facts-about-the-american-behind-indias-911/ |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=FRONTLINE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the direction of LeT representatives, Headley performed five surveillance missions in [[Mumbai]] to scout targets for the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. The following year, he performed a similar mission in [[Copenhagen]] to help plot an attack against the Danish newspaper ''[[Jyllands-Posten]]'', which had [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|published cartoons of Muhammad]]. Headley was arrested in October 2009 at [[O'Hare International Airport]] in [[Chicago]] with co-conspirator [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]] while on his way to Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;dea_admission&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo_india_debriefing&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/19/AR2010101907356_2.html<br /> | title = Indian report accuses Pakistan's intelligence service of significant role in Mumbai siege<br /> |author1=Emily Wax |author2=Greg Miller | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | date = October 21, 2010<br /> | access-date = October 21, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 24, 2013, a [[United States federal courts|U.S. federal court]] sentenced Headley to 35 years in prison for his role in Mumbai and Copenhagen.&lt;ref name=&quot;SweeneySentence&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Annie |date=January 24, 2013 |title=Chicago man gets 35 years in Mumbai terror attack |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-sentencing-today-for-chicago-man-in-mumbai-terror-attack-20130124,0,3301876.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124183315/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-sentencing-today-for-chicago-man-in-mumbai-terror-attack-20130124,0,3301876.story |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2013 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/iln/chicago/2009/pr1207_01a.pdf |website=justice.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In India, a Mumbai special court held a [[trial in absentia]] for Headley in early February 2016, via a video link from his prison cell in the United States.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> David Coleman Headley was born Dawood Sayed Gilani on June 30, 1960, in [[Washington, D.C.]], to a Pakistani father and an American mother. His father Sayed Salim Gilani was a well-known Pakistani diplomat and broadcaster, while his mother Alice Serrill Headley worked as a secretary at the [[Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C.|Pakistani embassy]] in Washington D.C., and hailed from [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120503103844/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-29/news/29597082_1_danyal-gilani-syed-saleem-gilani-david-headley &quot;Did not attend funeral of Headley's father: Gilani&quot;], ''The Economic Times''&lt;/ref&gt; Headley has a younger sister, Syedah, and a half-brother, Danyal. Danyal became the spokesman for Pakistani Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and served as Pakistan's [[press attaché]] in [[Beijing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;halfbrother&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Sachin |last=Parashar |author2=Mohan, Vishwa |title=Pak PM's PRO admits he is Headley's half-brother |url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pak-PMs-PRO-admits-he-is-Headleys-half-brother/articleshow/5280451.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=November 29, 2009 |access-date=January 7, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shortly after Headley was born, his family left the United States and settled in [[Lahore|Lahore, Pakistan]]. Headley stood out because of his light skin color and the [[heterochromia iridum|heterochromic]] coloration of his eyes. Headley's mother was unable to adapt to Pakistani culture and returned to the U.S. Due to Pakistani custody rules, she was forced to leave her children with their father in Lahore. After getting a [[divorce]], she went through four more marriages and spent time in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;Alice Serrill Headley, born on her father's farm in Laurel, Maryland, July 29, 1939, was a daughter of L. Coleman Headley and his wife, the former Frances Ladd Kercher. She was educated at Catholic schools in the Philadelphia area, ran away from home at age 15, and married five times. After her divorce from Sayed Gilani in the mid-1960s, she wed Shahzada &quot;Musleh&quot; Muslehuddin (married 1966); the Pakistani movie director Aejay &quot;AJ&quot; Kardar (married 1969, annulled after four months, died 2002); Richard Pothier (married 1980, divorced circa 1991); and a man named Forrester (married 2006). Information on her birth, parents, marriages, and family is posted at ancestry.com, where it was accessed on October 16, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/full-transcript-of-david-headleys-uncles-interview-22192.php |title=Full transcript of David Headley's uncle's interview |publisher=NDTV |access-date=November 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Headley was raised in a political environment steeped in [[Pakistani nationalism]] and [[Islamic conservatism]], both of which were amplified by [[Indo-Pakistani relations|Pakistani tensions with India]]. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], bombs hit Headley's elementary school in [[Karachi]] and killed two people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=327oVB1DQPY |title=Who is David Coleman Headley? The American behind India's 9/11 {{!}} FRONTLINE |date=April 18, 2015 |last=FRONTLINE PBS {{!}} Official |access-date=August 4, 2024 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headley went on to attend the elite [[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]], a boys' international military [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|prep school]]; while there, he befriended co-conspirator [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt20091121&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/us/22terror.html |title=An Accused Plotter With Feet in East and West |author=Ginger Thompson |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1977, at the age of seventeen Headley left Pakistan following a difficult relationship with his Pakistani stepmother, and moved in with his biological mother in [[Philadelphia]], where he helped her manage [[Pub|pubs]] such as the Khyber Pass Pub and the adjacent Miss Headley's Wine Bar. Employees at the pub nicknamed him &quot;The Prince.&quot; Headley enrolled at [[Valley Forge Military Academy]] but dropped out after one semester.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2009-12-13/news/25269328_1_heroin-cases-david-coleman-headley-fbi-agents |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229034258/http://articles.philly.com/2009-12-13/news/25269328_1_heroin-cases-david-coleman-headley-fbi-agents |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 29, 2013 |title=Inquirer.com: Philadelphia local news, sports, jobs, cars, homes |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=May 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/news-and-opinion/cover-story/The-Life--Crimes-of-Jihadist-from-Philly.html?page=2&amp;comments=1&amp;showAll= |title=The Life &amp; Crimes of a Jihadist from Philly &amp;#124; Philadelphia Weekly |access-date=December 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131227083958/http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/news-and-opinion/cover-story/The-Life--Crimes-of-Jihadist-from-Philly.html?page=2&amp;comments=1&amp;showAll= |archive-date=December 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a student at the [[Community College of Philadelphia]] but dropped out without a degree in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2009-12-08/news/25270373_1_tahawwur-hussain-rana-daood-gilani-david-coleman-headley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229034313/http://articles.philly.com/2009-12-08/news/25270373_1_tahawwur-hussain-rana-daood-gilani-david-coleman-headley |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 29, 2013 |title=Inquirer.com: Philadelphia local news, sports, jobs, cars, homes |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=May 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Alleged Terrorism Plotter David Headley |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1946462,00.html |magazine=Time |date=December 9, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1985, he married a [[Pennsylvania State University]] student, but they divorced two years later due his ideological hostility.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcclatchy20091214&quot;&gt;Headley's ex-wife told reporters, &quot;when he would go to Pakistan he would get all riled up again&quot; and use words like &quot;infidels&quot; and &quot;when he would see an Indian person in the street, he used to spit, spit in the street&quot;.{{cite news |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/80622.html |title=Who was David Headley? Was he involved in the Mumbai shootings? |author1=Joseph Tanfani |author2=John Shiffman |author3=Kathleen Brady Shea |publisher=McClatchy Newspapers |date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=December 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106080121/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/80622.html |archive-date=January 6, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He eventually moved to [[New York City]] and opened a [[video rental]] business in Manhattan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/us/22terror.html?pagewanted=2 |work=The New York Times |first=Ginger |last=Thompson |title=A Terror Suspect With Feet in East and West |date=November 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Drug Convictions and DEA Deal===<br /> During his frequent trips to Pakistan, Headley associated himself with [[heroin]] users and started using the drug himself.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He became involved in Pakistani [[drug trafficking]]. When he was twenty-four, Headley smuggled half a kilogram of heroin out of Pakistani tribal areas and used [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]], a Pakistani army doctor who Headley knew from military school, as an unwitting shield. Several days later, police in Lahore arrested Headley for [[drug possession]], but he was released. Rana continued to be used by Headley over the course of his career as a drug trafficker; in the late 1990s, after Rana had emigrated to the U.S., Headley used Rana's legitimate immigration consulting company in [[Chicago]] to smuggle drugs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1988, while he was traveling to Philadelphia from Pakistan, Headley was arrested by police in [[Frankfurt]], [[West Germany]] after two [[Kilogram|kilos]] of heroin were found hidden in a [[false bottom]] in his suitcase. Headley quickly made a [[plea deal]] when his case was handed over to the U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]], agreeing to surrender his partners in Philadelphia in exchange for a lighter sentence. Headley's cooperation earned him four years in prison while his two associates were sentenced to eight and ten years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/08/world/asia/08terror.html |work=The New York Times |first1=Ginger |last1=Thompson |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Souad |last3=Mekhennet |title=D.E.A. Deployed Mumbai Plotter Despite Warning |date=November 7, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; At his sentencing hearing, the judge made the following statement: &quot;It's up to you, Mr. [Headley], to do what you can with the rest of your life. You are still a young man. You can either take advantage of this opportunity. Your mother, your lawyer, people said some nice things about you, but what you did, not only to yourself, but to perhaps thousands, hundreds of victims, heroin users in this country is a terrible thing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/labs/i/perfect-terrorist/# Interactive: David Coleman Headley's Web of Betrayal], PBS. Retrieved July 26, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Headley managed to overcome his addiction to heroin, but was still involved in the drug trade. In early 1997, Headley was arrested with another man in a DEA [[sting operation]] when he tried to smuggle heroin into the country from Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt20091121&quot; /&gt; Headley quickly offered his services as a [[confidential informant]] to the DEA. In January 1998, the agency sent him to Pakistan to dispel suspicions amongst his partners about his prior absence, and to gain intelligence on the country's heroin trafficking networks. According to the DEA, Headley's participation led to five arrests and the seizure of 2½ kilos of heroin.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.propublica.org/documents/item/268223-1997-sentencingletter#document/p3/a39296 Headley 1997 sentencing letter], ProPublica, January 24, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; The DEA has insisted that Headley's 1998 trip to Pakistan was the only one paid for by the agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While the DEA seemingly made great gains from Headley's intelligence, there is ample evidence that Headley abused his status as an informant. He allegedly tried to set up heroin dealers with jailhouse phone calls that were not monitored by DEA agents. A mentally impaired Pakistani immigrant, Ikram Haq, was found to have been tricked into making a drug deal by Headley, and was subsequently acquitted on the grounds of [[entrapment]] when brought to trial. Despite this result, Headley was released from prison and put on [[probation]] for his contribution to the case. One anonymous former associate of Headley later suggested that he was exploiting his rapport with the DEA, saying, &quot;The DEA agents liked him. He would brag about it. He was manipulating them. He said he had them in his pocket.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Involvement in terrorism==<br /> In exchange for information about Pakistani drug contacts, Headley received a considerably lighter sentence than his co-defendant from the 1997 arrest: fifteen months in jail and five years of supervised release. In November 1998, he was delivered to the low-security [[Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Dix]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dailybeast20091208&quot;/&gt; There, he became an increasingly devout Muslim. In July 1999, only months into Headley's sentence, his attorney, Howard Leader, requested permission for him to be given a supervised early release from prison so he could travel to Pakistan to be wed in an [[arranged marriage]]. Judge [[Carol Amon]] granted the unusual request. Headley married a Pakistani woman named Shazia and fathered two children with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Slideshow: An American's Path to the Mumbai Attacks |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/slideshow-an-americans-path-to-the-mumbai-attacks/ |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=FRONTLINE}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While visiting Lahore, Headley was introduced to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT), a terrorist organization. Headley made further trips to Pakistan without the knowledge of U.S. authorities, immersing himself in LeT ideology. He befriended LeT's spiritual leader, [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]], and committed himself to the group's struggle against India, which was supported by the Directorate for Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> At the same time this was happening, Headley resumed work as a DEA informant in New York City and participated in an undercover operation that reportedly led to the seizure of one kilo of heroin. Despite working for a U.S. government agency, Headley actively raised money and recruited new members for LeT, a group that swore allegiance with [[Al-Qaeda]]. Headley would later testify that he discussed his views regarding [[Kashmir]]—the focus of LeT's terrorist activities—with his DEA handlers. The DEA has insisted that it was unaware of Headley's political and religious radicalization.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-9/11 activities===<br /> A day after the [[September 11 attacks|attacks on September 11, 2001]], Headley's DEA handlers tasked him with collecting counter-intelligence on terrorists through his sources in the drug trade. However, a New York City bartender named Terry O'Donnell reported Headley to an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] task force after Headley's ex-girlfriend told him that Headley had praised the 9/11 hijackers and &quot;got off on watching the news over and over again&quot; in the weeks following the attacks. Under questioning by two [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] agents, in the presence of his DEA handlers, Headley denied the accusations and cited his work for the DEA as proof of his loyalty to the U.S. Headley was cleared, and the DEA did not write a report on his interrogation.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.propublica.org/article/david-headley-homegrown-terrorist The American Behind India's 9/11—And How U.S. Botched Chances to Stop Him]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''ProPublica'', January 24, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On November 16, 2001, six weeks after his interrogation, Leader and [[United States Attorney|Assistant U.S. Attorney]] Loan Hong made a joint application to Judge Amon asking for Headley's supervised release to be terminated three years early. Amon agreed to their request and discharged Headley from any further probation.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailybeast20091208&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = The Making of a Terrorist<br /> | website = The Daily Beast<br /> | url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-12-08/making-of-a-terrorist/full/<br /> | author = Gerald Posner<br /> | date = December 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leader has claimed that the DEA was involved in the drive to end Headley's probation, which would have kept him from traveling to Pakistan to continue his intelligence work on terrorists. However, the DEA has claimed that Headley wanted his probation lifted so he could travel to Pakistan for family reasons. DEA officials also claim that the agency officially deactivated Headley as an informant on March 27, 2002. Headley himself has claimed that he ended his work for the DEA in September 2002; other agencies claim that he remained a DEA operative as late as 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.propublica.org/article/david-headley-homegrown-terrorist#chapter-3 | title = The American Behind India's 9/11—And How U.S. Botched Chances to Stop Him | author = Sebastian Rotella | publisher = ProPublica | date = January 24, 2013| access-date = January 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2002, Headley went to a LeT [[training camp]] and attended a three-week introductory course on LeT ideology and ''[[jihad]]''. That summer, Serrill Headley, who by then had moved to the town of [[Oxford, Pennsylvania]] with her brother, confided to friends that her son had become a religious fanatic and had been to terrorist training camps. While Headley was on a catering visit to his mother's house, one of her friends, Phyllis Keith, noticed that he parked his car behind her residence as if he was trying to hide it. Keith reported Headley to the FBI office in Philadelphia, which apparently did not follow through with an investigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2002, Headley returned to Pakistan and began a second stint at the LeT training camp, spending his spare time with Shazia in Lahore. Despite already being married in Pakistan, Headley embarked on a series of affairs in the U.S. and had become engaged to a long-time Canadian girlfriend in New York City the month before. After landing in New York City in December 2002, Headley was briefly detained by border inspectors who had been on the lookout for unusual travel patterns to hubs of terrorism such as Pakistan. However, the border inspectors found nothing amiss and soon released him. Headley married her at a Jamaican resort a few days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;washpostnycarrest&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/15/AR2010101505090.html<br /> | title = Before '08 Mumbai attacks, U.S. was warned key figure in plot had terror ties<br /> | author = Sebastian Rotella<br /> | newspaper = The Washington Post<br /> | date = October 16, 2010| access-date = October 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the summer of 2005, she confronted him after learning about his other marriages, and about his trips to the LeT training camps in Pakistan, Headley then proceeded to hit her during an argument at his Manhattan video store. After Headley was arrested for assault, his wife called a government hotline and disclosed his terrorist activities. She was subsequently interviewed three times by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s [[Joint Terrorism Task Force]]. The FBI, citing Headley's work for the DEA, did not consider him a threat despite the accusations leveled against him in 2001 and 2002. The FBI agent investigating the matter speculated that Headley's wife made her accusations because she had &quot;an axe to grind&quot; regarding his other marriage. Headley was never questioned, and the assault charge was eventually dropped. Headley later closed his video store.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2006, Headley's Canadian wife applied for a [[green card]] under the [[Violence Against Women Act]] which allows those in abusive relationships with United States citizens to proceed with their immigration intent, without relying on their initial spousal petitioners. During her immigration interview she made reference to Headley's radicalization and terrorist training; his [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] and [[Anti-Hinduism|anti-Hindu]] prejudices; and his praise for [[suicide bomber]]s. [[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|USCIS]] granted her a green card, but did not alert law enforcement about Headley because of strict privacy laws governing immigration cases which involve spousal abuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==26/11 (Mumbai plot)==<br /> ===Name change and ISI recruitment===<br /> By 2005, Headley's training had advanced to the point where he wanted to fight in Kashmir. Instead, Headley was referred to Sajid Mir, LeT's foreign recruiter. Under Mir's direction, Headley went to Philadelphia and [[name change|legally changed his name]] to David Coleman Headley, taking his mother's surname. Even though Pennsylvania law requires a background check for name changes, state officials apparently did not uncover Headley's previous drug convictions. The name change would make it easier for Headley to hide his Pakistani ancestry from Indian authorities, who have strict entry requirements for those of Pakistani descent.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2006, Headley established ties with Adbur Rehman Hashim &quot;Pasha&quot; Syed, a retired [[Pakistan Army]] major and LeT militant, who put him in touch with Major Iqbal, a mysterious figure who is believed to have coordinated LeT activity through his capacity as an ISI officer. Under sworn testimony, Headley recalled meeting Iqbal and his superior, a Pakistani [[colonel]], in a [[safe house]]. Iqbal and Mir reportedly became Headley's ISI handlers and oversaw his training in [[espionage]] techniques in preparation for a [[reconnaissance]] mission to Mumbai; he met with Iqbal and Mir separately so that the ISI could maintain [[plausible deniability]]. In February, Headley was again detained by border inspectors at New York's [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] after returning from Pakistan, and was again released. That month, he contacted his former DEA handler for the final time.&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Trips to Mumbai===<br /> Over the course of 2007, LeT's plot for the Mumbai attacks started to materialize, and the Western-looking Headley was considered the ideal militant to perform reconnaissance missions. Using $25,000 supplied to him by Iqbal, Headley opened a Mumbai branch office for Tahawwur Rana's immigration business—which Headley had already used to traffic heroin—as a [[front company]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/mumbai-case-offers-rare-picture-of-ties-between-pakistans-intelligence-serv/|title=Mumbai Case Offers Rare Picture of Ties Between Pakistan's Intelligence Service, Militants|date=May 2, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 2007 and 2008, Headley made five trips to Mumbai, scouting local landmarks where LeT terrorists would carry out the multi-pronged attack. Headley stayed at the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Palace Hotel]]—identified by Iqbal and Mir as their main target—and surveyed the building using his ISI training, shooting hours of video during in-house tours.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/david-headley/transcript/ | title=A Perfect Terrorist | publisher=[[PBS]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Iqbal and Mir were emboldened by Headley's intelligence and decided to make their attack more ambitious in scale. As they expanded their list of targets, Headley scouted the [[Oberoi Trident|Oberoi Trident Hotel]], the [[Leopold Cafe]], and the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]. When LeT decided to target the [[Nariman House]], a Jewish community center, Headley visited the location posing as a Jew.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://jta.org/news/article/2009/11/15/1009195/us-pakistani-posed-as-jew-to-case-mumbai-chabad |title=Pakistani American posed as Jew to case Mumbai Chabad |date=November 15, 2009 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119053227/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/11/15/1009195/us-pakistani-posed-as-jew-to-case-mumbai-chabad |archive-date=November 19, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headley also took boat tours to look for places where the attackers could reach the city through the waterfront; he found a landing location at a fishermen's slum in the [[Colaba]] area of southern Mumbai, where he gathered [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] coordinates. For the maritime reconnaissance, Headley received assistance from a [[frogman]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Did the U.S. Know More Than It Let On About Mumbai Attacks Suspect? |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/did-the-u-s-know-more-than-it-let-on-about-mumbai-attacks-suspect/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=FRONTLINE |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Denmark terrorist plot==<br /> ===First visit and Kashmiri allegiance===<br /> In October 2008, one month before the Mumbai attacks, Mir and Iqbal assigned Headley to scout the ''[[Jyllands-Posten]]'' newspaper in [[Copenhagen]], which they wanted to attack in retribution for its [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|publication of cartoons of Muhammad]]. Headley visited the editorial offices of ''Jyllands-Posten'' in January 2009, claiming to be interested in buying ad space. After meeting with the paper's advertising executive, Headley drove to ''Jyllands-Posten'''s newspaper building in [[Aarhus]] and met another executive there. Elsewhere during his trip, Headley collected video footage of Copenhagen, including the offices of ''Jyllands-Posten''; looked into leasing an apartment that could be used by LeT's attack team; and inquired about getting a job as a secretary. After being told by his LeT handlers that the plot would be put on hold, Headley became disenchanted with the group. Syed became Headley's new handler and introduced him to [[Ilyas Kashmiri]], leader of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], an Islamist organization active in Pakistan, India, and [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt20091118&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lisacurtis&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> In congressional testimony, a Heritage Foundation analyst said that Ilyas Kashmiri was a former Pakistani SSG commando and is now the leader of the Harakat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI).<br /> {{cite news |author=Lisa Curtis |date=March 11, 2010 |title=Bad company: Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the growing ambition of Islamist militancy in Pakistan |url=http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/cur031110.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100321193112/http://www.internationalrelations.house.gov/111/cur031110.pdf |archive-date=March 21, 2010 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;billroggio&quot;&gt;<br /> Roggio writes that Kashmiri is a longtime asset of Pakistan's military and intelligence services and was a commando in the SSG. In the early 1990s, Kashmiri was ordered by the military to join the Harkat-ul Jihad-i-Islami, and later the Jaish-e-Mohammed. When he refused, he dropped out of favor with the military.<br /> {{cite web |author=Bill Roggio |date=October 13, 2009 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri survived last month's airstrike in Pakistan |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/10/ilyas_kashmiri_survi.php |website=The Long War Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ===Second visit===<br /> <br /> Headley planned to return to Copenhagen during the summer of 2009. Kashmiri put him in contact with two al-Qaeda operatives: Simon and Bash, who were living in [[Derby]], England. However, when Headley visited Derby on July 26, 2009, Simon and Bash informed him that they did not want to participate in the Denmark plot and were unable to supply weapons, instead, offering him US$15,000 in financing. Headley then traveled to [[Stockholm]] to meet a Farid, a veteran militant. He was also unable to help Headley as he was under tight surveillance by the [[Swedish Police Authority]]. When Headley arrived in Copenhagen by train on July 31, he shot video of a [[Royal Danish Army]] [[barracks]] and approached drug dealers about acquiring guns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-23 |title=Northern District of Illinois {{!}} David Coleman Headley Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For Role In India And Denmark Terror Plots {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil/pr/david-coleman-headley-sentenced-35-years-prison-role-india-and-denmark-terror-plots |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rise and fall of Headley: From LeT to Chicago jail |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-remembering-26-11-rise-and-fall-of-headley-from-let-to-chicago-jail/20111128.htm |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Arrest and charges==<br /> Upon arriving at [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] in [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] on August 5, 2009, Headley was questioned by airport inspectors. By this point, the FBI had put Headley on a [[Terrorist Screening Database|watch list]] and engaged in a two-month surveillance operation, debriefing Headley's former DEA handler and reviewing records of past inquiries. Eventually, investigators began to suspect Headley of being involved with the Mumbai attacks. On October 9, Headley was arrested at [[Chicago]]'s [[O'Hare International Airport]] while he was attempting to travel to Pakistan to deliver the footage he collected in Denmark.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chicago man pleads guilty to terror plots |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/03/18/headley.plea/index.html |access-date=August 4, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his interrogation, Headley gave up information on [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeT]], [[Al-Qaeda]], the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], and various terror plots and methods. Supervised by federal agents, he helped set up a trap against a militant in [[Germany]] and attempted to lure Sajid Mir out of Pakistan. Despite this, Headley, along with Rana, was charged in his involvement with Kashmiri's plot against ''Jyllands-Posten''.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt20091118&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/world/asia/19mumbai.html | title = Ex-Military Officer in Pakistan Is Linked to 2 Chicago Terrorism Suspects |author1=DAVID JOHNSTON |author2=ERIC SCHMITT | newspaper= The New York Times | date= November 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headley was accused of traveling to Denmark to scout the ''Jyllands-Posten'' office and a nearby [[synagogue]].&lt;ref name=tribune&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/2009/10/31/in-alleged-terror-plot-a-troubling-twist/ |title=In alleged terror plot, a troubling twist |author= Sebastian Rotella |work=Chicago Tribune |date=October 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The FBI later additionally charged Headley of conspiring to bomb targets in the Mumbai attacks and [[Providing material support for terrorism|providing material support]] to LeT.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytguilty&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/17/us/17plea.html | title = Terror suspect likely to change plea | date = March 16, 2010| newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnnguilty&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/18/mumbai-terror-suspect-pleads-guilty/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323060404/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/18/mumbai-terror-suspect-pleads-guilty/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = March 23, 2010 | date = March 18, 2010 | title = Mumbai terror suspect pleads guilty | publisher = CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India's [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) registered a case against Headley and Rana for allegedly plotting the Mumbai attacks. After questioning Headley in Chicago for a week, the NIA requested a [[Delhi]] court to issue non-[[bail]]able warrants to arrest Headley and other conspirators.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu20100709&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=PTI news wire |date=July 9, 2010 |title=NIA seeks non-bailable warrant against Headley, Rana, Saeed |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/article507694.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711062006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article507694.ece |archive-date=July 11, 2010 |access-date=July 9, 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; the then Indian [[Home Minister of India-2009|Home Minister]] [[Palaniappan Chidambaram]] reported that U.S. authorities shared &quot;significant information&quot; about the case. U.S. [[Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs|Assistant Secretary of State]] [[Robert O. Blake, Jr.]] promised that India would have &quot;full access&quot; to question Headley, although the possibility of [[extradition|extraditing]] him appeared to be precluded by Headley's plea agreement with [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorney]] [[Patrick Fitzgerald]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindupleadoc&quot;&gt;{{cite news | newspaper = The Hindu | date = March 19, 2010| title = David Headley's Plea Agreement (PDF&amp;nbsp;– 61.27 KB) | author = International News section | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article258037.ece<br /> | location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chidambaram said they would continue to try to get him extradited.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersguilty&quot;&gt;<br /> India wants to interrogate Headley or be able to ask him questions in a court testimony, Chidambaram said.<br /> {{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62I1MC20100319 | title = India wants to question U.S. man on Mumbai attack | author = Nigam Prusty | date = March 19, 2010| work = Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; A classified Indian report, based on Headley's interrogation by Indian investigators in Chicago, concludes that some of Headley's scouting trips to Mumbai were financed and planned by the ISI.&lt;ref name=&quot;wapo_india_debriefing&quot; /&gt; When this report was leaked to U.S. media in October 2010, its conclusions were denied by Pakistani authorities.{{cn|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> In March 2009, Headley made another trip to India to conduct surveillance of the [[National Defence College, India|National Defence College]] in Delhi, and of [[Chabad House]]s in various cities in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindupleadoc&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Passport issues===<br /> Indian investigators were surprised at how easily Headley had obtained a visa to enter India, a process that is extremely difficult for Pakistani nationals and Pakistani-origin individuals. Headley's U.S. passport, his new American-sounding name, and the fact that the passport and his visa application made no mention of his prior name or his father's nationality, made it easy for him to obtain an Indian visa from the Indian consulate in Chicago. He falsely stated on his visa application that his father's name was William Headley and that his own name at birth was &quot;Headley&quot;, a claim that was difficult to refute since the [[United States passport|U.S. passport]], unlike the [[Indian passport|Indian one]], does not provide the father's name, and does not require endorsements on name changes by the passport holder.&lt;ref name=&quot;hinduvisa&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article70759.ece|title=Headley hid Pakistani origin from Indian consulate in Chicago|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 26, 2009|access-date=January 8, 2010| location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian government officials said that if the name change had been noted on his passport, Indian immigration officials would have been alerted during his multiple visits to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;medillreportschicago&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=172590 |title = Security expert discusses missed warnings on terrorist suspect |author = Allison Roy |publisher= Medill Reports Chicago |date = November 11, 2010|access-date = November 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415131254/http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=172590 |archive-date = April 15, 2013|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On his visits to India, Headley befriended several people, including [[Rahul Bhatt]],&lt;ref name=&quot;channel4hunch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Exclusive: I had a hunch he was an agent|author=Jonathan Miller|date=January 21, 2010|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/asia_pacific/exclusive+aposi+had+a+hunch+he+was+an+agentapos/3511062|website=Channel4.com|accessdate=April 9, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhatt said he never suspected Headley of any wrongdoing.&lt;ref name=&quot;channel4hunch&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===India's suspicion about U.S. relationship with Headley===<br /> While government officials in India cite full cooperation by U.S. authorities, the opposition parties and others in India have demanded explanations of why Headley was allowed to travel freely for years between India, [[Pakistan]], and the U.S., and why he was working undercover for the [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]]. Some Indian analysts have speculated that David Headley was a [[double agent]] for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] that had infiltrated LeT,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Headley-may-have-tipped-off-US-about-26/11/articleshow/5341976.cms |title=Headley may have tipped off US about 26/11- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=December 16, 2009 |access-date=March 18, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; an accusation denied by the CIA. &quot;Any suggestion that Headley was working for the CIA is complete and utter nonsense. It's flat-out false&quot;, Paul Gimigliano, from the CIA's Office of Public Affairs, said. As soon as Headley was arrested in Chicago, India's media had a barrage of questions for the government about him, whose answers were slow in coming. Among other questions, Indian investigators wanted the FBI to share its tapes of Headley's communications with his Pakistani handlers to match with the voices taped on cell phones during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatodayvoicetapes&quot;&gt;India is interested in finding out the identity of member A that figured in Headley's jihadi mails. The member A is believed to be none other than retired Pakistan army major Sajid Mir, one of the men who allegedly directed the Mumbai terrorists.{{cite magazine | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/mumbai-terror-strikes/story/india-seeks-headley-probe-tape-from-fbi-63333-2009-12-19 | title = India seeks Headley probe tape from FBI | last = Sangwan | first = Soni | magazine = India Today | date = December 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following intense coverage and speculation in India's media, then-U.S. ambassador [[Timothy J. Roemer]] in April 2010 told reporters in New Delhi that the United States was working at the &quot;highest level&quot; to provide India access to Headley, even as it was passing along answers to questions in &quot;real time&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hinduroemerdelhi&quot;&gt;Citing the U.S. legal system, ambassador Timothy Roemer said it was extraordinary to provide direct access to Headley.{{cite news| title = Access to Headley being worked out at the highest level: Roemer | newspaper = The Hindu | date = April 19, 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article405231.ece | location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> News reports in October 2010 revealed that U.S. authorities had much advance knowledge about Headley's terrorist associations and activities. Headley's American and Moroccan wives had contacted American authorities in 2005 and 2007, respectively, complaining about his terrorist activities. The Moroccan wife told reporters that she had even shown the U.S. embassy in Islamabad photographs of their stay at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] in Mumbai, warning them that he was doing something on behalf of Lashkar-e-Taiba.&lt;ref name=&quot;nycadvanceknowledge&quot;&gt; While working for Lashkar, which has close ties to the ISI, Headley was also enlisted by the Pakistani spy agency to recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, an American official said.{{cite news | title = U.S. Had Warnings on Plotter of Mumbai Attack | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/asia/17headley.html?pagewanted=all | date = October 16, 2010|author1=Jane Perlez |author2=Eric Schmitt |author3=Ginger Thompson | access-date = October 16, 2010|newspaper = The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since Headley's guilty plea, Home Minister [[Palaniappan Chidambaram|P. Chidambaram]] was repeatedly asked why the U.S. cannot extradite Headley to India. Analysts in some media outlets have speculated that the United States conspired to have Headley work undercover despite knowledge that he was involved in terrorism.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtvconspiracy&quot;&gt; A series of provocative questions about the relationship between the U.S. government and Headley.{{cite news | title = David Headley: Truth &amp; lies | publisher = NDTV | date = March 17, 2010| url = http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/david-headley-truth-lies-17915.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kahnsummary&quot;&gt;A summary of attitudes in the Indian press toward the U.S. government's relationship with Headley, possible motives, and the players, as of March 2010.{{cite news | url = http://thefastertimes.com/india/2010/03/22/headley-pleads-guilty-fueling-double-agent-speculation/ | title = Headley Pleads Guilty Fueling Double Agent Speculation | date = March 22, 2010| author = Jeremy Kahn | work = The Faster Times | access-date = March 22, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100324215201/http://thefastertimes.com/india/2010/03/22/headley-pleads-guilty-fueling-double-agent-speculation/ | archive-date = March 24, 2010| url-status = usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===NIA interrogation of Headley===<br /> In June 2010, US National Security Adviser [[James L. Jones|James Jones]] announced that India's [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) had been given access to Headley.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-granted-access-to-headley/629839/ |title=India granted access to Headley |work=The Indian Express|date=June 5, 2010 |access-date=November 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The investigation has confirmed that [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] terrorists carried out the Mumbai attack under the &quot;guidance&quot; of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI). Headley stated that the ISI was engaged with the Lashkar commanders responsible for the Mumbai deaths and injuries at each and every stage of the plot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 February 2016 |title=2008 Mumbai Attacks Plotter Says Pakistan's Spy Agency Played a Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/09/world/asia/david-headley-mumbai-attacks.html |access-date=13 August 2025 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, with the help of Ilyas Kashmiri, drafted Headley for the plan to attack the Danish newspaper ''Jylland Posten,'' which had published cartoons of Muhammad considered controversial by Muslims. Headley's original handler, Sajid Mir, wanted him to focus on Lashkar's anti-India mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Diwakar &amp; Vishwa Mohan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-guided-LeT-at-every-step-for-26/11/articleshow/6030261.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-10/india/28306715_1_lashkar-voice-samples-major-iqbal |url-status=live |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |title=ISI guided LeT at every step for 26/11 |date=June 10, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=November 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Headley has claimed that [[Ishrat Jahan case|Ishrat Jahan]], thought to be a case of staged police &quot;[[encounter killing]]&quot;, was a trained LeT suicide bomber.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ishrat-jahan-was-an-let-suicide-bomber-headley-to-nia-35665 |title=Ishrat Jahan was an LeT suicide bomber: Headley to NIA |publisher=NDTV |date=July 5, 2010 |access-date=November 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 31, 2011, however, Headley contradicted his previous statements, and testified that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) leadership was not involved in planning the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<br /> <br /> ===Pune attack claims===<br /> In relation to the [[2010 Pune blast]] at the German bakery that injured at least 53 people and killed 18, of whom 6 were foreigners,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url = http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/pune_blast_death_toll_rises_to_12.php|title=Abhishek, 24, victim 10 of Pune blasts|access-date=February 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)#Senior administrative officers|Home Secretary]], [[Gopal Krishna Pillai|G. K. Pillai]]&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters_pillai_headley&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Eight die in India's first big attack since Mumbai |date=February 13, 2010 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61C1MP20100213 |access-date=February 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215104340/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61C1MP20100213 |archive-date=February 15, 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ht&quot;/&gt; referred to Headley. The ''Hindustan Times'' stated that Headley had visited Pune in July 2008 and March 2009 and referred to him as a [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] member.&lt;ref name=&quot;ht&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Eight-killed-33-injured-in-Pune-terror-attack/H1-Article1-508520.aspx|title=Eight killed, 33 injured in Pune terror attack|access-date=February 13, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216023742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/eight-killed-33-injured-in-pune-terror-attack/h1-article1-508520.aspx|archive-date=February 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Hindustan Times'' reported that the CCTV footage which was accessed by the Investigating agency, could help solve the mystery. <br /> <br /> ===Review of U.S. handling of Headley===<br /> The United States Director of National Intelligence [[James R. Clapper]] conducted a review of slip-ups in handling Headley's involvement in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks. His report was shared with India's Union Home Ministry.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindureviewfindings&quot;&gt; &quot;The review finds that while some information relating to Headley was available to U.S. officials prior to the Mumbai attacks, under the policies and procedures that existed at the time, it was not sufficiently established that he was engaged in plotting a terrorist attack in India. Therefore, the U.S. government did not pass on information on Headley to the Indian government prior to the attacks,&quot; Clapper said.{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article875931.ece | title = Slip-ups over Headley issue: U.S. sends review findings to India | newspaper = The Hindu | author = Vinay Kumar | date = November 8, 2010| access-date = November 9, 2010<br /> | location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sentencing===<br /> {{wikinews|Mumbai 2008 attack plotter sentenced to 35 years}}<br /> On January 24, 2013, Headley was sentenced by U.S. District Judge [[Harry Leinenweber]] of the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]] in Chicago to 35 years in prison for his part in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. Leinenweber called Headley a terrorist and said he hoped he would die in prison, telling him he deserved to be executed. &quot;The sentence I impose, I'm hopeful it will keep Mr. Headley under lock and key for the rest of his natural life,&quot; Leinenweber said. &quot;That's what you deserve. I don't have any faith in Mr. Headley when he says he's a changed person and believes in the American way of life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=David Headley deserved death penalty: US judge |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/david-headley-deserved-death-penalty-us-judge/articleshow/18177361.cms?from=mdr |access-date=March 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headley could have been sentenced to life imprisonment, but federal prosecutors recommended a 35-year sentence in view of Headley's extensive cooperation with the government.&lt;ref name=&quot;SweeneySentence&quot;/&gt; Headley had provided details on the operations of the Pakistani terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba, which planned the Mumbai attacks, and information that he provided to the government led to charges against [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]] and six other terrorist figures.&lt;ref name=&quot;SweeneySentence&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Subsequent developments===<br /> The day after the sentence was imposed, the Indian government announced it would continue to seek Headley's extradition to India.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-21192257 David Headley: India for US Mumbai attacker's extradition], BBC (January 25, 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2013, it was reported that while imprisoned, Headley had written a memoir detailing his involvement with Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Mumbai attacks.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/David-Headley-writes-memoir-in-prison-reveals-details-of-26/11-attack/articleshow/47016403.cms David Headley writes memoir in prison, reveals details of 26/11 attack]. April 22, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2015, it was reported that the Mumbai police were seeking to take a [[Deposition (law)|deposition]] of Headley by video conference to provide evidence against [[Zabiuddin Ansari]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-cops-want-to-quiz-Headley-on-video-for-Jundal-trial/articleshow/47996503.cms Mumbai cops want to quiz Headley on video for Jundal trial], ''The Times of India'' (July 9, 2015).&lt;/ref&gt; On December 10, 2015, a Mumbai court pardoned Headley, making him an [[turn state's evidence|approver]] in the Mumbai case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-court-pardons-David-Headley-makes-him-an-approver-in-26/11-case/articleshow/50125617.cms Mumbai court pardons David Headley], ''The Times of India'' (December 10, 2015).David Headley alleges that Ishrat Jahan was a Lashkar-e-Taiba suicide bomber, suggest media reports [http://www.catchnews.com/national-news/ishrat-jahan-was-a-suicide-bomber-of-let-david-headley-tells-mumbai-court-8203-1455168389.html]&lt;/ref&gt; Deposition started in [[Bombay High Court]] via video conference on February 8, 2016. He told the court that LeT made two unsuccessful attempts to carry out terror attacks before finally striking in November 2008, once in September and again in October.{{cn|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> On February 9, 2016, it was reported that Headley had confessed to a Mumbai court about LeT and [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] having penetrated into the ranks of the [[Indian Army]], to work as spies. Headley also said that an attack had also been planned on the Indian defence scientists who were to meet at the conference hall in Taj Hotel, in Mumbai, in 2007. For this purpose, he added, he had carried out a [[reconnaissance]] on the naval air station, INS Kunjali, [[INS Shikra]] and the [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-planned-to-attack-defence-scientists-at-taj-hotel-david-headley/articleshow/50911931.cms?from=mdr LeT planned to attack defence scientists at Taj Hotel: David Headley], economictimes.indiatimes.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/527986/at-taj-defence-scientists-were.html At Taj, defence scientists were targets], deccanherald.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/let-planned-to-attack-defence-scientists-at-taj-hotel-headley/article8211950.ece LeT planned to attack defence scientists at Taj Hotel: David Headley], thehindubusinessline.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lashkar-planned-to-attack-defence-scientists-at-mumbais-taj-hotel-david-headley-1275322 LeT planned to attack defence scientists at Mumbai's Taj Hotel: David Headley], dailymotion.com. Accessed April 9, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lashkar-planned-to-attack-defence-scientists-made-taj-hotel-dummy-for-terror-training-307794-2016-02-09 LeT planned to attack defence scientists at Taj Hotel: David Headley], indiatoday.in. Accessed April 9, 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On July 24, 2018, it was reported that Headley was seriously injured after being attacked in prison, and subsequently admitted to the critical care unit of Evanston Hospital of the [[NorthShore University HealthSystem]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/david-headley-26-11-mumbai-attack-convict-david-coleman-headley-in-icu-after-attack-in-us-prison-say-1888546 26/11 Convict David Headley in ICU After Attack in US Prison: Reports], ndtv.com. Accessed 9 April 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media portrayals==<br /> He is portrayed by J. Brandon Hill in the 2015 Indian action thriller film ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'', and by Carl Andrew Harte in the 2025 Indian spy thriller film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9vLWKEBxQs Could the '08 Mumbai Attack Have Been Prevented? (American Terrorist)], PBS Frontline, via YouTube, 29 November 2023.<br /> <br /> * [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nia-team-in-chicago-to-question-headley-us-authorities-remain-mum/articleshow/6010473.cms?from=mdr NIA team in Chicago to question Headley; US authorities remain mum], economictimes.indiatimes.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.<br /> * [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/ilyas-kashmiri-had-plan-to-kill-lockheed-ceo-says-headley/ Ilyas Kashmiri had plan to kill Lockheed CEO says Headley], indianexpress.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.<br /> * [https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/rana-s-wife-calls-india-second-home/story-o5KDurwhvcJJONvoxM3fKM.html Rana's wife calls India second home], hindustantimes.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.<br /> * [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/headley-surveyed-german-bakery/ Headley surveyed German bakery], indianexpress.com. Accessed April 9, 2025.<br /> <br /> *[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/david-headley/? ''A Perfect Terrorist''] from [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] and [[ProPublica]] – originally aired November 22, 2011<br /> *[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/american-terrorist/? ''American Terrorist''] from [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] and [[ProPublica]] – originally aired April 21, 2015<br /> *[http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/8/obama_makes_no_mention_of_pakistani The Case of David Headley: Pakistani American DEA Informant at Center of 2008 Mumbai Attacks] – video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''<br /> <br /> {{2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> {{AmericanTerrorism}}<br /> {{PakistaniTerrorism}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Headley, David}}<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:American Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:American people convicted of murder]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Pakistani descent]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Danish sentiment]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]<br /> [[Category:Antisemitism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Antisemitism in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Antisemitism in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Cadet College Hasan Abdal alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Criminals from Philadelphia]]<br /> [[Category:Drug Enforcement Administration informants]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorism in Denmark]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorism in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba members]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:American Islamists]]<br /> [[Category:Participants in the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]<br /> [[Category:Criminals from Chicago]]<br /> [[Category:American people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]<br /> [[Category:American expatriates in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:American expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:American mass murderers]]<br /> [[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]<br /> [[Category:People convicted of murder by the United States federal government]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjit_Singh&diff=465659 2026-03-28T07:50:52Z

<p>Hayat hospital: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sikh Maharaja, 1801–1839}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{for|the Indian television series|Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)}}<br /> {{Redirect|Sher-e-Punjab|the Indian hockey team|Sher-e-Punjab (field hockey team)|the radio station|KRPI|other uses|The Lion of Punjab (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Ranjit Singh&lt;br /&gt;ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ&lt;br /&gt;رنجیت سنگھ<br /> | title = Maharaja of Punjab&lt;br /&gt;Maharaja of Lahore&lt;br /&gt; Sarkar-i-Wallah (Head of Government)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0#:~:text=%2Fsarak%C4%81ra%2F,are%20responsible%20for%20governing%20it. सरकार]. ''collinsdictionary.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Sarkar (surname)|Sarkar]] [[Khalsa]]ji&lt;br /&gt;[[Singh]] [[Sahib]]&lt;ref&gt;A history of the Sikhs by Kushwant Singh, Volume I (p. 195)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = Company School Oval painting of Ranjit (Detailed).png<br /> | caption = [[Company style|Company School]] portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow, Awadh, {{circa|1810–20}}<br /> | succession = 1st [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Maharaja of Sikh Empire]]<br /> | reign = 12 April 1801 – 27 June 1839<br /> | predecessor = ''Position established''<br /> | successor = [[Kharak Singh]]<br /> | cor-type = Investiture<br /> | coronation = 12 April 1801 at [[Lahore Fort]]<br /> | regent = [[Khushal Singh Jamadar]] {{small|(1801 – 1818)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Dhian Singh|Dhian Singh Dogra]] {{small|(1818 – 1839)}}<br /> | reg-type = [[Vizier|Wazir]]<br /> | succession1 = [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Maharaja of Kashmir]]<br /> | reign1 = 3 July 1819 – 27 June 1839<br /> | regent1 = {{Collapsible list<br /> | [[Moti Ram|Diwan Moti Ram]] {{small|(1819 – 1820; 1821 – 1826)}}<br /> | [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] {{small|(1820 – 1821)}}<br /> | Chuni Lal {{small|(1826 – 1827)}}<br /> | [[Diwan Kirpa Ram]] {{small|(1827 – 1831)}}<br /> | Bhama Singh Ardali {{small|(1831 – 1832)}}<br /> | [[Sher Singh]] {{small|(1832 – 1834)}}<br /> | Mihan Singh Kumedan {{small|(1834 – 1841)}}<br /> | Shaikh Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din {{small|(1841 – 1846)}}<br /> | [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]] {{small|(1846)}}}}<br /> | reg-type1 = [[Governor]]<br /> | predecessor1 = ''Position established''&lt;br&gt;([[Ayub Shah Durrani]] as the [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|Emir of Kashmir]])<br /> | successor1 = Kharak Singh<br /> | succession2 = [[Sukerchakia Misl#Leaders|Sardar of Sukerchakia Misl]]<br /> | reign2 = 15 April 1792 – 11 April 1801<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Maha Singh]]<br /> | successor2 = ''Position abolished''<br /> | dynasty = [[Sikh Empire]]<br /> | birth_name = Buddh Singh<br /> | birth_date = 13 November 1780&lt;ref name=&quot;pta1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Studies in Contemporary Indian History&amp;nbsp;– Punjab Through the Ages Volume 2|year=2007|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons, New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|page=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxtEFA5qqR8C&amp;q=ranjith%20singh&amp;pg=PA2|author=S.R. Bakshi, Rashmi Pathak|editor=S.R. Bakshi, Rashmi Pathak&lt;!--|access-date=2010--&gt;|chapter=1-Political Condition}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Haveli of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Sukerchakia Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1839|6|27|1780|11|13|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Sikh Empire]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)<br /> | burial_place = Cremated remains stored in the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], Lahore<br /> | spouse = [[Mehtab Kaur]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Datar Kaur]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Jind Kaur]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[#Wives|See list for others]]''<br /> | issue = [[Kharak Singh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sher Singh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Duleep Singh]]<br /> | issue-link = #Personal life#Issues<br /> | issue-pipe = among others...<br /> | house = [[Sukerchakia]]<br /> | father = [[Maha Singh]]<br /> | mother = [[Raj Kaur]]<br /> | signature = Handprint signature and Gurmukhi script seal of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who was illiterate in the official Perso-Arabic script of his empire.jpg<br /> | signature_type = Signature (handprint)<br /> | religion = [[Sikhism]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ranjit Singh''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ; [[Persian language|Persian]]: رنجیت سنگھ; {{Circa|13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839}}), born as '''Buddh Singh''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਬੁੱਧ ਸਿੰਘ), was the founder and first [[maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], ruling from 1801 until his death in 1839.<br /> <br /> Born to [[Maha Singh]], the leader of the [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia]] [[Misl]], Singh survived [[smallpox]] in infancy but lost [[Monocular vision#In human species|sight in his left eye]]. At the age of ten years old, he fought his first battle alongside his father. After his father died around Ranjit Singh's early teenage years, he became leader of the Misl. Ranjit was the most prominent of the Sikh leaders who opposed [[Zaman Shah Durrani|Zaman Shah]], the ruler of [[Durrani Empire]], during his third invasion. After Zaman Shah's retreat in 1799, he captured [[Lahore]] from the Sikh [[triumvirate]] which had been ruling the city [[Sikh period in Lahore#Sikh triumvirate|since 1765]]. At the age of 21, he was formally crowned at Lahore.&lt;ref name=&quot;eos-rs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Grewal6&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008|access-date=11 August 2012|archive-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216043951/http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before his rise, the Punjab had been fragmented into a number of warring [[Sikhs|Sikh]], [[Muslims|Muslim]], and [[Hindus|Hindu]] states.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|loc= p. 22: &quot;In 1799 between the Indus and the Satluj there were 68 territories quite independent of one another. They consisted of 25 Muslim states, 27 Hindu states and 16 Sikh states&quot;}} A large part of Punjab was under direct Durrani control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Hari Ram |last= Gupta|author-link=Hari Ram Gupta|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.VTheSikhLionOfLahoremaharajaRanjitSingh/page/n22/mode/2up?q=Sansar |title=The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799–1839) |date=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-8-121-50515-4 |series=History Of The Sikhs |volume=V |pages=22–23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt; By 1813, Ranjit Singh had successfully annexed the Sikh misls and taken over the local kingdoms;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ |title=Military History of India |date=1960 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-0-86125-155-1 |pages=8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the following decades saw the conquest of Durrani Afghan-ruled territories of [[siege of Multan (1818)|Multan]], [[Battle of Shopian|Kashmir]] and [[Capture of Peshawar (1834)|Peshawar]] into his expanding Sikh Empire. Ranjit Singh established friendly relations with the [[British East India Company|British]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=113–124}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his reign, Ranjit Singh introduced military reforms, structural changes in administration, and modernisation.&lt;ref name=tejasingh65/&gt;&lt;ref name=kaushikroyp143/&gt; His [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa army]] and government included Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus, and [[Foreign officials of the Sikh Empire|Europeans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&amp;pg=PA147 |year=2011|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4 |pages=143–147 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, including the rebuilding of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] in [[Amritsar]] as well as other major [[gurudwaras|gurdwaras]], such as the [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]] and the [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]] under his sponsorship despite being located outside of his realm.&lt;ref name=lafontp95/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kerry Brown|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgO-DldmSwC |year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-63136-0 |page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also founded the [[Order of the Propitious Star of Punjab]] in 1837.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |date=2015-05-04 |title=RANJIT SINGH, THE SHAWL, AND THE KAUKAB-I IQBĀL-I PUNJĀB |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2015.1023107 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1-2 |pages=83–107 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2015.1023107 |issn=1744-8727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son [[Kharak Singh]] after his death in 1839.<br /> <br /> ==Early years==<br /> Ranjit Singh was born in a [[Sandhawalia]] [[Jat Sikh]] family on 13 November 1780 to [[Maha Singh]] and [[Raj Kaur]] in [[Gujranwala]], Punjab region (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]). His mother [[Raj Kaur]] was the daughter of [[Sidhu]] Jat Sikh ruler [[Jind State|Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Arora&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Arora |first=A. C. |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Fauja |editor2-last=Arora |editor2-first=A. C. |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society, and Economy |year=1984 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-772-5 |oclc=557676461 |page=[https://archive.org/details/maharajaranjitsi0000unse/page/86/mode/2up 86] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDluAAAAMAAJ |chapter=Ranjit Singh's Relations with the Jind State |quote=Even before the birth of Ranjit Singh, cordial relations had been established between the Sukarchakia Misal and the Phulkian House of Jind. ... the two Sikh Jat chiefships had cultivated intimate relationship with each other by means of a matrimonial alliance. Maha Singh, the son of the founder of Sukarchakia Misal, Charat Singh, was married to Raj Kaur, the daughter of the founder of the Jind State, Gajpat Singh. The marriage was celebrated in 1774 at Badrukhan, then capital of Jind&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, with pomp and grandeur worthy of the two chiefships. ... Ranjit Singh was the offspring of this wedlock.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Patwant|last2=Rai|first2=Jyoti M.|title=Empire of the Sikhs: the life and times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|location=London|isbn=978-0720613230|page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|It has been argued that Ranjit Singh was born into a Jat clan (''got'' in Punjabi) named Sansi (which the Sandhawalias originate from), which is unrelated to the nomadic caste sharing the same name, leading to the misattribution of his origin to the Sansi caste by some.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810863446 |page=172 |quote=Sikhs remember Maharaja Ranjit Singh with respect and affection as their greatest ruler. Ranjit Singh was a Sansi and this identity has led some to claim that his caste affiliation was with the low-caste Sansi tribe of the same name. A much more likely theory is that he belonged to the Jat ''got'' that used the same name. The Sandhanvalias belonged to the same ''got''.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Birinder Pal |title='Criminal' Tribes of Punjab |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1136517860 |page=114 |quote=Ibbetson and Rose and later, Bedi, had clarified that the Sansis should not be confused with a Jat (Jutt) clan named Sansi to which perhaps Maharaja Ranjit Singh also belonged.}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}} Upon his birth, he was named Buddh Singh after his ancestor who was first in line to take the [[Amrit Sanchaar]]. The child's name was changed to Ranjit (literally, &quot;victor in battle&quot;) Singh (&quot;lion&quot;) by his father to commemorate his army's victory over the [[Chattha (clan)|Chattha]] chief [[Pir Muhammad Chattha|Pir Muhammad]] of Chattha State.&lt;ref name=eos-rs/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=58–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh contracted [[smallpox]] as an infant, which resulted in the loss of sight in his left eye and a pockmarked face.&lt;ref name=eos-rs/&gt; He was short in stature, unattractive, never schooled, and did not learn to read or write anything beyond the [[Gurmukhi]] alphabet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-19 |title=Ranjit Singh {{!}} Maharaja, Biography, Family, &amp; History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=56–57}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he was trained at home in horse riding, musketry and other martial arts.&lt;ref name=eos-rs/&gt;<br /> [[File:Painting of a young Ranjit Singh from the 'Iqbalnama-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh', circa first half of the 19th century (detail).png|thumb|Painting of a young Ranjit Singh from the ''Iqbalnama-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh'']]<br /> At age 12, his father died.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lafont2002p33&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jean Marie Lafont|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ |year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566111-8 |pages=33–34, 15–16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He then inherited his father's [[Sukerchakia Misl]] estates and was raised by his mother Raj Kaur, who, along with Lakhpat Rai, also managed the estates.&lt;ref name=eos-rs/&gt; The first attempt on his life was made when he was 13, by Hashmat Khan, but Ranjit Singh prevailed and killed the assailant instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |page= 6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At age 18, his mother died and Lakhpat Rai was assassinated, and thereon he was aided by his mother-in-law from his first marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p7&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |pages=7–8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Establishment of the Sikh Empire==<br /> {{main|Sikh Empire}}<br /> <br /> [[File:A watercolor portrait of Ranjit Singh.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Ranjit Singh, {{Circa|1816-1829}}]]<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> After the death of [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and declined in its ability to tax or govern most of the Indian subcontinent. In the northwestern region, particularly the Punjab, the creation of the [[Khalsa]] community of Sikh warriors by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] accelerated the decay and fragmentation of the Mughal power in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p60&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sunit Singh|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=60–61 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Raiding Afghans attacked the Indus river valleys but met resistance from both organised armies of the Khalsa Sikhs as well as irregular Khalsa militias based in villages. The Sikhs had appointed own ''[[zamindars]]'', replacing the previous Muslim revenue collectors, which provided resources to feed and strengthen the warriors aligned with Sikh interests.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p60&quot;/&gt; Meanwhile, colonial traders and the East India Company had begun operations in India on its eastern and western coasts.&lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p60&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> By the second half of the 18th century, the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and parts of north India) were a collection of fourteen small warring regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt; Of the fourteen, twelve were Sikh-controlled ''misls'' (confederacies), one named Kasur (near Lahore) was Muslim controlled, and one in the southeast was led by an Englishman named George Thomas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008| publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |pages=9–14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This region constituted the fertile and productive valleys of the five rivers – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith1920p690&quot;/&gt; The Sikh ''misls'' were all under the control of the Khalsa fraternity of Sikh warriors, but they were not united and constantly warred with each other over revenue collection, disagreements, and local priorities; however, in the event of external invasion such as from the Muslim armies of Ahmed Shah Abdali from Afghanistan, they would usually unite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Towards the end of 18th century, the five most powerful ''misls'' were those of Sukkarchakkia, Kanhayas, Nakkais, Ahluwalias and Bhangi Sikhs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lafont2002p33&quot;/&gt; Ranjit Singh belonged to the first, and through marriage had a reliable alliance with Kanhayas and Nakkais.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt; Among the smaller misls, some such as the [[Phulkian dynasty|Phulkian ''misl'']] had switched loyalties in the late 18th century and supported the Afghan army invasion against their Khalsa brethren.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt; The Kasur region, ruled by Muslims, always supported the Afghan invasion forces and joined them in plundering Sikh ''misls'' during the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military campaigns==<br /> <br /> ===Early conquest===<br /> Ranjit Singh's fame grew in 1797, at age 17, when the Durrani [[Zaman Shah Durrani|Shah Zaman]] attempted to bring Panjab into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers.&lt;ref name=eos-rs /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot; /&gt; The battle was fought in the territory that fell in Ranjit Singh's controlled misl, whose regional knowledge and warrior expertise helped resist the invading army. This victory at the [[Battle of Amritsar (1798)]] gained him recognition.&lt;ref name=eos-rs /&gt; In 1798, Zaman Shah army, which Ranjit Singh did not resist. He let them enter Lahore, then encircled them with his army, blocked off all food and supplies, and burnt all crops and food sources that could have supported the Afghan army. Much of the Afghan army retreated back to Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=eos-rs /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1799, Raja Ranjit Singh's army of 25,000 [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa]], supported by another 25,000 Khalsa led by his mother-in-law Rani Sada Kaur of Kanhaiya ''misl'', in a joint operation attacked the region controlled by [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]] Sikhs centered around Lahore. The rulers escaped, marking Lahore as the first major conquest of Ranjit Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=73–76}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sufi Muslim and Hindu population of Lahore welcomed the rule of Ranjit Singh.&lt;ref name=eos-rs /&gt; In 1800, the ruler of the Jammu region ceded control of his region to Ranjit Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Jean Marie Lafont|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ |year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566111-8 |page=64 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1801, Ranjit Singh proclaimed himself as the &quot;Maharaja of Punjab&quot;,{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} and agreed to a formal investiture ceremony, which was carried out by Baba [[Sahib Singh Bedi]] – a descendant of Guru Nanak. On the day of his coronation, prayers were performed across mosques, temples and gurudwaras in his territories for his long life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&amp;pg=PA129|year=2011|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-321-8|pages=129–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ranjit Singh called his rule &quot;Sarkar Khalsa&quot;, and his court &quot;Darbar Khalsa&quot;. He ordered new coins to be issued in the name of Guru Nanak named the &quot;NanakShahi&quot; (&quot;of the Emperor Nanak&quot;).&lt;ref name=eos-rs /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008| publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |page=35 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberoi1994p114&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=114–115 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Expansion===<br /> [[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh on horseback (with black hairs still visible in his beard), circa 1830–1839.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh on horseback (with black hairs still visible in his beard), circa 1830–1839]]<br /> In 1802, Ranjit Singh, aged 22, took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh ''misl'', paid homage at the [[Harmandir Sahib]] temple, which had previously been attacked and desecrated by the invading Afghan army, and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008| publisher=Peter Owen| isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0| pages=18, 177 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ranjit Singh's golden throne.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne]], c. 1820–1830, Hafiz Muhammad Multani, now at V &amp; A Museum.]]<br /> On 1 January 1806, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with the British officials of the East India Company, in which he agreed that his Sikh forces would not attempt to expand south of the Sutlej River, and the Company agreed that it would not attempt to militarily cross the Sutlej River into the Sikh territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Anita Anand|title=Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd4yBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13 |year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-63286-081-1 |page=12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1807, Ranjit Singh's forces attacked the Muslim-ruled principality of [[Kasur]] and, after a [[Battle of Kasur|month of fierce fighting]], defeated the Afghan chief Qutb-ud-Din, thus expanding his empire northwest towards Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=eos-rs&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |first=Kushwant |last=Singh |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M–R |edition=Third |pages=479–487 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/479/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year he also annexed the [[Sial dynasty|Sial]]-ruled [[Jhang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |publisher=Sage Publications India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351505044 |quote=When Ranjit Singh realised that Ahmad Khan Sial of Jhang had concluded a secret treaty with Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan, he annexed Jhang in 1807 and gave Ahmad Khan a jagir at Mirowal near Amritsar.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The most significant encounters between the Sikhs in the command of the Maharaja and the Afghans were in 1813, 1823, 1834 and 1837.&lt;ref name=Grewal6/&gt; In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general [[Dewan Mokham Chand]] led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Shah Mahmud]] led by Fateh Khan Barakzai. The Afghans lost their stronghold of [[Attock]] in [[Battle of Attock|that battle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=113–116}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1813–14, Ranjit Singh's first attempt to expand into Kashmir was foiled by Afghan forces led by [[Azim Khan]], due to a heavy downpour, the spread of cholera, and poor food supply to his troops.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 1819 at the [[Battle of Shopian]], he successfully defeated the Afghan rulers and annexed [[Kashmir valley]], stretching his rule into the north and the Jhelum valley, beyond the foothills of the Himalayas,&lt;ref name=eos-rs/&gt;&lt;ref name=iahmed1998/&gt; along with a yearly revenue of Rs seventy lacs. [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[Moti Ram]] was appointed governor of Kashmir.&lt;ref name=&quot;lee&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1789140101 |pages=170–190 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1818, Darbar's forces led by Kharak Singh and Misr Dewan Chand [[siege of Multan (1818)|occupied Multan]], killing [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]] and defeating his forces, leading to the end of Afghan influence in Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=252}}&lt;/ref&gt; The whole [[Bari Doab]] came under his rule with that conquest. With the defeat of the [[Nawab of Mankera]] in 1821,the entire [[Sind Sagar Doab]] came under subjugation by the Sikhs. In 1823, the [[Yusufzai (Pashtun tribe)|Yusufzai]] Pashtuns fought the army of Ranjit Singh north of the [[Kabul River]].&lt;ref name=patwantp120&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=120–124}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Coin of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.jpg|thumb|Coins were issued under the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.]]<br /> In 1834, Mohammed Azim Khan once again marched towards Peshawar with an army of 25,000 [[Khattak]] and [[Yusafzai]] tribesmen in the name of [[jihad]], to fight against the maharaja. The maharaja defeated the forces. Yar Mohammad Khan was pardoned and was reinvested as governor of Peshawar with an annual revenue of Rs one lac ten thousand to Lahore Darbar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=265}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1835, the Afghans and Sikhs met again at the [[Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1834–1835)|Standoff at the Khyber Pass]]; however, it ended without a battle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1cOAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=khyber+pass+1835&amp;pg=PA223|title=A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej|author=Joseph Davey Cunningham|date=1843|pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1837, the [[Battle of Jamrud]], became the last confrontation between the Sikhs led by him and the Afghans, which displayed the extent of the western boundaries of the Sikh Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |pages= 227–231, 246 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=roylorge100&gt;{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy |author2= Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|year=2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58710-1 |pages=100–103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 November 1838, the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh, the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the ''Dal Khalsa'' to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India.&lt;ref&gt;Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies'', Edison: CastleBooks, 2005 pp. 109–110.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1838, he agreed to a treaty with the British viceroy Lord Auckland to restore Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne in Kabul. In pursuance of this agreement, the British army of the Indus entered Afghanistan from the south, while Ranjit Singh's troops went through the Khyber Pass and took part in the victory parade in Kabul.&lt;ref name=britranjit&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja Ranjit Singh] Encyclopædia Britannica, Khushwant Singh (2015)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kenneth Pletcher|title=The History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&amp;q=ranjit+singh+entered+kabul&amp;pg=PA248|year=2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1615302017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Extent of the rule===<br /> The Sikh Empire, also known as the Sikh Raj and Sarkar-a-Khalsa,&lt;ref name=eos-Khalsa&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |first=Ganda |last=Singh |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Khalsa |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=II E–L |edition=Third |page=473 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/473/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-204-1 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; was in the Punjab region, the name of which means &quot;the land of the five rivers&quot;. The five rivers are the [[Beas River|Beas]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Sutlej]], [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], all of which are tributaries of the river [[Indus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Jean Marie Lafont|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ |year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566111-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The geographical reach of the Sikh Empire under Singh included all lands north of Sutlej River, and south of the high valleys of the northwestern Himalayas. The major towns at the time included Srinagar, Attock, Peshawar, Bannu, Rawalpindi, Jammu, Gujrat, Sialkot, Kangra, Amritsar, Lahore and Multan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith1920p690&quot;/&gt;{{Sfn|Marshall|2005|page=116}}<br /> <br /> Muslims formed around 70%, Hindus formed around 24%, and Sikhs formed around 6–7% of the total population living in Singh's empire&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=38 |number=26 |date=June–July 2003 |pages=2693–2701 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |title=Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective |first=Harish K. |last=Puri |jstor=4413731}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2694}}<br /> ==Administration==<br /> ===Governance===<br /> [[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh with two British officers.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh with two British officers, artist unknown, 19th century, gouache and gold on paper]]<br /> [[File:Darbar (royal court) of Maharaja Ranjit Singh being held outdoors using a large tent.jpg|thumb|[[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] (royal court) of Maharaja Ranjit Singh behind held outdoors using a large tent]]<br /> Ranjit Singh allowed men from different religions and races to serve in his army and his government in various positions of authority.&lt;ref&gt;Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. {{ISBN|978-81-7017-410-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His army included a few Europeans, such as the Frenchman [[Jean-François Allard]], and Italian Jewish [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]] though Singh maintained a policy of refraining from recruiting Britons into his service, aware of British designs on the Indian subcontinent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kuiper|first1=Kathleen|title=The culture of India|date=2010|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1615301492|page=136}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite his recruitment policies, he did maintain a diplomatic channel with the British; in 1828, he sent gifts to [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] and in 1831, he sent a mission to Simla to confer with the British Governor General, [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], which was followed by the [[Ropar Meeting]];&lt;ref name=prinsep152&gt;{{cite book|author=Henry Thoby Prinsep|title=Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, and Political Life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8bz-gg6mD4C |year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-02872-1 |pages=152–161 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while in 1838, he cooperated with them in removing the hostile emir in Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=roylorge100/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religious policies===<br /> [[File:Benares- The Golden Temple, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66).jpg|thumb|In 1835, Maharaja Ranjit Singh donated 1 tonne of gold for plating the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]'s dome.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371 |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |author=Matthew Atmore Sherring |publisher=Trübner &amp; co. |year=1868 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371/page/n93 51] |author-link=Matthew Atmore Sherring }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madhuri_2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Madhuri Desai |title=Resurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdD3MYnYey8C&amp;pg=PA30 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-52839-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> As consistent with many Punjabis of that time, Ranjit Singh was a secular king and followed the Sikh path.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The evolution of the Sikh community: five essays|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|date=1976|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-826529-8|location=Oxford|oclc=2140005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=K.S. |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |date=1993 |publisher=Abhinav Pubns |isbn=8170172446}}&lt;/ref&gt; His policies were based on respect for all communities: Hindu, Sikh and Muslim.&lt;ref name= Singh2011 /&gt; A devoted Sikh, Ranjit Singh restored and built historic Sikh [[Gurdwara]]s – most famously, the [[Harmandir Sahib]], and used to celebrate his victories by offering thanks at the Harmandir. He also joined the Hindus in their temples out of respect for their sentiments.&lt;ref name= Singh2011 /&gt; The veneration of cows was promoted and cow slaughter was punishable by death under his rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030308/windows/above.htm|title=The Tribune – Windows – This Above All|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Polk|first=William Roe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sikh+empire+anti+islamic&amp;pg=PA263|title=Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North|date= 2018 |publisher=Yale University Press|pages=263|isbn=978-0300222906 |author-link=William R. Polk}}&lt;/ref&gt; He ordered his soldiers to neither loot nor molest civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |pages= 25–26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He built several gurdwaras, Hindu temples and even mosques, and one in particular was Mai Moran Masjid, built at the behest of his beloved Muslim wife, [[Moran Sarkar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd |date=2001 |isbn=8121505402}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sikhs led by Singh never razed places of worship to the ground belonging to the enemy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=K.S. Duggal |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1989 |isbn=81-7017-244-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he did convert Muslim mosques into other uses. For example, Ranjit Singh's army desecrated Lahore's [[Badshahi Mosque]] and converted it into an ammunition store,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxnjJp_kpFkC&amp;pg=PA23|title=City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore|first=Bapsi|last=Sidhwa|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=7 January 2017|isbn=978-0143031666 |quote=In Lahore, just as he had grasped its historic citadel and put it to his own hardy use or desecrated the Badshahi Mosque and converted it into a functional ammuniation store...}}&lt;/ref&gt; and horse stables.&lt;ref name=amin95&gt;{{cite book|last1=Amin|first1=Mohamed |last2= Willetts|first2= Duncan|last3= Farrow|first3= Brendan|title=Lahore|date=1988|publisher=Ferozsons|isbn=978-9690006943|page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lahore's [[Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)|Moti Masjid]] (Pearl Mosque) was converted into &quot;Moti Mandir&quot; (Pearl Temple) by the Sikh army,&lt;ref name=amin95/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107067|year=1892|publisher=Printed at the New Imperial Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107067/page/n175 125]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Sunehri Masjid, Lahore|Sonehri Mosque]] was converted into a Sikh [[Gurdwara]], but upon the request of Sufi Fakir (Satar Shah Bukhari), Ranjit Singh restored the latter to a mosque.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107067|year=1892|publisher=Printed at the New Imperial Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107067/page/n343 221]–223, 339}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lahore's [[Mosque of Mariyam Zamani Begum|Begum Shahi Mosque]] was also used as a gunpowder factory, earning it the [[nickname]] ''Barudkhana Wali Masjid'', or &quot;Gunpowder Mosque.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maryam Zamani Mosque|journal=Journal of Central Asia|year=1996|volume=19|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University|page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh's sovereignty was accepted by Afghan and Punjabi Muslims, who fought under his banner against the Afghan forces of Nadir Shah and later Azim Khan. His court was ecumenical in composition: his prime minister, [[Dhian Singh]], was a Hindu ([[Dogras|Dogra]]); his foreign minister, [[Fakir Azizuddin]], was a Muslim; and his finance minister, Dina Nath, was also a Hindu ([[Brahmin]]). Artillery commanders such as Mian Ghausa were also Muslims. There were no forced conversions in his time. His wives Bibi Mohran, [[Gulbahar Begum|Gilbahar Begum]] retained their faith and so did his Hindu wives. He also employed and surrounded himself with astrologers and soothsayers in his court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=295}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ranjit Singh had also abolished the [[gurmata]] and provided significant patronage to the [[Udasi]] and [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] sect, leading to their prominence and control of Sikh religious affairs.{{refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&amp;pg=PR35 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |date= 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136451089 |pages=xxxv (35)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mann|first=Gurinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTCFDfh7Qv4C&amp;pg=PA150|title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America|date= 1993 |publisher=State University of New York Press|page=150|isbn=978-0791414255 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Van Die |first=Marguerite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxZqGT-IrJ4C&amp;pg=PA348 |title=Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date= 2001 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0802082459 |page=348}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzeCy_zL0Q8C&amp;pg=PA264 |title=Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality, and the Politics of Translation |date= 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51980-9 |page=264 |language=en |quote=As Khalsa Sikhs became more settled and as Ranjit Singh's rule became more autocratic, the Gurumata was effectively abolished, thereby ensuring that the doctrine of the Guru Panth would lose its efficacy. At the same time, however, Ranjit Singh continued to patronize Udasi and Nirmala ashrams. The single most important result of this was the more pronounced diffusion of Vedic and Puranic concepts into the existing Sikh interpretive frameworks}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> [[File:Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Darbar Sahib, by August Schoefft, ca.1840's–1855 after a sketch made by Schoefft in Amritsar in 1841 (pre-varnish removal).jpg|center|thumb|800x800px|{{center|Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to [[Guru Granth Sahib]] being recited near the [[Akal Takht]] and [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India]].}}]]<br /> <br /> ===Khalsa Army===<br /> {{For|the army commanders|List of generals of Ranjit Singh}} <br /> {{Main|Sikh Khalsa Army|Fauj-i-Ain|Fauj-i-Khas}}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Jean-François Allard.jpg<br /> | width1 = 145<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Alexander Gardner (soldier).jpg <br /> | width2 = 115<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = Ranjit Singh's army included Europeans. Left: [[Jean-François Allard]], Right: [[Alexander Gardner (soldier)|Alexander Gardner]]<br /> }}<br /> The army under Ranjit Singh was not limited to the Sikh community. The soldiers and troop officers included Sikhs, but also included Hindus, Muslims and Europeans.&lt;ref name=tejasingh56&gt;{{cite book|author1=Teja Singh|author2=Sita Ram Kohli|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C |year=1986|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|pages=56, 67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindu [[Brahmin]]s and people of all creeds and castes served his army,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |page= 128 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&amp;pg=PA147 |year=2011|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4 |pages=147 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while the composition in his government also reflected a religious diversity.&lt;ref name=tejasingh56/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C | title=Ranjit Singh: Maharaja of the Punjab | publisher=Penguin Books | author=Singh, Khushwant | year=2008 | location=New Delhi | isbn=978-0-143-06543-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; His army included Polish, Russian, Spanish, Prussian and French officers.&lt;ref name=kaushikroyp143/&gt; In 1835, as his relationship with the British warmed up, he hired a British officer named Foulkes.&lt;ref name=kaushikroyp143&gt;{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&amp;pg=PA147 |year=2011|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79087-4 |pages=143–144 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, the Khalsa army of Ranjit Singh reflected the regional population, and as he grew his army, he dramatically increased the Rajputs and the Sikhs who became the predominant members of his army.&lt;ref name=tejasingh65/&gt; In the Doaba region his army was composed of the Jat Sikhs, in Jammu and northern Indian hills it was Hindu Rajputs, while relatively more Muslims served his army in the Jhelum river area closer to Afghanistan than other major Panjab rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Teja Singh|author2=Sita Ram Kohli|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C |year=1986|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|pages=83–85}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Reforms====<br /> [[File:RanjitSingh by ManuSaluja.jpg|thumb|2009 portrait of Ranjit Singh wearing the [[Koh-i-Noor|Koh-i-noor]] diamond as an armlet.]]<br /> Ranjit Singh changed and improved the training and organisation of his army. He reorganised responsibility and set performance standards in logistical efficiency in troop deployment, [[Maneuver warfare|manoeuvre]], and [[marksmanship]].&lt;ref name=Singh /&gt; He reformed the staffing to emphasise steady fire over cavalry and guerrilla warfare, and improved the equipment and methods of war. The military system of Ranjit Singh combined the best of both old and new ideas. He strengthened the infantry and the artillery.&lt;ref name=tejasingh65&gt;{{cite book|author1=Teja Singh|author2=Sita Ram Kohli|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C |year=1986|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|pages=65–68}}&lt;/ref&gt; He paid the members of the standing army from treasury, instead of the Mughal method of paying an army with local feudal levies.&lt;ref name=tejasingh65/&gt;<br /> <br /> While Ranjit Singh introduced reforms in terms of training and equipment of his military, he failed to reform the old ''Jagirs'' (''Ijra'') system of Mughal middlemen.&lt;ref name=sunitsingh64/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brittlebank2008p65&quot;/&gt; The ''Jagirs'' system of state revenue collection involved certain individuals with political connections or inheritance promising a tribute (''nazarana'') to the ruler and thereby gaining administrative control over certain villages, with the right to force collect customs, excise and land tax at inconsistent and subjective rates from the peasants and merchants; they would keep a part of collected revenue and deliver the promised tribute value to the state.&lt;ref name=sunitsingh64/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grewal1998p115&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/114 114]–119 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=85–87 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These ''Jagirs'' maintained independent armed militia to extort taxes from the peasants and merchants, and the militia was prone to violence.&lt;ref name=sunitsingh64/&gt; This system of inconsistent taxation with arbitrary extortion by militia, continued the Mughal tradition of ill treatment of peasants and merchants throughout the Sikh Empire, and is evidenced by the complaints filed to Ranjit Singh by East India Company officials attempting to trade within different parts of the Sikh Empire.&lt;ref name=sunitsingh64/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brittlebank2008p65&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to historical records, Sunit Singh, Ranjit Singh's reforms focused on the military that would allow new conquests, but not towards the taxation system to end abuse, nor on introducing uniform laws in his state or improving internal trade and empowering the peasants and merchants.&lt;ref name=sunitsingh64&gt;{{cite book|author=Sunit Singh|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=62–65 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brittlebank2008p65&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kate Brittlebank|title=Tall Tales and True: India, Historiography and British Imperial Imaginings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnwMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Monash University Press|isbn=978-1-876924-61-4 |pages=65 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grewal1998p115&quot;/&gt; This failure to reform the ''Jagirs''-based taxation system and economy, in part led to a succession power struggle and a series of threats, internal divisions among Sikhs, major assassinations and coups in the Sikh Empire in the years immediately after the death of Ranjit Singh;&lt;ref name=&quot;Low1991p263&quot;/&gt; an easy annexation of the remains of the Sikh Empire into British India followed, with the colonial officials offering the ''Jagirs'' better terms and the right to keep the system intact.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sunit Singh|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=65–68 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Nicola Mooney|title=Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1B2vdLBizIC |year=2011|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9257-1 |pages=68–69 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Major|first1=Andrew J.|title=The Political Inheritance of Pakistan|editor=DA Low|publisher= Springer, Cambridge University Commonwealth Series| chapter=The Punjabi Chieftains and the Transition from Sikh to British Rule|year=1991| pages=53–85|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-11556-3_3|isbn= 978-1-349-11558-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Infrastructure investments====<br /> [[File:Maharaja Ranjit singh's treasure.jpg|thumb|A [[lithography|lithograph]] by [[Emily Eden]] showing one of the favourite horses of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his collection of jewels, including the [[Koh-i-Noor]]]]Ranjit Singh ensured that Panjab manufactured and was self-sufficient in all weapons, equipment and munitions his army needed.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaushikroyp143&quot; /&gt; His government invested in infrastructure in the 1800s and thereafter, established raw materials mines, cannon foundries, gunpowder and arms factories.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaushikroyp143&quot; /&gt; Some of these operations were owned by the state, and others were operated by private Sikh operatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaushikroyp143&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> However, Ranjit Singh did not make major investments in other infrastructure such as irrigation canals to improve the productivity of land and roads. The prosperity in his Empire, in contrast to the Mughal-Sikh wars era, largely came from the improvement in the security situation, reduction in violence, reopened trade routes and greater freedom to conduct commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sunit Singh|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=62–63 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Muslim accounts===<br /> 19th century Muslim historians and scholars such as Shahamat Ali, who experienced the Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's Empire and governance.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly1996p233&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Chitralekha Zutshi|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEluAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-521939-5 |pages=39–41 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals.&lt;ref name=&quot;bayly1996p233&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher Alan Bayly|title=Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC |year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66360-1 |pages=233 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The initial momentum for the Empire building in these accounts is stated to be Ranjit Singh led Khalsa army's &quot;insatiable appetite for plunder&quot;, their desire for &quot;fresh cities to pillage&quot;, and eliminating the Mughal era &quot;revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Low1991p263&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Clive Dewey | editor=D. A. Low|title=Political Inheritance of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ |year=1991|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-349-11556-3 |pages=263–265 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Ishtiaq Ahmed, Ranjit Singh's rule led to further persecution of Muslims in Kashmir, expanding{{clarify| reason=What does this word mean.| date=April 2021}} the previously selective persecution of Shia Muslims and Hindus by Afghan Sunni Muslim rulers between 1752 and 1819 before Kashmir became part of his Sikh Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;iahmed1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ishtiaq Ahmed|title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&amp;pg=PA140 |year=1998|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85567-578-0 |pages=139–140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikramjit Hasrat describes Ranjit Singh as a &quot;benevolent despot&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Bikramajit Hasrat|title=Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPgdAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|oclc= 6303625 | publisher=V.V. Research Institute|pages=83, 198}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The Muslim accounts of Ranjit Singh's rule were questioned by Sikh historians of the same era. For example, Ratan Singh Bhangu in 1841 wrote that these accounts were not accurate, and according to Anne Murphy, he remarked, &quot;when would a Musalman praise the Sikhs?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Anne Murphy|title=The Materiality of the Past: History and Representation in Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjYfoI6MC |year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991629-0 |pages=121–126 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, the colonial era British military officer Hugh Pearse in 1898 criticised Ranjit Singh's rule, as one founded on &quot;violence, treachery and blood&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander Gardner&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gardner|first=Alexander|title=Memoirs of Alexander Gardner&amp;nbsp;– Colonel of Artillery in the Service of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|year= 1898| chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/soldiertraveller00gardiala#page/210/mode/2up |publisher=William Blackwood &amp; Sons| pages=211|chapter=Chapter XII}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sohan Seetal disagrees with this account and states that Ranjit Singh had encouraged his army to respond with a &quot;[[tit for tat]]&quot; against the enemy, violence for violence, blood for blood, plunder for plunder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Sohan Singh Seetal|title=Rise of the Sikh Power and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1971|oclc=6917931| publisher=Dhanpat Rai|page=56}} (note: the original book has 667 pages; the open access version of the same book released by Lahore Publishers on archive.com has deleted about 500 pages of this book; see the original)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Decline===<br /> [[File:Fresco of Maharaja Ranjit Singh meeting with his potential heirs.gif|thumb|Fresco of Maharaja Ranjit Singh meeting with his potential heirs]]<br /> Singh made his empire and the Sikhs a strong political force, for which he is deeply admired and revered in Sikhism. After his death, the empire failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire began to decline. The British and Sikh Empire fought two [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh wars]] with the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|second]] ending the reign of the Sikh Empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberoi1994p207&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=207–208 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikhism itself did not decline.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oberoi1994p208&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC |year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=208–216 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Clive Dewey has argued that the decline of the empire after Singh's death owes much to the [[jagir]]-based economic and taxation system which he inherited from the Mughals and retained. After his death, a fight to control the tax spoils emerged, leading to a power struggle among the nobles and his family from different wives. This struggle ended with a rapid series of palace coups and assassinations of his descendants, and eventually the annexation of the Sikh Empire by the British.&lt;ref name=&quot;Low1991p263&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> ===Wives===<br /> {{anchor|Marriages}}<br /> <br /> {{Main|Wives of Ranjit Singh}}<br /> <br /> In 1789, Ranjit Singh married his first wife [[Mehtab Kaur]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Atwal&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020|title=Royals and Rebels|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; the muklawa happened in 1796.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lafont2002p33&quot; /&gt; She was the only daughter of [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]] and his wife [[Sada Kaur]]. She was the granddaughter of [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]], the founder of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]].&lt;ref name=eos-rs/&gt; This marriage was pre-arranged in an attempt to reconcile warring Sikh ''misls'', Mehtab Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in 1786. The marriage, however, failed, with Mehtab Kaur never forgiving the fact that her father had been killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father, and she mainly resided with her mother after marriage. The separation became complete when Ranjit Singh married [[Datar Kaur]] of the [[Nakai Misl]] in 1797 and she turned into Ranjit's most beloved wife.&lt;ref name=eos-mk&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sardar Singh |last=Bhatia |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Mahitab Kaur (d, 1813) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M–R |edition=3rd|page=19 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/19/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mehtab Kaur had three sons, [[Ishar Singh (Sikh prince)|Ishar Singh]] who was born in 1804 and died in infancy. In 1807 she had [[Sher Singh]] and [[Tara Singh (Sikh prince)|Tara Singh]]. According to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, she was the only one to bear the title of [[Maharani]]. She died in 1813, after suffering from failing health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p300&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C|title=Ranjit Singh|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|pages=300–301 footnote 35}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His second marriage was to, [[Datar Kaur]] (Born ''Raj Kaur'') the youngest child of [[Ran Singh Nakai]], the third ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]] and his wife [[Karmo Kaur|Karman Kaur]]. They were betrothed in childhood by Datar Kaur's eldest brother, ''Sardar Bhagwan Singh,'' who briefly became the chief of the Nakai Misl, and Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh. They were married in 1797;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiA3ygEACAAJ|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2020|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|isbn=978-1-78738-308-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; this marriage was a happy one and Ranjit Singh always treated Raj Kaur with love and respect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vaḥīduddīn, Faqīr Sayyid|title=The real Ranjit Singh|date=2001|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=81-7380-778-7|oclc=52691326}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fakir Waheeduddin in his family's memoir writes that Raj Kaur brought sweetness and light into Ranjit Singh's life. Since Raj Kaur was also the name of Ranjit Singh's mother, his wife was renamed to Datar Kaur. The name Datar means 'Giver' it was chosen for her due to her charitable and gentle nature. <br /> <br /> In 1801, she gave birth to their son and heir apparent, [[Kharak Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p7&quot; /&gt; Like his first marriage, the second marriage also brought him a strategic military alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p7&quot; /&gt; Along with wisdom and all the chaste virtues of a royal woman, Datar Kaur was exceptionally intelligent and assisted Ranjit Singh in affairs of the State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Tuberculosis: Poor Awareness Leads to Poor Control|journal=Journal of Sheikh Zayed Medical College|volume=11|issue=3|pages=1–2|doi=10.47883/jszmc.v11i03.158|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |s2cid=236800828|issn=2305-5235|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|expedition to Multan in 1818]], she was given command alongside her son, [[Kharak Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2FRAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=datar+kaur|title=Journal of Sikh Studies|date=2001|publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&amp;q=royals+and+rebels|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2021|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756694-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh&quot;&gt;{{Citation|section=Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh|date=2017|title=Emperor of the Five Rivers|publisher=I.B. Tauris|doi=10.5040/9781350986220.0008|isbn=978-1-78673-095-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> It is widely recognized that Datar Kaur had a great amount of influence on Ranjit Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4PXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=raj+kaur's+legendary+influence |title=The Sikh Review |date=1982 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout his life she remained Ranjit Singh's favorite wife and for no one did he have greater respect than for Datar Kaur, who he affectionately called ''Mai Nakain.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tibbetts|first=Jann|title=50 Great Military Leaders of All Time|publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited|year=2016|isbn= 978-9386834195}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eos-rk&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sardar Singh |last=Bhatia |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Raj Kaur (d. 1838) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M–R |edition=3rd |page=443 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/443/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Khushwant Singh|url=http://archive.org/details/ranjitsinghmahar0000khus_h0y2|title=Ranjit Singh Maharajah Of The Punjab 1780–1839|date=1962|publisher=George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd|others=Servants of Knowledge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Fakir|first1=Syed Waheeduddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEnRAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=the+real+ranjit+singh|title=The Real Ranjit Singh|last2=Vaḥīduddīn|first2=Faqīr Sayyid|date=1965|publisher=Lion Art Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzoE3_8sWFAC&amp;dq=nakahun&amp;pg=PA230 |title=Proceedings of Meetings |date=1926 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3ddqH-rw0C&amp;dq=nakahun&amp;pg=PA60 |title=Bengal, Past &amp; Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |date=1926 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&amp;dq=wayward+Ranjit+Singh&amp;pg=PA8 |title=Ranjit Singh |last2=Singh |first2=Kushwant |date=2009-03-24 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sood|first=D. R.|title=Ranjit Singh.|date=1981|publisher=National Book Trust|oclc=499465766}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Patwant|last=Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: the life and times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2013|publisher=Peter Owen Publishers|isbn=978-0-7206-1524-1|oclc=841311234}}&lt;/ref&gt; During a hunting trip with Ranjit Singh, she fell ill and died on 20 June 1838.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Khurana|first=Gianeshwar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=umdat-ut-tawarikh+mai+nakain|title=British Historiography on the Sikh Power in Punjab|date=1985|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-0-8364-1504-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Lala Sohan |last=Lal Suri|title=Umdat-ut-tawarikh ['Umdat at-tawārīh, engl.] An outstanding original source of Panjab history by Lala Sohan Lal Suri.|date=1961|oclc=163394684}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; The missionary reported on her death,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bHnf1rieYQC&amp;q=%22The+Maharajah+was+never+the+same+person+again.+He+was+no+longer+able+to+mount+his+horse+himself+and+had+to+be+lifted+into+the+saddle.+His+recovery+was+retarded+by+the+death+of+Mai+Nakain,+his+favourite+wife+and+companion+of+over+forty+years+.+He+took+the+Nakain's+death+to+heart+and+brooded+over+it+a+long+time%22 |title=The Missionary |date=1963 |publisher=Hardev Bahadur Singh |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwAeAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA230&amp;dq=nakahun&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjPyPj7qaCQAxW5O0QIHRnQO14Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=nakahun&amp;f=false |title=Proceedings of Meetings |date=1926 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;The Maharajah was never the same person again. He was no longer able to mount his horse himself and had to be lifted into the saddle. His recovery was retarded by the death of Mai Nakain, his favourite wife and companion of over forty years . He took the Nakain's death to heart and brooded over it a long time&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> [[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh with wives Wellcome V0045197.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh with some of his wives.<br /> ]]<br /> Ratan Kaur and Daya Kaur were wives of Sahib Singh Bhangi of [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] (a ''misl'' north of Lahore, not to be confused with the state of Gujarat).&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith1920p690&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Vincent Arthur Smith|title=The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p2gxAQAAMAAJ |year=1920|publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=690–693 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After Sahib Singh's death, Ranjit Singh took them under his protection in 1811 by marrying them via the rite of ''chādar andāzī'', in which a cloth sheet was unfurled over each of their heads. The same with Roop Kaur, Gulab Kaur, Saman Kaur, and Lakshmi Kaur who looked after Duleep Singh when his mother Jind Kaur was exiled. Ratan Kaur had a son [[Multana Singh]] in 1819, and Daya Kaur had two sons [[Kashmira Singh]] and [[Pashaura Singh]] in 1821.&lt;ref name=eos-dkr&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sardar Singh |last=Bhatia |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Daya Kaur, Rani (died 1843) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=I A–D |edition=3rd |page=539 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/539/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-100-6|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=eos-rkr&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sardar Singh |last=Bhatia |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Ratan Kaur, Rani |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M-R |edition=3rd|page=491 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/491/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jind Kaur]], the final spouse of Ranjit Singh. Her father, Manna Singh Aulakh, extolled her virtues to Ranjit Singh, who was concerned about the frail health of his only [[heir]] Kharak Singh. The Maharaja married her in 1835 by 'sending his arrow and sword to her village'. On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to [[Duleep Singh]], who became the last Maharaja of the [[Sikh Empire]].&lt;ref name=eos-jkm&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Hasrat |first1=B. J. |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Jind Kaur, Maharani (1817–1863) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=II E–L |edition=3rd |pages=381–384 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/381/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-204-1 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His other wives included, Mehtab Devi of Kangara also called Guddan or Katochan and Raj Banso, daughters of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra.<br /> <br /> He was also married to Rani Har Devi of Atalgarh, Rani Aso Sircar and Rani Jag Deo According to the diaries, that [[Duleep Singh]] kept towards the end of his life, these women presented the Maharaja with four daughters. Dr. Priya Atwal notes that the daughters could be adopted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atwal&quot;/&gt; Ranjit Singh was also married to Jind Bani or Jind Kulan, daughter of Muhammad Pathan from Mankera and Gul Bano, daughter of Malik Akhtar from Amritsar.<br /> [[File:Genealogical notes of Sikh emperors from the Lahore Durbar, focusing on their wives and children, from the personal notebook and copybook of Duleep Singh, ca.1855–60.jpg|thumb|Genealogical notes on Sikh emperors from the Lahore Durbar, focusing on their wives and children, from the personal notebook and copybook of Duleep Singh, ca.1855–60. The many wives of Ranjit Singh and their children are enumerated.]]<br /> Ranjit Singh married many times, in various ceremonies, and had twenty wives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anand2015p13&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Anita Anand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd4yBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13|title=Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63286-081-1|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|publisher=Peter Owen|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lepel Griffin|Sir Lepel Griffin]], however, provides a list of just sixteen wives and their pension list. Most of his marriages were performed through chādar andāz.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=raj+&amp;pg=PA468|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars note that the information on Ranjit Singh's marriages is unclear, and there is evidence that he had many concubines. Dr. Priya Atwal presents an official list of Ranjit Singh's thirty wives.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; The women married through chādar andāzī were noted as concubines and were known as the lesser title of [[Rani]] (queen).&lt;ref name=&quot;Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh&quot;/&gt; While Mehtab Kaur and Datar Kaur officially bore the title of [[Maharani]] (high queen), Datar Kaur officially became the Maharani after the death of Mehtab Kaur in 1813. Throughout her life was referred to as [[Empress consort|Sarkar Rani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Lala Sohan |last=Lal Suri|title=Umdat Ul Tawarikh}}&lt;/ref&gt; After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's youngest widow Jind Kaur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: lord of the five rivers|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-566111-7|location=New Delhi|oclc=49618584}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Khushwant Singh in an 1889 interview with the French journal ''[[Le Voltaire (newspaper)|Le Voltaire]]'', his son Dalip (Duleep) Singh remarked, &quot;I am the son of one of my father's forty-six wives.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2008p300&quot; /&gt; Dr. Priya Atwal notes that Ranjit Singh and his heirs entered a total of 46 marriages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|title=Royals and Rebels|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Ranjit Singh was known not to be a &quot;rash sensualist&quot; and commanded unusual respect in the eyes of others.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&amp;q=rash|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-410-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faqir Sayyid Vaḥiduddin states: &quot;If there was one thing in which Ranjit Singh failed to excel or even equal the average monarch of oriental history, it was the size of his harem.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vaḥīduddīn|first=Faqīr Sayyid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaQGAQAAIAAJ|title=The Real Ranjit Singh|date=1965|publisher=Lion Art Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt; George Keene noted, &quot;In hundreds and in thousands the orderly crowds stream on. Not a bough is broken off a wayside tree, not a rude remark to a woman&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Issues ===<br /> <br /> ==== Sons ====<br /> * [[Kharak Singh]] (22 February 1801 – 5 November 1840) was the eldest and the favorite of Ranjit Singh from his second wife, Datar Kaur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&amp;q=favourite+wife |title=Ranjit Singh |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He succeeded his father as the [[Maharaja]].<br /> * [[Ishar Singh (Sikh prince)|Ishar Singh]] (1804–1805) son of his first wife, Mehtab Kaur. This prince died in infancy.<br /> * [[Sher Singh]] (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was the elder of the twins of Mehtab Kaur. He briefly became the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.<br /> * [[Tara Singh (Sikh prince)|Tara Singh]] (4 December 1807 – 1859) younger of the twins born of Mehtab Kaur.<br /> * [[Multana Singh]] (1819–1846) son of Ratan Kaur.<br /> * [[Kashmira Singh]] (1821–1844) son of Daya Kaur.<br /> * [[Pashaura Singh]] (1821–1845) younger son of Daya Kaur.<br /> * [[Duleep Singh]] (4 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), the last ''[[Maharaja]]'' of the [[Sikh Empire]]. Ranji Singh's youngest son, the only child of Jind Kaur.<br /> <br /> [[File:Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_in_Darbar_with_sons_and_officials._Signed_by_Imam_Bakhsh.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh in [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] with sons and officials. Signed by Imam Bakhsh]]<br /> According to the pedigree table and [[Duleep Singh]]'s diaries that he kept towards the end of his life another son Fateh Singh was born to Mai Nakain, who died in infancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Emperor of the Five Rivers |date=2017 |section=Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh |publisher=I.B. Tauris |doi=10.5040/9781350986220.0008 |isbn=978-1-78673-095-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Henry Edward Fane only Datar Kaur and Jind Kaur's sons are Ranjit Singh's biological sons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fane |first1=Henry Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rZFAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=colburn+%22five+years+in+india%22&amp;pg=PR1 |title=Five Years in India, Volume 1, Chapter VII |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1842 |page=120 |access-date=4 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Lady Login's Recollections |publisher=Smith, Elder &amp; Co, London |year=1916 |page=85 |chapter=Chapter VII |access-date=4 August 2016 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ladyloginsrecoll00logirich#page/n9/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is said that [[Ishar Singh (Sikh prince)|Ishar Singh]] was not the biological son of Mehtab Kaur and Ranjit Singh, but only procured by Mehtab Kaur and presented to Ranjit Singh who accepted him as his son.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |title=The Panjab chiefs: historical and biographical notices of the principal families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |oclc=777874299}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tara Singh (Sikh prince)|Tara Singh]] and [[Sher Singh]] had similar rumours, it is said that Sher Singh was the son of a chintz weaver, Nahala and Tara Singh was the son of Manki, a servant in the household of [[Sada Kaur]]. Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported, &quot;Though reported to be the Maharaja's son, Sher Singh's father has never thoroughly acknowledged him, though his mother always insisted on his being so. A brother of Sher, Tara Singh by the same mother, has been even worse treated than himself, not being permitted to appear at court, and no office given him, either of profit or honour.&quot; ''Five Years in India'', Volume 1, Henry Edward Fane, London, 1842{{full citation needed|date=June 2022}}{{page needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> [[Multana Singh]], [[Kashmira Singh]] and [[Pashaura Singh]] were sons of the two widows of Sahib Singh, Daya Kaur and Ratan Kaur, whom Ranjit Singh took under his protection and married. These sons, are said to be, not biologically born to the queens and only procured and later presented to and accepted by Ranjit Singh as his sons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jc8NAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=raj |title=Ranjit Síngh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia |date=1898 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Daughters ====<br /> It is unknown how many daughters were fathered by Ranjit Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Patwant |title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |last2=Rai |first2=Jyoti M. |date=Aug 1, 2013 |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |isbn=9780720615241 |edition=2nd |quote=The number of daughters fathered by Ranjit Singh has remained a mystery to this day in the absence of any conclusive evidence. The closest the authors of this book have come to finding an answer was the discovery of a page in a handwritten diary kept by the Maharajas youngest son, Dalip Singh. In this diary, which we chanced upon in Britain, Dalip Singh had entered the names of three women (whether wives or concubines was unclear) who had borne the Maharaja four daughters. Only the mothers are named, as Jagdeo (one daughter), Hurdsir (two) and Aso Sircar (one).}}&lt;/ref&gt; The only known reference to Ranjit Singh fathering daughters is a handwritten note by Duleep Singh which records that four daughters were born to his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The names of these four daughters was not written but the names of their mothers were, namely Jagdeo and Aso Sircar, who bore one daughter each, and Hurdsir, who bore two daughters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dr. Priya Atwal notes that the daughters could have been adopted as it was common for nobility to adopt children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001 |title=Royals and Rebels |date=2020-11-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-754831-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Punishment by the Akal Takht===<br /> [[File:Akali Phula Singh punishing Maharaja Ranjit Singh.jpg|thumb|[[Akali Phula Singh]] addressing Maharaja Ranjit Singh about his transgressions|left]]<br /> [[File:Miniature painting of Moran Sarkar, a Muslim nautch dancer of the court Ranjit Singh and a claimed wife of his.jpg|thumb|Miniature painting of Moran Sarkar, a Muslim [[nautch]] dancer of the court Ranjit Singh and a claimed wife of his]]{{See also|Prohibitions in Sikhism}}<br /> In 1802, Ranjit Singh married [[Moran Sarkar]], a Muslim [[nautch girl]]. This action, and other non-[[Sikh]] activities of the Maharaja, upset orthodox Sikhs, including the [[Nihang]]s, whose leader [[Akali Phula Singh]] was the [[Jathedar]] of the [[Akal Takht]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kartar&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Kartar|title=Stories from Sikh History: Book–VII|date=1975|publisher=Hemkunt Press|location=New Delhi|page=160}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Ranjit Singh visited [[Amritsar]], he was called outside the Akal Takht, where he was made to apologise for his mistakes. Akali Phula Singh took Ranjit Singh to a tamarind tree in front of the Akal Takht and prepared to punish him by flogging him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kartar&quot; /&gt; Then Akali Phula Singh asked the nearby Sikh pilgrims whether they approved of Ranjit Singh's apology. The pilgrims responded with ''[[Sat Sri Akal]]'' and Ranjit Singh was released and forgiven. An alternative holds that Ranjit went to visit Moran on his arrival in [[Amritsar]] before paying his respects at [[Harmandir|Harmandir Sahib Gurdwara]], which upset orthodox Sikhs and hence was punished by Akali Phula Singh. [[Iqbal Qaiser]] and [[Manveen Sandhu]] make alternative accounts of the relationship between Moran and the Maharaja; the former states they never married, while the latter states that they married. Court chronicler, Sohan Lal Suri makes no mention of Moran's marriage to the Maharaja or coins being struck in her name. Bibi Moran spent the rest of life in Pathankot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Graham|first=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azwhCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=moran+sarkar&amp;pg=PA206|title=Scarlet Women: The Scandalous Lives of Courtesans, Concubines, and Royal Mistresses|date=2016|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-250-06263-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duleep Singh makes a list of his father's queens which also does not mention Bibi Moran.<br /> <br /> [[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Darbar with sons and officials. Signed by Imam Bakhsh.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh in [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] with sons and officials. Signed by Imam Bakhsh]]<br /> <br /> ==Death and legacy==<br /> <br /> ===Death===<br /> [[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh's funeral.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh's funeral. ca. 1840]]<br /> [[File:Samadhi of Ranjit Singh 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]] is located in [[Lahore]], Pakistan, adjacent to the iconic [[Badshahi Mosque]].]]<br /> In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith1920p690&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kartar Singh Duggal|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&amp;pg=PA107 |year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-410-3|pages=107–108 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the chronicles of Ranjit Singh's court historians and the Europeans who visited him, Ranjit Singh took to alcohol and [[opium]], habits that intensified in the later decades of his life.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |pages= 6, 253–254 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Macintyre2008p154&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Ben Macintyre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6XLFu1xMOMC |title=The Man Who Would Be King: The First American in Afghanistan |publisher=Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4668-0379-4 |pages=154–157}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5McDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA133 |title=Defending British India Against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807–13 |date=2016 |publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer |isbn=978-1-78327-129-0 |page=133 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anand2015p13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britranjit&quot; /&gt; According to William Dalrymple, Ranjit Singh had been washed with water from the Ganges, paid homage to the Guru Granth Sahib, and was fixated on an image of Vishnu and Lakshmi just before his death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPVrDgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT98 |title=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond |last2=Anand |first2=Anita |date=2017-06-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-8885-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Four of his Hindu wives- Mehtab Devi (Guddan Sahiba), daughter of Raja Sansar Chand, Rani Har Devi, the daughter of Chaudhri Ram, a Saleria Rajput, Rani Raj Devi, daughter of Padma Rajput and Rani Rajno Kanwar, daughter of Sand Bhari along with seven Hindu concubines with royal titles committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] by voluntarily placing themselves onto his funeral pyre as an act of devotion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anand2015p13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Altekar|first=Anant S.|page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC&amp;pg=PA131|title=The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day |year=1956 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120803244}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh is remembered for uniting Sikhs and founding the prosperous Sikh Empire. He is also remembered for his conquests and building a well-trained, self-sufficient Khalsa army to protect the empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ian Heath|title=The Sikh Army 1799–1849|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bT8UvgAACAAJ|year= 2005|publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn= 978-1-84176-777-2|pages= 5–8}}&lt;/ref&gt; He amassed considerable wealth, including gaining the possession of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] of Afghanistan, which he left to [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]] in 1839.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;''The Real Ranjit Singh''; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, {{ISBN|81-7380-778-7}}, 2001, 2nd ed.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Isabel Burton|title=Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egyyNGelXQcC |year= 2012|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-108-04642-8|page=168}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gurdwaras===<br /> Perhaps Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the Harmandir Sahib, the most revered Gurudwara of the Sikhs, which is now known popularly as the &quot;Golden Temple&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA64 |year= 2016|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-874557-0|pages=64–65}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of the present decoration at the Harmandir Sahib, in the form of gilding and marblework, was introduced under the patronage of Singh, who also sponsored protective walls and a water supply system to strengthen security and operations related to the temple.&lt;ref name=lafontp95&gt;{{cite book|author=Jean Marie Lafont|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ |year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566111-8 |pages=95–96 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also directed the construction of two of the most sacred Sikh temples, being the birthplace and place of assassination of Guru Gobind Singh – [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]] and [[Takht Sri Hazur Sahib]], respectively – whom he much admired.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The nine-storey tower of [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]] was constructed during his reign.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Teja |first=Charanjit Singh |date=29 March 2021 |title=Guru's legacy muralled on wall in Gurdwara Baba Attal Rai |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/gurus-legacy-muralled-on-wall-in-gurdwara-baba-attal-rai-231518 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129121258/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/gurus-legacy-muralled-on-wall-in-gurdwara-baba-attal-rai-231518 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{wide image|Golden temple pano.jpg|800px|The [[Harmandir Sahib]] (also known as the Golden Temple) was completely renovated by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.}}<br /> [[File:Statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Amritsar 01.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ranjit Singh in [[Amritsar]].]]<br /> <br /> ===Memorials and museums===<br /> *[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan, marks the place where Singh was cremated, and four of his queens and seven concubines committed sati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sati-choice-before-maharaja-ranjits-ranis-99411 |title='Sati' choice before Maharaja Ranjit's Ranis |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/empire/architecture.html#arch5 |title=Nishan Sahib Khanda Sikh Symbols Sikh Museum History Heritage Sikhs |website=www.sikhmuseum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *On 20 August 2003, a 22-foot-tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Ranjit|title=Parliament to get six more portraits, two statues|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Parliament-to-get-six-more-portraits-two-statues/articleshow/138337.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512235014/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-20/india/27212843_1_new-portraits-patriots-and-politicians-statues|archive-date=12 May 2013|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|date=20 August 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *A museum at [[Ram Bagh Palace]] in Amritsar contains objects related to Singh, including arms and armour, paintings, coins, manuscripts, and jewellery. Singh had spent much time at the palace in which it is situated, where a garden was laid out in 1818.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum, Amritsar|url=http://www.punjabmuseums.gov.in/museum.php?mid=8|publisher=Punjab Museums|access-date=11 August 2012|archive-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714112220/http://punjabmuseums.gov.in/museum.php?mid=8|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *On 27 June 2019, a nine-foot bronze statue of Singh was unveiled at the Haveli Maharani Jindan, [[Lahore Fort]] at his 180th death anniversary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statue of Ranjit Singh unveiled on his 180th death anniversary|date=28 June 2019|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1490828|access-date=29 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been vandalised several times since, specifically by members of the [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore vandalised by a man because Singh had converted a mosque into a horse stable|date=12 December 2020|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/323914-raja-ranjit-singhs-lahore-statue-vandalised-for-the-second-time|access-date=13 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Anil |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh's statue in Pakistan vandalised by activist of banned far-right outfit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/maharaja-ranjit-singh-statue-pakistan-vandalised-tlp-activist-1841863-2021-08-17 |website=India Today |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=17 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Exhibitions ===<br /> <br /> * ''Ranjit Singh: Sikh, Warrior, King'' ([[The Wallace Collection]], London; 10 April–20 October 2024) – co-curated by the Wallace Collection's director, Xavier Bray, and scholar of Sikh art, Davinder Singh Toor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wigh |first=Sonia |date=30 June 2024 |title=Ranjit Singh's world: An exhibition in London traces his reign |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/ranjit-singhs-world-an-exhibition-in-london-traces-his-reign-635460/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Crafts ===<br /> {{Main|Thathera}}<br /> <br /> In 1783, Ranjit Singh established a crafts colony of Thatheras near [[Amritsar]] and encouraged skilled metal crafters from [[Kashmir]] to settle in [[Jandiala Guru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112387|title=Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making from Punjab gets inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO, 2014.|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=1 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the year 2014, this traditional craft of making brass and copper products was enlisted on the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|List of Intangible Cultural Heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845|title=UNESCO – Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=1 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] is now working under Project Virasat to revive this craft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/age-old-craft-of-thatheras-to-get-new-life/articleshow/64715430.cms|title=Jandiala utensils: Age-old craft of thatheras to get new life |date=24 June 2018|first=Yudhvir |last=Rana |website=The Times of India – Chandigarh News|language=en|access-date=1 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Recognition===<br /> In 2020, Ranjit Singh was named as &quot;Greatest Leader of All Time&quot; in a poll conducted by '[[BBC]] World Histories Magazine'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharaja-ranjit-singh-named-greatest-world-leader-in-bbc-poll/articleshow/74497790.cms?from=mdr | title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh named greatest world leader in BBC Poll | newspaper=The Economic Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/history/article/sikh-warrior-maharaja-ranjit-singh-voted-the-greatest-leader-of-all-time-2v8b9f86c | title=Sikh warrior Maharaja Ranjit Singh beats Winston Churchill as the greatest leader of all time }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/greatest-leaders-bbc-poll-095652054.html?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAJaMwBAAE288T_HclBWkzwsLxPweg2Nn8WPfbosMaAhXIKRoTSHXmpZgh8N51m4_bO-TwyRstziCh5e8n87VnxTorf66A3WGQ_SfJgnLH-iyehO555eB_h0YRjxGHDbjpkS7gRfTABKz0XlHVu1dKEk1x0lhZB64e4z7d8CT3yqB | title=Sikh warrior voted greatest leader of all time in BBC poll | date=5 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh'', a [[documentary film]] directed by Prem Prakash covers his rise to power and his reign. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Films Division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/maharaja-ranjit-singh|access-date=12 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Saeed Jaffrey]] portrayed Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the 1974 French series, [[:fr:Le_soleil_se_lève_à_l'est|Le Soleil se Lève à L'est]] (The Sun Rises in the East) based on lives of [[Jean-François Allard]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]]. <br /> *In 2010, a TV series titled ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' aired on [[DD National]] based on his life which was produced by [[Raj Babbar]]'s Babbar Films Private Limited. He was portrayed by Ejlal Ali Khan.<br /> *''Maharaja: The Story of Ranjit Singh'' (2010) is an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language animated film directed by Amarjit Virdi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maharaja: The Story of Ranjit Singh |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81035398 |website=[[Netflix]] |language=en |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207131408/https://www.netflix.com/title/81035398 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A teenage Ranjit was portrayed by Damanpreet Singh in the 2017 TV series titled ''[[Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]''. It aired on [[Life OK]] produced by [[Contiloe Entertainment]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Baradari of Ranjit Singh]]<br /> * [[History of Punjab]]<br /> * [[Charat Singh]]<br /> * [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]<br /> * [[List of generals of Ranjit Singh]]<br /> * [[Koh-i-Noor]]<br /> * [[Battle of Balakot]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shah-ismail-shaheed-ebooks|title=Shah Ismail Shaheed|website=Rekhta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamhouse.com/en/books/51908|title=Strengthening the Faith – English – Shah Ismail Shaheed|first=Shah Ismail|last=Shaheed|website=IslamHouse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GoogleBooks&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=LFaIp-8BEDoC&amp;dq=shah+ismail+shaheed&amp;pg=PT4 Profile of Dehlvi on books.google.com website] Retrieved 16 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> {{Notelist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book|last=Jacques|first=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport|page=419|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|year=2006}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Heath|first=Ian |title=The Sikh Army 1799–1849 |publisher=Osprey Publishing (UK) |location=Oxford |year=2005 |isbn=1-84176-777-8 }}<br /> *Lafont, Jean-Marie ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2002 {{ISBN|0-19-566111-7}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Marshall|first=Julie G.|title=Britain and Tibet 1765–1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan|edition= Revised and Updated to 2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-33647-5}}<br /> *Sandhawalia, Preminder Singh ''Noblemen and Kinsmen: history of a Sikh family''. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1999 {{ISBN|81-215-0914-9}}<br /> *Waheeduddin, Fakir Syed ''The Real Ranjit Singh''; 2nd ed. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1981 {{ISBN|81-7380-778-7}} (First ed. published 1965 Pakistan).<br /> *{{cite book |last=Griffin |first=Sir Lepel Henry |date=1909 |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/1a220ede-cc22-443e-8995-44375197aead |location=The National Archives |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |isbn=978-8175365155 |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041105/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/1a220ede-cc22-443e-8995-44375197aead |url-status=dead }}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *''Umdat Ut Tawarikh by [[Sohan Lal Suri]]'', Published by Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar .<br /> * ''The Real Ranjit Singh'' by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, {{ISBN|81-7380-778-7}}, 2001, 2nd ed. First ed. published 1965 Pakistan.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial'', by St. Nihal Singh. Published by Languages Dept., Punjab, 1970.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times'', by J. S. Grewal, Indu Banga. Published by Dept. of History, Guru Nanak Dev University, 1980. <br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh'', by Harbans Singh. Published by Sterling, 1980.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh'', by K. K. Khullar. Published by Hem Publishers, 1980. <br /> * ''The reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh: structure of power, economy and society'', by J. S. Grewal. Published by Punjab Historical Studies Dept., Punjabi University, 1981.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh, as patron of the arts'', by Mulk Raj Anand. Published by Marg Publications, 1981. {{ISBN|978-1812601555}}.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society, and Economy'', by Fauja Singh, A. C. Arora. Published by Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, 1984. {{ISBN|978-8173807725}}. <br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Times'', by Bhagat Singh. Published by Sehgal Publishers Service, 1990. {{ISBN|81-85477-01-9}}.<br /> * ''History of the Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh'', by Shri Ram Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications, 1991. {{ISBN|978-9992275481}}.<br /> * ''The Historical Study of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times'', by Kirpal Singh. Published by National Book Shop, 1994. {{ISBN|81-7116-163-4}}.<br /> * ''An Eyewitness account of the fall of Sikh empire: memories of Alexander Gardner'', by Alexander Haughton Campbell Gardner, Baldev Singh Baddan, Hugh Wodehouse Pearse. Published by National Book Shop, 1999. {{ISBN|81-7116-231-2}}.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms'', by Kartar Singh Duggal. Published by Abhinav Publications, 2001. {{ISBN|81-7017-410-4}}.<br /> * ''Fauj-i-khas Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His French Officers'', by Jean Marie Lafont. Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7770-048-0}}.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh'', by Mohinder Singh, Rishi Singh, Sondeep Shankar, National Institute of Panjab Studies (India). Published by UBS Publishers' Distributors with National Institute of Panjab Studies, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7476-372-4}},.<br /> * ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers'', by Jean Marie Lafont. Published by Oxford University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0195661118}}.<br /> * ''The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar'', by Amarinder Singh. Published by Roli Books, 2010.{{ISBN|978-81-743677-9-2}} <br /> * ''Glory of Sikhism'', by R. M. Chopra, Sanbun Publishers, 2001. Chapter on &quot;Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh&quot;.<br /> * ''Ranjit Singh, Maharajah of the Punjab'', by Khushwant Singh Published by Penguin, 2001. {{ISBN|9780-14-10068-4-0}}. <br /> * ''Ranjit Singh – Monarch Mystique'', by Vanit Nalwa. Publishedc by Hari Singh Nalwa Foundation Trust, 2022. {{ISBN|978-81-910526-1-9}}.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Wikiquote-inline}}<br /> *{{commons category-inline}}<br /> *[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010408/spectrum/main6.htm Detailed article on Ranjit Singh's Army]<br /> * {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/Runjeet-Singh, and his Suwarree of Seiks|Runjeet-Singh, and his Suwarree of Seiks]]}}, painted by W Harvey and engraved by G Presbury for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838, with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PP8|section=picture|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA6-IA2|section=poetical illustration|page=7|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Biographies<br /> *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ranjit Singh|volume=22|page=892}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box|title=Leader of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]|before=[[Charat Singh]]|after=None|years=1792–1839}}<br /> {{succession box|title=[[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]|before=None|after=[[Kharak Singh]]|years=1801–1839}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikh Empire |state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ranjit}}<br /> [[Category:Ranjit Singh| ]]<br /> [[Category:Misl leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh emperors|Ranjit Singh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gujranwala]]<br /> [[Category:1780 births]]<br /> [[Category:1839 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian warriors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Lahore]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basawan&diff=472882 2026-03-26T11:13:03Z

<p>Hayat hospital: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mughal Indian artist (active 1580–1600)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> [[File:A Court Scene, Folio from a Manuscript of Sadi's Gulistan (Rose Garden) LACMA M.79.9.12.jpg|thumb|A Court Scene from Sadi's ''Gulistan'' (Rose Garden), 1596]]<br /> '''Basāwan''', or '''Basāvan''' (flourished 1580–1600), was an Indian miniature painter in the [[Mughal painting|Mughal style]]. He was known by his contemporaries as a skilled colorist and keen observer of human nature, and for his use of portraiture in the illustrations of ''[[Akbarnama]]'', [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar]]'s official Biography, which is seen as an innovation in [[Indian art]].&lt;ref name=art&gt;[http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml Illustration from the Akbarnama: History of Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919035749/http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml |date=2009-09-19 }} [[Art Institute of Chicago]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Little is known of the life of Basawan. He was an [[ahir]] from Uttar Pradesh who became a court painter for [[Akbar]], where he came under the influence of [[Abd al-Samad]]. Only four artists have been commented on in the Ain-i-Akbari. It includes Sayyid Ali, Abd al-Samad, Daswanth and Basawan. Basawan's son [[Manohar Das]] succeeded him as a court painter. His family still lives in their heritage home in Kala Mahal, [[Agra]]. Currently, the family is holding a manufacturing and export business of handmade carpets (Diamond Carpets).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seyller |first=John |date=2011 |title=Basawan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23220223 |journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum |volume=48 |pages=119–134 |issn=1423-0526}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Work==<br /> [[File:Basawan. Jain-Ascetic-Walking-Along-a-Riverbank-ca.1600..jpg|thumb|A [[Jain]] ascetic walking along a riverbank, c .1600.]]<br /> <br /> Over 100 paintings are attributed to Basawan. His earliest mention is found in an illustrated version of Tutinama c. 1556–61. Most of them are illustrations for manuscripts. In many of them, Basawan was the designer, in collaboration with a second artist who supplied the color. Among the works that can definitely be attributed to Basawan are illustrations for the ''Razmnama'', the ''[[Akbar-nama]]'', the ''[[Darab Nama|Darab-nama]]'', the ''Baharistan of Jami'' and the ''Timur-name''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=268–270|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture| author1=Bloom, Jonathan| author2=Blair, Sheila S.| year=2009| place= New York| publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Basawan was one of the first Indian artists to be interested in western techniques, inspired by the European paintings brought to Akbar's court by Jesuit missionaries. It can be seen in his use of strong contrasts of light and shade, although Western influence is never predominant in his work. Basawan was also noted for his exploration of space, the delineation of his backgrounds, the strength of his colors, and the strong, moving characterizations of his subjects. [[Abu al-Fadl 'Allami]], historiographer for Akbar, wrote about Basawan: &quot;In designing and portrait painting and colouring and painting illusionistically... he became unrivalled in the world&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Basavan&quot;, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite these significant contributions to [[Mughal art|Mughal Art]], he is not recognized on a wide scale outside of academia regarding art in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<br /> <br /> ==Citations==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *&quot;Basavan&quot;, in ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 12 March 2009 from ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54676/Basavan<br /> *Rizvi, S. A. A., &quot;Basawan&quot;, ''[[Academic American Encyclopedia]]'', 1991 edition, volume 3, p.&amp;nbsp;101.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401 The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Basawan<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Basawan}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male painters]]<br /> [[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian portrait painters]]<br /> [[Category:Painters from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br /> [[Category:Date of death unknown]]<br /> [[Category:Date of birth unknown]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Puducherry&diff=501097 2026-03-26T08:10:32Z

<p>Hayat hospital: made initial details first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Territorial government of Puducherry}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{infobox government<br /> | government_name = {{collapsible list<br /> | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;<br /> | title = {{resize|1.25em|Government of Puducherry}}<br /> | {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=padding-top:0.5em;font-size:76%;font-weight:normal;<br /> | rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[French language|French]]: |data1={{lang|Fr|Gouvernement de Poudouchéry}}<br /> | rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: |data2={{lang|ta|புதுச்சேரி அரசு}}<br /> | rowclass3 = mergedrow |label3=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: |data3={{lang|te|పుదుచ్చేరి ప్రభుత్వము}}<br /> | rowclass4 = mergedrow |label4=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]:|data4={{lang|Ml|പുതുച്ചേരി സർക്കാർ}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> | image = Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png<br /> | image_size =200<br /> | division_type = [[Seat of government|Seat of Government]]<br /> | division = Puducherry Legislative Assembly Building, Puducherry<br /> | website = {{URL|puducherry.gov.in}}<br /> | leader_type = [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor]]&lt;br&gt;{{Small|(Head of the state)}}<br /> | leader_title = [[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]]<br /> | leader_type2 = [[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]&lt;br&gt;{{Small|(Head of the government)}}<br /> | leader_title2 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]<br /> | leader_type3 = [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]<br /> | leader_title3 =<br /> | leader_type4 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]<br /> | leader_title4 = Sharat Chauhan , [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://puducherry-dt.gov.in/&gt;pages}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | headquarters = Puducherry Government Secretariat, Goubert Avenue, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]<br /> | departments = 44<br /> | legislature_label = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly]]<br /> | legislature = {{ubl|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]}}<br /> | speaker_label = [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Speaker]]<br /> | speaker = [[Embalam R. Selvam]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | deputy_speaker_label = [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Deputy Speaker]]<br /> | deputy_speaker = [[P. Rajavelu]], [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]<br /> | members_in_assembly_label = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members in Assembly]]<br /> | members_in_assembly = [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|33 (30 elected &amp; 3 nominated)]]<br /> | branch4 = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary branch]]<br /> | court_name = [[High courts of India|High Court]]<br /> | court = [[Madras High Court]]<br /> | chief_justice_label = [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]]<br /> | chief_justice = [[Munishwar Nath Bhandari]]<br /> | seat = [[Chennai]]<br /> |deputy_chairman_label=[[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairmen|Deputy Chairman]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Government of Puducherry''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Putuccēri aracu}}, [[Malayalam]]: {{transliteration|ml|ISO|Puthucheri sarkkaar}}, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: {{transliteration|te|ISO|Puduccēri prabhutvamu}}, [[French language|French]]: {{transliteration|fr|ISO|Gouvernement de Poudouchéry}}) is the union territorial government for the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]. It is headed by the [[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India|Lieutenant Governor]] of Puducherry. Its capital is located at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<br /> <br /> == Government and administration ==<br /> <br /> === Lieutenant governor ===<br /> {{ see also|Governors of Puducherry}}<br /> The Lt. Governor is appointed by the [[President of India|President]] for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the [[Chief Minister]] and his council of ministers, who are appointed by the President. The Governors of the [[states and territories of India]] have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the [[President of India]] at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all [[constitutional]] functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister, sending reports to the President about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/the_states.php |title=The States |publisher=Government of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323155549/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/the_states.php |archivedate=2008-03-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]] is the present Lt. Governor.<br /> The Governor enjoys many different types of powers:<br /> #'''Executive powers''' related to administration, appointments and removals.<br /> #'''Legislative powers''' related to lawmaking and the state legislature.<br /> #'''Discretionary powers''' to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor.<br /> [[File:Le_palais_du_Gouvernement_(Pondichéry,_Inde)_(13995096515).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Raj Niwas, Pondicherry|Raj Niwas, Puducherry]], official residence of the [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]]]<br /> The legislative branch comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same.<br /> All members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 30 elected members and 3 members nominated by Central Government.The elected members select one of its own members as its chairman who is called the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]]. The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is also elected by the members. The conduct of meeting in the house is the responsibility of the Speaker.<br /> <br /> The main function of the [[Legislative Assembly|assembly]] is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be finally approved by the governor before it becomes applicable.<br /> <br /> The normal term of the legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of [[State of Emergency in India|state of emergency]] is in operation, the said period will be extended by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] by Laws for a period not exceeding one year at a time.<br /> <br /> The [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|last elections]] to the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] were held in April–May 2021.<br /> <br /> === Judiciary ===<br /> [[File:Chennai_High_Court.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Madras High Court]], [[Chennai]]]]<br /> The [[Madras High Court]] is the court for this territory, which is the same for [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a court of record and has all the powers of such a court including the authority to punish an individual for [[contempt of court]]. Like all other [[High Courts of India]], this court also consists of a [[Chief Justice]] and other judges who are appointed by the President of India. Every [[judge]] including the Chief Justice is appointed by the President of India by Warrant under his hand and seal. Every permanent and additional judge will continue in office until the age of 62.<br /> <br /> ===Executive===<br /> Like in other Indian states, the Executive arm of the state is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. It consists of the Governor, the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers. The Chief Minister and the council of ministers also have been appointed by the governor. Governor summons prorogues and dissolves the legislature. He can close the [[legislative assembly]] on the recommendations by the Chief Minister. [[Judiciary]] has been separated from the executive in Pondicherry like other Indian states.<br /> <br /> ==== Chief Minister ====<br /> {{ see also|Chief Ministers of Puducherry}}<br /> The executive authority is headed by the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]], who is the [[de facto]] head of the territory and is vested with most of the executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]. Generally, the winning party decides the chief minister. In many cases, the party focuses a chief ministerial candidate during the election.<br /> <br /> ==== Council of Ministers ====<br /> {{main|Fourth Rangaswamy ministry}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S.No<br /> !Name <br /> !Constituency <br /> !colspan=2|Department <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1.<br /> | '''[[N. Rangaswamy]]'''&lt;br /&gt;[[List of Chief Ministers of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|(since 7 June 2021)}} <br /> |[[Thattanchavady (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Thattanchavady]]<br /> |<br /> *Finance.<br /> *Planning.<br /> *Port.<br /> *General Administration.<br /> *Local Administration.<br /> *Revenue &amp; Excise.<br /> *Health &amp; Family Welfare.<br /> *Confidential &amp; Cabinet.<br /> |<br /> *Cooperation.<br /> *Hindu Religious Institutions.<br /> *Wakf Board.<br /> *Science, Technology &amp; Environment.<br /> *Information &amp; Publicity.<br /> *Town &amp; Country Planning.<br /> *'''Any other department not allotted&lt;br /&gt; to any other Minister'''.<br /> | [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]<br /> |bgcolor=#FFC000|<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''<br /> |-<br /> | 2.<br /> | '''[[A. Namassivayam]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(since 27 June 2021)}}<br /> |[[Mannadipet (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mannadipet]]<br /> |<br /> *Home.<br /> *Electricity.<br /> *Industries &amp; Commerce.<br /> |<br /> *Education including&lt;br /&gt; Collegiate Education.<br /> *Sports &amp; Youth Affairs.<br /> *Sainik Welfare.<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> | 3.<br /> | '''[[K. Lakshminarayanan]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(since 27 June 2021)}} <br /> |[[Raj Bhavan (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Raj Bhavan]]<br /> |<br /> *Public Works.<br /> *Tourism &amp; Civil Aviation.<br /> *Fisheries &amp; Fishermen Welfare.<br /> |<br /> *Law.<br /> *Information Technology.<br /> *Stationery &amp; Printing.<br /> | [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]<br /> |bgcolor=#FFC000|<br /> |-<br /> | 4.<br /> | '''[[C. Djeacoumar]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(since 27 June 2021)}} <br /> |[[Mangalam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Mangalam]]<br /> |<br /> *Agriculture.<br /> *Animal Husbandry &amp; Animal Welfare.<br /> *Forest &amp; Wildlife.<br /> |<br /> *Social Welfare.<br /> *Backward Class Welfare.<br /> *Women &amp; Child Development.<br /> | [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]<br /> |bgcolor=#FFC000|<br /> |-<br /> | 5.<br /> | '''[[P. R. N. Thirumurugan]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(since 14 March 2024)}} <br /> |[[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]]<br /> |<br /> *Transport.<br /> *Adi Dravidar Welfare.<br /> *Housing.<br /> |<br /> *Labour &amp; Employment.<br /> *Art &amp; Culture.<br /> *Economics &amp; Statistics.<br /> | [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]<br /> |bgcolor=#FFC000|<br /> |-<br /> | 6.<br /> | '''[[A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar]]'''&lt;br&gt;{{small|(since 27 June 2021)}}<br /> |[[Ossudu (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Ossudu]]<br /> |<br /> *Civil Supplies &amp; Consumer Affairs.<br /> *DRDA.<br /> *Community Development.<br /> |<br /> *Urban Basic Services.<br /> *Fire Services.<br /> *Minority Affairs.<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot;|<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Departments===<br /> * Accounts and Treasuries<br /> * Adi Dravidar Welfare<br /> * Agriculture<br /> * Animal Husbandry<br /> * Arts &amp; Culture<br /> * Chief Vigilance Office<br /> * Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs<br /> * Commercial Taxes<br /> * Co-operative Societies<br /> * Economics &amp; Statistics<br /> * Elections<br /> * Electricity<br /> * Fire Service<br /> * Fisheries &amp; Fishermen Welfare<br /> * Forestry &amp; Wild Life<br /> * Government Automobile Workshop<br /> * Health &amp; Family Welfare Services<br /> * Higher &amp; Technical Education<br /> * Hindu Religious Institutions<br /> * Industries &amp; Commerce<br /> * Information &amp; Publicity<br /> * Information Technology<br /> * Labour<br /> * Law<br /> * Local Administration<br /> * Personnel and Administrative Reforms<br /> * Planning &amp; Research<br /> * Police<br /> * Port<br /> * Prisons<br /> * Public Works<br /> * Revenue and Disaster Management<br /> * Rural Development<br /> * School Education<br /> * Science, Technology &amp; Environment<br /> * Social Welfare<br /> * Stationery &amp; Printing<br /> * Tourism<br /> * Town and Country Planning<br /> * Transport<br /> * Women &amp; Child Development<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> Pondicherry is a Union territory currently ruled by the [[All India N.R. Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] alliance. The state assembly has 33 seats out of which 30 are elected by the people. The [[All India N.R. Congress]] has 10 seats and its alliance partner [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] has 6 seats, thus taking the government's majority to 16 seats. [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] is the main opposition party with 6 seats. There are 6 [[Independent politician|independent]] candidates elected by the people. The remaining 3 candidates from Central Government (NDA) have been appointed by [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.py.gov.in/ Official Website of Puducherry]<br /> *[http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/ Official website of Madras High Court]<br /> <br /> {{Puducherry}}<br /> {{Government of India by state or territory}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Puducherry| ]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_metro_station_(Bengaluru)&diff=514915 2026-03-24T05:47:10Z

<p>Hayat hospital: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple &amp; Pink Line interchange station}}<br /> {{About|the Bangalore Metro station|other metro stations with the same name|Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (disambiguation){{!}}Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Mahatma Gandhi Road<br /> | type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple|line2=Pink}}<br /> | style = Namma Metro<br /> | image = MG Road metro station (2024) 01.jpg<br /> | image_caption = [[Church Street, Bangalore|Church Street]] entrance of the station, October 2024<br /> | address = [[M G Road, Bangalore|M.G. Road]], Shivaji Nagar, Bengaluru, [[Karnataka]] 560001<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.975536|77.606830|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}<br /> | structure = [[Elevated]]<br /> | platform = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} [[Side platform]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} &lt;br&gt;Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}&lt;br&gt;{{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} [[Island platform]]&lt;br&gt;Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}&lt;br&gt;Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = 5 (2 Elevated + 2 UG)<br /> | tracks = 2 + 2 (U/C)<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = Yes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Now, hop off Metro and take cycle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Now-hop-off-Metro-and-take-cycle/articleshow/16898223.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/bangalore/34626728_1_kerberon-automobiles-control-of-green-assets-metro-station|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=24 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | opened = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} {{start date and age|2011|October|20|df=yes}}<br /> | opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} &lt;small&gt;'''''(TBC)'''''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]<br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | code = MAGR<br /> | owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br /> | operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | architect = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} [[Punj Lloyd]] - Sembawang Infrastructure (India) [[Joint Venture|JV]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]]<br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | zone = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro<br /> |line1=Purple|left1=Trinity|to-left1=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right1=Cubbon Park|to-right1=Challaghatta|line2=Pink|left2=Shivaji Nagar|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right2=National Military School}}<br /> | route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mahatma Gandhi Road''' (commonly referred to as '''MG Road''') is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]. Purple line station was constructed by [[Punj Lloyd]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Punj Lloyd to build more Metro stations|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/199256/punj-lloyd-build-more-metro.html|accessdate=24 October 2011|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and opened to the public on 20 October 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bangalore's Diwali gift ready – 'Namma Metro'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/karnataka/bangalore-s-diwali-gift-ready-namma-metro_737180.html|accessdate=24 October 2011|newspaper=Zee News|date=18 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The station MG Road has a bicycle stand next to the Urban Square, from where commuters can rent cycles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Herald 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Metro to showcase Gandhi|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286617/metro-showcase-gandhi.html|accessdate=23 September 2014|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=20 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; This metro station will serve as Purple line's 2nd interchange station after [[Majestic metro station|Majestic]] metro station for the upcoming [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]], being constructed by [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]].<br /> <br /> As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase ('''Pink Line'''), covering the total distance of 13.8&amp;nbsp;km stretch ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Boulevard===<br /> The old MG Road boulevard was demolished to build [[Namma Metro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/MG-Road-boulevard-back-in-2012/articleshow/11075620.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715233021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/bangalore/30508346_1_mg-road-boulevard-bmrc-bangalore-metro-rail-corporation | url-status=live | archive-date=15 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=MG Road boulevard back in 2012 | date=12 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The reconstruction work was contracted to Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation and Karnataka Land Army Corporation. The deadline for completion was fixed as March 2012. However, the work was delayed when the ground was found to be unstable and had to be reinforced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Loose-soil-delays-boulevard-work/articleshow/16963450.cms| work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Loose soil delays boulevard work| date=26 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The new boulevard cost {{INRConvert|50|m}} and portions of it were inaugurated on 5 September 2012. It spreads across 850 square metres.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://archive.asianage.com/bengaluru/mg-road-metro-station-gets-boulevard-fountain-719| work=[[The Asian Age]]| title=MG Road Metro station gets boulevard with fountain| date=6 September 2012| archive-date=30 March 2014| access-date=30 March 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330113922/http://archive.asianage.com/bengaluru/mg-road-metro-station-gets-boulevard-fountain-719| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Further plans include a two-tier walkway with a museum, art gallery, amphitheatre and children's play area located on the ground floor. The first floor of the walkway will lead to the first floor/concourse of the metro station and both floors will be equipped with internationally designed toilets. The area where the dummy coach is parked will have ramps leading up to the boulevard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Boulevard-going-through-finishing-touches-Sivasailam/articleshow/18336405.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-04/bangalore/36741956_1_mg-road-boulevard-touches-toilets | url-status=live | archive-date=11 April 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Boulevard going through finishing touches: Sivasailam | date=4 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gandhi Centre===<br /> BMRCL plans to open an exhibition of the life of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on one floor of the station. It was scheduled to open in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Herald 2012&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> '''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} - Station Layout'''''<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Mahatma Gandhi Road track layout<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Trinity}}<br /> vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa<br /> \PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Cubbon Park}}<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot; |'''L2'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot; |'''L2'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Side Platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | Doors will open on the left &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}&quot;&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br /&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards → [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Trinity metro station|Trinity]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}&quot;&gt;'''Platform 2 Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Cubbon Park metro station|Cubbon Park]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Side Platform]]&lt;nowiki&gt; | Doors will open on the left &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |'''L1'''<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mezzanine<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |}<br /> '''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br /> <br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Mahatma Gandhi Road track layout<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}<br /> | title-color = white<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = HSTg\HSTf<br /> PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Shivaji Nagar}} **<br /> *'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''<br /> PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|National Military School}} **<br /> HSTg\HSTf<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and one Island platform&lt;br&gt;** '''Under Construction'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|'''M'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Mezzanine<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}&gt;'''Platform #'''&lt;br&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|National Military School}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}&gt;'''Platform #'''&lt;br&gt;'''Northbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Shivaji Nagar}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Entry/Exits==<br /> There are 4 Entry/Exit points - A, B, C and D. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.<br /> * Entry/Exit point A: Towards Kumble Circle side with {{Access icon}}<br /> * Entry/Exit point B: Towards Kamaraj Road with {{Access icon}}.<br /> * Entry/Exit point C: Towards Brigade Road with {{Access icon}}<br /> * Entry/Exit point D: Towards Church Street with {{Access icon}}.<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> The introduction scene of [[Adah Sharma]] in 2015 Kannada film [[Rana Vikrama]] was shot at MG Road Metro railway station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Puneeth-Rajkumar-Adah-Sharma-shoot-at-MG-Road-Metro-Station-Bangalore/articleshow/40670025.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar, Adah Sharma shoot at MG Road Metro Station, Bangalore|newspaper=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Facilities==<br /> [[Cash machine|ATM]] of several banks have been installed at Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lalitha|first1=S|title=ATMs prove to be money-spinner for Namma Metro|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/dec/26/atms-prove-to-be-money-spinner-for-namma-metro-1553127.html|access-date=25 October 2017|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # [[ICICI Bank]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ICICI Bank|url=https://www.icicibank.com/atm/atms-in-bangalore/bangalore-sub-foreign-post/namma-metro-bmrcl-A6996.page|publisher=ICICI Bank|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127065623/https://www.icicibank.com/atm/atms-in-bangalore/bangalore-sub-foreign-post/namma-metro-bmrcl-A6996.page|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # [[HDFC Bank]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br /> *[[Bangalore]]<br /> *[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br /> *[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br /> *[[List of metro systems]]<br /> *[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br /> *[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|MG Road metro station, Bangalore}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629131050/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/index.html Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)] <br /> * [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> <br /> {{Namma Metro|purple line=yes|pink line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ATK_players&diff=455095 2026-03-21T22:03:56Z

<p>Hayat hospital: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Football club}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> '''ATK''' (previously known as '''Atlético de Kolkata'''), was an Indian football club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], that played in [[Indian Super League]]. It was established on 7 May 2014 as the first team in the Indian Super League, and played its home games at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-atletico-de-kolkata-to-be-just-atk-from-now-goenka-2510678|title=Revealed - here's what Atletico de Kolkata will be called from now on - Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis|date=22 July 2017|website=dnaindia.com|accessdate=21 September 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723192650/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-atletico-de-kolkata-to-be-just-atk-from-now-goenka-2510678|archivedate=23 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The club was merged with [[Mohun Bagan AC]] to form [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] on 1 June 2020.<br /> <br /> ==List of players==<br /> <br /> *Appearances and goals are for [[Indian Super League]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] matches only.<br /> *Players are listed according to the date of their first team debut for the club. Only players with at least one appearance are included.<br /> <br /> ''Statistics correct as of 1 June 2020''<br /> <br /> ;Table headers<br /> * '''Nationality''' – If a player played international football, the country/countries he played for are shown. Otherwise, the player's nationality is given as their country of birth.<br /> * '''Career span''' – The year of the player's first appearance for ATK to the year of his last appearance.<br /> * '''Matches''' – The total number of games played, both as a starter and as a substitute.<br /> <br /> [[File:Real Valladolid-Valencia CF, 2019-05-18 (84) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Borja Fernández is the most appeared player for ATK with 47 appearances and he also scalped goal twice.]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Iain Hume photo by Djuradj Vujcic.jpg|right|thumb|Hume is the all-time leading scorer for ATK with 18 goals.]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name!!{{Tooltip|Nat|Player nationality}}!!{{abbr|Pos|Position}}!!ATK career!! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|{{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}!! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|Goals!!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Ref<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)|Borja Fernández]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014–2016|||47||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/getafe-midfielder-borja-fernandez-to-play-for-atletico-de-kolkata|title=Getafe midfielder Borja Fernández to play for Kolkata|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/atletico-de-kolkata-retain-spanish-midfielder-borja-fernandez-isl-2015-2301128.html|title=Atletico de Kolkata retain Spanish midfielder Borja Fernandez for ISL 2015|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.firstpost.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2015|||13||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/atletico-de-kolkata-signs-luis-garcia-for-indian-super-league/articleshow/37975385.cms?from=mdr|title=Atletico De Kolkata signs Luis Garcia for Indian Super League|access-date=2020-03-08|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 July 2014|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ofentse Nato]]|| {{flagicon|BWA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014–2017|||31||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/06/12/12651782/atletico-de-kolkata-retain-josemi-and-ofentse-nato-for-the|title=Atletico de Kolkata retain Josemi and Ofentse Nato for the second edition of ISL|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Kaustav Bera}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Fikru Tefera]]|| {{flagicon|ETH}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014|||12||5||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/isl-2014-atletico-de-kolkata-release-injured-fikru-ahead-of-final-against-kerala-blasters-fc-226857/|title=ISL 2014: Atletico de Kolkata release injured Fikru ahead of final against Kerala Blasters FC|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.india.com|date=19 December 2014|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jofre Mateu|Jofre]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||12||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-keep-spanish-core-in-foreign-players-draft/|title=INDIAN SUPER LEAGUE : ATLETICO DE KOLKATA KEEP SPANISH CORE IN FOREIGN PLAYERS DRAFT|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.thehardtackle.com|date=28 August 2014|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Josemi]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2015|||20||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Atletico-de-Kolkata-retain-Josemi-Nato-for-ISL-2/articleshow/47643953.cms|title=Atletico de Kolkata retain Josemi, Nato for ISL 2|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Arnal Llibert]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014|||11||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-despite-shocking-heat-atletico-de-kolkatas-spaniards-promise-great-intensity-1750659.html|title=ISL: Despite the heat, Atletico de Kolkata's Spaniards promise great intensity|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.firstpost.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sylvain Monsoreau]]|| {{flagicon|FRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014|||2||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ATKFC/status/506001589467766784|title=#cornerKickSylvain MonsoreauAtlético de KolkataDefender|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jakub Podaný]]|| {{flagicon|CZE}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||11||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/jakub-podany-we-really-tried-to-get-all-three-points|title=Jakub Podaný: We really tried to get all three points|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Apoula Edel]]|| {{flagicon|ARM}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/chennaiyin-fc-sign-isl-winning-duo-fikru-edel-2314314.html|title=Chennaiyin FC sign ISL winning duo Fikru and Edel|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.firstpost.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mamunul Islam]]|| {{flagicon|BAN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atletico-de-kolkata-sign-bangladesh-captain-mamunul-islam|title=Atletico de Kolkata sign Bangladesh captain Mamunul Islam|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Basilio Sancho]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/AtleticoDeKolkata.Fans/posts/1490754861172002|title=Goalkeepers:Our team have signed 3 Goalkeepers for the main event in October.*Subhasish Roy Chowdhury (India) - A TATA Football academy product, started his career with East Bengal in 2004 then after 2 years he moved to Mahindra United and won Durand Cup in 2008. In 2010 he was signed by I-League side, Dempo and now a part of our club. He represented the India national team on 4 occasions.*Apoula Edel (Armenia) - Started his career in 2002 with Armenian club, Pyunik Yerevan and played till 2005. Then moved to Romanian football club, Rapid Bucuresti in and was part till 2007. He later joined Paris Saint-Germain in France and won Coupe de France. then he moved to Hapoel Tel Aviv in Israel and now he is with us in India.*Basilio Sancho Agudo (Spain) - A Spanish player, was part of Atlético Madrid in 2005-2006 but didn't play any match for them, Then moved to CD Cobeña and later to CF Fuenlabrada and played 82 matches for them. Now he joined us in Kolkata.Welcome all to the Biggest Club in India.|access-date=2020-03-09|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2014|||8||0||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Biswajit Saha]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014|||11||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/atkfc/status/501600093376495616?lang=en|title=#cornerKickBiswajit SahaAtletico de KolkataDefender|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nallappan Mohanraj]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2016, 2017–2018|||11||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/12138-isl-2017-atk-sign-caldeira-mohanraj-and-finish-keeper-jskelinen|title=ISL 2017: ATK sign Caldeira, Mohanraj and Finish keeper Jääskeläinen|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.thefangarage.com|date=September 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kingshuk Debnath]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014,2016|||14||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/24822/goal-25/2016/11/25/26923742/goal-25-2015-16-kinshuk-debnath-small-town-boy-finally-making-it-|title=Goal 25 2015-16: Kinshuk Debnath - Small town boy finally making it big in Indian football|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Arnab Mondal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2019|||46||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/2957168/atletico-de-kolkatas-defender-arnab-mondal-says-missing-pre-season-was-a-big-blow|title=Missing Spain pre-season a big blow: Mondal|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.espn.in|date=23 September 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Baljit Sahni]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2015|||21||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Chennaiyin-FC-sign-Baljit-Sahni/articleshow/53432614.cms|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC sign Baljit Sahni|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Cavin Lobo]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014, 2018–2019|||7||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/atkfc/status/491447703067299841|title=Atlético de Kolkata welcomes Cavin Lobo to the team.|access-date=2020-03-08|website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Denzil Franco]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2014–2016|||10||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/08/17/14420152/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkatas-denzil-franco-retaining-|title=Indian Super League: Atletico de Kolkata's Denzil Franco: Retaining the title will not be easy<br /> |access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014|||10||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/0/blog/post/3022920/mohd-rafi-and-other-great-numbers-from-isl-2016|title=Mohd Rafi and other great numbers from ISL 2016|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.espn.in|date=18 December 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sanju Pradhan]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||11||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/10/24/16627492/indian-super-league-sanju-pradhan-pleased-with-atletico-de|title=Indian Super League: Sanju Pradhan pleased with Atletico de Kolkata retribution|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Climax Lawrence ]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-is-a-project-for-the-development|title=Hero ISL is a project for the development|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2014–2015|||7||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/indian-super-league-rafique-heads-atletico-de-kolkata-to-glory/article6711401.ece|title=Rafique heads Atletico de Kolkata to glory|access-date=2020-03-12|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2014|language=en|last1=Marar|first1=Nandakumar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rakesh Masih ]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/20/27692882/indian-super-league-rakesh-masih-to-be-a-part-of-the-fc-pune|title=Indian Super League: Rakesh Masih to be a part of the FC Pune City reserves|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Lester Fernandez]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2014|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/interviews/need-to-score-more-goals-says-lester-fernandez|title=Need to score more goals, says Lester Fernandez|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Juan Calatayud]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/2015/07/03/atletico-de-kolkata-signs-spanish-custodian-juan-calatayud/|title=ISL: ATLETICO DE KOLKATA SIGNS SPANISH CUSTODIAN JUAN CALATAYUD|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.indiafooty.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015–2016, 2020– |||24||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;goal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/06/18/12854712/atletico-de-kolkata-confirm-the-signing-of-tiri-and-martinez|title=Atletico de Kolkata confirm the signing of Tiri and Martinez|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jaime Gavilán]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015|||16||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;goal&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Valdo (footballer)|Valdo]]|| {{flagicon|CPV}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015|||9||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/06/13351852/atletico-de-kolkata-add-doutie-and-valdo-to-their-rosters|title=Atletico de Kolkata add Doutie and Valdo to their rosters|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Shikharr Chandra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sameehg Doutie]]|| {{flagicon|RSA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2016|||26||5||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/features/sameehg-doutie-atletico-de-kolkata-s-african-diamond|title=Sameehg Doutie: Atlético de Kolkata's African Diamond|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jorge Alonso (footballer)|Jorge Alonso]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2015/11/16/17390082/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-rope-in-jorge-alonso|title=Indian Super League: Atletico de Kolkata rope in Jorge Alonso as a replacement for Javi Lara|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Atanu Mitra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Javi Lara]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2016|||23||4||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/07/20/13727812/atletico-de-kolkata-add-javi-lara-to-roster|title=Atletico de Kolkata add Javi Lara to roster|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Nikhil Jitendran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Iain Hume]]|| {{flagicon|CAN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2015–2016|||30||18||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/features/iain-hume-atletico-de-kolkata-s-thundering-force|title=Iain Hume: Atlético de Kolkata's thundering force|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-striker-iain-hume/wxt3wcb3nx2n1t4k2fc2y28fi|title=Indian Super League - Atletico de Kolkata striker Iain Hume joins Spanish Segunda Division B club|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Swapnaneel Parasar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hélder Postiga]]|| {{flagicon|POR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2015–2016|||12||4||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/isl-kolkatas-helder-postiga-dreams-becoming-champion-captain-011377.html|title=ISL: Atletico de Kolkata's Helder Postiga dreams of becoming champion as captain|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en|author=Sujata Sarkar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Dejan Lekić]]|| {{flagicon|SRB}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2015–2016|||6||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2015/atletico-de-kolkata-sign-serbian-dejan-lekic-as-replacement-of-josemi/|title=ATLETICO DE KOLKATA SIGN SERBIAN DEJAN LEKIC AS REPLACEMENT OF JOSEMI|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.thehardtackle.com|language=en|author= Archak Sengupta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Amrinder Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015|||13||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/11/14/17332042/indian-super-league-amrinder-singh-there-is-no-reason-for|title=Indian Super League: Amrinder Singh - There is no reason for Atletico de Kolkata to not reach the semi-finals|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Atanu Mitra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kunzang Bhutia]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2015,2017–2018|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/kunzang-bhutia-keen-to-carve-a-niche-for-himself/article17417090.ece|title=Kunzang Bhutia— Keen to carve a niche for himself|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.thehindu.com|language=en|author=V.V. Subramanyam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Syed Rahim Nabi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/atletico-de-kolkata-utility-player-syed-rahim-nabi-happy-be-back-kolkata-ahead-indian-super-643164|title=Atletico de Kolkata Utility Player Syed Rahim Nabi Happy To Be Back In Kolkata Ahead of Indian Super League 2015|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rino Anto]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015|||13||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/11/13497722/rino-anto-i-am-grateful-that-atletico-de-kolkata-thought|title=Rino Anto: &quot;I am grateful that Atletico de Kolkata thought highly enough of me&quot;|access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Shikharr Chandra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Augustin Fernandes]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2015, 2017–2018|||13||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elitefootball.com/player/augustin-fernandes/37979|title=Augustin Fernandes |access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.elitefootball.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Clifford Miranda]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015|||1||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;goal2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/05/13/11683892/atletico-de-kolkata-sweep-in-to-sign-clifford-miranda-and-sushil-|title=Atletico de Kolkata sweep in to sign Clifford Miranda and Sushil Singh |access-date=2020-03-12|website=www.elitefootball.com|language=en|author=Rahul Bali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jewel Raja]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2016|||14||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/atletico-de-kolkata-star-jewel-raja-s-future-uncertain-after-isl-012061.html|title=Atletico de Kolkata star Jewel Raja's future uncertain after ISL |access-date=2020-03-14|website=www.elitefootball.com|language=en|author=Sujata Sarkar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Arata Izumi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2015–2016|||11||5||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/isl-arata-izumi-s-late-brace-gives-atletico-de-kolkata-victory-over-kerala-blasters-1491051|title=ISL: Arata Izumi's Late Brace Gives Atletico de Kolkata Victory Over Kerala Blasters|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.sports.ndtv.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Nadong Bhutia]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2015|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=1630/Nadong%20Bhutia%20singed%20in%20by%20Northern%20Power%20House%20of%20Football|title=NADONG BHUTIA {{sic|nolink=y|SINGED}} IN BY NORTHERN POWER HOUSE OF FOOTBALL|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goalie365.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Sushil Kumar Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2015|||5||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;goal2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Dani Mallo]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2016|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/tag/dani-mallo/|title=Atletico de Kolkata announce international signings of Stephen Pearson, Pablo Gallardo &amp; Dani Mallo!|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.arunfoot.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Shilton Paul]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2016|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportscrunch.in/mohun-bagan-sign-shilton-paul-debjits-replacement/|title=Mohun Bagan sign Shilton Paul as Debjit's replacement|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.sportscrunch.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Debjit Majumder]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2016–2019, |||30||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league/1diuu8bvzd6915e3vooa5thp8|title=ISL 2017: Atletico de Kolkata sign Mohun Bagan's Debjit Majumder on a multi-year dealt|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;goal3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-retain-prabir-das/8a7qxx65pw9q1wo1qaezcfztn|title=Indian Super League: Atletico de Kolkata retain Prabir Das along with Debjit Majumder|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Swapnaneel Parasar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Henrique Sereno]]|| {{flagicon|POR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016|||10||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/819105/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-sign-portugals-henrique-sereno-fonseca|title=Indian Super League: Atletico de Kolkata sign Portugal's Henrique Sereno Fonseca|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Robert Lalthlamuana]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016|||9||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;goal4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/05/13/23353382/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-sign-lalrindika|title=Indian Super League: Atletico de Kolkata sign Lalrindika Ralte, Robert Lalthlamuana, Shilton Paul and Prabir Das|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author = Swapnaneel Parasar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016|||25||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2016/04/21/22628782/indian-super-league-keegan-pereira-set-to-join-atletico-de|title=Indian Super League: Keegan Pereira set to join Atletico de Kolkata|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Rahul Bali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Prabir Das]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016–present|||48||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;goal4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;goal3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bikramjit Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||7||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/05/15/23580242/indian-super-league-bikramjit-singh-joins-atletico-de|title=Indian Super League: Bikramjit Singh joins Atletico de Kolkata|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author =Rahul Bali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Stephen Pearson]]|| {{flagicon|SCO}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||11||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/06/17/24736842/indian-super-league-stephen-pearson-to-join-atletico-de|title=Indian Super League: Stephen Pearson to join Atletico de Kolkata|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bidyananda Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||6||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/atletico-de-kolkatas-midfielder-bidyananda-singh-dribbles-news-photo/629485006|title=FBL-IND-ISL-MUMBAI-KOLKATA|access-date=2020-03-16|website=www.gettyimages.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||13||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/football-s-future-bright-in-mizoram-says-atletico-de-kolkata-s-lalrindika-ralte/story-JC5juJbGrdw5K3RL6EZ3DO.html|title=Football's future bright in Mizoram, says Atletico de Kolkata's Lalrindika Ralte|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|author=Dhiman Sarkar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Pritam Kotal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2016,2018–present|||42||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/isl-2018-19/indian-super-league-2018-19-transfers-atk-edu-signs-edu-garcia-pritam-kotal/article25807053.ece|title=ATK signs former Bengaluru FC man Edu Garcia and Pritam Kotal|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bikash Jairu]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/05/10/23324612/indian-super-league-bikash-jairu-agrees-terms-with-atletico|title=Indian Super League: Bikash Jairu agrees terms with Atletico de Kolkata|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Rahul Bali}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Abhinas Ruidas]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2016|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/07/29/26054252/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-sign-avinash-ruidas|title=Indian Super League: Bikash Jairu agrees terms with Atletico de Kolkata|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Atanu Mitra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Juan Belencoso]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2016|||16||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/atletico-de-kolkata-reinforce-squad-with-signing-of-spanish-forward-juan-belencoso-116082501285_1.html|title=Atletico de Kolkata reinforce squad with signing of Spanish forward Juan Belencoso|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jussi Jääskeläinen]]|| {{flagicon|FIN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2017|||1||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/football/010917/atletico-de-kolkata-sign-ex-bolton-west-ham-custodian-jussi-jaaskelainen.html|title=Atletico de Kolkata sign ex-Bolton, West Ham custodian Jussi Jaaskelainen|access-date=2020-03-17|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jordi Figueras]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||17||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2017/sep/09/atletico-de-kolkata-sign-spanish-defender-jordi-figueras-1654668.html|title=Atletico de Kolkata sign Spanish defender Jordi Figueras|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.newindianexpress.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Tom Thorpe]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||11||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/india/2017/09/11/official-atletico-de-kolkata-confirm-tom-thorpe-move/|title=OFFICIAL: ATLETICO DE KOLKATA CONFIRM TOM THORPE MOVE|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.thehardtackle.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 1984)|Anwar Ali]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||8||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/atletico-de-kolkata-player-sameehg-doutie-and-mumbai-city-news-photo/617942858|title=FBL-IND-ISL|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.gettyimages.com.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ryan Taylor (footballer, born 1984)|Ryan Taylor]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||11||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-newcastle-united-atk-ryan-taylor/1chem8m9yqcx110sd8fq2h15ns|title=ISL 2017: ATK sign former Newcastle United player Ryan Taylor to replace injured Carl Baker|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ashutosh Mehta]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2017–2018|||14||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/sports/football/100619/dream-come-true-for-ashutosh.html|title=Dream come true for Ashutosh Mehta|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.asianage.com|language=en|author=Irfan Haji}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Conor Thomas]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||20||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/atk-sign-english-midfielder-conor-thomas/articleshow/60196340.cms|title=ATK sign English midfielder Conor Thomas|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2019|||10||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/lyngdohs-journey-with-atk-comes-to-an-end|title=Lyngdoh's journey with ATK comes to an end|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Darren Caldeira]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||3||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-darren-caldeira-mohun-bagan-isl-i-league-indian-football-transfer-news/article28859554.ece|title=Kerala Blasters signs Darren Caldeira from Mohun Bagan|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Carl Baker]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2017-18-atk-sign-former-coventry-city-captain-carl-baker-for-upcoming-season-4007979.html|title=ISL 2017-18: ATK sign former Coventry City captain Carl Baker for upcoming season|access-date=2020-03-17|website=www.firstpost.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Rupert Nongrum]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2018|||15||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-as-it-happened-atk-jamshedpur-fc-and-pune-strike-big|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2017–2020|||30||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/interviews/hitesh-sharma-i-am-very-lucky-to-play-for-the-two-time-hero-isl-champions|title=Hitesh Sharma: I am very lucky to play for the two-time Hero ISL champions|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-hitesh-sharma-extends-contract-at-atk/mdqjsnedctak120uy02tqbgto|title=ISL: Hitesh Sharma extends contract at ATK!|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Zequinha (footballer, born 1987)|Zequinha]]|| {{flagicon|POR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2018|||15||3||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-atk-sign-portuguese-striker-jose-santos-branco/9nshqrbkn3c617u27rk5ols6a|title=ISL 2017: ATK sign Portuguese striker Jose Egas dos Santos Branco|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jayesh Rane]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–present|||52||3||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-atk-jayesh-rane-arindam-bhattacharya-avilash-paul/42uc3n1exshf1lvxnsflthfhm|title=ISL: Jayesh Rane signs contract extension at ATK; Arindam Bhattacharya also recruited!|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ronald Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ATKFC/status/889049753329074178|title=#ATK welcome Ronald Singh Shaikhom!#HeroISLDraft #LetsFootball #AamarbukeyATK|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.twitter.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Bipin Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2018|||14||2||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2017-draft-live-eugenson-moves-to-atk-anas-to-jamshedupur-fc-1469945.html|title=ISL 2017 Draft: Eugenson Moves to ATK, Anas to Jamshedupur FC|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Robbie Keane]]|| {{flagicon|IRE}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2018|||11||8||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/846141/big-name-signing-atk-sign-former-tottenham-striker-robbie-keane|title=Big name signing: ATK sign former Tottenham striker Robbie Keane|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/robbie-keane-unlikely-to-take-charge-of-atk-1.3383720|title=Robbie Keane unlikely to take charge of ATK|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.irishtimes.com|language=en|author=Emmet Malone}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Njazi Kuqi]]|| {{flagicon|FIN}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2018|||11||8||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/850444/indian-super-league-atk-sign-finnish-striker-njazi-kuqi-for-upcoming-season|title=Indian Super League: ATK sign Finnish striker Njazi Kuqi for upcoming season|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2017–2018|||11||8||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/player/robin-singh|title=Robin Singh|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[David Cotterill]]|| {{flagicon|WAL}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018|||3||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-atk-kuqi-jaaskelainen-cotterill-paterson/12592bze70jbc131ez9w5469qd|title=ISL 2017-18: ATK release Njazi Kuqi, Jussi Jaaskelainen and Augustin Fernandes, sign replacements|access-date=2020-03-18|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Martin Paterson]]|| {{flagicon|NIR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018|||6||1||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Soram Anganba]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018|||7||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;ss&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-atk-makes-three-new-signings/article22457254.ece|title=ISL: ATK makes three new signings|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sibongakonke Mbatha]]|| {{flagicon|ZAF}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018|||5||1||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Soram Anganba]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018|||7||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;ss&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018–present|||38||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ATKFans.In/photos/a.1542102602705386.1073741829.1439991509583163/2065933256988982/?type=3|title=ATK is all set to sign Arindam Bhattacharya on a 2 year deal!🖋️With Abhilash Paul under radar and Debjit Majumder, he can be our 3rd Indian goalie in the squad!|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Avilash Paul]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2018–present|||0||0||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sandeep Singh (footballer)|Sandeep Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||0||0||{{Cn|date=November 2021}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[André Bikey]]|| {{flagicon|CMR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||17||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2018-19-transfers-atk-sign-andre-bikey/4tbtqu63mom11ut8ubq34aylc|title=ISL 2018-19: ATK sign Cameroonian defender Andre Bikey|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Gerson Vieira|Gérson]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||21||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-atk-sign-gerson-vieira|title=ATK rope in former Mumbai City star Gerson Vieira|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]|| {{flagicon|ENG}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–present|||24||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-atk-sign-bengaluru-fc-john-johnson/lbb35heo9qm91qfjaid9yk2d0|title=ISL: ATK sign Bengaluru FC defender John Johnson|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Nisanth V Easwar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sumit Rathi]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–present|||14||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/habas-indian-super-league-sumit-rathi-atk/11b7zphoywkvs18naew2zh4yg5|title=Antonio Habas: Sumit Rathi can be a very important player for India|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sena Ralte]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||2||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-atk-secures-sena-ralte-signing/jdiz9jk0jphy182pv3ctm2j9s|title=ISL: ATK secures Sena Ralte signing|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Swapnaneel Parasar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ricky Lallawmawma]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2020|||20||0||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Aiborlang Khongjee]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||7||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/isl-atk-mumbai-city-fc-aiborlang-khongjee/rfalnvzt1xsb12qs4j91t7eq6|title=ISL: ATK rope in Mumbai City FC's defender Aiborlang Khongjee|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ankit Mukherjee]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2018–2019|||11||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-atk-delhi-dynamos-report-highlights|title=Ankit Mukherjee turns hero as ATK edge Delhi to cap off ISL's league phase|access-date=2020-03-19|website=www.khelnow.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Noussair El Maimouni]]|| {{flagicon|MAR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–2019|||10||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/atk-ropes-in-moroccan-midfielder-noussair-el-mimouni/article24410379.ece|title=ATK ropes in Moroccan midfielder Noussair El Mimouni|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Pronay Halder]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–present|||24||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Gaurs-sign-Jackichand-Pronay-to-join-ATK/127750|title=Gaurs sign Jackichand; Pronay to join ATK|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.heraldgoa.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Ashish Pradhan]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–2020|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/918805/isl-atk-sign-jobby-justin-from-east-bengal-on-three-year-contract|title=ISL: ATK sign Jobby Justin from East Bengal on three-year contract|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.scroll.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Raghav Gupta|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/isl-2019-20-atk-team-preview-strength-weakness-squad-key-players-stats-prediction-129187.html|title=ISL 2019-20: ATK Team preview: Strength, weakness, squad, key players, stats, prediction|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Yumnam Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2018–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/isl-yumnam-gopi-singh-leaves-neroca-to-join-atk/1emyo5lkxc1vl14ppb1zpy10at|title=ISL: Yumnam Gopi Singh leaves NEROCA to join ATK|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.sportingnews.com|language=en|author=Soham Mukherjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Edu García]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||24||9||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/isl-2018-19/indian-super-league-2018-19-transfers-atk-edu-signs-edu-garcia-pritam-kotal/article25807053.ece|title=ATK signs former Bengaluru FC man Edu Garcia and Pritam Kotal|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/videos/edu-garcia-joins-atk|title=Edu Garcia joins ATK|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|H Lalmuankima|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-gokulam-kerala-lalmuankima-atk/1e51d8zcqfw13doxyvqikf1p|title=I-League: Gokulam Kerala sign Lalmuankima|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Nisanth V Easwar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Manuel Lanzarote|Manu Lanzarote]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||17||7||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/atk-sign-johnson-lanzarote-118060600619_1.html|title=ATK sign Johnson, Lanzarote|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Komal Thatal]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–present|||18||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-komal-thatal-set-to-join-atk/10jmqwgdhe1q1vja9l7no3nge|title=ISL 2017: Komal Thatal set to join ATK|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Kalu Uche]]|| {{flagicon|NGR}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||11||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2018-19-atk-ropes-in-kalu-uche-as-first-signing/article23322783.ece|title=ISL 2018-19: ATK ropes in Kalu Uche as first signing|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Éverton Santos|Éverton]]|| {{flagicon|BRA}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||19||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/499-atk-profile/news/everton-santos-becomes-atks-final-international-signing|title=Everton Santos becomes ATK's final international signing|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–present|||26||6||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-18-balwant-singh-set-to-join-atk/x3n840vv8acz14nzb2xyveo15|title=ISL 2017-18: Balwant Singh set to join ATK|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Ritabrata Banerjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Eli Babalj]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2018–2019|||3||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-sign-australian-forward-eli-babalj|title=ATK sign Australian forward Eli Babalj|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019–present|||1||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-sign-dheeraj-singh-on-bumper-contract|title=ATK sign Dheeraj Singh on bumper contract|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Arsh Anwer Shaikh|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]||2019–present|||0||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/goalkeeper-70538-arsh-anwer-shaikh-profile|title=Arsh Shaikh|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|Anil Chawan|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||0||0||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Víctor Mongil]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2020–present|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-fc-sign-spanish-defender-victor-mongil-adeva|title=ATK FC sign Spanish defender Victor Mongil Adeva|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Agus (footballer)|Agus]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||14||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/former-real-madrid-castilla-defender-agustin-garcia-iniguez-joins-atk|title=Former Real Madrid Castilla defender Agustin Garcia Iniguez joins ATK|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Anas Edathodika]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||9||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/anas-joins-atk-after-parting-ways-with-kerala-blasters|title=Anas joins ATK after parting ways with Kerala Blasters|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Salam Ranjan Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]||2019–present|||3||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-add-defender-salam-ranjan-singh-to-their-roster-for-next-season|title=ATK add defender Salam Ranjan Singh to their roster for next season|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Mandi (footballer)|Mandi]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||11||0||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Michael Regin]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||7||0||&lt;ref name=&quot;isl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-sign-soosairaj-and-regin-in-double-transfer-coup|title=ATK sign Soosairaj and Regin in double transfer coup|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Sehnaj Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||8||0||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/atk-transfers-dheeraj-singh-sehnaj-singh-sena-ralte-arindam-bhattacharya-komal-thatal/article29241779.ece|title=ATK completes Dheeraj Singh, Sehnaj Singh transfers|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||20||2||{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Michael Soosairaj]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]||2019–present|||20||3||&lt;ref name=&quot;isl&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Roy Krishna]]|| {{flagicon|FIJ}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||21||15||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-rope-in-fijian-sensation-roy-krishna-in-huge-transfer-coup|title=ATK rope in Fijian sensation Roy Krishna in huge transfer coup|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[David Williams (Australian soccer)|David Williams]]|| {{flagicon|AUS}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||18||7||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/david-williams-arrives-from-the-a-league-as-atk-mean-business|title=David Williams arrives from the A-League as ATK mean business|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Carl McHugh]]|| {{flagicon|IRE}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||6||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/atk-rope-in-carl-mchugh-on-a-two-year-deal|title=ATK rope in Carl McHugh on a two-year deal|access-date=2020-03-22|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;left&quot;|[[Jobby Justin]]|| {{flagicon|IND}}||data-sort-value=3 |[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]||2019–present|||9||1||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-jobby-justin-transfer-saga-atk-aiff-abhinas/1fnajn8jzmaiw1t6stgwvr1fgy|title=Jobby Justin saga shows it's time to do away with archaic transfer practices|access-date=2020-03-21|website=www.goal.com|language=en|author=Soham Mukherjee}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{ATK (football club)}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:List of ATK (football club) players}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian Super League players|ATK]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club|ATK]]<br /> [[Category:ATK (football club)-related lists| ]]<br /> [[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]<br /> [[Category:ATK (football club) players|*]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuggehalli_Pankaja&diff=454210 2026-03-09T04:50:37Z

<p>Hayat hospital: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer and poet (born 1929)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = N. Pankaja <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pseudonym = Nuggehalli Pankaja<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1929|6|2|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | ethnicity = <br /> | citizenship = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | period = <br /> | genre = &lt;!-- or: | genres = --&gt;<br /> | subject = &lt;!-- or: | subjects = --&gt;<br /> | movement = <br /> | notable works = &lt;!-- or: | notable work = --&gt;<br /> | spouse = &lt;!-- or: | spouses = --&gt;<br /> | partner = &lt;!-- or: | partners = --&gt;<br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | module = <br /> | website = <br /> | portaldisp = &lt;!-- &quot;on&quot;, &quot;yes&quot;, &quot;true&quot;, etc; or omit --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nuggehalli Pankaja''' (born 2 June 1929) is an Indian writer and poet in the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[English language]]s. She is considered one of the notable writers in the Kannada language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Documentary films on 15 Kannada women writers |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/documentary-films-on-15-kannada-women-writers/article6115932.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 15 June 2014 |accessdate= 3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her works include novels, short stories, and plays. She was conferred the Excellence in World Poetry Award by the International Academy for English Poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= The Homepage of author Nuggehalli Pankaja |url= http://nuggehallipankaja.wordpress.com/ |accessdate= 3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of her novels have been made into movies in Kannada.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==Novels made into films==<br /> (This list is incomplete, please help expanding it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Novel !! Movie !! Year of release<br /> |-<br /> | ''Barale Innu Yamune?''||''[[Sipayi Ramu]]'' || 1972<br /> |-<br /> | ''Gagana''||''[[Gagana (film)]]'' || 1989<br /> |-<br /> | ''Malayamaruta''||''[[Malaya Marutha]]'' || 1986<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Novels===<br /> * ''Kaveriya Arthrava''<br /> * ''Barale Innu Yamune?''<br /> * ''Ushanishi''<br /> * ''Malayamaruta''<br /> * ''Veena oh Veena!''<br /> * ''Mugilaminchu''<br /> * ''Gagana''<br /> * ''Namaskara Garudammanavare En Samachara?''<br /> * ''Balli-Moggu''<br /> * ''Deepa''<br /> * ''Goodu Bitta Hakki''<br /> * ''Teli Banda Bandhana''<br /> * ''Sandya Baruvale?''<br /> * ''Pratikarada Suliyalli''<br /> * ''Tere Sariyutu''<br /> * ''Alege Sikkida Yele''<br /> * ''Tuvvi Tuvvi, Uliyitu Gubbacchi''<br /> * ''Konegondu Kathe, Mulegondu Maathu''<br /> * ''Eradu Rembegalu''<br /> * ''Ondu Vasanta Rutuvinalli''<br /> * ''Mohinigondu Haadu''<br /> * ''Anuragada Seletha''<br /> * ''Balina Uyyale''<br /> <br /> ===Short stories===<br /> * ''Ardha Chandra''<br /> * ''Ippattu Varshagala Hinde''<br /> * ''Mother Tree''<br /> * ''Educating The Maid Servant''<br /> <br /> ===Plays===<br /> * ''Salome (transilation of Oscar Wilde's play 'Salome')''<br /> * ''Aa Ondu Vishada Ghalige (adaptation of Oscar Wilde's ' Lady Windermere’s fan')''<br /> * ''Aralikatte Ramachariya Eradaneya Hendati(Adaptation of Arthur Wing Pinero’s Second Mrs.Tanquery)''<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}<br /> * Karnataka Sahitya Academy award in recognition of her contribution to Kannada Literature<br /> * ''Anupama Prashsti'' given yearly to recognized writers by''Lekakiyara sangha'' (Lady writers association).<br /> * Community Award<br /> * Golden Jubilee Award of Independence<br /> * Atimabbe Award<br /> * Shrirasa Award<br /> * Nuggehalli Award<br /> * Chandrakala Prashasti<br /> * Koravanji-Aparanji Award given in recognition of Humorous works,<br /> * Suwarna Karnataka Shri Prashasti<br /> * Recognition of novel ‘Balli-Moggu’ by ''Kannada Sahitya Parishat''<br /> * ''All India Radio Award'' for the story of the drama ‘Namaskara Garudammanavare….En Samachara?’ broadcast through all stations.<br /> * ''Excellence in World Poetry Award'' conferred by the International Academy for English Poetry.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=10 Nuggehalli Pankaja profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061042/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=10 |date=4 March 2016 }}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pankaja, Nuggehalli}}<br /> [[Category:1929 births]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Women from the Kingdom of Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-writer-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishnupant_Damle_(film)&diff=544938 2026-03-04T09:48:24Z

<p>Hayat hospital: added a post nd citations...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> |name = Vishnupant Damle : The Unsung Hero Of Talkies<br /> |director = [[Virendra Valsangkar]]<br /> |producer = M/s A. V . Damle<br /> |starring = [[Hrishikesh Joshi]]&lt;br&gt;Nachiket Purnapatre&lt;br&gt; Ashwini Giri&lt;br&gt; Nitin Dhanduke&lt;br&gt; Prashant Tapasvi&lt;br&gt; Rajesh Pathak<br /> |cinematography = Ashu Solanki<br /> |music = Kedar Divekar<br /> |released = {{Film date|2011}}<br /> |country = [[India]]<br /> |language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vishnupant Damle : The Unsung Hero Of Talkies''' Is a national award-winning docudrama about life of Shri Vishnupant Damle – one of the founder members of the legendary [[Prabhat Film Company]]. V G Damle started his journey as a poor village boy and became a remarkable personality in the film [[history of India]]. In the early 19th century, he has worked as an art director, cameraman, sound recordist, producer and director, for many acclaimed films.<br /> <br /> The film won award for best biographical/historical reconstruction at the 59th National Films Awards. <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-docudrama-on-vg-damle-wins-national-award-1659753 |title=Docudrama on VG Damle wins National Award &amp;#124; Latest News &amp; Updates at Daily News &amp; Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2012-03-08 |accessdate=2015-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film follows his courageous life journey as well as his contribution to the world of cinema. This film is an effort to portray the pioneering work done by Mr Damle in the field of Cinema and pay tribute to this unsung hero.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-on-Prabhat-Film-Company-founder-V-G-Damle/articleshow/11187126.cms |title=Film on Prabhat Film Company founder V G Damle |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-12-21 |accessdate=2015-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2014/04/16/2014_Hrishikesh_Joshis_most_important_year |title=2014 Hrishikesh Joshi's most important year? - Worldnews.com |publisher=Article.wn.com |date= |accessdate=2015-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eventot.com/bolpatacha-mooknayak-vishnupant-damle-the-unsung-hero-of-talkies/2082823 |accessdate=21 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122224446/http://eventot.com/bolpatacha-mooknayak-vishnupant-damle-the-unsung-hero-of-talkies/2082823 |archivedate=22 January 2015 |title=Bolpatacha Mooknayak - Vishnupant Damle: The Unsung Hero ... &amp;#124; eventot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==About==<br /> <br /> This docudrama highlights V G Damle's contribution to films. The docu-drama traces Damle's journey, starting as a young artiste who steadily went on to learn and master art direction, sound recording and film direction under able hands, and the film projects he handled with other company co-founders like S Fatehlal. It also throws light on some of the most important films he did that leveraged [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], for instance, 'Sant Tukaram' and 'Sant Dnyaneshwar,' among others. The Prabhat Film Company itself stood on the present-day premises of the Film and television Institute if India<br /> <br /> The film uses pictures, information and other data from various sources. The project consciously focuses on V G Damle's career, his creative contributions and his life. Along with his journey the film portrays The story of Prabhat, simultaneously.<br /> <br /> ==Making==<br /> The research for this documentary lasted three years, and it took an entire year to complete the shoot of the film. <br /> Award-winning film makers like [[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]] and Sunil Sukhtankar contributed towards the making of this National Award Winning Film.<br /> <br /> The film was shot on a high definition camera with an around Rs 10 lakh.<br /> [[Film and Television Institute of India]] provided the infrastructure and other needed help.<br /> <br /> ==Festivals and screenings==<br /> <br /> The film was first screened on 23 December at the Asian Film Festival in Kolhapur and also at the [[Pune International Film Festival]] next year.<br /> <br /> The film was also screened at other festivals like 13th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/the-unsung-hero |title=The Unsung Hero |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date= 5 February 2014|accessdate=2015-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Film was also screened at The Consulate General of India, New York &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacgny.org/pages.php?id=412 |title=Welcome to Consulate General of India, New York (USA) |publisher=Indiacgny.org |date=2013-06-18 |accessdate=2015-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first in a series of events at the Consulate to commemorate 100 years of Indian cinema.<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> The film won award for best biographical/historical reconstruction at the [[59th National Film Awards]]. <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia1&quot;/&gt; &lt;br&gt;<br /> SPECIAL JURY MENTION at the 10th IDPA Awards for Excellence &lt;ref&gt;Winners of the 10th IDPA Awards for Excellence&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porattu_Nadakam&diff=526005 2026-03-03T09:47:52Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Made Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = Pooja Invitation<br /> | director = Noushad Saffron<br /> | writer = Suneesh Varanad<br /> | producer = Vijayan Pallikara and Gayathri Vijayan<br /> | starring = [[Saiju Kurup]]&lt;br/&gt;Jagannath Madhu<br /> | cinematography = Noushad Shereef<br /> | editing = Rajesh Rajendrann(Nayattu)<br /> | music = [[Rahul Raj]]<br /> | studio = Emirates Productions<br /> | distributor = Emirates Productions Release<br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|10|18|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam&lt;br/&gt; Kannada<br /> | budget = 5 crore<br /> }}<br /> '''''Porattu Nadakam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Noushad Saffron and produced by Emirates Productions, with financial backing from Vijayan Pallikara.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinemaexpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saiju Kurup's Porattu Nadakam launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/09/saiju-kurups-porattu-nadakam-launched-40836.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=CinemaExpress|date=5 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars and ensemble cast of [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], Arjun Vijay, [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Nirmal Palazhi]], [[Sooraj Thelakkad]] and Shukoor Vakeel.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinemaexpress&quot;/&gt; The cinematography was done by the director Noushad Shereef, and the [[film score]] was composed by [[Rahul Raj]]. The script, written by Suneesh Varanad [[Satire (film and television)|satirizes]] events in a fictional village called Gopalapura in [[North Malabar|northern Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Porattu Nadakam {{!}} ഒറ്റ ഷെഡ്യൂളിൽ ഷൂട്ടിംഗ് തീർത്തു; സൈജു കുറുപ്പിന്റെ 'പൊറാട്ടു നാടകം' ചിത്രീകരണം പൂർത്തിയായി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-porattu-nadakam-movie-of-saiju-kurup-completes-shooting-mm-595087.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=News18 Malayalam |date=11 April 2023 |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was announced in January 2023, with principal [[photography]] beginning in March 2023.<br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Saiju Kurup]] as Abu<br /> * [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Murugan<br /> * [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Doctor<br /> * Arjun Vijay as Arjun<br /> * [[Rahul Madhav]] as Kiran<br /> * Nirmal Palazhi<br /> * [[Rahul Raj]]<br /> * [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Kiran's father<br /> * [[Sibi Thomas]] as Paint Contractor<br /> * [[Sooraj Thelakkad]]u as Electrician<br /> * Shukoor Vakeel as Gopal Ji<br /> * [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Kiran's Mother.<br /> * Muhemmed Faizel as Sebastian politician<br /> * Geethi Sangeetha<br /> * Aiswarya Mithun Koroth as Abu's Wife<br /> * [[Babu Annur]] as Maxi Maman<br /> * Jijina Radhakrishnan as Tanu<br /> * Chitra Nair as Murugan's wife<br /> * Sumayya as prakshan's wife Suma<br /> * Jagannath Madhu as vazhipokkan<br /> * Sidharth S as another vazhipokkan<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> {{Update|section|date=December 2024}}<br /> The film received controversy following allegations of copyright infringement. Initially barred from release, the court later allowed its theatrical screening after the defendants provided monetary security. Later in October 2024, the Additional District Court restricted the sale or transfer of the film's rights to third parties, including OTT platforms and TV channels, until the lawsuit had been resolved. The order ensured the film's intellectual property remained with LSD Productions, only permitting a theatrical release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Saiju Kurup in the dock as court bars release of film 'Porattu Nadakam|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/11/08/porattu-nadakam-release-barred-saiju-kurup-in-the-dock.html|website=OnManorama|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|28591468}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oru_Malarin_Payanam&diff=452757 2026-03-03T05:21:42Z

<p>Hayat hospital: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Oru Malarin Payanam<br /> | image = Oru Malarin Payanam.jpg<br /> | caption = Title card<br /> | director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> | writer =[[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]] (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = Muktha Srinivasan<br /> | story = [[Anuradha Ramanan]]<br /> | producer = [[Muktha Ramaswamy]]<br /> | starring = [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]<br /> | cinematography = Gajendramani<br /> | editing = V. P. Krishnan&lt;br /&gt;C. R. Shanmugam<br /> | music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | studio = Muktha Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|1985|6|7|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 139 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Oru Malarin Payanam''''' ({{Translation|The journey of a flower}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]]. The film stars [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]. It is based on the novel of the same name by [[Anuradha Ramanan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2010 |title=Popular Tamil writer Anuradha Ramanan dead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/may/17/popular-tamil-writer-anuradha-ramanan-dead-155129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110175536/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/may/17/popular-tamil-writer-anuradha-ramanan-dead-155129.html |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released on 7 June 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ஒரு மலரின் பயணம் / Oru Malarin Payanam (1985) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/oru-malarin-payanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119112420/https://screen4screen.com/movies/oru-malarin-payanam |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{no plot|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]<br /> *[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]<br /> *[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Obituary {{!}} 'A people's person': Tamil film fraternity remember late director Muktha Srinivasan |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/30/obituary--a-peoples-person-tamil-film-fraternity-remember-late-director-muktha-srinivasan-1821613.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110175533/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/30/obituary--a-peoples-person-tamil-film-fraternity-remember-late-director-muktha-srinivasan-1821613.html |archive-date=10 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]<br /> *[[Moulee]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 October 2015 |title=Mistress of arts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legendary-tamil-actor-manorama-tribute-mistress-of-arts/article7751053.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123034745/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legendary-tamil-actor-manorama-tribute-mistress-of-arts/article7751053.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]<br /> *Arundathi<br /> *A. Sakuntala<br /> *Vijaya Chandrika<br /> *[[Janagaraj]]<br /> *[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]<br /> *Usilaimani<br /> *Veeraraghavan<br /> *[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]<br /> *[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]<br /> *Ramji<br /> *G.K<br /> *Nagaraja Cholan<br /> *Vairam Krishnamoorthy<br /> *A. Soorya Kala<br /> *R. Jaya Chandira<br /> *M. R. Sulochana<br /> *Devi Chandira<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oru Malarin Payanam&amp;nbsp;– Thandanai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Chandrabose |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/oru-malarin-payanam-thandanai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110175535/https://macsendisk.com/product/oru-malarin-payanam-thandanai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Thedum En<br /> | extra1 = [[T. L. Thiagarajan]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> | length1 = 4:32<br /> | title2 = Pillai Manam<br /> | extra2 = [[Raj Sitharaman]], Vani Jairam<br /> | length2 = 4:36<br /> | title3 = Thandana<br /> | extra3 = Vani Jairam<br /> | length3 = 4:21<br /> | title4 = Neeya Ennai<br /> | extra4 = Vani Jairam<br /> | length4 = 4:20<br /> | total_length = 17:49 &lt;!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Lakshmi, Sulakshana and Chandrabose's music but felt Sundaram's dialogues could have been tighter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=23 June 1985 |title=ஒரு மலரின் பயணம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-06-23/page/n7/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202123240/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-06-23/page/n7/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Muktha Srinivasan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1985 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Muktha Srinivasan]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yudhra&diff=546338 2026-03-02T04:39:46Z

<p>Hayat hospital: added first stub nd citations...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Hindi film by Ravi Udyawar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Yudhra film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Ravi Udyawar<br /> {{Infobox <br /> | decat = yes <br /> | child = yes <br /> | label1= Dialogues by <br /> | data1 = Farhan Akhtar&lt;br&gt;Akshat Ghildial<br /> }}<br /> | story = [[Shridhar Raghavan]]<br /> | screenplay = Shridhar Raghavan<br /> | producer = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Farhan Akhtar]]<br /> * [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]<br /> }}<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]<br /> * [[Malavika Mohanan]]<br /> * [[Raghav Juyal]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Jay Oza]]<br /> | editing = Tushar Parekh&lt;br/&gt;Anand Subaya<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]&lt;br/&gt;Prem–Hardeep&lt;br/&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]<br /> | studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]<br /> | distributor = [[AA Films]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br /> | runtime = 142 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/yudhra-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mtcy |title=''Yudhra'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925105439/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/yudhra-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mtcy |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|50}} crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=Yudhra box office Day 3: Dull 1st weekend for Siddhanth Chaturvedi's action drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yudhra-box-office-collection-day-3-detailed-report-dull-1st-weekend-for-siddhanth-chaturvedi-action-drama-2604773-2024-09-23 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925123341/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yudhra-box-office-collection-day-3-detailed-report-dull-1st-weekend-for-siddhanth-chaturvedi-action-drama-2604773-2024-09-23 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{estimation}} ₹11.31 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;bo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Yudhra Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yudhra/box-office/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=20 September 2024 |access-date=September 21, 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921072324/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yudhra/box-office/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Yudhra''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Ravi Udyawar and produced by [[Excel Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], alongside [[Malavika Mohanan]], [[Raghav Juyal]], [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Raj Arjun]] and [[Shilpa Shukla]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]] and Prem-Hardeep, with musical score by [[Sanchit Balhara]]-[[Ankit Balhara]], while cinematography was handled by [[Jay Oza]] and editing by Tushar Parekh and Anand Subaya.<br /> <br /> ''Yudhra'' was theatrically released on 20 September 2024 to mixed reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Sanghamitra | title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Malavika Mohanan's Yudhra to hit theatres in September | website=Telegraph India | date=26 August 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malavika-mohanans-yudhra-to-hit-theatres-in-september/cid/2043621 | access-date=26 August 2024 | archive-date=26 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826091118/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malavika-mohanans-yudhra-to-hit-theatres-in-september/cid/2043621 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Girish Dixit, an honest officer in the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police Department]], and his pregnant wife Prerana Dixit are killed in a car accident after attending a party. Despite this, Prerana gives birth to a baby boy named Yudhra. Girish's best friends and colleagues Karthik Rathore and Rehman Siddiqui take care of Yudhra, with Karthik adopting Yudhra as his own son.<br /> <br /> Many years later, Yudhra suffers from [[anger issues]] and also has a penchant for taking risks in life, while Karthik becomes an influential politician. Yudhra’s anger and penchant makes Karthik and Rehman admit Yudhra to the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCTA]] in [[Pune]] since they should help him channel his anger and fondness in the right way. Yudhra gets in touch with his childhood sweetheart Nikhat, Rehman's daughter. One day, Yudhra brutally thrashes some goons to protect his fellow cadet, which leads to his rustication from the NCTA. This causes a rift with Nikhat, who leaves for [[Portugal]] to study medicine.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Rehman assigns Yudhra on a [[covert operation|covert mission]] to infiltrate and destroy a syndicate, headed by Firoze, a crime boss. Rehman reveals that Yudhra would be sent to prison to attract the attention of Naidu, Firoze's right-hand man. Rehman reveals Firoze's involvement in Yudhra’s parents’ deaths, where Yudhra agrees to the mission. As planned, Yudhra attracts Naidu's attention by silencing Naidu's rival and Naidu helps Yudhra escape from prison and gets him to meet Firoze and his son Shafiq, who were handling the country's biggest drug supply. Firoze was interested in hiring Yudhra, but Shafiq was hesitant and suspicious as Yudhra had come out of nowhere to help them. <br /> <br /> Yudhra tells that he knows the duo are after Shamsher, who absconded from India and was a bigger threat. The initial plan is to kidnap Shamsher and keep him in Firoze’s custody till he gets killed, but Yudhra kills Shamsher in order to prove his worth to Firoze and gain his trust. Yudhra is informed about a plan to get hold of a container, which contains weighing 5000 kg from [[China]]. Yudhra is supposed to safeguard the container till it reaches Mumbai, and Shafiq would handle the rest. Yudhra informs Rehman through a chatroom of an online [[video game]]. As the ship leaves the dock, the commandos attacks the ship and Yudhra attempts to save the container only to find it empty. <br /> <br /> Yudhra gets injured in the commando attack, but he is rescued and recovers from his injuries. Firoze and Shafiq are worried until Yudhra gets captured. Shafiq and Firoze reveal that their Chinese friends has captured Rehman, who confessed to having changed the location and delivery of the container with the drugs and bribed the dock workers to help him move it to another ship. The Chinese bring a brutally beaten Rehman, who does not reveal Yudhra as the informer and the container's location, as it is stored in an encrypted password-protected file. Rehman reveals that Firoze was a police informant who was behind Sikander's death, which led Shamsher to flee from India. Rehman gets killed by Shafiq, who gets berated by Firoze as he had the details of the container. Before dying, Rehman utters a verse of the [[Quran]].<br /> <br /> Firoze orders his henchmen to kill Yudhra, who manages to survive and escape. Yudhra learns that Shafiq would go after Nikhat since Firoze and Shafiq believed she knows the password of the file that would direct them to the location of the container. Yudhra heads to Portugal, where Shafiq meets Nikhat and demands the password, but Yudhra rescues her and Shafiq is killed in the process. Yudhra reveals about his and Rehman's covert operation to Nikhat, who gets angry at Yudhra for his inability to save Rehman, but she still reunites with him. Yudhra soon finds that the password is actually the Quran verse, uttered by Rehman before his death, from Nikhat and opens the file, which contains a video. <br /> <br /> In the video, Rehman reveals that the container is in [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]] port and also tells that Renuka Bharadwaj, Rehman's superior officer, is not to be trusted, as she always wanted to find about Yudhra. Rehman misled Renuka in the name of a commando mission to capture the container. However, Rehman tells in the video that Karthik might be able to help them. Yudhra and Nikhat contacts Karthik, where they return to Mumbai. Yudhra leaves Nikhat under Karthik's protection and confronts Firoze in his factory, where Firoze reveals that Karthik is also behind the death of Yudhra's parents. Karthik and Girish were assigned to take down the syndicate in Mumbai, but Karthik made a deal with Firoze to take down gangsters in Mumbai for their profit and they were forced to kill Girish, who was adamant in eradicating the syndicate.<br /> <br /> Yudhra gets devastated and enraged upon learning this, where he soon kills Firoze. Under Karthik's orders, Renuka Bharadwaj tries to kill Nikhat, who gets shot, but Nikhat kills Renuka with electricity. Nikhat manages to survive and Yudhra admits her to the hospital. Yudhra arrives at Vizag port and confronts Karthik, where he soon kills Karthik by chocking him to death. In the aftermath, Yudhra and Nikhat head to Portugal and start a peaceful life.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] as Yudhra Dixit<br /> ** Jared as young Yudhra<br /> * [[Malavika Mohanan]] as Nikhat Siddiqui<br /> ** Drashti Bhanushali as young Nikhat<br /> * [[Raj Arjun]] as Firoz<br /> * [[Raghav Juyal]] as Shafiq firoze, Firoze's son<br /> * [[Gajraj Rao]] as Karthik Rathore, Yudhra's adopted father<br /> * [[Ram Kapoor]] as Rehman Siddique, Nikhat's father and Yudhra's mentor<br /> * [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Renuka Bharadwaj<br /> * Martin Fernandez as a masked man<br /> * Saurabh Gokhale as Girish Dixit, Yudhra's late father<br /> * Sharvari Deshpande as Prerna Dixit, Yudhra's late mother<br /> * Shireesh Sharma as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Nair<br /> * Dolly Verma as Commissioner Nair's wife<br /> * Joao Mario as Sikander<br /> * Anubha Arora as Shilpi<br /> * Kabeer Bhartiya as Vinay<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Yudhra'' was announced in February 2021 with [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Malavika Mohanan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Farhan announces next production Yudhra starring Siddhant and Malavika, watch | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yudhra-teaser-farhan-akhtar-announced-next-film-starring-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malvika-mohanan-101613364781018.html | website=Hindustan Times | date=15 February 2021 | access-date=26 August 2024 | archive-date=18 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218151656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yudhra-teaser-farhan-akhtar-announced-next-film-starring-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malvika-mohanan-101613364781018.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Yudhra: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Malavika Mohanan promises it'll be 'game over' for everyone else |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/malavika-mohanan-and-siddhant-chaturvedi-announce-their-next-titled-yudhra-7189249/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=15 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi, Malavika Mohanan to star in 'Yudhra' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-malavika-mohanan-to-star-in-yudhra/article33849836.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=16 February 2021 |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826091244/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhant-chaturvedi-malavika-mohanan-to-star-in-yudhra/article33849836.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] commenced by August 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi begins shoot for action film 'Yudhra' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/siddhant-chaturvedi-begins-shoot-for-action-film-yudhra-1021372.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was shot in [[Portugal]] and [[Gujarat]] before wrapping in March 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi wraps up Portugal schedule of Yudhra in style, watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-wraps-up-portugal-schedule-of-yudhra-in-style-7558757/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=7 October 2021 |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826091401/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-wraps-up-portugal-schedule-of-yudhra-in-style-7558757/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sidhanth, Malavika head to Kandla |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/sidhanth-malavika-head-to-kandla/81814038.html |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826092950/https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/sidhanth-malavika-head-to-kandla/81814038.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Malvika Mohanan's Yudhra went through reshoots, to FINALLY release soon: Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malvika-mohanans-yudhra-went-through-reshoots-to-finally-release-soon-exclusive/articleshow/108644936.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 March 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620181739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malvika-mohanans-yudhra-went-through-reshoots-to-finally-release-soon-exclusive/articleshow/108644936.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Yudhra<br /> | year = 2024<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and Prem–Hardeep<br /> | released = 17 September 2024<br /> | recorded = <br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 10:12<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> |{{YouTube|svoIL1VS4mw|Yudhra (Audio Jukebox)}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music of the film is composed by <br /> [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and Prem–Hardeep while the background score is composed by [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]. Lyrics are written by [[Javed Akhtar]] and Raj Ranjodh.<br /> The first single titled &quot;Saathiya&quot; was released on 1 September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/siddhant-chaturvedi-malavika-mohanan-heat-screen-steamy-song-saathiya-yudhra-watch/|title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Malavika Mohanan heat up the screen in steamy song 'Saathiya' from Yudhra, watch|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=1 September 2024|access-date=1 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902110208/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/siddhant-chaturvedi-malavika-mohanan-heat-screen-steamy-song-saathiya-yudhra-watch/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second single titled &quot;Sohni Lagdi&quot; was released on 9 September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=9 September 2024 |title=Yudhra Song 'Sohni Lagdi' Released: Siddhant Chaturvedi And Malavika Mohanan Deliver A Peppy Club Hit |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yudhra-song-sohni-lagdi-released-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malavika-mohanan-deliver-a-peppy-club-hit-9044830.html |website=News18 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909132327/https://www.news18.com/movies/yudhra-song-sohni-lagdi-released-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malavika-mohanan-deliver-a-peppy-club-hit-9044830.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The third single titled &quot;Hatt Jaa Baaju&quot; was released on 12 September 2024.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline =<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 10:12<br /> | title1 = Sohni Lagdi<br /> | extra1 = [[Jaz Dhami]], Sonna Rele<br /> | music1 = Prem–Hardeep <br /> | lyrics1 = Raj Ranjodh <br /> | length1 = 2:58<br /> | title2 = Saathiya<br /> | extra2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Pratibha Singh Baghel]]<br /> | music2 = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Javed Akhtar]]<br /> | length2 = 4:41<br /> | title3 = Hatt Jaa Baaju<br /> | extra3 = Kelly Dlima, [[Vishal Dadlani]], Arsh Mohammed <br /> | music3 = Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy<br /> | lyrics3 = Javed Akhtar<br /> | length3 = 2:33<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Yudhra'' was released on 20 September 2024.<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The satellite and digital rights were sold to [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Network]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yudhra-ott-partner-revealed-where-stream-siddhant-chaturvedi-actioner-after-theatrical-run-prime-video/90d548f063342|title=Yudhra OTT partner revealed! Here's where you can stream Siddhant Chaturvedi's actioner after its theatrical run|website=OTTplay}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film streamed on Amazon Prime Video on 15 November 2024.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''Yudhra'' received mixed reviews from critics and audiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Iraa |date=23 September 2024 |title=Yudhra OTT release: Where to watch Siddhant Chaturvedi-Raghav Juyal starrer after its theatrical run |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/yudhra-ott-release-where-to-watch-siddhant-chaturvedi-raghav-juyal-starrer-after-theatrical-run-642347.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215064505/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/yudhra-ott-release-where-to-watch-siddhant-chaturvedi-raghav-juyal-starrer-after-theatrical-run-642347.html |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Indiatimes]] |quote=The action movie opened to mixed reviews from both viewers and critics.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, &quot;''Yudhra'' is dark, delicious and daring in its approach. Despite familiarity, the film is engaging and tout. It’s the birth of two new action superstars – Siddhant and Raghav!.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Yudhra Movie Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Raghav Juyal Go Rogue In Delicious Revenge Saga Soaked In Blood |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-raghav-juyal-go-rogue-in-delicious-revenge-saga-soaked-in-blood-review-113502624 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920071741/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-raghav-juyal-go-rogue-in-delicious-revenge-saga-soaked-in-blood-review-113502624 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nishad Thaivalappil of [[Network18 Group|''News18'']] gave 3/5 stars and wrote, &quot;While Yudhra delivers on action and has a few stylish and new sequences, the plot lacks depth, relying on familiar storylines. Despite the somewhat predictable narrative, the film remains an entertaining watch, especially for those who enjoy fast-paced action thrillers with a touch of romance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Yudhra Review: Siddhant And Malavika Mohanan Impress But Chaos Takes Over Thrills In This Action Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yudhra-review-siddhant-and-malavika-mohanan-impress-but-chaos-takes-over-thrills-in-this-action-drama-9057056.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920071741/https://www.news18.com/movies/yudhra-review-siddhant-and-malavika-mohanan-impress-but-chaos-takes-over-thrills-in-this-action-drama-9057056.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, &quot;But despite its average story-telling, we cannot deny that Yudhra is one of the biggest action spectacles of the year. The intense bike chase sequences filmed across the iconic streets of Mumbai will surely give you an adrenaline rush.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Yudhra Movie Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi shines in a full-on action film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-shines-in-a-full-on-action-film-13817265.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920071741/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-shines-in-a-full-on-action-film-13817265.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, &quot;Yudhra is technically sound. You appreciate the neurotic world building and outstanding action sequences but lacks emotional heft.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Yudhra Movie Review : Cutting-edge action salvages this meandering crime drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/yudhra/movie-review/113516348.cms |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, &quot;On the whole, Yudhra suffers from a routine and predictable plot but is watchable due to the direction and performances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-09-20 |title=Yudhra Movie Review: YUDHRA suffers from a routine and predictable plot |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yudhra/critic-review/yudhra-movie-review/yudhra-suffers-from-a-routine-and-predictable-plot/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920075033/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yudhra/critic-review/yudhra-movie-review/yudhra-suffers-from-a-routine-and-predictable-plot/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, &quot;To sum up, Yudhra lies somewhere between an earnest effort and a missed opportunity. You try hard to like it but never fully feel invested in the chaos that's transpiring on screen.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Yudhra review: Siddhant Chaturvedi-Raghav Juyal film more style, less substance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/yudhra-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-raghav-juyal-2603278-2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920072416/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/yudhra-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-raghav-juyal-2603278-2024-09-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, &quot;Yudhra has phenomenal action sequences, but the dragged and clichéd story makes the Siddhant Chaturvedi and Malavika Mohanan film an underwhelming fare.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/yudhra-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malavika-mohanans-film-has-mind-boggling-action-but-is-bogged-down-by-a-dragged-and-cliched-story-1349131|title=Yudhra Review: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Malavika Mohanan's film has mind-boggling action but is bogged down by a dragged and clichéd story|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-date=20 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920091603/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/yudhra-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-malavika-mohanans-film-has-mind-boggling-action-but-is-bogged-down-by-a-dragged-and-cliched-story-1349131|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abishek Balaji of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, &quot;Yudhra feels like a missed opportunity. It struggles to find a footing, lingering in the 'somewhat entertaining’ zone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/22/yudhra-movie-review-an-underwhelming-thriller-with-good-action-blocks|title='Yudhra' movie review: An underwhelming thriller with good action blocks|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009192923/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Sep/22/yudhra-movie-review-an-underwhelming-thriller-with-good-action-blocks|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, &quot;There are so many loopholes in this lazily scribbled plot, it could be a different movie and still as crummy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Sukanya | title=Yudhra Review: When Style Meets Stereotype | website=Rediff | date=20 September 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/yudhra-review/20240920.htm | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920161516/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/yudhra-review/20240920.htm | url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, &quot;Yudhra manages to make some resets but also succumbs to jadedness on multiple scores, so it becomes a case of coming upon a few energetic set-pieces which then sink into laxity and predictability which goes on for much too long.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-actioner-starts-well-but-succumbs-to-predictability-9578683/|title=Yudhra movie review: Siddhant Chaturvedi actioner starts well, but succumbs to predictability|website=The Indian Express|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-date=20 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920091603/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-actioner-starts-well-but-succumbs-to-predictability-9578683/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, &quot;Yudhra had a lot of scope. So much potential with a great team, but the unimaginative story leaves you disappointed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yudhra-review-action-sequences-save-this-siddhant-chaturvedi-film-101726824756337.html|title=Yudhra review: Action sequences save this Siddhant Chaturvedi film which takes forever to find its groove|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 October 2024|archive-date=20 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920094812/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yudhra-review-action-sequences-save-this-siddhant-chaturvedi-film-101726824756337.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, &quot;Ravi Udyawar, who delivered the emotionally charged ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'', knows more than a thing or two about mounting tales of revenge on the big screen and writer Sridhar Raghavan is expected to enrich action with context and subtext, but here they deliver a deep cut in their otherwise rich repertoire.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-struggles-to-rev-up-a-ragged-actioner/article68663757.ece|title='Yudhra' movie review: Siddhant Chaturvedi struggles to rev up a ragged actioner|website=The Hindu|access-date=18 October 2024|archive-date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008203337/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yudhra-movie-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-struggles-to-rev-up-a-ragged-actioner/article68663757.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Box office ===<br /> The film had an opening day box office gross of {{INR}}4.52 crores in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;bo&quot; /&gt; The film ended its box office run with {{INR}}11.31 crores from worldwide collections&lt;ref name=&quot;bo&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt14056466}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|yudhra}}<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar<br /> |d = yes<br /> |portal1 = Film<br /> |portal2 = Bollywood<br /> |portal3 = India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language action films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_motion_picture_film&diff=472174 2026-03-02T02:35:02Z

<p>Hayat hospital: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Photographic film type}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=July 2020}}<br /> [[File:Still from footage recorded by Edward Turner, 1902. (7996010096).jpg|thumb|300px|Still from test film made by [[Edward Raymond Turner|Edward Turner]] in 1902, as secret technology]]<br /> <br /> '''Color motion picture film''' refers both to unexposed [[color photography|color photographic film]] in a format suitable for use in a [[motion picture camera]], and to finished motion picture film, ready for use in a projector, which bears images in color.<br /> <br /> The first color cinematography was by [[additive color]] systems such as the one patented by [[Edward Raymond Turner]] in 1899 and tested in 1902.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19598445 |title = Martin Scorsese on world's first colour film discovery|work = BBC News|date = 22 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as [[Kinemacolor]]. These early systems used black-and-white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color [[filter (optics)|filters]].<br /> <br /> During the 1930s, the first practical [[subtractive color]] processes were introduced. These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images, but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment. Before 1932, when three-strip [[Technicolor]] was introduced, commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color.<br /> <br /> In 1935, [[Kodachrome]] was introduced, followed by [[Agfacolor]] in 1936. They were intended primarily for amateur [[home movies]] and &quot;[[Reversal film|slides]]&quot;. These were the first films of the &quot;integral tripack&quot; type, coated with three layers of different color-sensitive [[Photographic emulsion|emulsion]], which is usually what is meant by the words &quot;color film&quot; as commonly used. The few color photographic films still being made in the 2020s are of this type. The first color [[negative (photography)|negative]] films and corresponding [[release print|print]] films were modified versions of these films. They were introduced around 1940 but only came into wide use for commercial motion picture production in the early 1950s. In the US, [[Eastman Kodak]]'s [[Eastmancolor]] was the usual choice, but it was often re-branded with another trade name, such as &quot;WarnerColor&quot;, by the studio or the film processor.<br /> <br /> Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes: [[Eastman Color Negative|Eastman Color Negative 2]] chemistry (camera negative stocks, duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks) and [[Eastman Color Positive|Eastman Color Positive 2]] chemistry (positive prints for direct projection), usually abbreviated as ECN-2 and ECP-2. Fuji's products are compatible with ECN-2 and ECP-2.<br /> <br /> The transition happened gradually, with 10% color in the early 1950s and 90% in the middle 1970s when considering all live-action feature films produced worldwide, and a tipping point in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Follows |first1=Stephen |title=When did colour films eclipse black-and-white films? |url=https://stephenfollows.com/p/when-did-colour-films-eclipse-black-and-white-films |access-date=28 November 2025 |date=18 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s, when it was largely replaced by [[digital cinematography]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiewire&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/as-studios-abandon-35-mm-film-small-theaters-struggle-to-transition-to-digital|title=Studios Abandon Film, Small Theaters Struggle – And There's a Happy Ending|website=Indiewire|last1=Hurley|first1=Michael|date=2 January 2014|access-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201064107/http://www.indiewire.com/article/as-studios-abandon-35-mm-film-small-theaters-struggle-to-transition-to-digital|archive-date=1 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> The first motion pictures were photographed using a simple homogeneous [[photographic emulsion]] that yielded a black-and-white image—that is, an image in shades of gray, ranging from black to white, corresponding to the [[luminous intensity]] of each point on the photographed subject. Light, shade, form and movement were captured, but not color.<br /> <br /> With color motion picture film, information about the color of the light at each image point is also captured. This is done by analyzing the [[visible spectrum]] of color into several regions (normally three, commonly referred to by their dominant colors: red, green and blue) and recording each region separately.<br /> <br /> Current color films do this with three layers of differently color-sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of [[film base]]. Early processes used color [[filter (optics)|filters]] to photograph the color components as completely separate images (e.g., three-strip [[Technicolor]]) or adjacent microscopic image fragments (e.g., [[Dufaycolor]]) in a one-layer black-and-white emulsion.<br /> <br /> Each photographed color component, initially just a colorless record of the luminous intensities in the part of the spectrum that it captured, is processed to produce a transparent dye image in the color [[complementary color|complementary]] to the color of the light that it recorded. The superimposed dye images combine to synthesize the original colors by the subtractive color method. In some early color processes (e.g., [[Kinemacolor]]), the component images remained in black-and-white form and were projected through color filters to synthesize the original colors by the additive color method.<br /> <br /> ==Tinting and manual coloring==<br /> {{see also|List of early color feature films}}<br /> The earliest motion picture stocks were [[orthochromatic]], and recorded blue and green light, but not red. Recording all three spectral regions required making film stock [[panchromatic]] to some degree. As orthochromatic film stock hindered color photography in its beginnings, the first films with color in them used [[aniline]] dyes to create artificial color. Manual-colored films appeared in 1895 with [[Thomas Edison]]'s manual-painted ''Annabelle's Dance'' for his [[Kinetoscope]] viewers.<br /> <br /> Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree. [[Georges Méliès]] offered manual-painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black-and-white versions, including the visual-effects pioneering ''[[A Trip to the Moon]]'' (1902). The film had various parts of the film painted frame-by-frame by twenty-one women in Montreuil&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;Cook, David A., ''A History of Narrative Film'' (2nd edition, W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 1990). {{ISBN|0-393-95553-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; in a production-line method.&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot;&gt;Ira Konigsberg, ''The Complete Film Dictionary'' Meridan PAL Books, 1987) {{ISBN|0-452-00980-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first commercially successful stencil color process was introduced in 1905 by [[Segundo de Chomón]] working for [[Pathé Frères]]. ''Pathé Color'', renamed [[Pathéchrome]] in 1929, became one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems. It incorporated an original print of a film with sections cut by [[pantograph]] in the appropriate areas for up to six colors&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; by a coloring machine with dye-soaked, velvet rollers.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;Ephraim Katz, ''The Film Encyclopedia'' (HarperCollins, 1994) {{ISBN|0-06-273089-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a stencil had been made for the whole film, it was placed into contact with the print to be colored and run at high speed (60 feet per minute) through the coloring (staining) machine. The process was repeated for each set of stencils corresponding to a different color. By 1910, Pathé had over 400 women employed as stencilers in their [[Vincennes]] factory. Pathéchrome continued production through the 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A more common technique emerged in the early 1910s known as '''[[film tinting]]''', a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed, giving the image a uniform [[monochromatic]] color. This process was popular during the silent era, with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects (red for scenes with fire or firelight, blue for night, etc.).&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A complementary process, called '''toning''', replaces the silver particles in the film with metallic salts or [[mordant]]ed [[dye]]s. This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color (e.g., blue and white rather than black and white). Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together.&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the United States, St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the [[Handschiegl Color Process]], a dye-transfer equivalent of the stencil process, first used in ''[[Joan the Woman]]'' (1917) directed by [[Cecil B. DeMille]], and used in special effects sequences for films such as ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1925 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' (1925).&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Eastman Kodak]] introduced its own system of pre-tinted black-and-white film stocks called [[Sonochrome]] in 1929. The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow, Inferno, Candle Flame, Sunshine, Purple Haze, Firelight, Azure, Nocturne, Verdante, Aquagreen,&lt;ref name=&quot;readfilm&quot; /&gt; Caprice, Fleur de Lis, Rose Doree, and the neutral-density Argent, which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black-and-white scene.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Tinting and toning continued to be used well into the sound era. In the 1930s and 1940s, some western films were processed in a sepia-toning solution to evoke the feeling of old photographs of the day. Tinting was used as late as 1951 for [[Sam Newfield]]'s sci-fi film ''[[Lost Continent (1951 film)|Lost Continent]]'' for the green lost-world sequences. [[Alfred Hitchcock]] used a form of manual-coloring for the orange-red gun-blast at the audience in ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'' (1945).&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Kodak's Sonochrome and similar pre-tinted stocks were still in production until the 1970s and were used commonly for custom theatrical trailers and [[Snipe (theatrical)|snipes]].<br /> <br /> In the last half of the 20th century, [[Norman McLaren]], who was one of the pioneers in animated movies, made several animated films in which he directly manually painted the images, and in some cases, also the soundtrack, on each frame of the film. This approach was previously employed in the early years of movies, late 19th and early 20th century. One of the precursors in color manual painting frame by frame were the Aragonese [[Segundo de Chomón]] and his French wife [[Julienne Mathieu]], who were Melies' close competitors.<br /> <br /> Tinting was gradually replaced by natural color techniques.<br /> <br /> ==Physics of light and color==<br /> A three-color theory of combination, which informs that all colors are created by combining the three main hues of red, blue, and green, was first established by [[Young-Helmholtz theory|Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz]], in the early 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=Carolyn |date=2020 |title=Bright Signals: A History of Color Television by Susan Murray |journal=Technology and Culture |language=en |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=375–376 |doi=10.1353/tech.2020.0028 |issn=1097-3729|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These principles on which color photography is based were first proposed by Scottish physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]] in 1855 and presented at the [[Royal Society]] in London in 1861.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; By that time, it was known that light comprises a spectrum of different wavelengths that are perceived as different colors as they are absorbed and reflected by natural objects. Maxwell discovered that all natural colors in this spectrum as perceived by the human eye may be reproduced with additive combinations of three primary colors—red, green, and blue—which, when mixed equally, produce white light.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Between 1900 and 1935, dozens of natural color systems were introduced, although only a few were successful.&lt;ref name=&quot;readfilm&quot;&gt;Monaco, James (1981) (Revised ed) ''How to Read a Film'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-502806-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Additive color===<br /> The first color systems that appeared in motion pictures were additive color systems. Additive color was practical because no special color stock was necessary. Black-and-white film could be processed and used in both filming and projection. The various additive systems entailed the use of color [[filter (photography)|filters]] on both the movie camera and projector. Additive color adds lights of the primary colors in various proportions to the projected image. Because of the limited amount of space to record images on film, and later because the lack of a camera that could record more than two strips of film at once, most early motion-picture color systems consisted of two colors, often red and green or red and blue.&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The pioneering three-color additive system was patented in England by [[Edward Raymond Turner]] in 1899.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=World's first colour moving pictures discovered|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19423951l|newspaper= BBC News|date=12 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; It used a rotating set of red, green and blue filters to photograph the three color components one after the other on three successive [[film frame|frame]]s of [[panchromatic]] black-and-white film. The finished film was projected through similar filters to reconstitute the color. In 1902, Turner shot test footage to demonstrate his system, but projecting it proved problematic because of the accurate registration (alignment) of the three separate color elements required for acceptable results. Turner died a year later without having satisfactorily projected the footage. In 2012, curators at the [[National Media Museum]] in Bradford, UK, had the original custom-format [[nitrate film]] copied to black-and-white 35&amp;nbsp;mm film, which was then scanned into a digital video format by [[telecine]]. Finally, [[digital image processing]] was used to align and combine each group of three frames into one color image.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.brianpritchard.com/Lee_Turner_Project.htm Pritchard, B. (2012). &quot;Lee-Turner Project with the National Media Museum&quot;.] Retrieved 20 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, these films from 1902 became viewable in full color.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=World's first colour film unveiled|first = Anita |last = Singh|url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/9538882/Worlds-first-colour-film-unveiled.html |newspaper= The Telegraph|date=12 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:The Delhi Durbar 1911.webm|thumb|''With Our King and Queen Through India'', extract]]<br /> Practical color in the motion picture business began with [[Kinemacolor]], first demonstrated in 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot; /&gt; This was a two-color system created in England by [[George Albert Smith (inventor)|George Albert Smith]], and commercialized by film pioneer [[Charles Urban]]'s [[Natural Color Kinematograph Company]] from 1909 on. It was used for a many films, most notably the documentary ''[[With Our King and Queen Through India]]'', depicting the [[Delhi Durbar]] (also known as ''The Durbar at Delhi'', 1912), which was filmed in December 1911. The Kinemacolor process consisted of alternating frames of specially sensitized black-and-white film exposed at 32 frames per second through a rotating filter with alternating red and green areas. The printed film was projected through similar alternating red and green filters at the same speed. A perceived range of colors resulted from the blending of the separate red and green alternating images by the viewer's persistence of vision.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McKernan |first=Luke |title=Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0859892964}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(1917) &quot;Kinemacolor&quot; ''How to Make and Operate Moving Pictures'' Funk &amp; Wagnalls. Courtesy of [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com Wide Screen Museum]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[William Friese-Greene]] invented another additive color system called Biocolour, which was developed by his son [[Claude Friese-Greene]] after William's death in 1921. William sued George Albert Smith, alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes, Ltd.; as a result, Smith's patent was revoked in 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with &quot;fringing&quot; or &quot;haloing&quot; of the image, due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By their nature, these additive systems were very wasteful of light. Absorption by the color filters involved meant that only a minor fraction of the projection light actually reached the screen, resulting in an image that was dimmer than a typical black-and-white image. The larger the screen, the dimmer the picture. For this and other case-by-case reasons, the use of additive processes for theatrical motion pictures had been almost completely abandoned by the early 1940s, though additive color methods are employed by all the color [[video]] and computer display systems in common use today.&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Subtractive color===<br /> The first practical [[subtractive color]] process was introduced by Kodak as &quot;Kodachrome&quot;, a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better-known product. Filter-photographed red and blue-green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black-and-white duplitized film. After development, the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes, red on one side and cyan on the other. The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color. Kodak's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled ''Concerning $1000'' (1916). Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two-color printing processes, the image origination and color-toning methods constituting Kodak's own process were little-used.<br /> <br /> The first truly successful subtractive color process was William van Doren Kelley's [[Prizma]],&lt;ref name=&quot;afipriz&quot;&gt;Slide, Anthony. (1990) &quot;Prizma Color&quot; ''The American Film Industry: A Historical Dictionary'' Limelight p. 271. {{ISBN|0-87910-139-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; an early color process that was first introduced at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York City on 8 February 1917.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ra0eAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA150 Museum Notes], ''The American Museum Journal'' (1917), vol. 17, p. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian. (1951) ''Colour Cinematography'' Chapman and Hall press.&lt;/ref&gt; Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor.<br /> <br /> However, after 1917, Kelley reinvented the process as a subtractive one with several years of short films and travelogues, such as ''Everywhere With Prizma'' (1919) and ''A Prizma Color Visit to Catalina'' (1919) before releasing features such as the documentary ''Bali the Unknown'' (1921), ''[[The Glorious Adventure (1922 film)|The Glorious Adventure]]'' (1922), and ''[[Venus of the South Seas]]'' (1924). A Prizma promotional short filmed for [[Del Monte Foods]] titled ''Sunshine Gatherers'' (1921) is available on DVD in Treasures 5 The West 1898–1938 by the National Film Preservation Foundation.<br /> <br /> The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes. This [[bipack color]] system used two strips of film running through the camera, one recording red, and one recording blue-green light. With the black-and-white negatives being printed onto duplitized film, the color images were then toned red and blue, effectively creating a subtractive color print.<br /> <br /> [[Leon Forrest Douglass]] (1869–1940), a founder of [[Victor Records]], developed a system he called Naturalcolor, and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in [[San Rafael, California]]. The only feature film known to have been made in this process, ''[[Cupid Angling]]'' (1918)—starring [[Ruth Roland]] and with cameo appearances by [[Mary Pickford]] and [[Douglas Fairbanks]]—was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of [[Marin County, California]].&lt;ref&gt;Gracyk, Tim. ''[http://www.gracyk.com/leon.shtml Leon F. Douglass: Inventor and Victor's First Vice-President]'' (Retrieved on 2007-03-26)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Two-Color Kodachrome Test Shots No. III.webm|thumb|A Kodak 1922 film test in colour]]<br /> After experimenting with additive systems (including a [[movie camera|camera]] with two [[aperture]]s, one with a red filter, one with a green filter) from 1915 to 1921, Dr. [[Herbert Kalmus]], Dr. Daniel Comstock, and mechanic W. Burton Wescott developed a subtractive color system for [[Technicolor]]. The system used a [[beam splitter]] in a specially modified camera to send red and green light to adjacent frames of one strip of black-and-white film. From this negative, skip-printing was used to print each color's frames contiguously onto film stock with half the normal base thickness. The two prints were chemically toned to roughly complementary hues of red and green,&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot; /&gt; then cemented together, back to back, into a single strip of film. The first film to use this process was ''[[The Toll of the Sea]]'' ([[1922 in film|1922]]) starring [[Anna May Wong]]. Perhaps the most ambitious film to use it was ''[[The Black Pirate]]'' ([[1926 in film|1926]]), starring and produced by [[Douglas Fairbanks]].<br /> <br /> The process was later refined through the incorporation of dye [[imbibition]], which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print, avoiding several problems that had become evident with the cemented prints and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices.&lt;ref name=&quot;dictionary&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Technicolor's early system were in use for several years, but it was a very expensive process: shooting cost three times that of black-and-white photography and printing costs were no cheaper. By 1932, color photography in general had nearly been abandoned by major studios, until Technicolor developed a new advancement to record all three primary colors. Utilizing a special [[dichroic]] [[beam splitter]] equipped with two 45-degree [[prism (optics)|prism]]s in the form of a cube, light from the lens was deflected by the prisms and split into two paths to expose each one of three black-and-white negatives (one each to record the densities for red, green, and blue).&lt;ref name=&quot;afitech&quot;&gt;Slide, Anthony. (1990) &quot;Technicolor&quot; ''The American Film Industry: A Historical Dictionary'' Limelight pp. 338–340. {{ISBN|0-87910-139-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The three negatives were then printed to gelatin matrices, which also completely bleached the image, washing out the silver and leaving only the gelatin record of the image. A receiver print, consisting of a 50% density print of the black-and-white negative for the green record strip, and including the soundtrack, was struck and treated with dye mordants to aid in the imbibition process (this &quot;black&quot; layer was discontinued in the early 1940s). The matrices for each strip were coated with their complementary dye (yellow, cyan, or magenta), and then each successively brought into high-pressure contact with the receiver, which imbibed and held the dyes, which collectively rendered a wider spectrum of color than previous technologies.&lt;ref name=&quot;awsm&quot;&gt;Hart, Martin (2003). &quot;[http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/technicolor6.htm The History of Technicolor]&quot; Widescreenmuseum.com. Retrieved 2006-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The first animation film with the three-color (also called three-strip) system was [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[Flowers and Trees]]'' ([[1932 in film|1932]]), the first short live-action film was ''[[La Cucaracha (1934 film)|La Cucaracha]]'' ([[1934 in film|1934]]), and the first feature was ''[[Becky Sharp (film)|Becky Sharp]]'' ([[1935 in film|1935]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gasparcolor]], a single-strip 3-color system, was developed in 1933 by the Hungarian chemist Dr. Bela Gaspar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oskarfischinger.org/GasparColor.htm|title=Gasparcolor: Perfect Hues for Animation|publisher=Fischinger Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The real push for color films and the nearly immediate changeover from black-and-white production to nearly all color film were pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s. In 1947, only 12 percent of American films were made in color. By 1954, that number rose to over 50 percent.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt; The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor's near monopoly on the medium.<br /> <br /> In 1947, the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography through their 1934 &quot;Monopack Agreement&quot; with Kodak (even though rival processes such as [[Cinecolor]] and [[Trucolor]] were in general use).&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=xMxDEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=1934+Monopack+agreement+1947+antitrust&amp;pg=PA14 Colour Films in Britain: The Eastmancolor Revolution]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=NRIoEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=United+States+Department+of+Justice+Monopack+Kodak+1947+antitrust&amp;pg=PA441 The Cinema in Flux: The Evolution of Motion Picture Technology from the Magic Lantern to the Digital Era]&lt;/ref&gt; In 1950, a federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three-strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers. Although this certainly affected Technicolor, its real undoing was the invention of [[Eastmancolor]] that same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Monopack color film==<br /> [[Image:35mm-undevel.jpg|left|thumb|150px|A strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative.]]<br /> <br /> In the field of motion pictures, the many-layered type of color film normally called an ''integral tripack'' in broader contexts has long been known by the less tongue-twisting term ''monopack''. For many years, Monopack (capitalized) was a proprietary product of Technicolor Corp, whereas monopack (not capitalized) generically referred to any of several single-strip color film products, including various Eastman Kodak products. It appeared that Technicolor made no attempt to register Monopack as a trademark with the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]], although it asserted that term as if it were a registered trademark, and it had the force of a legal agreement between it and Eastman Kodak to back up that assertion. It was a solely-sourced product, too, as Eastman Kodak was legally prevented from marketing any color motion picture film products wider than 16mm, 35mm specifically, until the expiration of the so-called &quot;Monopack Agreement&quot; in 1950. This, notwithstanding the facts that Technicolor never had the capability to manufacture sensitized motion picture films of any kind, nor single-strip color films based upon its so-called &quot;Troland Patent&quot; (which Technicolor maintained covered all monopack-type films in general, and which Eastman Kodak elected not to contest as Technicolor was then one of its largest customers, if not its largest customer). After 1950, Eastman Kodak was free to make and market color films of any kind, particularly including monopack color motion picture films in 65/70mm, 35mm, 16mm and 8mm. The &quot;Monopack Agreement&quot; had no effect on color still films.<br /> <br /> Monopack color films are based on the subtractive color system, which filters colors from white light by using superimposed cyan, magenta and yellow dye images. Those images are created from records of the amounts of red, green and blue light present at each point of the image formed by the camera lens. A subtractive primary color (cyan, magenta, yellow) is what remains when one of the additive primary colors (red, green, blue) has been removed from the spectrum. Eastman Kodak's monopack color films incorporated three separate layers of differently color sensitive emulsion into one strip of film. Each layer recorded one of the additive primaries and was processed to produce a dye image in the [[complementary color|complementary]] subtractive primary.<br /> <br /> [[Kodachrome]] was the first commercially successful application of monopack multilayer film, introduced in 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;explore&quot;&gt;''Exploring the Color Image'' (1996) Eastman Kodak Publication H-188.&lt;/ref&gt; For professional motion picture photography, Kodachrome Commercial, on a 35mm [[Film perforations#BH|BH-perforated]] base, was available exclusively from Technicolor, as its so-called &quot;Technicolor Monopack&quot; product. Similarly, for sub-professional motion picture photography, Kodachrome Commercial, on a 16mm base, was available exclusively from Eastman Kodak. In both cases, Eastman Kodak was the sole manufacturer and the sole processor. In the 35mm case, Technicolor [[Dye-transfer process|dye-transfer]] printing was a &quot;tie-in&quot; product.&lt;ref&gt;The tie-in ensures the quality of the tied-good when the tied good (dye-transfer printing, in this case) is used in conjunction with the tying good (Three-Strip or Monopack origination, in this case), paraphrasing ''Tie-in Sales and Price Discrimination'', S. J. Liebowitz, University of Texas at Dallas.&lt;/ref&gt; In the 16mm case, there were Eastman Kodak duplicating and printing stocks and associated chemistry, not the same as a &quot;tie-in&quot; product. In exceptional cases, Technicolor offered 16mm dye-transfer printing, but this necessitated the exceptionally wasteful process of printing on a 35mm base, only thereafter to be re-perforated and re-slit to 16mm, thereby discarding slightly more than one-half of the end product.<br /> <br /> A late modification to the &quot;Monopack Agreement&quot;, the &quot;Imbibition Agreement&quot;, finally allowed Technicolor to economically manufacture 16mm dye-transfer prints as so-called &quot;double-rank&quot; 35/32mm prints (two 16mm prints on a 35mm base that was originally perforated at the 16mm specification for both halves, and was later re-slit into two 16mm wide prints without the need for re-perforation). This modification also facilitated the early experiments by Eastman Kodak with its negative-positive monopack film, which eventually became Eastmancolor. Essentially, the &quot;Imbibition Agreement&quot; lifted a portion of the &quot;Monopack Agreement's&quot; restrictions on Technicolor (which prevented it from making motion picture products less than 35mm wide) and somewhat related restrictions on Eastman Kodak (which prevented it from experimenting and developing monopack products greater than 16mm wide).<br /> <br /> [[Eastmancolor]], introduced in 1950,&lt;ref name=&quot;motion.kodak.com&quot;&gt;[http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Chronology_Of_Film/chrono2.htm Chronology of Motion Picture Films: 1940–1959] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625062139/http://motion.kodak.com/US/en/motion/Products/Chronology_Of_Film/chrono2.htm |date=2009-06-25 }}, Kodak.&lt;/ref&gt; was Kodak's first economical, single-strip [[35mm movie film|35 mm]] negative-positive process incorporated into one strip of film. This eventually rendered Three-Strip color photography obsolete, even though, for the first few years of Eastmancolor, Technicolor continued to offer Three-Strip origination combined with dye-transfer printing (150 titles produced in 1953, 100 titles produced in 1954 and 50 titles produced in 1955, the last year for Three-Strip as camera negative stock). The first commercial feature film to use Eastmancolor was the documentary ''[[Royal Journey]]'', released in December 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;motion.kodak.com&quot;/&gt; Hollywood studios waited until an improved version of Eastmancolor negative came out in 1952 before using it; ''[[This is Cinerama]]'' was an early film which employed three separate and interlocked strips of Eastmancolor negative. ''This is Cinerama'' was initially printed on Eastmancolor positive, but its significant success eventually resulted in it being reprinted by Technicolor, using dye-transfer. <br /> <br /> By 1953, and especially with the introduction of anamorphic wide screen [[CinemaScope]], Eastmancolor became a marketing imperative as CinemaScope was incompatible with Technicolor's Three-Strip camera and lenses. Indeed, Technicolor Corp became one of the best, if not the best, processor of Eastmancolor negative, especially for so-called &quot;wide gauge&quot; negatives (5-perf 65mm, 8- and 6-perf 35mm), yet it far preferred its own 35mm dye-transfer printing process for Eastmancolor-originated films with a print run that exceeded 500 prints,&lt;ref&gt;At one point, Technicolor implemented a two-tiered print pricing structure, one for dye-transfer prints, which favored large volume printing, and one Eastmancolor prints, which favored small volume printing—but this was after the &quot;tie-in&quot; between origination and printing had been broken by the abandonment of Three-Strip and Monopack origination. For small print runs, dye-transfer remained an option, but at a significantly higher cost.&lt;/ref&gt; not withstanding the significant &quot;loss of register&quot; that occurred in such prints that were expanded by CinemaScope's 2X horizontal factor, and, to a lesser extent, with so-called &quot;flat wide screen&quot; (variously 1.66:1 or 1.85:1, but spherical and not anamorphic). This nearly fatal flaw was not corrected until 1955 and caused numerous features initially printed by Technicolor to be scrapped and reprinted by [[Deluxe Entertainment Services Group|DeLuxe Labs]]. (These features are often billed as &quot;Color by Technicolor-DeLuxe&quot;.) Indeed, some Eastmancolor-originated films billed as &quot;Color by Technicolor&quot; were never actually printed using the dye-transfer process, due in part to the throughput limitations of Technicolor's dye-transfer printing process, and competitor DeLuxe's superior throughput. Incredibly, DeLuxe once had a license to install a Technicolor-type dye-transfer printing line, but as the &quot;loss of register&quot; problems became apparent in Fox's CinemaScope features that were printed by Technicolor, after Fox had become an all-CinemaScope producer, Fox-owned DeLuxe Labs abandoned its plans for dye-transfer printing and became, and remained, an all-Eastmancolor shop, as Technicolor itself later became. One major downside of Eastmancolor was that the dyes used were unstable which caused the color to fade into magenta over time, with visible fading starting to occur within as little of a few years of manufacturing. While this cannot be prevented, it can be slowed down by storing the film stock in a cold environment where the chemical reactions responsible for it slow down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amidon |first=Audrey |date=2016-01-11 |title=Film Preservation 101: Why are old films sometimes pink? |url=https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2016/01/11/film-preservation-101-why-are-old-films-sometimes-pink/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Unwritten Record |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EASTMANCOLOR FADE INFORMATION PAGE |url=https://ian-partridge.com/fade.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=ian-partridge.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; This has recently gained significant attention online as a result of the Blu-Ray editions of [[Sailor Moon (TV series)|Sailor Moon]] having a pink tint due to film fading and no color correction being applied.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ke |first=Bryan |date=2024-01-26 |title=Anime film restorer reveals reason why 'Sailor Moon' has a pink 'aesthetic' |url=https://nextshark.com/sailor-moon-toei-pink-tint |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NextShark |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; While modern digital film scanning and color correcting techniques have mitigated this issue to an extent, it highlights the importance of digitizing and backing up of analog media. <br /> <br /> Technicolor continued to offer its proprietary imbibition dye-transfer printing process for projection prints until 1975, and even briefly revived it in 1998. As an archival format, Technicolor prints are one of the most stable color print processes yet created, and prints properly cared for are estimated to retain their color for centuries.&lt;ref name= &quot;wilhelm&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1= Wilhelm|first1=Henry |last2= Brower|first2= Carol|date =1993|title= The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs|publisher= Preservation Publishing Company|url = http://www.wilhelm-research.com/pdf/HW_Book_10_of_20_HiRes_v1a.pdf |chapter =The Extraordinarily Stable Technicolor Dye Imbibition Motion Picture Color Print Process|pages= 345–366|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619051550/http://www.wilhelm-research.com/pdf/HW_Book_10_of_20_HiRes_v1a.pdf |archivedate=2006-06-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; With the introduction of Eastmancolor low-fade positive print (LPP) films, properly stored (at 45&amp;nbsp;°F or 7&amp;nbsp;°C and 25 percent relative humidity) monopack color film is expected to last, with no fading, a comparative amount of time. Improperly stored monopack color film from before 1983 can incur a 30 percent image loss in as little as 25 years.&lt;ref&gt;Holben, Jay (June 1999). &quot;Preserving Negatives for the Next Generation&quot; ''American Cinematographer Magazine'' ASC Press. pp. 147–152.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Functionality==<br /> [[Image:Color film.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A representation of the layers within a piece of developed color 35 mm negative film. When developed, the dye couplers in the blue-, green-, and red-sensitive layers turn the exposed silver halide crystals to their complementary colors (yellow, magenta, and cyan). The film is made up of (A) Clear protective topcoat, (B) UV filter, (C) &quot;Fast&quot; blue layer, (D) &quot;Slow&quot; blue layer, (E) Yellow filter to cut all blue light from passing through to (F) &quot;Fast&quot; green layer, (G) &quot;Slow&quot; green layer, (H) Inter (subbing) layer, (I) &quot;Fast&quot; red layer, (J) &quot;Slow&quot; red layer, (K) Clear triacetate base, and (L) Antihalation (rem-jet) backing.]]<br /> <br /> A color film is made up of many different layers that work together to create the color image. Color negative films provide three main color layers: the blue record, green record, and red record; each made up of two separate layers containing silver halide crystals and dye-couplers. A cross-sectional representation of a piece of developed color negative film is shown in the figure at the right. The triacetate base is 0.005 inch thick, the total thickness of the emulsion and other coatings is less than 0.0015 inches.&lt;ref name=&quot;hone&quot;&gt;''Making Kodak Film: The Illustrated Story of State-of-the-Art Photographic Film Manufacturing'', Robert L. Shanebrook, 2010, Rochester, New York. &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The three color records are stacked as shown at right, with a UV filter on top to keep the non-visible ultraviolet radiation from exposing the silver-halide crystals, which are naturally sensitive to UV light. Next are the fast and slow blue-sensitive layers, which, when developed, form the latent image. When the exposed silver-halide crystal is developed, it is coupled with a dye grain of its complementary color. This forms a dye &quot;cloud&quot; (like a drop of water on a paper towel) and is limited in its growth by development-inhibitor-releasing (DIR) couplers, which also serve to refine the sharpness of the processed image by limiting the size of the dye clouds. The dye clouds formed in the blue layer are actually yellow (the opposite or complementary color to blue).&lt;ref name=&quot;stockone&quot;&gt;Holben, Jay. (April 2000). &quot;Taking Stock&quot; Part 1 of 2. ''American Cinematographer Magazine'' ASC Press. pp. 118–130&lt;/ref&gt; There are two layers to each color; a &quot;fast&quot; and a &quot;slow.&quot; The fast layer features larger grains that are more sensitive to light than the slow layer, which has finer grain and is less sensitive to light. Silver-halide crystals are naturally sensitive to blue light, so the blue layers are on the top of the film and they are followed immediately by a yellow filter, which stops any more blue light from passing through to the green and red layers and biasing those crystals with extra blue exposure. Next are the green-sensitive record (which forms magenta dyes when developed); and, at the bottom, the red-sensitive record, which forms cyan dyes when developed. Each color is separated by a gelatin layer that prevents silver development in one record from causing unwanted dye formation in another. On the back of the [[film base]] is an anti-halation layer that absorbs light which would otherwise be weakly reflected back through the film by that surface and create halos of light around bright features in the image. In color film, this backing is &quot;rem-jet&quot;, a black-pigmented, non-gelatin layer which is removed in the developing process.&lt;ref name=&quot;hone&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Eastman Kodak manufactures film in 54-inch (1,372&amp;nbsp;mm) wide rolls. These rolls are then slit into various sizes (70&amp;nbsp;mm, 65&amp;nbsp;mm, 35&amp;nbsp;mm, 16&amp;nbsp;mm) as needed.<br /> <br /> ==Manufacturers of color film for motion picture use==<br /> {{see also|List of motion picture film stocks}}<br /> <br /> Motion picture film, primarily because of the rem-jet backing, requires different processing than standard [[C-41 process]] color film. The process necessary is ECN-2, which has an initial step using an alkaline bath to remove the backing layer. There are also minor differences in the remainder of the process. If motion picture negative is run through a standard C-41 color film developer bath, the rem-jet backing partially dissolves and destroys the integrity of the developer and, potentially, ruins the film.<br /> <br /> ===Kodak color motion picture films===<br /> In the late 1980s, Kodak introduced the [[T-Grain]] emulsion, a technological advancement in the shape and make-up of silver halide grains in their films. T-Grain is a tabular silver halide grain that allows for greater overall surface area, resulting in greater light sensitivity with a relatively small grain and a more uniform shape that results in a less overall graininess to the film. This made for sharper and more sensitive films. The T-Grain technology was first employed in Kodak's EXR line of motion picture color negative stocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;stocktwo&quot;&gt;Probst, Christopher. (May 2000). &quot;Taking Stock&quot; Part 2 of 2 ''American Cinematographer Magazine'' ASC Press. pp. 110–120&lt;/ref&gt; This was further refined in 1996 with the Vision line of emulsions, followed by Vision2 in the early 2000s and Vision3 in 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Fuji color motion picture films===<br /> Fuji films also integrated tabular grains in their SUFG (Super Unified Fine Grain) films. In their case, the SUFG grain is not only tabular, it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers. Like the T-grain, it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain (about one-third the size of traditional grain) for the same light sensitivity. In 2005, Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock, the first in a new line of advanced emulsions, with Super Nano-structure Σ Grain Technology.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|Film}}<br /> * [[135 film]]<br /> * [[35mm movie film|35mm film]]<br /> * [[Cinecolor]]<br /> * [[Color photography]]<br /> * [[Film base]]<br /> * [[Film stock]]<br /> * [[Kinemacolor]]<br /> * [[List of color film systems]]<br /> * [[List of early color feature films]]<br /> * [[List of film formats]]<br /> * [[List of motion picture film stocks]]<br /> * [[Multicolor]]<br /> * [[Photographic film]] mainly about film for stills<br /> * [[Prizma]]<br /> * [[Technicolor]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * John Waner, ''Hollywood's Conversion of All Production to Color'', Tobey Publishing, 2000.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://zauberklang.ch/filmcolors/ Timeline of Historical Film Colors]<br /> * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19423951 BBC article on the first color film]<br /> * The American Widescreen Museum has a thorough treatise on [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/oldcolor/index.htm early motion picture color processes].<br /> * [https://www.imdb.com/company/co0002739 List of films in Prizma at IMDb]<br /> * &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=NzW1zWsl-2cC&amp;pg=RA1-PA297 Animation in Natural Colours]&quot;, ''Moving Pictures'', 1912.<br /> <br /> {{Film genres}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Film and video technology]]<br /> [[Category:Photographic film types]]<br /> [[Category:History of film]]<br /> [[Category:Color|Film]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=NTBK_High_Madrasah_(H.S)&diff=519602 2026-02-22T19:54:57Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating first info nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = NTBK High Madrasah<br /> | logo =<br /> | image = [[File:NTBK High Madrasah Panoramic 02.jpg|128px|]]<br /> | caption = <br /> | address = Kochua, [[Itahar]]<br /> | district = [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | postal_code = 733128<br /> | country = India<br /> | type = Higher Secondary<br /> | established = 1972&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/n-t-b-k-high-madrasah-o98q0e|title=Establishment reference}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | category = Co-ed.<br /> | language = Bengali (Class V to Class XII)<br /> | teaching_staff = 22&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/n-t-b-k-high-madrasah-o98q0e|title=Staffs &amp; Students number}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | enrollment = 1200 Over<br /> | campus = Rural<br /> | affiliations = [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education|WBBME]] &amp; [[WBCHSE]]<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | website = https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19040912802# <br /> }}<br /> '''NTBK High Madrasah''' is a Higher Secondary Madrasah situated at [[Itahar]] Block, in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]]. This school was established in 1972.<br /> <br /> == Affiliations ==<br /> The Madrasah is affiliated to [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]] for Upper Primary and [[Madhyamik]] and to [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] for Higher Secondary section.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Madrasah of Uttar Dinajpur |url=http://www.wbbme.org:80/High_Mad_UDinajpur.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200722201843/http://www.wbbme.org:80/High_Mad_UDinajpur.aspx |archive-date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=wbbme.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Madrasas in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Uttar Dinajpur district]]<br /> [[Category:1972 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umrao_Singh_Sher-Gil&diff=542563 2026-02-21T13:28:45Z

<p>Hayat hospital: added first bio v1...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian philosopher photographer (1870 – 1954)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Umrao Singh Sher-Gil<br /> | image = Umrao Singh Sher-Gil Self portrait; Shimla, India, 21 June 1924.png<br /> | caption = Sher-Gil (self portrait, Shimla, 1924)<br /> | birth_date = 1870<br /> | birth_place = [[Majitha]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India<br /> | death_date = 1954 (aged 84)<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | occupation = Photographer and visual artist<br /> | known_for = [[Mise-en-scène]] portraits<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Narninder Kaur|1883|1907|reason=her death}}<br /> {{marriage|Marie Antoinette Gottesmann-Baktay|1912|1948|reason=her death}}<br /> | children = 6 (including [[Amrita Sher-Gil|Amrita]] and [[Indira Sundaram|Indira]])<br /> | father = [[Surat Singh]]<br /> | relatives = [[Sundar Singh Majithia|Sundar Singh]] (brother)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Umrao Singh Sher-Gil Majithia''' (1870–1954) was an Indian aristocrat, scholar of Sanskrit and philosophy, and photographer. He was known as one of the pioneers of photography in India, leaving behind over 3,000 prints, including the hundreds of family portraits and over 80 self-portraits staged in a [[mise-en-scène]] style.<br /> <br /> His daughters included the artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] and [[Indira Sundaram]]. In India, a photography grant named after him was instituted in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalmia2013.1&quot;&gt;Dalmia, Yashodhara (2013). Hungarian memories, pp. 1-16&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation {{!}} About the Grant |url=https://ssaf.in/grants/umrao-singh-sher-gil-grant-for-photography/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111135749/https://ssaf.in/grants/umrao-singh-sher-gil-grant-for-photography/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Gil was born in 1870 to [[Surat Singh]] of [[Majitha]], near [[Amritsar]] in then British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalmia2013.1&quot; /&gt; He completed his early education in Amritsar and later studied at the [[Aitchison College, Lahore|Aitchison College]] in [[Lahore]] (in then [[undivided Punjab]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Berardo Collection |url=https://berardocollection.com/?sid=50004&amp;CID=100&amp;work=1732&amp;lang=en |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=berardocollection.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His younger brother [[Sundar Singh Majithia|Sundar Singh]] was an industrialist and a politician, who was later knighted by the then British Indian government.&lt;ref name=Dalmia2013.1/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gil was 11 when his father died in 1881.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundaram2010.pro&quot;&gt;Sundaram, pp. xxiii-xli&lt;/ref&gt; Having inherited the title as the head of the Majitha family, he travelled to England in 1896, and again in 1897 to attend the [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]]. He also attended the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Darbar]] in 1903 and in 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Gil was a scholar of Persian and Sanskrit. He was associated with the [[Indian independence movement]] and was noted to have had links with the [[Gadar party]], a revolutionary movement in the country, around 1915. When these links were identified his land holdings were confiscated by the then government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=sikhchic.com {{!}} The Art and Culture of the Diaspora {{!}} Umrao Singh Sher-Gil:His Misery and His Manuscript |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?cat=11&amp;id=2998 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=www.sikhchic.com |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308215641/http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?cat=11&amp;id=2998 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jhaveri |first=Shanay |date=1 January 2016 |title=The journey in my head : cosmopolitanism and Indian male self-portraiture in 20th century India : Umrao Singh Sher-Gil, Bhupen Khakhar, Ragubhir Singh |url=https://www.academia.edu/91707140 |journal=[[The Royal College of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was an admirer of Russian author and activist, [[Leo Tolstoy]], after whom he modelled his approach to [[humanism]] and even his looks. He was also a friend of the poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=H |first=Sara |date=8 June 2021 |title=Amrita Shergil As Seen Through Her Father's Photographs |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/artist-amrita-sher-gils-life-through-her-fathers-poignant-photographs |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Homegrown |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128104239/https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/artist-amrita-sher-gils-life-through-her-fathers-poignant-photographs |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> Gil was one of the pioneers of photography in India, when he began photography in the early 1890s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; After his marriage to the Hungarian opera singer, [[Marie Antoinette Gottesman|Marie Antoinette Gottesman-Baktay]], the subjects of his photographic works were largely his family{{Spnd}}his wife and two daughters, and his own self portraits.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=d'Arles |first=Les Rencontres |title=UMRAO SINGH SHER-GIL |url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/expositions/view/1269/umrao-singh-sher-gil |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=www.rencontres-arles.com |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128104342/http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/expositions/view/1269/umrao-singh-sher-gil |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He experimented with some of the then latest techniques including [[Autochrome Lumière|autochrome prints]] and [[stereoscopy|stereoscope cameras]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMxTAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=DIFFERENT+:+A+HISTORICAL+CONTEXT+:+CONTEMPORARY+PHOTOGRAPHERS+AND+BLACK+IDENTITY |title=Different |last2=Sealy |first2=Mark |date=22 October 2001 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0-7148-4014-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He produced hundreds of photographs of his family which were intentionally staged [[mise-en-scène]], a format that he pioneered, with his home as the backdrop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Many of his works could be categorised as performative photography.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=Moving Still: Performative Photography in India |url=https://montecristomagazine.com/arts/moving-still-performative-photography-in-india |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=MONTECRISTO |language=en-US |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321074441/https://montecristomagazine.com/arts/moving-still-performative-photography-in-india |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His own self-portraits and the portraits of his family were noted for their residual sadness which further increased after the death of his daughter Amrita Sher-Gil in 1941 and the death of his wife in 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2018 |title=Umrao Singh Sher-Gil's black and white self-portraits will mesmerise you |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/umrao-singh-sher-gil-archives-gil-photoink-delhi-exhibition/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529054559/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/umrao-singh-sher-gil-archives-gil-photoink-delhi-exhibition/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gil experimented with various toning methods and left behind over 3,000 prints and negatives, including over 80 self-portraits, chronicling life across Europe and India in the early part of the twentieth century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalmia2013.1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Charles |date=29 November 2020 |title=A glimpse of Umraosingh Sher-Gil in Sanscrit 1145 |url=https://tst.hypotheses.org/1927 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Texts Surrounding Texts |doi=10.58079/uxz6 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005171258/https://tst.hypotheses.org/1927 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gil documented the family's life in Europe extensively through his photography and continued to do so after the family's return to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Balaram |first=Rakhee |date=2017 |title=A Savage Garden: The Paris Photographs of Umrao Singh Sher-Gil |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=asu&amp;AN=125908888&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site |journal=Marg: A Magazine of the Arts |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=48–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Kavita |date=2009 |title=[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil] |url= |journal=Marg |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=131–132}}&lt;/ref&gt; These works spanned Paris, Budapest, Shimla, and Lahore, and presented a view into an aristocratic-bourgeois life across continents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; His works were noted to have presented his family and himself as a &quot;modern proto-postcolonial subject&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; His photographs have been posthumously exhibited in Canada, France, Spain, and UK, in addition to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PHOTOINK |title=PHOTOINK |url=https://www.photoink.net/artists/thesher-gilarchives |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=PHOTOINK |language=en-IN |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926164110/https://www.photoink.net/artists/thesher-gilarchives |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gil was a scholar of Sanskrit, and one of his works include a manuscript on ''Pāṇinīyaśikṣā,'' a treatise of Sanskrit phonetics which is attributed to [[Pāṇini]] and [[Pingala]]charya. The manuscript was published by the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] in 1930 in Paris, where he had then relocated his family for his daughters to study in the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pāṇinīyaśikṣā |url=https://tst-project.github.io/mss/Sanscrit_1145.xml?facs=1 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=tst-project.github.io |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128104239/https://tst-project.github.io/mss/Sanscrit_1145.xml?facs=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A letter that he wrote to Hungarian scholar, [[Ignác Goldziher]], which is now held at the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]], shows his engagement with prominent scholars of the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Gil was considered a reclusive, but he maintained detailed diaries and records of letters, some of which have him writing about his written manuscripts of philosophical scriptures including the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]'', both for his self-study and for his friends readings. In one of these notes, he wrote that despite his multiple readings it remains &quot;unfathomable like an ocean of truth, which it is&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PHOTOINK |title=PHOTOINK |url=https://www.photoink.net/exhibitions/wakefulnessandthedreamstateaself-studybyumraosingh |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=PHOTOINK |language=en-IN |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324094256/https://www.photoink.net/exhibitions/wakefulnessandthedreamstateaself-studybyumraosingh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A photography grant named after him was instituted by his family in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In addition to photography and philosophy, Gil had varied interests including astronomy, carpentry, calligraphy, and yoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' many years after his death, called him &quot;an eccentric polymath with a fondness for (and a startling resemblance to) Tolstoy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Becker |first=Alida |date=2 December 2007 |title=HOLIDAY BOOKS - India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/books/review/Becker-t.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Amrita Sher-Gil 2.jpg|Daughter [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1936)<br /> File:Amrita Sher-Gil in sari.jpg|Daughter Amrita Sher-Gil (1936)<br /> File:Amrita Sher-Gil with 3 paintings.jpg|Daughter Amrita Sher-Gil with her paintings (''year unknown'')<br /> File:Portrait of Father SherGil 1935 Simla.jpg|Portrait of SherGil in Simla by his daughter (1935)<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Gil married his first wife Narninder Kaur (1870s-1907) at the age of 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundaram2010.pro&quot; /&gt; They had three sons and a daughter; Balram, Satyavan (Vani), Vivek (Bikki), Prakash Kaur (Praki).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundaram2010.xx&quot;&gt;Sundaram, pp. xx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundaram2010.184&quot;&gt;Sundaram, pp. 184-185&lt;/ref&gt; Kaur died in 1907.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundaram2010.xx&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Gil met [[Marie Antoinette Gottesman|Marie Antoinette Gottesman-Baktay]], a Hungarian opera singer in 1911, when she was visiting Punjab accompanying Princess [[Bamba Sutherland]]. The couple married in 1912. He moved with her to Hungary before the [[First World War]], where they had two daughters [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], who would later go on to become a visual artist, and [[Indira Sundaram]] (née Sher-Gil), both of whom were extensive subjects of his photographic works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation {{!}} Sher-Gil Sundaram Family |url=https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150816/https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The family lived in Hungary through the First World War, and then returned in 1921 to India, where they lived in Shimla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=Remembering Umrao Singh Sher‑Gil - Better Photography |url=http://www.betterphotography.in/perspectives/great-masters/umrao-singh-sher%E2%80%91gil/14773/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202163725/http://www.betterphotography.in/perspectives/great-masters/umrao-singh-sher%E2%80%91gil/14773/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; The family returned to Europe in 1929 moving to France, living in Paris, where both his daughters studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The family returned to India in 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Gil died in 1954 at his daughter's home in New Delhi. He was aged 84. His wife had predeceased him in 1948, dying by suicide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Sher-Gil |first1=Umrao Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx8MNAAACAAJ |title=Umrao Singh Sher-Gil: His Misery and His Manuscript |last2=Sundaram |first2=Vivan |last3=Ananth |first3=Deepak |date=2008 |publisher=Photoink |isbn=978-81-903911-1-5 |language=en |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128104345/https://books.google.com/books?id=bx8MNAAACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: unseen brilliance |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2018/05/04/amrita-sher-gil-unseen-brilliance/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=www.spiked-online.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Book(s) ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book |last1=Sher-Gil |first1=Umrao Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx8MNAAACAAJ |title=Umrao Singh Sher-Gil: His Misery and His Manuscript |last2=Sundaram |first2=Vivan |last3=Ananth |first3=Deepak |date=2008 |publisher=Photoink |isbn=978-81-903911-1-5 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Jhaveri |first=Shanay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHcuvwEACAAJ |title=The Journey in My Head: Cosmopolitanism and Indian Male Self-portraiture in 20th Century India : Umrao Singh Sher-Gil, Bhupen Khakhar, Ragubhir Singh |date=2016 |publisher=Royal College of Art |language=en}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> {{Amrita Sher-Gil|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1870 births]]<br /> [[Category:1954 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Amritsar]]<br /> [[Category:Majithia family]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian photographers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saran_district&diff=450318 2026-02-08T02:53:51Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Page updated with relevant improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Saran district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_skyline = Rajendra College Chhapra.jpg <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = Bihar district location map Saran.svg<br /> | map_caption = Location of Saran district in Bihar<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25|55|N|84|45|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coor_pinpoint = Chhapra<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Saran division|Saran]]<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Chhapra]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = 20<br /> | area_total_km2 = 2641<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 3,951,862<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_urban = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 68.57 per cent<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 949<br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name1 = 1. [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]], 2. [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] (shared with Siwan district)<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Ekma Assembly constituency|Ekma]], [[Manjhi Assembly constituency|Manjhi]], [[Baniapur Assembly constituency|Baniapur]], [[Taraiya Assembly constituency|Taraiya]], [[Marhaura Assembly constituency|Marhaura]], [[Chapra, Saran Assembly constituency|Chapra]], [[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]], [[Amnour Assembly constituency|Amnour]], [[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]], [[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonpur]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 28B (India)|NH 28B]], [[National Highway 85 (India)|NH 85]], [[National Highway 101 (India)|NH 101]], [[National Highway 102 (India)|NH 102]], [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]<br /> | blank_name_sec2 = <br /> | blank_info_sec2 = <br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]<br /> | postal_code = [https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Saran/ 841206]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://saran.nic.in/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Saran district''' is one of the 38 [[Districts of Bihar|districts]] of [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-12520249.html|title=रेल व मुख्य सड़कमार्ग पर सरपट दौड़ती हैं गाड़ियां -|website=Jagran}}&lt;/ref&gt; The district, part of [[Saran Division]], is also known as Chhapra district after the headquarters of the district, [[Chhapra]].<br /> <br /> It is considered as one of the richest zamindaris of Bihar after [[Raj Darbhanga]], [[Hathwa Raj]], Bettiah Raj and Raj Najarganj, [[Saran State|Saran Raj]].<br /> <br /> == Typonym ==<br /> It is said that &quot;Saran&quot; is a corrupted form of the word ''Sarangaranya'' (forest of deer). According to legend, earlier it was a dense forest full of deer and the home of Rishi Sarangi. Another suggestion is that the name is corruption of ''Sakra-aranya'' (the forest of Indra).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers : Saran|year=2007|isbn=9788172681364|pages=1–2|last1=O'Malley|first1=L. S. S.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> One of the earliest reliable historical references to the region dates back to 898 CE, when the village of Dighwara Dubauli in present-day Saran produced a copper plate inscription issued during the reign of King Mahendrapal Deva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History |url=https://saran.nic.in/history/ |website=Saran.nic.in |publisher=District Administration, Saran |access-date=11 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Medieval Period===<br /> According to the Ain-i-Akbari, Saran was one of the six sarkars (revenue divisions) forming the province of Bihar during the Mughal period. By the time the Diwani (revenue administration) was granted to the East India Company in 1765, the number of sarkars had increased to eight, including Saran and Champaran. These two were later merged into a single administrative unit known as Saran.<br /> <br /> ===British Era===<br /> When Commissioner’s Divisions were established in 1829, Saran—along with Champaran—was placed under the Patna Division. The two regions were separated in 1866, when Champaran became an independent district.<br /> <br /> Saran became part of the [[Tirhut Division]] when it was created in 1908. At that time, the district consisted of three subdivisions:<br /> *Saran<br /> *[[Siwan district|Siwan]]<br /> *[[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]<br /> In 1972, all three subdivisions were elevated to full-fledged districts. The present-day Saran district, after the separation of Siwan and Gopalganj, continues to have its headquarters at Chhapra.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Several theories explain the origin of the name Saran: <br /> *General Cunningham suggested that Saran was earlier known as “Saran” or “Asylum,” associated with a stupa or pillar built by Emperor Ashoka.<br /> *Another theory proposes that the name originates from Saranga-Aranya, meaning “deer forest”, reflecting the region’s prehistoric landscape, which was once covered with forests inhabited by deer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bihar: A Quick Guide to Saran |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/bihar-a-quick-guide-to-saran |website=Outlook Traveller |publisher=Outlook Publishing |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=11 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Saran district is primarily served by the [[Gandak]], [[Ghaghara]], and [[Ganga]] rivers, which play a significant role in shaping the region’s topography and agriculture. The confluence of the Ghaghara and Ganga near Saran is one of the notable geographical features of the area. Numerous minor streams and seasonal rivulets flow through the district, contributing to its fertile soil but also making certain parts prone to seasonal flooding. Like much of northern Bihar, the district lies within the fertile Gangetic plain.<br /> <br /> Saran district spans an area of 2,641 square kilometres (1,020 sq mi). It is bordered by Siwan and Gopalganj districts to the west, [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] and Vaishali districts to the east, and the Ganga River to the south, across which lie [[Patna]] and Bhojpur districts. To the north, it is bounded by parts of Gopalganj and Siwan. The district’s terrain is largely alluvial and flat, with agriculture dominating land use across most of the region.&lt;ref name='Reference Annual'&gt;{{cite book | editor1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti |editor2 = others |display-editors=1 | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1118–1119 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The district of Saran is situated between 25°36' and 26°13' north latitude and 84°24' and 85°15' east longitude in the southern post of the Saran Division of [[North Bihar]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ '''Saran District Census 2011: Key Demographic Data'''<br /> ! Description !! 2011 (Figures)<br /> |-<br /> | Population || 39.52 Lakhs (3,951,862)<br /> |-<br /> | Male Population || 2,022,821<br /> |-<br /> | Female Population || 1,929,041<br /> |-<br /> | Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) || 954<br /> |-<br /> | Child Population (0–6 years) || 681,142<br /> |-<br /> | Male Child Population (0–6 years) || 353,738<br /> |-<br /> | Female Child Population (0–6 years) || 327,404<br /> |-<br /> | Child Sex Ratio (0–6 years) || 926<br /> |-<br /> | Child Proportion (0–6 years) || 17.24%<br /> |-<br /> | Boys Proportion (0–6 years) || 17.49%<br /> |-<br /> | Girls Proportion (0–6 years) || 16.97%<br /> |-<br /> | Literates || 2,157,454<br /> |-<br /> | Male Literates || 1,285,767<br /> |-<br /> | Female Literates || 871,687<br /> |-<br /> | Average Literacy Rate || 65.96%<br /> |-<br /> | Male Literacy Rate || 77.03%<br /> |-<br /> | Female Literacy Rate || 54.42%<br /> |-<br /> | Number of Subdivisions || 3<br /> |-<br /> | Area (sq. km) || 2,641<br /> |-<br /> | Population Density (per km²) || 1,496<br /> |-<br /> | Proportion to Bihar Population || 3.80%<br /> |}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Demography |url=https://saran.nic.in/demography/ |website=Saran.nic.in |publisher=District Administration, Saran |access-date=11 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Population===<br /> According to the 2011 Census, Saran district has a population of 3,951,862, roughly equal to the nation of Liberia or the U.S. state of Oregon. This gives the district a population ranking of 60th in India (out of 640 districts). Saran has a population density of 1,493 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,870/sq mi). The district recorded a population growth rate of 21.37% over the decade from 2001 to 2011.<br /> <br /> Saran has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 68.57%. Additionally, 8.94% of the district’s population lives in urban areas&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Saran |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/310/download/890/DH_2011_1017_PART_A_DCHB_SARAN.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; roughly equal to the nation of [[Liberia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Liberia 3,786,764 July 2011 est.}}&lt;/ref&gt; or the US state of [[Oregon]].<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religions in Saran district (2011 Census)<br /> ! Religion !! Number of Followers !! Percentage<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black;&quot; | Hinduism || 3,534,772 || 89.45%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#008000; color:white;&quot; | Islam || 406,449 || 10.28%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#D3D3D3; color:black;&quot; | Religion not stated || 7,282 || 0.18%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ADD8E6; color:black;&quot; | Christian || 2,330 || 0.06%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#FFB6C1; color:black;&quot; | Sikh || 371 || 0.01%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#FFE4B5; color:black;&quot; | Jain || 322 || 0.01%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#D8BFD8; color:black;&quot; | Buddhist || 229 || 0.01%<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#D3D3D3; color:black;&quot; | Other religions and persuasions || 107 || 0%<br /> |}Hindus constitute the overwhelming majority of the district’s population, followed by Muslims.<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Languages of Saran district (2011 Census)<br /> ! Language !! Percentage !! Number of Speakers<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700; color:black;&quot; | Bhojpuri || 93.16% || 3,679,108<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#FFA500; color:black;&quot; | Hindi || 4.45% || 175,708<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#008000; color:white;&quot; | Urdu || 2.28% || 90,030<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#D3D3D3; color:black;&quot; | Others || 0.11% || 4,997<br /> |}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 93.16% of the population in Saran district spoke Bhojpuri as their first language, 4.45% spoke Hindi, and 2.28% spoke Urdu.<br /> <br /> Bhojpuri is a language belonging to the Bihari language group, with nearly 40 million speakers, and is written in both the Devanagari and Kaithi scripts.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Literacy Rates in Saran district (2011 Census)<br /> ! Category !! Average Literacy Rate !! Male Literacy Rate !! Female Literacy Rate<br /> |-<br /> | Total Population || 65.96% || 77.03% || 54.42%<br /> |-<br /> | Urban Area || 75.13% || 82.32% || 67.24%<br /> |-<br /> | Rural Area || 65.04% || 76.49% || 53.17%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Urban and Rural Distribution===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Urban and Rural Population of Saran district (2011 Census)<br /> ! Area !! Total Population !! Male !! Female !! Percentage of Total Population !! Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)<br /> |-<br /> | Urban || 353,202 || 184,702 || 168,500 || 8.94% || 913<br /> |-<br /> | Rural || 3,598,660 || 1,838,119 || 1,760,541 || 91.06% || 958<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Caste Composition===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in Saran district<br /> ! Group !! Total Population !! Male !! Female !! Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)<br /> |-<br /> | Scheduled Castes (SC) || 474,066 || 242,976 || 231,090 || 952<br /> |-<br /> | Scheduled Tribes (ST) || 36,786 || 18,322 || 18,464 || 1008<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Historical Population of Saran District===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:70%;&quot;<br /> |+ '''Historical Population of Saran District (1901–2011)'''<br /> ! Year !! Population !! Variation !! Variation % !! Male !! Female<br /> |-<br /> | 1901 || 9,59,000 || - || - || 4,36,000 || 5,23,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1911 || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | 9,12,000 || -47,700 || -4.97% || 4,24,000 || 4,88,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1921 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 9,32,000 || 20,100 || 2.20% || 4,51,000 || 4,81,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1931 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 9,90,000 || 58,350 || 6.26% || 4,86,000 || 5,04,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1941 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 11,39,000 || 1,49,000 || 15.03% || 5,47,000 || 5,92,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1951 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 12,56,000 || 1,17,000 || 10.30% || 5,89,000 || 6,67,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1961 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 14,47,000 || 1,91,000 || 15.20% || 6,74,000 || 7,73,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1971 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 17,10,000 || 2,62,000 || 18.13% || 8,33,000 || 8,77,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1981 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 20,84,000 || 3,75,000 || 21.91% || 10,32,000 || 10,52,000<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 25,73,000 || 4,89,000 || 23.44% || 13,11,000 || 12,62,000<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 32,49,000 || 6,76,000 || 26.26% || 16,53,000 || 15,96,000<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || style=&quot;color:green;&quot; | 39,52,000 || 7,03,000 || 21.64% || 20,23,000 || 19,29,000<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> {{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}} <br /> {{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}<br /> {{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Saran district}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Economy &amp; Industry==<br /> Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Saran district, with major crops including paddy, wheat, sugarcane, potato, and maize. The district’s soil is predominantly alluvial, and the diara areas along the beds of its three rivers are highly fertile, although they are subject to periodic flooding. There are no minerals of significant economic value in the region. Over the years, the economy of Saran has experienced sustained growth, with the sugar factories in the district playing a major role in shaping its industrial landscape.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Economy |url=https://saran.nic.in/economy/ |website=Saran.nic.in |publisher=District Administration, Saran |access-date=10 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Industries===<br /> Saran district hosts several notable industrial units. The [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela|Rail Wheel Factory is located at Bela, Chhapra]], and a [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]. These units contribute significantly to the district’s industrial development and employment opportunities.<br /> <br /> ===Leather Cluster===<br /> Saran district also has a prominent leather cluster known for manufacturing ladies’ and gents’ chappals and Nagra shoes. The cluster comprises 68 functional units, generating an annual turnover of approximately ₹405 lakh and providing employment to around 3,300 people.<br /> <br /> === Banking ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Banking Infrastructure in Saran District<br /> ! Parameter !! Details<br /> |-<br /> | Lead Bank || Bank of India<br /> |-<br /> | Number of other Scheduled Banks || 12<br /> |-<br /> | Number of Branches of other Scheduled Banks || 72<br /> |-<br /> | Name of Regional Rural Banks || 64<br /> |-<br /> | Number of Branches of Co-operative Banks || 18<br /> |-<br /> | Number of Branches of LDBs || 6<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> The present collector and District Magistrate of Saran is IAS Aman Samir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Saran District {{!}} India | url=http://saran.bih.nic.in | access-date=2025-01-16 | website=saran.bih.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The Divisional Commissioner is Gopal Meena (I.A.S).&lt;ref name=&quot;officers&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Contact Details of Officers in Saran Commissionary|url=http://sarandivision.bih.nic.in/comm%20contact.htm|website=sarandivision.bih.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The district has three subdivisions, 20 community development blocks and 1,807 villages.<br /> === Sub-divisions ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Sub-divisions of Saran District<br /> ! Sl. No. !! Sub-division Name<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || [[Chhapra]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || [[Marhaura]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Blocks of Saran District ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Blocks of Saran District with Population<br /> ! Sl. No. !! Block Name !! Population<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || [[Amnour]] || 200,395<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Baniyapur || 262,673<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || [[Chhapra]] || 442,639<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Dariyapur || 296,164<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || [[Dighwara]] || 129,552<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || [[Ekma]] || 214,445<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || [[Garkha]] || 268,156<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || Ishupur || 146,822<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || [[Jalalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jalalpur]] || 174,156<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || Lahladpur || 79,969<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || Maker || 84,695<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || Manjhi || 268,073<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || [[Marhaura]] || 265,123<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || [[Mashrakh]] || 188,899<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || Nagra || 124,028<br /> |-<br /> | 16 || [[Panapur]] || 121,738<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || Parsa || 155,838<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || [[Revelganj]] || 119,660<br /> |-<br /> | 19 || [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]] || 270,116<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || Taraiya || 138,721<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Panchayats Summary per Block===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Sl. No. !! Block Name !! Total Panchayats<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || Lahladpur || 8<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Maker || 8<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Isuapur || 13<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Sadar || 21<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Jalalpur || 15<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Nagra || 10<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || Dighwara || 10<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || Taraiya || 13<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || Ekma || 18<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || Parsa || 13<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || Amnour || 18<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || Rivilganj || 9<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || Mashrak || 17<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || Dariyapur || 22<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || Marhaura || 21<br /> |-<br /> | 16 || Sonpur || 23<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || Panapur || 8<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || Baniyapur || 25<br /> |-<br /> | 19 || Manjhi || 25<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || Garkha || 23<br /> |}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Village Panchayats &amp; Number of Wards – Saran District |url=https://saran.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Saran District, Government of Bihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Heritage &amp; Tourism==<br /> Saran district is home to several sites of historical, cultural, and religious significance. The district attracts both domestic and international visitors due to its ancient temples, ashrams, and archaeological sites. The following table highlights the major tourist and heritage sites in Saran along with a brief description of their importance<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Major Tourist Sites in Saran District<br /> ! S.No !! Site Name !! Description<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || Aami || Situated about 28 km east of Chhapra. Maharaja Daksha and King Surat are said to have practised asceticism here. Contains an old Durga temple known as Ambasthan, a garden, and a deep perennial well.<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Sonepur || Located at the confluence of the Ganga and Gandak rivers. Famous for Harihar Kshetra Mela on Kartik Purnima, attracting domestic and international visitors. Legend: Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva resolved the fight between Gaj (elephant) and Ghariyal (crocodile) here. Mela lasts more than a fortnight.<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Dhorn Ashram || Contains many exhibits of archaeological importance. Features the ancient temple of Bhagwan Dhadheswarnath on the bank of river Gandaki, with a gigantic stone Shivling.<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Gautham Asthan || Ashram of Gautam Rishi, located 5 km west of Chhapra. Believed to be the site where Ahilya, wife of sage Gautam, was redeemed from her curse.<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Silhauri || Important according to Shiv Puran and Ram Charitra Manas. Believed that Lord Indra and Yamraj tested King Shivi here. A mela is organized every Shivratri for devotees of Baba Shilanath.<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Chirand || Located 11 km east of Chhapra. Archaeological excavations revealed a 4,000-year-old developed neo-lithic culture. Inhabitants were engaged in animal husbandry, agriculture, and hunting.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Saran district has a well-established network of educational institutions ranging from universities and constituent colleges to technical, professional and teacher-training institutes. The district is served primarily by [[Jai Prakash University]], Chhapra, which oversees most degree colleges in Saran and neighbouring districts.<br /> <br /> ===Constituent and Degree Colleges===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Constituent and Degree Colleges in Saran District<br /> ! Name of College !! Location !! Type / Affiliation !! Notable Details<br /> |-<br /> | Rajendra College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Established in 1938; offers Intermediate, UG and PG programmes.<br /> |-<br /> | Ganga Singh College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Offers courses in Arts and Science.<br /> |-<br /> | Jagdam College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Major college located near NH-19.<br /> |-<br /> | Jaglal Choudhary College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Offers undergraduate programmes in Arts and Science.<br /> |-<br /> | Ram Jaipal College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Postgraduate and degree college on Dak Bunglow Road.<br /> |-<br /> | Jai Prakash Mahila College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Women's college offering UG and PG courses.<br /> |-<br /> | P.C. Vigyan College || Chapra || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Science-focused college.<br /> |-<br /> | Hotilal Ramnath College || Amnour || Constituent – Jai Prakash University || Serves the Amnour region.<br /> |-<br /> | Yadu Nandan College || Dighwara || Degree College (Affiliated to JPU) || Provides undergraduate courses.<br /> |-<br /> | Nand Lal Singh College || Daudpur || Degree College (Affiliated to JPU) || Serves Daudpur and nearby rural areas.<br /> |-<br /> | Prabhunath College || Parsa || Degree College (Affiliated to JPU) || Located in Parsa block.<br /> |-<br /> | S.D.S. College || Chapra || Degree College (Affiliated to JPU) || Offers programs in Arts.<br /> |-<br /> | Tapeshwar Singh College || Chapra || Degree College (Affiliated to JPU) || Provides undergraduate education.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Technical and Professional Institutions===<br /> Saran district also has institutions offering engineering, technology, medical and professional training:<br /> <br /> *[[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology]](L.N.J.P.I.T.), Chapra – A government engineering college offering B.Tech programmes in several branches.<br /> *[[Government Medical College and Hospital, Chapra]]<br /> *Government Teachers’ Training College, Chapra – Provides B.Ed and teacher-training programmes.<br /> *Moti Singh Jogeshwari Ayurved College and Hospital, Chapra – An institution offering Ayurvedic medical education.<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Chhapra is well-connected by rail and road, with a major railway junction and several national highways.<br /> <br /> ===Roadways===<br /> Chhapra is served by several National Highways, including the under-construction {{jct|NH|19|country=IND}} ([[Chhapra–Hajipur Highway]]), which is being developed as a four-lane highway. Other National Highways passing through or connecting to Chhapra in the Saran district include {{jct|NH|85|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|101|country=IND}}, {{jct|NH|102|country=IND}} and {{jct|NH|331|country=IND}}. Additionally, {{jct|NH|722|country=IND}} (Chhapra-Muzaffarpur)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Chhapra Muzaffarpur Road: छपरा और मुजफ्फरपुर वालों के लिए खुशखबरी! NH-722 का टेंडर फाइनल; 68 करोड़ में होगा काम<br /> |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-chhapra-muzaffarpur-road-gets-a-makeover-68-crore-tender-finalized-for-nh722-23816639.html<br /> |author=Pravin Kumar<br /> |date=2024-10-16<br /> |website=Jagran News<br /> |language=hi-IN<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; is also being upgraded to a four-lane highway.<br /> <br /> '''Key National Highways'''<br /> *NH 19: The Chhapra-Hajipur Highway spans 66.74 km as a four-lane road and forms part of the old NH 19.<br /> *NH 331: This highway runs from Chhapra to Mohammadpur, passing through major destinations such as Jalalpur, Baniapur, and Sahajitpur.<br /> *NH 722: The Chhapra-Muzaffarpur section of this highway is currently being upgraded to a four-lane road, enhancing connectivity and road conditions.<br /> *Other Highways: The Saran district, where Chhapra is located, is also connected by several other National Highways, including NH 85, NH 101, and NH 102.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=15 सालों के इंतजार के बाद छपरा को मिलने जा रही बड़ी सौगात, नए NH को लेकर आ गई खुशखबरी; पटना जाना होगा आसान |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-nh-19-chhapra-hajipur-road-to-open-soon-bringing-development-to-the-region-23859275.html |website=Jagran |date=1 January 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Chhapra Double Decker Flyover===<br /> '''Chhapra Double Decker Flyover''' is a two-tier elevated road under construction in Chhapra, Saran district, Bihar, India. The project aims to ease traffic congestion in the city by separating through-traffic from local movement across major intersections.<br /> <br /> The flyover has a total length of about 3.5 kilometres, extending from Bhikhari Thakur Chowk to the Bus Stand, covering key points such as Gandhi Chowk, Katahari Bagh, Salempur Chowk, and Municipal Chowk. Each deck is around 5.5 metres wide, with a vertical clearance of approximately 7.5 metres between levels.<br /> <br /> The project was launched in July 2018 at an initial cost of ₹411.32 crore, later revised to ₹696 crore under the Central Road Fund (CRF). Construction is being carried out by the Bihar State Bridge Construction Corporation Limited (BSBCCL).<br /> <br /> Once completed, it will be one of the longest double-decker flyovers in North India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhaskar696cr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chhapra double-decker flyover gets approval of Rs 696 crore |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/saran/chhapra/news/chhapra-double-decker-flyover-gets-approval-of-rs-696-crore-135558146.html |website=Bhaskar |language=Hindi }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Railways===<br /> [[Chhapra Junction railway station|Chhapra Junction]] is the major Railway Station of the Saran District lies on the [[North Eastern Railway zone]]. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India.<br /> <br /> === UP Coming Projects ===<br /> <br /> *'''Fatehabad–Chanchaliya High-Level Bridge over the Gandak River'''<br /> A new high-level, three-lane PSC box-girder bridge is being constructed across the Gandak River, connecting Fatehabad (Paru) in Muzaffarpur to Chanchaliya (Taraiya) in Saran. The project, estimated to cost around ₹589 crore, includes a high-level three-lane bridge measuring approximately 2,280 metres along with about 2,200 metres of approach roads. Once completed, the bridge will dramatically reduce the travel distance between Paru and Taraiya from nearly 49 km to just 10 km, significantly cutting travel time and fuel consumption. It is expected to boost local trade, ease movement between Muzaffarpur, Chhapra, and Siwan, and improve regional connectivity to Uttar Pradesh. Currently, land acquisition and survey activities are in progress following the government's approval of the project.<br /> <br /> *'''Widening of NH-102''' (Chhapra–Rewaghat–Muzaffarpur)<br /> The entire NH-102 stretch from Chhapra to Rewaghat and Muzaffarpur is being upgraded to a two-lane highway with paved shoulders, improving regional road quality and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Two-Laning with Paved Shoulder on Chhapra–Rewaghat–Muzaffarpur Section (NH-102) |url=https://morth.nic.in/en/two-laning-paved-shoulder-chhapra-rewaghat-muzaffarpur-section-nh-102-km-1300-km-74200-existing-0#:~:text=Two%20Laning%20with%20Paved%20shoulder,isolation%20value%20chamber%20along%20road |website=Ministry of Road Transport &amp; Highways, Government of India |access-date=10 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *'''Four-Laning of NH-85 and NH-102 (Gopalganj–Siwan–Chhapra–Muzaffarpur)'''<br /> The Central Government has initiated the process to develop a combined 169-km corridor into a four-lane highway.<br /> #NH-85 (Gopalganj–Siwan–Chhapra): 95 km<br /> #NH-102 (Chhapra–Muzaffarpur): 74 km&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=High-Level Bridge to be Constructed over Gandak River in Muzaffarpur |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-high-level-bridge-to-be-constructed-over-gandak-river-in-muzaffarpur-201756906448215.html |website=LiveHindustan |publisher=HT Digital Streams Limited |language=hi |access-date=10 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!--- Do not add anyone to this list unless they have their own Wikipedia article and were born in Chhapra -- Atul Anand, writer--&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Swami Adbhutananda.jpg|[[Adbhutananda]]<br /> [[Khesari Lal Yadav]]<br /> File:Akhilendra Mishra.jpg|[[Akhilendra Mishra]]<br /> File:Bhikhari Thakur.jpg|[[Bhikhari Thakur]]<br /> File:Anand milind 20988 hnsmhard Igjnldia howcroed.jpg|[[Anand–Milind]]<br /> File:Jayaprakash Narayan (cropped2).jpg|[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]<br /> File:Khan Bahadur Moulvi Khuda Bakhsh.png|[[Khuda Bakhsh]]<br /> File:Ramchandra Manjhi.jpg|[[Ramchandra Manjhi]]<br /> File:Rajiv Pratap Rudy PIB (cropped).jpg|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> * [[Adbhutananda]], Hindu monk, disciple of [[Ramakrishna]]<br /> * [[Akhilendra Mishra]], Bollywood actor<br /> * [[Anand–Milind]], music director<br /> * [[Bhikhari Thakur]], [[Bhojpuri language]] poet and singer<br /> * [[Brajkishore Prasad]], national activist<br /> * [[Chitragupta (composer)]], music director<br /> * [[Daroga Prasad Rai]], 10th Chief Minister of Bihar<br /> * [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], Indian independence activist <br /> * [[Khuda Bakhsh]] 1842–1908, Indian lawyer, judge, historian and founder of [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]], [[Patna]]<br /> * [[Mahendar Misir]], Bhojpuri poet<br /> * [[Raghuveer Narayan]], Bhojpuri poet<br /> * [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) Skill Development and Entrepreneurship<br /> * [[Ramchandra Manjhi]], Bhojpuri folk dancer<br /> * [[Surur Hoda]], Socialist leader and Order of British Empire ([[OBE]]) recipient<br /> * [[Prabhunath Singh]], 4 times Member of Parliament and 2 times MLA<br /> * [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]], 3 times Member of Parliament and 2 times MLA<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://saran.nic.in/ Official website]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430232056/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/districts/saran/index.php Saran Information Portal]<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Saran district<br /> |North = [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj district]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Muzaffarpur district]]<br /> |East = [[Vaishali district]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Patna district]]<br /> |South = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]]<br /> |Southwest = <br /> |West = [[Ballia district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |Northwest = [[Siwan district]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Districts of Bihar}}<br /> {{Saran district}}<br /> {{Saran Division}}<br /> {{Saran Division topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saran District}}<br /> [[Category:Saran district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Saran division]]<br /> [[Category:1976 establishments in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Bihar]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhog_(TV_series)&diff=491211 2026-02-05T18:07:22Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Bhog poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Release poster<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Horror film|Horror]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | developer = <br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''Bhog''|Avik Sarkar}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bhog Web Series (ভোগ ওয়েব সিরিজ) |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/bhog-877199.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | writer = Avik Sarkar<br /> | screenplay = Shantanu Mitra Neogi<br /> | director = [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]<br /> * [[Rajatava Dutta]]<br /> * [[Parno Mitra]]<br /> }}<br /> | judges = <br /> | voices = <br /> | narrator = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | open_theme = <br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = Nabarun Bose<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 6<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = <br /> | editor = <br /> | location = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = 23-25 minutes<br /> | company = Roadshow Films<br /> | released = {{Start date|2025|05|01|df=y}}<br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhog''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[web series]], based on an eponymous novel by Avik Sarkar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay's supernatural thriller 'Bhog' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/teaser-out-for-parambrata-chattopadhyays-supernatural-thriller-bhog/cid/2093612 |access-date=16 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/the-first-look-of-the-hoichoi-series-bhog/1263470 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], it was released on the Bengali language OTT platform Hoichoi on 1 May 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-23 |title=পার্ণোর জন্য কি বদলাবে অনির্বাণের জীবন? আসছে পরমের 'ভোগ' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/first-look-of-anirban-bhattacharya-and-parno-mitra-from-new-web-series-bhog-directed-by-parambrata-chattopadhyay-west-bengal-news-wbs24122301923 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhog' teaser: Anirban Bhattacharya becomes obsessed with a tantric |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-becomes-obsessed-with-a-tantric-goddess-in-parambrata-chattopadhyay-directed-supernatural-thriller/cid/2093912 |access-date=16 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series stars [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] and [[Parno Mittra]] in lead roles, [[Rajatava Dutta]] and [[Sudipa Basu]] in supporting roles and [[Subhasish Mukherjee|Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] in a special appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-11 |title=Anirban to star in Parambrata's supernatural web series 'Bhog' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/anirban-star-parambratas-supernatural-web-series-bhog-3749981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112083144/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/anirban-star-parambratas-supernatural-web-series-bhog-3749981 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The story ''Bhog'' was also adapted in another feature film by director Rajorshi Dey, titled as [[Purba Paschim Dakshin|''Purba Paschim Dakshin Uttar Asbei'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-12-23 |title=The first look of Bhog is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-first-look-of-bhog-is-out/articleshow/116591556.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=এই প্রথম পরমব্রতের পরিচালনায় অনির্বাণ, নতুন ওয়েব সিরিজ়ে আর কী চমক থাকছে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/parambrata-chatterjee-will-direct-anirban-bhattacharya-in-upcoming-bengali-web-series-bhog-dgtl/cid/1559489 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204193241/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/parambrata-chatterjee-will-direct-anirban-bhattacharya-in-upcoming-bengali-web-series-bhog-dgtl/cid/1559489 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=bn |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Atin is a bachelor, who lives with his elderly aunt Pushpa di, after his mother's death. A private employee, he is an extrovert and loves clubbing after his office hours. But things take a turn in his life after he gets a mysterious brass idol from his friend Subesh's antique shop. He was intrigued by the features of the goddess' statue, who held a [[veena]] in her upper left hand, a kharga in upper right hand, a human skull in lower left hand and had lower right hand posed in aashirvad mudra. Upon inquiring Subesh about the goddess' name, he informed that it was unknown to him too as he received it while acquiring old items from an old house.<br /> <br /> Atin starts getting haunted dreams every night after bringing the idol to his house. A green complexioned goddess comes to his dreams, asking him to feed her and satisfy her hunger. Worried by the these events, he started offering her flowers and fruits as ''bhog''. Bhavesh kaku analysed from its appearance that the idol represents a Tantric goddess. With Pushpa di, he warned him from worshipping her. It was an unknown goddess and Atin was unfamiliar with the rituals of her worship. Any mistake could cost him to face the wrath of the goddess. Without paying heed to their advice, he got indulged in her devotion, becoming eccentric and introverted, thinking only about the goddess.<br /> <br /> One day, Bhavesh kaku brought a priest to recognize the idol. They were shocked to see Atin presenting a demented devotional dance to the goddess. The priest too failed to recognize it and suggested Atin to not worship her without knowing the proper rituals. But Atin, hellbent upon his decision, asked them to not interfere in his &quot;Maa - chele&quot; relationship with the goddess, since she comes in his dreams and speaks with him. <br /> <br /> One day, Atin meets a mysterious homeless widow Damri, who stopped his car asking him for food. Then Atin accepts her request to offer her shelter. Despite objection from Pushpa di, Damri starts living with them and enthusiastically prepares ''bhog'' for Atin to offer to the goddess. On the next day after Damri's arrival, Atin finds that for the first time, the goddess has eaten his offerings. He felt there is some magic in Damri's cooking, since the goddess started eating &quot;bhog&quot; ever since she started cooking it. One day, Pushpa di suddenly disappeared. A police investigation was started but it was closed after a few days when Atin absent mindedly, gave police permission to shut down the case.<br /> <br /> Over time, Atin starts hating social interactions and lost his will to live. Despite feeling like throwing up, he eats the foul smelling food cooked by Damri. Worried, Bhabesh kaku asked Subesh to take him to the place from where he procured the idol. They met the priest who handed over the idol to Subesh. He informed, the idol represents the ninth of the ten [[Mahavidyas]], goddess [[Matangi]]. Being the [[kulguru]] of the local zamindar family in succession of lineage for hundreds of years, he revealed the reason behind the idol's creation. He handed it over costless, since Sahashraksh Chakraborty, the initial worshipper of the idol, had instructed that the idol must be handed over to someone if the family ever moves out of their ancestral house, or else danger will befall them. He stated that if a person commits any mistake while worshipping her, a [[churel|petni]] belonging to the ten Mahavidyas will enter his life and kill him at the end of 1 [[amavasya]]. <br /> <br /> While returning from office, Atin stopped at a ''[[dhaba]]'', where he met [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha|Krishnananda Maitra]]. Atin gave a part his food on Maitra's request. Pleased, he gave Atin a [[sapphire]] pendant locket and adviced him to never take it off. He assured that Maa [[Mahadevi |Mahamaya]] will protect him. After wearing it, Atin regained sanity. He realised Pushpa di was missing. Next day, on [[amavasya]], he realised, goddess has not eaten his previous day's offerings. Damri assured she will cook ''Mohabhog'' to offer that day. Going to the roof, Atin discovers tantric [[Sri Yantra |yantras]] drawn, where birds and cats lay dead. While returning home that day, he meets Bhavesh kaku, who informed him that Damri is a [[churel|petni]] and the only way to defeat her is to fight her face to face or else she will sacrifice Atin on that day. <br /> <br /> Entering the house, they find everything was in shambles. In one room, Damri was cooking a hand in a pot with fire emitting from her legs. Atin recognized it was Pushpa di's hand. He rushed to avenge Pushpa di's death. Attempting to stop Atin, Bhavesh got slapped unconscious by Damri. In a duel, Atin was forced to take off the locket, under influence of Damri's ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]''. When she was about to kill him, with his last bit of strength, he grabbed the locket lying slightly away from him. He touched it on Damri's forehead and she was killed. A week later, Bhavesh kaku regained his conscience. On his advice, Atin immersed the idol in the [[Hooghly River]]. In a post credit scene, it is shown that two friends are drinking at a river [[ghat]]. One of them suddenly notices a goddess asking him to give her food and satiate her hunger, indicating that people will go on getting trapped in goddess [[Matangi]]'s ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'' unless she is properly worshipped by someone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/tech/parambrata-chattopadhyay-to-direct-the-mythological-thriller-bhog-starring-anirban-bhattacharya/1212603 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=পরমব্রতর পরিচালনায় 'ভোগ' নিয়ে আসছেন অনির্বাণ, রয়েছে আরও অনেক চমক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-to-act-in-parambrata-chatterjee-directorial-in-bengali-web-series-bhog-31731311651968.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112064021/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-to-act-in-parambrata-chatterjee-directorial-in-bengali-web-series-bhog-31731311651968.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Atin Mukherjee&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay's next stars Anirban and Rajatava |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 November 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-chattopadhyays-next-stars-anirban-and-rajatava/articleshow/115167184.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Parno Mittra|Parno Mitra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anirban-Parambrata: অনির্বাণের বিপরীতে পার্নো |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharyya-parno-mitra-will-act-in-parambrata-chatterjee-new-web-series-bhog-entertainment-news-tollywood-1111829 |access-date=16 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Damri, a [[churel|petni]] / Goddess [[Matangi]]<br /> * Suraiya Parvin as Goddess [[Matangi]]<br /> * [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Bhabesh Kaku<br /> * [[Sudipa Basu]] as Pushparani Das (Pushpa di), Atin's maid<br /> * Chhandak Chowdhury as Subesh Agarwal, antique shop owner<br /> * Debabrata Dutta as Sahashraksh Chakraborty, a [[Tantra|tantric]] [[toxicologist]]<br /> * Ranjini Chattopadhyay as Atin's late mother<br /> * Rituparna Basak as Anima, Atin's colleague<br /> <br /> ===Cameo appearance===<br /> * [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha|Krishnananda Maitra]]<br /> <br /> ==Episodes==<br /> {{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> |Title = Agomon<br /> |DirectedBy = [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]<br /> |WrittenBy = Avik Sarkar<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|1}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Atin comes across the idol of an unknown goddess at his friend Subesh's antique shop, which intrigues him. He brings it to his home and since its arrival, he starts getting haunting divine instructions in his dreams every night.<br /> |LineColor = b30b0a<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 2<br /> |Title = Aradhana<br /> |DirectedBy = Parambrata Chattopadhyay<br /> |WrittenBy = Avik Sarkar<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|1}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Atin starts worshipping the goddess, initially out of his fear about the repercussions that he might face for not following the divine order, but later, out of his devotion, since, worshipping her became the sole motive of his life. <br /> |LineColor = b30b0a<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 3<br /> |Title = Anuprobesh<br /> |DirectedBy = Parambrata Chattopadhyay<br /> |WrittenBy = Avik Sarkar<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|1}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Damri, a mysterious homeless widow, seeks shelter from Atin, which he provides despite objection from Pushpa di. Ever since she arrived and started preparing the ''bhog'' for Atin to offer, the goddess started eating the offerings everyday.<br /> |LineColor = b30b0a<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 4<br /> |Title = Akraman<br /> |DirectedBy = Parambrata Chattopadhyay<br /> |WrittenBy = Avik Sarkar<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|1}}<br /> |ShortSummary = One night, Pushpa di suddenly disappeared. Indifferent to her disappearance, Atin falls for the ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'' of the sinister Damri, who starts caring for him and watched him completely delve into the darkness of his devotion.<br /> |LineColor = b30b0a<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 5<br /> |Title = Anweshan<br /> |DirectedBy = Parambrata Chattopadhyay<br /> |WrittenBy = Avik Sarkar<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|1}}<br /> |ShortSummary = The night when Atin's uncle Bhavesh kaku discovered the secrets behind the idol and how to come out of its [[Tantra|tantric]] [[Maya (religion)|maya]], Atin meets a mysterious man, Krishnananda Das, who gave him a [[sapphire]] pendant locket and adviced him to never take it off.<br /> |LineColor = b30b0a<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 6<br /> |Title = Amanisha<br /> |DirectedBy = Parambrata Chattopadhyay<br /> |WrittenBy = Avik Sarkar<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|1}}<br /> |ShortSummary = As Atin regains sanity after wearing the locket, he and Bhavesh kaku face Damri in her actual form on the night of [[amavasya]]. With the enchanted blue sapphire, Atin defeats Damri in a final reckoning and immerses the idol in a river to get rid off her ''maya''.<br /> |LineColor = b30b0a<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;True to his signature style, Parambrata Chattopadhyay delivers another gripping horror web series. Though the series occasionally falters in pacing, Bhog remains a well-crafted horror drama with strong performances and atmospheric storytelling.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Bhog Season 1 Review : Great performances, gripping script add up to deliver shivers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/bhog/season-1/seasonreview/120829521.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=3 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santanu Das of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and opined &quot;Bhog is not so much about myths or demons as it is about faith. Beneath the surface of all the terror and thrill of Bhog lies the fate of a lonely middleman existing in his own little shell. As Atin will learn by the end, the sense of an offering, if any, must arrive as an act of love.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Santanu |title=Bhog review: Anirban Bhattacharya shines in eerie and unsettling mythical horror |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/bhog-review-anirban-bhattacharya-shines-in-eerie-and-unsettling-mythical-horror-101746164163393.html |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shanku Sharma of ''East India Story'' reviewed the film and wrote &quot;Bhog is a cautionary tale. It warns of the dangers of surrendering reason at the altar of mystery, of meddling with forces we don’t fully understand. It’s a deeply atmospheric, intelligent thriller that lingers long after the credits roll. The horror here is not of ghosts, but of psychological possession—of losing one’s grip on reality in the name of faith.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Somashis |date=2025-04-14 |title=Bhog : A Supernatural Thriller By Parambrata Chattopadhyay |url=https://eastindiastory.com/bhog-a-supernatural-thriller-by-parambrata-chattopadhyay/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=East India Story |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shruti Mishra of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 7/10 stars and highlighted &quot;Parambrata presented his ''bhog'' with apt storytelling in a short span of time. Despite the good acting, terrific makeup and bad vfx has drowned the most important scenes. Besides, what's the use of horror as a genre if the audience don't get scared?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Shruti |title=দেবীর কোপ, পিশাচিনীর বিভীষিকা! চেনা গল্পে কেমন ‘ভোগ’ পরিবেশন করলেন পরমব্রত? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/web-series-review-of-parambrata-chattopadhyays-bhog-starring-anirban-bhattacharya-and-parno-mitra-dgtl/cid/1599512#goog_rewarded |access-date=14 June 2025 |date=1 May 2025 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|36504596}}<br /> * [[iarchive:vog-avik-sarkar/page/n29/mode/2up|''Bhog'' in archive.org]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language web series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama web series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungary_men%27s_national_goalball_team&diff=477242 2026-02-04T14:38:37Z

<p>Hayat hospital: created a post added tags - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hungary national team, for the Paralympic sport of goalball}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Hungary men's national goalball team''' is the men's national team of Hungary. [[Goalball]] is a [[team sport]] designed specifically for athletes with a [[visual impairment|vision impairment]]. The team takes part in international competitions.<br /> <br /> == Paralympic Games == <br /> {{main|Goalball at the Summer Paralympics}}<br /> <br /> === 1984 New York ===<br /> <br /> The team competed in the [[Goalball at the 1984 Summer Paralympics|1984 Summer Paralympics]] at Long Island, New York City, United States of America, where thirteen men's and five women's teams participated. The team finished eighth.&lt;ref name=&quot;excel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/files/185-Results-History-of-Goalball-Results---Paralympics%2C-World-Championships-%26-European-Championships.xlsx |title=Final Ranking in Paralympic Games |publisher=International Blind Sports Association |location=Madrid, Spain |accessdate=10 February 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415021831/http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/files/185-Results-History-of-Goalball-Results---Paralympics%2C-World-Championships-%26-European-Championships.xlsx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1988 Seoul ===<br /> <br /> The team competed in the [[Goalball at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|1988 Summer Paralympics]], from 15 to 24 October 1988, in Seoul, South Korea. There were fourteen men's and eight women's teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;excel&quot; /&gt; This was the first time the term &quot;Paralympic&quot; came into official use.<br /> <br /> The team came fourth behind Egypt, USA, and Yugoslavia.<br /> <br /> === 1992 Barcelona ===<br /> <br /> The team competed in the [[Goalball at the 1992 Summer Paralympics|1992 Summer Paralympics]], from 3 to 14 September 1992, in the [[Pavelló de la Vall d'Hebron]] indoor stadium, Barcelona, Spain. There were twelve men's and eight women's teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;excel&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The team came tenth.<br /> <br /> === 1996 Atlanta ===<br /> <br /> The team competed in the [[Goalball at the 1996 Summer Paralympics|1996 Summer Paralympics]], from 16 to 25 August 1996, in the [[GSU Sports Arena]] building, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. There were twelve men's and eight women's teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;excel&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The team came eighth.<br /> <br /> === 2000 Sydney ===<br /> <br /> The team competed in the [[Goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Summer Paralympics]], from 18 to 29 October 2000, at an [[Sydney Showground (Olympic Park)|Olympic Park]] indoor hall, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. There were twelve men's and eight women's teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;excel&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The team came seventh.<br /> <br /> === 2004 Athens ===<br /> <br /> The team competed in [[Goalball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics|2004 Summer Paralympics]], from 17 and 28 September 2004, in the [[Faliro Sports Pavilion Arena]], Athens, Greece. There were twelve men's and eight women's teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;excel&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The team came seventh.<br /> <br /> == World Championships == <br /> {{main|Goalball World Championships}}<br /> <br /> [[International Blind Sports Federation|IBSA]] [[World Goalball Championships]] have been held every four years from 1978. The men's team has represented Hungry in these championships. Placing first or second in the tournament may earn a berth in the [[:Category:Goalball at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games goalball tournaments]].<br /> <br /> The team has participated in the 1986, 1889, 2002, and 2010 World Championships.<br /> <br /> == Regional championships ==<br /> {{main|Europe Goalball Championships}} <br /> <br /> The team has participated in the IBSA goalball regional championships, including the inaugural championship in the 1983 in Greeve (Denmark), then 1985 Olsztyn, 1987 Milton Keynes, 1989 Vejle, 1991 Lahti, 1993 Loughborough, 1997 Stockholm, 1999 Walsall (coming second), and 2001 Budapest (coming first) championships. They then commenced in the new A Division for the 2005 Neerpelt championship. <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Hungary women's national goalball team]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Portal|Sports|Hungary}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{National sports teams of Hungary|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Men's national sports teams of Hungary|Goalball]]<br /> [[Category:National men's goalball teams]]<br /> [[Category:Hungary at the Paralympics]]<br /> [[Category:European national goalball teams]]<br /> [[Category:Goalball in Europe]]<br /> <br /> {{Goalball-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Cricket_Academy&diff=468671 2026-01-28T07:46:13Z

<p>Hayat hospital: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cricket academy in Bengaluru, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Update|date=September 2022}}}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = National Cricket Academy<br /> | logo = NCA Bengaluru logo.png<br /> | logo_size = 175px<br /> | abbreviation = NCA<br /> | founder = [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]]<br /> | status = foundation<br /> | type = Cricket academy<br /> | focus = Player development<br /> | location_city = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | services = Training, guidance, rehabilitation<br /> | leader_title = Director<br /> | leader_name = [[VVS Laxman]]<br /> | key_people = <br /> | parent_organization = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | founded_date = {{start date and age|2000}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''National Cricket Academy''' ('''NCA''') is a [[cricket]] facility of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in [[Bengaluru]], India, for the purpose of developing young cricketers who have been identified as having the potential to represent the [[Indian cricket team]]. It was established in 2000 and is located near the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NCAstart&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125075421/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=NCA Inaugurated | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2 May 2000 | access-date=9 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The facility is also used for the rehabilitation of injured players.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=CricTracker |date=2021-08-13 |title='Unhappy' NCA tightens rules, fitness clearance mandatory for injured Indian players |url=https://www.crictracker.com/unhappy-nca-tightens-rules-fitness-clearance-mandatory-for-injured-indian-players/ |access-date=2022-10-09 <br /> |website=CricTracker |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Former cricketer [[VVS Laxman]] is the present director of the NCA.<br /> <br /> == Activities ==<br /> The NCA has collaborated with the [[MRF Pace Foundation]] to train [[fast bowlers]] from across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-02 |title=BCCI signs five-year agreement with MRF Pace Foundation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/BCCI-signs-five-year-agreement-with-MRF-Pace-Foundation/article20856508.ece |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The facility also works as a [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] center for injured members of India's cricket team. [[Ravi Shastri]], in comments about frequently injured cricketers, [[sarcastically]] called some players &quot;permanent residents of NCA&quot;, which he said was &quot;not a good thing at all&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-12 |title='Some have become permanent residents of NCA': Ravi Shastri blasts players' injury management |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/some-have-become-permanent-residents-of-nca-ravi-shastri-blasts-players-injury-management/articleshow/99439161.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2023|July}}, [[Jasprit Bumrah]], [[Prasidh Krishna]], and [[Rishabh Pant]] were admitted to the center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title='No pace. Even kids playing him easily': Jasprit Bumrah's post-recovery speed questioned in fresh bowling video - Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/another-irfan-pathan-mohammad-amir-jasprit-bumrahs-speed-effectiveness-questioned-in-fresh-bowling-video-watch-101690797713159.html |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The NCA was the brainchild of cricket administrator and former BCCI President [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rsd&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=13 September 2009 |title=His last words: Donald George Bradman |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_his-last-words-donald-george-bradman_1289714 |access-date=11 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2000, NCA member and adviser [[Sunil Gavaskar]] argued that the NCA team should not have played the visiting Zimbabwe team, saying &quot;I thought it was unfair on the performers who were not given a chance to play first class matches against touring sides&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=23 December 2000 |title=Raj singh is nothing without his chair: Gavaskar |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/86917.html |access-date=9 May 2007 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710062400/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/86917.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, NCA chair [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]] said, &quot;Such people should either resign from the committee, or take it on, or fall in line.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Gavaskar resigned as NCA committee member thereon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-29 |title=Gavaskar at best, a reluctant administrator |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/gavaskar-at-best-a-reluctant-administrator/story-2iZ8nf2Wuy5mTrKhcbpHQP.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, BCCI collaborated with [[Cricket Australia]] (CA) and the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) to get expert opinion on the creation of its new structure.<br /> <br /> On 16{{Nbsp}}February 2022, BCCI president [[Sourav Ganguly]] and secretary [[Jay Shah]] announced the construction of a new NCA facility near the [[Bangalore Airport|Bangalore airport]]. Plans included three [[cricket ground]]s, a gymnasium, 40 practice pitches, a swimming pool and rooms for upcoming players.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=BCCI Plans NCA Contracts for Fresh Bowling Talent Both Men and Women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-plans-nca-contracts-for-fresh-bowling-talent-both-men-and-women/articleshow/89605892.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Season!! Chair!! Director!! Coaches<br /> |-<br /> | 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;NCAstart&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[Raj Singh Dungarpur]]<br /> | Vasu Paranjpe, [[Roger Binny]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;NCA2001&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/95717.html | title=NCA to open five zonal academies | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=30 April 2001 | access-date=9 May 2007 | archive-date=19 January 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119225440/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/95717.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Sunil Gavaskar]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Brijesh Patel]]<br /> | [[Balwinder Sandhu]] (Chief coach),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/08/stories/07080287.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125070259/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/08/stories/07080287.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=Balwinder Sandhu to be NCA's Head Coach | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 March 2001 | access-date=9 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; K Jayantilal, Roger Binny<br /> |-<br /> | 2002<br /> | Bittu<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> | [[Chandrakant Pandit]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], Rajesh Kamath, Vaibhav Daga (''Physio'')&lt;ref name=&quot;2004NCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| access-date = 9 May 2007| work = [[The Hindu]]| title=NCA camp from today | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/07/01/stories/2004070101601800.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711215731/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/07/01/stories/2004070101601800.htm| url-status=usurped| archive-date=11 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| access-date = 9 May 2007| work = [[The Hindu]]| title=NCA appointments | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120507541800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207033302/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/05/stories/2005120507541800.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 December 2005 |date=5 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Shivlal Yadav]]<br /> | Dinesh Nanavaty, Venkatesh Prasad, Raghuram Bhat, Sanath Kumar, S. Basu&lt;ref name=&quot;2006NCAU15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| access-date = 9 May 2007| work = [[The Hindu]]| title=NCA training season from May 1 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/04/27/stories/2006042708692200.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012082455/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/04/27/stories/2006042708692200.htm| url-status=usurped| archive-date=12 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2006<br /> | [[Kapil Dev]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| access-date = 14 March 2007| publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]| title=2006/08 Selection Committee Announcement| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/260675.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | [[Ravi Shastri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/312889.html | title = Ravi Shastri appointed NCA chairman | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=28 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2008–2010<br /> | <br /> | [[Dav Whatmore]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010–2012<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Anil Kumble]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/182314-anil-kumble-quits-national-cricket-academy ndtv]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Sandeep Patil]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2014–2019<br /> | [[Brijesh Patel]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/743253.html Patel set to be NCA director]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Dr.Kinjal Suratwala (Head, Sports Science &amp; Coach Education), [[Bharat Arun]] (Head, Bowling Unit), [[Dinesh Nanavaty]] (Head, Batting Unit), V Venkataram (bowling coach), [[R Sridhar]] (fielding coach)<br /> |-<br /> | 2019–2021<br /> |<br /> |[[Rahul Dravid]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> |<br /> | [[VVS Laxman]]&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web |last=India Today Web Desk |first=Delhi |date=2021-12-13 |title=VVS Laxman takes over as NCA chief, shares photo from 'first day in office': An exciting new challenge |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/vvs-laxman-national-cricket-academy-chief-shares-photo-bengaluru-rahul-dravid-1887346-2021-12-13 |access-date=2022-10-09 |work=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Indian cricketers from NCA==<br /> <br /> === 2012 ===<br /> <br /> * International: [[Sridharan Sriram]], [[Shiv Sunder Das]], [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Gautam Gambhir]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Ramesh Powar]], [[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]], [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]], [[Ajay Ratra]], [[Murali Karthik]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Sarandeep Singh]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Tinu Yohanan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NCAstart&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Domestic: Nikhil Haldipur, Anshu Jain, Niraj Patel, Mihir Diwakar, Rohit Jelani, Anup Dave, Prashanth Chandra Menon, Salabh Srivastav, Fazal Mohammied, Rakesh Patel&lt;ref name=&quot;NCAstart&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Replacements: Manish Sharma, Nikhil Doru and Rakesh Dhruv&lt;ref name=&quot;playerreplace&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2000 |title=Hanumant rules out return of trainees |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/89959.html |access-date=9 May 2007 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121050957/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/89959.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2013 ===<br /> <br /> * International: Gautam Gambhir, Ajay Ratra, [[L Balaji]], [[Parthiv Patel]], [[Deep Dasgupta]]<br /> * Domestic: Piyush Arya, Vinayak Mane, Y Gnaneswara Rao, Ishan Ganda, Kashinath Khadkikar, Gaganinder Singh, Arindam Das, Arjun Yadav, [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]], Raja Ali, Uday Karkera, Salil Yadav, Mulewa Dharmichand, Swapnil Hazare, Maninder Singh, Shalabh Srivastava<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> <br /> * International: [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]], [[Piyush Chawla]], [[Rohit Sharma]]<br /> * Domestic: Piyush Arya, [[Tanmay Srivastava]], Salim Pathan, [[Mahesh Rawat]], [[AG Pradeep]], [[Abhishek Nayar]], Gaurav Sharma, [[Uday Kaul]], [[Pinal Shah]], [[Shahbaz Nadeem]], Avinash Vaidya, Shailendra Pandore, Ryan Ninan, Gaurav Dhiman,Tushar Alakh, [[Abid Nabi]], Jagrut Mehta, Umesh Karvi, Sayak Ghosh, Prem Prateek, Sanskar Joshi, [[Jalaj Saxena]]<br /> <br /> ==Border-Gavaskar Scholarship ==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}<br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://india.highcommission.gov.au/ndli/PA_18_2005.html | title=Australian High Commission in }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> NCA awards a scholarship to three promising players to visit Australia's Centre of Excellence in [[Brisbane]]. The scholarship is named after the legendary Australian and Indian captains, [[Allan Border]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]], who both scored more than 10,000 runs in Test cricket.<br /> <br /> ===2000===<br /> * [[Mohammad Kaif]]<br /> * Sridaran Sriram<br /> * [[Shiv Sunder Das]]<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> <br /> * [[Deepak Chougule]]<br /> * [[Parthiv Patel]]<br /> * [[Vinayak Mane]]<br /> <br /> ===2002===<br /> <br /> * [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] <br /> * [[Gautam Gambhir]] <br /> * [[Thilak Naidu]]<br /> <br /> ===2003===<br /> <br /> * [[Raiphi Vincent Gomez]]<br /> * Udit Brijesh Patel<br /> * [[Siddharth Trivedi]]<br /> <br /> ===2004===<br /> <br /> * [[Shikhar Dhawan]] <br /> * [[Suresh Raina]]<br /> * [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]<br /> <br /> ===2005===<br /> <br /> * Shaurya Prakash <br /> * [[RP Singh]] <br /> * [[Faiz Fazal]]<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> <br /> * [[Kshemal Waingankar]] <br /> * [[Gaurav Dhiman]] <br /> * [[Pinal Shah]]<br /> <br /> ===2007===<br /> <br /> * [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja|DB Ravi Teja]]<br /> * [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]<br /> * Shailendra Pandore<br /> <br /> ===2008===<br /> <br /> *[[Virat Kohli]]<br /> * [[Pradeep Sangwan]] <br /> * [[Tanmay Srivastava]]<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> <br /> * Kiran N. S.<br /> * [[K. L. Rahul]] anmol dagar<br /> * [[Mayank Agarwal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Cricket in India}}<br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:National Cricket Academy| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cricket academies]]<br /> [[Category:Cricket administration in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sport schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sport in Bengaluru]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carlin&diff=462322 2026-01-02T14:36:47Z

<p>Hayat hospital: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Australian engineer and adventurer (1912–1981)}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Ben Karlin}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use Australian English|date=October 2012}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ben Carlin<br /> | image = BenCarlin01.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = Carlin seated<br /> | caption = Carlin in [[Montreal]] in 1948<br /> | birth_name = Frederick Benjamin Carlin<br /> | birth_date = 27 July 1912<br /> | birth_place = [[Northam, Western Australia]], Australia<br /> | death_date = 7 March 1981 (age 68)<br /> | death_place = [[Perth]], Western Australia, Australia<br /> | education = [[Guildford Grammar School]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Western Australian School of Mines|Kalgoorlie School of Mines]]<br /> | occupation = Engineer, soldier<br /> | spouse = {{ubl|Gertrude Plath (m. 1940–?)|Elinore Arone (m. 1946–55)|Cynthia Henderson (m. 1963–64)}}<br /> | partner = <br /> | children = Deirdre Scott Carlin (b. 1964)<br /> }}<br /> '''Frederick Benjamin Carlin''' (27 July 1912&amp;nbsp;– 7 March 1981) was an Australian adventurer who was the first person to [[Circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] the world in an [[amphibious vehicle]]. Born in [[Northam, Western Australia]], Carlin attended [[Guildford Grammar School]] in [[Perth]], and later studied [[mining engineering]] at the [[Western Australian School of Mines|Kalgoorlie School of Mines]]. After qualifying as an engineer, he worked on the [[Western Australian Goldfields|Goldfields]] before emigrating to China in 1939 to work in a British coal mine. In [[World War II]], Carlin was posted to the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]], serving in India, Italy, and throughout the Middle East. After his discharge from service in 1946, he emigrated to the United States with his American wife, Elinore (née Arone).<br /> <br /> Sparked by an idea he had whilst in the military, Carlin proposed that the couple honeymoon by crossing the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in a modified [[Ford GPA]] (an amphibious version of the [[Ford GPW]] Jeep), which they named the ''Half-Safe''. Beginning their trip in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, the Carlins finally completed the [[transatlantic crossing]] in 1951 after unsuccessful attempts. From there, they travelled to Europe, temporarily settling in [[Birmingham]] to raise more money. They resumed their journey in 1954, travelling overland through the Middle East before arriving in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. After a short fundraising trip to Australia, Carlin's wife left to return to the United States. He resumed the journey with new partners, travelling through [[South-East Asia]] and the [[Far East]] to the northern tip of Japan, and then to [[Alaska]]. After an extended tour through the United States and Canada, he and ''Half-Safe'' returned to Montreal, having travelled over {{convert|17,000|km}} by sea and {{convert|62,000|km}} by land during the ten-year journey. Following Carlin's death in 1981, ''Half-Safe'' was acquired by Guildford Grammar, his old school, where it remains on display.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and military service==<br /> Frederick Benjamin Carlin was born on 27 July 1912, in [[Northam, Western Australia]], a town in the state's [[Wheatbelt (Western Australia)|Wheatbelt]]. His mother, Charlotte Amelia Bramwell, died when he was four,&lt;ref name=&quot;personal glimpse&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110822215712/http://www.ggs.wa.edu.au/getdoc/95134e69-cc15-4d30-8d65-5ee8c293eb10/Bulletin_270711.aspx From the archives: a personal glimpse of Ben Carlin] – Guildford Grammar School Weekly Bulletin, Week 1, Term 3, 2011. Published 27 July 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; and he was raised by his father, Frederick Cecil Carlin, who was an electrical engineer employed with the [[Western Australian Government Railways]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jeep honeymoon&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39086137 Newsreel – Personalities – Honeymoon in Jeep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321203244/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39086137 |date=21 March 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|The Western Mail]]''. Published 19 August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; At the age of ten, Carlin was sent to board at [[Guildford Grammar School]] in [[Perth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guildford&quot;&gt;[http://www.ggs.wa.edu.au/About-Us/History.aspx History: Ben Carlin and the Half Safe Story] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213192612/http://www.ggs.wa.edu.au/About-Us/History.aspx |date=13 December 2012 }} – Guildford Grammar. Retrieved 1 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Leaving school in 1929, he enrolled at the [[Western Australian School of Mines|School of Mines]] in [[Kalgoorlie]], where he studied [[mining engineering]]. Once he had qualified as an engineer, he worked for a period of time in the surrounding [[Western Australian Goldfields|Goldfields region]]. However, in 1939, he moved to [[Beijing|Peking]], [[China]], to work for a British coal mining company.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeep honeymoon&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seen the world&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69068340 Jeep Tourist Has Seen The World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214826/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69068340 |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''Advocate''. Published 15 January 1948.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon the outbreak of [[World War II]], Carlin enlisted in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]. Before leaving for India, he married Gertrude Plath, a German citizen who had been living in China with her aunt and uncle. The couple wed on 20 April 1940, at [[Tianjin|Tientsin]], although they separated before the end of the war.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38413989 Family Notices: Marriages]&quot; – ''[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|The Western Mail]]''. Published 20 June 1940.&lt;/ref&gt; Having originally enlisted at [[Shanghai]],&lt;ref name=&quot;seen the world&quot;/&gt; Carlin was later posted to the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]] in the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]. In August 1941, he was promoted to the position of [[second lieutenant]], as part of a number of &quot;emergency commissions&quot; made at the start of the conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=35256|date=22 August 1941|pages=4883–4884}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the war, Carlin served in India, Iraq, Persia, Palestine, Syria, and Italy,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69067688 Round the World In a Jeep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519070158/http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/69067688 |date=19 May 2017 }}&quot; – ''Advocate''. Published 12 January 1948. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; and by the conflict's end had been promoted to the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]].&lt;ref name=&quot;armymotors&quot;&gt;Stanton, Kerry (1999). [http://www.collectorcafe.com/article_archive.asp?article=420&amp;id=1481 Half Safe, Half Boat, Half Car and Half a Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908034401/http://www.collectorcafe.com/article_archive.asp?article=420&amp;id=1481 |date=8 September 2011 }} – Collector C@fe. Originally published in ''Army Motors'' magazine, issue 89, 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Towards the end of the war, he met an American [[Red Cross]] nurse, Elinore Arone, who was originally from [[Boston]]. On his discharge from service in 1946, the couple moved to [[Maryland]], where they married in June 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;personal glimpse&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Circumnavigation==<br /> [[File:Carte du tour du monde de Ben Carlin Half-Safe.svg|alt=Map|center|thumb|Map of Ben and Elinore Carlin's round-the-world trip. The journey, with the amphibious vehicle Half-Safe, began in 1950 and ended in 1958, having covered more than 17,000 km by sea and 62,000 km by land. Elinore Carlin accompanied her husband to Australia. The journey between India and Australia (dotted line) was made by boat.]]<br /> <br /> ===''Half-Safe'' and early preparation===<br /> [[File:BenAndElinoreCarlin01.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The couple next to one another|The Carlins during the early stages of preparation for their journey]]<br /> <br /> Throughout the war, [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] had made use of a number of different varieties of [[amphibious vehicle]]. One of the more commonly used was the [[Ford GPA]], a modified version of the [[Ford GPW]] Jeep (also known as a &quot;Seep&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.4wdonline.com/Mil/Seep/Seep.html Amphibious Jeep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623070110/http://www.4wdonline.com/Mil/Seep/Seep.html |date=23 June 2012 }} – 4wdonline. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; In India, towards the end of the war, Carlin had noticed a GPA in an army vehicle lot. To the mockery of his fellow engineers, he suggested that the vehicle could be used to take him around the world, supposedly remarking: &quot;with a bit of titivation, you could go around the world in one of those things&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&amp;dat=19560823&amp;id=EQYdAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=z4oEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7005,1828535 'Half-Safe' Is Half Way 'Round World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214825/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&amp;dat=19560823&amp;id=EQYdAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=z4oEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7005,1828535 |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Sarasota Journal]]''. Published 23 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;&gt;Strohl, Daniel (2011). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160504214243/http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2011/03/02/ambitious-amphibious-ben-carlins-round-the-world-trek-in-a-ford-gpa Ambitious Amphibious: Ben Carlin's round-the-world trek in a Ford GPA]}} – Hemmings Daily. Published 2 March 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; This idea remained with Carlin after his marriage, and he proposed to his wife that the couple [[honeymoon]] by crossing the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in a modified GPA. After a considerable amount of trouble, the Carlins managed to purchase a 1942 Ford GPA (serial number 1239) from a government auction in [[Washington, D.C.]], for [[United States dollar|US$]]901 ({{Inflation|US|901|1947|fmt=eq}}). The vehicle had originally been manufactured at [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'s plant in [[River Rouge, Michigan]], one of 12,778 built during the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;armymotors&quot;/&gt; He originally tried to convince Ford to sponsor his proposed trip, but the company refused, believing the craft would not make the journey.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;/&gt; The vehicle required a number of modifications to make it seaworthy, including the addition of a more boat-like [[Bow (watercraft)|bow]], a [[rudder]], a larger cabin, and two extra fuel tanks – one at the bow and one under the &quot;belly&quot; of the craft, at the [[stern]].&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;&gt;[http://www.amphibiousvehicle.net/amphi/H/halfsafespecial/halfsafe.html Half safe (1947 1958)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516190151/http://www.amphibiousvehicle.net/amphi/H/halfsafespecial/halfsafe.html |date=16 May 2016 }} – Amphibious Vehicles. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Inside the cabin, a [[bunk bed|bunk]] was installed, and the [[dashboard|dash]] was modified to include aircraft instruments, as well as a [[two-way radio]] (including a [[Wireless Set No. 19|19-set]] [[transmitter]] and [[receiver (radio)|receiver]]). In total, the vessel's length was extended by three feet to {{Convert|18|ft|m}}, and the fuel capacity to 200 gallons (760 L) from the original 12 gallons (45 L).&lt;ref name=&quot;the jeep&quot;&gt;[http://www.4wdonline.com/Mil/HalfSafe.html The Amphibious Jeep 'Half Safe'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723105431/http://www.4wdonline.com/Mil/HalfSafe.html |date=23 July 2012 }} – 4wdonline. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; The construction of the under-belly fuel tank allowed it to be jettisoned when empty, reducing further its full weight of three [[long ton]]s (6,720&amp;nbsp;lb or 3,048&amp;nbsp;kg).&lt;ref name=&quot;other birds&quot;&gt;[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20051009140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/32360/20051010-0000/www.diggerhistory.info/pages-armour/amphib/allied.htm The Swimmers: Ducks, Larks, and other &quot;birds&quot;] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}– Digger History. Archived by the [[National Library of Australia]]. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; The vessel was christened ''Half-Safe'', after the slogan of [[Arrid]], a deodorant brand – ''&quot;Don't be &lt;u&gt;half-safe&lt;/u&gt; – use Arrid to be sure&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Failure of first attempts===<br /> The couple began testing their craft in 1947, and experienced problems with [[carbon monoxide]] removal, with the vessel's enclosed structure potentially increasing the risks of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]].&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;/&gt; The Carlins chose [[Montreal]] as the official starting point of their [[circumnavigation]] attempt. They set out from the city in late 1947 for [[New York City]], where they were to launch ''Half-Safe'' for the first time, with the intention of crossing the Atlantic via the [[Azores]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;/&gt; A trial run was made in early January 1948, watched by &quot;crowds of sceptical waterside workers&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;circle the world&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2735690 TO Circle The World In Amphibious Jeep]&quot; – ''[[The Canberra Times]]''. Published 23 January 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; The couple's first attempt to complete the [[transatlantic crossing]] occurred on 16 June 1948, launching from [[New York Harbor]]. Cheered on by &quot;100 amazed wharf labourers&quot;, they were first washed up-river by a strong tide, but then made their way out into the Atlantic at a speed of five [[Knot (unit)|knots]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46916101 Honeymoon In Jeep: Unique enterprise begins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120052747/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46916101 |date=20 January 2023 }} – ''[[The West Australian]]''. Published 18 June 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; The Carlins failed to maintain radio contact, prompting a search by the [[United States Coast Guard]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56819926 Alarm Over Jeep At Sea]&quot; – ''Morning Bulletin''. Published 21 June 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; The craft was eventually landed five days after its departure, {{convert|40|mi|km}} south of New York City near the [[Shark River Inlet]] in [[New Jersey]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59482970 WA Man's Journey]&quot; – ''[[Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]]''. Published 4 July 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; The couple had experienced problems with the steering gear and rudder, which made the vessel unable to steer at sea unless the wheel was constantly manned.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56822622 Round The World In A &quot;DUCK&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120052750/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/56822622 |date=20 January 2023 }}&quot; – ''Morning Bulletin''. Published 6 July 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; With ''Half-Safe'' sailed back to New York, the Carlins commenced their journey for a second time on 3 July,&lt;ref&gt;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83754945 Jeep Travellers Are Lost Again] – ''[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]]''. Published 9 July 1948.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=January 2023}} but were once again forced back to shore a few days later, this time after nearly being [[asphyxiation|asphyxiated]] due to a cracked [[exhaust pipe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jeep honeymoon&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:HalfSafe01 – Statue of Liberty.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The Carlins sailed past the [[Statue of Liberty]] in [[New York Harbor]] on one of their first circumnavigation attempts in 1948.]]<br /> <br /> A third attempt was made in late July, but was again not successful due to the mechanical troubles and heavy [[seasickness]] the Carlins experienced.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83756203? Jeep Pair Are Safe]&quot; – ''[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]]''. Published 29 July 1948.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67843264 An Atlantic Venture: Australian in a Jeep – Third Attempt Fails]&quot; – ''Geraldton Guardian''. Published 5 August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; The Carlins set out for a fourth time in early August, and progressed further, being sighted several days after their launch by an American [[destroyer]] almost {{convert|200|mi|km}} off of New York.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22682164 &quot;Jeep&quot; Adventurers Decline Help]&quot; – ''[[The Argus (Australia)|The Argus]]''. Published 13 August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the couple soon lost radio contact, prompting [[Pan-American Airways]] to direct their crews to search for their craft.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79684756 Planes On Alert For Carlins]&quot; – ''[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]]''. Published 25 August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Half-Safe'' and the Carlins were rescued approximately {{convert|270|mi|km}} off New York by the [[oil tanker]] ''New Jersey'', bound for [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79694344 Carlin Safe Again]&quot; – ''[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]]''. Published 26 August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; Seven days into the voyage, a propeller bearing had welded itself fast due to lack of lubrication, leaving the vessel to drift aimlessly for a further ten days without means of steering it or navigating.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;/&gt; According to a message Carlin radioed from the tanker to his friends in New York, the couple &quot;drifted and fished&quot;, enjoying a &quot;pleasant life, cheaper than [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47124788 To Start Again: Carlins' Atlantic Experiences]&quot; – ''[[The West Australian]]''. Published 28 August 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of the couple's rescue, he considered abandoning the entire voyage, but was convinced to continue by the tanker's Norwegian captain, who greeted Carlin with the words: &quot;Hell, you're not going to leave that god-damned Jeep lying around?!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Transatlantic crossing===<br /> The Carlins' fourth failed attempt in two months led them to abandon the project for a period of time in order to raise more money. With the ''New Jersey'' arriving in Halifax two weeks after their rescue, Carlin took up a position with a local [[marine salvage]] firm, while his wife returned to her family in Boston, and worked in a law office.&lt;ref name=&quot;perilous&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GC0sAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=39wFAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;pg=4835%2C16347 Start Perilous Atlantic Trip In Amphibious Jeep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214839/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GC0sAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=39wFAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;pg=4835%2C16347 |date=6 January 2020 }} – ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. Published 1 September 1949.&lt;/ref&gt; One final attempt was considered in November 1948, but postponed due to the approaching winter weather, with ''Half-Safe'' stored in a Halifax garage.&lt;ref&gt;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article80801570 Carlins Postpone Sixth Try] – ''[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]]''. Published 19 November 1948.&lt;/ref&gt; In mid 1949, the couple began to ready ''Half-Safe'' for a further attempt at the crossing. Testing in late August revealed a burnt-out clutch,&lt;ref&gt;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22775112 Atlantic Bid In Jeep Postponed] – ''[[The Argus (Australia)|The Argus]]''. Published 30 August 1949.&lt;/ref&gt; which was repaired, and Carlin recognised the need for much larger amounts of fuel. To achieve this extra capacity, two fuel tanks were tied behind ''Half-Safe'', painted bright yellow to aid visibility from the air. Further alterations were also made to the craft's [[superstructure]], and extra stabilising rudders were added.&lt;ref name=&quot;perilous&quot;/&gt; The Carlins launched again in early September 1949. When the vessel was {{Convert|35|mi|km}} off shore, both of the auxiliary fuel tanks were lost, necessitating return to Halifax.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6SFlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-4cNAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;pg=6485%2C336090 Misadventure Pursues Couple's Sea-Going Jeep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214836/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6SFlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-4cNAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;pg=6485%2C336090 |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Edmonton Journal]]''. Published 2 September 1949.&lt;/ref&gt; Carlin almost decided to abandon the journey and liquidate ''Half-Safe'', but was convinced by his wife to continue.&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |quote = When they struck a hurricane between the Azores and Madeira, and the superstructure looked like caving in, he got Elinore to recite the escape drill out loud in the tumult: &quot;You shout 'OUT' – I get out and wait. You follow and grab the gear. I follow you – Keep In Contact!&quot; They couldn't inflate and board the raft in that sea, and provided that the equipment wasn't wrenched from their grip they should be able to go on living, even though they carried no life jackets, for both were strong swimmers. He warned her: &quot;Keep your face down and away from the spray – it hurts.&quot;<br /> |source = – ''The Buckingham Post'', 27 January 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;buckingham&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SNswAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=9uEFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2949,150212&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Crossed Atlantic In A Jeep]&quot; – ''Buckingham Post''. Published 27 January 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |align = right<br /> |width = 30%<br /> |fontsize = 80%<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Over the following six months, the Carlins again made modifications to their vessel, with the most important being a large, purpose-built tank that was to be towed behind the craft. This increased the total fuel capacity of ''Half-Safe'' to 735 gallons (3,337 L), with the vessel also carrying 30 gallons (136 L) of water, eight gallons (36 L) of oil, and six weeks' worth of provisions.&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;/&gt; The couple left Halifax on 19 July 1950, and, after a 32-day voyage, arrived on [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]], the most westerly island of the Azores.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;/&gt; Their landing was well-received, with ''[[Life (magazine)|LIFE]]'' featuring the crossing in a multiple-page article later that year, which also featured many of the Carlins' photographs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author = Time Inc| title = LIFE| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AEwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA149| date = 20 November 1950| publisher = Time Inc| page = 149 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the journey had not occurred without mishap – Carlin was forced to remove the cylinder head several times in order to clean the carbon from the valves and replace the head [[gasket]], and the couple lost radio contact halfway through the voyage, leading to fears they had been lost at sea. From Flores, the couple progressed to [[Horta (Azores)|Horta]] on the island of [[Faial Island|Faial]], a distance of {{convert|150|mi|km}}.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7BFVAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=FpMDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1517,3576832&amp;hl=en &quot;Floating Jeep&quot; Feared Lost, Reaches Azores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214836/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7BFVAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=FpMDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1517%2C3576832&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Published 20 August 1950.&lt;/ref&gt; They then travelled to [[Madeira]], having obtained surplus fuel from a passing Portuguese cruiser midway through the trip.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42703140 Sea-Going Jeep Safe]&quot; – ''[[Cairns Post]]''. Published 15 December 1950.&lt;/ref&gt; Although originally expected to head directly to [[Lisbon]] from Madeira,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=64EtAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=U5kFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2022,6963853&amp;hl=en Carlins Readying Jeep For Horta–Lisbon Lap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=64EtAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=U5kFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2022%2C6963853&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. Published 26 August 1950.&lt;/ref&gt; the couple instead chose to head for [[Morocco]] via the [[Canary Islands]], coming ashore at [[Cap Juby]] in the Spanish territory of [[Rio de Oro]] on 23 February 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;atlantic in jeep&quot;&gt;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27014135 Crossed Atlantic In Jeep] – ''[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]]''. Published 16 March 1951.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From Cap Juby, the Carlins drove north through the coastal regions of Morocco to Europe. The hot daytime temperatures, which reportedly reached {{convert|170|F|C}} within the vehicle's cabin, necessitated that ''Half-Safe'' be driven exclusively at night.&lt;ref name=&quot;armymotors&quot;/&gt; The vehicle reached [[Casablanca]], [[French Morocco]], on 16 March 1951, and the British territory of [[Gibraltar]] in mid April, after sailing across the [[Straits of Gibraltar]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18209630 Sea-going Jeep Turns Up At Gibraltar] – ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Published 23 April 1951.&lt;/ref&gt; From there, the Carlins drove through a number of European countries, where they engaged in sight-seeing before sailing across the [[English Channel]] and concluding the first part of their journey in [[Birmingham]], where they arrived on 1 January 1952.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goodsdirect.net/halfsafe.html Half safe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208090024/http://goodsdirect.net/halfsafe.html |date=8 February 2013 }} – goodsdirect.net. Retrieved 2 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Europe and the Middle East===<br /> [[File:HalfSafe02 – Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|right|The Carlins and ''Half-Safe'' were greeted by a large crowd upon landing in [[Copenhagen]] in 1951.]]<br /> <br /> Tired, weary, and lacking in money, the Carlins decided to remain in England to rest and recuperate. Throughout the journey from Nova Scotia to the Azores, both Carlin and his wife had suffered from severe [[hallucination]]s, including one instance where he had jerked awake to find himself 60° off course.&lt;ref name=&quot;buckingham&quot;/&gt; Another important objective of their time in Britain was to repair ''Half-Safe'', which had sustained large amounts of damage during the crossing, not least from [[1950 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Charlie|Hurricane Charlie]], which battered the vessel whilst it was amongst the islands of [[Macaronesia]]. The repairs to the craft were accomplished with the help of [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Group Captain Malcolm Bunting, who had served alongside Carlin in India. To raise money for the continuation of the journey, ''Half-Safe'' was exhibited in [[department stores]] throughout Europe. During this time, Carlin also completed ''Half Safe: Across the Atlantic by Jeep'', a book chronicling the first half of their journey, which sold 32,000 copies and was translated into five languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambitious amphibious&quot;/&gt; The book was generally well received, with a reviewer in ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]'' describing Carlin as &quot;an adventurer of the old school – full of the explorer's instinct, and with a dry wit that makes his story an odd mixture of high-adventure and real understatement&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Timmins, Terry (1955). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=roAtAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=MZkFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3830,2365958&amp;dq=ben-carlin+dry+wit&amp;hl=en Amphibious Jaunt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214826/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=roAtAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=MZkFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3830%2C2365958&amp;dq=ben-carlin+dry+wit&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. Published 10 November 1955.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Carlins set out again in early 1955, arriving in France on 22 April 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;the jeep&quot;/&gt; The vehicle continued through [[Switzerland]], [[northern Italy]], and [[Yugoslavia]], where in May 1955, it was reported that ''Half-Safe'' had had its first [[flat tire]], whilst travelling through [[Belgrade]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130131135310/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/2063165502.html?FMT=CITE&amp;FMTS=CITE:AI&amp;type=historic&amp;date=May+07,+1955&amp;author=&amp;pub=Daily+Boston+Globe+(1928-1960)&amp;desc=Round-World+Jeep+Gets+First+Flat+Tire&amp;pqatl=google Round-World Jeep Gets First Flat Tire] – ''[[Boston Globe]]''. Published 7 May 1955.&lt;/ref&gt; The Carlins then continued through [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]], sailing across the [[Bosphorus]] to [[Asia Minor]], before progressing through Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan to [[Calcutta]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;/&gt; Carlin later noted: &quot;the 2000 miles across the Atlantic from Nova Scotia to the Azores were in many ways much less worrying than a similar distance covered on murderous roads in Persia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FxsRAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=FpUDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5747,182554&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Going Round World in Floating Jeep]&quot; – ''[[The Age]]''. Published 2 November 1955.&lt;/ref&gt; At Calcutta, the Carlins decided to transport ''Half-Safe'' to [[Australia]] via steamer. At the start of his voyage, Carlin had said he would not travel to Australia or New Zealand, because petrol was &quot;too dear&quot; there.&lt;ref name=&quot;circle the world&quot;/&gt; However, a lack of funding meant the side trip was necessary. The trip also allowed Carlin to meet with his family, who still lived in Perth – his brother, Tom Carlin, had become a [[Captain (naval)|captain]] in the [[Royal Australian Navy]], and was actively involved in [[nuclear weapons testing]] on the [[Montebello Islands]] in 1952, as part of [[Operation Hurricane]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49028697 R.A.N. Ships For Atomic Tests Call At Onslow]&quot; – ''[[The West Australian]]''. Published 28 April 1952.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Far East and return to North America===<br /> ''Half-Safe'''s Australian tour began in late October 1955 in Perth, where Carlin grew up, and included a tour of his old school, Guildford Grammar. The Carlins then went to [[Adelaide]], and subsequently progressed to [[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]], and [[Brisbane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot;/&gt; ''Half-Safe'' was returned to Calcutta on a steamship in January 1956; however, Elinore, Carlin's wife, left the trip in Australia, having tired of the long travel and the constant seasickness she was experiencing.&lt;ref name=&quot;amphibious vehicles&quot;/&gt; Carlin continued his journey alone, with the first leg consisting of a sea voyage from Calcutta to [[Akyab]], [[Burma]], across the [[Bay of Bengal]]. At Akyab, he was joined by Barry Hanley, another Australian. The two met on Burma's coast in late February 1956, and from there crossed the [[Arakan Yoma]] mountain ranges to the [[Irrawaddy River]], where the vehicle was bogged down in mud for two days. After extricating ''Half-Safe'' from the mire, the pair progressed to [[Rangoon]], arriving on 11 March.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YjlVAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=hZUDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3858,1810379&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en &quot;Half Safe&quot; in Rangoon After Adventurous Trip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214824/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YjlVAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=hZUDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3858%2C1810379&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Age]]''. Published 12 March 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; From Burma, ''Half-Safe'' was driven overland to [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], and from there to [[Saigon]], on the coast of [[Indochina]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://archive.today/20130124133620/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zx8aAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=bCUEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5200,5113854&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Amphibious Jeep at Halfway Mark on World Jaunt]&quot; – ''[[The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|The Milwaukee Journal]]''. Published 8 June 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; From there, Carlin and Hanley set out to sail from Indochina to Japan, passing through several ports and islands in the [[South China Sea]]. Upon his arrival in [[Hong Kong]] in early May 1956, Carlin was &quot;mobbed by autograph-seeking girls&quot;, having been delayed on his voyage by engine trouble and headwinds in the South China Sea.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nW1jAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=TnkNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5552,892376&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Carlin, Jeep Arrive in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nW1jAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=TnkNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5552%2C892376&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Saskatoon StarPhoenix|Saskatoon Star-Phoenix]]''. Published 7 May 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; He arrived in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], in early June, and from there travelled to [[Keelung]] on the northern tip of Taiwan, and [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], part of the [[United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands|American-administered Ryukyu Islands]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EjBkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=6nsNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1810,1614612&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en 'Half Safe' Jeep Reaches Formosa On World Jaunt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015101741/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EjBkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=6nsNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1810,1614612&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=15 October 2022 }}&quot; – ''[[The Calgary Herald]]''. Published 8 June 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; Carlin and Hanley drove ashore at [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] at the southern tip of Japan in July 1956, and from there drove overland to [[Tokyo]].&lt;ref&gt;White, Sid (1956). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z8IvAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=akgDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5000,2057908&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Australian Traveler Takes Rest In Tokyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214824/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z8IvAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=akgDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5000%2C2057908&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }} – ''[[The Deseret News]]''. Published 10 October 1956.&lt;/ref&gt; Hanley returned to Australia at this stage, while Carlin rested in Japan, again performing much-needed repairs. An American journalist for ''[[The Japan Times]]'', [[Boyé Lafayette De Mente|Boyé Lafayette de Mente]], offered to accompany Carlin on the journey from Japan to [[Alaska]], departing in early 1957 for the first stage of the trip from Tokyo to [[Wakkanai, Hokkaidō]]. The pair left Tokyo on 1 May 1957 to great fanfare, cheered off from the [[Mainichi Newspapers|Mainichi]] and [[Yomiuri newspaper|Yomiuri Newspaper]] buildings. The craft sprang a leak while crossing the [[Tsugaru Strait]], separating the southern island of [[Honshu]] from Hokkaidō, and collided with submerged rocks near the port of [[Muroran, Hokkaidō|Muroran]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.4wdonline.com/reader-contributions/amphibious-jeep-half-safe-co-adventurer-connects-with-4wdonline-com.html Amphibious Jeep “Half-Safe” Co-Adventurer connects with 4WDOnline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927070545/http://www.4wdonline.com/reader-contributions/amphibious-jeep-half-safe-co-adventurer-connects-with-4wdonline-com.html |date=27 September 2012 }} – 4wdonline. Retrieved 3 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; They reached Wakkanai on 12 June 1957, despite what de Mente later described as Carlin's aggression and &quot;irascible character&quot; during the trip.&lt;ref name=&quot;demented&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=poBlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-okNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=860,2397081&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Pair Try To Drive Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015101741/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=poBlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-okNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=860,2397081&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=15 October 2022 }}&quot; – ''The Sunday Sun''. Published 11 June 1957.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:BenCarlinAndBoyeDeMente-01.gif|thumb|left|Carlin and his new travelling partner, [[Boyé Lafayette De Mente|Boyé de Mente]], departed from [[Tokyo]] in May 1957.]]<br /> <br /> Carlin's aim was to travel directly from Wakkanai to [[Shemya]], a small island in the [[Near Islands]] group of the [[Semichi Islands]] chain, part of the [[Aleutian Islands]] running southwest of the Alaskan mainland. The craft was carrying enough fuel to last for approximately 21 days, but did not make contact within this time, causing the US Coast Guard's [[search and rescue]] station to be notified.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=An8KAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=VksDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6989,226207&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Can't Contact Two Men On Japan Jaunt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214826/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=An8KAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=VksDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6989%2C226207&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Daily Record (Washington)|Ellensburg Daily Record]]''. Published 4 July 1957.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Half-Safe'' landed on Shemya on 8 July, with the pair having made an unexpected detour to visit the town of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky|Petropavlovsk]] on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], at the time part of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LPxXAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=8_YDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7042,1496076&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Pair Cross Rough Sea In Amphibious Jeep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LPxXAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=8_YDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7042%2C1496076&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Spokane Daily Chronicle]]''. Published 8 July 1957.&lt;/ref&gt; From Shemya, Carlin and de Mente sailed to [[Adak Island]], a distance of {{convert|350|mi|km}}, then a further {{convert|580|mi|km}} to [[Cold Bay, Alaska|Cold Bay]], and thence along the Aleutian island chain to the mainland town of [[Homer, Alaska|Homer]], arriving in late August.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://archive.today/20130125011131/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eY4uAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=5IgFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2983,2063267&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Continue Amphibious Jeep Trip]&quot; – ''[[Tri-City Herald]]''. Published 17 July 1957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4qFaAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=g08DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3193,3977891&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Phoenix Man, Australian Head for Homer, Alaska] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015101740/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4qFaAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=g08DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3193,3977891&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=15 October 2022 }}&quot; – ''[[Prescott Evening Courier]]''. Published 19 August 1957.&lt;/ref&gt; Carlin and de Mente then drove ''Half-Safe'' overland to [[Anchorage]], where de Mente flew home to Phoenix. He would go on to write ''Once a Fool: From Tokyo to Alaska by Amphibious Jeep'', a detailed account of his experiences with Carlin and ''Half-Safe'', as well as becoming a prolific author on topics relating to [[Mesoamerica]] and [[East Asia]], publishing over 100 books.&lt;ref name=&quot;demented&quot;/&gt; Carlin subsequently drove solo to [[Seattle]], arriving in early November 1957.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tP1XAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-vYDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5459,1732443&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Short Takes In The News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tP1XAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-vYDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5459%2C1732443&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Spokane Daily Chronicle]]''. Published 8 November 1957.&lt;/ref&gt; Whilst travelling the [[Alaska Highway]] in [[British Columbia]], he encountered the collapsed [[Peace River Suspension Bridge]]. While other motorists queued for a nearby ferry, Carlin simply drove ''Half-Safe'' into the river and across to the other side.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HmZkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=a3wNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1778,4973975&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Jeep Used In World Circling Trip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214824/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HmZkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=a3wNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1778%2C4973975&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Calgary Herald]]''. Published 26 December 1957.&lt;/ref&gt; Continuing on to [[San Francisco]], where he met his wife for the first time in two years, Carlin then continued onwards through the United States and north to Canada. He arrived in [[Toronto]], on 10 May 1958,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hWZkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=aXwNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6091,2379061&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Amphibious Jeep Finishes 10-Year Tour Of Globe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hWZkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=aXwNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6091%2C2379061&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[Calgary Herald]]''. Published 10 May 1958.&lt;/ref&gt; and three days later arrived in Montreal, completing his ten-year journey.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUswAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=b6gFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5238,2288876&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Amphibian Traveller Home After 10 Years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214826/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUswAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=b6gFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5238%2C2288876&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Montreal Gazette]]''. Published 13 May 1958.&lt;/ref&gt; He and ''Half-Safe'' had travelled {{convert|17780|km|mi}} by sea and {{convert|62744|km|mi}} by land over ten years, passing through 38 countries and over two oceans, with the entire trip costing him around $35,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;guildford&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iGZkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=aXwNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5039,3280567&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en Nears End Of Journey.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106214825/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iGZkAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=aXwNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5039%2C3280567&amp;dq=ben-carlin&amp;hl=en |date=6 January 2020 }}&quot; – ''[[The Calgary Herald]]''. Published 14 May 1958.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later life and legacy==<br /> [[File:Half Safe on Display at Guildford Grammar (7).jpg|thumb|right|The Half Safe on Display at [[Guildford Grammar School]] in August 2020.]]<br /> <br /> After the conclusion of the trip, ''Half-Safe'' remained in the United States, where it was occasionally exhibited by Carlin's friend George Calimer, who was a co-owner of the vehicle. Carlin remained in the country for a period, appearing on the lecture circuit, before returning to Perth, where he took up residence in [[Cottesloe, Western Australia|Cottesloe]]. Having divorced his second wife Elinore by December 1955, Carlin wed for a third time on 1 June 1963 in the United States, marrying Cynthia Henderson. Although the couple's marriage was short-lived, the union produced one daughter, Deirdre Scott Carlin, who was born in March 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;personal glimpse&quot; /&gt; Carlin died in Perth in March 1981, of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]], and was [[Cremation|cremated]] at [[Karrakatta Cemetery]].&lt;ref name=&quot;personal glimpse&quot; /&gt; His second wife, Elinore, who completed the first half of his journey alongside him, died in 1996 in New York City.&lt;ref name=&quot;armymotors&quot; /&gt; Carlin left his share in ''Half-Safe'' to his old school, Guildford Grammar, as well as a sizeable endowment for the purposes of funding a scholarship. He had previously offered the craft to the [[Western Australian Maritime Museum]], which declined the offer due to a lack of exhibition space.&lt;ref name=&quot;onceafool&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|de Mente|2005|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Guildford Grammar School Foundation subsequently purchased the other share in the vehicle, transferring it to the school's campus in [[Guildford, Western Australia]]. The school also posthumously published ''The Other Half of Half-Safe'', which detailed the second portion of Carlin's journey.&lt;ref name=&quot;imc&quot;&gt;Hunt, Bruce (2011). [https://archive.today/20121230122312/http://www.inmycommunity.com.au/news-and-views/local-news/Amphibious-jeep-is-stuff-of-navigation-dreams/7594699/ Amphibious jeep is stuff of navigation dreams] – In My Community. Published 23 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1999, the craft was transported by truck across Australia to [[Corowa]], New South Wales, where it featured in an annual celebration on the [[Murray River]], along with 16 other amphibious vehicles from the Second World War.&lt;ref name=&quot;armymotors&quot; /&gt; ''Half-Safe'' is currently exhibited in a specially-made glass enclosure at Guildford Grammar's main campus.&lt;ref name=&quot;the jeep&quot; /&gt; Money from Carlin's estate was used to found the Charlotte Carlin Scholarship (named for his mother), awarded for &quot;the proficiency of the English language with the avoidance of clichés&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;imc&quot; /&gt; [[Guinness World Records]] recognises Carlin as having completed the &quot;first and only circumnavigation by an amphibious vehicle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/first-circumnavigation-by-amphibious-car/ First circumnavigation by amphibious car] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614013549/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/first-circumnavigation-by-amphibious-car |date=14 June 2013 }} – Guinness World Records. Retrieved 28 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gordon |title=The Last Great Australian Adventurer: Ben Carlin's epic journey around the world by amphibious Jeep |url=https://www.amazon.com.au/Last-Great-Australian-Adventurer-amphibious-ebook/dp/B06XNR2RPR/ |year=2017 |publisher=Random House Australia |isbn=9781925324990 |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015546/https://www.amazon.com.au/Last-Great-Australian-Adventurer-amphibious-ebook/dp/B06XNR2RPR |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Carlin |first=Ben |title=Half-Safe: Across the Atlantic by Jeep |year=1955 |publisher=Andre Deutsch |isbn=978-0-9598731-1-5 |location=London}}&lt;!--| access-date = 3 October 2012--&gt;<br /> * {{cite book |last=Carlin |first=Ben |title=The Other Half of Half-Safe: Around the World by Amphibious Jeep from Montreal Across the Atlantic, Europe, Asia, Australia, Japan and the Pacific to Canada and Back to Montreal |year=1989 |publisher=Guildford Grammar School Foundation, Inc. |isbn=0959873112}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=de Mente |first=Boyé |authorlink=Boyé Lafayette De Mente |title=Once a Fool: From Tokyo to Alaska by Amphibious Jeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QSIUANtVa4C |year=2005 |publisher=Phoenix Books |isbn=0914778048 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Nestor |first=James |authorlink=James Nestor |title=Half-Safe: A Story of Love, Obsession, and History's Most Insane Around-the-world Adventure |url=https://www.atavist.com/stories/half-safe/ |year=2013 |publisher=The Atavist |asin=B00AQZEFC8 |access-date=9 January 2013 |archive-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114080804/https://www.atavist.com/stories/half-safe/ |url-status=live }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> {{Commons category|Ben and Elinore Carlin}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Carlin, Ben}}<br /> [[Category:1912 births]]<br /> [[Category:1981 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Australian expatriates in China]]<br /> [[Category:Australian expatriates in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Australian sailors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Australian writers]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery]]<br /> [[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Maritime writers]]<br /> [[Category:Australian mining engineers]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at Guildford Grammar School]]<br /> [[Category:People from Northam, Western Australia]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Australian engineers]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016%E2%80%9317_Assam_State_Premier_League&diff=482582 2025-12-25T10:56:23Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Assam State Premier League]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycodon_gammiei&diff=513807 2025-12-16T04:01:10Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating a post first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of snake}}<br /> {{speciesbox <br /> | status = NT<br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Das, A. |author-link=species:Abjihit Das |author2=Ghosh, A. |author2-link=species:Avrajjal Ghosh |author3=Wangyal, J. |year=2021 |title=''Lycodon gammiei '' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T202842A2757271 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T202842A2757271.en |access-date=28 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = General view of the Lycodon gammiei specimen (YBU 230088) in life and its microhabitat, a big tree trunk - Oo 1042869 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_caption = ''Lycodon gammiei''<br /> | genus = Lycodon<br /> | species = gammiei<br /> | authority = ([[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford]], 1878)<br /> | synonyms = *''Ophites gammiei'' &lt;br /&gt;{{small|Blanford, 1878}} <br /> *''Lycodon gammiei'' &lt;br /&gt;{{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1890}}<br /> *''Dinodon gammiei'' &lt;br /&gt;{{small|— [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1923}}<br /> *''Lycodon gammiei'' &lt;br /&gt;{{small|— [[species:Cameron D. Siler|Siler]] et al., 2013}}<br /> | synonyms_ref =&lt;ref name=&quot;RDB&quot;&gt;{{NRDB species|genus=Lycodon|species=gammiei|accessdate=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Lycodon gammiei''''', [[Common name|commonly]] known as '''Gammie's wolf snake''' or the '''Sikkim false wolf snake''', is a [[species]] of non[[venom]]ous [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''gammiei'', is in honor of [[Natural history|naturalist]] James Alexander Gammie (1839–1924), who managed a ''[[Cinchona]]'' plantation in Darjeeling from 1865 to 1897.&lt;ref&gt;[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Dinodon gammiei'', p. 97).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographic range==<br /> ''Lycodon gammiei'' is found in northern India, in the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]], and in [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RDB&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Habitat==<br /> The preferred natural [[habitat]] of ''L. gammiei'' is [[forest]].&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> At first glance, Gammie's wolf snake resembles the venomous [[krait]]s. Its body is encircled by alternating dark and light rings with irregular margins. Its head is dark olive, and there are light spots in the center of most head shields. It has an imperfect pale collar, and the underside of the head and neck are whitish. Adults are about 80&amp;nbsp;cm (32 inches) in total length (including tail).&lt;ref&gt;[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1893). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (''Lycodon gammiei'', p. 358).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> ''L. gammiei'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RDB&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *[[William Thomas Blanford|Blanford WT]] (1878). &quot;Notes on some Reptilia from the Himalayas and Burma&quot;. ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' '''47''' (part 2): 125–131. (''Ophites gammiei'', new species, pp.&amp;nbsp;130–131). (in English and [[Latin]]).<br /> *[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Lycodon gammiei'', new combination, p.&amp;nbsp;296).<br /> *[[species:Cameron D. Siler|Siler, Cameron D.]]; [[species:Carl H. Oliveros|Oliveros, Carl H.]]; Santanen, Anssi; [[species:Rafe Marion Brown|Brown, Rafe M.]] (2013). &quot;Multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in Asian wolf snakes (genus ''Lycodon'')&quot;. ''Zoologica Scripta'' '''42''': 262–277.<br /> *[[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall F]] (1923). &quot;A Hand-list of the Snakes of the Indian Empire. Part 2&quot;. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' '''29''': 598–632. (''Dinodon gammiei'', new combination, p.&amp;nbsp;615).<br /> *[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Dinodon gammiei'', p.&amp;nbsp;271).<br /> *[[species:Viral K. Mistry|Mistry V]] (2007). &quot;Rediscovery of the Sikkim False Wolf Snake&quot;. ''Hornbill'' (Jul–Sep): 18–19.<br /> *Mistry V, [[species:Gernot Vogel|Vogel G]], [[species:Frank Tillack|Tillack F]] (2007). &quot;Rediscovery of ''Dinodon gammiei'' (BLANFORD 1878) (Serpentes, Colubridae), with description of its validity&quot;. ''Hamadryad'' '''31''' (2): 265–273<br /> *[[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal I]], Mistry VK, [[species:Ramana Athreya|Athreya R]] (2010). &quot;A preliminary checklist of the reptiles of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India&quot;. ''Russian Journal of Herpetology'' '''17''' (2): 81–93.<br /> *Athreya R (2006). ''Eaglenest Biodiversity Project (2003 – 2006): Conservation resources for Eaglenest wildlife sanctuary''. Pune: Kaati Trust. 196 pp.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121733/http://naturecon.org/index.php/eaglenest-sanctuary/biodiversity-discoveries/the-darjeeling-false-wolf-snake-dinodon-gammiei-a-rediscovered-snake<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q3013528}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lycodon|gammiei]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br /> [[Category:Reptiles described in 1878]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by William Thomas Blanford]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marangi_Borbarua&diff=516417 2025-11-17T20:00:19Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating a post w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Borbarua of the Ahom Kingdom (service year 1679-80)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = '''Phu ke Lung'''<br /> | office = [[Borbarua]] of the [[Ahom Kingdom]]<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Portrait by an unknown artist.Date unknown<br /> | monarch = [[Sujinphaa]] aka Shura Singha &lt;br/&gt;[[Sudoiphaa]] Parbatia Roja &lt;br/&gt; [[Sulikphaa]] aka Ratnadhwaja Singha (Lora Roja)<br /> | predecessor = Debera Borbarua<br /> | successor = Kirkiria Borbarua &lt;br/&gt; Dihingia Alun Borbarua<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Garhgaon]], [[Ahom Kingdom]]<br /> | death_date = 1685<br /> | death_place = <br /> | battles = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | relatives = [[Laluksola Borphukan]]&lt;ref&gt;Tungkhungia Buranji{{harvcol|Bhuyan S K|1932}}&lt;/ref&gt; (brother)&lt;br/&gt; [[Lachit Borphukan]] (brother) &lt;br/&gt; [[Bhardhora Borphukan]] (brother)&lt;br /&gt; Lao Deka (brother)&lt;br /&gt; Datukari (brother)&lt;br /&gt; [[Pakhori Gabharu]] (sister)&lt;br/&gt; [[Ramani Gabharu]] (niece)&lt;br/&gt;[[Baduli Borphukan]] (uncle)<br /> | children = Moloka&lt;br/&gt;Nasao&lt;br/&gt;Sopa&lt;br/&gt; Abhakatia<br /> | father = [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]]<br /> | mother = <br /> | term_start = First term (1674-74)<br /> | term_end = Second term (1677-80)<br /> | name = Marangi Bobarua<br /> | Religion = <br /> | birth_name = Lan Bolik aka Lan Bolin<br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> '''Marangi Borbarua''' (1624–1685) aka '''Marangial Borboruah'''&lt;ref&gt;Asamar Padya Buranji{{harvcol|Bhuyan S K|1932}}&lt;/ref&gt; was the son of Ahom noble and statesman [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]]. He was the brother of Ahom General [[Lachit Barphukan]] and [[Laluksola Borphukan]]&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji{{harvcol|Barua G C|1930}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was posted as ''Marangikhowa gohain'', governor of the Marangi province in the [[Ahom kingdom]] during the time of the [[Battle of Saraighat]]. Later he was posted as Borbarua at the time of Ahom king [[Sudoiphaa]] and [[Sulikphaa]].&lt;ref&gt;Satsori Asom Buranji{{harvcol|Bhuyan S K|1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He had set up his office of the Barbaruah in ''Marangial, Deberapar''.<br /> <br /> '''Haribar''', was a descendant of ''Marangi Borbarua'' and an associate of [[Gomdhar Konwar]], the leader of the first independence uprising of Assam in 1826-28. He was near the Marangial Namghar in ''Toratoli'' ''Deberapar'' and was in charge of a thousand soldiers of the Morangial Naga hills Fort.&lt;ref&gt;Kumou Kuban {{harvcol|Phuke Mokham|1828}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Barbaruah |first=Hiteswar |title=Ahomor Din |language=as |year=1981 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Barua |first=Harakanta |title=Āsāma burañjī, or a history of Assam, from the commencement of the Ahom rule to the British occupation of Assam in 1826 A.D., being an enlarged version of the chronicle of Kasinath Tamuli-Phukan |editor=S K Bhuyan |editor-link=Surya Kumar Bhuyan |date=1930 |publisher=Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies (DHAS) }}<br /> * {{cite book |editor-last=Bhuyan |editor-first=S K |title=Tunkhungia Buranji |edition=2 |year=1968 |publisher=Lawyers Book Stall |location=Guwahati }}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Gait <br /> |first=Edward A <br /> |year=1926<br /> |title=A History of Assam <br /> |edition=2<br /> |place=Calcutta<br /> |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511539<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeswar |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Publications, Gauhati University |location=Guwahati }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1685 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:1624 births]]<br /> {{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{India-noble-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Ava&diff=456056 2025-11-14T16:02:05Z

<p>Hayat hospital: fixed structure for clarity and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Polity in upper Myanmar (1365–1555)}}<br /> {{Hatnote|&quot;Ava Kingdom&quot; was also a name commonly used for Burma under the [[Toungoo Dynasty]] and the [[Konbaung Dynasty]].}}<br /> {{Expand Japanese|topic=hist|アヴァ王朝|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox country<br /> |native_name = အင်းဝပြည်<br /> |conventional_long_name = Ava Kingdom<br /> |common_name = Ava Kingdom<br /> |era =<br /> |status = Kingdom<br /> |event_pre = {{nowrap|Thado Minbya seized [[Sagaing Kingdom|Sagaing]]}}<br /> |date_pre = {{nowrap|by 30 May 1364}}<br /> |event_start = Kingdom of Ava founded<br /> |year_start = 1365<br /> |date_start = 26 February<br /> |event_end = {{nowrap|Toungoo conquest}}<br /> |year_end = 1555<br /> |date_end = 22 January<br /> |event1 = {{nowrap|[[Saw Omma of Pinya|Saw Omma's rebellion]]}}<br /> |date_event1 = September 1367<br /> |event2 = {{nowrap|[[Forty Years' War]]}}<br /> |date_event2 = 1385–1424<br /> |event3 = {{nowrap|Start of [[Mohnyin Thado|House of Mohnyin]]}}<br /> |date_event3 = {{nowrap|16 May 1426}}<br /> |event4 = {{nowrap|[[Toungoo dynasty|Toungoo]] secession}}<br /> |date_event4 = {{nowrap|16 October 1510}}<br /> |event5 = {{nowrap|Start of [[Confederation of Shan States|Shan period]]}}<br /> |date_event5 = {{nowrap|14 March 1527}}<br /> |p1 = Pinya Kingdom<br /> |flag_p1 =<br /> |p2 = Sagaing Kingdom<br /> |flag_p2 =<br /> |s1 = Toungoo Dynasty <br /> |flag_s1 =<br /> |s2 = Prome Kingdom<br /> |flag_s2 =<br /> |image_flag =<br /> |flag =<br /> |flag_type =<br /> |image_coat =<br /> |image_map = Burma in 1450.png<br /> |image_map_caption = Ava {{circa|1450}}<br /> |symbol =<br /> |symbol_type =<br /> |capital = [[Sagaing]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pinya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Inwa|Ava]]<br /> |common_languages = [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Shan language|Shan]]<br /> |religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]]<br /> |government_type = Monarchy<br /> |leader1 = [[Thado Minbya]]<br /> |year_leader1 = 1364–1367<br /> |leader2 = [[Swa Saw Ke]]<br /> |year_leader2 = 1367–1400<br /> |leader3 = [[Minkhaung I]]<br /> |year_leader3 = 1400–1421<br /> |leader4 = [[Mohnyin Thado]]<br /> |year_leader4 = 1426–1439<br /> |leader5 = [[Thohanbwa]]<br /> |year_leader5 = 1527–1542<br /> |leader6 = [[Sithu Kyawhtin]]<br /> |year_leader6 = 1551–1555<br /> |currency = Silver <br /> |legislature = None (Rule by decree)<br /> | today = [[Myanmar]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Contains special characters|Burmese}}<br /> {{History of Burma}}<br /> <br /> The '''Ava Kingdom''' ({{langx|my|အင်းဝပြည်}}, {{IPA|my|ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰ kʰɪʔ|pron}}; INN-wa pyi) also known as '''Inwa Kingdom''' or '''Kingdom of Ava''' was the dominant kingdom that ruled [[upper Burma]] ([[Myanmar]]) from 1365 to 1555. Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to the [[petty kingdom]]s of [[Myinsaing Kingdom|Myinsaing]], [[Pinya Kingdom|Pinya]] and [[Sagaing Kingdom|Sagaing]] that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of the [[Pagan Kingdom]] in the late 13th century.<br /> <br /> Like the [[History of Myanmar#Small kingdoms|small kingdoms]] that preceded it, Ava may have been led by [[Bamar people|Bamarised]] [[Shan people|Shan]] kings who claimed descent from the [[Pagan Kingdom|kings of Pagan]].&lt;ref name=mha-84-103&gt;Htin Aung 1967: 84–103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=app-63-75&gt;Phayre 1883: 63–75&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars debate that the Shan ethnicity of Avan kings comes from mistranslation, particularly from a record of the Avan kings' ancestors ruling a Shan village in central Burma prior to their rise or prominence.&lt;ref&gt;Aung-Thwin 2010: 881–901&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Names==<br /> The [[Burmese language|Burmese]] name for the Kingdom is '''{{lang|my|အင်းဝနေပြည်တော်}}''' (Inwa Naypyidaw) which is equivalent to '''Ava Kingdom''' in [[English language|English]] language.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The kingdom was founded by [[Thado Minbya]] in 1364&lt;ref name=&quot;Coedes&quot;&gt;Coedès 1968: 227&lt;/ref&gt; following the collapse of the Sagaing and Pinya Kingdoms due to raids by the [[Shan States]] to the north. <br /> <br /> In its first years of existence, Ava, which viewed itself as the rightful successor to the Pagan Kingdom, tried to reassemble the former empire by waging constant wars against the [[Mon people|Mon]] [[Hanthawaddy kingdom]] in the south, the Shan States in the north and east, and [[Rakhine State]] in the west.&lt;ref name=&quot;mha-84-103&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While it was able to hold [[Taungoo]] and some peripheral Shan States ([[Kalaymyo]], [[Mohnyin]], [[Mogaung]] and [[Hsipaw]]) within its fold at the peak of its power, Ava failed to reconquer the rest. The [[Forty Years' War]] (1385–1424) with Hanthawaddy left Ava exhausted. From the 1420s to early 1480s, Ava regularly faced rebellions in its vassal regions whenever a new king came to power. In the 1480s and 1490s, the [[Prome Kingdom]] in the south and the Shan states that were under the sway of Ava in the north had broken away, and the [[Toungoo dynasty|Taungoo dynasty]] became as powerful as its nominal overlord Ava. In 1510, Taungoo also broke away.&lt;ref name=mha-84-103/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ava was under intensified Shan raids for the first quarter of the 16th century. In 1527, the [[Shan States#Confederation of Shan States|Confederation of Shan States]], led by the state of Mohnyin in alliance with Prome, sacked Ava. The Confederation placed nominal kings on the Ava throne and ruled much of Upper Burma. As Prome was in alliance with the Confederation, only the tiny Taungoo in the southeastern corner, east of the Bago Yoma mountain range remained as the last holdout of the independent kingdom.<br /> <br /> The Confederation's failure to snuff out Taungoo proved costly. Surrounded by hostile kingdoms, Taungoo took the initiative to consolidate its position, and defeated a much stronger Hanthawaddy in 1534–1541. When Taungoo turned against Prome, the Shans belatedly sent in their armies. Taungoo took Prome in 1542 and [[Bagan]], just below Ava, in 1544.&lt;ref name=app-100-101&gt;Phayre 1883: 100–101&lt;/ref&gt; In January 1555, King [[Bayinnaung]] of the Taungoo dynasty conquered Ava, ending the city's role as the capital of Upper Burma for nearly two centuries.<br /> <br /> [[File:AVA KINGDOM.jpg|thumbnail|center|Kingdom of Ava in 1368]]<br /> <br /> == Capital ==<br /> {{Main|Inwa}}<br /> <br /> [[Thado Minbya]] founded the city of [[Inwa|Ava]] (modern day Inwa) and consecrated it as Ratanapura, the City of Gems, which was to remain the [[List of capitals of Myanmar|capital of Myanmar]] more or less continuously until the mid 19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aung-Thwin |first=Michael |title=Myanmar in the fifteenth century : a tale of two kingdoms |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-8248-7411-7 |location=Honolulu |pages=53–70 |oclc=990802695}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city was designed according to the traditional principles of Burmese city design, which had existed since at least the [[Pyu city-states|Pyu period]]. Ava was the first Burmese city to be entirely walled, with an inner citadel and an outer civilian city. Ava's citadel is probably the only barrel shaped city in the world. According to legend the outline of the city walls was intended to replicate the appearance of a mythical Burmese Lion, a [[Chinthe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hla |first=U Kan |date=1978 |title=Traditional Town Planning in Burma |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/989177 |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=92–104 |doi=10.2307/989177 |jstor=989177 |issn=0037-9808 |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110233900/https://www.jstor.org/stable/989177 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Cooler |first=Richard M. |year=2002 |title=The Post Pagan Period – 14th To 20th Centuries. Part I |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/cooler/Chapter_4/Part1/post_pagan_period__part_1.htm |publisher=Northern Illinois University |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206015924/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/Cooler/Chapter_4/Part1/post_pagan_period__part_1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; What is certain is that Ava, or at least its inner citadel, is designed to replicate the Buddhist universe in miniature. The palace was constructed in the very centre of the citadel, which according to traditional principles of Burmese city design, corresponds to the location of the Buddha, therefore directly associating the King with the Buddha himself. This conferred upon the King a divine status and the palace as a religious centrepiece.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The palace was specifically designed to emulate the highly auspicious [[Mount Meru]] in [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] belief. The kingdom and its power emanated directly from the city as a mandala, encircling the entirety of the world (in theory) and therefore the city was a cosmological centre of a divinely ordained kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> During the reign of [[Swa Saw Ke]], a council was convened at Ava which was attended by the King, members of the [[Sangha]], [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] monks, and [[Brahmin|Brahmins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In one inscription the city was said to be as pleasant as [[Trāyastriṃśa|Tavatimsa]], the most important of the Buddhist heavens which also served as the model for the earthly realm of Burmese kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Swa Saw Ke was known as an intellectual king who encouraged scholarly endeavours and the city was said to be full of intelligent conversation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Ava's most notable legacy was its contribution to [[Burmese literature|Burmese vernacular literature]] which flourished during this period. Literature moved from being written predominantly in [[Pali]] to using the vernacular [[Burmese language]]. Ava was a highly literate society with poetry being composed by people from all levels of society, such as a village headman of Palaung in 1355, who inscribed verse onto stone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aung-Thwin |first=Michael A. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn2pv |title=Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century: A Tale of Two Kingdoms |date=2017 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6783-6 |pages=166–183 |jstor=j.ctvvn2pv |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519112253/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn2pv |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inscriptions in classical Burmese during both the Bagan and Ava periods written by commoners and nobles appear at a ratio of 3:1 in favour of the commoners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Elaborate use of simile, metaphor, and other literary devices abound in Burmese verse, especially in the works of Shin Maharattathara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; One of these works rejects the comforts of marriage and secular life for that of a forest ascetic. The following is a translation by Dr. Hla Pe, John Okell, and Anna Allott: <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;The maiden I marry shall be a forest dwelling, one that befits a hermit, far from the approach of men; she will tend to all my needs and will always keep me fed, with forest fruits for rice, and forest fruits for curry. I shall have Wisdom for my washing-water, for it cleanses the dirt of greed, hatred, and ignorance; and when I have neatly tied the ascetic's knot in my hair, I shall bedeck it with Faith for a garland; the fragrance of Meditation shall be my sandalwood, and I shall anoint myself with the sweet-smelling and cooling juice of aloes. ... I shall wear the priceless and costly garment of the Law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Burmese monarchs' family tree#Ava (1364–1555) and Prome (1482–1542)|Ava kings family tree]]<br /> * [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]]<br /> * [[List of Burmese monarchs#Ava (1364–1555)|List of monarchs]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Aung-Thwin |first=Michael |date=2010 |title=The Myth of the 'Three Shan Brothers' and the Ava Period in Burmese History |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=881–901 |doi=10.2307/2646527 |jstor=2646527 |s2cid=162150555 |doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |year=1968 |edition=1967 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=}}<br /> * {{cite book | last = Harvey| first = G. E.| title = History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass &amp; Co. Ltd | year = 1925| location = London}}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Htin Aung | first=Maung | title=A History of Burma | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London | year=1967 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Phayre |first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. |title=History of Burma |year=1967 |orig-year=1883 |location=London |publisher=Susil Gupta}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|21|51|18|N|95|58|45|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{Burma (Myanmar) topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ava, Kingdom of}}<br /> [[Category:Ava dynasty|*]]<br /> [[Category:1364 establishments in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:14th century in Burma]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century establishments in Burma]]<br /> [[Category:1550s disestablishments in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:15th century in Burma]]<br /> [[Category:16th century in Burma]]<br /> [[Category:Burmese monarchy]]<br /> [[Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1555]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 1364]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._Sreeram_Kumar&diff=448754 2025-11-03T15:48:26Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Revised content for better accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ashoka Chakra recipient}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]<br /> | name = D. Sreeram Kumar<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Ashok Chakra Award|AC]]<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|01|11}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=&amp;lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&amp;gt; |title=Ashoka Chakra to Major Mohit Sharma and Major D Sreeram Kumar: Four Kirti Chakra Also Awarded |work=Press Information Bureau |location= |date=15 August 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Kovilpatti]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | image = D. Sreeram Kumar.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250 px<br /> | caption = Portrait of Maj (now Col) D. Sreeram Kumar<br /> | allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br /> | branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | serviceyears = 2004–present<br /> | rank = [[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]<br /> | servicenumber = SS-40576&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(Short-service commission)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;IC-66076A&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(Regular commission)<br /> | unit = [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] 90 Medium Regiment &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Regiment of Artillery]])&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[File:Assam Rifles LOGO.svg|25px]]<br /> 39 [[Assam Rifles]]<br /> | battles = {{tree list}}<br /> *[[Insurgency in Northeast India]]<br /> **[[Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> **[[Insurgency in Manipur]]<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | awards = [[File:Ashoka_Chakra_ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]<br /> }}<br /> '''D. Sreeram Kumar''', [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]] (born 11 January 1981) is a [[commissioned officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]. In 2010, he was awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], India's highest peacetime gallantry decoration.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sreeram Kumar was born in [[Kovilpatti]], [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He completed his schooling from [[Sainik School, Amaravathinagar]] in 1998. He completed his under graduation from [[The American College in Madurai]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article490145.ece|title=Memorable reunion for senior officers at Sainik School|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Army career==<br /> === Early career ===<br /> Sreeram Kumar joined the [[Officers Training Academy]], [[Chennai]] in October 2002 and received a short-service commission in 90 Medium Regiment (Artillery) on 20 March 2004, with the rank of lieutenant.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;commission&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=620 |date=28 March 2009|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_13_2010_017.pdf |work=The Gazette of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 20 March 2009, he received a regular commission (seniority from 20 October 2004) with the service number IC-66076A,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;commission&quot;/&amp;gt; and was promoted captain on 20 October 2006.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1230 |date=18 July 2009|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_29_2010_006.pdf |work=The Gazette of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Promoted acting [[Major (rank)|major]] on 24 August 2008, he served with 39 [[Assam Rifles]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (Operation Orchid) and later in [[Manipur]] (Operation Hifazat).<br /> <br /> ===Ashoka Chakra===<br /> [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil Patil giving away the highest gallantry award Ashok Chakra to Major D Shreeram Kumar of 39 Assam Rifles in New Delhi on January 26, 2010.jpg|thumb|Sreeram Kumar receives the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] from [[President of India|Indian president]] [[Pratibha Patil]] on 26 January 2010.]]<br /> <br /> In 2010, Sreeram Kumar was awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], India's highest peacetime gallantry decoration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=D Sreeram Kumar |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/d-sreeram-kumar |work=Gallantry Awards|access-date=1 June 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A brief about the action reads:<br /> {{Quotation|<br /> On 23 Oct 08, at 1730 hrs after obtaining explicit intelligence regarding presence of 10–15 armed terrorists at village Heingang Heibi Makhong, Imphal East District, Maj D Sreeram Kumar launched ops to eliminate the terrorists. Reaching the site, he laid multiple ambushes on the escape routes of the terrorists.<br /> <br /> Around 1830hrs, the section under Maj D Sreeram Kumar observed suspicious movement of armed terrorists moving towards the nearby ridge on being challenged, the terrorists opened indiscriminate heavy automatic fire and pinned down the section. The officer miraculously missed certain death but showing exemplary courage and presence of mind, engaged the terrorists with accurate fire and killed two terrorists on the spot.<br /> <br /> In the ensuring fierce encounter upholding the traditions of the Indian Army, showing leadership of the highest order and unmindful of personal safety, Maj D Sreeram Kumar directed his buddy to provide covering fire and with utter disregard to his own safety dashed down and closed in crawling and killed the two terrorists at point blank range. A fifth terrorist was killed by his buddy after vigorous search.<br /> <br /> For displaying inspirational leadership, conspicuous gallantry under hostile fire and single handled eliminating four terrorists, Maj D Sreeram Kumar was awarded ‘Ashok Chakra’ on the occasion of the Independence Day 09.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=DHuBG0KNvRWqqeNgniS/bw==&amp;amp;ParentID=p8HmKmv58xObdnLtxgxwLQ== |work=[[Indian Army]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Subsequent career===<br /> Kumar received a substantive promotion to major on 20 October 2010,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=601 |date=26 March 2011|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/W_13_2011_071.pdf |work=The Gazette of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with promotion to [[Lieutenant colonel|lieutenant-colonel]] on 20 October 2017.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1990 |date=27 July 2019|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/208580.pdf |work=The Gazette of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 31 January 2021, he was promoted to [[Colonel (India)|colonel]] (by selection), with seniority from 26 October 2019.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=122 |date=29 January 2022|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/232976.pdf |work=The Gazette of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He later went on to command [[90 Field Regiment (India)|90 Medium Regiment]] and was later selected for Higher Command course at Army War Collage Mhow. He is currently posted in Southern Command<br /> <br /> ==Controversy==<br /> In March 2013, a Supreme Court judicial commission ruled the killing of cousins Gobind and Nobo Meitei in the Langol area of Imphal to have been a staged encounter. The killings took place on 4 April 2009, and involved a joint team of local police and a unit of 39 Assam Rifles commanded by Kumar. While official statements from the paramilitary forces were that the cousins had opened fire when challenged and had been killed in response, the judicial panel concluded that based on medical evidence and witness testimonies, the action was &quot;not an encounter but an operation by the security forces wherein death of the victims was caused knowingly&quot;. <br /> <br /> Referring to the encounter, in which 89 rounds were fired at the pair, Kumar was reported as saying the encounter had been genuine, and that his understanding was &quot;when a person is warned by the security forces and if he reacts by firing, such a person is a hardcore terrorist.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Roy |first2=Esha|title=Ashoka Chakra awardee led fake encounter in Manipur, says SC panel |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ashoka-chakra-awardee-led-fake-encounter-in-manipur-says-sc-panel/1169378/0 |location=Imphal; New Delhi |work=The Indian Express |publication-date=15 September 2013|access-date=29 August 2020 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 14 July 2017, the Supreme Court directed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to conduct a probe into several extrajudicial killings in Manipur, including the case in which Kumar was implicated.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=4 key Manipur encounter cases in focus as SC orders CBI probe into extra-judicial killings|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-primer/4-key-manipur-encounter-cases-in-focus-as-sc-orders-cbi-probe-into-extra-judicial-killings/3088/|work=The Print |publication-date=14 July 2017|access-date=29 August 2020 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ashoka Chakra award recipients}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, D. Sreeram}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Military personnel from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]<br /> [[Category:People from Coimbatore]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Sainik School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Ashoka Chakra]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repalle&diff=453859 2025-10-01T12:06:09Z

<p>Hayat hospital: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Bapatla (Andhra Pradesh), India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Repalle<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = File:Repalle railway station sign board.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Repalle railway station sign board<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = Right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16|01|02|N|80|49|46|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Repalle mandal|Repalle]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | hospital = <br /> | government_footnotes = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Repalle Municipality]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|APCRDA]]<br /> | leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name = Anagani Satya Prasad<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Municipal commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name1 = Buddha Rama Satya Seshadri<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;municipal_info&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brief about Municipality |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/REPALLE/Basic_information_Municipality.html |access-date=17 November 2014 |publisher=Commissioner &amp; Director of Municipal Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by area|23rd]]<br /> | area_total_km2 = 10.97<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elevation for Repalle |url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Repalle&amp;units=m |access-date=16 November 2014 |publisher=Veloroutes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040332/http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Repalle&amp;units=m |archive-date=Nov 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = 10<br /> | population_total = 50866<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=631659 |access-date=16 November 2014 |publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015 |url=https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=Directorate of Economics &amp; Statistics |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=43 |format=PDF |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714020914/https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 522265<br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]<br /> | area_code = +91–8648<br /> | registration_plate = AP–39<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = [[Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla (SC)]]<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://repalle.cdma.ap.gov.in/en}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Repalle''' is a town in [[Bapatla district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The town is one of the [[List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh|12 municipalities]] in [[Bapatla district]] and the headquarters of [[Repalle mandal]] under the administration of Repalle revenue division.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2015 |website=Census of India |pages=14–15, 46 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guntur District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Census of India |pages=105, 112 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is situated near [[Krishna River]] in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;municipality&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brief about Municipality |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/REPALLE/ |access-date=17 November 2014 |publisher=Commissioner &amp; Director of Municipal Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The name Repalle is actually formed from two words: Revu (river or bank of the river) and Palle (village). Originally known as ''Revupalle'', the name has evolved to Repalle over time.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> <br /> Repalle is located at {{Coord|16.01|N|80.51|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Repalle, India Page |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Repalle.html |access-date=2006-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of {{Convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} and situated {{Convert|10.62|km|mi|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;basic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public services/amenities |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/REPALLE/index.html |access-date=17 November 2014 |publisher=Commissioner &amp; Director of Municipal Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nearest towns are [[Tenali]] in the [[Guntur district]], [[Ponnur]], [[Bapatla]] in the [[Bapatla District]] and [[Machilipatnam]] in the [[Krishna district]].<br /> <br /> == Climate ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}<br /> Repalle is located {{convert|25|km}} from the sea coast. It is generally hot and humid during summer, with temperatures ranging between 28° and 42&amp;nbsp;°C on average. Winters are milder with temperatures between 15° and 30&amp;nbsp;°C on average. Heavy rains are common between July and November during monsoon season.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the town had a population of 50,866. The total population constitute, 24,385 males and 26,481 females —a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1086 females per 1000 males. 4,308 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,184 are boys and 2,124 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 81.32% with 37,862 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.&lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |access-date=16 November 2014 |publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |page=43 |format=PDF |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Government and politics ==<br /> [[File:Repalle Municipality building.jpg|left|thumb|Repalle Municipality building]]<br /> <br /> === Civic Administration ===<br /> [[Repalle Municipality]] is a second grade [[municipality]], which was established in the year 1965. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|10.97|km2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Basic Information of Municipality |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/REPALLE/Basic_information_Municipality.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092932/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/REPALLE/Basic_information_Municipality.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=24 December 2015 |website=Municipal Administration &amp; Urban Development Department |publisher=Government of Telangana}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has 28 wards with an extent of {{convert|10.97|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. The present [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] of the town is Vijaya Saradhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Municipality commissioner |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515172537/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=Commissioner &amp; Director of Municipal Administration |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present [[Municipal Chairperson]] of the town is smt.Katta Manga of [[Yscrp]]. The municipal department maintains amenities such as public taps, public [[Tube well|bore-wells]], drains, roads, street lights, public parks etc. Others include dispensaries, elementary and secondary schools etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public services/amenities |url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/REPALLE/Public%20services_amenities.html |access-date=31 March 2016 |publisher=Commissioner &amp; Director of Municipal Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Politics ===<br /> Repalle is a part of the [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle Assembly constituency]] for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[Anagani Satya Prasad]] is the present [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MLA |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/ |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=AP State Portal |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The assembly segment in turn is a part of [[Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla (SC) Lok Sabha constituency]], which was won by Nandigam Suresh of the [[Telugu Desam Party|Yuvajana Sramika Raithu Congress Party (YSRCP)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |access-date=11 October 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=22,31 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MP (Lok Sabha) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/ |access-date=4 May 2015 |publisher=Government of AP |archive-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121175516/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> *[[K. Viswanath]], a [[film director]]<br /> *[[S. Janaki]], [[playback singer]]<br /> *[[Samudrala Sr.]], screenwriter<br /> *[[C. V. S. K. Sarma]], [[economist]] and a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer<br /> *[[V. Nagayya]], actor<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> [[File:Repalle bus station.jpg|thumb|Repalle bus station|left]]<br /> [[File:Repalle railway station.jpg|thumb|Repalle railway station overview]]<br /> The town has a total road length of {{Convert|115.10|km|mi|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Details of Roads in Each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archive-date=1 August 2016 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department – Government of Andhra Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Repalle bus station]] is owned and operated by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 May 2012 |title=Violent protests over Mopidevi’s arrest in Repalle, Nizampatnam and Nagaram mandals |work=The Times of India |location=Repalle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Violent-protests-over-Mopidevis-arrest-in-Repalle-Nizampatnam-and-Nagaram-mandals/articleshow/13459905.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220134906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Violent-protests-over-Mopidevis-arrest-in-Repalle-Nizampatnam-and-Nagaram-mandals/articleshow/13459905.cms |archive-date=20 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bus station is also equipped with a [[Bus garage|bus depot]] for storage and maintenance of buses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Depot Name |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Depots.aspx |access-date=15 March 2016 |website=[[APSRTC]] |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000939/http://apsrtc.gov.in/depots.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 September 2006 |title=Reprieve for Ponnur depot |work=The Hans India |location=Guntur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/reprieve-for-ponnur-depot/article3082376.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630011207/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/reprieve-for-ponnur-depot/article3082376.ece |archive-date=30 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[National Highway 216 (India)|National Highway 216]] passes by the village [[Penumudi]] near to {{rws|Repalle}}, which connects [[Digamarru]] and [[Ongole]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Highways in A.P |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20Links/Departments/Transport,%20Roads%20and%20Buildings/CE%20(R&amp;B),%20National%20Highways/About/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010072137/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20Links/Departments/Transport%2C%20Roads%20and%20Buildings/CE%20%28R%26B%29%2C%20National%20Highways/About/index.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=AP Online Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{rws|Repalle}} is a ''B–category'' [[terminus station]] on the [[Tenali–Repalle branch line]] of [[Guntur railway division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada division – A Profile |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=South Central Railway |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=7 November 2016 |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |website=www.ap.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of villages in Guntur district#R|Villages in Repalle mandal]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Repalle}}<br /> <br /> {{Bapatla district}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Towns in Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Himachal_Pradesh&diff=458853 2025-09-18T14:44:58Z

<p>Hayat hospital: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of [[Himachal Pradesh]] due to variation in altitude (360–6500 metres). The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical (450–900 metres) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900–1800 metres), cool and temperate (1800–2400 metres) and cold glacial and alpine (2400–4800 metres) in the northern and eastern high elevated mountain. Pollution is affecting the climate of almost all the states of India.<br /> <br /> By October, nights and mornings are very cold. Snowfall at elevations of nearly {{convert|3000|m|ft|-2|disp=or}} is about {{convert|3|m|in|-1|disp=or}} and lasts from a December start to March end. Above {{convert|4500|m|ft|-2|disp=or}} lies perpetual snow.<br /> <br /> The spring season starts from mid February to mid April. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in this season. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the season streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause [[erosion]], [[flood]]s and [[landslides]]. Of all the state districts, [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] receives the highest rainfall, nearly about {{convert|3400|mm|in|-1|disp=or}}. [[Spiti]] is the driest area of the state (rainfall below {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiti&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kapadia|first=Harish|year=1999|title=Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya|edition=2nd|location=[[New Delhi]]|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=81-7387-093-4|pages=26-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;), because it is enclosed by high mountains on all sides.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/himachal/land/climate.htm#C|title=Climate of Himachal Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Altitude]]<br /> ! Up to {{convert|800|m|ft|-2}}<br /> ! {{convert|800|to|1,600|m|ft|-2}}<br /> ! {{convert|1,600|to|2,700|m|ft|-2}}<br /> ! {{convert|2,700|to|3,600|m|ft|-2}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Type of area<br /> | Valley areas and foothills<br /> | Hilly and mountain ranges<br /> | Alpine zone<br /> | Lahaul, Spiti and Kinnaur range<br /> |-<br /> | Climatic conditions<br /> | [[Subtropical]]<br /> | Slightly warm temperature<br /> | Cool temperature with humidity<br /> | Dry and extremely cold conditions<br /> |-<br /> | [[Precipitation]]<br /> | {{convert|1,500|mm|in|-1|disp=or}}<br /> | {{convert|1,500|to|3,000|mm|in|-1|disp=or}}<br /> | {{convert|1,000|to|1,500|mm|in|-1|disp=or}}<br /> | {{convert|500|mm|in|-1|disp=or}}<br /> |-<br /> | % of total geographical area<br /> | 30%<br /> | 10%<br /> | 25%<br /> | 35%<br /> |-<br /> | % of total cultivated area<br /> | 56%<br /> | 30%<br /> | 10%<br /> | 5%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Rainfall==<br /> The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1,251|mm|in|0|disp=or}}. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the seasonal streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause erosion, floods, and landslides. Of all the state districts, Dharamshala receives the highest precipitation, nearly about {{convert|3400|mm|in|-1|disp=or}}. Spiti is the driest area of the state with precipitation below {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiti&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Climate data==<br /> {{Dharamshala weatherbox}}<br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = [[Shimla]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb'')<br /> | width = auto<br /> | metric first = Yes<br /> | single line = Yes<br /> | collapsed = Yes <br /> | Jan record high C = 21.4<br /> | Feb record high C = 22.6<br /> | Mar record high C = 25.8<br /> | Apr record high C = 29.6<br /> | May record high C = 32.4<br /> | Jun record high C = 31.5<br /> | Jul record high C = 28.9<br /> | Aug record high C = 27.8<br /> | Sep record high C = 28.6<br /> | Oct record high C = 25.6<br /> | Nov record high C = 23.5<br /> | Dec record high C = 20.5<br /> | year record high C = 32.4<br /> | Jan high C = 10.9<br /> | Feb high C = 11.9<br /> | Mar high C = 15.8<br /> | Apr high C = 20.5<br /> | May high C = 24.1<br /> | Jun high C = 24.8<br /> | Jul high C = 22.6<br /> | Aug high C = 22.0<br /> | Sep high C = 22.1<br /> | Oct high C = 20.3<br /> | Nov high C = 16.7<br /> | Dec high C = 13.5<br /> | year high C = 18.8<br /> | Jan low C = 2.8<br /> | Feb low C = 3.7<br /> | Mar low C = 7.0<br /> | Apr low C = 11.4<br /> | May low C = 14.6<br /> | Jun low C = 16.2<br /> | Jul low C = 15.9<br /> | Aug low C = 15.5<br /> | Sep low C = 14.1<br /> | Oct low C = 11.1<br /> | Nov low C = 7.8<br /> | Dec low C = 5.1<br /> | year low C = 10.4<br /> | Jan record low C = -10.6<br /> | Feb record low C = -8.5<br /> | Mar record low C = -6.1<br /> | Apr record low C = -1.3<br /> | May record low C = 1.4<br /> | Jun record low C = 7.8<br /> | Jul record low C = 9.4<br /> | Aug record low C = 10.6<br /> | Sep record low C = 5.0<br /> | Oct record low C = 0.2<br /> | Nov record low C = -1.1<br /> | Dec record low C = -12.2<br /> | year record low C = -12.2<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 66.4<br /> | Feb rain mm = 75.3<br /> | Mar rain mm = 81.2<br /> | Apr rain mm = 60.8<br /> | May rain mm = 90.3<br /> | Jun rain mm = 181.9<br /> | Jul rain mm = 329.8<br /> | Aug rain mm = 320.4<br /> | Sep rain mm = 142.3<br /> | Oct rain mm = 36.7<br /> | Nov rain mm = 18.4<br /> | Dec rain mm = 24.2<br /> | year rain mm = 1427.7<br /> | Jan snow cm = 42<br /> | Feb snow cm = 43<br /> | Mar snow cm = 7<br /> | Apr snow cm = 0<br /> | May snow cm = 0<br /> | Jun snow cm = 0<br /> | Jul snow cm = 0<br /> | Aug snow cm = 0<br /> | Sep snow cm = 0<br /> | Oct snow cm = 0<br /> | Nov snow cm = 0<br /> | Dec snow cm = 7<br /> | year snow cm = <br /> | Jan rain days = 4.2<br /> | Feb rain days = 5.6<br /> | Mar rain days = 6.1<br /> | Apr rain days = 4.8<br /> | May rain days = 7.0<br /> | Jun rain days = 9.6<br /> | Jul rain days = 17.0<br /> | Aug rain days = 15.7<br /> | Sep rain days = 8.2<br /> | Oct rain days = 2.3<br /> | Nov rain days = 1.3<br /> | Dec rain days = 2.0<br /> | year rain days = 83.7<br /> | Jan snow days = 4.2<br /> | Feb snow days = 4.2<br /> | Mar snow days = 1.4<br /> | Apr snow days = 0.0<br /> | May snow days = 0.0<br /> | Jun snow days = 0.0<br /> | Jul snow days = 0.0<br /> | Aug snow days = 0.0<br /> | Sep snow days = 0.0<br /> | Oct snow days = 0.0<br /> | Nov snow days = 0.1<br /> | Dec snow days = 1.3<br /> | year snow days = <br /> | time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | Jan humidity = 67<br /> | Feb humidity = 65<br /> | Mar humidity = 57<br /> | Apr humidity = 47<br /> | May humidity = 48<br /> | Jun humidity = 62<br /> | Jul humidity = 85<br /> | Aug humidity = 88<br /> | Sep humidity = 79<br /> | Oct humidity = 63<br /> | Nov humidity = 61<br /> | Dec humidity = 60<br /> | year humidity = 65<br /> | Jan uv = 3<br /> | Feb uv = 3<br /> | Mar uv = 5<br /> | Apr uv = 6<br /> | May uv = 6<br /> | Jun uv = 6<br /> | Jul uv = 6<br /> | Aug uv = 5<br /> | Sep uv = 5<br /> | Oct uv = 4<br /> | Nov uv = 4<br /> | Dec uv = 3<br /> | source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (snow 1990–2010)&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | title = Station: Shimla Climatological Table 1981–2010<br /> | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = January 2015<br /> | pages = 703–704<br /> | access-date = 14 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | title = Extremes of Temperature &amp; Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = December 2016<br /> | page = M71<br /> | access-date = 13 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1= Tyagi |first1= Ajit |last2= Singh |first2= O. |last3= Singh |first3= Manmohan |last4= Bhan |first4= S. |url= http://121.241.116.157/news_events/Shimla_climate.pdf |title= Climate of Shimla |publisher= India Meteorological Department |access-date= 6 April 2016 |archive-date= 20 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160420140230/http://121.241.116.157/news_events/Shimla_climate.pdf |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/shimla/climate<br /> |title = Climate &amp; Weather Averages in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> |publisher = Time and Date<br /> |access-date = 20 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | source 2 = Weather Atlas&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather Atlas Shimla&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/shimla-climate<br /> | title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Shimla, India<br /> | publisher = Weather Atlas<br /> | access-date = 13 June 2022<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | date = May 2014<br /> | source = <br /> | Jan dew point C = 8<br /> | Feb dew point C = 12<br /> | Mar dew point C = 15<br /> | Apr dew point C = 16<br /> | May dew point C = 19<br /> | Jun dew point C = 23<br /> | Jul dew point C = 26<br /> | Aug dew point C = 26<br /> | Sep dew point C = 24<br /> | Oct dew point C = 19<br /> | Nov dew point C = 13<br /> | Dec dew point C = 10<br /> }}<br /> {{Weather box<br /> | location = [[Sundar Nagar]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'')<br /> | metric first = Yes<br /> | single line = Yes<br /> | collapsed = Yes <br /> | width = auto <br /> | Jan record high C = 27.7<br /> | Feb record high C = 30.5<br /> | Mar record high C = 35.0<br /> | Apr record high C = 39.9<br /> | May record high C = 41.4<br /> | Jun record high C = 42.1<br /> | Jul record high C = 39.2<br /> | Aug record high C = 35.1<br /> | Sep record high C = 34.1<br /> | Oct record high C = 33.6<br /> | Nov record high C = 31.2<br /> | Dec record high C = 26.8<br /> | year record high C = 42.1<br /> | Jan high C = 17.8<br /> | Feb high C = 19.8<br /> | Mar high C = 24.7<br /> | Apr high C = 30.1<br /> | May high C = 33.8<br /> | Jun high C = 34.1<br /> | Jul high C = 30.9<br /> | Aug high C = 30.2<br /> | Sep high C = 30.3<br /> | Oct high C = 28.5<br /> | Nov high C = 24.3<br /> | Dec high C = 19.5<br /> | year high C = 27.0<br /> | Jan low C = 2.8<br /> | Feb low C = 5.1<br /> | Mar low C = 9.0<br /> | Apr low C = 13.0<br /> | May low C = 17.1<br /> | Jun low C = 20.0<br /> | Jul low C = 21.8<br /> | Aug low C = 21.5<br /> | Sep low C = 18.6<br /> | Oct low C = 11.8<br /> | Nov low C = 6.3<br /> | Dec low C = 3.0<br /> | year low C = 12.5<br /> | Jan record low C = -2.7<br /> | Feb record low C = -1.9<br /> | Mar record low C = -0.4<br /> | Apr record low C = 0.5<br /> | May record low C = 9.6<br /> | Jun record low C = 11.4<br /> | Jul record low C = 16.5<br /> | Aug record low C = 15.1<br /> | Sep record low C = 10.2<br /> | Oct record low C = 5.4<br /> | Nov record low C = 1.0<br /> | Dec record low C = -1.6<br /> | year record low C = -2.7<br /> | rain colour = green<br /> | Jan rain mm = 61.9<br /> | Feb rain mm = 72.4<br /> | Mar rain mm = 78.1<br /> | Apr rain mm = 50.5<br /> | May rain mm = 83.1<br /> | Jun rain mm = 176.6<br /> | Jul rain mm = 348.8<br /> | Aug rain mm = 314.3<br /> | Sep rain mm = 137.1<br /> | Oct rain mm = 35.7<br /> | Nov rain mm = 13.2<br /> | Dec rain mm = 35.5<br /> | year rain mm = 1407.4<br /> | Jan rain days = 4.0<br /> | Feb rain days = 5.4<br /> | Mar rain days = 5.8<br /> | Apr rain days = 3.9<br /> | May rain days = 6.3<br /> | Jun rain days = 9.2<br /> | Jul rain days = 14.9<br /> | Aug rain days = 13.8<br /> | Sep rain days = 7.1<br /> | Oct rain days = 1.8<br /> | Nov rain days = 1.0<br /> | Dec rain days = 2.1<br /> | year rain days = 75.4<br /> |time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | Jan humidity = 54<br /> | Feb humidity = 48<br /> | Mar humidity = 42<br /> | Apr humidity = 34<br /> | May humidity = 37<br /> | Jun humidity = 49<br /> | Jul humidity = 71<br /> | Aug humidity = 76<br /> | Sep humidity = 69<br /> | Oct humidity = 54<br /> | Nov humidity = 53<br /> | Dec humidity = 57<br /> |year humidity = 54<br /> |source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]&lt;ref name=IMDnormalssun&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br /> | title = Station: Sundernagar Climatological Table 1981–2010<br /> | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = January 2015<br /> | pages = 725–726<br /> | access-date = 15 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMDextremesSun&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 5 February 2020<br /> | url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br /> | title = Extremes of Temperature &amp; Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br /> | publisher = India Meteorological Department<br /> | date = December 2016<br /> | page = M72<br /> | access-date = 15 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Climate of India by state or territory}}<br /> {{Geo HP}}<br /> {{Himachal Pradesh topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geography of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Climate of India]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharauli,_Bhojpur&diff=490974 2025-08-24T05:30:35Z

<p>Hayat hospital: New...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bharauli<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India.<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.63506|84.37600|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Balia district, India|Bhojpur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = <br /> | parts = <br /> | government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]] <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 5,432<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> {{For|other towns with the same name|Bharauli (disambiguation)}}<br /> '''Bharauli''' is a village in [[Balia district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bhojpur District Census Handbook 2011 – Part B |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/261/download/694/DH_2011_1029_PART_B_DCHB_BHOJPUR.pdf |publisher=Government of India|page=70}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bhojpur district, India]]<br /> <br /> {{BhojpurIN-geo-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadu&diff=519784 2025-08-23T15:09:44Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating basic stub added tags!</p> <hr /> <div>{{use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{For-multi|the place in Iran|Naduiyeh-ye Olya|the term used in BDSM lifestyle|Gor}}<br /> <br /> '''Nadu''' is a term used to mean land, country, place, domicile, etc. in the [[Dravidian languages]] of southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan.<br /> <br /> Places with names including ''Nadu'' include:<br /> <br /> *[[Tamil Nadu]], one of the 28 states of [[India]]<br /> *[[Karnataka]], a southwestern Indian state, original appellation [[Karu Nadu]]<br /> *Ancient Tamil regions in southern India<br /> **[[Chola Nadu]]<br /> **[[Pandiya Nadu]]<br /> **[[Kongu Nadu]]<br /> **[[Tondai Nadu]]<br /> *[[List of feudal states of Kerala|City-states in present-day Kerala state]], South India<br /> **[[Eranad]], erstwhile province in Kerala, India<br /> **[[Kadathanadu]], city-state, feudatory of Kolathunadu<br /> **[[Kolathunadu]], a former kingdom on the Malabar coast of India<br /> **[[Parappanad]], medieval Indian city-state<br /> **[[Valluvanadu]], former Indian kingdom<br /> **[[Desinganadu]], former name of Kollam/Quilon city in Kerala, India<br /> **[[Nanjil Nadu]], historical region in the Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu, formerly part of Travancore<br /> *[[Tulu Nadu]], Tulu speaking region spread over to parts of present Karnataka and Kerala States of India<br /> *[[Malayala Nadu]] are literary terms, which refer to state of [[Kerala]], India<br /> *[[Malenadu]], region of Karnataka, India<br /> *[[Nadu, Iran]], a village in Kerman Province, Iran<br /> *[[Kammanadu|Kamma Nadu]] or Kammanadu, also Kammarashtra, is a home land of [[Kamma (caste)|Kammas]]. Kammanadu is a region encompassing [[Bellamkonda]], [[Amaravati]], [[Jaggayyapeta]], [[Ongole]], [[Chirala]], [[Bapatla]] and [[Narasaraopeta]] of Guntur, Prakasam and Krishna districts. Reference to Kammarashtra is made by [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s in [[Jaggayyapeta]] of Krishna district in 3rd century A. D.<br /> *[[Pakanadu]] a region corresponding to parts of Prakasam and Nellore Districts of Andhra Pradesh.<br /> *[[Palnadu]] is a region in present-day Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. <br /> *[[Renadu]], a region in Kadapa district. <br /> *[[Velanadu|Vela Nadu]] a region in present-day Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh.<br /> *[[Venginadu|Vengi Nadu]] or Venginadu or Veginadu, a region originally corresponding to parts of present-day Godavari, Krishna and Visakhapatnam districts.<br /> *[[Dravida Nadu]], also known as Dravidistan or Dravidasthan, was the name of a proposed sovereign state for all non-Brahmin speakers of Dravidian languages in South Asia<br /> <br /> {{SIA}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_exports_of_India&diff=475220 2025-08-19T13:34:19Z

<p>Hayat hospital: improved details per standard format and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> For information on exports, see [[Export]]. For Harmonized Codes, see [[Harmonized System]].<br /> <br /> The following is a list of export product categories that were exported the most and fetched foreign currency for India. The list includes the [[Harmonized System|HS Codes]] and the value of the product exported. The data referenced in the system do not have any legal sanctity and is for general reference only.<br /> <br /> == List of exports 2022 ==<br /> The following is the list of top 20 export product categories. Data is in millions of United States dollars for 2022, as reported by [[International Trade Centre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trade Map – List of products at 2 digits level exported by India in 2022 |url=https://www.trademap.org/(X(1)S(5mf0gcbjv0bzdxvrzp1fid55))/Product_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7C699%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.trademap.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Nr.<br /> ![[Harmonized System|HSCode]]<br /> ![[Product (business)|Product]]<br /> !Value <br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;1.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Refined petroleum]]<br /> |98,472.28<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Mineral fuels]]<br /> |39,274.61<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Machine]]ry and mechanical appliances<br /> |27,502.75<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Electric machine|Electrical machinery]]<br /> |26,573.97<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Organic chemicals]]<br /> |21,876.53<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Vehicle]]s<br /> |21,256.87<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Pharmaceutical products]]<br /> |19,799.95<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Iron]] and [[steel]]<br /> |15,198.28<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Cereal]]s<br /> |14,087.76<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Iron]] or [[steel]] articles<br /> |9,898.01<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;76&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Aluminium]] and articles thereof<br /> |9,597.94<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |Knit [[apparel]]<br /> |8,473.39<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;38&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |Miscellaneous [[chemical products]]<br /> |7,966.17<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Cotton]]<br /> |6,942.55<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;15.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Seafood]]<br /> |6,771.67<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;16.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Sugar]] and [[Confectionery]]<br /> |6,327.11<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;17.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Clothing]]<br /> |6,020.98<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;18.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Rubber]]<br /> |4,826.75<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;19.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;90&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Medical device]]s<br /> |4,598.72<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;20.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;09&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |[[Coffee]], [[tea]], [[Mate (drink)|maté]] and [[spice]]s<br /> |4,018.44<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == List of exports 2017 ==<br /> The following is the list of top 20 export product categories. Data is in millions of United States dollars for 2017, as reported by [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Government of India]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Sr. No.<br /> ![[Harmonized System|HSCode]]<br /> ![[Product (business)|Product]]<br /> !Value <br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;1.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | &lt;small&gt;[[Mineral fuels]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;43,623.16&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Petrol|Refined petroleum]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;32,435.65&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; [[Automobile]]s &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14,950.08&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; [[Machinery]] and mechanical appliances &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14,100.58&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Organic chemicals]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11,688.52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical]] products &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12,930.48&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Iron]] and [[steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,682.99&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;62&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Textiles &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9,164.61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Knit apparel and accessories &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,223.74&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Electrical machinery &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,232.02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Cereal &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6,012.95&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Seafood &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,501.05&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; [[Iron]] and [[Steel]] articles &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,916.09&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Cotton]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6,611.05&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;15.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Plastic]]s &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,294.11&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;16.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;89&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Ship]]s and marine equipment &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,524.25&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;17.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Clothing &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,705.34&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;18.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;76&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; [[Aluminium]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,223.05&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;19.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; [[Meat]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5000.61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;20.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;38&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt; Miscellaneous [[Chemical products]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,249.08&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of exports 2016 ==<br /> The following is the list of top twenty export product categories. Data is for 2016, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Government of India]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ![[Harmonized System|HSCode]]<br /> ![[Product (business)|Product]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;Value&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;1.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;NATURAL OR CULTURED [[Pearl]]S, PRECIOUS OR SEMIPRECIOUS [[Stones of India|STONES]], PRE.METALS, CLAD WITH PRE.METAL AND ARTICLES THEREOF; IMIT.JEWELRY ; [[Coin]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;39,553.18&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Mineral fuels]], [[Mineral oil]]S AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;31,231.53&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR [[Tramway (industrial)|TRAMWAY]] ROLLING STOCK, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14,355.90&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;big&gt;4.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Nuclear reactor]]S, [[Boiler]]S, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13,246.86&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Pharmaceutical industry|PHARMACEUTICAL]] PRODUCTS &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12,910.04&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Organic chemicals]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11,509.31&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;62&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Clothing|APPAREL]] AND CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, NOT [[Knitting|KNITTED]] OR [[Crochet]]ED. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9,324.44&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Iron]] AND [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,492.73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; [[Sound recorders]] AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,998.31&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Apparel]] AND [[Clothing]] ACCESSORIES, [[Knitting|KNITTED]] OR [[Crochet|CORCHETED]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,665.08&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Cotton]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,313.22&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;CerealS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6,272.02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Iron]] OR [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6,155.98&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Fish]] AND [[Crustacean]]S, [[Mollusca|MOLLUSCS]] AND OTHER AQUATIC INVERTABRATES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,486.28&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;15.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Plastic]] AND ARTICLES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,242.44&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;16.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;OTHER MADE UP [[Textile]] ARTICLES; SETS; WORN CLOTHING AND WORN TEXTILE ARTICLES; RAGS &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,586.46&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;17.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;89&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ShipS, BoatS AND FLOATING STRUCTURES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,088.51&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;18.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Meat]] AND EDIBLE MEAT OFFAL. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,209.98&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;19.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;88&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Aircraft]], [[Spacecraft]], AND PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,729.57&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;20.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;38&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;MISCELLANEOUS [[Chemical products]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,061.19&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of exports 2015 ==<br /> The following is the list of top twenty export product categories. Data is for 2015, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Government of India]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ![[Harmonized System|HSCode]]<br /> ![[Product (business)|Product]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;Value&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;1.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;NATURAL OR CULTURED [[Pearl]]S, [[Precious stones|PRECIOUS]] OR [[Semiprecious]] STONES, PRE.METALS, CLAD WITH PRE.METAL AND ARTICLES THEREOF;IMIT.JEWLRY;COIN. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;41,549.72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Mineral fuels]], [[Mineral oil]]S AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;57,620.04&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR [[Tramway (industrial)|TRAMWAY]] ROLLING STOCK, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14,473.84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Nuclear reactor]]S, [[Boiler]]S, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13,802.85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Pharmaceutical industry|PHARMACEUTICA]]L PRODUCTS &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11,584.58&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Organic chemicals]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11,948.91&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;62&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Clothing|APPAREL]] AND CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, NOT [[Knitted fabric|KNITTED]] OR [[Crochet]]ED. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9,192.14&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; [[Sound recorders]] AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,696.79&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Clothing|APPAREL]] AND CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, [[Knitting|KNITTED]] OR [[Crochet|CORCHETED]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,654.62&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Cotton]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,717.95&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;CerealS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9,550.98&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF IRON OR [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,592.08&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;IRON AND [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,684.38&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Plastic]] AND ARTICLES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,081.47&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;15.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;OTHER MADE UP [[Textile]] ARTICLES; SETS; WORN CLOTHING AND WORN TEXTILE ARTICLES; RAGS &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,645.64&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;16.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Fish]] AND [[Crustacean]]S, [[Mollusca|MOLLUSCS]] AND OTHER AQUATIC INVERTABRATES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,249.51&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;17.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Meat]] AND EDIBLE MEAT OFFAL. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,929.27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;18.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;88&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Aircraft carrier|AIRCRAFT]], [[Spacecraft]], AND PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6,159.63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;19.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;89&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Ship|SHIPS]], BoatS AND FLOATING STRUCTURES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,352.61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;20.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;38&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;MISCELLANEOUS [[Chemical products]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,177.26&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of exports 2014 ==<br /> The following is the list of top twenty export product categories. Data is for 2014, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Government of India]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ![[Harmonized System|HSCode]]<br /> ![[Product (business)|Product]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;Value&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |&lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Mineral fuels]], [[Mineral oil]]S AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |64,685.32<br /> |-<br /> |2.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;NATURAL OR CULTURED [[Pearl]]S, [[Precious stones|PRECIOUS]] OR [[Gemstone|SEMIPRECIOUS STONES]], PRE.METALS, CLAD WITH PRE.METAL AND ARTCLS THEREOF;IMIT.JEWLRY;COIN. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |41,692.25<br /> |-<br /> |3.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR [[Tramway (industrial)|TRAMWAY]] ROLLING STOCK, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |12,933.03<br /> |-<br /> |4.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Nuclear reactor]]S, [[Boiler]]S, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |12,077.17<br /> |-<br /> |5.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Organic chemicals]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |12,017.17<br /> |-<br /> |6.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Pharmaceutical products]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |11,140.50<br /> |-<br /> |7.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;CerealS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |10,562.89<br /> |-<br /> |8.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;62&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Clothing|APPARE]]L AND [[Clothing]] ACCESSORIES, NOT [[Knitted]] OR [[Crocheted lace|CROCHETED]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |8,343.35<br /> |-<br /> |9.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; [[Sound recording and reproduction|SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS]], TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |10,298.51<br /> |-<br /> |10.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Iron]] AND [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |9,223.38<br /> |-<br /> |11.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Cotton]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |9,926.42<br /> |-<br /> |12.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, [[Knitted fabric|KNITTED]] OR [[Crochet|CORCHETED]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |6,657.53<br /> |-<br /> |13.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Iron]] OR [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |6,807.49<br /> |-<br /> |14.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;88&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Aircraft]], [[Spacecraft]], AND PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |4,585.27<br /> |-<br /> |15.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;89&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ShipS, BoatS AND FLOATING STRUCTURES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,724.76&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |16.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Fish]] AND [[Crustacean]]S, [[Mollusca]] AND OTHER AQUATIC INVERTABRATES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,823.02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |17.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Plastic]] AND ARTICLES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,633.51&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |18.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Meat]] AND EDIBLE MEAT OFFAL. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,475.53&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |19.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;OTHER MADE UP [[Textile]] ARTICLES; SETS; WORN CLOTHING AND WORN TEXTILE ARTICLES; RAGS &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,457.30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |20.<br /> |&lt;small&gt;74&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Copper]] AND ARTICLES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2,783.56&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of exports 2013 ==<br /> The following is the list of top twenty export product categories. Data is for 2013, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Government of India]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ![[Harmonized System|HSCode]]<br /> ![[Product (business)|Product]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;Value&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;1.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Mineral fuels]], [[Mineral oil]]S AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;62,105.50&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;NATURAL OR CULTURED [[Pearl]]S, [[Precious stone|PRECIOUS]] OR [[Semi precious stones|SEMIPRECIOUS STONES]], PRE.METALS, CLAD WITH PRE.METAL AND ARTICLES THEREOF; IMIT.JEWELRY; COIN. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;43,768.38&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR [[Tramway (industrial)|TRAMWAY ROLLING STOCK]], AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12,193.34&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;84&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Nuclear reactor]]S, [[Boiler]]S, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11,549.63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Organic chemicals]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12,107.26&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;6.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Pharmaceutical products]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10,062.70&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;CerealS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9,655.41&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;85&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Electric machine|ELECTRICAL MACHINERY]] AND EQUIPMENT AND PARTS THEREOF; [[Sound recording and reproduction|SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS]], TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10,862.71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;9.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Cotton]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,937.03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;10.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;72&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Iron]] AND [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;8,089.44&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;11.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;62&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Apparel]] AND CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, NOT [[Knitted]] OR [[Crochet]]ED. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,407.96&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;12.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;73&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Iron]] OR [[Steel]] &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;7,436.27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;13.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;61&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ARTICLES OF [[Clothing|APPAREL]] AND CLOTHING ACCESSORIES, [[Knitted]] OR [[Crochet|CORCHETED]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,554.24&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;14.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Plastic]] AND ARTICLES THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;5,150.11&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;15.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;03&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Fish]] AND [[Crustacean]]S, [[Mollusca]] AND OTHER AQUATIC INVERTABRATES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,322.71&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;16.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;88&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Aircraft]], SPACECRAFT, AND PARTS THEREOF. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;2,210.24&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;17.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;02&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;[[Meat]] AND EDIBLE MEAT OFFAL. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,286.87&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;18.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;63&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;OTHER MADE UP [[Textile]] ARTICLES; SETS; WORN CLOTHING AND WORN TEXTILE ARTICLES; RAGS &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,039.08&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;19.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;89&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;ShipS, BoatS AND FLOATING STRUCTURES. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;3,838.27&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;small&gt;20.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;99&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;MISCELLANEOUS [[Goods]]. &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |&lt;small&gt;4,438.24&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of exports 2012 ==<br /> <br /> The following is a list of the exports of [[India]]. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top twenty exports are listed.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheads&quot; ;&quot;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | #<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Product<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Value<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |1||[[Petrol|Refined petroleum]]||52,905<br /> |-<br /> |2||Jewellery||17,814<br /> |-<br /> |3||[[Pharmaceuticals]]||10,886<br /> |-<br /> |4||Rice||6,109<br /> |-<br /> |5||[[Cars]]||4,828<br /> |-<br /> |6||[[Sap|Vegetable Saps]]||4,430<br /> |-<br /> |7||[[Cotton|Raw Cotton]]||3,857<br /> |-<br /> |8||Broadcasting Equipment||3,482<br /> |-<br /> |9||Iron ore||3,212<br /> |-<br /> |10||[[Cotton|Non-Retail Pure Cotton]] [[Yarn]]||3,211<br /> |-<br /> |11||[[Car parts]]||2,870<br /> |-<br /> |12||[[Beef|Frozen Beef]]||2,746<br /> |-<br /> |13||[[Nitrogen]] [[Heterocyclic]] Compounds||2,710<br /> |-<br /> |14||[[Suit (clothing)|Non-Knit Women's Suits]]||2,476<br /> |-<br /> |15||[[Diamonds]]||2,411<br /> |-<br /> |16||[[Hydrocarbons|Cyclic Hydrocarbons]]||2,292<br /> |-<br /> |17||[[Copper|Refined Copper]]||2,248<br /> |-<br /> |18||[[Sugar|Raw sugar]]||2,104<br /> |-<br /> |19||[[Soybean meal]]||2,035<br /> |-<br /> |20||[[Linen|House Linens]]||1,999<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Economy of India]]<br /> * [[Foreign relations of India]]<br /> * [[Remittances to India]]<br /> * [[Business process outsourcing to India]]<br /> * [[List of Indian states and union territories by exports]]<br /> * [[List of largest trading partners of India]]<br /> * [[Indian diaspora]]<br /> * [[Indianisation]]<br /> * [[Directorate General of Foreign Trade]] (DGFT)<br /> * [[Merchandise Export from India Scheme]]<br /> * [[Make in India]]<br /> * [[India Inc.]]<br /> * [[Medical tourism in India]]<br /> * [[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.thetradevision.com/global-trade-data/india-export-data|title=Export Data|publisher=The Trade Vision}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://commerce.gov.in/eidb/ecomq.asp|title=Export Data Bank|publisher=commerce.gov.in}}<br /> * [https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/tree_map/hs/export/ind/all/show/2012/ atlas.media.mit.edu – Observatory of Economic complexity – Products exported by India (2012)]<br /> <br /> {{Economy of India}}<br /> {{International trade}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Foreign trade of India]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of exports by country|India]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of India lists|Exports]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longsingking&diff=513570 2025-08-17T21:10:18Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Creating a stub w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Longsingking<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Nagaland<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.989931|94.953873|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 757<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]] &amp; [[Tikhir Naga|Tikhir]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = NL <br /> | website = &lt;!--{{URL|??.gov.in}} --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Longsingking''' or '''Thoktsur''' is a village is in [[Thuonoknyu]] circle of [[Tuensang district]] in [[Nagaland]], India. It is situated 9&amp;nbsp;km from sub-district headquarter Thuonoknyu (tehsildar office) and 105&amp;nbsp;km away from district headquarter Tuensang.<br /> <br /> Thoktsur has a total population of 757 peoples, out of which male population is 411 while female population is 346. Literacy rate of thoktsur village is 62.48% out of which 62.77% males and 62.14% females are literate. There are about 149 houses in Thoktsur village.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> Tuensang is nearest town to Thoktsur for all major economic activities, which is approximately 105&amp;nbsp;km away.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/01/20/ksu-61st-assembly-cum-special-session-at-thoktsur-village/|title=KSU 61st assembly cum special session at Thoktsur village|website=nagalandpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/students-advised-to-strive-for-peace-and-prosperity/|title=Students Advised To Strive For Peace And Prosperity - Eastern Mirror|date=18 January 2024|website=easternmirrornagaland.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2011/01/11/tvsu-celebrates-silver-jubilee/|title=TVSU celebrates silver jubilee|website=nagalandpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Tuensang district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Nagaland-geo-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raynagar&diff=445498 2025-08-14T20:43:14Z

<p>Hayat hospital: fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Raynagar<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Census Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | imagesize = 300px<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_mapsize = 300<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.2237|N|88.4561|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = CD block<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Jaynagar I]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 0.98<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 8<br /> | population_total = 5593<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = PIN<br /> | postal_code = 743372<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91 3218<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]<br /> | website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Raynagar''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] police station in the [[Jaynagar I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=300| height=450| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Baruipur, Jaynagar I &amp; II, Kultali CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre&lt;br/&gt;Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|22|25|25|N|88|26|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Petua| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Petua]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|9|N|88|28|14|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garia, Baruipur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|22|24|45|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Panchghara | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panchghara, Baruipur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Mallikpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Mallikpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|22|23|20|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Hariharpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Hariharpur, Baruipur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|22|24|55|N|88|29|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Champahati | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Champahati]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|50|N|88|31|55|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Solgohalia| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Solgohalia]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|28|50|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Naridana| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Naridana]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|22|21|20|N|88|26|37|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Baruipur (CT)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Baruipur (CT)]] <br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|22|22|35|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Salipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Salipur, Baruipur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|22|21|5|N|88|25|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Khodar Bazar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Khodar Bazar]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|22|19|8|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Komarhat| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Komarhat]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|10|N|88|26|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Baruipur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Baruipur]] (M) |shape-color13=#800000<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|22|13|30|N|88|27|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Raynagar| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= Raynagar (CT)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|22|13|20|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kalikapur Barasat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kalikapur Barasat]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Baharu| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Baharu]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Uttarparanij| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Uttarparanij]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|22|11|45|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alipur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alipur, Jaynagar]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Uttar Durgapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Uttar Durgapur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|22|10|25|N|88|25|32|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Jaynagar Majilpur| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] (M) |shape-color120=#800000<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|22|14|5|N|88|26|42|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Dakshin Barasat| numbered21=N| mark-title21=[[Dakshin Barasat]] (N)|shape-color21=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|10|N|88|26|23|E}} | label-pos22=bottom|label22=Nimpith| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Nimpith]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|22|9|8|N|88|27|26|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Tulshighata| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Tulshighata]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|22|5|11|N|88|35|37|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kultali| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kultali]] (R)|shape-color24=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|21|55|17|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Maipit| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Maipit]] (R)|shape-color25=#0048BA<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|22|6|59|N|88|34|13|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Jamtala| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Jamtala]] (R)||shape-color26=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|22|14|48|N|88|32|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Dhosa| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Dhosa, Jaynagar]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|22|14|16|N|88|33|41|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Tilpi| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Tilpi]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Padmerhat| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Padmerhat]] (R)||shape-color29=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|22|0|35|N|88|38|40|E}} |label30= Matla River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=-65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 20 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the southern part is covered by the Baruipur-Jaynagar Plain. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] and [[Tilpi]], on the bank of the [[Piyali River]] indicate the existence of human habitation around 2,000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development &amp; Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Raynagar is located at {{coord|22.2237|N|88.4561|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.<br /> <br /> Raynagar, [[Kalikapur Barasat]], [[Baharu]], [[Uttarparanij]], [[Alipur, Jaynagar|Alipur]] and [[Uttar Durgapur]], all in the Jaynagar I CD block, are adjacent to [[Jaynagar Majilpur]]. [[Nimpith]] and [[Tulshighata]], both in the Jaynagar II CD block, are very close to Jaynagar Majilpur. These nine locations (eight census towns and a municipal city) virtually form a cluster.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 699 - Map of Jaynagar I CD block, Page 725 – Map of Jaynagar II CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Raynagar had a total population of 5,593, of which 2,811 (50%) were males and 2,782 (50%) were females. There were 741 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Raynagar was 3,512 (72.38% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Raynagar covered an area of 0.9825&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Among the physical aspects, there is a railway station at [[Dakshin Barasat railway station|Dakshin Barasat]] 0.5&amp;nbsp;km away. Among the civic amenities, it had 4&amp;nbsp;km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tank, pond, lake, overhead tank. It had 600 domestic electric connections, 20 road light points. Among the medical facilities it had 2 maternity and child welfare centres, 6 nursing homes. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, the nearest middle school, secondary school, senior secondary school at Paschim Gabberia 0.5&amp;nbsp;km away. It had a non-formal education centre (Sarbya Siksha Abhijan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, It had a public library in the town and a working women's hostel, a cinema theatre and a reading room at [[Dakshin Barasat]] 0.5&amp;nbsp;km away. Among important commodities it produced were dry flower craft and leather bags.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 28 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> A short stretch of local roads link Raynagar to the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Dakshin Barasat railway station]] is located nearby.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> [[Dhruba Chand Halder College]], established in 1965, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It is located near [[Dakshin Barasat railway station]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, education, physics, chemistry, mathematics, zoology, botany, micro biology, economics, geography and accounting &amp; finance, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://dchcollege.org/main/contactus.php | title = Dhruva Chand Halder College | publisher = DCHC | access-date = 22 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> Padmerhat Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Padmerhat]], is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar I CD block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =29 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> {{South 24 Parganas}}<br /> {{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jaynagar Majilpur]]<br /> [[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhimsen_(raga)&diff=491179 2025-08-05T09:24:30Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}<br /> {{for|the singer|Bhimsen Joshi}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox ragam|name=Bhimsen|synonym=|image_name=|image_alt=|mela=|chakra=|type=|arohanam={{svaraC|S|G2|M1|P|N3|S'}}|avarohanam={{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S}}|jeeva=|chhaya=|nyasa=|vishesha=|equivalent=|similar raga in prathi madhyamam=}}<br /> {{Carnatic}}<br /> <br /> '''Bhimsen''' is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-10 |title=Bengaluru composer creating new ragas |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/bengaluru-composer-creating-new-ragas-1018393.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;(Indian classical music scale) created by music composer {{Interlanguage link|Mahesh Mahadev|kn|ಮಹೇಶ್ ಮಹದೇವ್}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=2021-08-05 |title=Mahesh Mahadev's experiments with ragas |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/experimenting-with-ragas/article35742833.ece |access-date=2023-01-23 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; named after ‘Bharat Ratna’ Pandit [[Bhimsen Joshi]] (BHIM) Miaya [[Tansen]] (SEN).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bharatiya Samagana Sabha |url=http://archive.org/details/saamagana-indian-classical-music-magazine-july-2018 |title=Saamagana Indian Classical Music Magazine July 2018 - India's Monthly Classical Music Magazine |date=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the Janya raga of 11th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam [[Kokilapriya]] in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system of Carnatic music. {{Interlanguage link|Mahesh Mahadev|kn|ಮಹೇಶ್ ಮಹದೇವ್}} introduced this raga to Indian classical music by composing two [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] [[Bandish]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-17 |title=Bhimsen Raga - A Raga Discovered by Mahesh Mahadev |url=https://maheshmahadev.com/raga-bhimsen/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Arun |date=2023-01-19 |title=Sri Tyagaraja - a New Raga in Carnatic Music by Mahesh Mahadev |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/sri-tyagaraja-a-new-raga-in-carnatic-music-by-mahesh-mahadev/19012023 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Structure and Lakshana ==<br /> [[File:Kokilapriya_scale.svg|thumb|300x300px|Descending is same as ''Kokilapriya'' scale with Shadjam at C]]<br /> Bhimsen is an asampoorna rāgam (asymmetric scale) that does not contain rishabham and dhaivatam in the ascending scale. It is an audava-sampurna rāgam (owdava rāgam, means pentatonic in ascending scale). {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} of this raga as follows.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|3=G2|4=M1|5=P|7=N3|8=S'|foot=yes}}<br /> * [[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G2|R1|S|foot=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The notes used in this raga are ''shadjam, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, kakali nishadham in the arohanam and'' ''shuddha rishabham and chathusruthi dhaivatham added in the avarohanam of the raga''. It is a ''audava - sampurna rāgam.''<br /> <br /> == Compositions ==<br /> <br /> * '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Giridhar Gopal Shyam'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' Roopaktal, [[Vilambit]]h and [[Madhyalaya|Madhyalay]] [[Bandish]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vishal |date=2019-02-05 |title=Mahesh Mahadev - Indian Talent Magazine {{!}} Musician |url=https://www.indiantalentmagazine.com/2019/02/05/mahesh-mahadev/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; written and composed by {{Interlanguage link|Mahesh Mahadev|kn|ಮಹೇಶ್ ಮಹದೇವ್}} sung by [[Jayateerth Mevundi]]<br /> * '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Man ke Mandir Ayore'''' [[Teental]] [[drut]] [[Bandish]] written and composed by {{Interlanguage link|Mahesh Mahadev|kn|ಮಹೇಶ್ ಮಹದೇವ್}} sung by [[Jayateerth Mevundi]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Janya|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Janya ragas]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani ragas]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Music-theory-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basai,_Datia&diff=489958 2025-05-07T23:03:11Z

<p>Hayat hospital: New...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Basai<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.15|N|78.41|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Datia district|Datia]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Gram Panchayat<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 5,712<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics_type2 = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = Pin Code<br /> | postal_code = 475661<br /> | registration_plate = MP 32<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = }}<br /> '''Basai''' is a village in [[Datia District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Pin Code of Basai is 475661.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ndtv.in/tools/pincodes-india/madhya-pradesh/datia/basai-bo | title=पिन कोड of Basai BO: Basai BO Pin Code and Datia Post Office Address - NDTV.in }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Basai is Located on {{Coord|25.15|N|78.41|E}}.<br /> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|211|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Basai.html | title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Basai, India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As per Census 2011, Basai has population of 5,712 of which 3,009 are males and 2,703 are females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/454796-basai-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Basai Village Population - Datia - Datia, Madhya Pradesh }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> Basai is well connected with roads. Basai Railway Station is on the Agra-Bhopal railway line.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/735#st | title=Basai Railway Station Map/Atlas NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Gwalior Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Datia district]]<br /> [[Category:Datia]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

Hayat hospital https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Mahendran&diff=505242 2025-02-27T07:21:36Z

<p>Hayat hospital: Made Some Article More To Come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Jai Mahendran.jpg<br /> | caption = Promotional release poster<br /> | genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | writer = [[Rahul Riji Nair]]<br /> | director = Srikanth Mohan<br /> | presenter = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Saiju Kurup]]<br /> * [[Miya George]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = Sidhartha Pradeep<br /> | open_theme = <br /> | end_theme = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | num_seasons = &lt;!-- or num_series --&gt;<br /> | num_episodes = 6 &lt;!--as of 11 October 2024. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--&gt;<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | producer = [[Rahul Riji Nair]]<br /> | location = <br /> | cinematography = Prasanth Raveendran<br /> | editor = Christy Sebastian<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 31–33 minutes<br /> | company = First Print Studios<br /> | network = [[SonyLIV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|10|11}}<br /> | last_aired = &lt;!-- Do not add &quot;present&quot; until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --&gt;<br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Jai Mahendran''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] streaming television series directed by Srikanth Mohan and written by [[Rahul Riji Nair]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Anand | first=Shilpa Nair | title=Debutant director Srikanth Mohan talks about helming the Malayalam series 'Jai Mahendran' | website=The Hindu | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/debutant-director-srikanth-mohan-talks-about-helming-the-malayalam-series-jai-mahendran/article68709318.ece | access-date=11 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Krishna | first=Gayathri | title=Jai Mahendran writer Rahul Riji Nair- the web series offers a lighthearted take on the intricacies of our political system&amp;#124; Exclusive | website=OTTPlay | date=7 February 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/jai-mahendran-writer-rahul-riji-nair-the-web-series-offers-a-lighthearted-take-on-the-intricacies-of-our-political-system-exclusive/3c35ce8a13470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced under First Print Studios, starring [[Saiju Kurup]] and [[Miya George]] in lead roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Priya Mahendran. It premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 11 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Krishna | first=Gayathri | title=Jai Mahendran out on OTT: Saiju Kurup's web series is now streaming on this platform | website=OTTPlay | date=10 October 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jai-mahendran-out-on-ott-saiju-kurup-web-series-sonyliv-suhasini-miya/3773e19974769}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Saiju Kurup]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; &gt;{{cite web | last=Manu | first=Hridyambika A | title=Nithya Menen's Masterpeace to Nivin Pauly's Pharma: New Malayalam OTT web series | website=OTTPlay | date=21 October 2023 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nithya-menens-masterpeace-to-nivin-paulys-pharma-new-malayalam-ott-web-series/0b02796206748}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Deputy Tahasildar Mahendran <br /> * [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Tahasildar Shobha<br /> * [[Miya George]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Priya Mahendran<br /> * [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Aravindan Tahasildar in charge <br /> * [[Johny Antony]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Chief Minister Chandy Kurian<br /> * [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Koshy Thomas Revenue Minister <br /> * [[Balachandran Chullikkad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Rtd Tahasildar Shibu<br /> * [[Rahul Riji Nair]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Balu aka Balagopal<br /> * Vishnu Govindan&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Saji<br /> * [[Sidhartha Siva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot; /&gt; as Sathish <br /> * Malavika Manoj as Malu; Shobha's daughter<br /> * [[Pauly Valsan]] as Jancy<br /> * Anand Manmadan as Babu<br /> * [[Jeo Baby]] as Harichandran <br /> * Appunni Sasi as Aniyankunju<br /> * Krishnan Balakrishnan as Minister PS<br /> * Renjith Sekhar Nair as Prajas<br /> * Zhins Shan as Jacob<br /> * Vinita Venugopal as Menaka<br /> * Abraham Joseph<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The series was announced on [[SonyLIV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Saiju Kurup to star in SonyLIV's first Malayalam original series Jai Mahendran | website=The Indian Express | date=18 April 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/saiju-kurup-to-star-in-sonylivs-first-malayalam-original-series-jai-mahendran-8563467/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced in April 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Rahul Riji Nair's OTT show 'Jai Mahendran' starts rolling | website=Onmanorama | date=18 April 2023 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/18/rahul-riji-nair-ott-show-jai-mahendran-begins-rolling-sony-liv.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Jai Mahendran: മഹേന്ദ്രൻ ഉടൻ പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്കെത്തും; 'ജയ് മഹേന്ദ്രൻ' ഷൂട്ടിങ് പൂർത്തിയായി | website=Zee News Malayalam | date=17 June 2023 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/jai-mahendran-malayalam-web-series-from-ott-platform-sonyliv-shooting-completed-144486 | language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trailer of the series was released on 28 September 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title='Jai Mahendran' trailer: Saiju Kurup plays a manipulative revenue officer in Sony LIV's quirky series | website=The Hindu | date=28 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jai-mahendran-trailer-saiju-kurup-plays-a-manipulative-revenue-officer-in-sony-livs-quirky-series/article68693941.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The series was initially scheduled to release on 9 February 2024,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Bhavana | title=Jai Mahendran OTT release: Here is when and where the film will stream | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=9 February 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/jai-mahendran-ott-release-here-is-when-and-where-the-film-will-stream-881591}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was later moved to 11 October 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Saiju Kurup's web series debut 'Jai Mahendran' confirms premiere date | website=The New Indian Express | date=7 September 2024 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Sep/07/saiju-kurups-web-series-debut-jai-mahendran-confirms-premiere-date}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Srinivasan | first=Latha | title=Jai Mahendran review: Highly engaging comical political satire powered by good writing and performances | website=Hindustan Times | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jai-mahendran-review-highly-engaging-comical-political-satire-powered-by-good-writing-and-performances-101728629322066.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed the series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Suresh | first=Anandu | title=Jai Mahendran review: Saiju Kurup's performance is the saving grace of this otherwise dull Malayalam series | website=The Indian Express | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jai-mahendran-review-saiju-kurups-performance-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-otherwise-dull-malayalam-series-9611613/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akhila Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the series 3/5 stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Akhila | title=Jai Mahendran Review: A {{as written|humo|urous [sic]}} take on modern-day Indian politics and system | website=OTTPlay | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jai-mahendran-review-saiju-kurup-sony-liv/420571df58227}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt27540960}}<br /> * [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/jai-mahendran-malayalam-1700001522 ''Jai Mahendran''] on [[SonyLIV]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]</div>

Hayat hospital