Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

J. Karunanithi

2026-05-04T08:25:35Z

Hayaat: created new details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Karunanithi
| image = J Karunanithi MLA.jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagaraya Nagar]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = B. Sathiyanaarayanan
| father = K. Jayaraman
| spouse = Punithavalli Karunanithi
| relations = [[J. Anbazhagan]] (elder brother)
}}

'''J. Karunanithi''' is an Indian politician. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagaraya Nagar]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222082658/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC024.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC024.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thiyagarayanagar Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a024|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennai.nic.in/elected-representatives-er/ |access-date=29 Apr 2022 |title=Elected Representatives, Chennai District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429051051/https://chennai.nic.in/elected-representatives-er/ |archive-date=29 Apr 2022 |website=www.chennai.nic.in}}</ref> He is the younger brother of Chennai [[J. Anbazhagan]] . Anbazhagan and Karunanithi learned politics together under the guidance of [[M. K. Stalin]]. Karunanithi brought in good infrastructure projects for his constituency. These include South Usman Road Flyovers, multiple Urban Primary Health Centers, and an integrated stormwater system. Anbazhagan endorsed Karunanithi as his political successor and gave him the opportunity to serve as a member of Corporation in 2006.

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunanithi, J}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Ashna Mehta

2026-05-03T18:05:13Z

Hayaat: Created new info...

{{Short description|Indian jewellery designer and entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashna Mehta
| image =
| birth_name = Ashna Mehta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|04|18}}
| birth_place = [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]]
| education = [[New York University]]
| occupation = Jewellery designer, entrepreneur
| years_active = 2022–present
| known_for = Founder of Bag Bijoux
}}
'''Ashna Mehta''' (born 18 April 1996) is an Indian jewellery designer and entrepreneur. She is the co-founder of the Dubai-based brand Bag Bijoux, noted for high-end jewellery charms designed for luxury handbags.<ref name="HarperBazaar">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=The Bijoux Bag Charms Trending At The Ambani Wedding |url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/hbanews/bag-charms-ambani-wedding |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Harper's Bazaar Arabia}}</ref> Her designs have been featured in international media outlets such as ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Harper's Bazaar|Harper’s Bazaar]]'' Arabia, the ''[[Financial Times]]'', and ''Page Six''.

== Early life and education ==
Mehta was born in [[Antwerp]], Belgium, into a family of Indian diamantaires associated with [[Rosy Blue]], a leading diamond conglomerate.<ref name="Masala">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=All you need to know about the monumental Rosy Blue family |url=https://www.masala.com/entertainment/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-monumental-rosy-blue-family-which-shloka-mehta-is-from |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Masala}}</ref><ref name="ETNow">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=Meet Shloka Mehta’s cousin Ashna: jewellery designer for Isha Ambani, Kim Kardashian and more |url=https://www.etnownews.com/et-now-luxe/meet-shloka-mehtas-lesser-known-cousin-ashna-she-has-designed-jewellery-for-mukesh-ambanis-daughter-isha-ambani-kim-kardashian-and-more-article-151350296 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ET Now Luxe}}</ref> She studied at [[New York University]] before relocating to Dubai, where she worked alongside her mother, designer Payal Mehta, in her atelier.<ref name="IndiaBusiness">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Meet Ashna Mehta, cousin of Shloka Mehta and luxury jewellery designer |url=https://www.india.com/business/meet-ashna-mehta-lesser-known-cousin-of-mukesh-ambani-badi-bahu-shloka-mehta-has-a-hollywood-connection-she-works-as-luxury-jewelry-designer-isha-ambani-nita-ambani-7734485/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=India.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2022, Mehta and her sister Aria co-founded Bag Bijoux, a Dubai-based jewellery brand specialising in gemstone charms designed for luxury handbags.<ref name="Nod">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Diamond Jewellery for Bags? Meet the Sister Duo Behind Bag Bijoux |url=https://thenodmag.com/content/diamond-jewellery-for-bags-aria-ashna-mehta |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Nod}}</ref> The charms gained international attention at the 2024 Ambani wedding, where they were seen on Hermès Birkin and Kelly bags and subsequently went viral.<ref name="HarperBazaarArabia">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=The Bijoux Bag Charms Trending At The Ambani Wedding |url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/hbanews/bag-charms-ambani-wedding |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Harper's Bazaar Arabia}}</ref><ref name="GraziaSG">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2024 |title=Bag Bijoux Is The Viral Jewellery Brand That Designed Bag Charms For The Ambani Wedding |url=https://grazia.sg/watches-jewellery/bag-bijoux-bag-charms-ambani-wedding-ashna-mehta/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Grazia Singapore}}</ref><ref name="HTimes">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=Shloka Mehta’s cousin designed Isha Ambani’s Kelly bag diamond charms |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/shloka-mehtas-cousin-designed-isha-ambanis-kelly-bag-diamond-charms-featuring-her-twins-names-know-rare-deets-101728541998114.html |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The brand debuted at [[Paris Fashion Week]] at Lapérouse in collaboration with ''Vogue'', and was later presented at Sotheby’s in Dubai and Paris.<ref name="Vogue">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Bling and Birkins! Bag Bijoux Fêtes Haute Couture Week in ... |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/bag-bijoux-haute-couture-week-2025 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Vogue}}</ref> In 2025, ''Harper’s Bazaar India'' profiled Mehta’s design philosophy in her “True Impression” collection inspired by artisanal craft.<ref name="HBazaarIndia">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=True Impression |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/fashion/story/true-impression-1248665-2025-07-22 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Harper’s Bazaar India}}</ref> ''Harper’s Bazaar Arabia'' also profiled her Birkin collection in 2025, describing it as a “sparkling legacy.”<ref name="HBazaarLegacy">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=A Sparkling Legacy: Ashna Mehta’s Birkin-bedecked closet |url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/culture/interiors/a-sparkling-legacy-ashna-mehtas-birkin-bedecked-closet-is-a-treasure-trove-of-true-fashion-wonders |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Harper’s Bazaar Arabia}}</ref><ref name="ETNow" /><ref name="DNA">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=Meet Ashna Mehta, cousin of Shloka Mehta who has designed jewellery for Kim Kardashian, Paris Hilton and Rihanna |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ashna-mehta-shloka-mehta-lesser-known-cousin-has-designed-jewellery-for-mukesh-ambani-daughter-isha-ambani-kim-kardashian-paris-hilton-rihanna-3143601 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref name="IndiaBusiness" />

In January 2025, actress [[Mindy Kaling]] was photographed with a Hermès Kelly bag customised with Bag Bijoux charms engraved with her children’s names, drawing media coverage.<ref name="PageSix">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2025 |title=Mindy Kaling shows off blinged-out Hermès Kelly bag with kids' names |url=https://pagesix.com/2025/01/28/style/mindy-kaling-shows-off-blinged-out-hermes-kelly-bag-with-kids-names/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Page Six}}</ref><ref name="HBazaarLegacy" />

Mehta has designed custom pieces for celebrities including [[Kim Kardashian]], [[Kylie Jenner]], [[Paris Hilton]], [[Winnie Harlow]], and Isha Ambani.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name="HBazaarIndia" /><ref name="HarperBazaarArabia" />

In 2022, she created [[Nicki Minaj]]’s diamond “Barbie” pendant, which was later featured in the exhibition ''Ice Cold: An Exhibition of Hip-Hop Jewelry'' at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in 2024.<ref name="NYPost">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2024 |title=How Drake, Bad Bunny and Nicki Minaj became part of a new Natural History Museum exhibit |url=https://nypost.com/2024/05/15/entertainment/drake-bad-bunny-nicki-minaj-are-in-natural-history-museum/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=New York Post}}</ref><ref name="NaturalDiamonds">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Ice Cold: Hip-Hop’s Diamond Clad Legacy Takes Center Stage at AMNH |url=https://www.naturaldiamonds.com/culture-and-style/ice-cold-hip-hop-legacy-amnh-exhibit |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Natural Diamonds}}</ref>

In 2025, Bag Bijoux received international attention after reality television personality Kylie Jenner was seen carrying a handbag featuring a custom Bag Bijoux charm.<ref name="KhaleejTimes">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Kylie Jenner bag charm Ashna Mehta Dubai |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/lifestyle/kylie-jenner-bag-charm-ashna-mehta-dubai |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> In an interview with ''Khaleej Times'', Mehta stated that the moment ''"solidified bag jewellery as a new product category"'' and brought wider recognition to her work.<ref name="KhaleejTimes" />

Her designs have also been associated with high-profile clients including Nita Ambani, whose customised Hermès Birkin bag featuring jewellery elements was covered in international media.<ref name="LuxuryLaunches">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Nita Ambani jeweled Birkin |url=https://luxurylaunches.com/celebrities/nita-ambani-jeweled-birkin-11292025.php |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=Luxurylaunches}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Ashna}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Antwerp]]

Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India

2026-05-03T09:12:50Z

Hayaat: new first details first draft

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|None}}
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

This is a following is a list of events during the [[Insurgency in Northeast India|Northeast India Insurgency]], an ongoing armed conflict between the [[Separatist movements of India|separatist rebels]] and the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SATP |first=South Asia Terrorism Portal |date=March 2000 |title=Insurgency North East: Timeline (Terrorist Activities) |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref>

== 1980s ==

=== 1982 ===

* '''19 January''' - Indian [[Sikh Regiment]] Jawans coming in three vehicles were ambushed In [[Manipur]], which resulted in 21 Jawans being killed and 5 injured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd. |first=Web.com(india) Pvt. |title=CDPS, Manipur Insurgency |url=http://cdpsindia.org/manipur_insurgency.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206052141/http://cdpsindia.org/manipur_insurgency.asp |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=cdpsindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur : A Degenerated Insurgency |url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425011633/https://usiofindia.org/publication/usi-journal/manipur-a-degenerated-insurgency/ |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=22 January 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== 1990s ==

=== 1992 ===

* '''Around 1992''', there were clashes reported between the [[Manipuri Tamils]] and [[Kuki peoples|Kuki]] communities due to attempts by Kuki militants to impose heavy taxes on Tamil businesses. The issue was amicably resolved after the Tamil community struck a deal to invest in the local business, health and education which would benefit the Kuki community as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Tamils-Kuki Conflict |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617035710/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_6.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.ide.go.jp|last=Achieve|first=Book}}</ref>

=== 1993 ===
{{Main|1993 Pangal massacre|Kuki–Naga conflict in Manipur}}

* '''15 April''' - KNA militants killed 4 Naga militants at [[Chandel district]] in [[Manipur]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kuki National Army, Manipur |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/Manipur/terrorist_outfits/KNA_tl.htm |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Projects |first=CDA Collaborative Learning |date=2 January 2008 |title=Interrogating Peace: The Naga-Kuki Conflict in Manipur - CDA Collaborative Learning |url=https://www.cdacollaborative.org/publication/interrogating-peace-the-naga-kuki-conflict-in-manipur/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

* '''3 May''' - Violence broke out between [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Meitei Pangals|Pangal]] tribes in [[Manipur]], triggered by rumours and misconceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=A bloody route to power |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/bloody-route-power/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mander |first=Harsh |date=2 August 2019 |title=Lynching of young Muslim entrepreneur in Manipur last year shows such acts are carefully planned |url=https://scroll.in/article/924029/lynching-of-young-muslim-entrepreneur-in-manipur-last-year-shows-such-acts-are-carefully-planned |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

* '''4 May''' - The escalated violence between [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Meitei Pangals|Pangal tribes]] left more than 100+ killed, including 96-130 [[Meitei Pangals]] and reportedly 4 [[Meitei people|Meitei]] killed. A curfew was imposed to de-escalate the situation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shilshi |first=John S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-_4DwAAQBAJ |title=Vale of Tears - untold stories of violence in Manipur |date=24 August 2020 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC |title=Bleeding Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The plight of Meitei Pangals or Manipur Muslims remains unheard |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/6-issues/34065-the-plight-of-meitei-pangals-or-manipur-muslims-remains-unheard/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>
* '''13 September''' - [[Kuki–Naga conflict in Manipur|Joupi Massacre]]: Naga militants allegedly belonging to the NSCN-IM massacred around 115 Kuki civilians in [[Manipur]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Bikash Kumar |date=21 September 2018 |title=INDIA: Black Day Marks 25 Years After a Still Controversial Massacre on the Burmese Border |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/104485 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=The News Lens International Edition |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=14 September 2018 |title=25 years after Naga-Kuki clashes in Manipur, reconciliation is still elusive |url=https://scroll.in/article/894324/25-years-after-naga-kuki-clashes-in-manipur-reconciliation-is-still-elusive |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1997 ===
{{Main|Kuki–Paite Conflict}}

* '''24 June''' - [[Kuki National Front|Kuki militants]] lined up 20 villagers and shot them in [[Saikul]]. The execution killed 9 and wounded 4.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Paite Kuki Clashes and restoration of Normalcy. |url=http://www.khawvaiphei.com/articles/general-articles/1514-the-paite-kuki-clashes-and-restoration-of-normalcy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123638/http://www.khawvaiphei.com/articles/general-articles/1514-the-paite-kuki-clashes-and-restoration-of-normalcy.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.khawvaiphei.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> These killings started a series of ethnic violence that could last for more than 1 year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Paite conflict |url=https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.nesrc.org|last=Book|first=Peace}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Paite Kuki Clashes and restoration of Normalcy. |url=http://www.khawvaiphei.com/articles/general-articles/1514-the-paite-kuki-clashes-and-restoration-of-normalcy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123638/http://www.khawvaiphei.com/articles/general-articles/1514-the-paite-kuki-clashes-and-restoration-of-normalcy.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.khawvaiphei.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

* '''8 July''' - A ceasefire was signed by [[Kuki National Front|KNF(P)]] and [[Zomi Revolutionary Army|ZRO]] to stop the violence that started between [[Thadou people|Kuki]] and [[Paite people|Paites]] in [[Manipur]].<ref name=":1" />
* '''10 July''' - KNF(P) militants held an incursion at Mata village, which broke the peace agreement signed by both tribes.<ref name=":1" />
* '''18 July''' - Both tribes were called again to reaffirm the agreement. However, the KNF(P) attacked several villages, burning 30 houses. Leading no further conversation.<ref name=":2" />

=== 1998 ===

* '''29 September''' - To end the ethnic violence, the [[Kuki Inpi Manipur]] invited the Zomi Council into a feast to end the conflict. A bull was slaughtered for the occasion and both groups shared the meal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Haokip |first=TS Letkhosei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGpoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |title=Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar /Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki - Chin and Karen Insurgencies |date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref>
* '''30 September''' - the Zomi Council reciprocated by inviting the [[Thadou people|Kukis]] to a feast.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Sanghamitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72yFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Women and Conflict in India |date=5 February 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55362-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''1 October''' - A peace accord was declared by both sides with the initiative of the Church. The year long violence left 352 killed.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Zomi Final Peace Accord: 01 Oct 1998 |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2015/04/kuki-zomi-final-peace-accord-01-oct-1998.html |access-date=22 January 2026}}</ref>

== 2010s ==

=== 2010 ===

* '''3 January''' - A NNC cadre was killed by the rival [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-IM]] militants during a clash.<ref name="satp">{{Cite web |title=Timeline Terrorist Activities, Insurgency North East |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-jan-2010 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''4 January''' - [[Assam Rifles]] and combined forces kills 2 alleged militants of PULF. On same day, a police was be killed by stabbing my militants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=datasheet-terrorist-attack-fatalities |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''13 January''' - 3 militants and 1 Indian army troop are killed after encountering each others in different incidents of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=datasheet-terrorist-attack-fatalities |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''30 January''' - Friendly fire between Indian army and police killed 1 Indian personal while fighting with alleged militants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=datasheet-terrorist-attack-fatalities |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''2 February''' - 4 militants are killed by troops in different incidents of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=datasheet-terrorist-attack-fatalities |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''17 February''' - 10 militants are killed by Assam rifles in different incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=datasheet-terrorist-attack-fatalities |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''6 August''' - Two [[Border Security Force|BSF]] personnel were killed in an IED blast triggered by the [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] militants in [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism Assessment, Tripura |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/india-insurgencynortheast-tripura-2011 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''9 November''' - Two different [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] led attack killed 23 villages in total.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2010 |title=Militant attacks in Assam, India, leave 23 dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11712441 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB|last=Subir Bhaumik|first=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193306/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11712441|archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
* '''10 December''' - Four militants of the [[Garo National Liberation Army|Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA)]] were killed during an encounter with Police in [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism Assessment, Meghalaya |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/india-insurgencynortheast-meghalaya-2011 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>

=== 2011 ===
* '''3 February''' - Army troops killed a [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|People's Liberation Army of Manipur (PLA)]] militant in [[Manipur]].<ref name="satp2">{{Cite web |title=Timeline Terrorist Activities, Manipur (Insurgency North East) |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-jan-2011 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>

* '''10 February''' - A [[security guard]] was killed and three others including a civilian was injured during an unidentified attack by militants.<ref name="satp2" />
* '''8 March''' - Unidentified militants shot dead at an Police officer in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp3">{{Cite web |title=Timeline Terrorist Activities, Assam (Insurgency North East) |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-assam-Mar-2011 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''15 April''' - An ambush by [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-IM]] militants kills 8 people including 6 police officers in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline Terrorist Activities, Manipur (Insurgency North East) |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-Apr-2011 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambush kills dozen |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/sair10/10_6.htm#assessment1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011454/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/sair10/10_6.htm#assessment1 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.satp.org|last=Machine|first=Wayback}}</ref>
* '''9 August''' - 4 [[GNLA]] militants were killed by Police during an encounter in [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="satp4" />
* '''31 October''' - 4 police men and 1 civilian was killed after an attack by [[Garo National Liberation Army|GNLA]] militants in [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="satp4">{{Cite web |title=Major incidents of terrorist violence Meghalya |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/meghalaya/data_sheets/major_incidents.htm |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
{{Main|2012 Assam violence}}

* '''20 July''' - A riot escalated between [[Bengalis]] and [[Boro people|Bodo people]] in [[Assam]] after some Bengalis killed four Bodo people at [[Joypur, Assam|Joypur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trade |first=TI |title=The Assam Tribune Online |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2212/at05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103112348/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2212/at05 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.assamtribune.com}}</ref> This escalation could lead to further violent attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2012 |title=What lies behind Assam violence? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18993905 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Biswajyoti |title=India struggles to control ethnic violence in Assam |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-violence-idUSBRE86N0W820120724 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327153441/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-violence-idUSBRE86N0W820120724 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=U.S. |language=en-US}}</ref> The impact of the riot also spread throughout other Indian states, where Bengali or [[Muslims|Muslim]] protesters clashed with other ethnic peoples, some because of attacks on anti-riot protests led by Muslim protesters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Protest in Mumbai over Assam riots turns violent |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-11/news/33153155_1_assam-riots-mumbai-civic-body-azad-maidan-ground |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104070356/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-11/news/33153155_1_assam-riots-mumbai-civic-body-azad-maidan-ground |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2012 |title=Six attacks on Manipuris, many from northeast choose to stay home |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/six-attacks-on-manipuris-many-from-northeast-choose-to-stay-home/articleshow/15458721.cms |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The riot lasted for months, resulting in 108 people being killed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2014 |title=Assam cop triggered Bodoland riots: CBI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-cop-triggered-Bodoland-riots-CBI/articleshow/45377734.cms |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''21 July''' - Nine were be killed in [[Kokrajhar]] after violence escalated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trade |first=TI |title=The Assam Tribune Online |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2212/at05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103112348/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jul2212/at05 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.assamtribune.com}}</ref>

* '''9 August''' - Six attacks on [[Meitei people|Manipuris]] occurred in [[Pune]] as hatred and violence continued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-12 |title=Six attacks on Manipuris, many from northeast choose to stay home |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/six-attacks-on-manipuris-many-from-northeast-choose-to-stay-home/articleshow/15458721.cms |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180107111123/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/six-attacks-on-manipuris-many-from-northeast-choose-to-stay-home/articleshow/15458721.cms |archive-date=2018-01-07 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===

* '''14 September''' - 9 migrant workers are killed in [[Manipur]] after a IED blast.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur capital Imphal rocked by deadly bomb - BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24090096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607180140/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24090096 |archive-date=2015-06-07 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
{{Main|May 2014 Assam violence|December 2014 Assam violence}}

* '''17 January''' - Six persons were killed after suspected [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] militants attack in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp5">{{Cite web |title=Major incidents of terrorist violence in Assam, 1990-2017 |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/data_sheets/majorincidents.htm |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
* '''21 February''' - SFs killed three suspected [[GNLA]] militants in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp5"/>
* '''30 April''' - 3 suspected [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] militants were killed during an encounter with Police in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp5"/>
* '''1 May''' - [[May 2014 Assam violence]]: From the night of 1 May 2014 until the morning of 3 May 2014, a series of attacks occurred against [[Bengali Muslims]] in [[Assam]] by groups of insurgents. On 1 May, insurgents, arriving on bicycles, raided the [[Baksa district|Baksa district village of Narsingbari]], opening fire on a house, killing three women and injuring two others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Prasanta |title=Death toll up to 32 in Assam |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-death-toll-up-to-32-in-assam-1984510 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The police suspected the [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] for the attack, however the [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] denied their involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDFB denies involvement in violence |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ndfb-denies-involvement-in-violence-114050300774_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123090107/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ndfb-denies-involvement-in-violence-114050300774_1.html |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''2 May''' - On 2 May, the attacks continued as group of insurgents opened fire at three houses in the village of [[Balapara]] in the district of [[Kokrajhar]], killing seven people. On the evening of the same day, another insurgent group killed 12 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2014 |title=32 killed in 36 hours by Bodo militants in Assam, curfew imposed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/30-killed-in-36-hours-by-bodo-militants-in-assam-curfew-imposed/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2016 |title=Twenty-two Muslims killed in sectarian attacks in Assam {{!}} Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-violence-assam-idINKBN0DI07C20140502 |access-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155431/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-violence-assam-idINKBN0DI07C20140502 |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref>
* '''3 May''' - On 3 May, four suspected insurgents attacked police in the forest near [[Tezpur]]. Police fired in retaliation, killing two while the other two escaped. The death toll of the violence rose to 33 including 3 insurgents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2014 |title=Police kill 3 Assam sectarian violence suspects - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-kill-3-assam-sectarian-violence-suspects-arrest-8/article1-1215394.aspx |access-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504232122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-kill-3-assam-sectarian-violence-suspects-arrest-8/article1-1215394.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2014 }}</ref>
* '''1 August''' - 3 [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]] militants died after a [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] blast near police station in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp5"/>
* '''20 August''' - 5 [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] militants were killed during an encounter with SFs in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp5"/>
* '''8 October''' - SFs launched an operation at [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] District in [[Assam]]. The operation resulted in 4 [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] militants dead and capture of various ammunation.<ref name="satp5"/>
* '''5 November''' - 3 [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]] militants were killed in an encounter with SFs in [[Assam]].<ref name="satp5"/>
* '''23 December''' - [[December 2014 Assam violence]]: More than 70 people were killed and several injured after an attack by [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]] was conduct against [[Adivasi]] People.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2014 |title=After Assam killings, all-out war begins against Bodo militants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/northeast/story/assam-killing-operation-all-out-army-bodo-militants-232851-2014-12-25 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{Cite news |title=Want Results in Assam, Centre Tells Army: 10 Developments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/want-results-in-assam-centre-tells-army-10-developments-639929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111021631/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/want-results-in-assam-centre-tells-army-10-developments-639929 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Many dead in Assam violence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-30599574 |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The strike was in response to an offensive by India against the guerrillas which killed 2 [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]] cadres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2014 |title=Assam violence: Death toll in Bodo militant attack rises to 64 - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-violence-death-toll-in-bodo-militant-attack-in-state-rises-to-64/article1-1299916.aspx |access-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224085926/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-violence-death-toll-in-bodo-militant-attack-in-state-rises-to-64/article1-1299916.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2014 }}</ref> Adivasi people later protested against this massacre. 3 [[Adivasi]] were also killed when police fired rounds to disperse the crowd after the protest march turned violent. [[Adivasi]] people in response marched killed 3 [[Bodo people|Bodo]] people in village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels kill dozens in India's Assam state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/24/rebels-kill-dozens-in-indias-assam-state/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The death toll rose to 85.<ref name="ndtv"/>
* '''26 December''' - On 26 December 2014, the Indian Government declared that they had launched "Operation All Out" to eliminate the NDFB militants. About 5,000 personnel from the paramilitary [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and 4,620 from the Indian Army had already been deployed and ordered to eliminate the remaining militants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2014 |title=Centre, state launch all-out offensive against militant group that carried out deadly Assam attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-state-launch-all-out-offensive-against-militant-group-that-carried-out-deadly-Assam-attack/articleshow/45630675.cms |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
* '''28 May''' - [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|AFSPA]] was abolished in the state of Tripura, owing to the relatively peaceful situation there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2015 |title=Tripura withdraws AFSPA, says insurgency on the wane |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tripura-withdraws-AFSPA-says-insurgency-on-the-wane/article60487657.ece |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''4 June''' - [[2015 Manipur ambush]]: [[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]] separatists ambushed a military convoy in [[Manipur]], resulting in at least 20 Indian soldiers death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=India ambush: Manipur rebels 'kill at least 20 soldiers' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33007086 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=20 soldiers killed in Manipur militant ambush |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/10-soldiers-killed-in-Manipur-militant-ambush/article60326952.ece |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebels kill 20 troops in northeast India {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://online91.thedailystar.net/world/rebels-kill-20-troops-northeast-india-92119 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=online91.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>
* '''9 June''' - India launches major [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|counter insurgency]] operation in [[Northeast India|Northeast Indian]] and [[Myanmar]], killing 38 rebels.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-10 |title=70 commandos involved in Myanmar operation |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/70-commandos-involved-in-myanmar-operation_1611063.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002165514/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/70-commandos-involved-in-myanmar-operation_1611063.html |archive-date=2016-10-02 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
* '''3 August''' -The NSCN (IM) and NSCN(K) insurgent groups of [[Nagaland]] signed a peace accord with the Indian government. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called the agreement "historic".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33762445|title=India in peace deal with Naga rebels|date=3 August 2015|access-date=14 November 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===

* '''22 May''' - Rebel ambush kills 6 personals of [[Assam Rifles]] in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian soldiers killed in rebel ambush in Manipur state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/5/22/indian-soldiers-killed-in-rebel-ambush-in-manipur-state |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320192548/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/5/22/indian-soldiers-killed-in-rebel-ambush-in-manipur-state |archive-date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* '''19 November''' - Rebels ambush against [[Indian Army|Indian army]] in [[Assam]] kills 3 army personals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-19 |title=Rebels kill 3 Indian army soldiers in troubled northeast |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-international-news-3ca7e09a439047e8b92c2257b7c71be0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503072648/https://apnews.com/general-news-international-news-3ca7e09a439047e8b92c2257b7c71be0 |archive-date=3 May 2026 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
* '''12 December''' –Two people (A father and son) were shot dead by ULFA militants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-father-son-duo-gunned-down-by-ulfa-in-tinsukia-village-4978682/|title=Assam: Father-son duo gunned down by ULFA in Tinsukia village|website=The Indian Express|date=12 December 2017|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706023839/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-father-son-duo-gunned-down-by-ulfa-in-tinsukia-village-4978682/|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On Same day, an encounter between the security forces and members of the [[Garo National Liberation Army]] were reported near the village of [[Nongalbibra|Nangalbibra]], in South Garo Hills district. No casualties were reported in both sides, and the officers claim the presence of the rebels was for the establishment as a centre to extort money from coal quarries and trucks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/12/12/gnla-police-exchange-fire-in-south-garo-hills/|title=GNLA, police exchange fire in South Garo Hills|website=The Shillong Times|date=12 December 2017|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233641/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/12/12/gnla-police-exchange-fire-in-south-garo-hills/|archive-date=5 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''14 December''' – A militant were killed in an encounter between militants of NDFB and security forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/hardcore-ndfbs-militant-killed-in-encounter-in-assam/|title=Hardcore NDFB(S) militant killed in encounter in Assam|website=The Indian Express|date=14 December 2017|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022705/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/hardcore-ndfbs-militant-killed-in-encounter-in-assam/|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2018 ===
* '''18 February''' – Four persons, including the NCP candidate Jonathone Nengminza Sangma, were killed and three others injured in an improvised explosive device blast in Meghalaya's East Garo Hills district, India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/19/ncp-candidate-jonathone-nengminza-sangma-among-four-killed-in-poll-bound-meghalaya-1775346.html|title=NCP candidate Jonathone Nengminza Sangma among four killed in poll-bound Meghalaya|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 February 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625190018/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/19/ncp-candidate-jonathone-nengminza-sangma-among-four-killed-in-poll-bound-meghalaya-1775346.html|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/225370/ncp-candidate-killed-in-meghalaya-militant-attack/|title=NCP Candidate, Surrendered Militant Leader Killed in IED Blast in Meghalaya|website=The Wire|date=19 February 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033222/https://thewire.in/225370/ncp-candidate-killed-in-meghalaya-militant-attack/|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''5 March''' – A rifleman of 13 Sikh Light Infantry was killed in an encounter with the National Socialist Council of Nagaland at Khoupum area in Manipur's Noney district.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/army-jawan-killed-in-encounter-with-nscnim-in-manipur|title=Army Jawan Killed in Encounter With NSCN(IM) in Manipur|website=The Quint|date=5 March 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623032853/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/army-jawan-killed-in-encounter-with-nscnim-in-manipur|archive-date=23 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''1 April''' - AFSPA was abolished in [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2018 |title=AFSPA removed from Meghalaya after 27 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/afspa-removed-from-meghalaya-after-27-years-assam-too-may-reduce-afspa-area/articleshow/63887983.cms |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''4 May''' – A police officer and a terrorist died in a shooting and grenade attack in Tinsukia district in the Indian state of Assam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/cop-dies-in-encounter-228179|title=Cop dies in encounter|website=The Telegraph|date=5 May 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185928/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/cop-dies-in-encounter-228179|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''9 May''' – Two members of the Border Security Force were killed and three civilians injured in a bomb explosion outside a BSF camp in the Imphal East district of Manipur.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/2-bsf-jawans-killed-3-civilians-injured-in-ied-blast-in-manipur/586720.html|title=2 BSF jawans killed, 3 civilians injured in IED blast in Manipur|website=The Tribune|date=9 May 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213238/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/2-bsf-jawans-killed-3-civilians-injured-in-ied-blast-in-manipur/586720.html|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''5 June''' – The Assam Rifles outpost at [[Lampong Sheanghah]] village in the Mon district of the Indian state of Nagaland was attacked by militants, leaving three security personnel injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/just-in-suspected-nscn-k-cadres-attack-ar-outpost-in-mon-district-three-army-jawans-injured/|title=JUST IN: Suspected NSCN (K) cadres attack AR outpost in Mon district; three army jawans injured|website=The Northeast Today|date=5 June 2018|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>
* '''17 June''' – Four Assam Rifles personnel were killed in an ambush by militants of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland in Nagaland's Mon district, near the Indian-Myanmar border. Six other soldiers were injured in the incident, two of them seriously.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/nscn-k-ambush-claims-4-assam-rifles-jawans/articleshow/64629336.cms|title=NSCN-K ambush claims 4 Assam Rifles jawans|website=The Times of India|date=18 June 2018|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702004029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/nscn-k-ambush-claims-4-assam-rifles-jawans/articleshow/64629336.cms|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===

* '''30 March''' - Seliam Wangsa, who was campaigning for a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] was killed by suspected militants at Nginu village in the Longding District of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism Assessment, Insurgency North East |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/india-insurgencynortheast-2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516132202/https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/india-insurgencynortheast-2019 |archive-date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>

== 2020s ==

=== 2020 ===

* '''30 July''' - 3 [[Assam Rifles]] Jawans were killed and 5 Injured were injured after being ambushed by [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]] militants in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=3 Assam Rifles Jawans Killed, 5 Injured In Ambush By Militants In Manipur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/three-assam-rifles-jawans-killed-5-seriously-injured-in-ambush-by-suspected-pla-militants-in-manipurs-chandel-2271281 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329081857/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/three-assam-rifles-jawans-killed-5-seriously-injured-in-ambush-by-suspected-pla-militants-in-manipurs-chandel-2271281 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
{{Main|2021 Nagaland killings}}

* '''13 November''' - 5 Indian [[Border Security Force|BSF]] soldiers and 2 civilians were killed when they were ambushed by suspected [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]] militants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazeera |first=Al |title=India: Border state ambush kills five soldiers, two civilians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/13/india-border-state-ambush-kills-five-soldiers-two-civilians |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* '''4 December''' - [[2021 Nagaland killings]]: a unit of [[Indian Army|Indian army]] kills 6 civilians in [[Nagaland]] without any clear reason. Riots occurs after killings of innocent civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-06 |title=Indian troops kill 14 civilians in weekend incidents, spurring demands for repeal of special powers in some regions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/06/india-nagaland-encounter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603183646/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/06/india-nagaland-encounter/ |archive-date=2025-06-03 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>
* '''5 December''' - Violence occurred and total of 14 civilians were killed while 1 Indian soldier killed in [[Nagaland]] after slow de-escalation starts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-06 |title=Nagaland: Indian state tense after killing of 14 civilians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59544599 |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |first=Scroll |title=‘Black day’: Naga groups, politicians condemn civilians killing by security forces |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1012140/black-day-naga-groups-politicians-condemn-civilians-killing-by-security-forces |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214175741/https://scroll.in/latest/1012140/black-day-naga-groups-politicians-condemn-civilians-killing-by-security-forces |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===

* '''5 January''' - 1 [[Assam Rifles]] personal was killed by a bomb blast in [[Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradash.]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arunachal rifleman badly killed in Manipur blast |url=thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/arunachal-rifleman-killed-in-manipur-blast/article38140743.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105220713/thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/arunachal-rifleman-killed-in-manipur-blast/article38140743.ece |archive-date=2022-01-05 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en|last=Hindu|first=The|date=2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=AR jawan killed in bomb blast in Manipur, another wounded |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/ar-jawan-killed-in-bomb-blast-in-manipur-another-wounded/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
{{Main|2023–2025 Manipur violence}}

* '''3 May''' – [[2023 Manipur violence]]: [[Ethnic conflict|Ethnic violence]] erupts in the state of [[Manipur]] between the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] people. The violence killed 120 people, and injured more than 3000 people. The violence was accompanied by a resurgence of insurgency groups in the region, leading to further escalation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2 September 2023 |title=The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hannah Ellis |first2=Petersen South Asia |date=21 July 2023 |title=Manipur: why is there conflict and how is the government responding? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/21/manipur-india-why-is-there-conflict-and-how-is-the-government-responding |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Biren Singh government is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>
* '''12 May''' - Alleged Kuki militants ambushed positions in [[Manipur]] as violence countinue, killing 1 police and kidnapping 3 [[Meitei people|Meitei]] people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Militants kidnap 3 Meiteis, kill a cop in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/militants-kidnap-3-meiteis-kill-a-cop-in-manipur/articleshow/100169870.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===

* '''17 January''' - 1 [[Indian Police Service|state policeman]] was killed when suspected Kuki militants attacked a [[Security forces|Security Forces (SFs)]] vehicle in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism Update Details - policeman-killed-in-manipur |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/policeman-killed-in-manipur |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===

* '''13 July''' - Nayan Asom, a top [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]] commander was reportedly killed by a series of alleged Indian drone strikes inside Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Live |first=ABP |date=13 July 2025 |title=Indian Army's Cross-Border Strike Hits ULFA-I Camps In Myanmar; Top Leader Nayan Asom Dead |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/indian-army-s-cross-border-strike-hits-ulfa-i-camps-in-myanmar-top-leader-nayan-asom-reportedly-killed-1787469 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''19 September''' - Two [[Assam Rifles]] personnel are killed and five are injured in an ambush by [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] militants in [[Bishnupur district, Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 soldiers killed in ambush in India's Manipur |url=https://english.news.cn/20250919/32dc8c94b07742219e928d09477c4647/c.html#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI,%20Sept.,police%20officer%20over%20the%20phone. |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=english.news.cn |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=19 September 2025 |title=Two Assam Rifles jawans killed in Manipur attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-assam-rifles-jawans-killed-by-gunmen-in-manipurs-bishnupur/article70070741.ece |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''4 November''' - [[Indian Army|Indian army]] and [[Assam Rifles|Assam rifles]] launched "Operation Khanpi" and killed 4 [[Kuki people|Kuki militants]] in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Manoj |date=2025-11-04 |title=Four Kuki Militants Killed in Manipur Gunfight |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/four-kuki-militants-killed-in-manipur-gunfight-1914741 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-11-04 |title=Four Kuki militants killed in Manipur encounter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/04/four-kuki-militants-killed-in-manipur-encounter |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=4 Terrorists Hiding In Village Shot Dead In Army's Dawn Operation In Manipur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-ukna-terrorists-hiding-in-village-shot-dead-in-army-and-assam-rifles-dawn-operation-in-manipur-9571701 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251120020843/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-ukna-terrorists-hiding-in-village-shot-dead-in-army-and-assam-rifles-dawn-operation-in-manipur-9571701 |archive-date=20 November 2025 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''23 December''' - 2 including one [[Adivasi]] from police retaliation use of force were dead in a violent ethnic clash between [[Adivasi]] and [[Bengalis]] in [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-24 |title=Assam’s Karbi Anglong on the boil: 2 residents dead, 58 cops injured, internet snapped |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/violence-assam-karbi-anglong-ips-officers-injured-shops-fire-internet-snapped-10435325/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207040052/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/violence-assam-karbi-anglong-ips-officers-injured-shops-fire-internet-snapped-10435325/ |archive-date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2026 ===

* '''20 January''' - A clash between [[Boro people|Bodo]] and [[Adivasi]] tribes in [[Assam]] kills 2 people. The violence was triggered when a vehicle with [[Boro people|Bodos]] on board hit two Adivasi persons. Army troops was deployed to de-escalate the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=20 January 2026 |title=Clashes, internet cuts in Assam after two killed in mob violence |url=https://www.siasat.com/clashes-internet-cuts-in-assam-after-two-killed-in-mob-violence-3329005/ |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=Army deployed in Assam's Kokrajhar after ethnic clashes: Bodo–Adivasi skirmish leave two dead; villagers flee homes |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/national/news/bodo-tribal-clash-kokrajhar-assam-killed-flee-137003472.html |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=20 January 2026 |title=Mob violence over road mishap claims two lives in Assam's Kokrajhar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/assam-kokrajhar-violence-updates/article70528818.ece |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''21 January''' - A Meitei man was killed by Kuki militants in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2026 |title=Manipur violence: Militants kill Meitei man visiting Kuki wife; shooting caught on camera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-violence-militants-shoot-meitei-man-visiting-kuki-wife-shooting-caught-on-camera/articleshow/127126529.cms |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''26 March''' - A gunfight occurred between [[Indian Army|Indian army]] and rebels in [[India–Myanmar border|Indo-Myanmar Border]]. The fight caused the death of 3 Indian personals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk news |first=PratidinTime News |title=3 Army Jawans Killed in India-Myanmar Border Clash |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/north-east/india-myanmar-border-clash-pangsau-pass-11426335 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503073952/https://www.pratidintime.com/north-east/india-myanmar-border-clash-pangsau-pass-1142633|archive-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
* '''7 April''' - A total of 4 people were killed in renewed ethnic clash in [[Manipur]]. Two of them were minors where other 2 were killed by police firing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Four killed as fresh violence erupts in India's Manipur |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/four-killed-fresh-violence-erupts-indias-manipur-1405501 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

* '''10 April''' - A Indian [[Border Security Force|BSF]] personal was killed after attack by suspected Kuki rebels in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=BSF jawan killed in stray firing during clash in Manipur’s Ukhrul |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/bsf-jawan-killed-in-stray-firing-during-clash-in-manipurs-ukhrul-1373841-2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=India Today NE |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503074659/https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/bsf-jawan-killed-in-stray-firing-during-clash-in-manipurs-ukhrul-1373841-2026-04-10|archive-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 2015]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Lists of armed conflicts in the 21st century]]

Manju Pathrose

2026-04-29T06:24:18Z

Hayaat: Creating The Stub Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian name|Manju|Pathrose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manju Pathrose
| image =
| caption = Pathrose in 2025
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kalluvathukkal]], [[kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012 – present
| spouse = Sunil Bernard
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Manju Pathrose''' is an Indian supporting actress who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam television and films]].

== Career ==
Manju Pathrose's first foray into acting came in 2003 following a chance encounter. While the casting team for [[A. K. Lohithadas]] film ''[[Chakram (2003 film)|Chakram]]'' caught sight of her photographs from a dance performance, the role ultimately didn't materialize. Undeterred, Manju made her official television debut in the second season of the [[reality TV]] show ''Veruthe Alla Bharya''[https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/all-in-the-family/article2656081.ece] on [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. This platform proved instrumental in securing her first television acting role, a character in the popular comedic sitcom [[Marimayam]] on the same channel. This marked her breakout performance and established her as a talented actress.<ref>{{cite news |last=മഹി |first=ദേവു |title="എന്റെ വണ്ണം സമ്മാനിച്ചത് നിരവധി ഇരട്ടപ്പേരുകൾ": മനസ്സു തുറന്ന് മഞ്ജു സുനിച്ചൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/2019/07/22/interview-with-artist-manju-pathrose.html |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=22 July 2019 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/common-mans-voice/article5635173.ece Marimayam - Common man's voice]</ref>

Manju continued to flourish in the sitcom genre, appearing in shows like ''Mayamohini'' and ''Kunnamkulathangaadi''. Her portrayal of Thankam in ''[[Aliyan vs Aliyan]]'' garnered critical acclaim and earned her the prestigious Kerala State Television Awards (Special Jury Award).<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/kerala-state-television-award-2017-distributed/articleshow/66461532.cms Times of India - Kerala State Television Awards]</ref>

In 2020, Manju participated in the highly popular reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. Hosted by actor [[Mohanlal]], however, she got evicted from the house on Day 48.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 2: Contestants list released |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/01/06/bigg-boss-malayalam-2-contestants-list-arya-pashanam-shaji-others.html |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=[[Mazhavil Manorama]] |date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Web team |title=തകര്‍ക്കും ഞങ്ങ, ചിരിപ്പിക്കും ഞങ്ങ, മഞ്ജു പത്രോസ് ബിഗ് ബോസ്സില്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/biggboss/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-two-contestant-manju-pathrose-q3n1q4 |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=5 January 2020 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to Sunil Bernard, a [[percussionist]], and has a son, Ed Bernard.<ref>{{Citation |last=Manorama Online |title=SeeReal Star ft. Manju Pathrose |date=7 January 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypKJtp1o6sw |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=മറിമായം ശ്യാമളയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/06/12/manju-pathrose-marimayam-fame-home.html |accessdate=14 February 2020 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=19 June 2018 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chakram (2003 film)|Chakram]]'' || Deepa ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' || Wife ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]'' || Kanakam ||
|-
| ''[[Njangalude Veettile Athidhikal]]'' || Rajani ||
|-
| ''Odum Raja Adum Rani'' || Ambal ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2015 || ''[[Jilebi (2015 film)|Jilebi]]'' || Sreeja (Servant) ||<ref name="santa"/>
|-
| ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' || Saritha (Maid Servant) ||
|-
| ''[[Urumbukal Urangarilla]]'' || Janamma ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Chettante Ishtam Pole]]'' || Nayanakumari ||
|-
| ''Compartment'' || Mallika teacher ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || Babyachan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Anitha's aunt ||
|-
| ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Panchayat President ||
|-
| ''[[School Bus (film)|School Bus]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadi]]'' || Prisoner ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2017 || ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || Lillykutty ||<ref name="santa">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=Speak to me directly, good or bad, says Manju Pathrose; shares phone number |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/speak-to-me-directly-good-or-bad-says-manju-pathrose-shares-phone-number-1.4569594 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam]]'' || Villager ||<ref name="santa"/>
|-
| ''[[Chippy (film)|Chippy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Alaralodalaral]]'' || Kunji Pokker's Wife ||
|-
| ''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]'' || Prostitute ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Minimol ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2018 || ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' || CPO Nimmi ||
|-
| ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || Servant ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Servant ||<ref name="thottappan"/>
|-
| ''[[Kalyanam (film)|Kalyanam]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| ''[[Kadha Paranja Kadha]]'' || Ayishumma ||
|-
| ''[[Laughing Apartment Near Girinagar]]'' || Malathi ||
|-
| ''Aickarakkonathe Bhishaguaranmaar'' || Panchayat President ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal]]'' || Gracy Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Premasoothram]]'' || Sarasu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Kuttymama]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
| ''[[Thottappan]]'' || Patreesia ||<ref name="thottappan">{{Cite news |date=2019-05-07 |title='Thottappan' poster: Manju Pathrose to play character named Patricia in the film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thottappan-poster-manju-pathrose-to-play-character-named-patricia-in-the-film/articleshow/69220623.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ulta (film)|Ulta]]'' || Subaida ||
|-
| ''[[My Santa (2019 film)|My Santa]]'' || Smitha Paul/Kunjechi ||<ref name="santa"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''Sameer'' || Prasanna ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Laughing Buddha'' || Rani ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Bhoothakalam]]'' || Asha's neighbour ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam, Revathy-starrer 'Bhoothakaalam' to premiere on SonyLIV on Jan 21; trailer released |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/jan/15/shane-nigam-revathy-film-bhoothakaalam-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-on-jan-21-trailer-released-2406926.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]'' || Stephen's wife ||
|-
| ''EMI'' || Shine's mother ||
|-
| ''Raghavettante Pathinarum Rameswarayathrayu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' || Lissie ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-21 |title='Christy': Watch the success teaser for the Malavika Mohanan starrer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/christy-watch-the-success-teaser-for-the-malavika-mohanan-starrer/articleshow/98113288.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uru (2023 film)|Uru]]'' || Ayisha ||
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Sheeba||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Palayam PC'' ||Chinchu Rani ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=First Look Poster Of Palayam PC Out; Film To Release On January 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-poster-of-palayam-pc-out-film-to-release-on-january-5-8703839.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Vayasethrayaayi? Muppathiee..!!]]'' || Sulu||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2012
| ''Veruthe alla Bharya''
| Herself as contestant
| rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| 2013–2019
| ''[[Marimayam]]''
| Shyamala
|-
| 2013
| ''Manassiloru Mazhavillu''
| Herself
| Kairali TV
|-
| 2014
| ''Nammal Thammil''
| Participant
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''Kunnamkulathangaadi''
| Alice
| [[Media One TV]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| ''Mayamohini''
| Karuthamma
|Rowspan=2|Mazhavil Manorama
|-
| ''Marithatteem Mayammutteem''
| Shyamala
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Aliyan vs Aliyan]]''
| Thankam
| [[Amrita TV]]
|-
| Rowspan=3|2017
| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''
| Herself
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| ''[[Katturumbu]]''
| Judge
|Rowspan=2| Flowers TV
|-
| ''Celebrity League''
| Herself as contestant
|-
| 2018
| ''Urvashi Theatres''
| Herself as contestant
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| rowspan=5|2019
| ''Kudumbakodathy''
| Mollykutty
| [[Kairali TV]]
|-
| ''Suharayum Suhasiniyum''
| Suhara
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| ''Day with a Star''
| Herself
| [[Kaumudy TV]]
|-
| ''Kusuruthi Kudumbam''
| Participant
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| ''Annies Kitchen''
| Herself
| [[Amrita TV]]
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|Bigg Boss Malayalam 2]]''
| Herself as a contestant (Evicted on day 48)
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2020–Present||''[[Aliyans]]''||Thankam||rowspan=2|[[Kaumudy TV]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2020||''Salt n' Pepper''||Cookery presenter
|-
|''Meet My Guest''||Herself||Rosebowl
|-
|''Tharapakittu''||Herself||rowspan=2|[[Kaumudy TV]]
|-
|''Onapooram''||Herself
|-
|''Parayam Nedam''||Participant||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2021||''Let's Rock N Roll''||Participant||rowspan=2|[[Zee Keralam]]
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Pranayavarnangal (TV series)|Pranayavarnangal]]''|| Swayamprabha
|-
|2021||''Asianet BB Dhamaka''|| Contestant||Asianet
|-
|2021–Present||''Manju's Kitchen''||Cookery presenter||Kaumudy TV
|-
|2021||''Red Carpet''||Mentor||Amrita TV
|-
|2022–2023||''[[Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum]]''||Kochammini||Flowers TV
|-
|2022||''Flowers Oru Kodi''||Participant||Flowers TV
|-
| 2024–2025
|''[[Etho Janma Kalpanayil]]''
| Manorama
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2024-2025||''[[Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum|Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum 2]]''||Kochammini||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]<ref>{{cite web|title=9 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേഷം മിനിസ്ക്രീനിലേക്ക് അശ്വതി; ആശംസകളുമായി ആരാധകർ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-aswathy-thomas-come-back-in-mini-screen-sh7l95|publisher=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Website
! Program
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2019
| [[YouTube]]
| ''Blackies''<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/channel/UC2xiaO57CwVmz_t4cWrV15Q Blackies - YouTube Channel]</ref>
| [[Vlog]] - Travel & Food
|
|-
| 2021
| [[YouTube]]
| ''Boeing Boeing''
|
|
|-
|2022||[[YouTube]]||''Velivillakunnu police station''||||
|-
| 2024
| [[ZEE5]]
| ''[[Manorathangal]]''
| Sumathi
| Anthology series Segment: ''Kazhcha''
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director
|-
| 2017 || ''Avalodoppam'' || Kukku Babu
|-
| 2018 || ''Meera'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Kanavile Kanmani'' || Album also Singer
|-
| 2021
| ''Mudi''
| Yassir Muhammed
|-
| 2023
| ''When Divorce Becomes Revenge''
| Sujith KJ, Vaisakh Balachander
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8223791}}
* [http://onlinenewsmedia24.com/2020/01/28/manju-sunichen-actress-profile-and-biography/ Manju Sunichen - Film Actress, Serial Actress]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathrose, Manju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of heritage sites in Odisha

2026-04-27T20:55:30Z

Hayaat: Creating Initial Info V1

{{Short description|List of heritage sites in Odisha, India}}

'''List of heritage sites in Odisha''' is a compilation of notable cultural, historical, architectural, and archaeological sites located in the Indian state of Odisha. The state is known for its rich heritage, which spans ancient Kalinga architecture, Buddhist monastic complexes, medieval temples, and colonial-era structures.

Odisha possesses a diverse range of heritage sites protected at different levels, including monuments recognized by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State Protected Monuments, and sites listed under the UNESCO World Heritage and Tentative Lists. The state has over 200 protected monuments and thousands of unprotected heritage structures.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |title=List of State Protected Monuments in Odisha |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Odisha |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2026}}

The '''Sun Temple at Konark''' is the only site in Odisha inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1984).<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2243788&lang=1&reg=3 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> Additionally, the Buddhist complexes of '''Lalitgiri''', '''Udayagiri''', and '''Ratnagiri''', collectively known as the "Diamond Triangle", are included in India's UNESCO Tentative List.<ref name="Tentative">{{cite web |title=Serial Nomination of Buddhist Triangle Sites of Odisha |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6926/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

== UNESCO World Heritage Site ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Type !! Year Inscribed !! Description
|-
| [[Konark Sun Temple]] || Konark, Puri district || Cultural || 1984 || A 13th-century temple dedicated to the Sun God Surya, designed as a colossal chariot with intricately carved stone wheels and horses.
|}

== UNESCO Tentative List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Type !! Description
|-
| [[Lalitgiri]] || Cuttack district || Cultural || One of the oldest Buddhist sites in Odisha, featuring stupas, monasteries, and relics.
|-
| [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] || Jajpur district || Cultural || A major Buddhist complex known for its monasteries and sculptural remains.
|-
| [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] || Jajpur district || Cultural || A prominent center of Vajrayana Buddhism with extensive ruins of monasteries and stupas.
|}

== Major heritage temples ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Period !! Description
|-
| [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] || Puri || 12th century || One of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites dedicated to Lord Jagannath.
|-
| [[Lingaraj Temple]] || Bhubaneswar || 11th century || A classic example of Kalinga architecture dedicated to Lord Shiva.
|-
| [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]] || Bhubaneswar || 10th century || Known for its ornate torana (archway) and intricate carvings.
|-
| [[Rajarani Temple]] || Bhubaneswar || 11th century || Famous for its unique red and yellow sandstone architecture.
|-
| [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]] || Bhubaneswar || 13th century || Dedicated to Lord Krishna and one of the few Vaishnavite temples in Bhubaneswar.
|}

== Buddhist heritage sites ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Period !! Description
|-
| [[Dhauli]] || Bhubaneswar || 3rd century BCE || Site associated with the Kalinga War and Ashokan edicts.
|-
| [[Lalitgiri]] || Cuttack district || 1st century CE || Early Buddhist settlement with relics and monasteries.
|-
| [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] || Jajpur district || 2nd century BCE || Largest Buddhist complex in Odisha.
|-
| [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] || Jajpur district || 5th century CE || Major center of Buddhist learning.
|}

== Rock-cut caves and archaeological sites ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Period !! Description
|-
| [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] || Bhubaneswar || 2nd century BCE || Ancient Jain rock-cut caves built during the reign of King Kharavela.
|-
| [[Sisupalgarh]] || Bhubaneswar || 3rd century BCE || One of the earliest fortified urban settlements in eastern India.
|-
| [[Langudi Hills]] || Jajpur district || Ancient || Archaeological site with Buddhist remains and stupas.
|}

== Forts and palaces ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Period !! Description
|-
| [[Barabati Fort]] || Cuttack || 14th century || Historic fort built by the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
|-
| [[Sisupalgarh]] || Bhubaneswar || Ancient || Fortified settlement with archaeological significance.
|-
| [[Dhenkanal Palace]] || Dhenkanal || Colonial era || Residence of the royal family of Dhenkanal.
|}

== Other notable heritage sites ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Site !! Location !! Type !! Description
|-
| [[Chilika Lake]] || Odisha coast || Natural heritage || Asia's largest brackish water lagoon known for biodiversity.
|-
| [[Hirakud Dam]] || Sambalpur || Industrial heritage || One of the longest earthen dams in the world.
|-
| [[Pipili]] || Puri district || Cultural heritage || Famous for traditional appliqué handicrafts.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Tourism in Odisha]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Odisha]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Odisha]]
* [[Culture of Odisha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India]
* [https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/dam/tourism/odishatourismbrochures/HeritageSitesofOdisha.pdf Heritage Sites of Odisha]

{{Odisha}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Portalbar|India|Society}}

[[Category:Odisha]]
[[Category:Tourism in Odisha]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Odisha]]

Rahe, Jharkhand

2026-04-22T04:10:08Z

Hayaat: put up info.

{{other uses|Rahe (disambiguation){{!}}Rahe}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rahe
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2654|N|85.6447|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2949
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Rahe block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835204
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 0651
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 76.72%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rahe''' is a village in the [[Rahe block|Rahe]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Bundu subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14= Rahe (R)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Rahe is located at {{coord|23.2654|N|85.6447|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police outpost===
There is a police outpost at Rahe.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Rahe CD block are located at Rahe village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rahe had a total population of 2,949, of which 1,547 (52%) were males and 1,402 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 397. The total number of literate persons in Rahe was 1,958 (76.72% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi , Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373781, page 176-179|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
High School Rahe Sonahatu is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established at Rahe in 1950. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. It has a playground and a library with 501 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142500208/high-school-rahe-sonahatu.html | title = High School Rahe Sonahatu| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranchi district]]

Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)

2026-04-21T11:47:41Z

Hayaat: new a details basic info

{{Short description|Mughal official (died 1749)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shāh Nawāz Khān
| image =
| office = [[Multan Subah|Subahdar of Multan]]
| 1blankname = [[Monarch]]
| 1namedata = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| term_end2 = 1748
| term_start2 = 1747
| predecessor2 = [[Yahya Khan (governor)|Yahya Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Mir Mannu]]
| office1 = [[Lahore Subah|Subahdar of Lahore]]
| term_start = 1745
| term_end = 1747
| predecessor = [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]
| successor = [[Nawab Zahid Khan]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Subah of Lahore]]
| birth_name =
| death_date = September 1749
| death_place = [[Multan]]
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| battles =
| awards =
| caption =
}}

'''Shah Nawaz Khan''' (died 1749) was a son of [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]], the combined governor of [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]] and [[Multan Subah|Multan]] [[subah]]s between 1726 and 1745. He succeeded Zakariya Khan as the governor of Multan after his death in 1745, while his brother [[Yahya Khan (governor)|Yahya Khan]] became governor of Lahore.

During 1746–1747, Shah Nawaz Khan was involved in a civil war with Yahya Khan. In March 1747, he entered Lahore and proclaimed himself to be the subedar, putting Yahya Khan in prison.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first= |last= |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Kaura Mall, Diwan, Maharaja Bahadur (d. 1752) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=II E–L |edition=Third |pages=461–463 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/461/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first= |last= |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Yahiya Khan |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=IV S–Z |edition=Third |pages=447–448 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/447/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}</ref> However, after Yahya Khan escaped from his captivity, Shah Nawaz Khan turned to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] for help, who invaded [[Subah of Lahore|Punjab]] in 1748. Upon Ahmed Shah's arrival, Shah Nawaz changed his allegiance back to the Mughals. He was defeated by Ahmad Shah at a [[battle of Lahore (1748)|battle near Lahore]] in 1748, and was forced to flee towards Delhi.

After Ahmed Shah's eventual defeat [[Battle of Manupur|at Manupur]] in the same year at the hands of [[Mir Mannu]], Shah Nawaz Khan was again appointed governor of Multan to replace [[Nawab Zahid Khan]], a relative of Ahmad Shah, by the Mughal court. However, Zahid Khan refused to accept his appointment and fought against Shah Nawaz Khan who asked Mir Mannu for aid. Mir Mannu due to his political rivalry with Shah Nawaz Khan appointed [[Kaura Mal]] as the governor instead, and [[battle of Multan (1749)|in the ensuing battle]] Shah Nawaz Khan was killed in 1749.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/mode/1up?q= |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1959 |location=Mumbai |pages=78–79 |language=en |oclc=4341271}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1749 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Subah of Multan]]
[[Category:People from the Subah of Lahore]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]
{{improve categories|date=April 2025}}

Garoth Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:17Z

Hayaat: Added a page - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garoth
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 227
| map_image = 227-Garoth.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandsour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsour]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Chandar Singh Sisodiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Devilal Dhakad
}}
'''Garoth''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mandsaur District]]. As of 2018, it is represented by [[Chandar Singh Sisodiya]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Saraswati Devi Sharda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" | Mohanlal Sethia
| {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kasturchand Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ragunandan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mohanlal Sethia
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Subhash Kumar Sojatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Radhe Shyam Mandliya
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Subhash Kumar Sojatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Rajesh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Subhash Kumar Sojatia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|Rajesh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Devilal Dhakad
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Chandar Singh Sisodiya]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Garoth<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chandar Singh Sisodiya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108602}}
|percentage = 52.81
|change = +10.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subhash Kumar Sojatia
|votes = {{formatnum:90495}}
|percentage = 44.0
|change = +3.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1949}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18107}}
|percentage = 8.81
|change = +7.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205658}}
|percentage = 82.18
|change = +2.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Garoth<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Devilal Dhakad]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:75946}}
|percentage = 41.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subhash Kumar Sojatia
|votes = {{formatnum:73838}}
|percentage = 40.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tufansingh Sisodiya Barkhedi Mitthu
|votes = {{formatnum:18148}}
|percentage = 10.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish Rangotha
|votes = {{formatnum:1696}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = Ramkaran Ralotiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1673}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2474}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2108}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181147}}
|percentage = 79.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Garoth]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.33|75.65|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Gangaikondan Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:42Z

Hayaat: Added a page - done

{{short description|State assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| name = Gangaikondan
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1971
}}
'''Gangaikondan''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was in existence from the 1962<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> to 1971 state elections.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[R. S. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|A. Karuppiah
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|}

==Election results==
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangaikondan<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppiah |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,963 |percentage=58.83% |change=-0.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Koil Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,207 |percentage=32.49% |change=-4.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Karunanithi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,221 |percentage=5.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Padmanabhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,641 |percentage=2.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,756 |percentage=26.33% |change=3.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,032 |percentage=63.88% |change= -4.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,985 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangaikondan<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppiah |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,797 |percentage=59.59% |change=39.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chellappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,576 |percentage=36.95% |change=2.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Parasesi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,029 |percentage=1.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rmaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=389 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,221 |percentage=22.64% |change=15.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,393 |percentage=68.07% |change= 9.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,350 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 24.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangaikondan<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. S. Arumugam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,548 |percentage=34.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=13,780 |percentage=27.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Velu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,926 |percentage=19.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Raman |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,556 |percentage=13.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chidambaranathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,105 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ponnuchamy |party=Independent politician |votes=511 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arunachalam Kudumbar |party=Independent politician |votes=449 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Baliah |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,768 |percentage=7.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,257 |percentage=58.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,573 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{coord|8.86|77.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Uriyadi

2026-04-11T22:38:41Z

Hayaat: new a pg more to come

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Vijay Kumar}}
{{about||the Malayalam-language film by A.J. Varghese|Uriyadi (2020 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uriyadi
| image = Uriyadi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
| producer = Vijay Kumar [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] Sameer Bharat Ram Satish Swaminathan
| writer = Vijay Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Vijay Kumar
* [[Mime Gopi]]
* Citizen Sivakumar
* Chandra Kumar
* Henna Bella
* Jeyakanth Velu
* Suruli
}}
| narrator = [[Arvind Swamy]]
| music = '''Score:''' Vijay Kumar '''Songs:''' [[Masala Coffee]] [[Anthony Daasan]] [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| cinematography = Paul Livingstone
| editing = [[Abhinav Sunder Nayak]]
| studio = Souvenir Productions Pinrom Pictures Ashok Manor Entertainment Filmorama
| distributor = Pinrom Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|05|27}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Uriyadi''''' (Tamil: {{Lang|ta|உறியடி}}) ({{translation|Breaking point}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political film|political]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uriyadi has realistic action, not for the faint-hearted: Vijay Kumar |url=http://hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-has-realistic-action-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar/story-KrVxImUMoYlDfB1JfqAgGL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812070517/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-has-realistic-action-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar/story-KrVxImUMoYlDfB1JfqAgGL.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=15 August 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=It’s an out-and-out action thriller.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=Wroclaw University, Poland lauds Uriyadi Vijay Kumar |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/wroclaw-university-poland-lauds-uriyadi-vijay-kumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035221/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/wroclaw-university-poland-lauds-uriyadi-vijay-kumar.html |archive-date=16 February 2019 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> written, directed and produced by newcomer [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] under the production banner Souvenir Productions with [[Nalan Kumarasamy]], Sameer Bharat Ram and Satish Swaminathan presented and co-produced the film. The film stars Vijay Kumar, [[Mime Gopi]], Citizen Sivakumar, Chandru Kumar, Henna Bella, Jeyakanth Velu and Suruli. Set in the 1990s, it revolves around four bachelors, whose carefree lives take a turn when they are embroiled in a political fight, but they end up finding their mutual interconnections.

Vijay Kumar wrote the script when he moved to the [[United States]] in early 2011, originally titled as {{Transliteration|ta|Vidiyum Varai Vinmeengalaavom}}, however, the scripting process was delayed for more than a year, due to Kumar's decision of creating a [[storyboard]] to make production easier. After a brief work on scripting, casting and pre-production, the film began [[principal photography]] in July 2013 and ended that October. Most of the film's portions were shot in and around [[Chennai]]. It was followed by a lengthy [[post-production]] phase and censorship. Paul Livingstone, handled the [[cinematography]] for the film, while [[editing]] was by [[Abhinav Sunder Nayak]]. Besides acting and directing, Kumar also composed the [[film score]] and also worked as the [[Sound Engineer|sound engineer]], the film features a soundtrack album composed by [[Masala Coffee]], [[Anthony Daasan]] and [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]].

''Uriyadi'' was released theatrically on 27 May 2016, to highly positive critical reviews praising the screenwriting, direction, performances, action sequences and other major technical aspects of the film. Critics further praised Vijay Kumar for his realistic filmmaking and for being devoid of [[cliché]]d elements present in mainstream Tamil films. It was also lauded as one of the best political thrillers in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2017 |title=Uriyadi director Vijay Kumar spills the beans on his next |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-spills-the-beans-on-his-next/story-BqzF8PqDcN4c2CWm0E6SrL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223331/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-spills-the-beans-on-his-next/story-BqzF8PqDcN4c2CWm0E6SrL.html |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 July 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=Vijay Kumar stuns audience by his performance in Uriyadi |url=http://awesomemachi.com/vijay-kumar-stuns-audience-by-his-performance-in-uriyadi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806210928/http://awesomemachi.com/vijay-kumar-stuns-audience-by-his-performance-in-uriyadi/ |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=Awesome Machi}}</ref><ref name="TNMEKS Vikatan">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2017 |title=Joker, Appa, Visaranai, Uriyadi – TNMEKS Cinema Awards |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/101166-tamil-nadu-progressive-writers-and-artists-association-cinema-award-function.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091540/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/101166-tamil-nadu-progressive-writers-and-artists-association-cinema-award-function.html |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=6 September 2017 |website=Cinema Vikatan}}</ref> The film received a breakthrough for Vijay Kumar who received several accolades for his work in the film. A [[spiritual sequel]] titled ''[[Uriyadi 2]]'' was released on 5 April 2019.

== Plot ==
1995: Lenin Vijay, Suresh, Akhil and Karthi, were four carefree and adventurous friends who are final year students at an [[engineering]] college on the outskirts of [[Trichy]]. The film opens by showcasing the daily lives of the four student friends. The students soon meet the politician, Kumar, who is eager to begin his own caste-based political party. He also runs a roadside [[dhaba]] frequently visited by the students.

In many subsequent events, the students get into trouble with the local residents. In one such instance in the [[dhaba]], Kumar comes to their rescue, and hence, they get in touch with each other. Later that night, however, one of the students is attacked by some of the local residents. This infuriates some other students, who then chase the locals, and a fight ensues.

Meanwhile, Lenin's ex-girlfriend Agnes is harassed by Ramanathan, a part-time engineering student. This is witnessed by Karthi, who confronts and physically assaults Ramanathan and then narrates these events to Lenin. Later, to their surprise, Ramanathan's friends wait in the dhaba to ambush Karthi. Ramanathan, who has little luck with love, yearns for one college student who seems to be the ex-girlfriend of Lenin. One night, the four friends get very drunk and accidentally annoy some of the caste fanatics. Kumar, along with his uncle, happens to see this and contemplates how to take advantage of this tense situation.

While all this is happening, Kumar drafts plans to initiate a caste-based political party about which he has been dreaming. The plot ends when all three sets of characters meet, and each of them discovers their mutual interconnections.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] as Lenin Vijay
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Kumar
* Citizen Sivakumar as Ulagappan
* Henna Bella as Agnes
* Chandru Kumar as Suresh
* Jeyakanth Velu as Akhil
* Suruli as Ramanathan
* Shankarthas as Nallathambi

{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]], a software engineer-turned-filmmaker, worked on two short films which were screened at the reality show ''Naalaya Iyakkunar'' in 2009. But, he discontinued the progress of the films for personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Vikatan |date=9 June 2016 |title=" 'உறியடி' எங்கள் முதல் அடி!" |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/120032-uriyadi-movie-director-and-technicians-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155415/https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/120032-uriyadi-movie-director-and-technicians-interview |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> When he moved to the [[United States]] the following year, Kumar began working on the script of his maiden [[feature film]] which served the title {{Transliteration|ta|Vidiyum Varai Vinmeengalaavom}} ({{Translation|We will be stars until dawn}}). The scripting and writing process took more than a year, with Kumar sketching more than 2500 shots for its storyboard. As a debutante, he wanted to ensure that everything goes per plan once the film goes on floors and hence created story boards to make production easier, it eventually took him more than four months to complete the process and he wanted to include minute details in the process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=More than 2000 shots created for story board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/more-than-2000-shots-created-for-story-board/articleshow/51311789.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/more-than-2000-shots-created-for-story-board/articleshow/51311789.cms |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> After completing the final draft in its entirety, he moved to India and started his production house Souvenir Productions in April 2013.
{{Quote box
| quote = I believe in staying true to my craft and, at the same time, have some derived message for the society. Since I was making a film that is targeted at all centres, I was open to changing the title. And, Uriyadi, which is about being blindfolded and hitting the target, also reflects the film's second half
| source = [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]], about the title change to ''Uriyadi'', in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name=":0" />
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Kumar sent auditions for the film's casting in May 2013, where he prioritised struggling actors who wanted to enter into the film industry after multiple struggles. As a result, a three-month acting workshop was conducted, and he had hired the actors: Chandru Kumar, Henna Bella, Jeyakanth Velu and Suruli. Prominent actors [[Mime Gopi]] and Citizen Sivakumar, were also brought in the film. Except for a handful of technicians and actors, the entire crew and cast were debutants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=A campus-set political thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-campus-set-political-thriller/articleshow/48144882.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-campus-set-political-thriller/articleshow/48144882.cms |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The story was set in a college that is on a highway, which revolves around two sets of characters – the four college students (the protagonists of the film) and a village-based aspiring politician. The story revolves around the seemingly unrelated tracks that merge forms the plot. In addition, the director revealed that there is a third track – a revenge-based conflict between the leads and a part-time student in the college. Kumar later changed the title to ''Uriyadi'' ({{Translation|Breaking pot}}) as he wanted to make it sound audience-friendly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=27 May 2016 |title=A throwback to the 90s |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-chat-with-vijay-kumar-director-of-uriyadi/article8654820.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-chat-with-vijay-kumar-director-of-uriyadi/article8654820.ece |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The principal shooting for the film began in July 2013, once the team had completed pre-production works. 90% of the film's portions were shot in the outskirts of [[Chennai]], in and around places like [[Padappai]] and [[Oragadam]]. Talking about the challenges he faced while shooting for the film, Vijay Kumar says since the film is set in the 1990s, removing objects relevant to the present time was the toughest challenge of all, mainly because it was mostly shot on the [[National Highway (India)|highways]]. Vijay Kumar made the cinematographer Paul Livingstone, use a [[film camera]] and [[Film roll|rolls]] instead of a digital camera, in order to have a realistic portrayal of that period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=I regret making 'Uriyadi' for the unbearable pain it gave me – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-vijay-kumar-exclusive-interview-transcript-tamil-news-163501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155413/https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-vijay-kumar-exclusive-interview-transcript-tamil-news-163501 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Kumar was devoid of run-of-the mill characterisations and scenes, and other commercial elements such as glamour, romance and comedy elements which did not synchronise with the main plot. He managed to shoot the action sequences as realistic as possible, where many scenes in the film where the actors hit each other are real, and there were instances of a few getting injured.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=23 May 2016 |title='Uriyadi' not for the faint-hearted: Vijay Kumar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uriyadi-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar-116052300305_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811160913/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uriyadi-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar-116052300305_1.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Vijay Kumar's Uriyadi perfectly portrays caste-based politics. On Throwback Thursday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-kumar-s-uriyadi-perfectly-portrays-caste-based-politics-on-throwback-thursday-1807636-2021-05-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-kumar-s-uriyadi-perfectly-portrays-caste-based-politics-on-throwback-thursday-1807636-2021-05-27 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Uriyadi (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack album featured six tunes: three tracks, three karaoke versions and an unplugged version of one of the songs. The band [[Masala Coffee]] contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack, thus making their debut in [[Film Music|film music scene]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=18 June 2015 |title=Brewing new ideas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/brewing-new-ideas/article7326820.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155415/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/brewing-new-ideas/article7326820.ece |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rebecca |first=Merin |date=4 July 2015 |title=Of fusion, folk, coffee and more |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/masala-coffee-folk-fusion-band-for-the-love-of-music.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819174154/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/masala-coffee-folk-fusion-band-for-the-love-of-music.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |website=Manorama Online}}</ref> Playback singer [[Anthony Daasan]], also debuted as composer with the film, had tuned one track to the album, which was titled "Maane Maane". The unplugged version of the track "Maane Maane", performed by [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] was co-tuned by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]], which was used for promotional purposes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2019 |title=Siddharth sings for Sundeep Kishan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/siddharth-sings-for-sundeep-kishan/articleshow/68303124.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/siddharth-sings-for-sundeep-kishan/articleshow/68303124.cms |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] composed the background score for the film, besides acting and direction.<ref name=":1" /> The album was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 28 January 2016.<ref>{{Citation |title=Uriyadi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Anthony Daasan & Masala Coffee |url=https://music.apple.com/tr/album/uriyadi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1074223938 |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://music.apple.com/tr/album/uriyadi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1074223938 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |url-status=live |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Themes and analysis ==

=== Portrayal of violence ===
Many reviews of the film highlight the intense violence portrayed throughout.<ref name="fully_filmy1">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi Review: An unmissable masterpiece that deserves our support! |url=http://fullyfilmy.in/blogs/fully-filmy-blog/118009156-uriyadi-review-an-unmissable-masterpiece-that-deserves-our-support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405041857/https://fullyfilmy.in/blogs/fully-filmy-blog/118009156-uriyadi-review-an-unmissable-masterpiece-that-deserves-our-support |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=11 June 2016 |publisher=Fullyfilmy.in}}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'', Vijay Kumar relates how actors were actually injured during filming: "I was supposed to hit someone in the back with a rod, and somehow the blow landed on his head, much to my surprise. Although we used a fiber rod, he suffered severe injury."<ref name="business_standard1">{{Cite news |date=23 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi not for the faint hearted |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uriyadi-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar-116052300305_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731213543/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uriyadi-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar-116052300305_1.html |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=9 July 2016 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> A reviewer writing in ''Indiaglitz'' cautions, "even after being warned the violence in the film is excessive and causes the viewers to flinch and squirm."<ref name="india glitz">{{Cite web |last=IndiaGlitz |date=27 May 2016 |title=A gripping saga of extreme violence |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-tamil-movie-review-20023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529042144/http://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-tamil-movie-review-20023.html |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=27 May 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> A critic writing in ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted the level of realism in the fight scenes, "here you see the ''chaos'', you see people scrambling, slipping, falling — not people executing perfect punches.".<ref name="the_hindu1">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=28 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi review: A gritty little film by a solid filmmaker |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uriyadi-a-gritty-little-film-by-a-solid-filmmaker/article8659763.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630202352/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uriyadi-a-gritty-little-film-by-a-solid-filmmaker/article8659763.ece |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Another critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "High on blood, violence and realism this film will definitely shock and appal you. The realistic fights were more brutal than entertaining".<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2016 |title=Top critically acclaimed movies of 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Top-critically-acclaimed-movies-of-2016/Top-critically-acclaimed-movies-of-2016/photostory/56231068.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101223734/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Top-critically-acclaimed-movies-of-2016/Top-critically-acclaimed-movies-of-2016/photostory/56231068.cms |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Political significance ===
Some critics note the film's commentary on caste-based political parties.<ref name="india glitz" /><ref name="the_hindu1" /> Writing in ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] notes that director Vijay Kumar illustrates "how these small outfits form a party whose mission is (apparently) to represent that particular caste, get votes from people belonging to that caste, get elected to power, and trade this power for favours from bigger parties."<ref name="the_hindu1" /> A reviewer in ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', called Uriyadi a whiplash against caste.<ref name="ananda vikatan">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=Ananda Vikatan Review |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/movie-review/64696-uriyadi-tamil-movie-review.art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104003453/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/movie-review/64696-uriyadi-tamil-movie-review.art |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |website=Ananda Vikatan }}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' was all praise for the way Vijay Kumar handled caste based politics in the movie, "At such a young age it is surprising that this man has a deep understanding and conviction about the caste based politics and how the self proclaimed champions of a caste betray their own people for selfish motives".<ref name="india glitz" /> [[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] noted that Uriyadi shed light on the selfish political ambitions of caste outfit leaders.<ref name="Puthiya Thalaimurai">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2017 |title=Bharathi Raja praises young director |url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/news/cinema/22758-bharathi-raja-praises-young-director.html?frm=search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211727/http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/news/cinema/22758-bharathi-raja-praises-young-director.html?frm=search |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Puthiya Thalaimurai}}</ref> Remarkably, after a screening of ''Uriyadi'' at the [[University of Wrocław|Institute of Politics]] of [[University of Wrocław]], [[Poland]], its official representatives issued a statement saying it educated their students on the Indian caste system and its political consequences and that it enabled them to observe various ways of creating political influence.<ref name="Indiaglitz Poland">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title='Uriyadi' raises awareness about Indian Caste system among Poland students |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/director-actor-vijayakumar-receives-letter-of-appreciation-and-gratitude-from-poland-university-for-allowing-the-screening-uriyadi-tamil-news-191692 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002195224/http://www.indiaglitz.com/director-actor-vijayakumar-receives-letter-of-appreciation-and-gratitude-from-poland-university-for-allowing-the-screening-uriyadi-tamil-news-191692 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref name="Vikatan Poland">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2017 |title=University of Poland students discussed about Uriyadi Tamil film |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/97434-university-of-poland-students-discussed-about-uriyadi-tamil-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809213621/http://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/97434-university-of-poland-students-discussed-about-uriyadi-tamil-film.html |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=Ananda Vikatan}}</ref> [[:ta:தமிழ்நாடு முற்போக்கு எழுத்தாளர்கள் கலைஞர்கள் சங்கம்|TNMEKS]] noted that Uriyadi unmasked the cruel nature of caste and shed light on the way caste outfits plot extensively to transform themselves into political parties.<ref name="TNMEKS Vikatan" />

== Release ==
By the completion of [[post-production]] works within August 2014, Vijay Kumar sent the film to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] for preview screening.<ref name=":1" /> After trimming scenes featuring excessive violence, the film got an [[A certificate]] from the [[Censor Board]].<ref name="behindwoods1">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Uriyadi director Vijay Kumar interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/vijay-kumar/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720205343/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/vijay-kumar/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-interview.html |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Kumar approached distributors to release the film, who refused the film in concern of a violent content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi has realistic action, not for the faint-hearted: Vijay Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-has-realistic-action-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar/story-KrVxImUMoYlDfB1JfqAgGL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-has-realistic-action-not-for-the-faint-hearted-vijay-kumar/story-KrVxImUMoYlDfB1JfqAgGL.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In mid-2015, director [[Nalan Kumarasamy]], whom Kumar befriended when they were contestants in the reality show ''Naalaya Iyakkunar'', had agreed to distribute and co-produce the film, under his newly launched production house Pinrom Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Nalan Kumarasamy turns producer with Uriyadi |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/nalan-kumarasamy-turns-producer-with-uriyadi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221201/http://www.onlykollywood.com/nalan-kumarasamy-turns-producer-with-uriyadi/ |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref><ref name="behindwoods1" /> Kumar organised a preview show for the members of the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] on 23 May 2016, where it received highly positive critical response.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – May 27 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-–-may-27-news-tamil-qf1j3Fhgdcfde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530080004/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-%E2%80%93-may-27-news-tamil-qf1j3Fhgdcfde.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 27 May 2016.<ref name=":2" />

Prior to the release, the film was pirated by torrent sites which affected its theatrical run. However, it also helped the film gain more popularity and response among the audience, who praised filmmaker Vijay for the direction.<ref name="Indiaglitz">{{Cite web |title=Uriyadi Filmmaker Vijay thanks Torrent & Thiruttu VCD |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0IjR6djvTQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719223947/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0IjR6djvTQ&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=19 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The fans requested to release the uncut version of the film, but Vijay Kumar revealed that the uncensored footage of the film was destroyed during the 2015 South Indian floods, which flooded his office in Jafferkhanpet, but the team had a copy of the censored and edited version of the film at [[Prasad Labs]], where the director had to reassemble his cut from the copy.<ref name="Indiaglitz2">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=The truth about uncut version of Uriyadi |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-kumar-uriyadi-movie-uncut-version-lost-in-chennai-floods-tamil-news-162976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010090632/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-kumar-uriyadi-movie-uncut-version-lost-in-chennai-floods-tamil-news-162976.html |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ''Uriyadi'', along with 12 other Tamil films, was screened at the Tamil film competition of the [[Chennai International Film Festival|14th Chennai International Film Festival]] 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2016 |title=24, Dharmadurai, Joker and Uriyadi in fray for CIFF's top prize |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/24-Dharmadurai-Joker-and-Uriyadi-in-fray-for-CIFF%E2%80%99s-top-prize/article16752044.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207134046/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/24-Dharmadurai-Joker-and-Uriyadi-in-fray-for-CIFF%E2%80%99s-top-prize/article16752044.ece |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2016 |title=FINAL LIST OF 12 FILMS SELECTED FOR TAMIL FILM COMPETITION |url=http://chennaifilmfest.com/tamil-film-competition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129095955/http://chennaifilmfest.com/tamil-film-competition/ |archive-date=29 November 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=CIFF}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Uriyadi'' received critical acclaim from critics praising Vijaykumar for the scripting, direction, performances and his intention of being devoid of the commercial elements used in mainstream films. M. Suganth, editor-in-chief, for ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 (out of 5) stars, stating that ''Uriyadi'' "displays a daring that belies its small-budget, first-film credentials, and stakes its claim in the list of the best films of the year."<ref>{{Citation |title=Uriyadi Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Uriyadi by Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/uriyadi/movie-review/52475918.cms |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]], an Indian film critic and writer for ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated that "[[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] doesn't need a condescending pat on the back. He's a solid filmmaker, and he's made a gritty little film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=28 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi: A gritty little film by a solid filmmaker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uriyadi-a-gritty-little-film-by-a-solid-filmmaker/article8659763.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630202352/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uriyadi-a-gritty-little-film-by-a-solid-filmmaker/article8659763.ece |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave the film 2.75 out of five stars saying "Brutally brutal in all the right ways".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi (aka) Uriyadi review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/uriyadi/uriyadi-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155413/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/uriyadi/uriyadi-review.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave three out of five stars for the film and stated it as a "well made revenge thriller by a young team and they have conveyed a relevant message on caste base politics with realistic treatment".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uriyadi review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uriyadi-review-violent-revenge-drama-review-tamil-qf1lqUcheafbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530091424/http://www.sify.com/movies/uriyadi-review-violent-revenge-drama-review-Tamil-qf1lqUcheafbc.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' also reviewed the film, describing it as a "gripping saga of extreme violence".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uriyadi review. Uriyadi Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-review-tamil-movie-20023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-review-tamil-movie-20023 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated one out of five stars, calling it as "A socially debase story on caste-based politics."<ref>[http://hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/uriyadi-review-a-socially-debase-story-on-caste-based-politics/story-6IHXhfIZIr3nlZXwQSLrLN.html Uriyadi review: A socially debase story on caste-based politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801000058/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/uriyadi-review-a-socially-debase-story-on-caste-based-politics/story-6IHXhfIZIr3nlZXwQSLrLN.html |date=1 August 2016 }} ''General audience'' One of the finest movie rates 4/5 but not hit in many theatre.{{Rating|1|5}}</ref>

The daily newspaper ''[[Dinamalar]]'' reviewed ''Uriyadi'' and wrote it has a very gripping storyline and screenplay, that is entirely new to Tamil cinema.<ref name="Dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=Uriyadi Review |url=http://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=2063 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211023/http://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=2063 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Dinamalar}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' reviewed ''Uriyadi'', calling it a trendsetter for the current film industry and saying it is executed in a very appreciable way.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Ananda Vikatan Review |url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2016-jun-08/cinema-news/119845-uriyadi-cinema-review.art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119214116/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2016-jun-08/cinema-news/119845-uriyadi-cinema-review.art |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017 |website=Ananda Vikatan}}</ref> In another review of theirs, a reviewer wrote that ''Uriyadi'' is handled very different from other caste based movies, and the climax is unique and interesting. Vijay Kumar was appreciated for handling direction, production, acting and background scores all by himself and executing them neatly.<ref name="ananda vikatan" />

However, ''Uriyadi'' was listed in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<nowiki/>' top 10 southern films of 2016 and praised the director Vijay Kumar for his solid directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Visaaranai, U-Turn, Iraivi: 10 southern films that stood out in 2016 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/visaaranai-u-turn-iraivi-10-southern-films-that-stood-out-in-2016/story-aOFdF2CQViajoKiBZUZ91H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110030626/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/visaaranai-u-turn-iraivi-10-southern-films-that-stood-out-in-2016/story-aOFdF2CQViajoKiBZUZ91H.html |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|7 January 2016
|Best Debut Actor
|[[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Vikatan |date=24 January 2017 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards – 2016 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202073225/http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016.art |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Behindwoods Gold Medals
| rowspan="2" |14 June 2017
|Best Stunt Choreographer
|Vicky
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2017 |title=Complete list of award winners in Behindwoods Gold Medals 2017 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/complete-list-of-award-winners-in-behindwoods-gold-medals-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617021224/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/complete-list-of-award-winners-in-behindwoods-gold-medals-2017.html |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=16 June 2017 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Behindwoods Gold Medals Wall of Fame |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2017/wall-of-fame/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716161838/http://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2017/wall-of-fame/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
|Wall of Fame – Direction
|[[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[Oneindia|Filmibeat Tamil Cinema Awards]]
|13 January 2017
|Best Debut Director
|[[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2017 |title=Filmibeat Tamil Cinema Awards of 2016 |url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/awards/filmibeat-awards-2016-part-2/slider-pf53058-044259.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316115114/http://tamil.filmibeat.com/awards/filmibeat-awards-2016-part-2/slider-pf53058-044259.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|27–30 April 2017
|Best Production
|''Uriyadi''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival: Complete list of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/norway-tamil-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/57517666.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104234122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/norway-tamil-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/57517666.cms |archive-date=4 November 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |Radio Mirchi Madurai Awards
|13 May 2017
|Best Director
| rowspan="4" |[[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Mirchi Madurai Awards |url=https://www.facebook.com/RadioMirchiMadurai/photos/a.297522406936770.76283.157846597571019/1303277659694568/?type=3&hc_ref=PAGES_TIMELINE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223352/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRadioMirchiMadurai%2Fphotos%2Fa.297522406936770.76283.157846597571019%2F1303277659694568%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26hc_ref%3DPAGES_TIMELINE |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 July 2017 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June–1 July 2017]]
|Best Debut Director – Tamil
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="SIIMA">{{Cite web |title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |archive-date=5 June 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut Actor – Tamil
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[:ta:தமிழ்நாடு முற்போக்கு எழுத்தாளர்கள் கலைஞர்கள் சங்கம்|Tamil Nadu Murpoku Ezhuthalar Kalaignargal Sangam Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |1 September 2017
|Special Award for Story, Screenplay and Direction
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="TNMEKS Ig">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2017 |title=Visaranai, Joker, Uriyadi get valuable recognition |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/visaranai-joker-uriyadi-appa-get-tamil-nadu-murpokku-ezhuthalar-kalaigniargal-sangam-awards-tamil-news-194836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008192507/http://www.indiaglitz.com/visaranai-joker-uriyadi-appa-get-tamil-nadu-murpokku-ezhuthalar-kalaigniargal-sangam-awards-tamil-news-194836 |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Indiaglitz Tamil}}</ref><ref name="TNMEKS NDTV">{{Cite news |date=1 September 2017 |title=Uriyadi gets a new recognition from Tamil literary world |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/uriyadi-gets-a-new-recognition-1744856 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201724/http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/uriyadi-gets-a-new-recognition-1744856 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=8 September 2017 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|Special Award for Production
| rowspan="2" |''Uriyadi''
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" |Tentokotta Awards
|28 April 2017
|Most Watched Film of a Debutant Filmmaker
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Tentkotta Awards |url=https://twitter.com/Tentkotta/status/858140883308478465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915203305/https://twitter.com/Tentkotta/status/858140883308478465 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=18 May 2017 |website=Tentkotta}}</ref>
|}

=== Film charts ===
In addition to the accolades received, the film was listed in many critics' top ten lists, and was listed in the "Best Tamil (and South Indian) films of 2016" by many noted publications and news outlets. Vijay Kumar led [[Yahoo! News|Yahoo News]]' list of Southern directors who impressed in 2016, for his work in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2016 |title=From Vijay Kumar to Hemanth Rao: Southern directors who impressed in 2016 |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/vijay-kumar-hemanth-rao-southern-directors-impressed-2016-105607266.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210142705/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/vijay-kumar-hemanth-rao-southern-directors-impressed-2016-105607266.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref>

* 1st – ''Behindwoods'' (shared with ''[[Ammani]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title=Behindwoods 10 Best movies report |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/behindwoods-10-best-movies-report/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731024722/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/behindwoods-10-best-movies-report/index.html |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
* 1st – {{Proper name|iFlicks}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2017 |title=The best of Tamil cinema 2016 – Year in Review |url=http://www.iflickz.com/2016/12/the-best-of-tamil-cinema-2016-year-in-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112193702/http://www.iflickz.com/2016/12/the-best-of-tamil-cinema-2016-year-in-review.html |archive-date=12 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=iFlicks}}</ref>
* 1st (Top 5) – ''StudioFlicks''<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Top 5 Tamil Movies of the Year 2016 |url=https://www.studioflicks.com/editorial-column/top-5-tamil-movies-of-the-year-2016/3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116150019/https://www.studioflicks.com/editorial-column/top-5-tamil-movies-of-the-year-2016/3/ |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |website=studioflicks}}</ref>
* 2nd – Anupama Subramanian, ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title=Yearender 2016: The ultimate Kollwood rewind |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/311216/yearender-2016-the-ultimate-kollwood-rewind.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155413/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/311216/yearender-2016-the-ultimate-kollwood-rewind.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
* 3rd – M. Suganth, ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref name="TOI" />
* 4th – ''[[Gulf News]]''<ref name="Gulf News">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2016 |title=Top 10 South Indian Films |url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/news/top-10-south-indian-films-from-2016-1.1952477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520045431/http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/news/top-10-south-indian-films-from-2016-1.1952477 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |website=Gulf News}}</ref>
* 5th – [[Baradwaj Rangan]], ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=24 December 2016 |title=The best of Kollywood in 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-best-of-Kollywood-in-2016/article16937964.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422071441/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-best-of-Kollywood-in-2016/article16937964.ece |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 6th – ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raam Reddy's Thithi to Vetri Maaran's Visaaranai: 10 best South films of 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2016/photo/thithi-visaaranai-uriyadi-joker-kammatipaadam-pelli-choopulu-oru-muthassi-gadha-20841-2016-12-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155412/https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2016/photo/thithi-visaaranai-uriyadi-joker-kammatipaadam-pelli-choopulu-oru-muthassi-gadha-20841-2016-12-18 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 6th – ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Visaaranai, U-Turn, Iraivi: 10 southern films that stood out in 2016 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/visaaranai-u-turn-iraivi-10-southern-films-that-stood-out-in-2016/story-aOFdF2CQViajoKiBZUZ91H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155413/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/visaaranai-u-turn-iraivi-10-southern-films-that-stood-out-in-2016/story-aOFdF2CQViajoKiBZUZ91H.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Uriyadi 2}}
Vijay Kumar started penning the next film, which was considered to be the spiritual sequel of this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Balajee C. |date=19 July 2016 |title=Vijay Kumar is excited about his next project |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190716/vijay-kumar-is-excited-about-his-next-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155411/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190716/vijay-kumar-is-excited-about-his-next-project.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The film titled ''[[Uriyadi 2]]'' was produced by [[Suriya]]'s [[2D Entertainment]] and was officially announced on 21 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title='Uriyadi 2' to be produced by Suriya's 2D Entertainment |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uriyadi-2-be-produced-suriyas-2d-entertainment-88725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811160916/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uriyadi-2-be-produced-suriyas-2d-entertainment-88725 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Filmed within 36 days, ''Uriyadi 2'', had a different technical crew unlike the first film, with newcomer Vismaya as the female lead, and [[Govind Vasantha]] scoring music for this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2018 |title='Uriyadi 2' shooting wrapped in 36 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uriyadi-2-shooting-wrapped-in-36-days/articleshow/66444261.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811155415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uriyadi-2-shooting-wrapped-in-36-days/articleshow/66444261.cms |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film released theatrically on 5 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Uriyadi 2 produced by Suriya to release on April 5th 2019 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/uriyadi-2-produced-by-suriya-to-release-on-april-5th-2019.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511034950/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/uriyadi-2-produced-by-suriya-to-release-on-april-5th-2019.html |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The director of the movie, [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]] also had a session with ''BOFTA'' direction students on how he went about doing his [[independent film]] and succeeded.<ref name="BOFTA">{{Cite web |title=BOFTA |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_e28mL8GRW8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=_e28mL8GRW8 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=9 June 2016 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> Talking about the movie, after the interaction session, Director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] said he looks at ''Uriyadi'' as the contribution of Tamil cinema toward positive societal change and lauded Vijay Kumar for taking up such a powerful issue in his debut venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Director Cheran appreciates Uriyadi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbCdBnlM2Qw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223418/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbCdBnlM2Qw |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Tamil The Hindu}}</ref> Director [[Ram (director)|Ram]] noted that ''Uriyadi'' is an original film, and appreciated the courage of the director for treating a sensitive issue as the core content of the movie.<ref name="Director Ram">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Director Ram on Uriyadi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQipQB_jZ9k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQipQB_jZ9k |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2016 |website=Galatta Tamil}}</ref> Also several other directors appreciated ''Uriyadi'' and Vijay Kumar during the meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Tamil Film Directors Laud Uriyadi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZOA5ePaJ7k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223423/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZOA5ePaJ7k |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

''Uriyadi'' has cemented its status as one of the most revered and celebrated movies among people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Uriyadi first year anniversary |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/director-vijayakumar-thanks-note-for-the-response-of-uriyadi-on-first-year-anniversary-of-the-film-tamil-news-186321.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810011059/http://www.indiaglitz.com/director-vijayakumar-thanks-note-for-the-response-of-uriyadi-on-first-year-anniversary-of-the-film-tamil-news-186321.html |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2017 |title='Uriyadi' director's bold statement regarding his upcoming films |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-vijaykumar-asserts-that-every-film-he-directs-will-deal-with-a-social-issue-tamil-news-183675.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010090639/https://www.indiaglitz.com/uriyadi-vijaykumar-asserts-that-every-film-he-directs-will-deal-with-a-social-issue-tamil-news-183675.html |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Indiaglitz Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2017 |title=Awards for Joker, Visaranai, Appa, Uriyadi |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/awards-joker-visaranai-appa-uriyadi-048271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091134/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/awards-joker-visaranai-appa-uriyadi-048271.html |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=6 September 2017 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref> It was one of the most talked film in Tamil cinema, even after a year of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Real violence is scary – One year of Uriyadi |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/90549-one-year-of-uriyadi---director-vijayakumars-view.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630200631/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/90549-one-year-of-uriyadi---director-vijayakumars-view.html |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017 |website=Vikatan}}</ref> Veteran director [[Bharathiraja]] while speaking at an event, praised ''Uriyadi'' and expressed his amazement saying "It is a beautiful film, made fantastically without any absurdity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=Director Bharathiraja praises Vijay Kumar's Uriyadi |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-bharathiraja-praises-vijay-kumars-uriyadi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629120802/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-bharathiraja-praises-vijay-kumars-uriyadi.html |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref name="Puthiya Thalaimurai" /> ''Uriyadi'' also transcended cultural borders when it was screened at the Institute of Politics of the [[University of Wrocław]] in [[Poland]] and created an awareness about the Indian caste system among its students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=An international recognition for Uriyadi |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijaya-kumar-uriyadi-to-be-screened-in-poland-on-april-24-2017-tamil-news-184007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020537/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijaya-kumar-uriyadi-to-be-screened-in-poland-on-april-24-2017-tamil-news-184007.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Uriyadi to screen in Poland university |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/87283-uriyadi-to-screen-in-poland-university.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809213507/http://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/87283-uriyadi-to-screen-in-poland-university.html |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=Vikatan}}</ref> The official representatives of the university also commended Vijay Kumar for handling a difficult subject in the movie, its realism and its unique way of narration.<ref name="Indiaglitz Poland" /><ref name="Vikatan Poland" /> The film gained popularity for the use of Bharathiyar's song "Agnikunjondru" and the theme composed in this film, was reused in the spiritual successor, ''[[Uriyadi 2]]'' (also directed by Kumar).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title='Uriyadi 2' review: Vijay Kumar's political thriller falls short |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uriyadi-2-review-vijay-kumars-political-thriller-falls-short-99522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811160914/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uriyadi-2-review-vijay-kumars-political-thriller-falls-short-99522 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4741412|Uriyadi}}
* {{Facebook|id=UriyadiFilm|name=Uriyadi}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Masala Coffee]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anthony Daasan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Raseswari Panigrahi

2026-04-11T21:07:29Z

Hayaat: put up a stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Raseswari Panigrahi.jpg
| name = Raseswari Panigrahi
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|10|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|02|16|1946|10|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sambalpur]], Odisha, India
| office1 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| salary1 =
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| successor1 = Jayanarayan Mishra
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Narasingha Panigrahi (ବାପା)
| spouse =
| children =
| relations = [[Sriballav Panigrahi]] (brother)
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Raseswari Panigrahi''' (28 October 1946 – 16 February 2026) was an Indian politician from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anil |date=2026-02-16 |title=Former BJD MLA Raseswari Panigrahi dies at 79 |url=https://www.orissapost.com/former-bjd-mla-raseswari-panigrahi-dies-at-79/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref> She was active with [[Biju Janata Dal]] in Odisha politics. She was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]] constituency in the [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the Biju Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=1366 |title=Ms. Raseswari Panigrahi |website=odishaassembly.nic.in |access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-16 |script-title=or:ପୂର୍ବତନ ବିଧାୟିକା ଡା. ରାସେଶ୍ବରୀ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀଙ୍କ ଅବସ୍ଥା ଗୁରୁତର |url=https://admin.dharitri.com/former-mla-dr-raseshwari-panigrahis-condition-critical/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=Dharitri Odia News |language=or}}</ref>

== Background ==
Panigrahi was born on 28 October 1946 to Narasingha Panigrahi. Her brother [[Sriballav Panigrahi]] was also a politician. She was a <bdi>[[Gynaecology|gynaecologist]]</bdi> <bdi>by profession.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-17 |title=Former BJD MLA, noted gynaecologist Raseswari Panigrahi passes away at 80 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2026/Feb/17/former-bjd-mla-noted-gynaecologist-raseswari-panigrahi-passes-away-at-80 |access-date=2026-02-17 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref></bdi>

== Political career ==
Panigrahi entered politics after her retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Suranjan |title=Former BJD MLA Raseswari Panigrahi critically ill, under treatment in Sambalpur |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/former-bjd-mla-raseswari-panigrahi-critically-ill-under-treatment-in-sambalpur-11111519 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=odishatv.in |language=en}}</ref> Though her brother was active in Indian National Congress,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Yajati |title=Ex-Sambalpur MLA Dr. Raseswari Panigrahi Passes Away at 79 |url=https://pragativadi.com/ex-sambalpur-mla-dr-raseswari-panigrahi-passes-away-at-79/ |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=Pragativadi |publisher=Pragativadi |date=16 February 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref> she joined Biju Janata Dal and was elected in the 2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election to the 15th Odisha Vidhan Sabha from Sambalpur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Hemanta |date=2026-02-16 |title=Odisha News: Union Minister Dharmendra Pradhan Expresses Grief Over Former Odisha MLA Raseswari Panigrahi's Demise |url=https://argusnews.in/odisha/union-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-expresses-grief-over-former-odisha-mla-raseswari-panigrahis-demise |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=argusnews.in |language=en}}</ref> In the 2019 election, she lost to Jaynarayan Mishra of BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=Former Odisha MLA Raseswari Panigrahi Passes Away; CM Majhi, Naveen Patnaik Express Grief |url=https://odishabytes.com/former-odisha-mla-raseswari-panigrahi-passes-away-cm-majhi-naveen-patnaik-express-grief/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=OdishaBytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
Panigrahi died after suffering from neurological complications on 16 February 2026, at the age of 79.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Mahendra |date=2026-02-16 |title=ରାସେଶ୍ବରୀ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ |url=https://sambad.in/district/sambalpur/renowned-doctor-social-worker-and-former-mla-dr-raseshwari-panigrahi-passed-away-11112669 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Sambad |language=or}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-16 |script-title=or:ଆରପାରିରେ ରାସେଶ୍ୱରୀ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ |url=https://kanaknews.com/news/former-mla-raseshwari-panigrahi-passes-away-under-treatment-at-home-in-sambalpur-11112689 |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=Kanak |language=or}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha leaders express condolences on death of Former MLA and eminent doctor Dr. Raseswari Panigrahi |url=https://www.prameyanews.com/odisha-leaders-express-condolences-on-death-of-former-mla-and-eminent-doctor-dr-raseswari-panigrahi |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Prameya News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahi, Raseswari}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]

Rajiv Mehrishi

2026-04-11T20:38:18Z

Hayaat: put up a page

{{Short description|Indian administrative service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Shri Rajiv Mehrishi (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|8|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Senior Indian government functionary
| office = Vice Chairman of [[United Nations]] Board of Auditors
| term_start = 25 September 2017
| term_end = 7 August 2020
| predecessor = [[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
| successor = [[G C Murmu]]
| office1 = 13th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
| successor1 = [[G C Murmu]]
| term_start1 = 25 September 2017
| term_end1 = 7 August 2020
| office2 = [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]
| predecessor2 = [[LC Goyal]]
| successor2 = [[Rajiv Gauba]]
| term_start2 = 31 August 2015
| term_end2 = 30 August 2017
| office3 = [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]]
| term_start3 = 29 October 2014
| term_end3 = 30 August 2015
| predecessor3 = [[Arvind Mayaram]]
| successor3 = Ratan P. Watal
| office4 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| term_start4 = 21 December 2013
| term_end4 = 28 October 2014
| predecessor4 = C. K. Mathew
| successor4 = C. S. Rajan
| office5 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Fertilizers Secretary]]
| term_start5 = 4 October 2012
| term_end5 = 30 November 2013
| predecessor5 = Sudhir Mital
| successor5 = [[Shaktikanta Das]]
| office6 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Overseas Indian Affairs Secretary]]
| term_start6 = 17 April 2012
| term_end6 = 3 October 2012
| predecessor6 = [[Parvez Dewan]]
| successor6 = Prem Narain
| alma_mater = [[University of Strathclyde]] [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]] [[St. Xavier's School, Jaipur]]
| spouse = Mira Meherishi IAS
| awards = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)
}}
'''Rajiv Mehrishi''' (born 8 August 1955) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of the 1978 batch belonging to the [[Rajasthan]] cadre who served as the 13th [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (C&AG) and Vice Chairman of the [[United Nations]] Panel of External Auditors.<ref name=":922">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/membership.shtml|title=United Nations Board of Auditors - Current Membership|last=|first=|date=|website=[[United Nations]] Board of Auditors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113195012/http://www.un.org/en/auditors/board/membership.shtml|archive-date=13 January 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=January 14, 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Prior to this he also served as the [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]], [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] and [[Secretary to the Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mberel.aspx?relid=126473|title=Shri Rajiv Mehrishi appointed Home Secretary|last=|first=|date=31 August 2015|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815025421/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mberel.aspx?relid=126473|archive-date=2017-08-15|url-status=dead|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajiv-mehrishi-replaces-lc-goyal-as-home-secretary/story-C6YCNpoRhdS4ut8tQDhwhJ.html|title=Rajiv Mehrishi replaces LC Goyal as home secretary|last1=Tikku|first1=Aloke|last2=Chatterji|first2=Saubhadra|date=31 August 2015|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ias-officer-rajiv-mehrishi-appointed-new-home-secretary/|title=L C Goyal retires, Rajiv Mehrishi 3rd Home Secretary in 15 months|last=|first=|date=1 September 2015|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/rajiv-mehrishi-appointed-home-secretary-1059645.html|title=Rajiv Mehrishi appointed Home Secretary|last=|first=|date=31 August 2015|website=[[News18]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/five-things-about-new-finance-secretary-rajiv-mehrishi-114101600753_1.html|title=5 things about new Economic Affairs Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi|last=Makkar|first=Sahil|date=16 October 2014|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajiv-mehrishi-replaces-arvind-mayaram-as-finance-secretary-680179|title=Rajiv Mehrishi Replaces Arvind Mayaram as Finance Secretary|last=|first=|date=16 October 2014|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> He also served as the Chief Secretary, [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajiv-mehrishi-is-new-chief-secretary-of-rajasthan-113122001025_1.html|title=Rajiv Mehrishi is new chief secretary of Rajasthan|last=|first=|date=20 December 2013|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=14 August 2017|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/rajiv-mehrishi-appointed-chief-secretary-of-rajasthan-1387601415|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112183842/http://post.jagran.com/Rajiv-Mehrishi-appointed-chief-secretary-of-Rajasthan-1387601415|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2014|title= G C Murmu appointed chief secretary of Rajasthan|last=|first=|date=21 December 2013|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, in 2022 by the Indian Government in the Civil Service.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> More recently he wrote a book, India 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title="India 2022" A ready Reckoner on Current Affairs for Aspirants of Civil Services and Other Competitive Examinations|url=https://www.rashtranews.com/india-2022-a-ready-reckoner-on-current-affairs-for-aspirants-of-civil-services-and-other-competitive-examinations/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Rashtra News|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Mira (née Sahni) also an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], now retired. His brother-in-law is lieutenant general [[Anoop Malhotra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/diary/cid/1460684 |title=Diary |publisher=Telegraph India |date=16 July 2017}}</ref> He has three sons, Tarun (married to Aastha Jain), Tushar, and Abhinav (Vishakha Mehta). One son lives in [[Bangalore]], one in [[Mumbai]], and the other in the United States. He has the unique hobby of making pickles with his very own recipes and it is available under the brand name 'Pickley—Taste of Dada'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Rajiv Mehrishi: Finance secretary, home secretary, CAG — and now pickle-maker |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/finance-secy-home-secy-cag-and-now-pickle-maker-7961423/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Rajiv Mehrishi holds a degree in [[business administration]] from [[Strathclyde Business School]], [[Glasgow]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":42" /> His earlier degrees of [[Bachelor of Arts|BA (History)]] and [[Master of Arts|MA (History)]] were from the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14135&PageId=|title=Rajiv Mehrishi - Executive Record Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/HSShriRajivMehrishi_0.PDF|title=Brief Profile - Rajiv Mehrishi, Home Secretary|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606104309/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/HSShriRajivMehrishi_0.PDF|archive-date=2017-06-06|url-status=dead|access-date=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajiv-mehrishi-sunil-arora-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-narendra-modi-1036780-2017-09-02|title=Why Rajiv Mehrishi's and Sunil Arora's appointments are Rajasthan's loss and the Centre's gain|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|date=3 September 2017|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Ganesh|editor2-last=Udayakumar|editor2-first=Radha|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Rajiv Mehrishi with President,Vice President,Prime Minister of India.png|right|thumb|(From L-R) Rajiv Mehrishi, [[Vice-President of India|Vice-President]], [[President of India|President]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of India]]

=== As an IAS officer ===
Apart from being the [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] of [[Government of India|India]], Rajiv Mehrishi has served in various key posts in both [[Government of India|Union]] and [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan governments]], such as [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]], Principal Resident Commissioner of Rajasthan, [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Finance), Chairman of [[Indira Gandhi Canal|Indira Gandhi Nahar Board]] and [[District collector|District Magistrate and Collector]] of Bikaner in [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan Government]],<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":42" /> and as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Union Finance Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Fertilizers Secretary]], and [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Overseas Indian Affairs Secretary]], Special Secretary in [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]] and [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]], in the [[Government of India|Union Government]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":44">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajiv-mehrishi-sunil-arora-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-narendra-modi-1036780-2017-09-02|title=Why Rajiv Mehrishi's and Sunil Arora's appointments are Rajasthan's loss and the Centre's gain|last=Parihar|first=Rohit|date=September 3, 2017|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Ganesh|editor2-last=Udayakumar|editor2-first=Radha|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>

Rajiv Mehrishi retired on 30 August 2017.<ref name=":44" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistan-responsible-for-unrest-terrorism-in-india-rajiv-mehrishi/articleshow/60293211.cms|title=Terror is terror, you can't connect it to any religion: Rajiv Mehrishi|last=|first=|date=30 August 2017|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/rajiv-mehrishi-scotches-rumours-of-becoming-next-jk-governor-2038063.html|title=Rajiv Mehrishi scotches rumours of becoming next J&K Governor|last=|first=|date=31 August 2017|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Chief Secretary of Rajasthan ===
Mehrishi was appointed the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] on 21 December 2013.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":44" />

=== Finance Secretary ===
Mehrishi was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC). As he was the senior-most Secretary in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], he was designated as [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":44" />

=== Home Secretary ===

Rajiv Mehrishi was appointed as the [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) on 31 August 2015.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":44" />

=== As Comptroller and Auditor General of India ===

Rajiv Mehrishi assumed the office of [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (C&AG) on 25 September 2017 and hold the office till 7 August 2020.<ref name=":44" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-home-secretary-rajiv-mehrishi-to-be-next-cag/articleshow/60813451.cms|title=Former home secretary Rajiv Mehrishi to be next CAG|last=|first=|date=September 24, 2017|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/fN7ju6aegxGvs0mMafWlvL/Former-home-secretary-Rajiv-Mehrishi-to-be-next-CAG-of-India.html|title=Former home secretary Rajiv Mehrishi to be next CAG of India|last=|first=|date=September 24, 2017|website=Live Mint|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/business/biz-rajiv-mehrishi-will-be-the-next-cag-of-india-16760142.html |script-title=hi:राजीव महर्षि होंगे अगले कैग, सोमवार से संभालेंगे कार्यभार|last=|first=|date=September 24, 2017|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|language=Hindi|trans-title=Rajiv Mehrishi will be the next CAG, will assume charge on Monday|access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-rajiv-mehrishi-former-home-secretary-to-be-next-cag-5703355-NOR.html |script-title=hi:पूर्व होम सेक्रेटरी राजीव महर्षि बने नए CAG, कल प्रेसिडेंट कोविंद दिलाएंगे शपथ|last=|first=|date=September 24, 2017|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=Hindi|trans-title=Former Home Secretary Rajiv Mehrishi becomes the new CAG, President Kovind will swear him in tomorrow|access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref> Mehrishi also concurrently became the Vice-Chairman of the [[United Nations]] Panel of External Auditors.<ref name=":922" />

=== As an independent director on the board of Jio Financial Services Limited ===
In July 2023, Rajiv Mehrishi was appointed as an independent director on the board of [[Jio Financial Services]] (JFSL), a demerged entity from [[Reliance Industries Ltd]], for a term of five years. The board meeting confirming Mehrishi's appointment was held on July 7, with the official record date being July 20.<ref name="pragativadi">{{cite web |title=Reliance Announces Appointment Of Isha Ambani, Ex-CAG Rajiv Mehrishi As Directors On Board |url=https://pragativadi.com/reliance-announces-appointment-of-isha-ambani-ex-cag-rajiv-mehrishi-as-directors-on-board/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Pragativadi|date=8 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="livemint">{{cite web |title=Isha Ambani, Ex-CAG Rajiv Mehrishi appointed directors on Jio Financial Services |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/isha-ambani-ex-cag-rajiv-mehrishi-appointed-directors-on-jio-financial-services-11688813458259.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |title=Mukesh Ambani's daughter Isha, former CAG Rajiv Mehrishi appointed directors on RIL's financial services unit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mukesh-ambanis-daughter-isha-former-cag-rajiv-mehrishi-appointed-directors-on-rils-financial-services-unit/articleshow/101596428.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Times of India| date=8 July 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14135&PageId= Executive Record Sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India]
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Home Ministry (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehrishi, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Alumni of Strathclyde Business School]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Comptrollers in India]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]

St. Dominic's Convent English Medium School, Palakkad

2026-03-28T10:29:21Z

Hayaat: minor edit

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=St. Dominic's Convent English Medium School, Palakkad|timestamp=20260328102921|year=2026|month=March|day=28|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox School
| name = St. Dominic's Convent English Medium School
| logo = Stdominicslogo.jpg
| location = [[Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| established = {{start date and age|1995}}
| coordinates = {{coord|10.907|76.409|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Sathyameva Jayathe
| type = [[Private school|Private]] secondary school
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| colors = White, blue, sky blue {{colorbox|white}}{{colorbox|blue}}{{colorbox|lightblue}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.stdominicspkd.com}}
}}

'''St. Dominic's Convent English Medium School''' is a [[Private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] secondary school, located in [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The school was established in 1995 by the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[Nun|Sisters]]. The school campus is located in [[Sreekrishnapuram]], a village situated between the major towns [[Cherpulassery]] and [[Mannarkkad]]. The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].

==History==
The school was started in 1995 as a [[convent]] and then later on turned out to be an educational institution. The school was initially situated in the Sreekrishnapuram neighbourhood with a limited number of pupils and staff. Then, with the help of the school management and parents the school was shifted to the current place.


==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of schools in Kerala]]

==References==
{{unreferenced|date=June 2021}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.stdominicspkd.com}}

{{Education in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Dominic's Convent English Medium School}}
[[Category:Dominican schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Brian Houghton Hodgson

2026-03-27T07:50:50Z

Hayaat: Added page - done

{{Short description|British diplomat and naturalist (1800–1894)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brian Houghton Hodgson
| image = Brian Houghton Hodgson by Louisa Starr-Canziani.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait by [[Louisa Starr|Louisa Starr-Canziani]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1801|2|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prestbury, Cheshire|Prestbury]], [[Cheshire]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1894|5|23|1801|2|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| alma_mater = [[East India Company College]]
| employer = [[British East India Company]]
| notable_works = Classified catalogue of mammals of Nepal, Illustrations of the Literature and Religion of the Buddhists.
| spouse = Anne Scott, Susan Townshend.
}}
'''Brian Houghton Hodgson''' (1 February 1801<ref name=wh>{{cite book |last=Waterhouse | first=D.M. |year=2004 | chapter=Brian Hodgson - a biographical sketch | editor-last=Waterhouse | editor-first=D.M. | title=The Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal and Darjeeling, 1820–1858 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-31215-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rhgqGA2nKoC&pg=PR5}}</ref> – 23 May 1894<ref name=dnb>{{cite ODNB |author=Whelpton, J. |chapter=Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1801?–1894) |title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/13433 }}</ref>) was a pioneer [[natural history|naturalist]] and [[ethnologist]] working in [[India]] and [[Nepal]] where he was a British [[Resident (title)|Resident]]. He described numerous species of birds and mammals from the Himalayas, and several birds were named after him by others such as [[Edward Blyth]]. He was a scholar of [[Newar Buddhism]] and wrote extensively on a range of topics relating to linguistics and religion. He was an opponent of the British proposal to introduce English as the official medium of instruction in Indian schools.

==Early life==
[[File:BHHodgson17.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aged 17]]
Hodgson was the second of seven children of Brian Hodgson (1766–1858) and his wife Catherine (1776–1851), and was born at Lower Beech, [[Prestbury, Cheshire]].{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbrianhough00hunt/page/4 4]}} His father lost money in a bad bank investment and had to sell their home at Lower Beech. A great-aunt married to [[Beilby Porteus]], the Bishop of London, helped them but the financial difficulties were great. Hodgson's father worked as a warden of the Martello towers and in 1820 was barrack-master at [[Canterbury]]. Brian (the son) studied at Macclesfield Grammar School until 1814 and the next two years at [[Richmond, Surrey]] under the tutelage of Daniel Delafosse. He was nominated for the Bengal civil service by the East India Company director James Pattison.<ref name=wh/><ref name=dnb/> He went to study at the [[East India Company College]] and showed an aptitude for languages. An early influence was [[Thomas Malthus]] who was a family friend and a staff member at the college. At the end of his first term in May 1816, he obtained a prize for Bengali. He graduated in December 1817 as a gold medallist.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbrianhough00hunt/page/17/mode/1up/search/Nahuys 17]}}

==India==
At the age of seventeen (1818) he travelled to India as a writer in the [[British East India Company]]. His talent for languages such as [[Sanskrit]] and especially [[Persian language|Persian]] was to prove useful for his career. He was posted as Assistant Commissioner in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region during 1819–20 reporting to [[George William Traill]]. The Kumaon region had been annexed from [[Nepal]] and in 1820 he was made assistant to the resident in Nepal, but he took up a position of acting deputy secretary in the Persian department of the Foreign office in [[Calcutta]]. Ill health made him prefer to go back into the hills of Nepal. He took up position in 1824 as postmaster and later assistant resident in 1825. In January 1833 he became the British Resident at [[Kathmandu]]. He continued to suffer from ill health and gave up meat and alcohol in 1837. He studied the Nepalese people, producing a number of papers on their languages, literature and religion. In 1853 he made a brief visit to England and the [[Netherlands]]. He married Anne Scott in the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, The Hague|British Embassy]] at [[the Hague]]. She died in 1868.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|pp=255, 327}} In 1870 he married Susan Townshend of Derry.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=328}} In 1838 he was made [[Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur]] by the French government.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=333}}

==Nepal politics==
[[File:Hodgson_Tayler.jpg|thumb|Drawing of Hodgson by [[William Tayler]] c. 1849]]
Hodgson sensed the resentment of [[Nepal]] following annexation of a large part of her lands and believed that the situation could be improved by encouraging commerce with [[Tibet]] and by making use of the local manpower in the British military. He initially followed his predecessor in co-operating with [[Bhimsen Thapa]], a minister, but later shifted allegiance to the young [[Rajendra of Nepal|King Rajendra]] and sought to interact directly with the King. Hodgson later supported Bhimsen's opponents [[Rana Jang Pande]] and [[Krishna Ram Mishra]]. In July 1837 King Rajendra's infant son was found dead. Bhimsen was suspected and Hodgson recommended that he be held in custody and this led to widespread anti-British sentiment which was used by the King as well as Rana Jang Pande. Hodgson then became sympathetic to the Brahmin family of the Poudyals who were rivals of the Mishras. In 1839, [[Bhimsen Thapa]] committed suicide while still in custody. The nobility felt threatened by Rana Jang Pande and there was considerable instability with an army mutiny that threatened even the British Residency. [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]], the [[Governor-General of India]], wanted to settle the issue but troops had already been mobilised to [[Afghanistan]] and Hodgson had to negotiate through diplomacy. Hodgson was then able to set up Krishna Ram and [[Ranga Nath Poudyal]] as ministers to the Nepal king. In 1842, Hodgson provided refuge to an Indian merchant Kashinath from [[Benares]] who was sought by King Rajendra for recovery of some dues. When the King went to seize Kashinath, Hodgson put a hand around him and declared that the King would have to take both of them prisoner and this led to a clash. Hodgson chose not to inform the new governor-general, [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], about the incident. Ellenborough's letter to Hodgson declared that no Resident would act contrary to the views of Government or extend privileges of British subjects beyond limits assigned to them.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|pp=90, 92}} Ellenborough sought his removal from Kathmandu.<ref name=dnb />

==Return to England==
[[File:BHHodgson91.jpg|thumb|upright|At 91]]
Hodgson resigned in 1844 when Lord Ellenborough posted [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence]] as Resident to Nepal and transferred Hodgson as Assistant Sub-commissioner to [[Simla]]. He then returned to England for a short period. During this time, Lord Ellenborough was himself dismissed. Hodgson visited his sister Fanny who had become Baroness Nahuys and was living in Holland.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbrianhough00hunt/page/239/mode/1up 239]}} In 1845 he settled in [[Darjeeling]] and continued his studies of the peoples of northern India for thirteen years. [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] visited him during this period and wrote back to [[Charles Darwin]] with information obtained from Hodgson on the introduced species and hybrids.<ref>{{ cite web | last=Hooker | first=Joseph Dalton | author-link=Joseph Dalton Hooker | year=1848 | title=Letter to Charles Darwin from J. D. Hooker 13 October 1848 | url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-1203.xml | publisher=Darwin Correspondence Project, University of Cambridge | access-date=13 March 2020 }}</ref> Hodgson's son Henry was sent to tutor the son-in-law of [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] of Nepal. In 1857 he influenced [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Viscount Canning]] to accept Jung Bahadur Rana's help in 'suppressing' the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In the summer of 1858, he returned to England and would not visit India again.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbrianhough00hunt/page/259/mode/1up 259]}} He lived initially at [[Dursley]] in [[Gloucestershire]] but in 1867 moved to [[Alderley, Gloucestershire|Alderley]] in the [[Cotswolds]].{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofbrianhough00hunt/page/327/mode/1up 327]}}

==Ethnology and anthropology==
During his posting in Nepal, Hodgson became proficient in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Newar language|Newari]]. Hodgson was financially pressed until 1837, but he maintained a group of research assistants at his expense. He collected Buddhist texts in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] and studied them with his friend Pandit Amritananda. He believed that there were four schools of [[Buddhism]] and wrongly assumed that the Sanskrit texts were older than those in Pali. He however became an expert on [[Hinayana]] philosophy.<ref name=dnb/> Hodgson had a keen interest in the culture of the people of the Himalayan regions. He believed that racial affinities could be identified on the basis of linguistics and he was influenced by the works of [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|Friedrich Schlegel]], [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach|Johann Blumenbach]] and [[James Cowles Prichard|Jame Prichard]]. From his studies he believed that the 'Aboriginal' populations of the Himalayas were not 'Aryans' or 'Caucasians', but the 'Tamulian',<ref>{{cite book|title=Essay the first on the Kocch, Bodo and Dhimal Tribes. |author=Hodgson, B.H.|year=1847|place=Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/stream/essayfirstonkoc00hodggoog#page/n6/mode/2up}}</ref> who he claimed were unique to India.<ref name=arnold>{{cite journal|author=Arnold, David |year=2004| title=Race, place and bodily difference in early nineteenth-century India.|journal= Historical Research | volume=77 |issue=196 | pages=254–273| doi=10.1111/j.0950-3471.2004.00209.x }}</ref> Hodgson obtained copies of ancient Buddhist texts, the [[Kangyur|Kahgyur]] and the [[Tengyur|Stangyur]]. One copy was gifted to him by the Grand Lama. These were rare Tibetan works based on old [[Sanskrit]] writings (brought originally from the area of the Buddha's personal teachings in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] or [[Bihar]] in India) and he was able to offer them to [[the Asiatic Society]] and the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1838. The Russian government purchased part of the same book for £2000 around the same time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Saint-Hilaire, J. B. |year=1914 |edition=2014 by Routledge Revivals |title=The Buddha and His Religion |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. |place=London |isbn=978-1-315-81660-9 |chapter=Introduction. Authenticity of Buddhism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CkiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |pages=11−30}}</ref>{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=270}}<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 1895|title=Ket Angol Tudos|page=1|newspaper=Vasárnapi Újság|url=http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00030/02163/pdf/02163.pdf |author=Tivadar, Duka| language=hu}}</ref>

In 1837 Hodgson collected the first Sanskrit text of the [[Lotus Sutra]] and sent it to translator [[Eugène Burnouf]] of the Collége de France, Paris.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lopez|first1=Donald S|title=The "Lotus Sūtra": A Biography|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-15220-2|page=127}}</ref>

==Educational reform==
During his service in India, Hodgson was a strong proponent of education in the local languages and opposed both the use of English as a medium of instruction as advocated by [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]] as well as the orientalist view that supported the use of Arabic, Persian or Sanskrit. From 1835 to 1839, Hodgson, [[William Adam (minister)|William Adam]], Frederick Shore and William Campbell wrote against Macaulay's idea of education in the English medium. Hodgson wrote a series of essays for the journal of the Serampore Mission ''The Friend of India'' that argued for the education in the vernacular. The essays were republished in 1880 in his ''Miscellaneous Essays Relating to Indian Subjects''.{{sfn|Hodgson|1880b|pp=[https://archive.org/details/miscellaneousess02hodguoft/page/255/mode/1up 255-348]}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Windhausen | first= JD|title= The vernaculars, 1835–1839: a third medium for Indian education | journal=Sociology of Education | volume=37 | issue=3| year=1964 | pages=254–270| doi=10.2307/2111957 | jstor= 2111957}}</ref>

{{quotation|No one has more earnestly urged the duty of communicating European knowledge to the natives than Mr. Hodgson; no one has more powerfully shown the importance of employing the vernacular languages for accomplishing that object; no one has more eloquently illustrated the necessity of conciliating the learned and of making them our coadjutors in the great work of a nation's regeneration.|William Adam, 1838<ref>{{cite book|title=Third Report on Education in Bengal|page=200|year=1838|url=https://archive.org/stream/thirdreportonsta00adamrich#page/200/mode/2up|author=Adam, William|publisher=Military Orphan Press|place=Calcutta}}</ref>}}
==Ornithology and natural history==
[[File:ResidencyNepal.jpg|thumb|The Residency, Hodgson's home in Nepal]]
Hodgson studied all aspects of natural history around him including material from Nepal, Sikkim and Bengal. He amassed a large collection of birds and mammal skins which he later donated to the [[British Museum]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bhatt |first=D. D. |date=1964 |title=Plant collection in Nepal |journal=Madroño |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=145–152 |jstor=41431643 |issn=0024-9637}}</ref> As a result of an order by the Nepalese court he was unable to travel outside Kathmandu while living there and he therefore employed local hunters to collect his specimens for him.<ref name=":0" /> He described a species of antelope which was named after him, the [[Tibetan Antelope]] ''Pantholops hodgsonii''. He also described the [[pygmy hog]] which he gave the scientific name of ''Porcula salvania'', the species name derived from the Sal forest ("van" in Sanskrit) habitat where it was found.{{sfn|Hodgson|1847a}} He also discovered 39 species of mammals and 124 species of birds which had not been described previously, 79 of the bird species were described by himself. The zoological collections presented to the British Museum by Hodgson in 1843 and 1858 contained 10,499 specimens. In addition to these, the collection also included an enormous number of drawings and coloured sketches of Indian animals by three native artists under his supervision. These sketches include anatomical details and Hodgson may have learned dissection and anatomy from [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lowther|first=David A.|date=2019|title=The art of classification: Brian Houghton Hodgson and the "Zoology of Nipal" (Patron's review)|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2019.0549|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=46|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.3366/anh.2019.0549|s2cid=132380919 |issn=0260-9541|url-access=subscription}}</ref> One of them was [[Raj Man Singh Chitrakar|Raj Man Singh]], but many of the paintings are unsigned. Most of them were subsequently transferred to the Zoological Society of London and the Natural History Museum.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Low, G. C. |author2=Dewar, D. |author3=Newman, T. H. |author4=Levett-Yeats, G. A. | title=A Classification of the Original Watercolour Paintings of Birds of India By B. H. Hodgson, S. R. Tickell, And C. F. Sharpe in the Library of the Zoological Society of London |year=1930 |journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=100 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1930.tb00991.x |pages=549–626 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.229594/page/n23}}</ref>

His studies were recognised and the Royal Asiatic Society made him a member in 1828 and the [[Linnean Society of London]] elected him as a fellow in 1835.<ref name="dnb" /> He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Freeman's Journal|date=8 June 1877|page=5|title=[Correspondence]}}</ref> The Zoological Society of London sent him their diploma as a corresponding member. The [[Société Asiatique]] de Paris and the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle also honoured him. Around 1837 he planned an illustrated work on the birds and mammals of Nepal. The Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris and other learned bodies came forward as supporters, three hundred and thirty subscribers registered in India, and in July 1837 he was able to write to his father that the means of publication were secured: "I make sure of three hundred and fifty to four hundred subscribers, and if we say 10 per copy of the work, this list should cover all expenses. Granted my first drawings were stiff and bad, but the new series may challenge comparison with any in existence." He hoped to finish the work in 1840.{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=85}}

In 1845, he presented 259 bird skins to the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle upon Tyne.<ref>{{cite news|title=Natural History Society|page=2|newspaper=Newcastle Journal|date=1 November 1845|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000243/18451101/003/0002}}</ref>

After retiring to Darjeeling he took a renewed interest in natural history. During the spring of 1848 he was visited by Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Joseph Hooker]]. He wrote to his sister Fanny:{{sfn|Hunter|1896|pp=245–247}}

{{quotation|I have still my accomplished and amiable guest, Dr. Hooker, with me, and am even thinking of accompanying him on an excursion to the foot of the snows. Our glorious peak Kinchinjinga proves to be the loftiest in the range and consequently in the world, being 28,178 feet above the sea. Dr. Hooker and I wish to make the nearer acquaintance of this king of mountains, and we propose, if we can, to slip over one of the passes into Tibet in order to measure the height of that no less unique plateau, and also to examine the distribution of plants and animals in these remarkable mountains which ascend from nearly the sea-level, by still increasing heights and corresponding changes of climate, to the unparalleled elevation above spoken of. Dr. Hooker is young in years but old in knowledge, has been at the Antarctic Pole with Ross, and is the friend and correspondent of the veteran Humboldt. He says our Darjiling botany is a wondrous mixture of tropical and northern forms, even more so than in Nepal and the western parts of the Himalayan ranges ; for we have several palms and tree-ferns and [[Cycas|Cycases]] and [[Musa (genus)|Musas]] (wild plantain), whereas to the westward there are few or none of these. Cryptogamous plants abound yet more here than there, especially fungi. Every old tree is loaded with them and with masses of lichens, and is twined round by climbing plants as big as itself, whilst Orchideae or air plants put forth their luscious blossoms from every part of it. Dr. Hooker has procured ten new species of rhododendrons, one of which is an epiphyte, and five palms and three Musas and three tree-ferns and two Cycases. These are closely juxtaposed to oaks, chestnuts, birches, alders, magnolias, ''Michelias'', ''Oleas'', all of enormous size. To them I must add rhododendrons, including the glorious epidendric species above spoken of, and whose large white blossoms depend from the highest branches of the highest oaks and chestnuts. Laurels too abound with me as forest trees, and a little to the north are the whole coniferous family, ''Pinus'', ''Picea'', ''Abie''s, with larch and cedar and cypress and juniper, all represented by several species and nearly all first-rate for size and beauty. Then my shrubs are ''Camelias'' and ''Daphnes'' and ''Polygonums'' and dwarf bamboos ; and my herbaceous things, or flowers and grasses, bluebells, geraniums, ''Cynoglossum'', ''Myriactis'', ''Gnaphalium'', with nettles, docks, chickweeds, and such household weeds. I wish, Fan, you were here to botanise with Dr. Hooker ; for I am unworthy, having never heeded this branch of science, and he is such a cheerful, well-bred youthful philosopher that you would derive as much pleasure as profit from intercourse with him. Go and see his father Sir William Hooker at the Royal Gardens at Kew.}}

He wrote in 1849 on the physical geography of the Himalayan region, looking at the patterns of river-flows, the distributions and affinities of various species of mammals, birds and plants while also looking at the origins of the people inhabiting different regions.{{sfn|Hodgson|1849}}
[[File:BHHodgsonBust.jpg|thumb|Bust of Hodgson at the Asiatic Society Museum in Calcutta by [[Thomas Thornycroft]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic131asia#page/n48/mode/1up|author=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1844|title=[Letter to the Society]|journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|pages=xxi–xxii}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Torrens, H. T. |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic131asia#page/n136/mode/1up/ |title=Read the following Letter from the Society's London Agents |year=1844 |page=cix |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal}}</ref>]]
[[Allan Octavian Hume]] said of him:{{sfn|Hunter|1896|pp=304–305}}
{{quotation|Mr. Hodgson's mind was many-sided, and his work extended into many fields of which I have little knowledge. Indeed of all the many subjects which, at various times, engaged his attention, there is only one with which I am well acquainted and in regard to his researches in which I am at all competent to speak. I refer of course to Indian Ornithology, and extensive as were his labours in this field, they absorbed, I believe, only a minor portion of his intellectual activities. Moreover his opportunities in this direction were somewhat circumscribed, for Nepal and Sikkim were the only provinces in our vast empire whose birds he was able to study in life for any considerable period. Yet from these two comparatively small provinces he added fully a hundred and fifty good new species to the Avifauna of the British Asian Empire, and few and far between have been the new species subsequently discovered within the limits he explored. But this detection and description of previously unknown species was only the smaller portion of his contributions to Indian Ornithology. He trained Indian artists to paint birds with extreme accuracy from a scientific point of view, and under his careful supervision admirable large-scale pictures were produced, not only of all the new species above referred to, but also of several hundred other already recorded ones, and in many cases of their nests and eggs also. These were continually accompanied by exact, life-size, pencil drawings of the bills, nasal orifices, legs, feet, and claws (the scutellation of the tarsi and toes being reproduced with photographic accuracy and minuteness), and of the arrangement of the feathers in crests, wings, and tails. Then on the backs of the plates was preserved an elaborate record of the colours of the irides, bare facial skin, wattles, legs, and feet, as well as detailed measurements, all taken from fresh and numerous specimens, of males, females, and young of each species, and over and above all this, invaluable notes as to food (ascertained by dissection), nidification and eggs, station, habits, constituting as a whole materials for a life-history of many hundred species such as I believe no one ornithologist had ever previously garnered. ... Hodgson combined much of Blyth's talent for classification with much of Jerdon's habit of persevering personal observation, and excelled the latter in literary gifts and minute and exact research. But with Hodgson ornithology was only a pastime or at best a ''[[parergon]]'', and humble a branch of science as is ornithology, it is yet like all other branches a jealous mistress demanding an undivided allegiance; and hence with, I think, on the whole, higher qualifications, he exercised practically somewhat less influence on ornithological evolution than either of his great contemporaries. ...|sign=|source=}}

Many birds of the Himalayan region were [[Species description|first formally described]] and given a [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] by Hodgson. The list of world birds maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and [[species:David Bunin Donsker|David Donsker]] on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] credits Hodgson as the [[Taxonomy (biology)#Author citation|authority]] for 29 [[genera]] and 77 [[species]].<ref>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=13 March 2020 }}</ref>

[[Charles Darwin]] in his ''[[Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication]]'', when discussing the origin of the domestic dog, mentions that Hodgson succeeded in taming the young of the race ''primaevus'' of the [[dhole]] or Indian wild dog (''Cuon alpinus''), and in making them as fond of him and as intelligent as ordinary dogs.{{sfn|Darwin|1868|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40298007 26]}} Darwin also cited a 1847 article by Hodgson on the varieties of sheep and goats in the Himalayas.{{sfn|Hodgson|1847e}}{{sfn|Darwin|1868|p=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40298114 95]}}

==Personal life and death==
[[File:Kanchanjunga from Hodgson's bungalow.jpg|thumb|View from Hodgson's home in Darjeeling as seen by J.D. Hooker in 1854]]
In 1839 he wrote to his sister Fanny that he did not eat meat or drink wine and preferred Indian food habits after his ill health in 1837.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=London Daily News|date=2 December 1896|page=9|title=Brian Hodgson of Nepal|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18961202/047/0009}}</ref> Due to his strict [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet he required the nickname "Hermit of the Himalayas".{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=87}}

During his life in India, Hodgson fathered two children (Henry, who died in Darjeeling in 1856, and Sarah, who died in Holland in 1851; a third child possibly died young) with a Kashmiri (possibly, although recorded as a "Newari") Muslim woman, Mehrunnisha, who lived with him from 1830 until her death around 1843. Worried about the abuse and discrimination in India of 'mixed-race' children, he had his children sent to Holland to live with his sister Fanny, but both died young. He married Anne Scott in 1853 who lived in Darjeeling until her death in January 1868. He moved to England in 1858 and lived at Dursley, Gloucestershire, and then at Alderley (1867, where his neighbours included [[Marianne North]]). In 1869 he married Susan, daughter of Rev. Chambré Townshend of Derry, who outlived him. He had no children from his marriages. He died at his home on Dover Street in London on 23 May 1894 and was buried at [[Alderley, Gloucestershire|Alderley]] churchyard in Gloucestershire.<ref name=dnb/><ref name=arnold /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Opening the chest of Nepal's History: the survey of B.H. Hodgson's Manuscripts in the British Library and the Royal Asiatic Society, London |author=Dhungel, R. K.|pages=65–73 |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/bldept/apac/saalg/issue3.pdf|journal=SAALG Newsletter|volume=3 |year=2004}}</ref>

Hodgson refers to the ornithologist [[Samuel Tickell]] as his brother-in-law.{{sfn|Hodgson|1880b|p=[https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneouses02hodg#page/128/mode/2up/ 128]}} Tickell's sister Mary Rosa was married to Brian's brother William Edward John Hodgson (1805 – 12 June 1838).{{sfn|Hunter|1896|p=88}} Mary returned to England after the death of William Hodgson and married [[Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange|Lumisden Strange]] in February 1840.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Gentleman's Magazine |title=Antiquarian Researchers |author=Urban, S. |year=1840 |volume=New Series XIII |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgIVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA202}}</ref>

==Honours==
Hodgson was awarded the [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]], ''honoris causa'' by Oxford University in 1889.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Western Daily Press|page=7|date=14 June 1889|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18890614/035/0007|title=It was officially announced at Oxford}}</ref> His friend Joseph Hooker named the genus ''[[Hodgsonia]]'' ([[Cucurbitaceae]]), ''[[Magnolia hodgsonii]]'', and a species of [[rhododendron]], ''Rhododendron hodgsoni'', after him. Several species of bird including [[Hodgson's hawk-eagle]], [[Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo]], [[Hodgson's bushchat]], [[Hodgson's redstart]], [[Hodgson's frogmouth]] and [[Hodgson's treecreeper]] are named after him. Other animals named after him include the [[Hodgson's bat]], [[Hodgson's giant flying squirrel]], [[Hodgson's brown-toothed shrew]] and [[Elaphe hodgsoni|Hodgson's rat snake]].

He is commemorated in the [[scientific name]] of the snake species ''[[Elaphe hodgsoni]]'' (synonyms: ''Gonyosoma hodgsoni'', ''Orthriophis hodgsoni)''<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; [[species:Michel Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Hodgson", p. 124).</ref> and the plant genus ''[[Hodgsonia]]'' Hook.f. & Thomson (1854) (Cucurbitaceae).

==Selected publications==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Hodgson |first=B. H. |year=1836 |title=Synoptical description of sundry new animals, enumerated in the Catalogue of Nepalese Mammals |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=5 |pages=231–238 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic05asia#page/232/mode/2up}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1838 |title=Classified catalogue of Nepalese mammalia |journal=Annals of Natural History |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=152−154 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofnaturalh1183unse/page/152}}
*{{cite journal |author=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1841 |title=Classified catalogue of mammals of Nepal |journal=Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India |volume=4 |pages=284−294 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYg5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA286}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1841 |title=Illustrations of the Literature and Religion of the Buddhists |location=Serampore | publisher=self-published |url=https://archive.org/details/illustrationsofl00hodg/page/n3}}
*{{cite journal |author=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1842 |title=Notice of the mammals of Tibet, with descriptions and plates of some new species | journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | volume=11 | issue=1 | pages=275–289 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39999998 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1846 |title=Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammalia and Birds of Nepal and Thibet |location=London |publisher=British Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/cataloguespecime00britrich/page/n3}}
*{{Cite journal| title=On a new form of the Hog kind or Suidae| last=Hodgson | first=B.H.|pages=423–428 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic161asia#page/n475/mode/2up/| year=1847a | journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=16|issue=1 }}
*{{cite journal |author=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1847b |title=Description of the wild ass (''Asinus polydon'') and wolf of Tibet (''Lupus laniger'') |journal=Calcutta Journal of Natural History |volume=7 |pages=469–477 |url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttajournalo07/page/n479}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1847c |title=Observations on the manners and structure of ''Prionodon pardicolor'' |journal=Calcutta Journal of Natural History |volume=8 |pages=40–45 |url=https://archive.org/stream/calcuttajournalo08#page/40/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1847d |title=Essay the first; On the Kocch, Bódo and Dhimál tribes |location=Calcutta|publisher=J. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press |url=https://archive.org/details/essayfirstonkoc00hodggoog/page/n6}}
*{{cite journal | last=Hodgson | first=B. H. | year=1847e | title=On the tame sheep and goats of the sub-Himalayas and of Tibet | journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=1003–1026 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40126566 }}
*{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic182asia#page/761/mode/1up|title=On the physical geography of the Himalaya|last=Hodgson | first=B. H.| journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1849|volume=32|pages=761–788 }}
*{{cite journal |author=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1853 |title=''Felis macrosceloides'' |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=I. Mammalia |page=Plate XXXVIII |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo001zool#page/n83/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1874 |title=Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Company |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysonlanguage00hodg/page/n11}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1880a |title=Miscellaneous Essays Relating to Indian Subjects | volume=1 |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Company |url=https://archive.org/details/miscellaneousess01hodguoft/page/n21}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1880b |title=Miscellaneous Essays Relating to Indian Subjects | volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Company |url=https://archive.org/details/miscellaneousess02hodguoft/page/n25 }}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{ cite book | last=Darwin | first=Charles | author-link=Charles Darwin | year=1868 | title=The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication | volume=1 | location=London | publisher=John Murray | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40298068 }}
*{{cite book|last=Hunter | first=W. W. |year=1896 |title=Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson| publisher= John Murray |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbrianhough00hunt }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author=Mitra, R. |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924007399342| title=The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta}}
*{{cite book |author=Cust, R. N. |author-link= Robert Needham Cust|year=1895 |location=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |chapter=Brian Houghton Hodgson, F.R.S |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RhYYAAAAYAAJ |title=Linguistic and Oriental Essays: Written From the Year 1861 to 1895 |pages=75–80}}
*{{cite journal |author=Lydekker, R. |author-link=Richard Lydekker |year=1902 |title=Some famous Anglo-Indian naturalists of the nineteenth century |journal=Indian Review |volume=3 |pages=221–226 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.49232/2015.49232.The-Indian-Review-1902-Vol-3#page/n237/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|author=Smith, M. A. |year=1935 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: 3. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. 2. Sauria |location=London |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}
*{{cite book |author1=Cocker, M. |author2=Inskipp, C. |year=1988 |title=A Himalayan Ornithologist: The Life and Work of Brian Houghton Hodgson |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}
*{{cite book |author=Mearns, B. |author2=Mearns, R. |year=1988 |title=Biographies for Birdwatchers: The Lives of Those Commemorated in West Palearctic Bird Names |location=London |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-487422-3}}
*{{cite journal |author=Dickinson, E. C. |year=2006 |title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 52. An introduction to the bird collections of Brian Houghton Hodgson |journal=Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden |volume=80-5 |issue=4 |pages=125–136 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228490048}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Brian Houghton Hodgson |sopt=t}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813191015/http://catalogue.socanth.cam.ac.uk:8899/exist/servlet/db/Hodgson/hodgson.xq Index to the Hodgson collection at the British Library]
* Zoological Society of London [https://www.zsl.org/library/an-introduction-to-brian-houghton-hodgson An introduction to Brian Houghton Hodgson] [https://www.zsl.org/brian-houghton-hodgson-and-birds Hodgson and birds] [https://www.zsl.org/brian-houghton-hodgson-and-mammals Hodgson and mammals] [https://www.zsl.org/continuing-hodgsons-work transcriptions]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodgson, Brian Houghton}}

[[Category:1800s births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Nepal]]
[[Category:British scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:English ornithologists]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Newar studies scholars]]
[[Category:People from Prestbury, Cheshire]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

Mrinal Kanti Das (cinematographer)

2026-03-25T22:46:11Z

Hayaat: Creating First Info Nd Citations

{{Short description|Cinematographer from Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| birth_date = 31 October 1965
| birth_place =
| death_date = 3 September 2004 (aged 39)
|death place =
| image =
| parents =
| occupation =
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| website =
}}

'''Mrinal Kanti Das''' was an Indian cinematographer who predominantly worked in Assamese-language films. For his work on the Assamese films ''[[Adajya]]'' and ''Rag Birag'', he was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] in 1996.<ref name="mw-2010">{{Cite news|title =Mrinal Kanti Das remembered|url =https://assamtribune.com/mrinal-kanti-das-remembered|publisher=The Assam Tribune |date = 15 September 2010}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Kamal Hasan, Tabu, Gulzar bag national film awards|url =https://m.rediff.com/news/may/06film.htm|publisher=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="Film course in memory of lensman-2006">{{Cite news|title =Film course in memory of lensman|url =https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/film-course-in-memory-of-lensman/cid/1627496|publisher=The Telegraph|date = 13 April 2006}}</ref><ref name="Scroll-2016">{{Cite news|title =The untold story of maverick cinematographer Mrinal Kanti Das| author=
Dipankar Sarkar|url = https://scroll.in/reel/807404/the-untold-story-of-maverick-cinematographer-mrinal-kanti-das|publisher=Scroll|date = 30 April 2016}}</ref> He was the first cinematographer from Assam to receive the national award for cinematography.<ref name="mw-2010"/><ref name="Scroll-2016"/>

Notably, ''[[Adajya]]'' and ''Rag Birag'' were among the first Assamese-language films to win the National Film Award for Best Cinematography. Mrinal served as cinematographer on at least 13 movies, apart from television productions. Six of the movies photographed by him (''[[Adajya]]'', [[National Film Award for Best Editing|''Rag Birag'']], [[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|''Hastir Kanya'']], [[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|''Koihatir Dhuliya'']], ''Baibhob'', and ''Panoi Jonky'') have received eight national awards and two international awards.<ref name="Film course in memory of lensman-2006"/> ''Hiya Diya Niya'', another movie, is considered a highly popular and financially successful film in Assamese history.<ref name="Parthajit Barua-2022">
{{Cite news|title =Resurrecting the dying Assamese film industry was one of Munin Barua's many contributions | author= Parthajit Barua|url =https://northeastfilmjournal.com/resurrecting-the-dying-assamese-film-industry-was-one-of-munin-baruas-many-contributions|publisher=North East Film Journal |date = 5 November 2022}}</ref>

Mrinal was on the [[50th National Film Awards|film jury]] that evaluated feature films for awards at the 50th National Film Awards in 2002.

==Early life==
After completing his schooling in Guwahati in the early 1980s, Mrinal was selected for civil engineering at the government-run [[Jorhat Engineering College]], Assam. However, he quit midway to join the State Forest Service at a young age. He had a passion for photography, shuttlecock, rock climbing, trekking, and mountaineering. In 1986, Mrinal became the first Indian to reach the summit of [[List of mountain peaks of Himachal Pradesh|Menthosa]], a peak in the Western Himalayas standing at an elevation of about 6,443 meters.<ref name="Scroll-2016"/><ref name="mw-2010"/>

The death of promising filmmaker and film activist Manjyoti Baruah, his friend since school, in a tram accident in 1986 was a turning point in Mrinal's life.<ref name="Fadeout at prime time-2004">{{Cite news|title =Fadeout at prime time|url =https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/fadeout-at-prime-time-tribute/cid/1560122|publisher=The Telegraph|date = 11 September 2004}}</ref> To fulfill his friend's filmmaking dream, he enrolled at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), Pune, in 1988, initially on leave from the Forest Service.<ref name="Scroll-2016"/>

==Career==
After graduating from FTII, Mrinal assisted cinematographer [[Binod Pradhan]]. Mrinal became widely known as an independent cinematographer after his work on ''Mimangsha'' in 1994, one or two years after graduating from the institute.<ref name="Film course in memory of lensman-2006"/><ref name="Scroll-2016"/> In 1996–1997, he got his major break. During these years, he worked on three films – ''[[Adajya]]'', ''Rag Birag'', and ''Hastir Kanya'' – which together received [[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|five national awards]].<ref name="Fadeout at prime time-2004"/> He directed and videographed ''Rudaali'' (1994), a 13-episode teleserial, in addition to documentaries for Doordarshan. His debut as a feature film director, ''Aranyanat Borukhun'', was about 10% complete as of September 2004.<ref name="Scroll-2016"/><ref name="mw-2010"/>

==Death==
Mrinal Kanti Das died from injuries sustained in a road accident on a highway in Jorhat, Assam, in September 2004. He is survived by his wife, Rubee Das. The Mrinal Das Foundation, an organization established by her in collaboration with friends and well-wishers, organizes film appreciation courses and other activities to promote meaningful cinema.<ref name="Film course in memory of lensman-2006"/>

==Filmography==
'''As cinematographer'''
*FTII experimental film directed by Harmuz – won a national award in the short film section
*''Unmekhon'' (1992) – unreleased
*''Deuta'' (TV show)<ref name="Scroll-2016"/>
*''Xoisor Pothar Manuh'' (6-episode TV series)
*''Mimangsha'' (1994)<ref name="Scroll-2016"/>
*''[[Adajya]]'' (1996)
*''Rag Birag'' (1996)
*''Hastir Kanya'' (1997)
*''Hothat Brishti'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Hothat Brishti on YouTube| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJMdS1Q0Ogk |date = 23 September 2025}}</ref>
*''Baibhob'' (1999)
*''Koihatir Dhuliya'' (1999)<ref name="Scroll-2016"/>
*''Hiya Diya Niya'' (2000)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Hiya Diya Niya Full Assamese Movie on YouTube| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt1fUCoJXnw|date = 23 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Parthajit Barua-2022"/>
*''Asene Konoba Hiyat'' (2000)
*''Anyo Ek Jatra'' (2001)
*[[:as:দাগ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|''Daag'']] (2001)
*[[Nayak (2001 Assamese film)|''Nayak'']] (2001)
*''Mon'' (2002)
*''Panoi Jonky (Panei Jonki)'' - in Mising language (2002)<ref name="Scroll-2016"/>
*''Gun Gun Gane Gane''<ref>{{Cite news|title =Goon Goon Gaane Gaane on YouTube|url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snIkldWqZi4}}</ref>
*''Anurag'' (2004)
*''Sneha Bandhan'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Snehabandhan on Vimeo| url=https://vimeo.com/842902607 |date = 23 September 2025}}
</ref>
*''Sapon''
*''Nishiddha Nodi''
*''Noi Poriya Collage''

'''As director'''
*''Rudaali'' (1994) - 13-episode TV series
*''Spandan'' (documentary on Assam's Jaipore Rain Forest)<ref name="mw-2010"/>
*''Aranyanat Borukhun'' (2004) - 10% complete<ref name="Scroll-2016"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt14683212|Snehabandhan (2006)}}
*{{IMDb title|tt7886850|Mon (2002)}}

[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Assam]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam University alumni]]
[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

Kanika Palace

2026-03-23T03:52:32Z

Hayaat: created first pg basic info

{{Short description|Palace in Rajkanika, India}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Kanika Palace କନିକା ରାଜବାଟୀ
|native_name =
|image = Rajkanika Rajabati.jpg
|alt = Kanika Palace
|caption = Kanika Palace, Odisha
|latitude =
|longitude =
|location_town = [[Rajkanika]]
|location_country = [[India]]
|pushpin_map = India Odisha
|map_caption = Location in [[Odisha]], Odisha, India
|coordinates = {{coord|20|44|05.6|N|86|41|59.4|E|display=inline}}
|location = [[Rajkanika]], [[Kendrapara]], [[India]]
|current_tenants =
|architect =
|floor_area =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|architectural_style =
|size =
|website =
}}

'''Kanika Palace''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: କନିକା ରାଜବାଟୀ) is situated near [[Rajkanika]] town. It is 125 km from [[Bhubaneswar]]. One of the floors has been converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite news|last=tours |first="Dhenkanal |title=Odisha royalty open gates to tourists|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150524/jsp/frontpage/story_21794.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524084831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150524/jsp/frontpage/story_21794.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2015|accessdate=7 February 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> It is home to the world's biggest crocodile skeleton.<ref>{{cite news|last=crocodile |first=A giant |title=Kendrapada home to world's biggest crocodile skeletons|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Kendrapada-home-to-worlds-biggest-crocodile-skeletons/articleshow/12046328.cms|accessdate=7 February 2018|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Nearby tourist spots==
* [[Aali Palace]]
* [[Bhitarkanika National Park]]
* [[Lakhmi Varaha Temple]]
* [[Akhandalamani Temple]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Rajkanika]]
* [[Aali, Odisha]]
* [[Pattamundai]]
* [[Kendrapara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Palaces in Odisha]]

Jalalgarh Fort

2026-03-21T23:32:14Z

Hayaat: fix details also and added references

{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Jalalgarh Fort
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| status = Ruined (renovation announced)
| image = Jalalgarh fort purnea.jpg

| image_alt =
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| map_caption =
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| architectural_style =
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| client =
| owner = [[Government of India|Indian government]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Purnia]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates =
| groundbreaking_date =
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| completion_date =
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| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date = 2012
| demolished_date =
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| other_dimensions =
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| awards =
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| ren_architect =
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| ren_awards =
| url =
| embedded =
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}}
'''Jalalgarh Fort''' is a more than 300-year-old ruined fort located at 20 km north of [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The fort was built by [[Saif Khan Barha|Saif Khan]], the [[Faujdars of Purnea|Faujdar of Purnea]] in 1722.<ref name="Oriental Geographer">{{cite book|title=Oriental Geographer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byAcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 December 2012|year=1964|publisher=Bangladesh Geographical Society|page=121}}</ref><ref name="Bihar: Jalalgarh fort to be restored">{{cite news|title=Bihar: Jalalgarh fort to be restored|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/bihar/bihar-jalalgarh-fort-to-be-restored_751884.html|accessdate=26 December 2012|newspaper=Zee News}}</ref><ref name="Jalalgarh Fort, Purnia">{{cite web|title=Jalalgarh Fort, Purnia|url=http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/purnea/jalalgarh_fort_purnea.html|accessdate=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117004013/http://brandbihar.com/english/districts/purnea/jalalgarh_fort_purnea.html|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The fort is a large quadrangular structure and has high walls which helped to protect the wall from Nepalese invasion.<ref name="Bihar: Jalalgarh fort to be restored" /><ref name="Bihar directory">{{cite web|title=Bihar directory|url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-02.htm|publisher=bih.nic.in|accessdate=26 December 2012|archive-date=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525025802/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-02.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fort is an embodiment of the beauty of Islamic architecture.<ref name="Nitish visit draws tourists to forgotten fort">{{cite news|title=Nitish visit draws tourists to forgotten fort|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120112/jsp/bihar/story_14995407.jsp#.UNte36wUDcc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203134307/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120112/jsp/bihar/story_14995407.jsp%23.UNte36wUDcc|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2013|accessdate=26 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph (Calcutta)}}</ref>

== Restoration ==
In January 2012, Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] announced that Government of Bihar would be restoring and repairing the fort. He ordered Purnia district authorities to do this restoration work.<ref name="Bihar: Jalalgarh fort to be restored" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tourist sites in Bihar}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Forts in Bihar]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Purnia district]]
[[Category:1722 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1722]]

2008 Assam bombings

2026-03-20T18:45:36Z

Hayaat: formatting fix

{{Short description|Terrorist attacks in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2008 Assam serial blasts
| image = Assam in India.png
| caption =
| location = [[Assam]], India
| coordinates =
| date = 30 October 2008
| time =
| timezone =
| type = Mass [[car bomb]]ings
| fatalities = 81<ref name=blasttoll>[http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?627571 Assam blast toll rises to 81] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110062929/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?627571 |date=10 November 2010 }}</ref>
| injuries = 470<ref name="assamtoll-toi"/><ref name="assamblas-TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/66-dead-470-injured-as-13-blasts-rock-Assam/articleshow/3654301.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022035152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-30/india/27895997_1_fancy-bazar-ganeshguri-blasts-rock|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Serial blasts in Assam, 20 dead, 100 injured|date=30 October 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2008-10-30}}</ref>
| perps = [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]]
| weapons = [[RDX]], [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] and [[PETN]]<ref name="assamexplo-TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Car-bombs-were-used-in-Guwahati-blasts/articleshow/3660580.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022052407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-01/india/27895609_1_guwahati-blasts-khagen-sarma-ulfa|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Car bombs were used in Guwahati blast|date=1 November 2008|access-date=2008-11-01|first1=Prabin|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Kalita}}</ref>
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The '''2008 Assam bombings''' occurred on [[30 October]] 2008, before noon in markets in [[Guwahati]] city and the surrounding area of western [[Assam]]. As many as 18 [[bomb]]s reportedly went off,<ref name=APP>[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57515&Itemid=2 At least 61 killed and over 470 injured in 18 blasts in Assam] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212052317/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57515&Itemid=2 |date=12 February 2012 }}</ref> causing at least 81 deaths and 470 injuries.<ref name="assamtoll-toi">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121022052414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-31/india/27897081_1_ganeshguri-serial-blasts-fancy-bazaar One arrested for Assam serial blasts]</ref>

==Bomb attacks==
Union Minister Shakeel Ahmed confirmed 10 blasts took place, however, reports did indicate the number could have been as high as eighteen. The blasts ripped apart Guwahati, [[Barpeta Road]], [[Bongaigaon]] and [[Kokrajhar]]. The explosions in Guwahati ripped through Pan Bazar, Fancy Bazar and [[Ganeshguri]], which were crowded with shoppers and office goers. Three blasts occurred in Kokrajhar, with another possible grenade explosion; one in Bongaigaon and two in Barpeta Road. Indian media outlets pointed out that the blasts took place just after the ''[[Diwali]]'' holidays making the blasts even more unexpected and adding to a toll count. The bomb at Ganeshguri was planted in a car and took place about 100 meters from [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Tarun Gogoi]]'s official residence.<ref name="Curfew imposed in Guwahati following blasts" />

In Guwahati, 41 people were killed; in Kokrajhar, 21; and in Barpeta Road, 15.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-arrested-for-Assam-serial-blasts/articleshow/3658239.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022052414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-31/india/27897081_1_ganeshguri-serial-blasts-fancy-bazaar |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=One arrested for Assam serial blasts-India|date= 2008-10-31|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2008-11-01}}</ref> On 2 November, four more succumbed to their injuries here. Three died at Gauhati Medical College Hospital, while another died at the Basistha Army Hospital. Twenty others were also in a critical condition.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Police officials added that huge amounts of explosives like [[RDX]] or other [[plastic explosive]]s, like [[C-4 (explosive)|C4]], have been used as a fire erupted immediately following the blasts. Timers were also speculated to have been used to execute the blasts, which were seen with timing almost to perfection as the blasts took place within a short span of 15 minutes. It was further speculated after investigations were initiated, that motorbikes may have been used. However, Assam police chief RN Mathur also said most of the bombs were "planted in cars."<ref name="kbc">{{cite news|url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=53493|title=Bomb explosions in India kill 24 people''(sic)''|publisher=[[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation|KBC]]|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-30}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In addition to the immediate casualty toll seven more people succumbed to their injuries overnight.<ref name="newkerala"/>

===Immediate consequences===
* Immediately following the attack the [[Government of Assam]] issued a high alert and deployed [[paramilitary]] forces to control a potentially volatile situation.<ref name="merinews">{{cite news|url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=146609|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128220820/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=146609|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-28|title=11 blasts in 15 minutes rip Assam, 26 killed|publisher=Merinews|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-30}}</ref> Security was also increased in the [[Jalpaiguri]] district following the blasts. The police and [[Sima Suraksha Bal]] ([[Border Security Force]]) were said to be keeping a joint vigilance along the [[Bangladesh–India border|Bangladesh border]]. The superintendent of police, Jalpaiguri, Manoj Varma, said that police had been instructed to keep around the clock vigilance over important public places in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=10&theme=&usrsess=1&id=229022 |title=Jalpaiguri police step up vigilance after Assam blasts|publisher=The Statesman |date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-31}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Following the blasts, angry crowds clashed with police in some areas of Guwahati. Some people were injured in the clash and, at one point, police had to fire in the air to disperse an angry mob. It was also reported on the television media that mobs were hampering efforts by police and the fire brigade to clean up after the blasts. The mobs were seen attacking police and fire equipment. A [[curfew]] had been imposed in Guwahati and some other cities of Assam following the serial bomb blasts.<ref name="Curfew imposed in Guwahati following blasts">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/curfew-imposed-in-guwahati-following-blasts/77058-3.html|title=Curfew imposed in Guwahati following blasts|date=30 October 2008|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=2008-10-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081102100520/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/curfew-imposed-in-guwahati-following-blasts/77058-3.html|archive-date= 2 November 2008 |url-status= dead}}</ref>
* It was also reported that members of the Assamese diaspora trying to contact relatives following the blasts faced jammed telephone networks, making it impossible to get information out of the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/panic-grips-assamese-in-delhi-after-assam-serial-blasts_100113031.html|title=Panic grips Assamese in Delhi after Assam serial blasts|publisher=Thaindian|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-31|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180508/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/panic-grips-assamese-in-delhi-after-assam-serial-blasts_100113031.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] where the victims were being treated reported an acute shortage of blood. The Health Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarmah]] urged people to donate blood. [[Asom Gana Parishad]] also directed the party cadres to donate blood. Several NGOs and volunteers of social organisations came forward to [[blood donation|donate blood]] and provide help to family members of the injured and those who lost their lives.<ref name="Assam struggles to keep blood supply going">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/assam-struggles-to-keep-blood-supply-going/77091-3.html?from=rssfeed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522124331/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/assam-struggles-to-keep-blood-supply-going/77091-3.html?from=rssfeed|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=Assam struggles to keep blood supply going|date=30 October 2008|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=2008-10-30}}</ref>
* In response to the [[Tarun Gogoi]] government's alleged failure to protect Assam, a motley crowd attempted to storm into the state secretariat with two charred bodies from the blasts as hundreds more took to the streets in protest. The mob, shouting slogans like "''Tarun Gogoi murdabad''", was stopped at the gates of the seat of government by the security staff. They also demanded that "Gogoi come out and see what your failure to protect the people has caused. It has killed innocent people."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Angry-mob-tries-to-storm-state-secretariat-in-Assam/articleshow/3655869.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022052426/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-30/india/27929170_1_bomb-blasts-irate-mob-tarun-gogoi|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-22|title=Angry mob tries to storm state secretariat in Assam|date=2008-10-30|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2008-10-31}}</ref>

===Follow up===
On the same day a convoy of police cars in Assam came under fire from rebels resulting in seven police and three civilian casualties.

===Consequences===
A spontaneous ''[[bandh]]'' total shut down, was observed the next day at Kokrajhar on a call given by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and the [[Bajrang Dal]],<ref name="ht"/> while schools and educational institutions also remained closed in Guwahati. Only a few shops in the capital were opened and vehicular traffic was thin with most people choosing to stay indoors. BJP leader [[L. K. Advani]], who arrived in Assam on the same morning, visited the blast site near the Deputy Commissioner's office, where he also faced a group of angry lawyers who shouted slogans saying "Advani go back." He also visited the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] and met the injured. The Union [[Home Minister]] [[Shivraj Patil]], who was arrived later in the day, visited Kokrajhar and Barpeta. He also held a high-level meeting at the Lokopriyo Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in the evening. Attendance in commercial areas where offices are located was thin, and in many areas shops and business establishments, particularly those in and around the blast sites remained closed. Few public transports were seen plying on the roads in the morning. The opposition [[Asom Gana Parishad]] observed a ''Black Day'' with all its leaders and cadres sporting black badges. Lawyers from both Gauhati High Court and the Sessions Court in Guwahati abstained from work and held protests outside the court premises.<ref name="pti">{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/5F155A84FA22E068652574F3002D2033?OpenDocument |title=Total shut down in blast-hit Kokrajhar|publisher=PTI News|access-date=2008-11-01}}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

A curfew was again clamped on the worst-hit Ganeshguri in the afternoon after the initial curfew was relaxed the previous evening, as an angry mob braved tight security in the presence of the city SS and went on a rampage. The police then resorted to firing blanks, injuring at least five people in the ensuing melee. The leader of the opposition and former Deputy Prime Minister Advani visited the spot just minutes before the disturbance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=12057 |title=Blast-ravaged Assam observes spontaneous |publisher=Mynews |access-date=2008-11-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003040409/http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=12057 |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref>

On 1 November the prime minister was set to visit his home constituency to take the stock of the situation after the blasts. He would meet the Assam Governor [[Shiv Charan Mathur]] and Chief Minister [[Tarun Gogoi]], as well as visit the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] to see the injured in the blasts.<ref name="thaindian">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/manmohan-singh-to-visit-blast-affected-areas-of-assam_100113828.html|title=Manmohan Singh to visit blast affected areas of Assam|publisher=Tha Indian|access-date=2008-11-01|archive-date=24 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524091309/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/manmohan-singh-to-visit-blast-affected-areas-of-assam_100113828.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a result of this blast, the biggest in Assamese history, CM Gogoi moved to recruit 4,000 more police personnel in all ranks to augment the strength of the police force to over 65,000 before the end of the year as part of Assam's counter-terrorism plan. He added the necessity of such a move was predicated by having experienced 605 bomb blasts in the last eight years, each of which caused significant devastation to life and property. He added that police and other security personnel had also recovered or defused more than 5,000 bombs and grenades.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20081109/1099887.html |title=Assam to recruit additional 4000 police personnel to check terror |access-date=9 November 2008 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213105620/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20081109/1099887.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Investigation==
The Union home secretary, [[Madhukar Gupta]], said a team of [[National Security Guards]] experts from New Delhi also visited the blast sites at Ganeshguri, the deputy commissioner's office and Fancy Bazaar.<ref name="pti"/> When asked about the nature of the explosives, he said forensic experts were already examining the blasts sites. In regards to more paramilitary forces, saying there were already enough forces deployed, he added: "We will retain them for some more time and probably not deploy them on poll duties (in six states)." A high-level team consisting of senior Home Ministry officials also visited Assam to make an on-the-spot assessment of the situation arising out blasts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Central-team-to-visit-blast-sites-in-Assam-/articleshow/3654835.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022052433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-30/india/27949899_1_serial-blasts-central-team-assam |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=Central team to visit blast sites in Assam|date= 2008-10-30|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2008-11-01}}</ref>

Police said they had picked up about a dozen suspects for interrogation within the first 24 hours. An official in the police department said: "We are making good headway in our investigations and should be able to zero in on the people or groups involved in the serial bombings."<ref name="newkerala">{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-38688.html |title=Toll in Assam blasts rises to 71, dozen suspects held|publisher=New Kerala|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-31}}</ref> Two persons from Nagaon district were arrested in connection with the attacks. Asib Mohammed Nizami and Zulfikar Ali were the owners of two vehicles in which the bombs were planted in the Ganeshguri area of Guwahati and Bongaigaon.<ref name="thaindian"/>

On 1 November, the army told the Prime Minister that it had previously intercepted a message from Calcutta one week before the incident that said: "Attack Guwahati." The army told the PM that had known about the impending terror strikes in the western Assam towns for six weeks and had tried to prevent them. Lt. Gen. B.S. Jaswal, of the GOC 4 Corps, told the PM the army had received "non-specific" information on 17 September about possible strikes in Guwahati, Barpeta Road and Kokrajhar. CM Gogoi, who heads Assam's unified command that includes the army, corroborated the message with Singh. In admitting such knowledge he added that the government did not anticipate the scale of the blasts. The government then also formed a special team, headed by the inspector-general of police (special task force), R. Chandranathan, to probe the blasts and issue a report within 30 days.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081102/jsp/frontpage/story_10051917.jsp
|title=Message from Calcutta: Attack Guwahati
|publisher=telegraphindia.com
|access-date=2008-11-04
|date=2 November 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081210165253/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081102/jsp/frontpage/story_10051917.jsp| archive-date= 10 December 2008 |url-status= dead}}
</ref>

Evidence emerged that a hit-team of the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB) executed the bombings in Assam. This undermined earlier claims of HuJI responsibility. Police were quoted as saying a text message sent to a local television station claiming responsibility for the bombings on behalf of the hitherto unknown Islamic Security Force-Indian Mujahideen turned out to be a hoax. Assam police investigators determined that two of the three [[Maruti 800]]s used as bombs were purchased by NDFB activists less than six weeks before the attacks. Interrogation of suspects linked to the fabrication of the car-bombs led investigators to believe that there were orders to initiate the operation by the NDFB founder-chief, [[Ranjan Daimary]], as early as September. Daimary, believed to shuttle between [[Bangkok]], [[Manila]] and [[Singapore]], is said to have authorised the attacks to signal frustration with the lack of progress in talks between the NDFB and the Indian government.<ref>[http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php?article=15130 The Muslim News] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207184009/http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php?article=15130 |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref> Following this, the Indian government decided to clamp down on the organization and other regional outfits. A ban on the NDFB, set to expire in 2008, was extended by two years. The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] also decided to re-impose a ban on the outlawed [[ULFA]], [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC), however, it spared the [[ANVC]].<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=nov1308/at05 The Assam Tribune Online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205053008/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=nov1308%2Fat05 |date=5 December 2008 }}</ref>

On 12 November, a Bhutanese man who lived in [[Nepal]] and fought against the monarchy was arrested for aiding the Assam attacks. Tenzing G. Zangpo, a senior leader of the [[Druk National Congress]] (DNC), a formation by Bhutanese exiles in Nepal, was picked up with the "home secretary" of the NDFB, Sabin Boro, from a rented house at Japorigog in Guwahati. An unknown source was quoted as saying, "After interrogation, both of them were arrested this morning on the charge of being part of the conspiracy behind October 30 blasts." The arrest attention from Bangladesh based forces to Bhutan for the first time since the probe was initiated. Police said the DNC claimed to be a political outfit opposing the alleged discrimination of Bhutanese people of Nepali origin by the monarchy since the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081113/jsp/northeast/story_10102634.jsp |title=The Telegraph; Bhutan link in Assam blasts |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206135242/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081113/jsp/northeast/story_10102634.jsp |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Perpetrators==
Union Minister Shakil Ahmed hinted that communal riots in Assam for the preceding several days could be inter-linked to the attacks. He said that the politics of hate was a plausible reason behind the attacks.<ref name="merinews"/>

Fresh evidence put forth by the Assam Police now suggests that the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB) engineered the attacks based on orders issued by its founder and chief, Ranjan Daimary, in September 2008.<ref name="ulfa">[http://www.idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/TheOctober30TerroristAttacksinAssam_NGoswami,%20DGogoi_141108 The October 30 Terrorist Attacks in Assam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228223825/https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/TheOctober30TerroristAttacksinAssam_NGoswami%2C%20DGogoi_141108 |date=28 February 2021 }}. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). 14-11-2008. Retrieved: 31-10-2016.</ref>

==Reactions==

===Central reactions===
Leader of the opposition, [[L. K. Advani]], used the blasts to lambaste the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]-led government. He said: "I believe that these blasts are symbolic of the sense of insecurity in the country. This also proves the total failure of the government in combating terrorism", adding that it was likely that illegal Bangladeshi migrants in Assam, with an increasing influx of such immigrants, could be involved in the blasts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Blasts-symbolic-of-insecurity-in-the-country--Advani/379330|title=Blasts symbolic of insecurity in country: Advani|work=The Indian Express|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-31}}</ref>

The next day he came out again blaming illegal infiltration from Bangladesh as the main reason for the breeding of terrorism in Assam saying "I blame the state and the central government for the blasts in Assam." He continued to question the PM, "I ask the prime minister, who is elected from Assam, what his government has done after the Supreme Court's landmark judgment on the IMDT (Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunals) Act indicating the Government of India for having colluded with external aggression. The government only incorporated all those provisions in the struck down IMDT in the Foreigners Act, which the Supreme Court declared as unconstitutional." He also visited blast sites and met injured victims at the hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangladesh-migrants-breeding-terrorism-in-assam-advani_100113696.html|title=Bangladesh migrants breeding terrorism in Assam: Advani|publisher=Thaindian|access-date=2008-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524091343/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangladesh-migrants-breeding-terrorism-in-assam-advani_100113696.html|archive-date=24 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Union Minister of State for Home, Shriprakash Jaiswal, also condemned the blasts and added: "The blasts will have no impact on the forthcoming Assembly elections in Mizoram. The Home Ministry has asked for a report on the serial blasts from the Assam government." He claimed that due to the sincere efforts of the ruling central coalition government, incidents of terror in the northeastern sister states had gone down by as much as 50 per cent in the last four years.

The prime minister also strongly condemning the blasts and added that his government would take all possible steps to bring the perpetrators of the attack to justice.<ref name="thaindian"/> Along with the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] chairperson, Sonia Gandhi, were set to visit Assam on 1 November. The day before Union Home Minister, [[Shivraj Patil]], also arrived in Assam and visited blast sites in Kokrajhar and Guwahati, as well as holding a security meeting with the chief minister, and senior police and administrative officials. He said: "We shall nab the culprits involved in the blasts. Investigations are on and we should be able to come out with something concrete."<ref name="ht">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=07ddfbe5-844c-4fd3-84c1-45e5fb18442d&MatchID1=4815&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=1&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1212&PrimaryID=4815&Headline=PM%2c+Sonia+Gandhi+to+visit+Assam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110606000620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=07ddfbe5-844c-4fd3-84c1-45e5fb18442d&MatchID1=4815&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=1&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1212&PrimaryID=4815&Headline=PM,+Sonia+Gandhi+to+visit+Assam |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2011 |title=Manmohan Singh, Sonia Gandhi to visit Assam|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2008-11-01}}</ref>

Former Indian prime minister [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]] hinted at a call for greater national unity and what he termed a collective [[war on terror]] after the blasts.

===Pan-Indian reactions===
The [[Jharkhand]] government also came out strongly condemning the serial blasts, while having summoned a cabinet meeting in [[Ranchi]] for the next day to discuss the security situation in his region. Deputy Chief Minister, Sudhir Mahto, described the act as one of "cowardice" and said the state machinery had been alerted in Jharkhand following the incident. He added that he expressed confidence that the UPA government at the centre would initiate all necessary steps to rein in anti-national elements who are bent upon weakening the prevailing peace and tranquillity, while appealing to the central government to provide adequate compensation to the family members of the victims. While he also denied the fact that the militant activities were on the rise in the country at large during the rule of the UPA government, he expressed concern over the recent revelation that Hindu militants' were involved in the [[29 September 2008 western India bombings|Malegaon incident]]. He said this by alluding to the fact that vested interests were keen on dividing the country by creating panic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200810301923.htm|title=Jharkhand condemns Assam blasts, to review security|publisher=The Hindi|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-31|location=Chennai, India|archive-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913154815/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200810301923.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vigilance was stepped up along the West Bengal border with Assam following the blasts. Additional security forces were rushed to assist in combing operations to track down those responsible for the blasts attempting to flee from Assam through the border with north Bengal. State's Home Secretary, Ashok Mohan Chakavarty, said an alert had been sounded across West Bengal, with security tightened in the capital city. Further security arrangements were under review, particularly in the border districts where check-posts have been set up. A senior police official in West Bengal said: "A special alert has been sounded in the region. Vehicles passing through the border with Assam are being checked." He added that surveillance had also been considerably tightened at West Bengal's international borders with Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/31/stories/2008103161820900.htm|title=Alert in West Bengal|date=2008-10-31|access-date=2008-10-31|location=Chennai, India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081103090503/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/31/stories/2008103161820900.htm|archive-date=3 November 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status= dead}}</ref>

[[Uttar Pradesh]] Chief Minister, [[Mayawati]], also strongly condemned the serial blasts, while demanding that the Prime Minister take effective measures to ensure that such incidents are not repeated.<ref name="expressindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/too-early-to-trace-assam-blast-terrorists/379660/|title=Too early to trace Assam blast terrorists|publisher=Express India|access-date=2008-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916081222/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/too-early-to-trace-assam-blast-terrorists/379660/|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===International reactions===
U.N Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]], who was in India at the time of the attack, issued a statement via a spokesman expressing his deep sorrow and sympathy to the government and people of India for the loss of life and destruction caused by the attacks. He also stated that he "strongly condemns this act of terrorism in its targeting of civilians", also declaring that there can be no justification for such indiscriminate violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=28768&Cr=india&Cr1=attack|title=Ban condemns multiple terrorist attacks in north-east India|publisher=[[United Nations|UN]]|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2008-10-30}}</ref>

[[Russian president]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] resolutely condemned the deadly blasts, dubbing them as an "inhuman and monstrous" crime which cannot have any justification. In a message to [[Indian president]] [[Pratibha Patil]] and Prime Minister Singh, he expressed his indignation at the "barbarous" act and called for strict punishment for those responsible. He said: "I learnt with deep indignation about the series of coordinated terrorist acts in Assam, which led to the deaths of scores of innocent people. Such inhuman and monstrous in cruelty crime have no justification. Terrorists guilty of committing this barbarous act must be severely punished." The [[Russian Foreign Ministry]] also said: "The Foreign Ministry of Russia resolutely condemns the acts of terrorists. They have no and cannot have any justification. The criminals must be severely punished for their acts."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saharasamay.com/samayhtml/articles.aspx?newsid=106988|title=News From Sahara Samay: Russia condemns "inhuman and monstrous" attack in Assam|publisher=Saharasamay|access-date=2008-11-01}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Bangladesh also strongly condemned the attack. Foreign adviser [[Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury]] term the attack an act of "cowardly terrorism." Adding: "We strongly condemn the bomb blast in the North-Eastern India that led to so many deaths and injuries. It is a cowardly act of terrorism. Violence cannot be a tool for the achievement of political objectives."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=66997&cid=2|title=Bangladesh condemns Assam blasts|publisher=Bd News24|access-date=2008-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707220240/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=66997&cid=2|archive-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2009 Guwahati bombings]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{US War on Terror}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assam bombings}}
[[Category:2000s in Assam]]
[[Category:2008 building bombings]]
[[Category:2008 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:2008 protests]]
[[Category:2008 riots]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on office buildings in India]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in 2008]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in India]]
[[Category:General strikes in India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Marketplace attacks in India]]
[[Category:2008 mass murders]]
[[Category:October 2008 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2008 in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Assam]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Assam]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2008]]

List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

2026-03-19T09:25:24Z

Hayaat: small adjust content as per guidelines also and improved wording

{{short description|None}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], in south India. It has existed since 1 November 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: History|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=15 Aug 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815142745/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2022, it comprises members from 234 constituencies, who are democratically elected using the [[First-past-the-post]] system.{{update after|2031}} The presiding officer of the Assembly is called the [[List of Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislature|Speaker]]. The term of the Assembly is five years unless it is dissolved earlier.

== Current list of constituencies ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Tamil Nadu.svg|thumb|350px|Map of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|TN Assembly]] constituencies]]
Constituencies were delimited in 2007 based on the [[2001 Census of India]] and following draft proposals. Some constituencies are [[Reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency Delimitation, Tamil Nadu|url=http://elections.tn.gov.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=CEO, Tamil Nadu|access-date=18 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402143102/http://elections.tn.gov.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |title=Notification |date=13 August 2007 |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=21 Jul 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173917/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first general elections following the delimitation exercise were those of [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]].

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Electors As per Feb 2026 SIR<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ACwise_Gendercount_23022026.aspx |access-date=19 March 2026 |title=AC wise Electors as per Final Roll (23/02/2026) |website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
!Change Prev. Election
!District
!Lok Sabha constituency
!Constituency since
!Constituency Map
|-
|1||[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]||-
|2,51,603
|10.68%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" | [[Tiruvallur|Thiruvallur]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Gummidipoondi.svg|100px]]
|-
|2||[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]]||SC
|2,48,917
|6.89%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Ponneri.svg|100px]]
|-
|3||[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]||-
|2,60,084
|10.51%{{decrease}}||[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruttani.svg|100px]]
|-
|4||[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]||-
|2,48,651
|9.54%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruvallur.svg|100px]]
|-
|5||[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]||SC
|3,63,688
|1.62% {{increase}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Poonamallee.svg|100px]]
|-
|6||[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]||-
|4,28,772
|3.48%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Avadi.svg|100px]]
|-
|7||[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]||-
|3,64,031
|19.16%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="22" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Maduravoyal.svg|100px]]
|-
|8||[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]||-
|3,30,480
|14.02%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Ambattur.svg|100px]]
|-
|9||[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]||-
|4,20,601
|7.42%{{decrease}}||[[Thiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Madavaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|10||[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]||-
|2,40,586
|21.38%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruvottiyur.svg|100px]]
|-
|11||[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||
|1,95,856
|25.52%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Radhakrishnan Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|12||[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]||-
|2,22,792
|29.47%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Perambur.svg|100px]]
|-
|13||[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]||-
|2,07,251
|26.28%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Kolathur.svg|100px]]
|-
|14||[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]||-
|1,59,764
|37.42%{{decrease}}|| [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Villivakkam.svg|100px]]
|-
|15||[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]]||SC
|1,78,793
|18.51%{{decrease}}||[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|16||[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]||SC
|1,34,879
|50.79%{{decrease}}||[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Egmore.svg|100px]]
|-
|17||[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]||-
|1,56,931
|18.53%{{decrease}}||[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Royapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|18||[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]||-
|1,16,896
|33.49%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Harbour.svg|100px]]
|-
|19||[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]||-
|1,63,866
|29.99%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni.svg|100px]]
|-
|20||[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]||-
|1,53,908
|35.89%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution thousand light.svg|100px]]
|-
|21||[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]||-
|1,81,402
|36.58%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Anna Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|22||[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugampakkam]]||-
|1,96,536
|32.61%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Virugampakkam.svg|100px]]
|-
|23||[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]||-
|2,00,697
|28.06%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Saidapet.svg|100px]]
|-
|24||[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]||-
|1,54,943
|36.76%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Thiyagaraya Nagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|25||[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]||-
|1,94,731
|28.02%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Mylapore.svg|100px]]
|-
|26||[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]||-
|2,11,691
|32.70%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Velachery.svg|100px]]
|-
|27||[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]||-
|5,36,991
|23.16%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Shozhinganallur.svg|100px]]
|-
|28||[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]||-
|2,96,052
|23.90%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Alandur.svg|100px]]
|-
|29||[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]||SC
|3,75,921
|5.83% {{increase}}
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Sriperumbudur.svg|100px]]
|-
|30||[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]||-
|3,30,217
|24.29%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Pallavaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|31||[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]||-
|3,23,677
|22.10%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Tambaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|32||[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]||-
|3,66,400
|14.47%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kanchipuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Chengalpattu.svg|100px]]
|-
|33||[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]||-
|2,89,401
|1.77%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruporur.svg|100px]]
|-
|34||[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]]||SC
|2,02,055
|11.15%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Cheyyur.svg|100px]]
|-
|35||[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam]]||SC
|2,11,295
|6.79%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Maduranthakam.svg|100px]]
|-
|36||[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]||-
|2,43,922
|6.32%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Uthiramerur.svg|100px]]
|-
|37||[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]||-
|2,76,299
|10.62%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Kancheepuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|38||[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]]||SC
|1,99,165
|9.79%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Arakkonam.svg|100px]]
|-
|39||[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholingur]]||-
|2,56,118
|7.69%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Sholingur.svg|100px]]
|-
|40||[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]||-
|2,25,809
|9.16%{{decrease}}
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Ranipet.svg|100px]]
|-
|41||[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]||-
|2,45,853
|7.74%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Arcot.svg|100px]]
|-
|42||[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]||-
|2,43,565
|7.20%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Katpadi.svg|100px]]
|-
|43||[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]||-
|2,11,063
|16.59%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Vellore district|Vellore]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Vellore.svg|100px]]
|-
|44||[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]||-
|2,34,738
|7.79%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Anaikattu.svg|100px]]
|-
|45||[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam]]||SC
|2,13,451
|6.07%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Kilvaithinankuppam.svg|100px]]
|-
|46||[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]||SC
|2,48,526
|14.21%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Gudiyatham.svg|100px]]
|-
|47||[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]||-
|2,40,220
|3.66%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Tirupathur district|Tirupattur]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Vaniyambadi.svg|100px]]
|-
|48||[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]||-
|2,12,631
|10.66%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Ambur.svg|100px]]
|-
|49||[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]||-
|2,33,830
|2.33%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Jolarpet.svg|100px]]
|-
|50||[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]||-
|2,24,918
|5.71%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tirupattur (Vellore).svg|100px]]
|-
|51||[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]]||SC
|2,33,500
|1.81%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]] || rowspan="6" |[[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Uthangarai.svg|100px]]
|-
|52||[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]||-
|2,37,349
|3.93%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Bargur.svg|100px]]
|-
|53||[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]||-
|2,65,037
|0.42%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Krishnagiri.svg|100px]]
|-
|54||[[Veppanahalli]]||-
|2,43,875
|2.97%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Veppanahalli.svg|100px]]
|-
|55||[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]||-
|3,38,295
|3.82%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Hosur.svg|100px]]
|-
|56||[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]||-
|2,35,984
|6.05%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Thalli.svg|100px]]
|-
|57||[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]||-
|2,37,476
|0.04% {{increase}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharamapuri]]
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Palacode.svg|100px]]
|-
|58||[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]||-
|2,46,293
|0.19%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Pennagaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|59||[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]||-
|2,57,939
|4.30%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Dharmapuri.svg|100px]]
|-
|60||[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddippatti]]||-
|2,54,658
|4.08%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Pappireddippatti.svg|100px]]
|-
|61||[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]]||SC
|2,43,742
|2.55%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Harur.svg|100px]]
|-
|62||[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]]||SC
|2,66,629
|3.03%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="8" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Chengam.svg|100px]]
|-
|63||[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]||-
|2,47,309
|13.64%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruvannamalai.svg|100px]]
|-
|64||[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]||-
|2,38,913
|5.61%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Kilpennathur.svg|100px]]
|-
|65||[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]||-
|2,30,766
|4.96%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Kalasapakkam.svg|100px]]
|-
|66||[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]||-
|2,32,426
|4.68%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Polur.svg|100px]]
|-
|67||[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]||-
|2,53,022
|8.36%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Arani.svg|100px]]
|-
|68||[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]||-
|2,38,283
|8.31%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Cheyyar.svg|100px]]
|-
|69||[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]]||SC
|2,11,811
|11.94%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Vandavasi.svg|100px]]
|-
|70||[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]||-
|2,40,957
|7.60%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Gingee.svg|100px]]
|-
|71||[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]||-
|2,07,665
|5.71%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Mailam.svg|100px]]
|-
|72||[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]||-
|2,17,609
|5.60%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Viluppuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tindivanam.svg|100px]]
|-
|73||[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]]||SC
|2,07,984
|8.19%{{decrease}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Vanur.svg|100px]]
|-
|74||[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]||-
|2,44,080
|6.86%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Villupuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|75||[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]||-
|2,27,355
|3.10%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Vikravandi.svg|100px]]
|-
|76||[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]||-
|2,41,003
|5.23%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tirukkoyilur.svg|100px]]
|-
|77||[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]||-
|2,97,472
|1.40% {{increase}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Ulundurpettai.svg|100px]]
|-
|78||[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]||-
|2,70,541
|0.86% {{increase}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Rishivandiyam.svg|100px]]
|-
|79||[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]||-
|2,63,136
|2.01%{{decrease}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Sankarapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|80||[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]]||SC
|2,78,762
|2.74%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Kallakurichi.svg|100px]]
|-
|81||[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]]||SC
|2,16,794
|9.28%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="11" |[[Salem district|Salem]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Gangavalli.svg|100px]]
|-
|82||[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]||SC
|2,26,481
|11.08%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Attur.svg|100px]]
|-
|83||[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]||ST
|2,70,529
|4.75%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Yercaud.svg|100px]]
|-
|84||[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]||-
|2,91,866
|1.36%{{decrease}}||[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Omalur.svg|100px]]
|-
|85||[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]||-
|2,53,445
|11.57%{{decrease}}||[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharamapuri]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Mettur.svg|100px]]
|-
|86||[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]||-
|2,74,054
|3.91%{{decrease}}||[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Edapadi.svg|100px]]
|-
|87||[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari]]||-
|2,58,678
|5.67%{{decrease}}||[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Sankari.svg|100px]]
|-
|88||[[Salem West|Salem (West)]]||-
|2,55,320
|14.78%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Salem (West).svg|100px]]
|-
|89||[[Salem North|Salem (North)]]||-
|2,36,088
|14.47%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Salem (North).svg|100px]]
|-
|90||[[Salem South|Salem (South)]]||-
|2,24,097
|13.93%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Salem (South).svg|100px]]
|-
|91||[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]||-
|2,48,478
|4.46%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Veerapandi.svg|100px]]
|-
|92||[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]||SC
|2,20,554
|6.75%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Rasipuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|93||[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]]||ST
|2,27,327
|6.63%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Senthamangalam.svg|100px]]
|-
|94||[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]||-
|2,35,351
|8.70%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Namakkal.svg|100px]]
|-
|95||[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi Velur]]||-
|2,03,567
|8.14%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Paramathi-Velur.svg|100px]]
|-
|96||[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]||-
|2,06,928
|10.46%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruchengodu.svg|100px]]
|-
|97||[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]||-
|2,17,224
|14.63%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Kumarapalayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|98||[[Erode East|Erode (East)]]||-
|1,76,228
|22.56%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Erode (East).svg|100px]]
|-
|99||[[Erode West|Erode (West)]]||-
|2,45,493
|16.23%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Erode (West).svg|100px]]
|-
|100||[[Modakkurichi]]||-
|2,06,122
|13.72%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Modakkurichi.svg|100px]]
|-
|101||[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]]||SC
|2,20,743
|14.62%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Dharapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|102||[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]||-
|2,16,646
|15.74%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Kangayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|103||[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]||-
|2,12,084
|6.93%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Tiruppur district|Erode]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Perundurai.svg|100px]]
|-
|104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]||-
|2,21,393
|7.24%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Bhavani.svg|100px]]
|-
|105||[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]||-
|2,05,737
|6.29%{{decrease}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Anthiyur.svg|100px]]
|-
|106||[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]||-
|2,37,581
|7.33%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Gobichettipalayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|107||[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]||SC
|2,35,584
|9.48%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Bhavanisagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|108||[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]||-
|1,87,425
|8.96%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Udhagamandalam.svg|100px]]
|-
|109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|SC
|1,83,888
|2.82%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Gudalur.svg|100px]]
|-
|110||[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]||-
|1,75,820
|8.39%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Coonoor.svg|100px]]
|-
|111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]] || -
|2,79,438
|5.87%{{decrease}}
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Mettupalayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]]||SC
|2,50,346
|10.77%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Avanashi.svg|100px]]
|-
|113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (North)]]||-
|3,10,138
|18.20%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruppur (North).svg|100px]]
|-
|114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]||-
|1,93,614
|29.97%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruppur (South).svg|100px]]
|-
|115||[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]||-
|3,22,530
|17.25%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Palladam.svg|100px]]
|-
|116||[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]||-
|3,03,541
|4.28%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="9" |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-sulur.svg|100px]]
|-
|117||[[Kaundampalayam|Kavundampalayam]]||-
|4,07,507
|12.41%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Kavundampalayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|118||[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (North)]]||-
|2,91,533
|13.91%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Coimbatore (North).svg|100px]]
|-
|119||[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]||-
|2,87,442
|12.05%{{decrease}}||[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Thondamuthur.svg|100px]]
|-
|120||[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (South)]]||-
|1,86,509
|26.21%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Coimbatore (South).svg|100px]]
|-
|121||[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]||-
|2,66,058
|18.19%{{decrease}}
|1971
|[[File:Constitution-Singanallur.svg|100px]]
|-
|122||[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]||-
|3,00,486
|8.07%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Kinathukadavu.svg|100px]]
|-
|123||[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]||-
|2,02,015
|11.03%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Pollachi.svg|100px]]
|-
|124||[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]]||SC
|1,72,284
|16.15%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Valparai.svg|100px]]
|-
|125
| [[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
| -
|2,28,524
|15.29%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Udumalaipettai.svg|100px]]
|-
|126
| [[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
| -
|2,12,742
|14.39%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Madathukulam.svg|100px]]
|-
|127||[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]||-
|2,37,359
|14.38%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Palani.svg|100px]]
|-
|128||[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]||-
|2,17,698
|9.75%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Oddanchatram.svg|100px]]
|-
|129||[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]||-
|2,59,846
|10.84%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Athoor.svg|100px]]
|-
|130||[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]]||SC
|2,19,077
|10.23%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Nilakottai.svg|100px]]
|-
|131||[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]||-
|2,58,603
|8.71%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Natham.svg|100px]]
|-
|132||[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]||-
|2,37,679
|14.07%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Dindigul.svg|100px]]
|-
|133||[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]||-
|2,41,813
|8.16%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Vedasandur.svg|100px]]
|-
|134||[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]||-
|1,94,505
|9.09%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Karur district|Karur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Aravakurichi.svg|100px]]
|-
|135||[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]||-
|2,26,584
|7.62%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Karur.svg|100px]]
|-
|136||[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]]||SC
|2,02,087
|5.10%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Krishnarayapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|137||[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]||-
|2,21,988
|2.24%{{decrease}}||[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kulithalai.svg|100px]]
|-
|138||[[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapaarai]]||-
|2,66,019
|8.18%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="9" |[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]||[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Manapaarai.svg|100px]]
|-
|139||[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]||-
|2,83,862
|8.94%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Srirangam.svg|100px]]
|-
|140||[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (West)]]||-
|2,35,903
|12.37%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruchirappalli (West).svg|100px]]
|-
|141||[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]||-
|2,17,397
|14.76%{{decrease}}
|2011
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruchirappalli (East).svg|100px]]
|-
|142||[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]||-
|2,56,239
|12.55%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruverumbur.svg|100px]]
|-
|143||[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]||-
|2,11,043
|3.25%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Lalgudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|144||[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]||-
|2,34,217
|4.09%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Manachanallur.svg|100px]]
|-
|145||[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]||-
|2,12,612
|8.67%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Musiri.svg|100px]]
|-
|146||[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]]||SC
|2,09,011
|7.58%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Thuraiyur.svg|100px]]
|-
|147||[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]||SC
|2,88,449
|4.71%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Perambalur.svg|100px]]
|-
|148||[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]||-
|2,66,682
|2.48%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kunnam.svg|100px]]
|-
|149||[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]||-
|2,61,161
|1.44%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Ariyalur.svg|100px]]
|-
|150||[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]||-
|2,61,793
|1.68%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Jayankondam.svg|100px]]
|-
|151||[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]]||SC
|2,06,770
|5.75%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="9" |[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Tittakudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|152||[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]||-
|2,37,836
|5.94%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Virudhachalam.svg|100px]]
|-
|153||[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]||-
|1,89,024
|13.53%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Neyveli.svg|100px]]
|-
|154||[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]||-
|2,40,048
|2.20%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Panruti.svg|100px]]
|-
|155||[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]||-
|2,21,152
|7.22%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Cuddalore.svg|100px]]
|-
|156||[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]||-
|2,36,297
|2.82%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kurinjipadi.svg|100px]]
|-
|157||[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]||-
|2,30,968
|6.93%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Bhuvanagiri.svg|100px]]
|-
|158||[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]||-
|2,29,136
|8.71%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Chidambaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|159||[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]]||SC
|2,24,565
|1.92%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kattumannarkoil.svg|100px]]
|-
|160||[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]||SC
|2,39,469
|5.16%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Sirkazhi.svg|100px]]
|-
|161||[[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuturai]]||-
|2,32,618
|5.43%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Mayiladuthurai.svg|100px]]
|-
|162||[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]||-
|2,57,129
|6.78%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Poompuhar.svg|100px]]
|-
|163||[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]||-
|1,72,979
|12.59%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Nagapattinam.svg|100px]]
|-
|164||[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur]]||SC
|1,68,934
|5.46%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kilvelur.svg|100px]]
|-
|165||[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]||-
|1,86,034
|3.44%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Vedaranyam.svg|100px]]
|-
|166||[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]]||SC
|2,25,363
|6.13%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruthuraipoondi.svg|100px]]
|-
|167||[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]||-
|2,31,935
|10.81%{{decrease}}||[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Mannargudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|168||[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]||-
|2,57,892
|8.78%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruvarur.svg|100px]]
|-
|169||[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]||-
|2,64,462
|2.83%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Nannilam.svg|100px]]
|-
|170||[[Thiruvidamarudur|Thiruvidaimarudur]]||SC
|2,54,453
|1.92%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="8" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruvidaimarudur.svg|100px]]
|-
|171||[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]||-
|2,51,868
|7.75%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kumbakonam.svg|100px]]
|-
|172||[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]||-
|2,54,652
|2.26%{{decrease}}
|
|[[File:Constitution-Papanasam.svg|100px]]
|-
|173||[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]||-
|2,56,377
|4.46%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruvaiyaru.svg|100px]]
|-
|174||[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]||-
|2,49,064
|14.34%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Thanjavur.svg|100px]]
|-
|175||[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]||-
|2,31,251
|5.03%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Orathanadu.svg|100px]]
|-
|176||[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]||-
|2,40,954
|2.00%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Pattukkottai.svg|100px]]
|-
|177||[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]||-
|2,12,826
|3.33%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Peravurani.svg|100px]]
|-
|178||[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakottai]]||SC
|1,94,732
|3.37%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]||[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Gandharvakottai.svg|100px]]
|-
|179||[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]||-
|2,23,084
|0.93%{{decrease}}||[[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Viralimalai.svg|100px]]
|-
|180||[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]||-
|2,23,928
|8.24%{{decrease}}||[[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Pudukkottai.svg|100px]]
|-
|181||[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]||-
|2,19,279
|3.75%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Thirumayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|182||[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]||-
|2,10,296
|3.21%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Alangudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|183||[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]||-
|2,27,588
|3.98%{{decrease}}||[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Aranthangi.svg|100px]]
|-
|184||[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]||-
|3,03,371
|4.31%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Karaikudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|185||[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]||-
|2,73,456
|6.25%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruppattur (Sivaganga).svg|100px]]
|-
|186||[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]||-
|2,76,156
|8.30%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Sivaganga.svg|100px]]
|-
|187||[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]]||SC
|2,57,616
|7.25%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Manamadurai.svg|100px]]
|-
|188||[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]||-
|2,27,789
|7.02%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="10" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Melur.svg|100px]]
|-
|189||[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]||-
|3,30,993
|0.61% {{increase}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Madurai East.svg|100px]]
|-
|190||[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]||SC
|2,12,502
|1.67%{{decrease}}||[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Sholavandan.svg|100px]]
|-
|191||[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]||-
|2,18,719
|10.15%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Madurai North.svg|100px]]
|-
|192||[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]||-
|1,77,605
|22.83%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Madurai South.svg|100px]]
|-
|193||[[Madurai Central]]||-
|1,96,856
|18.63%{{decrease}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Madurai Central.svg|100px]]
|-
|194||[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]||-
|2,71,341
|11.66%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Madurai West.svg|100px]]
|-
|195||[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]||-
|3,07,783
|4.27%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Thiruparankundram.svg|100px]]
|-
|196||[[Tirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]||-
|2,59,225
|7.29%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tirumangalam.svg|100px]]
|-
|197||[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]||-
|2,64,141
|7.27%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Usilampatti.svg|100px]]
|-
|198||[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]||-
|2,54,549
|8.55%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Theni district|Theni]]
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Andipatti.svg|100px]]
|-
|199||[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]||SC
|2,63,547
|7.68%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Periyakulam.svg|100px]]
|-
|200||[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]||-
|2,61,631
|6.16%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Bodinayakanur.svg|100px]]
|-
|201||[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]||-
|2,53,646
|12.01%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Cumbum.svg|100px]]
|-
|202||[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]||-
|2,12,220
|11.38%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Rajapalayam.svg|100px]]
|-
|203||[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]||SC
|2,22,367
|11.28%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Srivilliputhur.svg|100px]]
|-
|204||[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]||-
|2,27,963
|10.03%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Sattur.svg|100px]]
|-
|205||[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]||-
|2,25,461
|13.88%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Sivakasi.svg|100px]]
|-
|206||[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]||-
|1,98,616
|11.37%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Virudhunagar.svg|100px]]
|-
|207||[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]||-
|2,06,497
|7.54%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Aruppukkottai.svg|100px]]
|-
|208||[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]||-
|2,04,293
|7.58%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruchuli.svg|100px]]
|-
|209||[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]]||SC
|2,33,433
|8.69%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Paramakudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|210||[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]||-
|2,82,121
|3.03%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruvadanai.svg|100px]]
|-
|211||[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]||-
|3,10,165
|0.61% {{increase}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Ramanathapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|212||[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]||-
|2,97,310
|4.18%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Mudhukulathur.svg|100px]]
|-
|213||[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]||-
|2,03,732
|5.92%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Vilathikulam.svg|100px]]
|-
|214||[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]||-
|2,48,300
|13.03%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Thoothukkudi.svg|100px]]
|-
|215||[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]||-
|2,30,702
|5.89%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tiruchendur.svg|100px]]
|-
|216||[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]||-
|2,12,885
|5.12%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Srivaikuntam.svg|100px]]
|-
|217||[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]]||SC
|2,40,988
|3.88%{{decrease}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Ottapidaram.svg|100px]]
|-
|218||[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]||-
|2,40,017
|9.74%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Kovilpatti.svg|100px]]
|-
|219||[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil]]||SC
|2,36,532
|6.97%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
|1952
|[[File:Constituency-Sankarankovil.svg|100px]]
|-
|220||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||SC
|2,27,369
|5.70%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Vasudevanallur.svg|100px]]
|-
|221||[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]||-
|2,67,517
|7.73%{{decrease}}
|1967
|[[File:Constitution-Kadayanallur.svg|100px]]
|-
|222||[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]||-
|2,79,585
|4.31%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-tenkasi.svg|100px]]
|-
|223||[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]||-
|2,53,408
|2.70%{{decrease}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Alangulam.svg|100px]]
|-
|224||[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]||-
|2,73,520
|6.46%{{decrease}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Tirunelveli.svg|100px]]
|-
|225||[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]||-
|2,25,714
|7.74%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Ambasamudram.svg|100px]]
|-
|226||[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]||-
|2,55,130
|6.68%{{decrease}}
|1977
|[[File:Constitution-Palayamkottai.svg|100px]]
|-
|227||[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]||-
|2,54,420
|8.34%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Nanguneri.svg|100px]]
|-
|228||[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]||-
|2,44,480
|9.71%{{decrease}}
|1957
|[[File:Constitution-Radhapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|229||[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]||-
|2,86,968
|41.40% {{increase}}
| rowspan="6" |[[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|
|[[File:Constitution-Kanniyakumari.svg|100px]]
|-
|230||[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]||-
|2,57,022
|4.95%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Nagercoil.svg|100px]]
|-
|231||[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]||-
|2,63,448
|1.78%{{decrease}}
|1954
|[[File:Constitution-Colachel.svg|100px]]
|-
|232||[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]||-
|2,34,056
|2.08%{{decrease}}
|1971
|[[File:Constitution-Padmanabhapuram.svg|100px]]
|-
|233||[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]||-
|2,25,219
|6.11%{{decrease}}
|1952
|[[File:Constitution-Vilavancode.svg|100px]]
|-
|234||[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]||-
|2,43,837
|3.70%{{decrease}}
|1962
|[[File:Constitution-Killiyoor.svg|100px]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists|Constituencies]]

Theravada

2026-03-18T19:34:09Z

Hayaat: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Major branch of Buddhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{TheravadaBuddhism}}
{{Buddhism|terse=1}}

'''''Theravāda{{efn|''Theravāda''; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɛr|ə|ˈ|v|ɑː|d|ə}}; from {{langx|pi|𑀣𑁂𑀭𑀯𑀸𑀤|theravāda}}; {{langx|si|ථේරවාදය}}; {{langx|my|ထေရဝါဒ}}; {{langx|th|เถรวาท}}; {{langx|km|ថេរវាទ}}, [[UNGEGN]]: {{transliteration|km|Thérôvéat}} {{IPA|km|tʰeːreaʔʋiət|}}; {{langx|lo|ເຖຣະວາດ}}; [[North Korean standard language|Munhwaŏ Korean]]: 테라바다 {{lit.}} 'School of the Elders'; {{CJKV|c=上座部佛教|v=Thượng tọa bộ}})<ref name="Bodhi">{{Citation |editor1-last=Bodhi |editor1-first=Bhikkhu |last1=Gyatso |first1=Tenzin |author-link1=14th Dalai Lama |date=2005 |title=In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC |location=[[Somerville, Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Wisdom Publications]] |page=ix |isbn=978-0-86171-491-9}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{Citation |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development |title=Theravada |last1=Reynolds |first1=Frank E. |last2=Kitagawa |first2=Joseph M. |last3=Nakamura |first3=Hajime |author-link3=Hajime Nakamura |last4=Lopez |first4=Donald S. |author-link4=Donald S. Lopez Jr. |last5=Tucci |first5=Giuseppe |author-link5=Giuseppe Tucci |date=2018 |website=britannica.com |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |quote=Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the [[Hinayana]] (Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle") [[Early Buddhist schools|schools]], traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthaviravada]] school, one of the two major schools (the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasanghika]] was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the [[Second Buddhist council|Council of Vaishali]] (now in [[Bihar]] state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pāli as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the ''[[Tipitaka]]'' ("Three Baskets").}}</ref>}}''''' is [[Buddhism]]'s oldest existing school.<ref name="Bodhi"/><ref name="Britannica"/> The school's adherents, termed '''''Theravādins''''' ([[anglicized]] from [[Pali]] ''theravādī''),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-07|title=Theravādin, Theravādan, Theravādist|url=https://discourse.suttacentral.net/t/theravadin-theravadan-theravadist/8565|website=Discuss & Discover|language=en|access-date=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pali word for "Theravada Buddhist" - Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum|url=https://www.dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.php?t=27305|website=www.dhammawheel.com|access-date=2024-08-30}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> have preserved their version of [[the Buddha]]'s teaching or ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dhamma]]'' in the [[Pāli Canon]] for over two millennia.<ref name="Bodhi"/><ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="Braun2014" group="web" /> As of 2010, Theravada is the second largest branch of Buddhism with 36% Buddhists belonging to Theravada, compared to 53% to Mahayana.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2013 |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=36 |access-date=2 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a [[Indo-Aryan languages|classical Indian language]], [[Pāli]], which serves as the school's [[sacred language]]<ref name="Britannica" /> and ''[[lingua franca]]''.<ref name="Crosby, Kate 2013 p. 2">Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity'', p. 2.</ref> In contrast to [[Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayāna]], Theravāda tends to be conservative in matters of the theoretical study (''[[pariyatti]]'') of the doctrine (''Dhamma'') and monastic discipline (''[[Vinaya]]'').<ref>[[Richard Gombrich|Gombrich, Richard]] (2006), ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'', Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.</ref> One element of this [[Religious conservatism|conservatism]] is the fact that Theravāda rejects the authenticity of the [[Mahayana sutras]] (which appeared {{Circa|1st century BCE}} onwards).<ref>Hay, Jeff (2009). ''"World Religions"'' p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.</ref><ref>Buswell, Robert E (2004). ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (2004), p. 293.</ref> Consequently, Theravāda generally does not recognize the existence of many Buddhas and [[bodhisattva]]s believed by the Mahāyāna school, such as [[Amitābha]] and [[Vairocana]], because they are not found in their scriptures.<ref name="Williams-2008f">Williams, Paul, ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,'' Routledge, 2008, p. 21.</ref>

Theravāda derives from [[India]]n [[Sthavira nikāya]] (an [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhist school]]). This tradition developed significantly in [[India]] from the 3rd century BCE onward, particularly with the writing down of the Pāli Canon and the growth of its [[Atthakatha|commentarial]] literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sujato |first=Bhikkhu |url=https://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Sects__Sectarianism_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf |title=Sects & Sectarianism: The origins of Buddhist schools |date=2012 |publisher=Santipada |isbn=9781921842085 |location=Perth |pages=101 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keown |first=Damien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9780198605607 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219094641/https://books.google.co.id/books?vid=9780198605607 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198605607 |location=Oxford |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Access to Insight |date=2005 |title=What is Theravada Buddhism? |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/theravada.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Access to Insight}}</ref> From both India, as its historical origin, and Sri Lanka, as its principal center of development, the Theravāda tradition subsequently [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia|spread to Southeast Asia]], where it became the dominant form of Buddhism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Prebish, Charles S. |title=Buddhism – a modern perspective |date=1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismamodernp0000preb |location=University Park |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=0271011858 |oclc=1103133 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Theravāda is the official religion of Sri Lanka, [[Myanmar]], and [[Cambodia]], and the main dominant Buddhist variant found in [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]]. It is practiced by minorities in India, [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Nepal]], [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], as well as by [[diaspora]] from all these groups and converts from around the world.

During the modern era, new developments have included [[Buddhist modernism]], the [[Vipassana movement]] which reinvigorated Theravāda meditation practice,<ref name="Braun2014" group="web" /> the growth of the [[Thai Forest Tradition]] which reemphasized forest monasticism and the spread of Theravāda westward to places such as India and Nepal, along with Buddhist immigrants and converts in the [[European Union]] and in the [[United States]].

== Etymology ==
The Pali term ''Theravāda'' translates to "Doctrine of the Elders"; ''thera'' (Sanskrit ''[[sthavira]]'') means "elder" or "senior monk", while ''vāda'' means "doctrine", "teaching" or "school". The term references the school's asserted roots in the [[early Buddhist]] [[Sthavira nikāya]].

According to [[Kate Crosby]], in "the [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya|Mahāvihāra in Anuradhapura]] in Sri Lanka in the fifth century CE ... the term ''thera-vāda'' was used to to refer to the teachings of ... those senior monks who gathered [at] “the [[First Buddhist council|first council]]”." This usage attributed the Mahāvihāra's own canonical codifications and commentaries of the Tipitaka to the Buddha's immediate [[arahant]] disciples. "In the twelfth century, the Mahāvihāra monastic tradition came to dominate the Buddhism of Sri Lanka and [from there] Southeast Asia".<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 3.</ref>

But it "is only in the modern period that the term ''thera-vāda'' ... came to be equated with the community religion of this region, becoming its official designation at the [[World Fellowship of Buddhists]] in 1950".<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 2.</ref> Colonial-era scholarship of the 19th and 20th centuries initially called this tradition [[Southern Buddhism]], associating it with "the 222 doctrinal theses claimed as “orthodox” in the [[Abhidhamma]] book, the [[Kathāvatthu]]". This "led to it being labeled as one of the [[Hīnayāna]] “inferior vehicle” schools, a pejorative term found in [[Mahayana sūtra]]s to refer to the Buddhism of the opponents... It was in reaction to this identification that representatives... from the end of the nineteenth century" sought an acceptable common label, ultimately settling on "Theravada".<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 4.</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Theravāda Buddhism}}

===Pre-modern===
[[File:Thuparamaya Stupa and Stone Pillars.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Thuparamaya]] Stupa, the earliest [[stupa]] after Theravada Buddhism became the official religion in [[Sri Lanka]], dating back to the reign of King [[Devanampiya Tissa]] (247–207 BCE)]]
[[File:Ruwanweli Saya 1.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Ruwanwelisaya]] stupa, built by the Sri Lankan [[Dutugamunu|King Dutugemunu]] (c. 140 BCE)]]
The Theravāda school descends from the [[Vibhajyavāda|Vibhajjavāda]], a division within the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthāvira nikāya]], one of the two major orders that arose after the [[Second Buddhist council|first schism]] in the Indian Buddhist community.<ref>Skilton, Andrew (2004). ''A Concise History of Buddhism''. pp. 49, 64.</ref><ref name="Cousins2001">Cousins, Lance (2001). ''"[https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/BSR/article/view/8772/6247 On the Vibhajjavādins"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411104058/https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/BSR/article/view/8772/6247 |date=11 April 2019 }}'', Buddhist Studies Review 18 (2), 131–182.</ref> Theravāda sources trace their tradition to the Third Buddhist council when elder [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] is said to have compiled the ''[[Kathavatthu]]'', an important work which lays out the Vibhajjavāda doctrinal position.<ref name="Berkwitz2012">Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2012). ''South Asian Buddhism: A Survey'', Routledge, pp. 44-45.</ref>

Aided by the patronage of Mauryan kings like [[Ashoka]], this school spread throughout India and reached [[Sri Lanka]] through the efforts of missionary monks like [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]. In Sri Lanka, it became known as the [[Tamrashatiya|Tambapaṇṇiya (and later as Mahāvihāravāsins)]] which was based at the [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya|Great Vihara (Mahavihara)]] in [[Anuradhapura]] (the ancient Sri Lankan capital).<ref name=":0" /> According to Theravāda sources, another one of the Ashokan missions was also sent to [[Suvarnabhumi|''Suvaṇṇabhūmi'']] ("The Golden Land"), which may refer to Southeast Asia.<ref>''Mahavamsa: The great chronicle of Ceylon'' tr. [[Wilhelm Geiger]]. Pali Text Society, 1912, pp. 82, 86.</ref>

By the first century BCE, Theravāda Buddhism was well established in the main settlements of the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Kingdom of Anuradhapura]].<ref>De Silva, K. M. (2005), pp. 9-12.</ref> The Pali Canon, which contains the main scriptures of the Theravāda, was committed to writing in the first century BCE.<ref>Gombrich, Richard (2006), ''Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'', p. 152. Routledge.</ref> Throughout the history of ancient and medieval Sri Lanka, Theravāda was the main religion of the [[Sinhalese people]] and its temples and monasteries were patronized by the [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs|Sri Lankan kings]], who saw themselves as the protectors of the religion.<ref>Bandaranayake, S.D. ''Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura'', p. 25.</ref>

[[File:TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg|thumb|240px|Gold Plates containing fragments of the Pali Tipitaka (5th century) found in Maunggan (a village near the city of [[Sri Ksetra Kingdom|Sriksetra]])]]
[[File:Old_Bagan,_Myanmar,_Bagan_plains_at_sunset.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Bagan]], the capital of the [[Bagan Kingdom]]. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000 temples, [[pagoda]]s and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains.<ref>Stadtner, Donald M. (2011). ''Sacred Sites of Burma: Myth and Folklore in an Evolving Spiritual Realm,'' p. 216. Bangkok: 2011. {{ISBN|978-974-9863-60-2}}.</ref>]]
Over time, two other sects split off from the Mahāvihāra tradition, the [[Abhayagiri vihāra|Abhayagiri]] and [[Jetavanaramaya|Jetavana]].<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 280">Warder, A.K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 280.</ref> While the Abhayagiri sect became known for the [[Syncretism|syncretic]] study of [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] texts, as well as the Theravāda canon, the Mahāvihāra tradition did not accept these new scriptures.<ref>Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (translator) (2007). ''A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna''. pp. 121-124.</ref> Instead, Mahāvihāra scholars like [[Buddhaghosa]] focused on the [[exegesis]] of the Pali scriptures and on the [[Abhidharma|Abhidhamma]]. These Theravāda sub-sects often came into conflict with each other over royal patronage.<ref>De Silva, K. M. (2005), p. 63.</ref> The reign of [[Parakramabahu I|Parākramabāhu I]] (1153–1186) saw an extensive reform of the Sri Lankan sangha after years of warfare on the island. Parākramabāhu created a single unified sangha which came to be dominated by the Mahāvihāra sect.<ref>De Silva, K. M. (1981), p. 73.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Hirakawa|first1=Akira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC|title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna|last2=Groner|first2=Paul|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1993|isbn=978-81-208-0955-0|page=126}}</ref>

Epigraphical evidence has established that Theravāda Buddhism became a dominant religion in the Southeast Asian kingdoms of [[Sri Ksetra Kingdom|Sri Ksetra]] and [[Dvaravati]] from about the 5th century CE onwards.<ref>Skilling, Peter. ''The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia'', Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. Volume 20, Number 1, Summer 1997.</ref> The oldest surviving Buddhist texts in the Pāli language are gold plates found at Sri Ksetra dated circa the 5th to 6th century.<ref>{{Citation|author=Professor Janice Stargardt|title=Historical Geography of Burma: Creation of enduring patterns in the Pyu period|url=http://iias.asia/iiasn/25/theme/25T6.html|publisher=IIAS Newsletter Online, No 25, Theme Burmese Heritage|access-date=13 September 2024|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408120847/http://iias.asia/iiasn/25/theme/25T6.html|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Before the Theravāda tradition became the dominant religion in Southeast Asia, Mahāyāna, Vajrayana and Hinduism were also prominent.<ref>Frasch, Tilman. "''The Theravaada Buddhist Ecumene in the Fifteenth Century: Intellectual Foundations and Material Representations"'' in Buddhism Across Asia, Networks of Material, Intellectual and Cultural Exchange, Volume 1 – Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2014), p. 347.</ref><ref name="Sujato, Bhikkhu 2006. p. 72">{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|title=Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools|page=72|year=2012|publisher=Santipada|isbn=978-1921842085|author-link=Bhante Sujato}}</ref>

Starting at around the 11th century, Sinhalese Theravāda monks and Southeast Asian elites led a widespread conversion of most of mainland Southeast Asia to the Theravādin [[Mahaviharavasin|Mahavihara]] school.<ref>Gombrich (2006), p. 3.</ref> The patronage of monarchs such as the Burmese king [[Anawrahta]] (Pali: Aniruddha, 1044–1077) and the Thai king [[Ram Khamhaeng]] ([[floruit]]. late 13th century) was instrumental in the rise of Theravāda Buddhism as the predominant religion of Burma and Thailand.<ref>Lieberman, Victor B (2003). ''Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland.'' Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80496-7}}.</ref><ref>Patit Paban Mishra (2010). ''The History of Thailand,'' p. 37-38. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.</ref><ref name=":13">Yoneo Ishii (1986). ''Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History'', p. 60. University of Hawaii Press.</ref>

Burmese and Thai kings saw themselves as [[Buddhist kingship|Dhamma Kings]] and as protectors of the Theravāda faith. They promoted the building of new temples, patronized scholarship, monastic ordinations and missionary works as well as attempted to eliminate certain non-Buddhist practices like animal sacrifices.<ref name="geh-172-173">Harvey (1925), pp. 172–173.</ref><ref>Leider, Jacques P. ''Text, Lineage and Tradition in Burma. The Struggle for Norms and Religious Legitimacy Under King Bodawphaya (1782-1819).'' The Journal of Burma Studies Volume 9, 2004, pp. 95-99.</ref><ref>Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). ''Thai Art with Indian Influences,'' p. 33. Abhinav Publications.</ref> During the 15th and 16th centuries, Theravāda also became established as the state religion in Cambodia and Laos. In Cambodia, numerous Hindu and Mahāyāna temples, most famously [[Angkor Wat]] and [[Angkor Thom]], were transformed into Theravādin monasteries.<ref>Evans, Grant (2002). ''A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between,'' pp. 15-16. Allen & Unwin.</ref><ref>Harris, Ian (2008). ''Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice,'' pp. 35-36. University of Hawaii Press.</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:Buddhism-meditation-burma.jpg|thumb|240px|A Burmese man meditates in [[Myanmar]]. The widespread practice of meditation by laypersons is a modern development in Theravāda.]]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Theravāda Buddhists came into direct contact with western ideologies, religions and modern science. The various responses to this encounter have been called "[[Buddhist modernism]]".<ref>David L. McMahan (2008). ''The Making of Buddhist Modernism.'' Oxford University Press. pp. 5–7, 32–33, 43–52. {{ISBN|978-0-19-988478-0}}.</ref> In the British colonies of [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka) and [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] (Myanmar), Buddhist institutions lost their traditional role as the prime providers of education (a role that was often filled by Christian schools).<ref>Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, ''Buddhism Betrayed?'' The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 35–36.</ref> In response to this, Buddhist organizations were founded which sought to preserve Buddhist scholarship and provide a Buddhist education.<ref>Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, ''Buddhism Betrayed?'' The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 63–64.</ref> [[Anagarika Dhammapala]], [[Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera]], [[Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera]] and [[Henry Steel Olcott]] (one of the first American western converts to Buddhism) were some of the main figures of the Sri Lankan Buddhist revival.<ref>Kemper, Steven (2015) ''Rescued from the Nation: Anagarika Dharmapala and the Buddhist World'', p. 6. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Two new monastic orders were formed in the 19th century, the [[Amarapura Nikāya]] and the [[Rāmañña Nikāya]].<ref>De Silva, K. M. (1981), p. 341.</ref>

In Burma, an influential modernist figure was king [[Mindon Min]] (1808–1878), known for his patronage of the [[Fifth Buddhist council]] (1871) and the [[Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda]] (still the world's largest book) with the intention of preserving the Buddha Dhamma. Burma also saw the growth of the "[[Vipassana movement]]", which focused on reviving Buddhist meditation and [[Pariyatti|doctrinal learning]]. [[Ledi Sayadaw]] (1846–1923) was one of the key figures in this movement.<ref name="insight">{{Citation |last=Braun |first=Erik |title=The Many Lives of Insight: The Abhidhamma and transformations in Theravada meditation |url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/the-many-lives-of-insight/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |publisher=[[Harvard Divinity School]]}}</ref> After independence, Myanmar held the [[Sixth Buddhist council]] ([[Vesak]] 1954 to Vesak 1956) to create a new redaction of the [[Pāli Canon]], which was then published by the government in 40 volumes. The Vipassana movement continued to grow after independence, becoming an international movement with centers around the world. Influential meditation teachers of the post-independence era include [[U Nārada|U Narada]], [[Mahasi Sayadaw]], [[U Pandita|Sayadaw U Pandita]], [[Nyanaponika Thera]], [[Webu Sayadaw]], [[Sayagyi U Ba Khin|U Ba Khin]] and his student [[S. N. Goenka|S.N. Goenka.]]

Meanwhile, in Thailand (the only Theravāda nation to retain its independence throughout the colonial era), the religion became much more centralized, [[Bureaucracy|bureaucratized]] and controlled by the state after a series of reforms promoted by Thai kings of the [[Chakri dynasty]]. King [[Mongkut]] (r. 1851–1868) and his successor [[Chulalongkorn]] (1868–1910) were especially involved in centralizing sangha reforms. Under these kings, the sangha was organized into a hierarchical bureaucracy led by the [[Sangha Supreme Council|Sangha Council of Elders]] ([[Pali language|Pali]]: ''Mahāthera Samāgama''), the highest body of the Thai sangha.<ref name=":14">Yoneo Ishii (1986). ''Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History'', p. 69. University of Hawaii Press.</ref> Mongkut also led the creation of a new monastic order, the [[Dhammayuttika Nikaya|Dhammayuttika]] Nikaya, which kept a stricter monastic discipline than the rest of the Thai sangha (this included not using money, not storing up food and not taking milk in the evening).<ref name=":8">Patit Paban Mishra (2010). ''The History of Thailand,'' p. 77. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.</ref><ref>Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). ''Thai Art with Indian Influences,'' pp. 38-39. Abhinav Publications.</ref> The Dhammayuttika movement was characterized by an emphasis on the original Pali Canon and a rejection of Thai folk beliefs which were seen as irrational.<ref name=":18">Yoneo Ishii (1986). ''Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History'', p. 156. University of Hawaii Press.</ref> Under the leadership of Prince [[Vajirananavarorasa|Wachirayan Warorot]], a new education and examination system was introduced for Thai monks.<ref name=":15">Yoneo Ishii (1986). ''Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History'', p. 76. University of Hawaii Press.</ref>
[[File:AjahnChahSangha.jpg|thumb|240px|Thai Forest teacher [[Ajahn Chah]] with [[Ajahn Sumedho]] (front right), [[Ajahn Pasanno]] (rear and left of Sumedho) and other monastics (1980)]]
The 20th century also saw the growth of "forest traditions" which focused on forest living and strict monastic discipline. The main forest movements of this era are the [[Sri Lankan Forest Tradition]] and the [[Thai Forest Tradition]], founded by [[Ajahn Mun]] (1870–1949) and his students.<ref>Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984). ''The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,'' pp. 84-88. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-27787-7}}.</ref>

Theravāda Buddhism in Cambodia and Laos went through similar experiences in the modern era. Both had to endure French colonialism, destructive civil wars and oppressive communist governments. Under [[French protectorate of Cambodia|French Rule]], French indologists of the [[French School of the Far East|École française d'Extrême-Orient]] became involved in the reform of Buddhism, setting up institutions for the training of Cambodian and Lao monks, such as the Ecole de Pali which was founded in Phnom Penh in 1914''.''<ref>Ladwig, Patrice (2017). ''Contemporary Lao Buddhism. Ruptured histories''. In: Jerryson, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Contemporary Buddhism, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 274-296.</ref> While the [[Khmer Rouge]] effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions, after the end of the communist regime the Cambodian Sangha was re-established by monks who had returned from exile.<ref name="Harris 2001 p=75">Harris, Ian (August 2001), ''"Sangha Groupings in Cambodia",'' Buddhist Studies Review, UK Association for Buddhist Studies, 18 (I): 73–106.</ref> In contrast, communist rule in Laos was less destructive since the [[Pathet Lao]] sought to make use of the sangha for political ends by imposing direct state control.<ref>Morev, L. (1998). ''"Religion, state and society in contemporary Laos"'' in "Religion, State and Society" 26:1, pp. 31–38.</ref> During the late 1980s and 1990s, the official attitudes toward Buddhism began to liberalise in Laos and there was a resurgence of traditional Buddhist activities such as merit-making and doctrinal study.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Global_Pagoda,Gorai,Meera_Rd-Bhayandar_-_panoramio_(4).jpg|thumb|240x240px|[[Global Vipassana Pagoda]], Maharashtra, India. S.N. Goenka laid the foundation for the structure in 2000 and the pagoda opened in 2009. Regular meditation courses are held at the complex.]]
The modern era also saw the spread of Theravāda Buddhism around the world and the revival of the religion in places where it remains a minority faith. Some of the major events of the spread of modern Theravāda include:

*The 20th-century Nepalese Theravāda movement which introduced Theravāda Buddhism to [[Nepal]] and was led by prominent figures such as [[Dharmaditya Dharmacharya]], [[Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya|Mahapragya]], [[Pragyananda Mahasthavir|Pragyananda]] and [[Dhammalok Mahasthavir]].<ref>LeVine, Sarah; Gellner, David N. (2009). ''Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal,'' pp. 37, 48, 50. Harvard University Press.</ref>
*The establishment of some of the first Theravāda Viharas in the Western world, such as the [[London Buddhist Vihara]] (1926), [[Das Buddhistische Haus]] in Berlin (1957) and the Washington Buddhist Vihara in Washington, DC (1965).
*The founding of the [[Bengal Buddhist Association]] (1892) and the Dharmankur Vihar (1900) in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] by the Bengali monk [[Kripasaran]] Mahasthavir, which were key events in the Bengali Theravāda revival.<ref>Ven. BD Dipananda (2013). ''[https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/the-revival-of-buddhism-in-indo-bangla-territory-a-new-perspective The Revival of Buddhism in Indo-Bangla Territory: A New Perspective.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117193734/https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/the-revival-of-buddhism-in-indo-bangla-territory-a-new-perspective |date=17 January 2021 }}'' Buddhistdoor International.</ref>
*The founding of the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] in 1891 by [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] which focused on the conservation and restoration of important Indian Buddhist sites, such as [[Bodh Gaya]] and [[Sarnath]].<ref name="Jerryson, Michael K. p. 41">Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) ''The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism'', p. 41.</ref><ref name="Ahir">{{Citation |last=Ahir|first=D.C.|title=Buddhism in Modern India|publisher=Satguru|year=1991|isbn=81-7030-254-4}}</ref>
*The introduction of Theravāda to other Southeast Asian nations like Singapore, [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]]. Especially with Ven. [[K. Sri Dhammananda]] missionary efforts among English-speaking Chinese communities. In addition, the establishment of the [[Indonesian Theravāda Saṅgha]] in 1976 and the [[Theravada Buddhist Council of Malaysia|Theravāda Buddhist Council of Malaysia]] in 2012 also signaled the revival of Theravāda in both countries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wowor|first=Cornelis|title=Awal Sangha Theravada Indonesia|url=https://samaggi-phala.or.id/sangha-theravada-indonesia/sekilas-sti/awal-sangha-theravada-indonesia-2/|website=Samaggi Phala|access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TBCM|url=https://www.tbcm.org.my/about-tbcm|website=Theravada Buddhist Council of Malaysia|language=en-GB|access-date=2024-09-13}}</ref>
*The return of Western Theravādin monks trained in the Thai Forest Tradition to western countries and the subsequent founding of monasteries led by western monastics, such as [[Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery]], [[Chithurst Buddhist Monastery]], [[Metta Forest Monastery]], [[Amaravati Buddhist Monastery]], [[Birken Forest Buddhist Monastery]], [[Bodhinyana Monastery]] and [[Santacittarama]].
*The spread of the [[Vipassana movement]] around the world by the efforts of people like [[Mother Sayamagyi]], [[S. N. Goenka|S.N. Goenka]], [[Anagarika Munindra]], [[Joseph Goldstein (writer)|Joseph Goldstein]], [[Jack Kornfield]], [[Sharon Salzberg]], [[Dipa Ma]], and [[Ruth Denison]].
*The Vietnamese Theravāda movement, led by figures such as Ven. Hộ-Tông (Vansarakkhita).<ref>Huynh Kim Lan (2015). ''[http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/1678?show=full Theravāda Buddhism in Vietnam.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142729/http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/1678?show=full |date=24 September 2021 }}'' Proceedings of 10th National Conference on Buddhist Studies of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]], Nugegoda, 73.</ref>

==Texts==

=== Pāli Tipiṭaka ===
{{Main|Pali Canon}}

{{PaliCanon}}
[[File:Illustrated Sinhalese covers (inside) showing the events Wellcome L0031774.jpg|thumb|240px|Pre-modern copies of the Tipiṭaka were preserved in [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s, most of which have not survived the humid climate of South Asia and Southeast Asia.]]
[[File:Tipitaka1.jpg|thumb|240px|A full modern set of the Tipiṭaka can fill many volumes (from 40 to over 50 volumes depending on the edition).]]
According to Kate Crosby, for Theravāda, the Pāli [[Tripiṭaka|Tipiṭaka]], also known as the Pāli Canon is "the highest authority on what constitutes the Dhamma (the truth or teaching of the Buddha) and the organization of the Sangha (the community of monks and nuns)."<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 1.</ref>

The language of the Tipiṭaka, [[Pali|Pāli]], is a [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|middle-Indic language]] which is the main religious and scholarly language in Theravāda. This language may have evolved out of various Indian dialects, and is related to, but not the same as, the ancient language of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref>Norman, Kenneth Roy (1983). ''Pali Literature.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 2–3. {{ISBN|3-447-02285-X}}.</ref>

An early form of the Tipiṭaka may have been transmitted to [[Sri Lanka]] during the reign of [[Ashoka]], which saw a period of Buddhist missionary activity. After being orally transmitted (as was the custom for religious texts in those days) for some centuries, the texts were finally committed to writing in the 1st century BCE. Theravāda is one of the first Buddhist schools to commit its Tipiṭaka to writing.<ref>Harvey, ''Introduction to Buddhism'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 3.</ref> The [[recension]] of the Tipiṭaka which survives today is that of the Sri Lankan Mahavihara sect.<ref>Collins, Steven. ''"What Is Literature in Pali?"'' Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, edited by Sheldon Pollock, University of California Press, 2003, pp. 649–688. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppqxk.19. Accessed 6 May 2020.</ref>

The oldest manuscripts of the Tipiṭaka from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia date to the 15th Century, and they are incomplete.<ref name="skilling">Skilling, Peter. "Reflections on the Pali Literature of Siam". From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research: Papers Presented at the Conference Indic Buddhist Manuscripts: The State of the Field. Stanford, 15–19 June 2009, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann, 1st ed., Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Wien, 2014, pp. 347–366. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vw0q4q.25. Accessed 7 May 2020.</ref> Complete manuscripts of the four [[Nikaya]]s are only available from the 17th Century onwards.<ref name="analayo">Anālayo. "The Historical Value of the Pāli Discourses". Indo-Iranian Journal, vol. 55, no. 3, 2012, pp. 223–253. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24665100. Accessed 7 May 2020.</ref> However, fragments of the Tipiṭaka have been found in inscriptions from Southeast Asia, the earliest of which have been dated to the 3rd or 4th century.<ref name="skilling" /><ref name=":0h">Wynne, Alexander. ''Did the Buddha exist?'' JOCBS. 2019(16): 98–148.</ref> According to Alexander Wynne, "they agree almost exactly with extant Pāli manuscripts. This means that the Pāli Tipiṭaka has been transmitted with a high degree of accuracy for well over 1,500 years."<ref name=":0h" />

There are numerous editions of the Tipiṭaka, some of the major modern editions include the [[Pali Text Society]] edition (published in Roman script), the Burmese [[Buddhist Councils|Sixth Council]] edition (in [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]], 1954–56) and the Thai Tipiṭaka edited and published in [[Thai script]] after the council held during the reign of [[Prajadhipok|Rama VII]] (1925–35). There is also a [[Khmer script|Khmer]] edition, published in [[Phnom Penh]] (1931–69).<ref>Warder, A. K. (2001), ''Introduction to Pali'' (Third Edition), p. 382. Pali Text Society.</ref><ref>Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). ''Thai Art with Indian Influences,'' p. 40. Abhinav Publications.</ref><ref>Marston, John (2004). ''History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia'', p. 77. University of Hawaii Press.</ref>
[[File:Pali_Canon_Structure.png|alt=|thumb|330x330px|The structure of the books considered canonical within the Pali Tripitaka. The Theravāda school generally only recognizes the Pali Tripitaka and rejects the authenticity of other [[Tripiṭaka|Tripitaka]] versions.]]
The Pāli Tipitaka consists of three parts: the [[Vinaya Pitaka]], [[Sutta Pitaka]] and [[Abhidhamma Pitaka]]. Of these, the Abhidhamma Pitaka is believed to be a later addition to the collection, its composition dating from around the 3rd century BCE onwards.<ref>Damien Keown (2004). ''A Dictionary of Buddhism.'' Oxford University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|978-0-19-157917-2}}.</ref> The Pāli Abhidhamma was not recognized outside the Theravāda school. There are also some texts which were late additions that are included in the fifth Nikaya, the ''[[Khuddaka Nikāya]]'' ('Minor Collection'), such as the ''[[Paṭisambhidāmagga]]'' (possibly c. 3rd to 1st century BCE) and the ''[[Buddhavaṃsa]]'' (c. 1st and 2nd century BCE).<ref>Ronkin, Noa (2005). ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics.'' New York: Routledge. pp. 91-2. {{ISBN|0-415-34519-7}}.</ref><ref>Abeynayake, Oliver (1984). ''A textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya'', Colombo, p. 113.</ref>

The main parts of the [[Sūtra|Sutta Pitaka]] and some portions of the [[Vinaya]] show considerable overlap in content with the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]], the parallel collections used by non-Theravāda schools in India which are preserved in Chinese and partially in [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], and [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]], as well as the various non-Theravāda Vinayas. On this basis, these [[Early Buddhist texts]] (i.e. the Nikayas and parts of the Vinaya) are generally believed to be some of the oldest and most authoritative sources on the doctrines of [[pre-sectarian Buddhism]] by modern scholars.<ref>Tse-Fu Kuan. Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature in ''Edo Shonin, William Van Gordon, [[Nirbhay N. Singh]]. Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness, page 267''.</ref><ref>Rupert Gethin (1998), ''The Foundations of Buddhism,'' OUP Oxford, pp. 42-43.</ref>

Much of the material in the earlier portions is not specifically "Theravādan", but the collection of teachings that this school's adherents preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to [[Peter Harvey (Buddhism)|Peter Harvey]], while the Theravādans may have added texts to their Tipiṭaka (such as the Abhidhamma texts and so on), they generally did not tamper with the earlier material.<ref>Peter Harvey, ''The Selfless Mind.'' Curzon Press, 1995, p. 9.</ref>

The historically later parts of the canon, mainly the Abhidhamma and some parts of the Vinaya, contain some distinctive elements and teachings which are unique to the Theravāda school and often differ from the Abhidharmas or Vinayas of other [[early Buddhist schools]].<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 175.</ref> For example, while the Theravāda Vinaya contains a total of 227 monastic rules for [[bhikkhu]]s, the [[Dharmaguptaka]] Vinaya (used in [[East Asian Buddhism]]) has a total of 253 rules for bhikkhus (though the overall structure is the same).<ref>Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013). ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.'' p. 667''.'' Princeton University Press.</ref> These differences arose from the systematization and historical development of doctrines and monasticism in the centuries after the death of the Buddha.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=217}}

The Abhidhamma-pitaka contains "a restatement of the doctrine of the Buddha in strictly formalized language." Its texts present a new method, the Abhidhamma method, which attempts to build a single consistent philosophical system (in contrast with the suttas, which present numerous teachings given by the Buddha to particular individuals according to their needs).{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=288}} Because the Abhidhamma focuses on analyzing the internal lived experience of beings and the intentional structure of consciousness, it has often been compared to a kind of [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] [[psychology]] by numerous modern scholars such as [[Nyanaponika Thera|Nyanaponika]], [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] and [[Alexander Piatigorsky]].<ref>Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 5.</ref>

The Theravāda school has traditionally held the doctrinal position that the canonical Abhidhamma Pitaka was actually taught by the Buddha himself.<ref>James P. McDermott, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. p. 80.</ref> Modern scholarship in contrast, has generally held that the Abhidhamma texts date from the 3rd century BCE onwards.<ref>"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref> However some scholars, such as [[Erich Frauwallner|Frauwallner]], also hold that the early Abhidhamma texts developed out of [[Exegesis|exegetical]] and [[Catechesis|catechetical]] work which made use of doctrinal lists which can be seen in the suttas, called ''matikas.''<ref>Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, pp. 27–30.</ref><ref>Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor). Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100.</ref>

===Non-canonical literature===
{{Main|Pali literature}}

There are numerous Theravāda works which are important for the tradition even though they are not part of the Tipiṭaka. Perhaps the most important texts apart from the Tipiṭaka are the works of the influential scholar [[Buddhaghosa]] (4th–5th century CE), known for his [[Atthakatha|Pāli commentaries]] (which were based on older Sri Lankan commentaries of the Mahavihara tradition). He is also the author of a very important compendium of Theravāda doctrine, the ''[[Visuddhimagga]]''.<ref name="Crosby, 2013, p. 86">Crosby, 2013, p. 86.</ref> Other figures like [[Dhammapala]] and [[Buddhadatta]] also wrote Theravāda commentaries and other works in Pali during the time of Buddhaghosa.<ref>Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'', Routledge; 2 edition (2006), p. 154.</ref> While these texts do not have the same scriptural authority in Theravāda as the Tipiṭaka, they remain influential works for the [[exegesis]] of the Tipiṭaka.

An important genre of Theravādin literature is shorter handbooks and summaries, which serve as introductions and study guides for the larger commentaries. Two of the more influential summaries are Sariputta Thera's ''Pālimuttakavinayavinicchayasaṅgaha,'' a summary of Buddhaghosa's Vinaya commentary and Anuruddha's ''[[Abhidhammattha-sangaha|Abhidhammaṭṭhasaṅgaha]]'' (a "Manual of Abhidhamma").<ref name="Crosby, 2013, 86">Crosby, 2013, 86.</ref>

Throughout the history of Theravāda, Theravāda monks also produced other works of Pāli literature such as historical chronicles (like the ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' and the ''[[Mahavamsa]]''), [[Hagiography|hagiographies]], poetry, Pāli grammars, and "[[Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)|sub-commentaries]]" (that is, commentaries on the commentaries).

While Pāli texts are symbolically and ritually important for many Theravādins, most people are likely to access Buddhist teachings through vernacular literature, oral teachings, sermons, art and performance as well as films and Internet media.<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 71.</ref> According to Kate Crosby, "there is a far greater volume of Theravāda literature in vernacular languages than in Pāli."<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 91.</ref>

An important genre of Theravādin literature, in both Pāli and vernacular languages, are the [[Jataka tales]], stories of the Buddha's past lives. They are very popular among all classes and are rendered in a wide variety of media formats, from cartoons to high literature. The [[Vessantara Jataka|Vessantara Jātaka]] is one of the most popular of these.<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 109.</ref>

=== Other Buddhist texts ===
Most Theravāda Buddhists generally consider [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhist scriptures to be [[apocrypha]]l, meaning that they are not authentic words of the Buddha.<ref>Macmillan ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'', 2004 (Volume Two), p. 756.</ref> Consequently, Theravādin generally does not recognize the existence of many Buddhas and [[bodhisattva]]s believed by the ''Mahāyāna'' school, such as [[Amitābha]] and [[Vairocana]], because they are not found in the canonical scriptures.<ref name="Williams-2008f" />

==Doctrine (''pariyatti'')==
[[File:Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|240px|Painting of the Buddha's first sermon from [[Wat Chedi Liem]] in Thailand]]

=== Core teachings ===
The core of Theravāda Buddhist doctrine is contained in the Pāli Canon, the only complete collection of [[early Buddhist Texts]] surviving in a classical [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic language]].<ref>Bodhi, ''In the Buddha's words'', p. 13.</ref> The fundamentals of Theravadin Buddhism are shared by the other early Buddhist schools and [[Basic Points Unifying the Theravāda and the Mahāyāna|Mahayana traditions]]. They include central concepts such as:<ref>See, for example, the content of introductory texts from Theravada authors such as Rahula, Walpola (1974). ''What the Buddha Taught,'' and Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005). ''In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon.''</ref>
*A doctrine of action ([[karma in Buddhism|karma]])—which is based on intention (''[[cetanā]]'')—and a related doctrine of [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], which holds that after death, sentient (albeit incompletely awakened) beings will transmigrate to another body, possibly in another [[Ten realms|realm]]. The type of realm a being is reborn in is determined by the being's past karma, defining a fundamental reality driven by a cycle of birth and death ([[saṃsāra]]).
*A rejection of other doctrines and practices found in [[Brahmanical]] religions like [[Hinduism]], including the notion that the [[Vedas]] are a divine authority. Any form of sacrifices to the gods (including [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifices]]) and [[ritual purification]] by bathing are considered useless and spiritually corrupted.<ref>Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). ''"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India."'' p. 26.</ref> The Pāli texts also reject the idea that [[Caste system in India|castes]] are divinely ordained.
*A set of major teachings called the ''[[bodhipakkhiyādhammā]]'' (factors conducive to awakening).
*Descriptions of various meditative practices or states, namely the four [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|''jhanas'']] (meditative absorptions) and the formless dimensions (''arupāyatana'').
*[[Buddhist ethics|Ethical training]] (''sila''), including the ten courses of wholesome action and the [[five precepts]].
*[[Nirvana]] (Pali: ''nibbana''), the highest good and final state in Theravāda Buddhism. It is the complete and final end of suffering, a state of perfection. It is also the end of all rebirth, but it is ''not'' an annihilation (''[[Ucchedavada|uccheda]]'').<ref>Jayatilleke, K.N. (2000). ''The Message of the Buddha.'' p. 117-122. Buddhist Publication Society.</ref>
*The corruptions or influxes (''[[asava]]''s), such as the corruption of sensual pleasures (''kāmāsava''), existence corruption (''bhavāsava''), and ignorance corruption (''avijjāsava'').
*The doctrine of impermanence (''[[Impermanence|anicca]]''), which holds that all physical and mental phenomena are transient, unstable, and inconstant.<ref name="DavidsStede1921p355">{{Citation |author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC|title=Pali-English Dictionary|author2=William Stede|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1993|orig-date=1921|isbn=978-81-208-1144-7|pages=355, Article on '''Nicca'''}}</ref>
*The doctrine of not-self (''[[Anattā]]''), which holds that all the constituents of a person, namely, the [[Skandha|five aggregates]] ([[Rupa (Buddhism)|physical form]], [[Vedanā|feelings]], [[Saṃjñā|perceptions]], [[Saṅkhāra|intentions]] and [[Vijñāna|consciousness]]), are empty of a self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atta]]''), since they are impermanent and not always under our control. Therefore, there is no unchanging substance, permanent self, [[soul]], or essence.<ref>{{Citation |author=Richard Gombrich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|page=47}}, Quote: "All phenomenal existence [in Buddhism] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."</ref><ref>Siderits, Mark, "Buddha", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/buddha/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313135541/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/buddha/ |date=13 March 2021 }}</ref>
*The [[five hindrances]] (''pañca nīvaraṇāni''), which are obstacles to meditation: (1) sense-desire, (2) hostility, (3) sloth and torpor, (4) restlessness and worry, and (5) doubt.
*The [[Brahmavihara|Four Divine Abodes]] (''brahmavihārā''), also known as the four immeasurables (''appamaññā'').
*The [[Four Noble Truths]], which state, in brief: (1) there is [[Duḥkha|''dukkha'']] (suffering, unease); (2) there is a cause of ''dukkha'', mainly craving (''[[taṇhā]]''); (3) the removal of craving leads to the end (''[[nirodha]]'') of suffering; and (4) there is a path (''magga'') to follow to bring this about.<ref>Rahula, Walpola (1974). ''What the Buddha Taught,'' pp. 16-29.</ref>
*The framework of [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent arising]] (''paṭiccasamuppāda''), which explains how suffering arises (beginning with [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|ignorance]] and ending in birth, old age, and death) and how suffering can be brought to an end.<ref>Gombrich, Richard F. (2006). ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'', p. 63. Routledge.</ref>
*The [[Middle Way]], which is seen as having two major facets. First, it is a middle path between extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence. It is also seen as a middle view between the idea that at death beings are annihilated and that there is an eternal self (Pali: ''atta'').
*The [[Noble Eightfold Path]], one of the main outlines of the [[Buddhist paths to liberation]]. The eight factors are: Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right ''[[Samadhi]]''.
*The practice of taking [[Refuge (Buddhism)|refuge]] in the Triple Gems: the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dhamma]], and the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Saṅgha]].
*The [[Seven Factors of Awakening]] (''satta bojjhaṅgā''): mindfulness (''[[Mindfulness (Buddhism)|sati]]''), investigation (''[[dhamma vicaya]]''), energy (''[[Vīrya|viriya]]''), bliss (''[[pīti]]'')'','' relaxation (''[[passaddhi]]''), [[Samādhi (Buddhism)|samādhi]], and equanimity (''[[upekkha]]'').
*The [[Āyatana|six sense bases (''saḷāyatana'')]] and a corresponding theory of [[sense]] impression ([[Sparśa|''phassa'']]) and consciousness ([[Vijñāna|''viññana'']]).<ref>Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001). ''The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya'', pp. 1129–36, Boston: Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-072-X}}.</ref>
*Various frameworks for the practice of [[Sati (Buddhism)|mindfulness]] (''sati'')—mainly, the four ''[[satipatthana]]''s (establishments of mindfulness) and the 16 elements of [[Ānāpānasati Sutta|''anapanasati'']] (mindfulness of breathing).

=== Main doctrinal differences with other Buddhist traditions ===
[[File:Moggallana̞-statue.jpg|thumb|240px|A statue of the [[arahant]] [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallana]], who is identifiable by his dark (''nila'', i.e. blue/black) skin. He was one of the two most senior disciples of the Buddha and regarded as{{according to whom|date=August 2024}} the foremost in psychic powers.]]
The orthodox standpoints of Theravāda in comparison to other [[Buddhist denominations]] are presented in the ''[[Kathavatthu]]'' (Points of Controversy), as well as in other works by commentators like [[Buddhaghosa]].

Traditionally, Theravāda maintains the following key doctrinal positions, though not all Theravādins agree with the traditional points of view:<ref>James P. McDermott. ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D'', see entry on the Kathavatthu.</ref><ref>Andre Bareau, ''Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule'' (Ecole Fransaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1955), Chapitre I 'Les Mahasanghika', pp. 212-240.</ref>

*On the [[philosophy of time]], the Theravāda tradition follows [[philosophical presentism]]—the view that only present moment phenomena (''dhamma'') exist—rather than the [[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalist]] view of the [[Sarvāstivādin]] tradition, which held that ''dhamma''s exist in all three times—past, present, and future.
*The ''arahant'' is never a layperson, for they have abandoned the fetters of a layperson, including married life, using money, etc.
*The power (''bala'') of a Buddha is unique and not common to the disciples (''savaka'') or ''arahant''s.
*[[Theravāda Abhidhamma]] holds that a single thought (''citta'') cannot last as long as a day.
*Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that insight into the Four Noble Truths happens instantaneously (''khaṇa''), rather than gradually (''anupubba''), as was held by [[Sarvastivada]]. The defilements (''[[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kilesa]]'') are also abandoned instantaneously, not gradually.{{Citation needed|reason=Is there a source for this? I have listened to Theravada dhamma talks, and as far as I can understand, it certainly does not happen in an instant but is rather a gradual process|date=October 2021}}
*Theravāda Abhidhamma traditionally rejects the view that there is an intermediate or transitional state ([[Bardo|''antarabhāva'']]) between rebirths, instead holding that rebirth happens instantaneously.<ref>Wayman, Alex (1984). ''Buddhist Insight: Essays'', p. 252, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</ref> However, as has been noted by various modern scholars (e.g., [[Bhante Sujato|Bhikkhu Sujato]]), there are canonical passages that support the idea of an intermediate state (such as the ''Kutuhalasāla Sutta'').<ref name=":0y">Bhikkhu Sujato (2008). ''[https://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/RebirthandInbetweenState.pdf Rebirth and the in-between state in early Buddhism.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108093633/http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/RebirthandInbetweenState.pdf|date=8 November 2020}}''</ref> Some Theravāda scholars (such as [[Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero]]) have defended the idea of an intermediate state. It is also a widespread belief some monks and laypersons in the Theravāda world (where it is commonly referred to as the ''[[Gandharva|gandhabba]]'' or ''antarabhāva'').<ref>Langer, Rita (2007). ''Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins'', pp. 83-84. Routledge.</ref>
*Theravāda does not accept the Mahayana notion that there are two forms of ''nibbana''—an inferior "localized" or "abiding" (''pratiṣṭhita'') nirvana and [[Nirvana (Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita nirvāna|a non-abiding (''apratiṣṭhita'') nirvana]]. Such a dual nirvana theory is absent in the ''sutta''s.<ref>Thích Thiện Châu (1984), ''The Literature of the Personalists'', pp. 201-202.</ref> According to the ''Kathāvatthu'', there can be no dividing line separating the unconditioned element, and there is no superiority or inferiority in the unity of ''nibbana''.<ref>Hwang, Soonil (2006), ''Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana'', p. 68. Routledge.</ref>
*Theravāda exegetical works consider ''nibbana'' to be a ''real'' existent instead of a ''conceptual'' or ''nominal'' existent (''[[Prajñaptivāda|prajñapti]]''), referring to the mere destruction (''khayamatta'') of the defilements or non-existence of the five aggregates, as was held by some in the [[Sautrāntika]] school, for example.<ref>Hwang, Soonil (2006), ''Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana'', pp. 62, 75, 105. Routledge.</ref> In Theravāda scholasticism, ''nibbana'' is defined as the cessation (''nirodha'') of non-arising and exists separately from the mere destruction of passion, hatred, and delusion.<ref>Hwang, Soonil (2006), ''Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana'', p. 72. Routledge.</ref>
*In Theravāda exegetical works, mental phenomena last briefly or instantly (''khaṇa''), but physical phenomena do not.
*Theravāda holds that the Buddha resided in the human realm (''manussa-loka''). It rejects the [[Docetism|docetic view]] found in Mahayana that the Buddha's physical body was an incorporeal manifestation, emanation, or magical creation (''nirmāṇa'') of a transcendental being, and thus, that his birth and death were an illusion.<ref>James P. McDermott, ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies'', Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D., p. 95.</ref> Also, the Theravāda school rejects the view that there are currently numerous Buddhas in all directions.
*Theravāda holds that there is a ground level of consciousness called the [[bhavaṅga]], which conditions the rebirth consciousness.
*Theravāda rejects the [[Pudgalavada]] doctrine of the ''pudgala'' ("person" or "personal entity") as being more than a conceptual designation imputed on the five aggregates.<ref name="Doniger1980p168">{{Citation |author=James McDermott |title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n191 168]–170 |year=1980 |editor=Wendy Doniger |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03923-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Bruce Mathews |title=Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments |pages=123–126 |year=1986 |editor=Ronald Wesley Neufeldt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-87395-990-2}}</ref>
*Theravāda rejects the view of the [[Lokottaravāda]] schools that all acts done by the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] (including all speech, defecation, and urination, etc.) were supramundane or transcendental (''lokuttara'').<ref>James P. McDermott, ''Kathavatthu: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies'', Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.</ref> In Theravāda, a Buddha does not have the power to stop something that has already arisen from ceasing; they cannot stop a being from getting old, sick, or dying, and they cannot create a permanent thing (like a flower that does not die).
*Theravāda traditionally defends the idea that the Buddha himself taught the ''Abhidhamma Pitaka''.<ref>Skilling, Peter. ''"Scriptural Authenticity and the Śrāvaka Schools: An Essay towards an Indian Perspective."'' The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 41, no. 2, 2010, pp. 1–47. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44362554. Accessed 25 February 2020.</ref> This is now being questioned by some modern Theravādins in light of modern Buddhist studies scholarship.
*In Theravāda, [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|''nibbana'']] is the only unconstructed phenomenon (''asankhata-dhamma, asankhatadhatu).'' Unlike in the [[Sarvastivada]] school, [[space]] (''[[Akasha|akasa]]''), is seen as a constructed ''dhamma'' in Theravāda. Even the four noble truths are not unconstructed phenomena, nor is the domain of cessation (''nirodhasamapatti''). "Thatness" (''[[Tathātā|tathatā]]'') is also a constructed phenomenon. According to the ''[[Dhammasaṅgaṇī|Dhammasangani]]'', ''nibbana'', the unconstructed element, is 'without condition' (''appaccaya'') and is different from the five aggregates which are 'with condition' (''sappaccaya'').<ref>Hwang, Soonil (2006), ''Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana'', p. 67. Routledge.</ref>
*In Theravāda, the [[Bodhisattva|bodhisatta path]] is suitable only for a few exceptional people (like Sakyamuni and Metteya).<ref>{{Citation |last=Samuels |first=Jeffrey |title=The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition |date=July 1997 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=399–415 |url=https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/phil_rel_fac_pub/12 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |doi=10.2307/1399912 |jstor=1399912|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Theravāda also defines a bodhisatta as someone who has made a vow in front of a living Buddha.<ref>Drewes, David, ''Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path'', Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.</ref>
*In Theravāda, a physical sensory organ (''indriya'') conditions the mental consciousness (''manovinñāna'') and is the material support for consciousness. Some later Theravāda works like the ''Visuddhimagga'' locate this physical basis for consciousness at the [[heart]] (''hadaya-vatthu''), the Pali Canon itself is silent on this issue.<ref name=":12">Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri. ''The Whole Body, Not Heart, as 'Seat of Consciousness': The Buddha's View.'' Vol. 45, No. 3 (Jul. 1995), pp. 409-430.</ref><ref name=":5">Jayasuriya, W. F. (1963) ''The Psychology and Philosophy of Buddhism.'' (Colombo, YMBA Press), Appendix A, pp. 288-292.</ref> Some modern Theravāda scholars propose alternative notions. For example, [[Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri]] proposes that the basis for consciousness is the entire physical organism, which he ties with the canonical concept of ''[[jīvitindriya]]'' or life faculty.<ref name=":12" /> W. F. Jayasuriya meanwhile, argues that "''hadaya''" is not meant literally (it can also mean "essence", "core"), but refers to the entire [[nervous system]] (including the brain), which is dependent on the heart and blood.<ref name=":5" />
*Theravādins generally reject the [[Mahayana sutras]] as ''[[Buddhavacana]]'' (word of the Buddha), and do not study or see these texts (or Mahayana doctrines) as reliable sources. They reject the view that the ''Tipitaka'' is incomplete or inferior (i.e., "[[Hinayana]]") and that Mahayana texts are somehow more advanced.<ref name=":1">Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj (2013). ''South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today'', p. 115. Routledge.</ref>
*Theravādins traditionally believe that an awakened [[arhat|arahant]] has an "incorruptible nature" and is thus morally perfect.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=283}} They have no ignorance or doubts. According to Theravāda doctrine, arahants (and the other three lesser ariyas: stream enterers, etc.) cannot fall back or regress from their state.<ref>Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2010). ''South Asian Buddhism: A Survey,'' p. 58. Routledge.</ref>

=== Abhidhamma philosophy ===
{{Main|Theravāda Abhidhamma}}

{{Cetasika}}
[[File:Ledi_Sayadaw_portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Ledi Sayadaw]] was one of the great Abhidhamma scholars of the 20th century as well as a teacher of meditation.]]
Theravāda scholastics developed a systematic exposition of the Buddhist doctrine called the [[Abhidharma|Abhidhamma]]. In the Pāli Nikayas, the Buddha teaches through an analytical method in which experience is explained using various conceptual groupings of physical and mental processes called "dhammas". Examples of lists of dhammas taught by the Buddha include the twelve sense 'spheres' or [[ayatana]]s, the [[Skandha|five aggregates]] or khandha, and the eighteen elements of cognition or [[Skandha#Eighteen Dhātus and Four Paramatthas|dhatus]].<ref>Ronkin, Noa (2005). ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition'', p. 42. Taylor & Francis.</ref>

Theravāda traditionally promotes itself as the [[Vibhajyavāda|''Vibhajjavāda'']] "teaching of analysis" and as the heirs to the Buddha's analytical method. Expanding this model, Theravāda Abhidhamma scholasticism concerned itself with analyzing "[[Two truths doctrine|ultimate truth]]" (''paramattha-sacca''), which it sees as being composed of ''all possible'' dhammas and their relationships. The central theory of the Abhidhamma is thus known as the "[[dhamma theory]]".<ref name="Karunadasa">Y. Karunadasa (1996), ''[http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh412_Karunadasa_Dhamma-Theory--Philosophical-Cornerstone-of-Abhidhamma.html The Dhamma Theory Philosophical Cornerstone of the Abhidhamma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225021501/http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh412_Karunadasa_Dhamma-Theory--Philosophical-Cornerstone-of-Abhidhamma.html |date=25 February 2021 }}'', Buddhist Publication Society Kandy, Sri Lanka.</ref><ref>Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 2.</ref> "Dhamma" has been translated as "factors" (Collett Cox), "psychic characteristics" (Bronkhorst), "psycho-physical events" (Noa Ronkin), and "phenomena" ([[Nyanaponika Thera]]).<ref>Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, p. 121.</ref><ref name="Crosby, Kate 2013 p. 2" />

According to the Sri Lankan scholar [[Y. Karunadasa]], a dhammas ("principles" or "elements") are "those items that result when the process of analysis is taken to its ultimate limits".<ref name="Karunadasa" /> However, this does not mean that they have an independent existence, for it is "only for the purposes of description" that they are postulated.<ref name="Karunadasa, Y p. 14">Karunadasa, Y (2015). ''Buddhist Analysis of Matter'', p. 14.</ref> Noa Ronkin defines dhammas as "the constituents of sentient experience; the irreducible 'building blocks' that make up one's world, albeit they are not static mental contents and certainly not substances."<ref>Ronkin, Noa (2005). ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition'', p. 41. Taylor & Francis.</ref> Thus, while in Theravāda Abhidhamma, dhammas are the ultimate constituents of experience, they are not seen as [[Substance theory|substances]], [[essence]]s or independent particulars, since they are empty ([[Śūnyatā|''suñña'']]) of a self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|''attā'']]) and conditioned.<ref>Crosby, 2013, 182.</ref> This is spelled out in the [[Patisambhidamagga|''Patisambhidhamagga'']], which states that dhammas are empty of [[svabhava]] (''sabhavena suññam'').<ref>Ronkin, Noa; ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics'', p. 92.</ref>

According to Ronkin, the canonical Pāli Abhidhamma remains pragmatic and psychological, and "does not take much interest in [[ontology]]" in contrast with the [[Sarvastivada]] tradition. Paul Williams also notes that the Abhidhamma remains focused on the practicalities of insight meditation and leaves ontology "relatively unexplored".<ref>Ronkin, Noa; ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics'', p. 77.</ref> Ronkin does note, however, that later Theravāda sub-commentaries (''ṭīkā'') do show a doctrinal shift towards ontological [[Philosophical realism|realism]] from the earlier epistemic and practical concerns.<ref>Ronkin, Noa (2005). ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition'', p. 118. Taylor & Francis.</ref>

On the other hand, Y. Karunadasa contends that the tradition of realism goes back to the earliest discourses, as opposed to developing only in later Theravada sub-commentaries:

<blockquote>If we base ourselves on the Pali Nikayas, then we should be compelled to conclude that Buddhism is realistic. There is no explicit denial anywhere of the external world. Nor is there any positive evidence to show that the world is mind-made or simply a projection of subjective thoughts. That Buddhism recognizes the extra-mental existence of matter and, the external world is clearly suggested by the texts. Throughout the discourses it is the language of realism that one encounters. The whole Buddhist practical doctrine and discipline, which has the attainment of Nibbana as its final goal, is based on the recognition of the material world and the conscious living beings living therein.<ref>Karunadasa, Y. Buddhist Analysis of Matter, pp. 14, 172</ref></blockquote>

The Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that there is a total of 82 possible types of dhammas, 81 of which are conditioned (''[[sankhata]]''), while one is unconditioned, which is [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|''nibbana'']]. The 81 conditioned dhammas are divided into three broad categories: consciousness (''[[citta]]''), associated mentality ([[Mental factors (Buddhism)|''cetasika'']]) and materiality, or physical phenomena (''rupa'').<ref name=":4">Ronkin, Noa; ''Early Buddhist Metaphysics'', p. 47.</ref> Since no dhamma exists independently, every single dhamma of consciousness, known as a ''citta'', arises associated (''sampayutta'') with at least seven [[Mental factors (Buddhism)|mental factors (''cetasikas'')]].<ref name=":3">Crosby, 2013, 187.</ref> In Abhidhamma, all awareness events are thus seen as being characterized by [[intentionality]] and never exist in isolation.<ref name=":4" /> Much of Abhidhamma philosophy deals with categorizing the different consciousnesses and their accompanying mental factors as well as their conditioned relationships (''paccaya'').<ref name=":3" />

=== Cosmology ===
[[File:018 Sakka in Tavatimsa Heaven (30583616922).jpg|thumb|240px|Sakka in Tavatimsa Heaven, Wat Yang Thong, [[Songkhla]], Thailand]]
[[File:Ngaye (Naraka) in Burmese art.jpg|thumb|240px|A Burmese depiction of a hell scene]]
{{Main|Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school}}

The Pāli Tipiṭaka outlines a hierarchical cosmological system with various [[Plane (esotericism)|planes of existence]] (''bhava'') into which sentient beings may be reborn depending on their past actions. Good actions lead one to the higher realms, and bad actions lead to the lower realms.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1t" /> However, even for the gods (''devas'') in the higher realms like [[Indra]], there is still death, loss and suffering.<ref>Crosby (2013), pp. 15-16.</ref>

The main categories of the planes of existence are:<ref name=":2">Sunthorn Na-Rangsi (2011). ''[https://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh462_Na-Rangsi_Four-Planes-of-Existence-in-Theravada-Buddhism.pdf The Four Planes of Existence in Theravada Buddhism.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706234409/https://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh462_Na-Rangsi_Four-Planes-of-Existence-in-Theravada-Buddhism.pdf |date=6 July 2021 }}'' The Wheel Publication No. 462. Buddhist Publication Society.</ref><ref name=":1t">Gethin, Rupert. ''Cosmology and Meditation: From the Aggañña-Sutta to the Mahāyāna'', in "History of Religions" Vol. 36, No. 3 (Feb. 1997), pp. 183-217. The University of Chicago.</ref>

*'''''Arūpa-bhava''''', the formless or incorporeal plane. These are associated with the [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|four formless meditations]]: infinite space, infinite consciousness, infinite nothingness, and neither perception nor non-perception. Beings in these realms live extremely long lives (thousands of [[Kalpa (aeon)|kappas]]).
*'''''Kāma-bhava''''', the spiritual plane of desires. This includes numerous realms of existence such as: various [[hell]]s ([[Naraka (Buddhism)|''niraya'']]) which are devoid of happiness, the realms of animals, the hungry ghosts ([[Preta|''peta'']]), the realm of humans, and various [[heaven]] realms where the [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]] live (such as [[Trāyastriṃśa|Tavatimsa]] and [[Tushita|Tusita]]).
*'''''Rūpa-bhava''''', the plane of form. The realms in this plane are associated with the four meditative absorptions (''jhanas''), and those who attain these meditations are reborn in these divine realms.

These various planes of existence can be found in countless world systems (''loka-dhatu''), which are born, expand, contract, and are destroyed in a cyclical nature across vast expanses of time (measures in kappas). This cosmology is similar to other ancient Indian systems, such as the [[Jain cosmology]].<ref name=":1t" /> This entire cyclical multiverse of constant birth and death is called [[Saṃsāra|samsara]]. Outside of this system of samsara is ''[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nibbana]]'' ({{lit|vanishing, quenching, blowing out}}), a deathless (''amata'') and [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]] reality, which is a total and final release (''[[Moksha|vimutti]]'') from all suffering (''dukkha'') and rebirth.<ref>Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013), ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', pp. 589-590. Princeton University, {{ISBN|978-1-4008-4805-8}}</ref>

=== Soteriology and Buddhology ===
According to Theravāda doctrine, release from suffering (i.e. ''nibbana'') is attained in [[four stages of enlightenment|four stages]] of awakening (''[[Enlightenment in Buddhism|bodhi]]''):<ref group="web">{{Citation |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.12.0.than.html|title=Lohicca Sutta | access-date=27 March 2009|publisher=Access to Insight}}</ref><ref name="supramundane" group="web" />

# ''[[Sotapanna|Stream-Enterers]]'': Those who have destroyed the first three [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetters]] (the false [[View (Buddhism)|view]] of self, doubt/indecision, and clinging to ethics and vows);<ref group="web">S [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/into_the_stream.html Thanissaro Bhikkhu, ''Into the Stream A Study Guide on the First Stage of Awakening''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324005428/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/into_the_stream.html |date=24 March 2019 }}</ref><ref group="web">{{Citation |url=http://www.ajahnchah.org/book/Opening_Dhamma_Eye1.php|title=Opening the Dhamma Eye|website=www.ajahnchah.org}}</ref>
# ''[[Sakadagami|Once-Returners]]'': Those who have destroyed the first three fetters and have weakened the fetters of desire and ill-will;
# ''[[Anagami|Non-Returners]]'': Those who have destroyed the five lower fetters, which bind beings to the world of the senses;<ref name="Shaw 8">{{Citation |last=Shaw|first=Sarah|title=Buddhist Meditation Practices in the West|url=http://202.28.52.45/vesak50/article/pdf_file/13_Buddhist_%20Meditation_Practices_West.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704102316/http://202.28.52.45/vesak50/article/pdf_file/13_Buddhist_%20Meditation_Practices_West.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2011|access-date=27 March 2009|publisher=Department of Continuing Education, Oxford University|page=8}}</ref>
# ''[[Arahants]]'' (lit. "honorable" or "worthies"): Those who have realized ''[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nibbana]]'' and are free from all defilements. They have abandoned all ignorance, craving for existence, restlessness (''[[uddhacca]]'') and subtle pride (''[[māna]]'').<ref name="Shaw 8" />

In Theravāda Buddhism, a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] is a sentient being who has discovered the path out of samsara by themselves, has reached Nibbana, and then makes the path available to others by teaching (known as "turning the wheel of the Dhamma"). A Buddha is also believed to have extraordinary powers and abilities ([[Abhijñā|''abhiññā'']]), such as the ability to read minds and fly through the air.<ref>Crosby (2013), p. 16.</ref>

The Theravāda canon depicts [[Gautama Buddha]] as the most recent Buddha in a line of previous Buddhas stretching back for aeons. They also mention the future Buddha, named [[Maitreya|Metteyya]].<ref>Crosby (2013), pp. 22-23.</ref> Traditionally, the Theravāda school also rejects the idea that there can be numerous Buddhas active in the world simultaneously.<ref>Crosby (2013), p. 23.</ref>
[[File:Sumedha and Dīpankara Buddha, Burmese manuscript.png|thumb|240px|A Burmese illustrated manuscript depicting Sumedha (the future Buddha Gautama) and [[Dīpankara Buddha|Dīpankara]] Buddha]]
Regarding how a sentient being becomes a Buddha, the Theravāda school also presents this path. Indeed, according to [[Buddhaghosa]], there are three main soteriological paths: the path of the Buddhas (''buddhayāna''); the way of the individual Buddhas (''paccekabuddhayāna''); and the way of the disciples (''sāvakayāna'').<ref>Crosby (2013), pp. 34-35.</ref>

However, unlike in Mahayana Buddhism, the Theravāda holds that the Buddha path is not for everyone and that beings on the Buddha path ([[Bodhisattva|''bodhisattas'']]) are quite rare.<ref>Crosby (2013), p. 35.</ref> While in Mahayana, bodhisattas refers to beings who have developed the [[Bodhicitta|wish to become Buddhas]], Theravāda (like other early Buddhist schools), defines a bodhisatta as someone who has resolved (''abhinīhāra'') to become a Buddha in front of a living Buddha, and has also received a confirmation from that Buddha that they will reach Buddhahood.<ref name=":02">Drewes, David, ''[https://www.academia.edu/34935437/Mahayana_Sutras_and_the_Opening_of_the_Bodhisattva_Path_Updated_2019_?email_work_card=title Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305083827/https://www.academia.edu/34935437/Mahayana_Sutras_and_the_Opening_of_the_Bodhisattva_Path_Updated_2019_?email_work_card=title |date=5 March 2021 }}'', Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.</ref> ''[[Cariyapitaka|Cariyāpiṭaka]]'' is a Theravāda text which focuses on the path of the Buddhas, while the [[Jataka tales|''Nidānakathā'']] and the ''[[Buddhavamsa|Buddhavaṃsa]]'' are also Theravāda texts which discuss the Buddha's path.<ref name=":02" />

=== Modern developments ===
The modern era saw new developments in Theravāda scholarship due to the influence of Western thought. As Donald K. Swearer writes: <blockquote>Although monastic education is still grounded in the study of Buddhist texts, doctrine, and the Pali language, the curricula of monastic colleges and universities also reflect subject matter and disciplines associated with Western education.<ref name="Swearer, Donald K p. 1642">Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 164.</ref></blockquote>[[Buddhist modernism|Buddhist modernist]] trends can be traced to figures like [[Anagarika Dharmapala|Anagarika Dhammapala]], King [[Mongkut]], and the first prime minister of Burma [[U Nu]].<ref>McMahan, David L. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–97.</ref> They promoted a form of Buddhism that was compatible with [[rationalism]] and science, and opposed to superstition and certain folk practices. [[Walpola Rahula Thero|Walpola Rahula]]'s ''[[What the Buddha Taught]]'' is seen by scholars as an introduction to modernist Buddhist thought, and the book continues to be widely used in universities.<ref name="Swearer, Donald K p. 1642" />

Another modern phenomenon is Buddhist philosophers who received an education in the West, such as [[K. N. Jayatilleke]] (a student of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]] at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]) and [[Hammalawa Saddhatissa]] (who received his Phd at [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]), going on to write modern works on [[Buddhist philosophy]] (''Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge'', 1963 and ''Buddhist Ethics'', 1987 respectively). [[Henepola Gunaratana]] is another modern Theravāda scholar who studied philosophy in the West (at the [[American University]]). The modern encounter with Christian missionaries also led to new debates (such as the [[Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera#Panadura Debate පානදුරාවාදය|Panadura debate]]) and doctrinal works written in defense of Buddhism or attacking Christian ideas, such as Gunapala Dharmasiri's ''A Buddhist critique of the Christian concept of God'' (1988).

There have also been several modern Theravāda scholars who have taken a historical-critical perspective on Theravāda literature and doctrine, attempting to understand its historical development. Some of these figures, such as [[David Kalupahana]], [[Buddhadasa]], and [[Bhante Sujato|Bhikkhu Sujato]], have criticized traditional Theravāda commentators like Buddhaghosa for their doctrinal innovations which differ in significant ways from the early Buddhist texts.<ref>S. Payulpitack (1991), ''Buddhadasa and His Interpretation of Buddhism.''</ref><ref>Kalupahana, David J. (1994), ''A history of Buddhist philosophy'', pp. 206-216. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><ref>Sujato, Bhante (2012), ''A History of Mindfulness'', Santipada, p. 332, {{ISBN|9781921842108}}</ref>

The modern era also saw new Buddhist works on topics which pre-modern Buddhists avoided, such as socially [[engaged Buddhism]] and [[Buddhist economics]]. Thinkers such as Buddhadasa, [[Sulak Sivaraksa]], [[Prayudh Payutto]], [[Neville Karunatilake]], and Padmasiri de Silva have written on these topics. Modern scholarship in Western languages by Western Buddhist monks such as [[Nyanatiloka]], [[Nyanaponika Thera|Nyanaponika]], [[Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu|Nyanamoli]], [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]], and [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Analayo]] is another recent development in the Theravāda world.

==Practice (''paṭipatti'')==
[[File:Dharmachakra, withprint (en).svg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Dharmachakra|Dhamma Wheel]] with eight spokes usually symbolizes the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].]]

===Textual basis===
In the [[Pāli Canon]], the path (''magga'') or way (''patipada'') of Buddhist practice is [[Buddhist paths to liberation|described in various ways]], one of the most widely used frameworks in Theravāda is the [[Noble Eightfold Path]]:

{{blockquote|The Blessed One said, "Now what, monks, is the Noble Eightfold Path? Right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration."<ref group=web>{{Citation |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn45/sn45.008.than.html|title=Magga-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Path|website=www.accesstoinsight.org}}</ref>}}

The Noble Eightfold Path can also be summarized as the Three Noble Disciplines of [[śīla|sīla]] (moral conduct or discipline), [[Samadhi|Samādhi]] (meditation or concentration) and [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|Paññā]] (understanding or wisdom).<ref group="web">{{Citation |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.pali.103879|title=The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary|publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708195133/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.pali.103879|archive-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:989.pali|title=The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary|publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708071648/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:989.pali|archive-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref><ref group="web">{{Citation |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:3397.pali|title=The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary|publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709035335/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:3397.pali|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

Theravāda orthodoxy takes the [[Visuddhimagga#Seven Stages of Purification|seven stages of purification]] as outlined in the ''[[Visuddhimagga]]'' as the basic outline of the path to be followed. The ''[[Visuddhimagga]]'', a Sinhala Theravāda doctrinal ''[[summa]]'' written in the fifth century by [[Buddhaghosa]], became the orthodox account of the Theravāda path to liberation in Sri Lanka after the 12th century and this influence spread to other Theravāda nations.<ref name="Crosby, 2013, p. 86"/> It gives the sequence of seven purifications, in three sections:
*The first section (part 1) explains the rules of discipline, and the method for finding a correct temple to practice, or how to meet a [[Kalyāṇa-mittatā|good teacher]].
*The second section (part 2) describes [[Samatha]] (calming) practice, object by object (see [[Kammaṭṭhāna]] for the list of the forty traditional objects). It mentions different stages of [[Samadhi|Samādhi]].
*The third section (parts 3–7) is a description of the five [[Skandha|khandhas]], [[ayatana]]s, the [[Four Noble Truths]], [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]], and the practise of [[Vipassanā]] (insight) through the development of wisdom. It emphasizes [[Vipassanā-ñāṇa|different forms of knowledge]] emerging because of the practice. This part shows a great analytical effort specific to [[Buddhist philosophy]].

This basic outline is based on the threefold discipline. The emphasis is on understanding the [[three marks of existence]], which removes [[avijja|ignorance]]. Understanding destroys the ten [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetters]] and leads to [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nibbana]].

Theravādins believe that every individual is personally responsible for achieving their own self-awakening and liberation, each being responsible for their own [[karma in Buddhism|karma]] (actions and consequences). Applying knowledge acquired through direct experience and personal realization is more heavily emphasized than beliefs about the nature of reality as revealed by the Buddha.

===Moral conduct===
Giving (Dana) is an important Buddhist virtue. The community of monastics is seen as the most meritorious field of karmic fruitfulness.

[[Buddhist ethics|Sīla]], meaning moral conduct, is mainly defined as [[right speech]], [[Noble Eightfold Path#Right action|right action]], and [[right livelihood]]. It is primarily understood through the doctrine of [[Karma in Buddhism|kamma]]. In Theravāda, one's previous intentional actions strongly influence one's present experience. Whatever intended actions are carried out will have future consequences, whether in this life or subsequent lives.<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 113.</ref> Intention is central to the idea of kamma. Actions done with good intentions, even if they have bad results, will not have negative kammic consequences.

Several sets of precepts or moral trainings (''sikkhāpada'') guide right action. After taking [[Refuge (Buddhism)|Refuge]] in the Triple Gems, lay Theravādin Buddhists traditionally take the [[Five precepts]] (whether for life or for a limited time) in the presence of Sangha.<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 116.</ref> Laypeople also sometimes take an extended set of [[Eight precepts]], which includes chastity during sacred days of observance such as [[Uposatha]].

Performing good deeds is another important feature of Theravādin Buddhist ethics. Doing so is said to make "merit" ([[Merit (Buddhism)|puñña]]), which results in a better rebirth. The "ten wholesome actions" is a common list of good deeds:<ref>Crosby, 2013, 118–119.</ref>

# Generosity (Dāna); This typically involves providing monks with "the four requisites"; food, clothing, shelter, and medicine; however, giving to charity and the needy is also considered dāna.
# Moral conduct (Sīla); Keeping the five precepts and generally refraining from doing harm.
# Meditation (Bhāvanā).
# Dedication of merit; doing good deeds in the name of someone who has passed away or in the name of all sentient beings.
# Rejoicing in merit of good deeds done by others, this is common in communal activities.
# Rendering service to others; looking after others or needy.
# Honoring others; showing appropriate deference, particularly to the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, and to seniors and parents. Usually done by placing the hands together in [[Añjali Mudrā]], and sometimes bowing.
# [[Dharma talk|Preaching or sharing the Dhamma]]; the gift of Dhamma is seen as a form of highest gift. (Dhammapada 354)
# Listening to Dhamma
# Having right view or Sammādiṭṭhi; mainly the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[three marks of existence]].

===Meditation===
{{Main|Buddhist meditation}}

[[File:Buddhist Man Meditating.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Theravādin monks meditating in [[Bodh Gaya]] ([[Bihar]], India)]]

Meditation (Pāli: ''Bhāvanā,'' literally "causing to become" or cultivation) means the positive cultivation of one's mind.

====Forms====
Theravāda Buddhist meditation practice varies considerably in technique and objects.<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 138.</ref> Currently, there are also various traditions of Theravāda meditation practice, such as the [[Vipassana movement|Burmese Vipassana tradition]], the [[Thai Forest Tradition]], the esoteric ''[[Tantric Theravada|Borān kammaṭṭhāna]]'' ('ancient practices'), the Burmese [[Weizza|Weikza]] tradition, [[Dhammakaya meditation]] and the Western [[Insight Meditation Society|Insight Meditation]] movement.

Theravāda Buddhist meditation practices or [[Bhavana]] (mental cultivation) are categorized into two broad categories: [[Samatha]] bhavana (calming), and [[Vipassanā]] bhavana (investigation, insight).<ref group="web">{{Citation |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711062331/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3558.pali |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=17 August 2012 }}</ref> Originally these referred to effects or qualities of meditation, but after the time of [[Buddhaghosa]], they also referred to two distinct meditation types or paths (''yāna'').<ref>Crosby, 2013, 139–140.</ref><ref name="Vajiranāṇa-Mahathera">Vajiranāṇa Mahathera (author), Allan R. Bomhard (editor) (20100, ''Buddhist Meditation in Theory and Practice'', p. 270.</ref><ref group="web" name="supramundane">[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/gunaratana/wheel351.html Henepola Gunaratana, ''The Jhanas in Theravāda Buddhist Meditation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709025909/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/gunaratana/wheel351.html |date=9 July 2018 }}.</ref>

''[[Samatha]]'' ("calm") consists of meditation techniques in which the mind is focused on a single object, thought, or gatha, leading to ''[[Samādhi]]'''. In traditional Theravāda it is considered to be the base for ''vipassanā'' ("insight"). In the Theravāda-tradition, as early as the [[Nikāya|Pāli Nikayas]], the four ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|jhānas]]'' are regarded as a ''samatha''-practice. The eighth and final step of the Eightfold Path, Right Samadhi, is often defined as the four jhanas.<ref>Henepola Gunaratana, The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation, 1995.</ref> In the [[Nikāya|Pāli Nikayas]], Jhānas are described as preceding the awakening insight of the Buddha, which turned him into an awakened being.<ref group="web">{{Citation |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html|title=A Sketch of the Buddha's Life|publisher=Access to Insight|access-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> Yet the interpretation of ''jhana'' as single-pointed concentration and calm may be a later re-interpretation in which the original aim of ''jhana'' was lost.{{sfn|Polak|2011}}

''Vipassana'' ("insight", "clear seeing") refers to practices that aim to develop an inner understanding or knowledge of the nature of phenomena (''dhammas''), especially the characteristics of ''[[dukkha]]'', ''[[anatta]]'' and ''[[anicca]]'', which are seen as being universally applicable to all constructed phenomena (''sankhata-dhammas''). ''Vipassana'' is also described as insight into [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]], the [[Skandha|five aggregates]], the [[Ayatana|sense spheres]] and the [[Four Noble Truths]].<ref name=":10">[[Nyanaponika Thera|Nyanaponika]], The Heart of Buddhist meditation, Buddhist publication Society, 2005, p. 40.</ref><ref name="Vajiranāṇa-Mahathera" /> It is the primary focus of the modernist Burmese Vipassana movement. In western countries it is complemented with the [[Brahmavihara|four divine abidings]], the development of loving-kindness and compassion.{{sfn|Fronsdal|1998}}<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 149.</ref>

''Vipassana'' practice begins with the preparatory stage, the practice of ''[[Śīla|sila]]'', morality, giving up worldly thoughts and desires.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=54–55}}<ref>Mahāsi Sayādaw, ''Manual of Insight'', Chapter 5.</ref> The practitioner then engages in ''[[anapanasati]]'', mindfulness of breathing, which is described in the [[Satipatthana Sutta]] as going into the forest and sitting beneath a tree and then simply to watch the breath. If the breath is long, to notice that the breath is long, if the breath is short, to notice that the breath is short.<ref>Majjhima Nikaya, Sutta No. 118, Section No. 2, translated from the Pali.</ref><ref>[[Satipatthana Sutta]].</ref> In the "New Burmese Method" the practitioner [[Sati (Buddhism)|pays attention]] to any arising mental or physical phenomenon, engaging in [[vitaka]], noting or naming physical and mental phenomena ("breathing, breathing"), without engaging the phenomenon with conceptual thinking.<ref name="Practical">Mahasi Sayadaw, ''Practical Vipassana Instructions''.</ref><ref>Bhante Bodhidhamma, [https://buddhismnow.com/2013/09/12/vipassana-as-taught-by-the-mahasi-sayadaw-of-burma/ ''Vipassana as taught by The Mahasi Sayadaw of Burma''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324061800/https://buddhismnow.com/2013/09/12/vipassana-as-taught-by-the-mahasi-sayadaw-of-burma/ |date=24 March 2019 }}.</ref> By noticing the arising of physical and mental phenomena the meditator becomes aware of how sense impressions arise from the contact between the senses and physical and mental phenomena,<ref name="Practical"/> as described in the five ''[[skandhas]]'' and ''[[paṭiccasamuppāda]]''. The practitioner also becomes aware of the perpetual changes involved in breathing, and the arising and passing away of mindfulness.<ref name="Art"/> This noticing is accompanied by reflections on [[paṭiccasamuppāda|causation]] and other Buddhist teachings, leading to insight into [[dukkha]], [[anatta]], and [[anicca]].<ref>Mahasi Sayadaw, ''Practical Vipassana Instructions'', pp. 22–27.</ref><ref name="Art">{{Citation |url=http://www.dhamma.org/en/art.shtml |title=The Art of Living: Vipassana Meditation |publisher=Dhamma.org |access-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> When the three characteristics have been comprehended, reflection subdues and the process of noticing accelerates, noting phenomena in general without necessarily naming them.<ref>PVI, p. 28.</ref>{{sfn|Nyanaponika|1998}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=133}}

According to Vajiranāṇa Mahathera, writing from a traditional and text-based point of view, in the Pāli Canon whether one begins the practice by way of samatha or by way of vipassanā is generally seen as depending on one's temperament. According to Vajiranāṇa Mahathera, it is generally held that there are two kinds of individuals. Those of a passionate disposition (or those who enter the path by faith) attain Arahatship through vipassanā preceded by samatha. Those of a skeptical disposition (or those who enter by way of wisdom or the intellect) achieve it through samatha preceded by vipassanā.<ref name="Vajiranāṇa-Mahathera"/>

====Aims of meditation====
[[File:Portrait of Ajahn Mun.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ajahn Mun, a key figure in the founding of the [[Thai Forest Tradition]], is widely considered to have been an Arahant in Thailand.<ref>Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 234.</ref>]]

Traditionally, the ultimate goal of the practice is to achieve mundane and supramundane wisdom. Mundane wisdom is the insight in the [[three marks of existence]].<ref group="web" name="supramundane" /> The development of this insight leads to four supramundane paths and fruits, these experiences consist a direct apprehension of Nibbana.<ref name="supramundane2" group="web">{{Citation |last=Gunaratana |first=Henepola |title= The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/gunaratana/wheel351.html |website=[[Access to Insight]] |date=1995 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> Supramundane (''lokuttara)'' wisdom refers to that which transcends the world of [[Saṃsāra|samsara]].<ref group="web" name="supramundane2" />

Apart from [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nibbana]], there are various reasons why traditional Theravāda Buddhism advocates meditation, including a good [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], [[Ṛddhi|supranormal powers]], combating fear and preventing danger. Recent modernist Theravādins have tended to focus on the [[Research on meditation|psychological benefits]] and psychological [[well-being]].<ref>Crosby, 2013, p. 156.</ref>

====Historical development and sources====
The practice of Theravāda meditation can be traced back to the 5th century exegete [[Buddhaghosa]], who systematized the classic Theravāda meditation, dividing them into samatha and vipassana types and listing [[Kammaṭṭhāna|40 different forms]] (known as "''kammaṭṭhānas''", "workplaces") in his magnum opus, the [[Visuddhimagga]].<ref>Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), pp. 90–91 (II, 27–28, "Development in Brief"), 110ff. (starting with III, 104, "enumeration").  It can also be found sprinkled earlier in this text as on p. 18 (I, 39, v. 2) and p. 39 (I, 107).  Throughout Nanamoli translates this term as "meditation subject."</ref><ref>Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' John Wiley & Sons, p. 141.</ref> This text has remained central for the study and practice of Theravāda meditation. Buddhaghosa's commentary on the [[Satipatthana Sutta|''Satipatthana sutta'']] ("Bases of mindfulness discourse"), as well as the source text itself, are also another important source for meditation in this tradition.<ref name="crosby2013">Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' John Wiley & Sons, p. 145.</ref> Buddhaghosa's work drew heavily on the Pali suttas as well as the Pali [[Abhidharma|Abhidhamma]]. Kate Crosby notes that Buddhaghosa's work also "explicitly refers to the contemporaneous existence of secret meditation manuals but not to their content."<ref name="crosby2013" />

Regarding post Visuddhimagga Theravāda meditation, according to Kate Crosby, <blockquote>In the period between the Visuddhimagga and the present, there have been numerous meditation texts, both manuals and descriptive treatises. Many of the texts found in manuscript collections relate to meditation, some on a single, simple subject such as the recollection of the qualities of the Buddha, others more complex. Little research has been done to assess their variety. One difficulty is that meditation manuals as such are often in a mixture of a classical language, that is, Pali, and a vernacular that may or may not be a currently used language. Also, actual manuals often contain prompts or reminders rather than an in-depth explanation. In recent years it has emerged that there is still extant a relatively high number of manuals and related texts pertaining to a system of meditation called – among other things – borān kammaṭṭhāna or yogāvacara. Its core text, the Mūla-kammaṭṭhāna "original, fundamental or basic meditation practice," circulated under a number of different titles, or without a title, throughout the Tai–Lao–Khmer and Sri Lankan Buddhist worlds. Some versions of this text are simple lists of kammaṭṭhāna and from that perspective look entirely in accord with the Visuddhimagga or Theravada Abhidhamma texts. Other versions contain extensive narratives, explanations of symbolism, and of the somatic locations involved in the practice that make it clear that we are dealing with techniques of practice not described in the Canon or Visuddhimagga.<ref name="crosby2013"/></blockquote>According to Crosby, the esoteric borān kammaṭṭhāna or yogāvacara meditation tradition was the dominant form of meditation in the Theravāda world during the 18th century, and may date as far back as the 16th century. Crosby notes that this tradition of meditation involved a rich collection of symbols, somatic methods and visualizations which included "the physical internalisation or manifestation of aspects of the Theravada path by incorporating them at points in the body between the nostril and navel."<ref>Crosby et al. ''The Sutta on Understanding Death in the Transmission of Bora ̄n Meditation From Siam to the Kandyan Court.'' J Indian Philos (2012) 40:177–198 {{doi|10.1007/s10781-011-9151-y}}</ref> In spite of the novel elements in this meditation tradition, close study of borān kammaṭṭhāna texts reveals that they are closely connected to Theravada Abhidhamma and the works of Buddhaghosa.<ref>Andrew Skilton; Phibul ChoomPolPaisal. ''The Ancient Theravāda Meditation System, Borān Kammaṭṭhāna: Ānāpānasati or 'Mindfulness of The Breath' in Kammatthan Majjima Baeb Lamdub.'' Buddhist Studies Review 0256-2897.</ref> Modernist reforms which emphasized Pali Canon study, a shift in state support to other traditions and modern wars in Indochina led to this tradition's decline, and it now only survives in a few Cambodian and Thai temples.<ref name=":7">Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' John Wiley & Sons, p. 157.</ref>
[[File:Mahasi Sayadaw.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Mahasi Sayadaw]]]]
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Theravāda world saw a modernist revival and reinvention of meditation practice, as exemplified by the Burmese Vipassana movement.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=890}}{{sfn|McMahan|2008|p=189}} According to Buswell ''vipassana,'' "appears to have fallen out of practice" by the 10th century, due to the belief that Buddhism had degenerated, and that liberation was no longer attainable until the coming of ''Maitreya''.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=889}} The practice was revived in Myanmar (Burma) in the 18th century by [[Medawi]] (1728–1816) and by later figures such as [[Ledi Sayadaw]] and [[Mahasi Sayadaw|Mahāsī Sayadaw]] during the 19th and 20th centuries. These Burmese figures re-invented ''vipassana''-meditation and developed simplified meditation techniques, based on the ''[[Satipatthana sutta]]'', the ''[[Visuddhimagga]]'', and other texts, emphasizing ''[[satipatthana]]'' and bare insight.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=890}}{{sfn|McMahan|2008|p=189}} These techniques were globally popularized by the [[Vipassana movement]] in the second half of the 20th century.

Similar revival movements developed in [[Thailand]], such as the Thai forest tradition and Dhammakaya meditation. These traditions are influenced by the older borān kammaṭṭhāna forms.<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' John Wiley & Sons, pp. 160, 166.</ref> Thailand and Cambodia also saw attempts to preserve and revive the ancient "borān kammaṭṭhāna" tradition of meditation.<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' John Wiley & Sons, p. 146.</ref> In Sri Lanka, the new Buddhist traditions of the [[Amarapura Nikaya|Amarapura]] and [[Ramanna Nikaya|Rāmañña Nikāyas]] developed their own meditation forms based on the Pali Suttas, the Visuddhimagga, and other manuals, while borān kammaṭṭhāna mostly disappeared by the end of the 19th century.<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,'' John Wiley & Sons, p. 164.</ref>

Though the ''Vipassana movement'' has popularised meditation both in traditional Theravāda countries among the laity, and in western countries, "meditation plays a minor if not negligible role in the lives of the majority of Theravāda monks."{{sfn|Sharf|1995|p=242}}{{sfn|Crosby|2013|p=147}}<ref name="Braun2014" group="web" /> Meditation is especially popular laypersons,{{sfn|Sharf|1995}} especially during special religious holidays or in their old age, when they have more free time to spend at the temple.{{sfn|Crosby|2013|p=147}} Buddhist modernists tend to present Buddhism as rational and scientific, and this has also affected how Vipassana meditation has been taught and presented. This has led in some quarters to a playing down of older non-empirical elements of Theravāda, associated with '[[superstition]]'.<ref>Crosby, 2013, 142.</ref> Strains of older, traditional Theravāda meditation known as "borān kammaṭṭhāna" still exist, but this tradition has mostly been eclipsed by the [[Buddhist modernism|Buddhist modernist]] meditation movements.<ref name=":7" />

=== Other practices ===
[[File:Walk_with_lighted_candles_in_hand_around_a_temple.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Circumambulation]] around a temple or a stupa is also a common devotional practice.]]
Laypersons and monks also perform various types of religious practices daily or during [[Buddhist holidays]]. One of these is keeping a [[Buddhist shrine]] with a picture or statue of the Buddha for devotional practice in one's home, mirroring the larger shrines at temples.<ref name=":6">[https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html Bhikkhu Khantipalo, Lay Buddhist Practice The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515043013/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html |date=15 May 2019 }}.</ref> It is common to offer candles, incense, flowers and other objects to these shrine.<ref name=":6" /> Gestures of respect are also done in front of Buddha images and shrines, mainly the respectful salutation with the hands (''añjalikamma''), and the five-limb [[Prostration (Buddhism)|prostration]] (''pañc'anga-vandana'').<ref name=":6" />

[[Buddhist chant|Buddhist forms of chanting]] is also widely practiced by both monks and laypersons, who may recite famous phrases such as the taking of [[Refuge (Buddhism)|refuge]], the [[Metta Sutta]] and the [[Mangala Sutta]] in front of their shrine. Chanting may also be part of the practice of recollection ([[anussati]]), which refers to contemplating various topics such as the sublime qualities of [[the Buddha]], Dhamma and Sangha or the [[Upajjhatthana Sutta|five subjects for daily recollection]].<ref name=":6" /> This may be done as part of a daily [[Puja (Buddhism)|puja]] ritual.

Another important religious practice for the devout is the keeping of special religious holidays known as [[Uposatha]] which are based on a lunar calendar. Laypersons commonly take the eight precepts while visiting a temple or monastery and commit to focusing on Buddhist practice for the day.<ref name=":6" />

Study (''ganthadhura'') of the Buddhist texts and listening to [[Dharma talk|Dhamma talks]] by monks or teachers are also important practices.

==Lay and monastic life==
{{See also|Buddhist monasticism}}
[[File:Young monk.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Young Burmese monk]]

===Distinction between lay and monastic life===
Traditionally, Theravāda Buddhism has observed a distinction between the practices suitable for a [[Householder (Buddhism)|lay person]] and the practices undertaken by ordained [[Bhikkhu|monks]] (in ancient times, there was a separate body of practices for nuns). While the possibility of significant attainment by laymen is not entirely disregarded by the Theravāda, it generally occupies a position of less prominence than in the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] traditions, with monastic life being hailed as a superior method of achieving [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nibbana]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/buddhist_trade/glossary.html#Theravāda|title=Glossary of Buddhism|work=Buddhist Art and the Trade Routes|publisher=[[Asia Society]]|year=2003|access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> The view that Theravāda, unlike other Buddhist schools, is primarily a monastic tradition has, however, been disputed.
{{blockquote|Some Western scholars have erroneously tried to claim that Mahāyāna is primarily a religion for laymen and Theravāda is a primarily monastic religion. Both Mahāyāna and Theravāda have as their foundation strong monastic communities, which are almost identical in their regulations. Schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism without monastic communities of fully ordained monks and nuns are relatively recent and atypical developments, usually based on cultural and historical considerations rather than differences in fundamental doctrine. Both Mahāyāna and Theravāda also provided a clear and important place for lay followers.|Ron Epstein, "Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Buddhism"<ref>{{Citation |last1=Epstein |first1=Ron |year=1999 |title=Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Buddhism |journal= Vajra Bodhi Sea|pages=41–43 |url=http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Buddhism/Misconceptions%20about%20Buddhism.htm}}</ref>}}{{dead link|date=May 2023}}

This distinction between ordained monks and laypeople – as well as the distinction between those practices advocated by the Pāli Canon, and the folk religious elements embraced by many monks – have motivated some scholars to consider Theravāda Buddhism to be composed of multiple separate traditions, overlapping though still distinct. Most prominently, the anthropologist [[Melford Spiro]] in his work ''Buddhism and Society'' separated Burmese Theravāda into three groups: Apotropaic Buddhism (concerned with providing protection from evil spirits), Kammatic Buddhism (concerned with making [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] for a future birth), and Nibbanic Buddhism (concerned with attaining the liberation of [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nibbana]], as described in the Tipitaka). He stresses that all three are firmly rooted in the Pāli Canon. These categories are not accepted by all scholars, and are usually considered non-exclusive by those who employ them.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

The role of lay people has traditionally been primarily occupied with activities that are commonly termed ''[[Merit (Buddhism)|merit-making]]'' (falling under Spiro's category of kammatic Buddhism). Merit-making activities include offering food and other basic necessities to monks, making donations to temples and monasteries, burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha, chanting protective or scriptural verses from the [[Pali Canon]], building roads and bridges, charity to the needy and providing drinking water to strangers along roadside. Some lay practitioners have always chosen to take a more active role in religious affairs, while still maintaining their lay status. Dedicated lay men and women sometimes act as trustees or custodians for their temples, taking part in the financial planning and management of the temple. Others may volunteer significant time in tending to the mundane needs of local monks (by cooking, cleaning, maintaining temple facilities, etc.). [[Pariyatti|Study of the Pāli scriptures]] and the practice of [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]] are less common among the lay community in the past, though in the 20th century these areas have become more popular to the lay community, especially in Thailand.

[[File:Monk on pilgrimage.jpg|thumb|Thai monks on [[pilgrimage]] in their orange robes]]
A number of senior monastics in the Thai Forest Tradition, including [[Buddhadasa]], [[Ajahn Maha Bua]], Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo, [[Ajahn Pasanno]], and [[Ajahn Jayasaro]], have begun teaching meditation retreats outside of the monastery for lay disciples. [[Ajahn Sumedho]], a disciple of [[Ajahn Chah]], founded the [[Amaravati Buddhist Monastery]] in Hertfordshire, which has a retreat center specifically for lay retreats. Sumedho extended this to Harnham in Northumberland as [[Aruna Ratanagiri]] under the present guidance of [[Ajahn Munindo]], another disciple of Ajahn Chah.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Lay devotee===
[[File:Vesak_in_Uttaradit_(Thailand)_1.jpg|left|thumb|The ceremony walks with lighted candles in hand around a temple on [[Vesak]]ha Puja in [[Uttaradit]], Thailand.]]
In Pāli the word for a male lay devotee is [[Upasaka]] and a female devotee is Upasika. One of the duties of the lay followers, as taught by the Buddha, is to look after the needs of the monk/nuns. They are to see that the monk/nuns do not suffer from lack of the four requisites: food, clothing, shelter and medicine. As neither monks nor nuns are allowed to have an occupation, they depend entirely on the laity for their sustenance. In return for this charity, they are expected to lead exemplary lives.

In Myanmar and Thailand, the monastery was and is still regarded as a seat of learning. Theravādin monasteries have been providing free education to many children since ancient times. In fact, today about half of the primary schools in Thailand are located in monasteries. Religious rituals and ceremonies held in a monastery are always accompanied by social activities. In times of crisis, it is to the monks that people bring their problems for counsel and monks often took up the role of mediators in most disputes. Traditionally, a ranking monk will deliver a sermon [[Uposatha|four times a month]]: when the moon waxes and wanes and the day before the new and full moons. The laity also have a chance to learn meditation from the monks during these times.

It is also possible for a lay disciple to become enlightened. As [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] notes, "The Suttas and commentaries do record a few cases of lay disciples attaining the final goal of Nirvana. However, such disciples either attain Arahantship on the brink of death or enter the monastic order soon after their attainment. They do not continue to dwell at home as Arahant householders, for dwelling at home is incompatible with the state of one who has severed all craving."<ref>Bhikkhu Bodhi, ''In the Buddha's Words'', Wisdom Publications 2005; p. 376.</ref>

In the modern era, it is now common for lay disciples to practice meditation, attend lay meditation centers and even aim for awakening. The impetus for this trend began in Myanmar and was supported by prime minister [[U Nu]] who himself established the International Meditation Center (IMC) in [[Yangon]].<ref name=":9">Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 178.</ref> Modern lay teachers such as [[Ba Khin|U Ba Khin]] (who was also the Accountant General of the [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–62|Union of Burma]]) promoted meditation as part of a laypersons daily routine.<ref name=":9" /> According to Donald K Swearer, another development in modern Theravāda is "the formation of lay Buddhist associations that have partially assumed the social service responsibilities formerly associated with the monastery".<ref name=":9" /> These include social service and activist organizations such as the [[Young Men's Buddhist Association]] of Colombo, the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, the [[Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement|Sarvodaya Shramadana]] of A. T. Ariyaratne, the NGO's founded by [[Sulak Sivaraksa]] such as Santi Pracha.<ref>Swearer, Donald K. ''The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia'': Second Edition, p. 187.</ref>

===Monastic vocation===
[[Image:Na_uyana_aranya_cave_kuti.jpg|thumb|A cave ''kuti'' (hut) in the Sri Lankan forest monastery [[Na Uyana Aranya]]]]
Theravāda sources dating back to medieval Sri Lanka (2nd century BCE to 10th century CE) such as the [[Mahavamsa]] show that monastic roles in the tradition were often seen as being in a polarity between urban monks ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: {{Transliteration|si|khaamawaasii}}, Pāli: ''gāmavasī'') on one end and rural forest monks ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: {{Transliteration|si|aranyawaasii}}, Pali: ''araññavasi, nagaravasi'', also known as ''Tapassin'') on the other.<ref>Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, pp. 12, 15.</ref> The ascetic focused monks were known by the names ''Pamsukulikas'' (rag robe wearers) and ''Araññikas'' (forest dwellers).<ref>Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, p. 55.</ref>

The Mahavamsa mentions forest monks associated with the [[Mahavihara]]. The Pāli [[Dhammapada]] Commentary mentions another split based on the "duty of study" and the "duty of contemplation".<ref>Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, p. 12.</ref> This second division has traditionally been seen as corresponding with the city – forest split, with the city monks focusing on the vocation of books (''ganthadhura'') or learning (''pariyatti'') while the forest monks leaning more towards meditation (''vipassanadhura'') and practice (''patipatti'').<ref name=":0">Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, pp. 53, 58.</ref> However this opposition is not consistent, and urban monasteries have often promoted meditation while forest communities have also produced excellent scholars, such as the [[Island Hermitage]] of [[Nyanatiloka]].<ref name=":0" />

Scholar monks generally undertake the path of studying and preserving Theravāda's [[Pali literature|Pāli literature]].<ref>Prapod Assavavirulhakarn, The Ascendency of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia 1990, p. 258.</ref> Forest monks tend to be the minority among Theravāda sanghas and also tend to focus on [[asceticism]] (''[[dhutanga]]'') and meditative praxis.<ref>Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, p. 9.</ref> They view themselves as living closer to the ideal set forth by the Buddha, and are often perceived as such by lay folk, while at the same time often being on the margins of the Buddhist establishment and on the periphery of the social order.<ref>Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, pp. 9–13.</ref>

While this divide seems to have been in existence for some time in the Theravāda school, only in the 10th century is a specifically forest monk monastery, mentioned as existing near [[Anuradhapura]], called "Tapavana".<ref>Taylor, J.L. ''Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study'', p. 15.</ref> This division was then carried over into the rest of Southeast Asia as Theravāda spread.

Today there are forest based traditions in most Theravāda countries, including the [[Sri Lankan Forest Tradition]], the [[Thai Forest Tradition]] as well as lesser known forest based traditions in Burma and Laos, such as the Burmese forest based monasteries (''taw"yar'') of the [[Bhaddanta Āciṇṇa|Pa Auk Sayadaw]].<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.paaukforestmonastery.org/about-us|title=About Us|website=Pa-Auk Tawya}}</ref> In Thailand, forest monks are known as ''phra thudong'' (ascetic wandering monks) or ''phra thudong kammathan'' (wandering ascetic meditator).<ref>Tiyavanich, Kamala, nForest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand p1.</ref>

===Ordination===
[[File:Candidate for the Buddhist priesthood is ordaining to is a monk in a church.jpg|thumb|upright|Candidates for the Buddhist monkhood being ordained as monks in Thailand]]

The minimum age for ordaining as a Buddhist monk is 20 years, which is calculated from conception. Those under this age can perform traditional ceremonies such as ''[[shinbyu]],'' in Myanmar, in order to ordain as novices ([[śrāmaṇera|sāmaṇera]]). Novices shave their heads, wear the yellow robes, and observe the Ten Precepts. While there is no explicit minimum age for novices prescribed in the scriptures, it is traditionally accepted that boys as young as seven can be accepted for ordination. This tradition echoes the story of the Buddha's son, Rahula, who was allowed to become a novice at the age of seven. Both monks and nuns are expected to adhere to a specific code of discipline, of which monks follow 227 rules, and nuns follow 311.

In most Theravāda countries, it is a common practice for young men to ordain as monks for a fixed period of time. In Thailand and Myanmar, young men typically ordain for the retreat during [[Vassa]], the three-month monsoon season, though shorter or longer periods of ordination are not rare. Traditionally, temporary ordination was even more flexible among Laotians. Once they had undergone their initial ordination as young men, Laotian men were permitted to temporarily ordain again at any time, though married men were expected to seek their wife's permission. Throughout Southeast Asia, there is little stigma attached to leaving the monastic life. Monks regularly leave the robes after acquiring an education, or when compelled by family obligations or ill health.

Ordaining as a monk, even for a short period, is seen as having many virtues. In many Southeast Asian cultures, it is seen as a means for a young man to "repay his gratitude" to his parents for their work and effort in raising him, because the merit from his ordination is dedicated for their well-being. Thai men who have ordained as a monk may be seen as more mature and suitable husbands by Thai women, who refer to men who have served as monks with a colloquial term meaning "ripe" to indicate that they are more mature and ready for marriage. Particularly in rural areas, temporary ordination of boys and young men traditionally offered peasant boys an opportunity to receive free education in temple schools with sponsorship and accommodation.

In Sri Lanka, temporary ordination is not practised, and a monk leaving the order is frowned upon but not condemned. The continuing influence of the [[caste system in Sri Lanka]] plays a role in the taboo against temporary or permanent ordination as a bhikkhu in some orders. Though Sri Lankan orders are often organized along caste lines, men who ordain as monks temporarily pass outside of the conventional caste system, and as such during their time as monks may act (or be treated) in a way that would not be in line with the expected duties and privileges of their caste.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

For those born in Western countries who wish to become Buddhist monks or nuns, it is possible to undertake the lifestyle in their home countries, among other Buddhist monastics in Western countries, or to travel and take up residence in a Buddhist monastery in Asian countries such as Sri Lanka or Thailand. In countries where Buddhism is deeply rooted, it can often be easier to adhere to the lifestyle of a monk or nun, as it requires considerable discipline to successfully live by the non-secular rules and regulations for which Buddhist practices are known. For instance, Theravāda monastics are typically required to abstain from activities such as working, handling money, listening to music and cooking. Such obligations can be especially challenging in non-Buddhist societies.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

Some of the more well-known Theravādin monks are [[Ajahn Mun]], [[Ajahn Chah]], [[Ledi Sayadaw]], [[Webu Sayadaw]], [[Narada Maha Thera]], Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo, [[Buddhadasa]], [[Mahasi Sayadaw]], [[Nyanatiloka Mahathera]], [[Nyanaponika Thera]], [[Preah Maha Ghosananda]], [[U Pandita]], [[Ajahn Sumedho]], [[Ajahn Khemadhammo]], [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]], [[Ajahn Amaro]], [[Ajahn Sucitto]], [[Ajahn Jayasaro]], [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]], [[Walpola Rahula Thero]], [[Henepola Gunaratana]], [[Bhaddanta Āciṇṇa]], Bhante Yogavacara Rahula, [[Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro]], [[K. Sri Dhammananda]], [[Sayadaw U Tejaniya]] and [[Bhikkhu Analayo]].

===Monastic practices===
[[File:EveningPrayers01a.jpg|thumb|upright|A Buddhist Monk chants evening prayers inside a monastery located near the town of [[Kantharalak]], Thailand.]]

The practices usually vary in different sub-schools and monasteries within Theravāda. But in the most orthodox forest monastery, the monk usually models his practice and lifestyle on that of the Buddha and his first generation of disciples by living close to nature in forest, mountains and caves. Forest monasteries still keep alive the ancient traditions through following the Buddhist monastic code of discipline in all its detail and developing meditation in secluded forests.

In a typical daily routine at the monastery during the 3-month vassa period, the monk will wake up before dawn and will begin the day with group chanting and meditation. At dawn the monks will go out to surrounding villages bare-footed on alms-round and will have the only meal of the day before noon by eating from the bowl by hand. Most of the time is spent on Dhamma study and meditation. Sometimes the abbot or a senior monk will give a Dhamma talk to the visitors. Laity who stay at the monastery will have to abide by the traditional [[Eight precepts|eight Buddhist precepts]].

The life of the monk or nun in a community is much more complex than the life of the forest monk. In the Buddhist society of Sri Lanka, most monks spend hours every day in taking care of the needs of lay people such as preaching ''bana,''<ref>Mahinda Deegalle, ''Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka'', State University of New York Press, Albany, 2006.</ref> accepting alms, officiating funerals, teaching ''dhamma'' to adults and children in addition to providing social services to the community.

After the end of the Vassa period, many of the monks will go out far away from the monastery to find a remote place (usually in the forest) where they can hang their umbrella tents and where it is suitable for the work of self-development. When they go wandering, they walk barefoot, and go wherever they feel inclined. Only those requisites which are necessary will be carried along. These generally consist of the bowl, the three robes, a bathing cloth, an umbrella tent, a mosquito net, a kettle of water, a water filter, razor, sandals, some small candles, and a candle lantern.

The monks do not fix their times for walking and sitting meditation, for as soon as they are free, they just start doing it; nor do they determine for how long they will go on to meditate. Some of them sometimes walk from dusk to dawn whereas at other times they may walk from between two and seven hours. Some may decide to fast for days or stay at dangerous places where ferocious animals live in order to aid their meditation.

Those monks who have been able to achieve a high level of attainment will be able to guide the junior monks and lay Buddhists toward the four degrees of spiritual attainment.

===Bhikkhunis===
{{See also|Women in Buddhism|Ordination of women in Buddhism|Criticism of Buddhism#Women in Buddhism}}
[[File:Dhammananda09.jpg|thumb|[[Dhammananda Bhikkhuni]]]]
A few years after the arrival of [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]], the bhikkhu [[Sanghamitta|Saṅghamittā]], who is also believed to have been the daughter of Ashoka, came to Sri Lanka. She ordained the first nuns in Sri Lanka. In 429, by request of China's emperor, nuns from [[Anuradhapura]] were sent to China to establish the order there, which subsequently spread across East Asia. The [[prātimokṣa]] of the nun's order in [[East Asian Buddhism]] is the [[Dharmaguptaka]], which is different from the prātimokṣa of the current Theravāda school; the specific ordination of the early Sangha in Sri Lanka not known, although the Dharmaguptaka sect originated with the Sthāvirīya as well.

The nun's order subsequently died out in Sri Lanka in the 11th century and in Burma in the 13th century. It had already died out around the 10th century in other Theravādin areas. Novice ordination has also disappeared in those countries. Therefore, women who wish to live as renunciates in those countries must do so by taking eight or ten precepts. Neither laywomen nor formally ordained, these women do not receive the recognition, education, financial support or status enjoyed by Buddhist men in their countries. These "precept-holders" live in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, and Thailand. In particular, the governing council of Burmese Buddhism has ruled that there can be no valid ordination of women in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree. Japan is a special case as, although it has neither the bhikkhuni nor novice ordinations, the precept-holding nuns who live there do enjoy a higher status and better education than their precept-holder sisters elsewhere, and can even become Zen priests.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://lhamo.tripod.com/4ordin.htm|title=Resources on Women's Ordination|publisher=Lhamo.tripod.com|access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> In Tibet there is currently no bhikkhuni ordination, but the [[Dalai Lama]] has authorized followers of the Tibetan tradition to be ordained as nuns in traditions that have such ordination.

In 1996, 11 selected Sri Lankan women were ordained fully as Theravāda bhikkhunis by a team of Theravāda monks in concert with a team of Korean nuns in India. There is disagreement among Theravāda [[vinaya]] authorities as to whether such ordinations are valid. The [[Dambulla]] chapter of the [[Siam Nikaya]] in Sri Lanka also carried out a nun's ordination at this time, specifically stating their ordination process was a valid Theravādin process where the other ordination session was not.{{sfn|Salgado|2013|pp=166–169}} This chapter has carried out ordination ceremonies for hundreds of nuns since then.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} This has been criticized by leading figures in the Siam Nikaya and [[Amarapura Nikaya]], and the governing council of [[Buddhism in Myanmar]] has declared that there can be no valid ordination of nuns in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree with this.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kawanami|first1=Hiroko|date=2007|title=The bhikkhunī ordination debate: global aspirations, local concerns, with special emphasis on the views of the monastic community in Myanmar. Kawanami, H. 11/2007 In|journal=Buddhist Studies Review|volume=24|issue=2|pages=226–244|doi=10.1558/bsrv.v24i2.226}}</ref>

In 1997 [[Dhamma Cetiya Vihara]] in Boston was founded by Ven. Gotami of Thailand, then a 10 precept nun; when she received full ordination in 2000, her dwelling became America's first Theravāda Buddhist bhikkhuni vihara.

A 55-year-old Thai Buddhist 8-precept white-robed maechee nun, Varanggana Vanavichayen, became the first woman to receive the going-forth ceremony of a novice (and the gold robe) in Thailand, in 2002.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/thailand/ordination.shtml|title=Socially Engaged Buddhism in Thailand: Ordination of Thai Women Monks|last=Sommer, PhD|first=Jeanne Matthew|publisher=Warren Wilson College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204105319/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/thailand/ordination.shtml|archive-date=4 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> On 28 February 2003, [[Dhammananda Bhikkhuni]], formerly known as Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, became the first Thai woman to receive bhikkhuni ordination as a Theravāda nun.<ref name="thebuddhadharma">{{Citation |url=http://www.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2003/summer/dhammananda.html|title=Ordained at Last|date=28 February 2003|publisher=Thebuddhadharma.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206044757/http://www.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2003/summer/dhammananda.html|archive-date=6 February 2004|url-status=dead|access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref>
Dhammananda Bhikkhuni was ordained in Sri Lanka.<ref name="bhikkhunis">{{Citation |url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp051403.htm|title=Bhikkhunis: Ordaining Buddhist Women|author=Rita C. Larivee, SSA|date=14 May 2003|publisher=Nationalcatholicreporter.org|access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> The Thai Senate has reviewed and revoked the secular law passed in 1928 banning women's full ordination in Buddhism as unconstitutional for being counter to laws protecting freedom of religion. However, Thailand's two main Theravāda Buddhist orders, the Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks.

In 2009 in Australia four women received bhikkhuni ordination as Theravāda nuns, the first time such ordination had occurred in Australia.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.wa.buddhistcouncil.org.au/home/therevadan-bhikkhunni-ordination-in-western-australia/|title=Thai monks oppose West Australian ordination of Buddhist nuns|publisher=Wa.buddhistcouncil.org.au|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006003315/http://www.wa.buddhistcouncil.org.au/home/therevadan-bhikkhunni-ordination-in-western-australia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. Abbess Vayama together with Venerables Nirodha, Seri, and Hasapanna were ordained as Bhikkhunis by a dual Sangha act of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pāli Vinaya.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.dhammasara.org.au/bhikkhuni-ordination.html|title=Bhikkhuni Ordination|date=22 October 2009|publisher=Dhammasara.org.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219112534/http://www.dhammasara.org.au/bhikkhuni-ordination.html|archive-date=19 February 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, in the US, four novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai Theravāda tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony. [[Henepola Gunaratana]] and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.<ref name="Boorstein">{{Citation |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sylvia-boorstein/ordination-of-bhikkhunis-_b_702921.html#s133846|title=Ordination of Bhikkhunis in the Theravada Tradition|last=Boorstein|first=Sylvia|author-link=Sylvia Boorstein|date=25 May 2011|work=Huffington Post}}</ref>

The first bhikkhuni ordination in Germany, the ordination of German woman Samaneri Dhira, occurred on 21 June 2015 at Anenja Vihara.<ref>[http://www.bhikkhuni.net/news/ Bhikkhuni Happenings – Alliance for Bhikkhunis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629140312/http://www.bhikkhuni.net/news/ |date=29 June 2015 }}. Bhikkhuni.net. Retrieved 28 June 2015.</ref>

In Indonesia, the first Theravāda ordination of bhikkhunis in Indonesia after more than a thousand years occurred in 2015 at Wisma Kusalayani in Lembang, [[Bandung]] in [[West Java]].<ref name="bhikkhuni1">{{Cite web |title=First Theravada Ordination of Bhikkhunis in Indonesia After a Thousand Years |url=https://www.bhikkhuni.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/FirstTheravadaordinationofbhikkhunisinIndonesiaAfteraThousandYears.pdf |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=www.bhikkhuni.net}}</ref> Those ordained included Vajiradevi Sadhika Bhikkhuni from Indonesia, Medha Bhikkhuni from Sri Lanka, Anula Bhikkhuni from Japan, Santasukha Santamana Bhikkhuni from Vietnam, Sukhi Bhikkhuni and Sumangala Bhikkhuni from Malaysia, and Jenti Bhikkhuni from Australia.<ref name="bhikkhuni1" />

===Monastic orders===
[[File:Thai Buddhist monk blesses.jpg|thumb|Thai monks blessing the [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King of Thailand]] in Wat Nong Wong, [[Sawankhalok District|Amphoe Sawankhalok]], [[Sukhothai Province|Sukhothai]], Thailand]]

Theravāda monks typically belong to a particular ''[[nikaya]]'', variously referred to as monastic orders or fraternities. These different orders do not typically develop separate doctrines, but may differ in the manner in which they observe monastic rules. These monastic orders represent lineages of ordination, typically tracing their origin to a particular group of monks that established a new ordination tradition within a particular country or geographic area.

In Myanmar, all the monastic orders are called gaing ({{lang|my|ဂိုဏ်း}}) or [[gana|gaṇa]] ({{lang|my|ဂဏ}}) instead of nikāya, although some orders include Nikāya ({{lang|my|နိကာယ}}) in addition to Gaing in their names. Currently, it is prohibited by law to establish gaings other than the [[Buddhist sects in Myanmar#The nine sects of Sangha|nine major gaings]] sanctioned in 1980. Other monastic orders and sects have to merge with these nine gaings, while some sects are totally banned.

In Sri Lanka caste plays a major role in the division into nikayas. Some Theravāda Buddhist countries appoint or elect a [[sangharaja]], or Supreme Patriarch of the Sangha, as the highest ranking or seniormost monk in a particular area, or from a particular nikaya. The demise of monarchies has resulted in the suspension of these posts in some countries, but patriarchs have continued to be appointed in Thailand. Cambodia ended the practice of appointing a sangharaja for some time, but the position was later restored, though it lapsed again.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
*''[[Bangladesh]]'':
** [[Mahasthabir Nikaya]]
** [[Sangharaj Nikaya]]
*''[[Myanmar]]'':
** [[Thudhamma Gaing]]
** [[Shwekyin Nikaya|Shwegyin Nikāya]] Shwegyin Gaing
** Dhammānudhamma [[Mahādvāra Nikāya]] Gaing
** Dhammavinayānuloma [[Mūladvāra Nikāya]] Gaing
** Anaukchaung Dvāra Gaing
** [[Veḷuvan Nikāya]] Gaing
** Catubhummika Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna [[Hngettwin Gaing]]
** Gaṇavimut Kudo Gaing
** [[Dhammayuttika Nikaya|Dhammayutti Nikāya]] Mahā Yin Gaing
*''[[Sri Lanka]]'':
** [[Amarapura Nikaya]] has many Sub orders including
*** Dharmarakshitha
*** Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
*** Tapovana (or Kalyanavamsa)
** [[Ramanna Nikaya|Ramañña Nikaya]]
*** Delduwa
*** [[Sri Kalyani Yogasrama Samstha]] (or 'Galduwa Tradition')
** [[Siam Nikaya]]
*** Asgiriya
*** Malwaththa
*** Rohana
*** Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
*''Thailand and Cambodia''
** [[Dhammayuttika Nikaya]]
** [[Maha Nikaya]]

== Impact on modern society ==
[[File:Meal_Blessing_at_Birken_Forest_Monastery.webm|thumb|Theravada monks meditating and practicing mindfulness over simple things like the meal they are about to have]]
Theravāda Buddhism's emphasis on mindfulness and meditation practices has influenced modern society by promoting mental well-being and stress reduction techniques leading to the integration of mindfulness in various therapeutic and self-improvement programs. Additionally, its teachings on ethical conduct and compassion continue to inspire individuals and organizations to prioritize moral values and social responsibility in their actions and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schober |first=Juliane |date=2009 |title=The Theravāda Buddhist Engagement with Modernity in Southeast Asia: Whither the Social Paradigm of the Galactic Polity? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/theravada-buddhist-engagement-with-modernity-in-southeast-asia-whither-the-social-paradigm-of-the-galactic-polity/243846ECB251224A3F069C5D8BF75BFA |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=307–325 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400007128 |s2cid=146408897 |issn=1474-0680 |via=Cambridge Core|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The emphasis on ethical conduct in Theravada Buddhism encourages individuals to lead virtuous lives. This includes refraining from actions that harm others, such as lying, stealing, and harming living beings. These principles promote personal integrity and honesty in modern society. Buddhism encourages the cultivation of compassion and loving-kindness ([[Maitrī|metta]]) towards all sentient beings. In contemporary society, these teachings inspire individuals and organizations to prioritize social responsibility, charitable activities, and humanitarian efforts aimed at alleviating suffering and promoting the welfare of others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Love |first=Thomas T. |date=1965 |title=Theravāda Buddhism: Ethical Theory and Practice |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1459491 |journal=Journal of Bible and Religion |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=303–313 |jstor=1459491 |issn=0885-2758}}</ref> Theravada Buddhism places significant emphasis on self-awareness and self-transformation. Practitioners are encouraged to explore the nature of the self ([[Anattā|anatta]]), impermanence ([[anicca]]), and the nature of suffering ([[Duḥkha|dukkha]]). These teachings have inspired individuals in modern society to embark on journeys of self-discovery, self-improvement, and personal growth. The teachings on mindfulness and the impermanence of life have provided individuals with effective tools for coping with stress and life's challenges. In today's fast-paced and often stressful world, these teachings offer valuable strategies for maintaining balance and emotional stability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malalasekera |first=G. P. |date=1964 |title=The Status of the Individual in Theravāda Buddhism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396982 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=145–156 |doi=10.2307/1396982 |jstor=1396982 |issn=0031-8221|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This journey of mindfulness and mental health has been strengthened by top institutions encouraging the idea of mindfulness and the effects it has on people. The mindfulness classes/courses/programs provided by many top universities and institutions such as Yale, Stanford, etc. to their students, staff, and general public have benefited them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhiman |first=Satinder K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C34DwAAQBAJ&dq=mindfulness+and+mental+health+in+top+institutions&pg=PT375 |title=The Routledge Companion to Mindfulness at Work |date=2020-09-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-53486-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
! Rank
! Country
! Population
! [[Buddhism by country|Buddhist %]]
! [[Buddhism by country|Buddhist total]]
! [[Importance of religion by country|Importance of religion]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|01|1}}
| style="text-align:left;" |{{sort|Thailand|{{flag|Thailand}}}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|01|66,720,153<ref group=web>{{Citation |url=http://203.113.86.149/stat/pk/pk53/pk_53.pdf |title=ประกาศส านักทะเบียนกลาง กรมการปกครอง เรื่อง จ านวนราษฎรทั่วราชอาณาจักร แยกเป็นกรุงเทพมหานครและจังหวัดต่าง ๆ ตามหลักฐานการทะเบียนราษฎร ณ วันที่ 31 ธันวาคม 2553 |trans-title=Announcement of the Central Registration Office, Department of Provincial Administration, regarding the total population of the Kingdom, separated into Bangkok and other provinces, according to the population registration records as of 31 December 2010 |access-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716001724/http://203.113.86.149/stat/pk/pk53/pk_53.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|02|95%<ref group=web>{{Citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105030255/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2021 |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|01|63,117,265}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|03|97%<ref group=web name="bare_url">[https://worldview.gallup.com/default.aspx Gallup WorldView] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407080004/https://worldview.gallup.com/default.aspx |date=7 April 2020 }}. data accessed on 7 September 2012</ref>}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|02|2}}
| style="text-align:left;" |{{sort|Myanmar|{{flag|Myanmar}}}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|02|56,280,000<ref group=web>{{Citation |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/MYA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024100243/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/MYA.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2007|title=Retrieved 8 July 2010.}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|03|89%<ref group=web>{{Citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075741/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title= The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|02|50,649,200}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|04|96%<ref group=web name="bare_url"/>}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|03|3}}
| style="text-align:left;" |{{sort|Sri Lanka|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|03|20,277,597}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|04|70%}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|03|17,222,844}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|01|100%<ref group=web name="bare_url"/>}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|04|4}}
| style="text-align:left;" |{{sort|Cambodia|{{flag|Cambodia}}}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|04|14,701,717<ref group=web name="cia_a">{{Citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091724/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|01|98%<ref group=web name="cia_a"/>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|04|14,172,455}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|05|95%<ref group=web name="bare_url"/>}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|05|5}}
| style="text-align:left;" |{{sort|Laos|{{flag|Laos}}}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|05|6,477,211<ref group=web name="cia_b">{{Citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109080217/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|05|67%<ref group=web name="cia_b"/>}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|05|4,339,731}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sort|02|98%<ref group=web name="bare_url"/>}}
|}[[File:Buddhist sects.png|thumb|240px|Map showing the [[Schools of Buddhism|three major Buddhist divisions]] in Tibet, [[Mongolia]], [[Nepal]], [[East Asia|East]] and Southeast Asia]]Theravāda Buddhism is practiced in the following countries and by people worldwide:
*East Asia:
** [[Chinese Buddhism|China]] (mainly by the [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Tai peoples|Tai]], [[Dai people|Dai]], [[Hani people|Hani]], [[Wa people|Wa]], [[Achang people|Achang]], [[Blang people|Blang]] ethnic groups mainly in [[Yunnan]])
*South Asia:
** [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] (by 2% of the population) mainly in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and Kuwakata, Barishal
** [[Buddhism in India|India]], traditional Theravāda mainly in the [[Seven Sister States]]
** [[Buddhism in Nepal|Nepal]]
** [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] (by 70% of the population)
*Southeast Asia:
** [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia]] (by 97% of the population)
** [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
** [[Buddhism in Laos|Laos]] (by 66% of the population)
** [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Malaysia]] (in peninsular Malaysia especially north-western parts of Malaysia, primarily by the [[Malaysian Siamese]] and [[Sri Lankans in Malaysia|Malaysian Sinhalese]])
** [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Myanmar]] (by 89% of the population)
** [[Buddhism in Singapore|Singapore]]
** [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]] (by 90% of the population, 94% of the population that practices religion)
** [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Vietnam]] (by the [[Khmer Krom]] in the south and central parts of Vietnam and [[Tai Dam people|Tai Dam]] in northern Vietnam)
*Theravāda has also recently gained popularity in the [[Buddhism in the West|Western world]].

Today, Theravādins number over 150 million worldwide, and during the past few decades Theravāda Buddhism has begun to [[Vipassana movement|take root in the West]]{{efn|John Bullit: "In the last century, however, the West has begun to take notice of Theravāda's unique spiritual legacy and teachings of Awakening. In recent decades, this interest has swelled, with the monastic Sangha from the schools within Theravāda, establishing dozens of monasteries across Europe and North America."<ref group=web>{{Citation |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/whats-thera.htm |title=What is Theravāda Buddhism? |first=John |last=Bullitt |work=BuddhaNet |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810071004/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/whats-thera.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} and in the [[History of Buddhism in India#Revival of Buddhism in India|Buddhist revival in India]].<ref group=web>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031206110103/http://adherents.com/Na/Na_630.html#3875 Adherents.com]}} – See the citations under 'Theravāda Buddhism – World'.</ref>

==See also==


*[[Access to Insight]]
*[[Adhiṭṭhāna]]
*[[Arahant]]
*[[Awgatha]]
*[[Buddha's Dispensation|Buddha Sasana]]
*[[Buddhism in Southeast Asia]]
*[[Buddhist pilgrimage]]
*[[Buddhist Publication Society]]
*[[Cetiya]]
*[[Fruits of the noble path]]
*[[Mahanayaka]]
*[[Pariyatti, paṭipatti, paṭivedha]]
*[[Sacca-kiriya]]
*[[Sambuddhatva jayanthi]]
*[[Sangharaja]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==

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*{{Citation |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |year=2004 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert |publisher=MacMillan}}
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*{{Citation |last=Wilson |first=Jeff |date=2014 |title=Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
{{refend}}

===Web sources===
{{reflist|group=web|refs=
<ref group=web name="Braun2014">Erik Braun (2014), [https://tricycle.org/magazine/meditation-en-masse/ ''Meditation en masse. How colonialism sparked the global Vipassana movement'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031173823/https://tricycle.org/magazine/meditation-en-masse/ |date=31 October 2018 }}.</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ Access to Insight] – Readings in Theravāda Buddhism
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George Bernard Shaw

2026-03-17T14:26:19Z

Hayaat: Improved structure and clarity

{{short description|Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist (1856–1950)}}
{{redirect|Bernard Shaw}}
{{featured article}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot,OAbot}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = George Bernard Shaw
| image = Bernard-Shaw-ILN-1911-original.jpg
| caption = Shaw in 1911
| alt = Middle-aged man with greying hair and full beard
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|7|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Portobello, Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|11|2|1856|7|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ayot St Lawrence]], Hertfordshire, England
| resting_place = [[Shaw's Corner]], Ayot St Lawrence
| pseudonym = Bernard Shaw
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|political activist}}
| citizenship = United Kingdom (1856–1950) Ireland (dual citizenship, 1934–1950)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Charlotte Payne-Townshend]]|1898|1943|end=died}}
| signature = George Bernard Shaw signature.svg
}}

'''George Bernard Shaw''' (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950), known at his insistence as '''Bernard Shaw''', was an Irish playwright, critic, [[polemic]]ist and political activist. His influence on Western theatre, culture and politics extended from the 1880s to his death and beyond. He wrote more than sixty plays, including major works such as ''[[Man and Superman]]'' (1902), ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' (1913) and ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]'' (1923). With a range incorporating both contemporary [[satire]] and historical [[allegory]], Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, and in 1925 was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].

Born in Dublin, Shaw moved to London in 1876; he struggled to establish himself as a writer and novelist, and embarked on a rigorous process of self-education. By the mid-1880s he had become a respected theatre and music critic. Following a political awakening, he joined the [[Gradualism (politics)|gradualist]] [[Fabian Society]] and became its most prominent pamphleteer. Shaw had been writing plays for years before his first public success, ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' in 1894. Influenced by [[Henrik Ibsen]], he sought to introduce a new realism into English-language drama, using his plays as vehicles to disseminate his political, social and religious ideas. By the early twentieth century his reputation as a dramatist was secured with a series of critical and popular successes that included ''[[Major Barbara]]'', ''[[The Doctor's Dilemma (play)|The Doctor's Dilemma]]'', and ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]''.

Shaw's expressed views were often contentious; he promoted [[eugenics]] and [[English-language spelling reform|alphabet reform]], and [[Vaccine hesitancy|opposed vaccination]] and organised religion. He courted unpopularity by denouncing both sides in the [[First World War]] as equally culpable, and although not a [[Irish republicanism|republican]], castigated British policy on Ireland in the postwar period. These stances had no lasting effect on his standing or productivity as a dramatist; the inter-war years saw a series of often ambitious plays, which achieved varying degrees of popular success. In 1938 he provided the screenplay for [[Pygmalion (1938 film)|a filmed version]] of ''Pygmalion'' for which he received an [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Academy Award]]. His appetite for politics and controversy remained undiminished; by the late 1920s, he had largely renounced Fabian Society gradualism, and often wrote and spoke favourably of dictatorships of the right and left—he expressed admiration for both [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] and [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]. In the final decade of his life, he made fewer public statements but continued to write prolifically until shortly before his death, aged ninety-four, having refused all state honours, including the [[Order of Merit]] in 1946.

Since Shaw's death scholarly and critical opinion about his works has varied, but he has regularly been rated among British dramatists as second only to [[Shakespeare]]; analysts recognise his extensive influence on generations of English-language playwrights. The word ''Shavian'' has entered the language as encapsulating Shaw's ideas and his means of expressing them.

==Life==
===Early years===
[[File:Dublin Portobello 33 Synge Street George Bernard Shaw Birthplace 2.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Exterior of modest city house|Shaw's birthplace (2012 photograph). The plaque reads "Bernard Shaw, author of many plays, was born in this house, 26 July 1856".]]
Shaw was born at 3 Upper Synge Street{{refn|Now (2016) known as 33 Synge Street.{{sfn|Peters|1996|p=5}}|group=n}} in [[Portobello, Dublin|Portobello]], a lower-middle-class part of Dublin.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} He was the youngest child and only son of George Carr Shaw and Lucinda Elizabeth (Bessie) Shaw (''née'' Gurly). His elder siblings were Lucinda (Lucy) Frances and Elinor Agnes. The Shaw family was of [[Anglo-Irish people|English descent]] and belonged to the dominant [[Protestant Ascendancy]] in Ireland;{{refn|Shaw's biographer [[Michael Holroyd]] records that in 1689 Captain William Shaw fought for [[William III of England|William III]] at the [[Battle of the Boyne]], for which service he was granted a substantial estate in [[Kilkenny]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=2}}|group=n}} George Carr Shaw, an ineffectual alcoholic, was among the family's less successful members.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=2}} His relatives secured him a [[sinecure]] in the civil service, from which he was pensioned off in the early 1850s; thereafter he worked irregularly as a corn merchant.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} In 1852 he married Bessie Gurly; in the view of Shaw's biographer [[Michael Holroyd]] she married to escape a tyrannical great-aunt.{{sfn|Shaw|1969|p=22}} If, as Holroyd and others surmise, George's motives were mercenary, then he was disappointed, as Bessie brought him little of her family's money.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=5–6}} She came to despise her ineffectual and often drunken husband, with whom she shared what their son later described as a life of "shabby-genteel poverty".{{sfn|Shaw|1969|p=22}}

By the time of Shaw's birth his mother had become close to George John Lee, a flamboyant figure well known in Dublin's musical circles. Shaw retained a lifelong obsession that Lee might have been his biological father;{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} there is no consensus among [[wikt:Shavian|Shavian]] scholars on the likelihood of this.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Rosset|1964|pp=105 and 129}}{{sfn|Dervin|1975|p=56}}{{sfn|O'Donovan|1965|p=108}} The young Shaw suffered no harshness from his mother, but he later recalled that her indifference and lack of affection hurt him deeply.{{sfn|Bosch|1984|pp=115–117}} He found solace in the music that abounded in the house. Lee was a conductor and teacher of singing; Bessie had a fine [[mezzo-soprano]] voice and was much influenced by Lee's unorthodox method of vocal production. The Shaws' house was often filled with music, with frequent gatherings of singers and players.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}

In 1862 Lee and the Shaws agreed to share a house, No. 1 Hatch Street, in an affluent part of Dublin, and a country cottage on [[Dalkey Hill]], overlooking [[Killiney Bay]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=27–28}} Shaw, a sensitive boy, found the less salubrious parts of Dublin shocking and distressing, and was happier at the cottage. Lee's students often gave him books, which the young Shaw read avidly;{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=23–24}} thus, as well as gaining a thorough musical knowledge of choral and operatic works, he became familiar with a wide spectrum of literature.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=24 (literature) and 25 (music)}}

Between 1865 and 1871 Shaw attended four schools, all of which he hated.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=19–21}}{{refn|The four schools were the [[Wesley College (Dublin)|Wesleyan Connexional School]], run by the [[Methodist Church in Ireland]]; a private school near [[Dalkey]]; Dublin Central Model Boys' School; and the Dublin English Scientific and Commercial Day School.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=19–21}}|group=n}} His experiences as a schoolboy left him disillusioned with formal education: "Schools and schoolmasters", he later wrote, were "prisons and turnkeys in which children are kept to prevent them disturbing and chaperoning their parents."{{sfn|Shaw|1949|pp=89–90}} In October 1871 he left school to become a junior clerk in a Dublin firm of [[land agent]]s, where he worked hard, and quickly rose to become head cashier.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} During this period, Shaw was known as "George Shaw"; after 1876, he dropped the "George" and styled himself "Bernard Shaw".{{refn|Shaw's loathing of the name George began in his childhood.{{sfn|Nothorcot|1964|p=3}} He never succeeded in persuading his mother and sister to stop calling him by the name, but he made it known that everyone else who had any respect for his wishes should refrain from using it—"I hate being George-d".{{sfn|Nothorcot|1964|pp=3–4 and 9}}|group=n}}

In June 1873 Lee left Dublin for London and never returned. A fortnight later, Bessie followed him; the two girls joined her.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}}{{refn|By Shaw's account, Lee left Ireland because he had outgrown the musical possibilities of Dublin; in fact, Lee had overreached himself by trying to oust [[Robert Prescott Stewart|Sir Robert Stewart]] as the city's leading conductor. Stewart, professor of music at [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]], denounced him as a charlatan, and succeeded in driving him out.{{sfn|O'Donovan|1965|p=75}}|group=n}} Shaw's explanation of why his mother followed Lee was that without the latter's financial contribution the joint household had to be broken up.{{sfn|Westrup|1966|p=58}} Left in Dublin with his father, Shaw compensated for the absence of music in the house by teaching himself to play the piano.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}}

===London===
Early in 1876 Shaw learned from his mother that Agnes was dying of [[tuberculosis]]. He resigned from the land agents, and in March travelled to England to join his mother and Lucy at Agnes's funeral. He never again lived in Ireland, and did not visit it for twenty-nine years.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}

[[File:Bernard-Shaw-1879.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=young man with faint, wispy beard|Shaw in 1879]]

Initially, Shaw refused to seek clerical employment in London. His mother allowed him to live free of charge in her house in [[South Kensington]], but he nevertheless needed an income. He had abandoned a teenage ambition to become a painter, and had not yet thought of writing for a living, but Lee found a little work for him, [[ghost-writing]] a musical column printed under Lee's name in a satirical weekly, ''The Hornet''.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} Lee's relations with Bessie deteriorated after their move to London.{{refn|Shaw attributed the breach to Bessie's disillusion when Lee abandoned his distinctive teaching methods to pursue a cynically commercial exploitation of gullible pupils; others, including Holroyd, have suggested that Bessie was resentful that Lee's affections were turning elsewhere, not least to her daughter Lucy.{{sfn|Westrup|1966|p=58}}{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=40–41}}|group=n}} Shaw maintained contact with Lee, who found him work as a rehearsal pianist and occasional singer.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=40–41}}{{refn|Shaw had a passable [[baritone]] voice,{{sfn|Pharand|2000|p=24}} though he admitted that he was far outclassed as a singer by his sister Lucy, who had a career as a [[soprano]] with the [[Carl Rosa Opera Company|Carl Rosa]] and [[D'Oyly Carte Opera Company|D'Oyly Carte]] opera companies.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=25 and 68}}{{sfn|Rollins and Witts 1962|pp=54–55 and 58}}|group=n}}

Eventually Shaw was driven to applying for office jobs. In the interim he secured a reader's pass for the [[British Museum]] Reading Room (the forerunner of the [[British Library]]) and spent most weekdays there, reading and writing.{{sfn|Laurence|1976|p=8}} His first attempt at drama, begun in 1878, was a [[blank-verse]] satirical piece on a religious theme. It was abandoned unfinished, as was his first try at a novel. His first completed novel, ''Immaturity'' (1879), was too grim to appeal to publishers and did not appear until the 1930s.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} He was employed briefly by the newly formed Edison Telephone Company in 1879–80 and, as in Dublin, achieved rapid promotion. Nonetheless, when the [[National Telephone Company|Edison firm merged]] with the rival Bell Telephone Company, Shaw chose not to seek a place in the new organisation.{{sfn|Peters|1996|pp=56–57}} Thereafter he pursued a full-time career as an author.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=48}}

For the next four years Shaw made a negligible income from writing, and was subsidised by his mother.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=48–49}} In 1881, for the sake of economy, and increasingly as a matter of principle, he became a [[vegetarian]].{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} In the same year he suffered an attack of [[smallpox]]; eventually he grew a beard to hide the resultant facial scar.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=55–56}}{{refn|Vegetarianism and the luxuriant beard were among the things with which Shaw became associated by the general public. He was also a [[teetotaller]] and non-smoker, and was known for his habitual costume of unfashionable woollen clothes, made for him by [[Jaeger (clothing)|Jaeger]].{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}}{{sfn|Peters|1996|pp= 102–103}}{{sfn|Pearce|1997|p=127}}|group=n}} In rapid succession he wrote two more novels: ''The Irrational Knot'' (1880) and ''Love Among the Artists'' (1881), but neither found a publisher; each was [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] a few years later in the socialist magazine ''Our Corner''.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|p=120}}{{refn|''The Irrational Knot'' was eventually published in book form by Constable, in 1905;{{sfn|Rodenbeck|1969|p=67}} ''Love Among the Artists'' was first published as a book in 1900, by H. S. Stone of Chicago.{{sfn|''Love Among the Artists'': WorldCat}}|group=n}}

In 1880 Shaw began attending meetings of the Zetetical Society, whose objective was to "search for truth in all matters affecting the interests of the human race".{{sfn|Bevir|2011|p=155}} Here he met [[Sidney Webb]], a junior civil servant who, like Shaw, was busy educating himself. Despite difference of style and temperament, the two quickly recognised qualities in each other and developed a lifelong friendship. Shaw later reflected: "You knew everything that I didn't know and I knew everything you didn't know&nbsp;... We had everything to learn from one another and brains enough to do it".{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=172–173}}

[[File:William Archer.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Victorian photograph of man in early middle age, with centre-parted hair and a walrus moustache|[[William Archer (critic)|William Archer]], colleague and benefactor of Shaw]]

Shaw's next attempt at drama was a one-act playlet in French, ''Un Petit Drame'', written in 1884 but not published in his lifetime.{{sfn|Pharand|2000|p=6}} In the same year the critic [[William Archer (critic)|William Archer]] suggested a collaboration, with a plot by Archer and dialogue by Shaw.{{sfn|Adams|1971|p=64}} The project foundered, but Shaw returned to the draft as the basis of ''[[Widowers' Houses]]'' in 1892,{{sfn|Yde|2013|p=46}} and the connection with Archer proved of immense value to Shaw's career.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=79}}

===Political awakening: Marxism, socialism, Fabian Society===
On 5 September 1882 Shaw attended a meeting at the [[Congregational Memorial Hall|Memorial Hall]] in [[Farringdon, London|Farringdon]], addressed by the political economist [[Henry George]].{{sfn|Pearson|1964|p=68}} Shaw then read George's book ''[[Progress and Poverty]]'', which awakened his interest in economics.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=127–128}} He began attending meetings of the [[Social Democratic Federation]] (SDF), where he discovered the writings of [[Karl Marx]], and thereafter spent much of 1883 reading ''[[Das Kapital]]''. He was not impressed by the SDF's founder, [[H. M. Hyndman]], whom he found autocratic, ill-tempered and lacking leadership qualities. Shaw doubted the ability of the SDF to harness the working classes into an effective radical movement and did not join it—he preferred, he said, to work with his intellectual equals.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=129–131}}

After reading a tract, ''Why Are The Many Poor?'', issued by the recently formed [[Fabian Society]],{{refn|The Fabian Society was founded in January 1884 as a splinter group from the [[Fellowship of the New Life]], a society of ethical [[History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom|socialists]] founded in 1883 by [[Thomas Davidson (philosopher)|Thomas Davidson]].{{sfn|Diniejko|2013}}|group=n}} Shaw went to the society's next advertised meeting, on 16 May 1884.{{sfn|Cole|1961|pp=7–8}} He became a member in September,{{sfn|Cole|1961|pp=7–8}} and before the year's end had provided the society with its first manifesto, published as Fabian Tract No. 2.{{sfn|Fabian Tracts: 1884–1901}} He joined the society's executive committee in January 1885, and later that year recruited Webb and also [[Annie Besant]], a fine orator.{{sfn|Cole|1961|pp=7–8}}

{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote= "The most striking result of our present system of farming out the national Land and capital to private individuals has been the division of society into hostile classes, with large appetites and no dinners at one extreme, and large dinners and no appetites at the other"|salign = left|source= Shaw, Fabian Tract No. 2: ''A Manifesto'' (1884).{{sfn|Shaw: ''A Manifesto'' 1884}}}}

From 1885 to 1889 Shaw attended the fortnightly meetings of the [[Royal Economic Society|British Economic Association]]; it was, Holroyd observes, "the closest Shaw had ever come to university education". This experience changed his political ideas; he moved away from Marxism and became an apostle of [[Gradualism#Politics and society|gradualism]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=178–180}} When in 1886–87 the Fabians debated whether to embrace [[anarchism]], as advocated by [[Charlotte Wilson]], Besant and others, Shaw joined the majority in rejecting this approach.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=178–180}} After a rally in [[Trafalgar Square]] addressed by Besant was violently broken up by the authorities on 13 November 1887 ([[Bloody Sunday (1887)|"Bloody Sunday"]]), Shaw became convinced of the folly of attempting to challenge police power.{{sfn|Pelling|1965|p=50}} Thereafter he largely accepted the principle of "permeation" as advocated by Webb: the notion whereby socialism could best be achieved by infiltration of people and ideas into existing political parties.{{sfn|Preece|2011|p=53}}

Throughout the 1880s the Fabian Society remained small, its message of moderation frequently unheard among more strident voices.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=182–183}} Its profile was raised in 1889 with the publication of ''Fabian Essays in Socialism'', edited by Shaw who also provided two of the essays. The second of these, "Transition", details the case for gradualism and permeation, asserting that "the necessity for cautious and gradual change must be obvious to everyone".{{sfn|Shaw: ''Fabian Essays in Socialism'' 1889|pp=182–183}} In 1890 Shaw produced Tract No. 13, ''What Socialism Is'',{{sfn|Fabian Tracts: 1884–1901}} a revision of an earlier tract in which Charlotte Wilson had defined socialism in anarchistic terms.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|p=182}} In Shaw's new version, readers were assured that "socialism can be brought about in a perfectly constitutional manner by democratic institutions".{{sfn|Shaw: ''What Socialism Is'' 1890|p=3}}

===Novelist and critic===
The mid-1880s marked a turning point in Shaw's life, both personally and professionally: he lost his virginity, had two novels published, and began a career as a critic.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=72, 81 and 94}} He had been celibate until his twenty-ninth birthday, when his shyness was overcome by Jane (Jenny) Patterson, a widow some years his senior.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=92–94}} Their affair continued, not always smoothly, for eight years. Shaw's sex life has caused much speculation and debate among his biographers, but there is a consensus that the relationship with Patterson was one of his few non-platonic romantic liaisons.{{refn|Some writers, including Lisbeth J. Sachs, Bernard Stern and Sally Peters, believe Shaw was a repressed homosexual, and that after Jenny Patterson all his relationships with women, including his marriage, were platonic.{{sfn|Peters|1996|p=289}} Others, such as [[Maurice Valency]], suggest that at least one other of Shaw's relationships—that with [[Florence Farr]]—was consummated.{{sfn|Valency|1973|p=89}} Evidence came to light in 2004 that a well-documented relationship between the septuagenarian Shaw and the young actress Molly Tompkins was not, as had been generally supposed, platonic.{{sfn|Owen|2004|p=3}} Shaw himself stressed his own heterosexuality to [[St. John Greer Ervine|St John Ervine]] ("I am the normal heterosexual man") and [[Frank Harris]] ("I was not impotent: I was not sterile; I was not homosexual; and I was extremely, though not promiscuously, susceptible").{{sfn|Peters|1996|p=171}}|group=n}}

The published novels, neither commercially successful, were his two final efforts in this genre: ''Cashel Byron's Profession'' written in 1882–83, and ''An Unsocial Socialist'', begun and finished in 1883. The latter was published as a serial in ''To-Day'' magazine in 1884, although it did not appear in book form until 1887. ''Cashel Byron'' appeared in magazine and book form in 1886.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}}

[[File:William-Morris-John-Ruskin.jpg|thumb|alt=Two elderly, bushily bearded, Victorian men|[[William Morris]] (left) and [[John Ruskin]]: important influences on Shaw's aesthetic views]]

In 1884 and 1885, through the influence of Archer, Shaw was engaged to write book and music criticism for London papers. When Archer resigned as art critic of ''[[The World (journal)|The World]]'' in 1886, he secured the succession for Shaw.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=81–83}} The two figures in the contemporary art world whose views Shaw most admired were [[William Morris]] and [[John Ruskin]], and he sought to follow their precepts in his criticisms.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=81–83}} Their emphasis on morality appealed to Shaw, who rejected the idea of [[art for art's sake]], and insisted that all great art must be [[didactic]].{{sfn|Crawford|1982|pp=21 and 23}}

Of Shaw's various reviewing activities in the 1880s and 1890s it was as a music critic that he was best known.{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 1) 1981|p=22}} After serving as deputy in 1888, he became musical critic of ''[[The Star (1888)|The Star]]'' in February 1889, writing under the pen-name Corno di Bassetto.{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 1) 1981|pp=16–17}}{{refn|A corno di bassetto is the Italian name for an obsolete musical instrument, the [[basset horn]]. Shaw chose it as his pen name because he thought it seemed dashing: "it sounded like a foreign title and nobody knew what a corno di bassetto was". Only later did he hear one played, after which he declared it "a wretched instrument [of] peculiar watery melancholy.&nbsp;... The devil himself could not make a basset horn sparkle".{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 1) 1981|pp=30–31}}|group=n}} In May 1890 he moved back to ''The World'', where he wrote a weekly column as "G.B.S." for more than four years. In the 2016 version of the ''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', Robert Anderson writes, "Shaw's collected writings on music stand alone in their mastery of English and compulsive readability."{{sfn|Anderson: ''Grove Music Online''}} Shaw ceased to be a salaried music critic in August 1894, but published occasional articles on the subject throughout his career, his last in 1950.{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 3) 1981|p=767}}

From 1895 to 1898, Shaw was the theatre critic for ''[[Saturday Review (London)|The Saturday Review]]'', edited by his friend [[Frank Harris]]. As at ''The World'', he used the by-line "G.B.S." He campaigned against the artificial conventions and hypocrisies of the [[Nineteenth-century theatre#Theatre in Britain|Victorian theatre]] and called for plays of real ideas and true characters. By this time he had embarked in earnest on a career as a playwright: "I had rashly taken up the case; and rather than let it collapse I manufactured the evidence".{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}}

===Playwright and politician: 1890s===
After using the plot of the aborted 1884 collaboration with Archer to complete ''Widowers' Houses'' (it was staged twice in London, in December 1892), Shaw continued writing plays. At first he made slow progress; ''[[The Philanderer]]'', written in 1893 but not published until 1898, had to wait until 1905 for a stage production. Similarly, ''[[Mrs Warren's Profession]]'' (1893) was written five years before publication and nine years before reaching the stage.{{refn|The first British production was at a private theatre club in 1902; the play was not licensed for public performance until 1925.{{sfn|''The Times'', 29 September 1925|p=12}}|group=n}}

[[File:Bernard-Shaw-1894.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Man in early middle age, with full beard|Shaw in 1894 at the time of ''[[Arms and the Man]]'']]
Shaw's first play to bring him financial success was ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' (1894), a mock-[[Ruritania]]n comedy satirising conventions of love, military honour and class.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} The press found the play overlong, and accused Shaw of mediocrity,{{sfn|''The Standard'', 23 April 1894|p=2}} sneering at heroism and patriotism,{{sfn|''Fun'', 1 May 1894|p=179}} heartless cleverness,{{sfn|''The Observer'', 22 April 1894|p=5}} and copying [[W. S. Gilbert|W.{{space}}S.{{space}}Gilbert]]'s style.{{sfn|''The Standard'', 23 April 1894|p=2}}{{refn|Shaw was sensitive to the charge of emulating Gilbert. He insisted that it was Gilbert who was heartless, while he himself was constructive.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=172–173}}|group=n}} The public took a different view, and the management of the theatre staged extra matinée performances to meet the demand.{{sfn|''The Sporting Times'', 19 May 1894|p=3}} The play ran from April to July, toured the provinces and was staged in New York.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=172–173}} It earned him £341 in royalties in its first year, a sufficient sum to enable him to give up his salaried post as a music critic.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=173}} Among the cast of the London production was [[Florence Farr]], with whom Shaw had a romantic relationship between 1890 and 1894, much resented by Jenny Patterson.{{sfn|Peters|1998|pp=138 and 210}}

The success of ''Arms and the Man'' was not immediately replicated. ''[[Candida (play)|Candida]]'', which presented a young woman making a conventional romantic choice for unconventional reasons, received a single performance in [[South Shields]] in 1895;{{sfn|''The Daily News'', 1 April 1895|p=2}} in 1897 a playlet about Napoleon called ''[[The Man of Destiny]]'' had a single staging at [[Croydon]].{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=75–78}} In the 1890s Shaw's plays were better known in print than on the [[West End theatre|West End]] stage; his biggest success of the decade was in New York in 1897, when [[Richard Mansfield]]'s production of the historical melodrama ''[[The Devil's Disciple (play)|The Devil's Disciple]]'' earned the author more than £2,000 in royalties.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}

In January 1893, as a Fabian delegate, Shaw attended the Bradford conference which led to the foundation of the [[Independent Labour Party]].{{sfn|Pelling|1965|pp=115–116}} He was sceptical about the new party,{{sfn|Adelman|1996|p=22}} and scorned the likelihood that it could switch the allegiance of the working class from sport to politics.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=270–272}} He persuaded the conference to adopt resolutions abolishing [[indirect taxation]], and taxing [[unearned income]] "to extinction".{{sfn|Pelling|1965|pp=119–120}} Back in London, Shaw produced what [[Margaret Cole]], in her Fabian history, terms a "grand philippic" against the minority [[Liberal government 1892–95|Liberal administration]] that had taken power in 1892. ''To Your Tents, O Israel!'' excoriated the government for ignoring social issues and concentrating solely on [[Irish Home Rule movement|Irish Home Rule]], a matter Shaw declared of no relevance to socialism.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=270–272}}{{sfn|Cole|1961|pp=46–48}}{{refn|With [[1895 United Kingdom general election|another election]] looming in 1895, the text of ''To Your Tents'' was modified, to become Fabian Tract No. 49, ''A Plan of Campaign For Labor''.{{sfn|Fabian Tracts: 1884–1901}}{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=270–272}}|group=n}} In 1894 the Fabian Society received a substantial bequest from a sympathiser, Henry Hunt Hutchinson—Holroyd mentions £10,000. Webb, who chaired the board of trustees appointed to supervise the legacy, proposed to use most of it to found a school of economics and politics. Shaw demurred; he thought such a venture was contrary to the specified purpose of the legacy. He was eventually persuaded to support the proposal, and the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] (LSE) opened in the summer of 1895.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=409–411}}

By the later 1890s Shaw's political activities lessened as he concentrated on making his name as a dramatist.{{sfn|Pelling|1965|p=184}} In 1897 he was persuaded to fill an uncontested vacancy for a "vestryman" ([[Parish councils in England|parish councillor]]) in London's [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]] district. At least initially, Shaw took to his municipal responsibilities seriously;{{refn|Shaw served on the vestry's Health Committee, the Officers Committee and the Committee for Public Lighting.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|p=414}}|group=n}} when London government was reformed in 1899 and the St Pancras vestry became the [[Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras]], he was elected to the newly formed borough council.{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|p=416}}

In 1898, as a result of overwork, Shaw's health broke down. He was nursed by [[Charlotte Payne-Townshend]], a rich Anglo-Irish woman whom he had met through the Webbs. The previous year she had proposed that she and Shaw should marry.{{sfn|Holroyd| 1997|p=249}} He had declined, but when she insisted on nursing him in a house in the country, Shaw, concerned that this might cause scandal, agreed to their marriage.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} The ceremony took place on 1 June 1898, in the [[register office]] in [[Covent Garden]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=263}} The bride and bridegroom were both aged forty-one. In the view of the biographer and critic [[St John Greer Ervine|St John Ervine]], "their life together was entirely felicitous".{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} There were no children of the marriage, which it is generally believed was never consummated; whether this was wholly at Charlotte's wish, as Shaw liked to suggest, is less widely credited.{{sfn|Adams|1971|p=154}}{{sfn|Carr|1976|p=10}}{{sfn|Peters|1996|p=218}}{{sfn|Weintraub|1982|p=4}}{{sfn|Crawford|1975|p=93}} In the early weeks of the marriage Shaw was much occupied writing his Marxist analysis of [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]'s [[Der Ring des Nibelungen|''Ring'' cycle]], published as ''[[The Perfect Wagnerite]]'' late in 1898.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=11–13}} In 1906 the Shaws found a country home in [[Ayot St Lawrence]], Hertfordshire; they renamed the house "[[Shaw's Corner]]", and lived there for the rest of their lives. They retained a London flat in the [[Adelphi Terrace|Adelphi]] and later at [[Whitehall Court]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=261, 356 and 786}}

===Stage success: 1900–1914===
[[File:Caesar-and-Cleopatra-1906.jpg|thumb|alt=Stage photograph showing actor as Julius Caesar and actress as Cleopatra in Egyptian setting|[[Gertrude Elliott]] and [[Johnston Forbes-Robertson]] in ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'', New York, 1906]]
During the first decade of the twentieth century, Shaw secured a firm reputation as a playwright. In 1904 [[John Eugene Vedrenne|J. E. Vedrenne]] and [[Harley Granville-Barker]] established a company at the [[Royal Court Theatre]] in [[Sloane Square]], [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] to present modern drama. Over the next five years they staged fourteen of Shaw's plays.{{sfn|''The Observer'', 8 March 1908|p=8}}{{refn|At the Royal Court and then at the [[Savoy Theatre|Savoy]], the Shaw plays presented by the partnership between 1905 and 1908 were ''[[You Never Can Tell (play)|You Never Can Tell]]'' (177 performances), ''[[Man and Superman]]'' (176), ''[[John Bull's Other Island]]'' (121), ''[[Captain Brassbound's Conversion]]'' (89), ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' (77), ''[[Major Barbara]]'' (52), ''[[The Doctor's Dilemma (play)|The Doctor's Dilemma]]'' (50), ''[[The Devil's Disciple (play)|The Devil's Disciple]]'' (42), ''[[Candida (play)|Candida]]'' (31), ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' (28), ''[[How He Lied to Her Husband]]'' (9), ''[[The Philanderer]]'' (8), ''[[Don Juan in Hell]]'' (8) and ''[[The Man of Destiny]]'' (8).{{sfn|''The Observer'', 8 March 1908|p=8}}|group=n}} The first, ''[[John Bull's Other Island]]'', a comedy about an Englishman in Ireland, attracted leading politicians and was seen by [[Edward VII]], who laughed so much that he broke his chair.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=311}} The play was withheld from Dublin's [[Abbey Theatre]], for fear of the affront it might provoke,{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} although it was shown at the city's Royal Theatre in November 1907.{{sfn|Merriman|2010|pp=219–20}} Shaw later wrote that [[William Butler Yeats]], who had requested the play, "got rather more than he bargained for{{space}}... It was uncongenial to the whole spirit of the neo-Gaelic movement, which is bent on creating a new Ireland after its own ideal, whereas my play is a very uncompromising presentment of the real old Ireland."{{sfn|Broad and Broad 1929|p=53}}{{refn|Shaw often mocked the pretensions of the [[Gaelic League]] to represent modern-day Ireland—the League had, he said, been "invented in [[Bedford Park, London]]."{{sfn|Shaw|1998|p=64}} In a 1950 study of the [[Abbey Theatre]], Peter Kavanagh wrote: "Yeats and [[J. M. Synge|Synge]] did not feel that Shaw belonged to the real Irish tradition. His plays would thus have no place in the Irish theatre movement". Kavanagh added, "an important part of Shaw's plays was political argument, and Yeats detested this quality in dramatic writing."{{sfn|Kavanagh|1950| p= 55}}|group=n}} Nonetheless, Shaw and Yeats were close friends; Yeats and [[Augusta, Lady Gregory|Lady Gregory]] tried unsuccessfully to persuade Shaw to take up the vacant co-directorship of the Abbey Theatre after [[J. M. Synge]]'s death in 1909.{{sfn|Gahan|2010|pp=10–11}} Shaw admired other figures in the [[Irish Literary Revival]], including [[George William Russell|George Russell]]{{sfn|Gahan|2010|p=8}} and [[James Joyce]],{{sfn|Gahan|2010|p=14}} and was a close friend of [[Seán O'Casey]], who was inspired to become a playwright after reading ''John Bull's Other Island''.{{sfn|Gahan|2010|p=1}}

''[[Man and Superman]]'', completed in 1902, was a success both at the Royal Court in 1905 and in [[Robert Loraine]]'s New York production in the same year. Among the other Shaw works presented by Vedrenne and Granville-Barker were ''[[Major Barbara]]'' (1905), depicting the contrasting morality of arms manufacturers and the [[Salvation Army]];{{sfn|''The Observer'', 3 December 1905|p=5}} ''[[The Doctor's Dilemma (play)|The Doctor's Dilemma]]'' (1906), a mostly serious piece about professional ethics;{{sfn|''The Manchester Guardian'', 21 November 1906|p=7}} and ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'', Shaw's counterblast to Shakespeare's ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'', seen in New York in 1906 and in London the following year.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=217}}

Now prosperous and established, Shaw experimented with unorthodox theatrical forms described by his biographer [[Stanley Weintraub]] as "discussion drama" and "serious [[farce]]".{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} These plays included ''[[Getting Married]]'' (premiered 1908), ''[[The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet]]'' (1909), ''[[Misalliance (play)|Misalliance]]'' (1910), and ''[[Fanny's First Play]]'' (1911). ''Blanco Posnet'' was banned on religious grounds by the [[Lord Chamberlain#Theatre censorship|Lord Chamberlain]] (the official theatre censor in England), and was produced instead in Dublin; it filled the Abbey Theatre to capacity.{{sfn|Laurence|1955|p=8}} ''Fanny's First Play'', a comedy about [[suffragette]]s, had the longest initial run of any Shaw play—622 performances.{{sfn|Gaye|1967|p=1531}}

''[[Androcles and the Lion (play)|Androcles and the Lion]]'' (1912), a less heretical study of true and false religious attitudes than ''Blanco Posnet'', ran for eight weeks in September and October 1913.{{sfn|Wearing|1982|p=379}} It was followed by one of Shaw's most successful plays, ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', written in 1912 and staged in Vienna the following year, and in Berlin shortly afterwards.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=440}} Shaw commented, "It is the custom of the English press when a play of mine is produced, to inform the world that it is not a play—that it is dull, blasphemous, unpopular, and financially unsuccessful.&nbsp;... Hence arose an urgent demand on the part of the managers of Vienna and Berlin that I should have my plays performed by them first."{{sfn|''The New York Times'', 23 November 1913|p=X6}} The British production opened in April 1914, starring [[Herbert Beerbohm Tree|Sir Herbert Tree]] and [[Mrs Patrick Campbell]] as, respectively, a professor of phonetics and a [[cockney]] flower-girl. There had earlier been a romantic liaison between Shaw and Campbell that caused Charlotte Shaw considerable concern, but by the time of the London premiere it had ended.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=426–430}} The play attracted capacity audiences until July, when Tree insisted on going on holiday, and the production closed. His co-star then toured with the piece in the US.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp= 443–444}}{{sfn|''The New York Times'', 10 October 1914}}{{refn|In Tree's absence from the American production, his role, Professor Higgins, was successfully taken by [[Philip Merivale]], who had played Colonel Pickering in London.{{sfn|''The New York Times'', 13 October 1914}} Campbell continued to romanticise the piece, contrary to Shaw's wishes.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=443–444}}|group=n}}

===Fabian years: 1900–1913===
[[File:George Bernard Shaw notebook.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Man in late middle age, with full head of hair, full beard, and combative facial expression|Shaw in 1914, aged 57]]
In 1899, when the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]] began, Shaw wished the Fabians to take a neutral stance on what he deemed, like [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Rule]], to be a "non-Socialist" issue. Others, including the future Labour prime minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]], wanted unequivocal opposition, and resigned from the society when it followed Shaw.{{sfn|Pelling|1965|pp=187–188}} In the Fabians' war manifesto, ''Fabianism and the Empire'' (1900), Shaw declared that "until the Federation of the World becomes an accomplished fact we must accept the most responsible Imperial federations available as a substitute for it".{{sfn|Shaw: ''Fabianism and the Empire'' 1900|p=24}}

As the new century began, Shaw became increasingly disillusioned by the limited impact of the Fabians on national politics.{{sfn|McBriar|1962|p=83}} Thus, although a nominated Fabian delegate, he did not attend the London conference at the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street in February 1900, that created the [[Labour Representation Committee (1900)|Labour Representation Committee]]—precursor of the modern [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].{{sfn|Cole|1961|p=90}} By 1903, when his term as borough councillor expired, he had lost his earlier enthusiasm, writing: "After six years of Borough Councilling I am convinced that the borough councils should be abolished".{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=46–47}} Nevertheless, in 1904 he stood in the [[London County Council]] elections. After an eccentric campaign, which Holroyd characterises as "[making] absolutely certain of not getting in", he was duly defeated. It was Shaw's final foray into electoral politics.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=46–47}} Nationally, the [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906 general election]] produced a huge Liberal majority and an intake of 29 Labour members. Shaw viewed this outcome with scepticism; he had a low opinion of the new prime minister, [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman|Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], and saw the Labour members as inconsequential: "I apologise to the Universe for my connection with such a body".{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=125–126}}

In the years after the 1906 election, Shaw felt that the Fabians needed fresh leadership, and saw this in the form of his fellow-writer [[H. G. Wells]], who had joined the society in February 1903.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=129–133}} Wells's ideas for reform—particularly his proposals for closer cooperation with the Independent Labour Party—placed him at odds with the society's "Old Gang", led by Shaw.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=142–145}} According to Cole, Wells "had minimal capacity for putting [his ideas] across in public meetings against Shaw's trained and practised virtuosity".{{sfn|Cole|1961|p=123}} In Shaw's view, "the Old Gang did not extinguish Mr Wells, he annihilated himself".{{sfn|Cole|1961|p=123}} Wells resigned from the society in September 1908;{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=259}} Shaw remained a member, but left the executive in April 1911. He later wondered whether the Old Gang should have given way to Wells some years earlier: "God only knows whether the Society had not better have done it".{{sfn|Cole|1961|p=144}}{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=267–268}} Although less active—he blamed his advancing years—Shaw remained a Fabian.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=318}}

In 1912 Shaw invested £1,000 for a one-fifth share in the Webbs' new publishing venture, a socialist weekly magazine called ''[[New Statesman|The New Statesman]]'', which appeared in April 1913. He became a founding director, publicist, and in due course a contributor, mostly anonymously.{{sfn|Smith|2013|pp=38–42}} He was soon at odds with the magazine's editor, [[Clifford Sharp]], who by 1916 was rejecting his contributions—"the only paper in the world that refuses to print anything by me", according to Shaw.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=319–321}}

===First World War===
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote="I see the Junkers and Militarists of England and Germany jumping at the chance they have longed for in vain for many years of smashing one another and establishing their own oligarchy as the dominant military power of the world."|salign=left|source=Shaw: ''Common Sense About the War'' (1914).{{sfn|Shaw: ''Common Sense About the War'' 1914|p=12}}}}
After the First World War began in August 1914, Shaw produced his tract ''Common Sense About the War'', which argued that the warring nations were equally culpable.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} Such a view was anathema in an atmosphere of fervent patriotism, and offended many of Shaw's friends; Ervine records that "[h]is appearance at any public function caused the instant departure of many of those present."{{sfn|Ervine|1956|p=464}}

Despite his errant reputation, Shaw's propagandist skills were recognised by the British authorities, and early in 1917 he was invited by [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Field Marshal Haig]] to visit the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] battlefields. Shaw's 10,000-word report, which emphasised the human aspects of the soldier's life, was well received, and he became less of a lone voice. In April 1917 he joined the national consensus in welcoming [[United States in World War I|America's entry]] into the war: "a first class moral asset to the common cause against [[Junker (Prussia)|junkerism]]".{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=371–374}}

Three short plays by Shaw were premiered during the war. ''[[The Inca of Perusalem]]'', written in 1915, encountered problems with the censor for burlesquing not only the enemy but the British military command; it was performed in 1916 at the [[Birmingham Repertory Theatre]].{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=110}} ''[[O'Flaherty V.C.]]'', satirising the government's attitude to Irish recruits, was banned in the UK and was presented at a [[Royal Flying Corps]] base in Belgium in 1917. ''[[Augustus Does His Bit]]'', a genial farce, was granted a licence; it opened at the Royal Court in January 1917.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=112–113}}

===Ireland===
[[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|alt=Cityscape of badly damaged large buildings|left|Dublin city centre in ruins after the Easter Rising, April 1916]]
Shaw had long supported the principle of Irish Home Rule within the [[British Empire]] (which he thought should become the British Commonwealth).{{sfn|Clare|2016|p=176}} In April 1916 he wrote scathingly in ''[[The New York Times]]'' about militant Irish nationalism: "In point of learning nothing and forgetting nothing these fellow-patriots of mine leave the Bourbons nowhere."{{sfn|Shaw: "Irish Nonsense About Ireland" 1916}} Total independence, he asserted, was impractical; alliance with a bigger power (preferably England) was essential.{{sfn|Shaw: "Irish Nonsense About Ireland" 1916}} The Dublin [[Easter Rising]] later that month took him by surprise. After its suppression by British forces, he expressed horror at the [[summary execution]] of the rebel leaders, but continued to believe in some form of Anglo-Irish union. In ''How to Settle the Irish Question'' (1917), he envisaged a federal arrangement, with national and imperial parliaments. Holroyd records that by this time the separatist party [[Sinn Féin]] was in the ascendency, and Shaw's and other moderate schemes were forgotten.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=390–391}}

In the postwar period, Shaw despaired of the British government's coercive policies towards Ireland,{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=60}} and joined his fellow-writers [[Hilaire Belloc]] and [[G. K. Chesterton]] in publicly condemning these actions.{{sfn|Bennett|2010|p=60}} The [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] of December 1921 led to the [[partition of Ireland]] between north and south, a provision that dismayed Shaw.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=60}} In 1922 [[Irish Civil War|civil war]] broke out in the south between its pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions, the former of whom had established the [[Irish Free State]].{{sfn|Mackay|1997|pp=251–254}} Shaw visited Dublin in August, and met [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], then head of the Free State's [[Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)|Provisional Government]].{{sfn|Mackay|1997|p=280}} Shaw was much impressed by Collins, and was saddened when, three days later, the Irish leader was ambushed and killed by anti-treaty forces.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=62}} In a letter to Collins's sister, Shaw wrote: "I met Michael for the first and last time on Saturday last, and am very glad I did. I rejoice in his memory, and will not be so disloyal to it as to snivel over his valiant death".{{sfn|Mackay|1997|pp=296–297}} Shaw remained a British subject all his life, but took dual British-Irish nationality in 1934.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=384}}

===1920s===
[[File:Shaw's writing hut.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Garden hut in well-kept surroundings|The rotating hut in the garden of Shaw's Corner, [[Ayot St Lawrence]], where Shaw wrote most of his works after 1906]]
Shaw's first major work to appear after the war was ''[[Heartbreak House]]'', written in 1916–17 and performed in 1920. It was produced on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in November, and was coolly received; according to ''The Times'': "Mr Shaw on this occasion has more than usual to say and takes twice as long as usual to say it".{{sfn|''The Times'', 12 November 1920|p=11}} After the London premiere in October 1921 ''The Times'' concurred with the American critics: "As usual with Mr Shaw, the play is about an hour too long", although containing "much entertainment and some profitable reflection".{{sfn|''The Times'', 19 October 1921|p=8}} Ervine in ''The Observer'' thought the play brilliant but ponderously acted, except for [[Edith Evans]] as Lady Utterword.{{sfn|Ervine|1921|p=11}}

Shaw's largest-scale theatrical work was ''[[Back to Methuselah]]'', written in 1918–20 and staged in 1922. Weintraub describes it as "Shaw's attempt to fend off 'the bottomless pit of an utterly discouraging pessimism'".{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} This cycle of five interrelated plays depicts evolution, and the effects of longevity, from the Garden of Eden to the year 31,920 AD.{{sfn|Shaw|1934|pp=855, 869, 891, 910–911, 938}} Critics found the five plays strikingly uneven in quality and invention.{{sfn|Ervine|1923|p=11}}{{sfn|''The Times'', 15 October 1923|p=11}}{{sfn|Rhodes|1923|p=8}} The original run was brief, and the work has been revived infrequently.{{sfn|Gaye|1967|p=1357}}{{sfn|Drabble ''et al.'' 2007 "Back to Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch"}} Shaw felt he had exhausted his remaining creative powers in the huge span of this "Metabiological Pentateuch". He was now sixty-seven, and expected to write no more plays.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}}

This mood was short-lived. In 1920 [[Joan of Arc]] was proclaimed a [[Catholic saint|saint]] by [[Pope Benedict XV]]; Shaw had long found Joan an interesting historical character, and his view of her veered between "half-witted genius" and someone of "exceptional sanity".{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=520}} He had considered writing a play about her in 1913, and the [[canonisation]] prompted him to return to the subject.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} He wrote ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]'' in the middle months of 1923, and the play was premiered on Broadway in December. It was enthusiastically received there,{{sfn|''The Times'', 9 December 1923|p=8}} and at its London premiere the following March.{{sfn|''The Times'', 27 March 1924|p=12}} In Weintraub's phrase, "even the Nobel prize committee could no longer ignore Shaw after Saint Joan". The citation for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature prize]] for 1925 praised his work as "...&nbsp;marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty".{{sfn|The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925}} He accepted the award, but rejected the monetary prize that went with it, on the grounds that "My readers and my audiences provide me with more than sufficient money for my needs".{{sfn| Quoted in Kamm 1999|p=74}}{{refn|Shaw had been considered and rejected for a Nobel Prize four or five times before this.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=530}} He arranged for the prize money to be used to sponsor a new [[Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation]], for the translation into English of Swedish literature, including [[August Strindberg]]'s plays.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}|group=n}}

After ''Saint Joan'', it was five years before Shaw wrote a play. From 1924, he spent four years writing what he described as his "magnum opus", a political treatise entitled ''[[The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism]]''.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=128–131}} The book was published in 1928 and sold well.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}{{refn|In 1937 the book was reissued, with additional chapters and an extended title, ''The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism, Capitalism, Sovietism and Fascism'', and was published by [[Penguin Books]] as the first in the new paperback series called [[Pelican Books|Pelicans]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=373}}|group=n}} At the end of the decade Shaw produced his final Fabian tract, a commentary on the [[League of Nations]]. He described the League as "a school for the new international statesmanship as against the old Foreign Office diplomacy", but thought that it had not yet become the "Federation of the World".{{sfn|Shaw: ''The League of Nations'' 1929|pp=6 and 11}}

Shaw returned to the theatre with what he called "a political extravaganza", ''[[The Apple Cart]]'', written in late 1928. It was, in Ervine's view, unexpectedly popular, taking a conservative, monarchist, anti-democratic line that appealed to contemporary audiences. The premiere was in Warsaw in June 1928, and the first British production was two months later, at [[Barry Jackson (director)|Sir Barry Jackson]]'s inaugural [[The Malvern Festival (1929-1939)|Malvern Festival]].{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} The other eminent creative artist most closely associated with the festival was [[Edward Elgar|Sir Edward Elgar]], with whom Shaw enjoyed a deep friendship and mutual regard.{{sfn|Young|1973|p=240}} He described ''The Apple Cart'' to Elgar as "a scandalous Aristophanic burlesque of democratic politics, with a brief but shocking sex interlude".{{sfn|Weintraub|2002|p=7}}

During the 1920s Shaw began to lose faith in the idea that society could be changed through Fabian gradualism, and became increasingly fascinated with dictatorial methods. In 1922 he had welcomed [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s accession to power in Italy, observing that amid the "indiscipline and muddle and Parliamentary deadlock", Mussolini was "the right kind of tyrant".{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=143}} Shaw was prepared to tolerate certain dictatorial excesses; Weintraub in his [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|ODNB]] biographical sketch comments that Shaw's "flirtation with authoritarian inter-war regimes" took a long time to fade, and [[Beatrice Webb]] thought he was "obsessed" about Mussolini.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=146}}

===1930s===
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote="We the undersigned are recent visitors to the USSR&nbsp;... We desire to record that we saw nowhere evidence of economic slavery, privation, unemployment and cynical despair of betterment.&nbsp;... Everywhere we saw [a] hopeful and enthusiastic working-class&nbsp;... setting an example of industry and conduct which would greatly enrich us if our systems supplied our workers with any incentive to follow it."|salign=left|source= Letter to ''The Manchester Guardian'', 2 March 1933, signed by Shaw and 20 others.{{sfn|Shaw et al.: "Social Conditions in Russia", 2 March 1933}}}}
Shaw's enthusiasm for the [[Soviet Union]] dated to the early 1920s when he had hailed [[Lenin]] as "the one really interesting statesman in Europe".{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=226}} Having turned down several chances to visit, in 1931 he joined a party led by [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor|Nancy Astor]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=233–234}} The carefully managed trip culminated in a lengthy meeting with [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], whom Shaw later described as "a Georgian gentleman" with no malice in him.{{sfn|Weintraub: "GBS and the Despots", 22 August 2011}} At a dinner given in his honour, Shaw told the gathering: "I have seen all the 'terrors' and I was terribly pleased by them".{{sfn|Nestruck|2011}} In March 1933, he was a co-signatory to a letter in ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' protesting at the continuing misrepresentation of Soviet achievements: "No lie is too fantastic, no slander is too stale&nbsp;... for employment by the more reckless elements of the British press."{{sfn|Shaw et al.: "Social Conditions in Russia", 2 March 1933}}

Shaw's admiration for Mussolini and Stalin demonstrated his growing belief that dictatorship was the only viable political arrangement. When the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in Germany in January 1933, Shaw described [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] as "a very remarkable man, a very able man",{{sfn|Geduld|1961|pp=11–12}} and professed himself proud to be the only writer in England who was "scrupulously polite and just to Hitler";{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=421}}{{refn|Shaw was not alone in being initially deceived by Hitler. The former British prime minister [[David Lloyd George]] described the Führer in 1936 as "unquestionably a great leader".{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=404}} A year later the former Labour Party leader [[George Lansbury]] recorded that Hitler "could listen to reason", and that "Christianity in its purest sense might have a chance with him".{{sfn|Shepherd|2002|p=341}}|group=n}} though his principal admiration was for Stalin, whose regime he championed uncritically throughout the decade.{{sfn|Nestruck|2011}} Shaw saw the 1939 [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] as a triumph for Stalin who, he said, now had Hitler under his thumb.{{sfn|Geduld|1961|pp=15–16}}

Shaw's first play of the decade was ''[[Too True to Be Good]]'', written in 1931 and premiered in [[Boston]] in February 1932. The reception was unenthusiastic. [[Brooks Atkinson]] of ''The New York Times'' commenting that Shaw had "yielded to the impulse to write without having a subject", judged the play a "rambling and indifferently tedious conversation". The correspondent of the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' said that most of the play was "discourse, unbelievably long lectures" and that although the audience enjoyed the play it was bewildered by it.{{sfn|''The Manchester Guardian'', 2 March 1932|p=12}}

[[File:George Bernard Shaw 1936.jpg|thumb|Shaw in 1936, aged 80]]

During the decade Shaw travelled widely and frequently. Most of his journeys were with Charlotte; she enjoyed voyages on ocean liners, and he found peace to write during the long spells at sea.{{sfn|Laurence|1985|pp=279–282}} Shaw met an enthusiastic welcome in [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] in 1932, despite his strong remarks about the racial divisions of the country.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=640–642}} In December 1932 the couple embarked on a round-the-world cruise. In March 1933 they arrived at [[San Francisco]], to begin Shaw's first visit to the US. He had earlier refused to go to "that awful country, that uncivilized place", "unfit to govern itself{{space}}... illiberal, superstitious, crude, violent, anarchic and arbitrary".{{sfn|Laurence|1985|pp=279–282}} He visited [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], with which he was unimpressed, and New York, where he lectured to a capacity audience in the [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]].{{sfn|Laurence|1985|p=288}} Harried by the intrusive attentions of the press, Shaw was glad when his ship sailed from [[New York Harbor|New York harbour]].{{sfn|Laurence|1985|p=292}} New Zealand, which he and Charlotte visited the following year, struck him as "the best country I've been in"; he urged its people to be more confident and loosen their dependence on trade with Britain.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=668 and 670}} He used the weeks at sea to complete two plays—''[[The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles]]'' and ''[[The Six of Calais]]''—and begin work on a third, ''[[The Millionairess (play)|The Millionairess]]''.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=667}}

Despite his contempt for Hollywood and its aesthetic values, Shaw was enthusiastic about cinema, and in the middle of the decade wrote screenplays for prospective film versions of ''Pygmalion'' and ''Saint Joan''.{{sfn|Laurence|1985|p=285}}{{sfn|Weales|1969|p=80}} The latter was never made, but Shaw entrusted the rights to the former to the unknown [[Gabriel Pascal]], who produced it at [[Pinewood Studios]] in 1938. Shaw was determined that Hollywood should have nothing to do with the film, but was powerless to keep it from winning one [[Academy Award]] ("Oscar"); he described his award for "best-written screenplay" as an insult, coming from such a source.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=715}}{{refn|This did not prevent him from putting the award—a golden figurine—on his mantelpiece.{{sfn|Pascal|1971|p=86}} Shaw was one of four to receive the award, along with [[Ian Dalrymple]], [[Cecil Arthur Lewis|Cecil Lewis]] and [[W. P. Lipscomb]], who had also worked on adapting Shaw's text.{{sfn|Burton and Chibnall 2013|p=715}}|group=n}} He became the first person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar.{{sfn|Peters|1998|p=257}} In a 1993 study of the Oscars, [[Anthony Holden]] observes that ''Pygmalion'' was soon spoken of as having "lifted movie-making from illiteracy to literacy".{{sfn|Holden|1993|p=141}}

Shaw's final plays of the 1930s were ''[[Cymbeline Refinished]]'' (1936), ''[[Geneva (play)|Geneva]]'' (1936) and ''[[In Good King Charles's Golden Days]]'' (1939). The first, a fantasy reworking of Shakespeare, made little impression, but the second, a satire on European dictators, attracted more notice, much of it unfavourable.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=718 and 724}} In particular, Shaw's parody of Hitler as "Herr Battler" was considered mild, almost sympathetic.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=404}}{{sfn|Geduld|1961|pp=15–16}} The third play, an historical conversation piece first seen at Malvern, ran briefly in London in May 1940.{{sfn|Evans|1976|p=360}} [[James Agate]] commented that the play contained nothing to which even the most conservative audiences could take exception, and though it was long and lacking in dramatic action only "witless and idle" theatregoers would object.{{sfn|Evans|1976|p=360}} After their first runs none of the three plays were seen again in the West End during Shaw's lifetime.{{sfn|Gaye|1967|pp=1391 and 1406}}

Towards the end of the decade, both Shaws began to suffer ill health. Charlotte was increasingly incapacitated by [[Paget's disease of bone]], and he developed [[pernicious anaemia]]. His treatment, involving injections of concentrated animal liver, was successful, but this breach of his vegetarian creed distressed him and brought down condemnation from militant vegetarians.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=698 and 747}}

===Second World War and final years===
Although Shaw's works since ''The Apple Cart'' had been received without great enthusiasm, his earlier plays were revived in the West End throughout the Second World War, starring such actors as Edith Evans, [[John Gielgud]], [[Deborah Kerr]] and [[Robert Donat]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=737}} In 1944 nine Shaw plays were staged in London, including ''Arms and the Man'' with [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Sybil Thorndike]] and [[Margaret Leighton]] in the leading roles. Two touring companies took his plays all round Britain.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=737–738}} The revival in his popularity did not tempt Shaw to write a new play, and he concentrated on prolific journalism.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=738}} A second Shaw film produced by Pascal, ''[[Major Barbara (film)|Major Barbara]]'' (1941), was less successful both artistically and commercially than ''Pygmalion'', partly because of Pascal's insistence on directing, to which he was unsuited.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=742–743}}

{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote= "The rest of Shaw's life was quiet and solitary. The loss of his wife was more profoundly felt than he had ever imagined any loss could be: for he prided himself on a stoical fortitude in all loss and misfortune."|salign=left|source= St John Ervine on Shaw, 1959{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}}}

Following the [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|outbreak of war]] on 3 September 1939 and the rapid [[Invasion of Poland|conquest of Poland]], Shaw was accused of defeatism when, in a ''New Statesman'' article, he declared the war over and demanded a peace conference.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=427}} Nevertheless, when he became convinced that a negotiated peace was impossible, he publicly urged the neutral United States to join the fight.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=742–743}} The [[The Blitz|London blitz]] of 1940–41 led the Shaws, both in their mid-eighties, to live full-time at Ayot St Lawrence. Even there they were not immune from enemy air raids, and stayed on occasion with Nancy Astor at her country house, [[Cliveden]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=744–747}} In 1943, the worst of the London bombing over, the Shaws moved back to Whitehall Court, where medical help for Charlotte was more easily arranged. Her condition deteriorated, and she died in September.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=744–747}}

Shaw's final political treatise, ''Everybody's Political What's What'', was published in 1944. Holroyd describes this as "a rambling narrative&nbsp;... that repeats ideas he had given better elsewhere and then repeats itself".{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=480–481}} The book sold well—85,000 copies by the end of the year.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=480–481}} After Hitler's suicide in May 1945, Shaw approved of the formal condolences offered by the Irish [[Taoiseach]], [[Éamon de Valera]], at the German embassy in Dublin.{{sfn|Geduld|1961|p=18}} Shaw disapproved of the postwar [[Nuremberg trials|trials of the defeated German leaders]], as an act of self-righteousness: "We are all potential criminals".{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=483}}

Pascal was given a third opportunity to film Shaw's work with ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (film)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' (1945). It cost three times its original budget and was rated "the biggest financial failure in the history of British cinema".{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=477}} The film was poorly received by British critics, although American reviews were friendlier. Shaw thought its lavishness nullified the drama, and he considered the film "a poor imitation of [[Cecil B. de Mille]]".{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=768}}

[[File:Shaw's Corner at Ayot St Lawrence.jpg|thumb|left|alt=View of modest-sized country house from extensive gardens|Garden of Shaw's Corner]]

In 1946, the year of Shaw's ninetieth birthday, he accepted the freedom of Dublin and became the first honorary freeman of the borough of St Pancras, London.{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} In the same year the British government asked Shaw informally whether he would accept the [[Order of Merit]]. He declined, believing that an author's merit could only be determined by the posthumous verdict of history.{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=484}}{{refn|In the early 1920s Lloyd George had considered putting Shaw's name forward for the award, but concluded that it would be more prudent to offer it to [[J. M. Barrie]], who accepted it. Shaw later said he would have refused it if offered, just as he refused the offer of a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]].{{sfn|Martin|2007|p=484}}|group=n}} 1946 saw the publication, as ''The Crime of Imprisonment'', of the preface Shaw had written 20 years previously to a study of prison conditions. It was widely praised; a reviewer in the ''[[American Journal of Public Health]]'' considered it essential reading for any student of the American criminal justice system.{{sfn|Broughton|1946|p=808}}

Shaw continued to write into his nineties. His last plays were ''[[Buoyant Billions]]'' (1947), his final full-length work; ''[[Farfetched Fables]]'' (1948) a set of six short plays revisiting several of his earlier themes such as evolution; a comic play for puppets, ''[[Shakes versus Shav]]'' (1949), a ten-minute piece in which Shakespeare and Shaw trade insults;{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=486–488}} and ''[[Why She Would Not]]'' (1950), which Shaw described as "a little comedy", written in one week shortly before his ninety-fourth birthday.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=508–511}}

During his later years, Shaw enjoyed tending the gardens at Shaw's Corner. He died at the age of 94 of [[renal failure]] precipitated by injuries incurred when falling while pruning a tree.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=508–511}} He was [[Cremation|cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] on 6 November 1950. His ashes, mixed with those of Charlotte, were scattered along footpaths and around the statue of Saint Joan in their garden.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=515}}{{sfn|Tyson|1982|p=116}}

==Works==
{{see also|List of works by George Bernard Shaw}}

===Plays===
Shaw published a collected edition of his plays in 1934, comprising forty-two works.{{sfn|Shaw|1934|pp=vii–viii}} He wrote a further twelve in the remaining sixteen years of his life, mostly [[one-act play|one-act]] pieces. Including eight earlier plays that he chose to omit from his published works, the total is sixty-two.{{refn|The works Shaw omitted from his ''Complete Plays'' were ''[[Passion Play: a dramatic fragment|Passion Play]]''; ''[[Un Petit Drame]]''; ''[[The Interlude at the Playhouse]]''; ''[[Beauty's Duty]]''; an untitled ''[[Macbeth Skit|parody of Macbeth]]''; ''[[A Glimpse of the Domesticity of Franklyn Barnabas]]'' and ''[[How These Doctors Love One Another!]]''.{{sfn|Shaw|1934|pp=vii–viii}}|group=n}}

====Early works====
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=
'''1890s'''

'''Full-length plays'''
*''[[Widowers' Houses]]''
*''[[The Philanderer]]''
*''[[Mrs Warren's Profession]]''
*''[[Arms and the Man]]''
*''[[Candida (play)|Candida]]''
*''[[You Never Can Tell (play)|You Never Can Tell]]''
*''[[Three Plays for Puritans]]'', comprising:
::*''[[The Devil's Disciple (play)|The Devil's Disciple]]''
::*''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]''
::*''[[Captain Brassbound's Conversion]]''

'''Adaptation'''
*''[[The Gadfly (play)|The Gadfly]]''

'''Short play'''
*''[[The Man of Destiny]]''
|salign = left}}

Shaw's first three full-length plays dealt with social issues. He later grouped them as "Plays Unpleasant".{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=400–405}} ''Widowers' Houses'' (1892) concerns the landlords of slum properties, and introduces the first of Shaw's [[New Woman|New Women]]—a recurring feature of later plays.{{sfn|Powell|1998|pp=74–78}} ''The Philanderer'' (1893) develops the theme of the New Woman, draws on Ibsen, and has elements of Shaw's personal relationships, the character of Julia being based on Jenny Patterson.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=28–30}} In a 2003 study Judith Evans describes ''Mrs Warren's Profession'' (1893) as "undoubtedly the most challenging" of the three Plays Unpleasant, taking Mrs Warren's profession—prostitute and, later, brothel-owner—as a metaphor for a prostituted society.{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=31}}

Shaw followed the first trilogy with a second, published as "Plays Pleasant".{{sfn|Holroyd|1990|pp=400–405}} ''Arms and the Man'' (1894) conceals beneath a mock-Ruritanian comic romance a Fabian parable contrasting impractical idealism with pragmatic socialism.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=34–35}} The central theme of ''Candida'' (1894) is a woman's choice between two men; the play contrasts the outlook and aspirations of a [[Christian socialism|Christian Socialist]] and a poetic idealist.{{sfn|Peters|1998|p=18}} The third of the Pleasant group, ''You Never Can Tell'' (1896), portrays social mobility, and the gap between generations, particularly in how they approach social relations in general and mating in particular.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=38–39}}

The ''[[Three Plays for Puritans]]''—comprising ''[[The Devil's Disciple (play)|The Devil's Disciple]]'' (1896), ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' (1898) and ''[[Captain Brassbound's Conversion]]'' (1899)—all centre on questions of empire and imperialism, a major topic of political discourse in the 1890s.{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=41}} The three are set, respectively, in [[Thirteen Colonies|1770s America]], Ancient Egypt, and [[History of Morocco#European influence (c. 1830 – 1956)|1890s Morocco]].{{sfn|Shaw|1934|pp=218, 250 and 297}} ''The Gadfly'', an adaptation of [[The Gadfly|the popular novel]] by [[Ethel Voynich]], was unfinished and unperformed.{{sfn|Innes "Introduction"|1998|p=xxi}} ''The Man of Destiny'' (1895) is a short [[curtain raiser]] about [[Napoleon]].{{sfn|Wikander|1998|p=196}}

====1900–1909====
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=
'''1900–1909'''

'''Full-length plays'''
*''[[Man and Superman]]''
*''[[John Bull's Other Island]]''
*''[[Major Barbara]]''
*''[[The Doctor's Dilemma (play)|The Doctor's Dilemma]]''
*''[[Getting Married]]''
*''[[Misalliance (play)|Misalliance]]''

'''Short plays'''
*''[[The Admirable Bashville]]''
*''[[How He Lied to Her Husband]]''
*''[[Passion, Poison, and Petrifaction]]''
*''[[The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet]]''
*''[[Press Cuttings]]''
*''[[The Fascinating Foundling]]''
*''[[The Glimpse of Reality]]''
|salign = left}}

Shaw's major plays of the first decade of the twentieth century address individual social, political or ethical issues. ''Man and Superman'' (1902) stands apart from the others in both its subject and its treatment, giving Shaw's interpretation of [[Creative Evolution (book)|creative evolution]] in a combination of drama and associated printed text.{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=49}} ''The Admirable Bashville'' (1901), a blank verse dramatisation of Shaw's novel ''Cashel Byron's Profession'', focuses on the imperial relationship between [[British Africa|Britain and Africa]].{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=46–47}} ''John Bull's Other Island'' (1904), comically depicting the prevailing relationship between Britain and Ireland, was popular at the time but fell out of the general repertoire in later years.{{sfn|Gaye|1967|p=1410}} ''Major Barbara'' (1905) presents ethical questions in an unconventional way, confounding expectations that in the depiction of an armaments manufacturer on the one hand and the Salvation Army on the other the moral high ground must invariably be held by the latter.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=62–65}} ''The Doctor's Dilemma'' (1906), a play about medical ethics and moral choices in allocating scarce treatment, was described by Shaw as a tragedy.{{sfn|Shaw|1934|p=503}} With a reputation for presenting characters who did not resemble real flesh and blood,{{sfn|Beerbohm|1962|p=8}} he was challenged by Archer to present an on-stage death, and here did so, with a deathbed scene for the [[anti-hero]].{{sfn|Shaw|1934|p=540}}{{sfn|Holroyd|2012}}

''Getting Married'' (1908) and ''Misalliance'' (1909)—the latter seen by Judith Evans as a companion piece to the former—are both in what Shaw called his "disquisitionary" vein, with the emphasis on discussion of ideas rather than on dramatic events or vivid characterisation.{{sfn|Sharp|1959|pp=103 and 105}} Shaw wrote seven short plays during the decade; they are all comedies, ranging from the deliberately absurd ''[[Passion, Poison, and Petrifaction]]'' (1905) to the satirical ''[[Press Cuttings]]'' (1909).{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=80 and 82}}

====1910–1919====
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=
'''1910–1919'''

'''Full-length plays'''
*''[[Fanny's First Play]]''
*''[[Androcles and the Lion (play)|Androcles and the Lion]]''
*''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''
*''[[Heartbreak House]]''

'''Short plays'''
*''[[The Dark Lady of the Sonnets]]''
*''[[Overruled (play)|Overruled]]''
*''[[The Music Cure]]''
*''[[Great Catherine: Whom Glory Still Adores|Great Catherine]]''
*''[[The Inca of Perusalem]]''
*''[[O'Flaherty V.C.]]''
*''[[Augustus Does His Bit]]''
*''[[Annajanska, the Bolshevik Empress]]''
|salign = left}}

In the decade from 1910 to the aftermath of the First World War Shaw wrote four full-length plays, the third and fourth of which are among his most frequently staged works.{{sfn|Gaye|1967|pp=1366 and 1466}} ''Fanny's First Play'' (1911) continues his earlier examinations of middle-class British society from a Fabian viewpoint, with additional touches of melodrama and an epilogue in which theatre critics discuss the play.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=75–78}} ''Androcles and the Lion'' (1912), which Shaw began writing as a play for children, became a study of the nature of religion and how to put Christian precepts into practice.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=99–101}} ''Pygmalion'' (1912) is a Shavian study of language and speech and their importance in society and in personal relationships. To correct the impression left by the original performers that the play portrayed a romantic relationship between the two main characters Shaw rewrote the ending to make it clear that the heroine will marry another, minor character.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=101 and 104}}{{refn|In a 2003 encyclopaedia article on Shaw, Nicholas Grene writes, "The Cinderella story of the flower-girl turned into a lady by a professor of phonetics resulted in a lifelong struggle by Shaw, first with&nbsp;... Tree and then with film producers, to prevent it being returned to stock with a 'happy' ending. This was a battle Shaw was to lose posthumously when the sugar-coated musical comedy adaptation, Lerner and Loewe's ''My Fair Lady'' (1956), went on to make more money for the Shaw estate than all his plays put together."{{sfn|Grene 2003 ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre''}}|group=n}} Shaw's only full-length play from the war years is ''Heartbreak House'' (1917), which in his words depicts "cultured, leisured Europe before the war" drifting towards disaster.{{sfn|Dervin|1975|p=286}} Shaw named Shakespeare (''[[King Lear]]'') and [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]] (''[[The Cherry Orchard]]'') as important influences on the piece, and critics have found elements drawing on [[William Congreve|Congreve]] (''[[The Way of the World]]'') and Ibsen (''[[The Master Builder]]'').{{sfn|Dervin|1975|p=286}}{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=10}}

The short plays range from genial historical drama in ''The Dark Lady of the Sonnets'' and ''Great Catherine'' (1910 and 1913) to a study of polygamy in ''Overruled''; three satirical works about the war (''The Inca of Perusalem'', ''O'Flaherty V.C.'' and ''Augustus Does His Bit'', 1915–16); a piece that Shaw called "utter nonsense" (''The Music Cure'', 1914) and a brief sketch about a "Bolshevik empress" (''Annajanska'', 1917).{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=106–114}}

====1920–1950====
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=
'''1920–1950'''

'''Full-length plays'''
* ''[[Back to Methuselah]]''
* ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]''
* ''[[The Apple Cart]]''
* ''[[Too True to Be Good]]''
* ''[[On the Rocks: A Political Comedy|On the Rocks]]''
* ''[[The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles]]''
* ''[[The Millionairess (play)|The Millionairess]]''
* ''[[Geneva (play)|Geneva]]''
* ''[[In Good King Charles's Golden Days]]''
* ''[[Buoyant Billions]]''

'''Short plays'''
* ''[[Village Wooing]]''
* ''[[The Six of Calais]]''
* ''[[Cymbeline Refinished]]''
* ''[[Farfetched Fables]]''
* ''[[Shakes versus Shav]]''
* ''[[Why She Would Not]]''
|salign = left}}
''Saint Joan'' (1923) drew widespread praise both for Shaw and for Sybil Thorndike, for whom he wrote the title role and who created the part in Britain.{{sfn|Croall|2008|pp=166 and 169}} In the view of the commentator Nicholas Grene, Shaw's Joan, a "no-nonsense mystic, Protestant and nationalist before her time" is among the 20th century's classic leading female roles.{{sfn|Grene 2003 ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre''}} ''The Apple Cart'' (1929) was Shaw's last popular success.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=161}} He gave both that play and its successor, ''Too True to Be Good'' (1931), the subtitle "A political extravaganza", although the two works differ greatly in their themes; the first presents the politics of a nation (with a brief royal love-scene as an interlude) and the second, in Judith Evans's words, "is concerned with the social mores of the individual, and is nebulous."{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=154}} Shaw's plays of the 1930s were written in the shadow of worsening national and international political events. Once again, with ''On the Rocks'' (1933) and ''The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles'' (1934), a political comedy with a clear plot was followed by an introspective drama. The first play portrays a British prime minister considering, but finally rejecting, the establishment of a dictatorship; the second is concerned with polygamy and [[eugenics]] and ends with the [[Last Judgment|Day of Judgement]].{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=163–168}}

''The Millionairess'' (1934) is a farcical depiction of the commercial and social affairs of a successful businesswoman. ''Geneva'' (1936) lampoons the feebleness of the League of Nations compared with the dictators of Europe. ''In Good King Charles's Golden Days'' (1939), described by Weintraub as a warm, discursive high comedy, also depicts authoritarianism, but less satirically than ''Geneva''.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} As in earlier decades, the shorter plays were generally comedies, some historical and others addressing various political and social preoccupations of the author. Ervine writes of Shaw's later work that although it was still "astonishingly vigorous and vivacious" it showed unmistakable signs of his age. "The best of his work in this period, however, was full of wisdom and the beauty of mind often displayed by old men who keep their wits about them."{{sfn|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}}

===Music and drama reviews===

====Music====
Shaw's collected musical criticism, published in three volumes, runs to more than 2,700 pages.{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 3) 1981|pp=805–925}} It covers the British musical scene from 1876 to 1950, but the core of the collection dates from his six years as music critic of ''The Star'' and ''The World'' in the late 1880s and early 1890s. In his view music criticism should be interesting to everyone rather than just the musical élite, and he wrote for the non-specialist, avoiding technical jargon—"Mesopotamian words like 'the dominant of D major'".{{refn|In 1893 Shaw's column included his parody of music critics' idiom in a mock-academic analysis of Hamlet's "[[To be, or not to be|To be or not to be]]" soliloquy: "Shakespear, dispensing with the customary exordium, announces his subject at once in the infinitive, in which mood it is presently repeated after a short connecting passage in which, brief as it is, we recognize the alternative and negative forms on which so much of the significance of repetition depends. Here we reach a colon; and a pointed pository phrase, in which the accent falls decisively on the relative pronoun, brings us to the first full stop."{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 2) 1981|p=898}}|group=n}} He was fiercely partisan in his columns, promoting the music of Wagner and decrying that of [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] and those British composers such as [[Charles Villiers Stanford|Stanford]] and [[Hubert Parry|Parry]] whom he saw as Brahmsian.{{sfn|Anderson: ''Grove Music Online''}}{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 2) 1981|p=429}} He campaigned against the prevailing fashion for performances of [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]] [[oratorio]]s with huge amateur choirs and inflated orchestration, calling for "a chorus of twenty capable artists".{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 2) 1981|pp=245–246}} He railed against opera productions unrealistically staged or sung in languages the audience did not speak.{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 1) 1981|p=14}}

====Drama====
In Shaw's view, the London theatres of the 1890s presented too many revivals of old plays and not enough new work. He campaigned against "[[melodrama]], [[sentimentality]], [[Media stereotypes|stereotypes]] and worn-out conventions".{{sfn|Berst|1998|p=71}} As a music critic he had frequently been able to concentrate on analysing new works, but in the theatre he was often obliged to fall back on discussing how various performers tackled well-known plays. In a study of Shaw's work as a theatre critic, E. J. West writes that Shaw "ceaselessly compared and contrasted artists in interpretation and in technique". Shaw contributed more than 150 articles as theatre critic for ''The Saturday Review'', in which he assessed more than 212 productions.{{sfn|West|1952|p=204}} He championed [[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen]]'s plays when many theatregoers regarded them as outrageous, and his 1891 book ''[[Quintessence of Ibsenism]]'' remained a classic throughout the twentieth century.{{sfn|Berst|1998|p=56}} Of contemporary dramatists writing for the West End stage he rated [[Oscar Wilde]] above the rest: "...&nbsp;our only thorough playwright. He plays with everything: with wit, with philosophy, with drama, with actors and audience, with the whole theatre".{{sfn|Berst|1998|pp=67–68}} Shaw's collected criticisms were published as ''Our Theatres in the Nineties'' in 1932.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=210–211}}

Shaw maintained a provocative and frequently self-contradictory attitude to Shakespeare (whose name he insisted on spelling "Shakespear").{{sfn|Pierce|2011|pp=118–119}} Many found him difficult to take seriously on the subject; [[Duff Cooper]] observed that by attacking Shakespeare, "it is Shaw who appears a ridiculous pigmy shaking his fist at a mountain."{{sfn|Cooper|1953|p=40}} Shaw was, nevertheless, a knowledgeable Shakespearian, and in an article in which he wrote, "With the single exception of [[Homer]], there is no eminent writer, not even [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]], whom I can despise so entirely as I despise Shakespear when I measure my mind against his," he also said, "But I am bound to add that I pity the man who cannot enjoy Shakespear. He has outlasted thousands of abler thinkers, and will outlast a thousand more".{{sfn|Pierce|2011|pp=118–119}} Shaw had two regular targets for his more extreme comments about Shakespeare: undiscriminating "[[Bardolatry|Bardolaters]]", and actors and directors who presented insensitively cut texts in over-elaborate productions.{{sfn|Pierce|2011|pp=121 and 129}}{{refn|In a 1969 study, John F. Matthews credits Shaw with a successful campaign against the two-hundred-year-old tradition of [[Shakespeare in performance#19th century|editing Shakespeare]] into "acting versions", often designed to give star actors greater prominence, to the detriment of the play as a whole.{{sfn|Matthews|1969|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Pierce|2011|pp=120–121}} Shaw was in favour of cuts intended to enhance the drama by omitting what he saw as Shakespearean rhetoric.{{sfn|Pierce|2011|p=127}}|group=n}} He was continually drawn back to Shakespeare, and wrote three plays with Shakespearean themes: ''[[The Dark Lady of the Sonnets]]'', ''Cymbeline Refinished'' and ''Shakes versus Shav''.{{sfn|Pierce|2011|p=131}} In a 2001 analysis of Shaw's Shakespearian criticisms, Robert Pierce concludes that Shaw, who was no academic, saw Shakespeare's plays—like all theatre—from an author's practical point of view: "Shaw helps us to get away from the Romantics' picture of Shakespeare as a titanic genius, one whose art cannot be analyzed or connected with the mundane considerations of theatrical conditions and profit and loss, or with a specific staging and cast of actors."{{sfn|Pierce|2011|p=129}}

===Political and social writings===
{{Socialism in the UK}}
Shaw's political and social commentaries were published variously in Fabian tracts, in essays, in two full-length books, in innumerable newspaper and journal articles and in prefaces to his plays. The majority of Shaw's Fabian tracts were published anonymously, representing the voice of the society rather than of Shaw, although the society's secretary [[Edward R. Pease|Edward Pease]] later confirmed Shaw's authorship.{{sfn|Fabian Tracts: 1884–1901}} According to Holroyd, the business of the early Fabians, mainly under the influence of Shaw, was to "alter history by rewriting it".{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=132}} Shaw's talent as a pamphleteer was put to immediate use in the production of the society's manifesto—after which, says Holroyd, he was never again so succinct.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=132}}

After the turn of the twentieth century, Shaw increasingly propagated his ideas through the medium of his plays. An early critic, writing in 1904, observed that Shaw's dramas provided "a pleasant means" of proselytising his socialism, adding that "Mr Shaw's views are to be sought especially in the prefaces to his plays".{{sfn|Hoffsten|1904|p=219}} After loosening his ties with the Fabian movement in 1911, Shaw's writings were more personal and often provocative; his response to the furore following the issue of ''Common Sense About the War'' in 1914, was to prepare a sequel, ''More Common Sense About the War''. In this, he denounced the pacifist line espoused by Ramsay MacDonald and other socialist leaders, and proclaimed his readiness to shoot all pacifists rather than cede them power and influence.{{sfn|Griffith|1993|p=228}} On the advice of Beatrice Webb, this pamphlet remained unpublished.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=361}}

''The Intelligent Woman's Guide'', Shaw's main political treatise of the 1920s, attracted both admiration and criticism. MacDonald considered it the world's most important book since the Bible;{{sfn|Wallis|1991|p=185}} [[Harold Laski]] thought its arguments outdated and lacking in concern for individual freedoms.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|pp=128–131}}{{refn|In 1937 the book was reissued, with additional chapters and an extended title, ''The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism, Capitalism, Sovietism and Fascism'', and was published by [[Penguin Books]] as the first in the new paperback series called [[Pelican Books|Pelicans]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=373}}|group=n}} Shaw's increasing flirtation with dictatorial methods is evident in many of his subsequent pronouncements. A ''New York Times'' report dated 10 December 1933 quoted a recent Fabian Society lecture in which Shaw had praised Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin: "[T]hey are trying to get something done, [and] are adopting methods by which it is possible to get something done".{{sfn|''The New York Times'', 10 December 1933}} As late as the Second World War, in ''Everybody's Political What's What'', Shaw blamed the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]' "abuse" of their 1918 victory for the rise of Hitler, and hoped that, after defeat, the Führer would escape retribution "to enjoy a comfortable retirement in Ireland or some other neutral country".{{sfn|Shaw: ''Everybody's Political What's What'' 1944|pp=137 and 249}} These sentiments, according to the Irish philosopher-poet Thomas Duddy, "rendered much of the Shavian outlook passé and contemptible".{{sfn|Merriman|2010|pp=219–220}}

"Creative evolution", Shaw's version of the new science of eugenics, became an increasing theme in his political writing after 1900. He introduced his theories in ''The Revolutionist's Handbook'' (1903), an appendix to ''Man and Superman'', and developed them further during the 1920s in ''Back to Methuselah''. A 1946 ''Life'' magazine article observed that Shaw had "always tended to look at people more as a biologist than as an artist".{{sfn|''Life'' editorial: "All honor to his genius&nbsp;...", 12 August 1946|p=26}} By 1933, in the preface to ''On the Rocks'', he was writing that "if we desire a certain type of civilization and culture we must exterminate the sort of people who do not fit into it";{{sfn|Shaw: Preface, ''On the Rocks'' (Section: "Previous Attempts miss the Point") 1933}} critical opinion is divided on whether this was intended as irony.{{sfn|Nestruck|2011}}{{refn|The science historian [[Daniel Kevles]] writes: "Shaw&nbsp;... did not spare the eugenics movement his unpredictable mockery&nbsp;... [he] acted the outrageous buffoon at times."{{sfn|Kevles|1995|p=86}}|group=n}} In an article in the American magazine ''Liberty'' in September 1938, Shaw included the statement: "There are many people in the world who ought to be liquidated".{{sfn|''Life'' editorial: "All honor to his genius&nbsp;...", 12 August 1946|p=26}} Many commentators assumed that such comments were intended as a joke, although in the worst possible taste.{{sfn|Searle|1976|p=92}} Otherwise, ''Life'' magazine concluded, "this silliness can be classed with his more innocent bad guesses".{{sfn|''Life'' editorial: "All honor to his genius&nbsp;...", 12 August 1946|p=26}}{{refn| In the 21st century Shaw's 1930s flirtations with fascism and his association with eugenics have been resurrected by American TV talk-show hosts to depict him as a "monster" and to similarly disparage the causes and institutions with which he was associated, most particularly the Fabian Society and socialism.{{sfn|Nestruck|2011}}|group=n}}

===Fiction===
Shaw's fiction-writing was largely confined to the five unsuccessful novels written in the period 1879–1885. ''Immaturity'' (1879) is a semi-autobiographical portrayal of mid-Victorian England, Shaw's "own ''David Copperfield''" according to Weintraub.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} ''The Irrational Knot'' (1880) is a critique of conventional marriage, in which Weintraub finds the characterisations lifeless, "hardly more than animated theories".{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} Shaw was pleased with his third novel, ''Love Among the Artists'' (1881), feeling that it marked a turning point in his development as a thinker, although he had no more success with it than with its predecessors.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=96–97}} ''Cashel Byron's Profession'' (1882) is, says Weintraub, an indictment of society which anticipates Shaw's first full-length play, ''Mrs Warren's Profession''.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} Shaw later explained that he had intended ''An Unsocial Socialist'' as the first section of a monumental depiction of the downfall of capitalism. [[Gareth Griffiths (academic)|Gareth Griffith]], in a study of Shaw's political thought, sees the novel as an interesting record of conditions, both in society at large and in the nascent socialist movement of the 1880s.{{sfn|Griffith|1993|p=26}}

Shaw's only subsequent fiction of any substance was his 1932 novella ''[[The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God]]'', written during a visit to South Africa in 1932. The eponymous girl, intelligent, inquisitive, and converted to Christianity by insubstantial missionary teaching, sets out to find God, on a journey that after many adventures and encounters, leads her to a secular conclusion.{{sfn|Kent|2008|pp=278–279}} The story, on publication, offended some Christians and was banned in Ireland by the Board of Censors.{{sfn|Kent|2008|p=291}}

===Letters and diaries===
[[File:Bernard-Shaw-1904.jpg|thumb|alt=Caricature of middle-aged bearded man at his ease in an armchair|"The strenuous literary life—George Bernard Shaw at work": 1904 caricature by [[Max Beerbohm]]]]
Shaw was a prolific correspondent throughout his life. His letters, edited by Dan H. Laurence, were published between 1965 and 1988.{{sfn|Wisenthal|1998|p=305}} Shaw once estimated his letters would occupy twenty volumes; Laurence commented that, unedited, they would fill many more.{{sfn|Weales|p=520}} Shaw wrote more than a quarter of a million letters, of which about ten per cent have survived; 2,653 letters are printed in Laurence's four volumes.{{sfn|Crawford|1990|p=148}} Among Shaw's many regular correspondents were his childhood friend [[Edward McNulty]]; his theatrical colleagues (and ''[[platonic love|amitiés amoureuses]]'') Mrs Patrick Campbell and [[Ellen Terry]]; writers including [[Lord Alfred Douglas]], H. G. Wells and G. K. Chesterton; the boxer [[Gene Tunney]]; the nun [[Laurentia McLachlan]]; and the art expert [[Sydney Cockerell]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=94–95 (McNulty); 197–198 (Terry); 534 (Chesterton); 545–547 (Campbell); 604–606 (Tunney); 606–610 (Cockerell and McLachlan); and 833 (Wells)}}{{refn|Individual volumes have been published of the correspondence with Terry (issued 1931), Tunney (1951), Campbell (1952), Douglas (1982) and Wells (1995).{{sfn|Pharand: Shaw chronology 2015}}|group=n}} In 2007 a 316-page volume consisting entirely of Shaw's letters to ''The Times'' was published.{{sfn|Pharand: Shaw chronology 2015}}

Shaw's diaries for 1885–1897, edited by Weintraub, were published in two volumes, with a total of 1,241 pages, in 1986. Reviewing them, the Shaw scholar Fred Crawford wrote: "Although the primary interest for Shavians is the material that supplements what we already know about Shaw's life and work, the diaries are also valuable as a historical and sociological document of English life at the end of the Victorian age." After 1897, pressure of other writing led Shaw to give up keeping a diary.{{sfn|Crawford|1988|pp=142–143}}

===Miscellaneous and autobiographical===
Through his journalism, pamphlets and occasional longer works, Shaw wrote on many subjects. His range of interest and enquiry included [[vivisection]], vegetarianism, religion, language, cinema and photography,{{refn|Shaw was an enthusiastic amateur photographer from 1898 until his death, amassing about 10,000 prints and more than 10,000 negatives documenting his friends, travels, politics, plays, films and home life. The collection is archived at the London School of Economics; an exhibition of his photography, "Man & Cameraman", opened in 2011 at the [[Lacock Abbey|Fox Talbot Museum]] in conjunction with an online exhibition presented by the LSE.{{sfn|Kennedy, ''The Guardian'', 5 July 2011}}|group=n}} on all of which he wrote and spoke copiously. Collections of his writings on these and other subjects were published, mainly after his death, together with volumes of "wit and wisdom" and general journalism.{{sfn|Pharand: Shaw chronology 2015}}

Despite the many books written about him (Holroyd counts 80 by 1939){{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=367}} Shaw's autobiographical output, apart from his diaries, was relatively slight. He gave interviews to newspapers—"GBS Confesses", to ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' in 1904 is an example{{sfn|Hugo|1999|pp=22–23}}—and provided sketches to would-be biographers whose work was rejected by Shaw and never published.{{sfn|Leary|1971|pp=3–11}} In 1939 Shaw drew on these materials to produce ''Shaw Gives Himself Away'', a miscellany which, a year before his death, he revised and republished as ''Sixteen Self Sketches'' (there were seventeen). He made it clear to his publishers that this slim book was in no sense a full autobiography.{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=495}}

==Beliefs and opinions==
{{Eugenics sidebar}}
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote=Shaw was a poseur and a puritan; he was similarly a bourgeois and an antibourgeois writer, working for Hearst and posterity; his didacticism is entertaining and his pranks are purposeful; he supports socialism and is tempted by fascism.|salign=left|source=—Leonard Feinberg, ''The Satirist'' (2006){{sfn|Feinberg|2006|p=164}}}}
Throughout his lifetime Shaw professed many beliefs, often contradictory. This inconsistency was partly an intentional provocation—the Spanish scholar-statesman [[Salvador de Madariaga]] describes Shaw as "a pole of negative electricity set in a people of positive electricity".{{sfn|Evans|1976|p=365}} In one area at least Shaw was constant: in his lifelong refusal to follow normal English forms of spelling and punctuation. He favoured archaic spellings such as "shew" for "show"; he dropped the "u" in words like "honour" and "favour"; and wherever possible he rejected the apostrophe in contractions such as "won't" or "that's".{{sfn|Conolly|2005|pp=80–81}} In his will, Shaw ordered that, after some specified legacies, his remaining assets were to form a trust to pay for fundamental reform of the English alphabet into a phonetic version of forty letters.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} Though Shaw's intentions were clear, his drafting was flawed, and the courts initially ruled the intended trust void. A later out-of-court agreement provided a sum of £8,300 for spelling reform; the bulk of his fortune went to the residuary legatees—the British Museum, the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] and the [[National Gallery of Ireland]].{{sfn|Holroyd|1992|pp=16–21}}{{refn|The estate was officially assessed as worth £367,233 at the time of Shaw's death. Although [[death duties]] severely reduced the residuary sum, royalties from ''[[My Fair Lady]]'' later boosted the income of the estate by several million pounds.{{sfn|''The Times'', 24 March 1951|p=8}}{{sfn|''The Times'', 7 April 1992|p=1(S)}}|group=n}} Most of the £8,300 went on a special phonetic edition of ''Androcles and the Lion'' in the [[Shavian alphabet]], published in 1962 to a largely indifferent reception.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=800–804}}
[[File:George bernard shaw.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Middle-aged man with bushy beard|Shaw in 1905]]
Shaw's views on religion and Christianity were less consistent. Having in his youth proclaimed himself an atheist, in middle age he explained this as a reaction against the [[Old Testament]] image of a vengeful Jehovah. By the early twentieth century, he termed himself a "mystic", although Gary Sloan, in an essay on Shaw's beliefs, disputes his credentials as such.{{sfn|Sloan: The religion of George Bernard Shaw 2004}} In 1913 Shaw declared that he was not religious "in the sectarian sense", aligning himself with Jesus as "a person of no religion".{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=287}} In the preface (1915) to ''Androcles and the Lion'', Shaw asks "Why not give Christianity a chance?" contending that Britain's social order resulted from the continuing choice of [[Barabbas]] over Christ.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|p=287}} In a broadcast just before the Second World War, Shaw invoked the [[Sermon on the Mount]], "a very moving exhortation, and it gives you one first-rate tip, which is to do good to those who despitefully use you and persecute you".{{sfn|Sloan: The religion of George Bernard Shaw 2004}} In his will, Shaw stated that his "religious convictions and scientific views cannot at present be more specifically defined than as those of a believer in creative revolution".{{sfn|Religion: Creative Revolutionary: ''Time'', December 1950}} He requested that no one should imply that he accepted the beliefs of any specific religious organisation, and that no memorial to him should "take the form of a cross or any other instrument of torture or symbol of blood sacrifice".{{sfn|Religion: Creative Revolutionary: ''Time'', December 1950}}

Shaw espoused racial equality, and inter-marriage between people of different races.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=643–647}} Despite his expressed wish to be fair to Hitler,{{sfn|Holroyd|1993|p=421}} he called anti-Semitism "the hatred of the lazy, ignorant fat-headed Gentile for the pertinacious Jew who, schooled by adversity to use his brains to the utmost, outdoes him in business".{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=543}} In ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' he wrote in 1932, "In every country you can find rabid people who have a phobia against Jews, Jesuits, Armenians, Negroes, Freemasons, Irishmen, or simply foreigners as such. Political parties are not above exploiting these fears and jealousies."{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|p=733}}

In 1903 Shaw joined in a [[vaccine controversies|controversy about vaccination]] against smallpox. He called vaccination "a peculiarly  filthy piece of witchcraft";{{sfn|Shaw and Laurence 1965|p=448}} in his view immunisation campaigns were a cheap and inadequate substitute for a decent programme of housing for the poor, which would, he declared, be the means of eradicating smallpox and other infectious diseases.{{sfn|Holroyd|1997|pp=55–56}} Less contentiously, Shaw was keenly interested in transport; Laurence observed in 1992 a need for a published study of Shaw's interest in "bicycling, motorbikes, automobiles, and planes, climaxing in his joining the [[British Interplanetary Society|Interplanetary Society]] in his nineties".{{sfn|Dukore ''et al.'' 1994|p=268}} Shaw published articles on travel, took photographs of his journeys, and submitted notes to the [[Royal Automobile Club]].{{sfn|Dukore ''et al.'' 1994|p=268}}

Shaw strove throughout his adult life to be referred to as "Bernard Shaw" rather than "George Bernard Shaw", but confused matters by continuing to use his full initials—G.B.S.—as a by-line, and often signed himself "G.{{space}}Bernard Shaw".{{sfn|Nothorcot|1964|pp=3–5}} He left instructions in his will that his executor (the [[Public Trustee]]) was to license publication of his works only under the name Bernard Shaw.{{sfn|Weintraub|2013}} Shaw scholars including Ervine, Judith Evans, Holroyd, Laurence and Weintraub, and many publishers have respected Shaw's preference, although the [[Cambridge University Press]] was among the exceptions with its 1988 ''Cambridge Companion to George Bernard Shaw''.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=210–211}}

==Legacy and influence==

===Theatrical===
{{quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote=Shaw, arguably the most important English-language playwright after Shakespeare, produced an immense ''oeuvre'', of which at least half a dozen plays remain part of the world repertoire.{{space}}... Academically unfashionable, of limited influence even in areas such as Irish drama and British political theatre where influence might be expected, Shaw's unique and unmistakable plays keep escaping from the safely dated category of period piece to which they have often been consigned.|salign=left|source= ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre'' (2003){{sfn|Grene 2003 ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre''}}}}
Shaw did not found a school of dramatists as such, but Crawford asserts that today "we recognise [him] as second only to Shakespeare in the British theatrical tradition&nbsp;... the proponent of the theater of ideas" who struck a death-blow to 19th-century melodrama.{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=103}} According to Laurence, Shaw pioneered "intelligent" theatre, in which the audience was required to think, thereby paving the way for the new breeds of twentieth-century playwrights from [[John Galsworthy|Galsworthy]] to [[Harold Pinter|Pinter]].{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=103 (Crawford quotes Laurence, but does not state the source)}}

Crawford lists numerous playwrights whose work owes something to that of Shaw. Among those active in Shaw's lifetime he includes [[Noël Coward]], who based his early comedy ''[[The Young Idea]]'' on ''You Never Can Tell'' and continued to draw on the older man's works in later plays.{{sfn|Crawford|1993|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Coward|2004|pp=114–115}} [[T. S. Eliot]], by no means an admirer of Shaw, admitted that the epilogue of ''[[Murder in the Cathedral]]'', in which [[Thomas Becket|Becket]]'s slayers explain their actions to the audience, might have been influenced by ''Saint Joan''.{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=107}} The critic [[Eric Bentley]] comments that Eliot's later play ''[[The Confidential Clerk]]'' "had all the earmarks of Shavianism&nbsp;... without the merits of the real Bernard Shaw".{{sfn|Bentley|1968|p=144}} Among more recent British dramatists, Crawford marks [[Tom Stoppard]] as "the most Shavian of contemporary playwrights";{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=108}} Shaw's "serious farce" is continued in the works of Stoppard's contemporaries [[Alan Ayckbourn]], [[Henry Livings]] and [[Peter Nichols (playwright)|Peter Nichols]].{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=109}}

[[File:Set of the complete plays of Shaw.png|thumb|left|Shaw's complete plays]]
Shaw's influence crossed the Atlantic at an early stage. Bernard Dukore notes that he was successful as a dramatist in America ten years before achieving comparable success in Britain.{{sfn|Dukore|1992|p=128}} Among many American writers professing a direct debt to Shaw, [[Eugene O'Neill]] became an admirer at the age of seventeen, after reading ''The Quintessence of Ibsenism''.{{sfn|Alexander|1959|p=307}} Other Shaw-influenced American playwrights mentioned by Dukore are [[Elmer Rice]], for whom Shaw "opened doors, turned on lights, and expanded horizons";{{sfn|Dukore|1992|p=132}} [[William Saroyan]], who empathised with Shaw as "the embattled individualist against the philistines";{{sfn|Dukore|1992|p=133}} and [[S. N. Behrman]], who was inspired to write for the theatre after attending a performance of ''Caesar and Cleopatra'': "I thought it would be agreeable to write plays like that".{{sfn|Dukore|1992|p=134}}

Assessing Shaw's reputation in a 1976 critical study, T. F. Evans described Shaw as unchallenged in his lifetime and since as the leading English-language dramatist of the (twentieth) century, and as a master of prose style.{{sfn|Evans|1976|p=1}} The following year, in a contrary assessment, the playwright [[John Osborne]] castigated ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s theatre critic [[Michael Billington (critic)|Michael Billington]] for referring to Shaw as "the greatest British dramatist since Shakespeare". Osborne responded that Shaw "is the most fraudulent, inept writer of Victorian melodramas ever to gull a timid critic or fool a dull public".{{sfn|Osborne|1977|p=12}} Despite this hostility, Crawford sees the influence of Shaw in some of Osborne's plays, and concludes that though the latter's work is neither imitative nor derivative, these affinities are sufficient to classify Osborne as an inheritor of Shaw.{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=108}}

In a 1983 study, R. J. Kaufmann suggests that Shaw was a key forerunner—"godfather, if not actually finicky paterfamilias"—of the [[Theatre of the Absurd]].{{sfn|Kaufmann|1965|p=11}} Two further aspects of Shaw's theatrical legacy are noted by Crawford: his opposition to stage censorship, which was finally ended in 1968, and his efforts which extended over many years to establish a [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]].{{sfn|Crawford|1993|p=109}} Shaw's short 1910 play ''The Dark Lady of the Sonnets'', in which Shakespeare pleads with [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] for the endowment of a state theatre, was part of this campaign.{{sfn|Holroyd|1989|pp=270–71}}

Writing in ''The New Statesman'' in 2012 Daniel Janes commented that Shaw's reputation had declined by the time of his 150th anniversary in 2006 but had recovered considerably. In Janes's view, the many current revivals of Shaw's major works showed the playwright's "almost unlimited relevance to our times".{{sfn|Janes, ''New Statesman'', 20 July 2012}} In the same year, [[Mark Lawson]] wrote in ''The Guardian'' that Shaw's moral concerns engaged present-day audiences, and made him—like his model, Ibsen—one of the most popular playwrights in contemporary British theatre.{{sfn|Lawson, ''The Guardian'', 11 July 2012}}

The [[Shaw Festival]] in [[Niagara-on-the-Lake|Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada]] is the second largest repertory theatre company in North America. It produces plays by or written during the lifetime of Shaw as well as some contemporary works.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Craig S.|last2=Wise|first2=Jennifer|title=The Broadview Anthology of Drama, Volume 2: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|date=9 July 2003|publisher=Broadview Press|page=205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_Ocr-WlM7wC&pg=PA205}}</ref> The [[Gingold Theatrical Group]], founded in 2006, presents works by Shaw and others in New York City that feature the humanitarian ideals that his work promoted.<ref>Smith, Wendy. [https://www.americantheatre.org/2014/10/21/the-shaw-must-go-on-david-staller-makes-the-case-for-the-writers-many-facets "The Shaw Must Go On: David Staller Makes the Case for the Writer’s Many Facets"], [[American Theatre magazine|''American Theatre'']], November 2014, accessed 3 June 2018</ref> It became the first theatre group to present all of Shaw's stage work through its monthly concert series ''Project Shaw''.<ref>Keddy, Genevieve Rafter. [https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/Photo-Coverage-Project-Shaw-Presents-SUPER-SHAW-WOMEN-20170718 "Project Shaw Presents ''Super Shaw Women''], 18 July 2017, accessed 3 June 2018</ref>

===General===
[[File:George Bernard Shaw - bust by Jacob Epstein.jpg|thumb|right|Bust by [[Jacob Epstein]], 1934]]
In the 1940s the author [[Harold Nicolson]] advised the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] not to accept the bequest of Shaw's Corner, predicting that Shaw would be totally forgotten within fifty years.{{sfn|Dukore ''et al.'' 1994|p=266}} In the event, Shaw's broad cultural legacy, embodied in the widely used term "Shavian", has endured and is nurtured by Shaw Societies in various parts of the world. The original society was founded in London in 1941 and survives; it organises meetings and events, and publishes a regular bulletin ''The Shavian''. The Shaw Society of America began in June 1950; it foundered in the 1970s but its journal, adopted by [[Penn State University Press]], continued to be published as ''Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies'' until 2004. A second American organisation, founded in 1951 as "The Bernard Shaw Society", remains active {{as of|2016|lc=y}}. More recent societies have been established in Japan and India.{{sfn|Weintraub: Shaw Societies Once and Now}}

Besides his collected music criticism, Shaw has left a varied musical legacy, not all of it of his choosing. Despite his dislike of having his work adapted for the musical theatre ("my plays set themselves to a verbal music of their own"){{sfn|Reed|1939|p=142}} two of his plays were turned into musical comedies: ''Arms and the Man'' was the basis of ''[[The Chocolate Soldier]]'' in 1908, with music by [[Oscar Straus (composer)|Oscar Straus]], and ''Pygmalion'' was adapted in 1956 as ''[[My Fair Lady]]'' with book and lyrics by [[Alan Jay Lerner]] and music by [[Frederick Loewe]].{{sfn|Anderson: ''Grove Music Online''}} Although he had a high regard for Elgar, Shaw turned down the composer's request for an opera libretto, but played a major part in persuading the BBC to commission Elgar's [[Symphony No. 3 (Elgar/Payne)|Third Symphony]], and was the dedicatee of ''[[The Severn Suite]]'' (1930).{{sfn|Anderson: ''Grove Music Online''}}{{sfn|Reed|1939|pp=138 and 142}}

The substance of Shaw's political legacy is uncertain. In 1921 Shaw's erstwhile collaborator William Archer, in a letter to the playwright, wrote: "I doubt if there is any case of a man so widely read, heard, seen, and known as yourself, who has produced so little effect on his generation."{{sfn|Morgan|1951|p=100}} Margaret Cole, who considered Shaw the greatest writer of his age, professed never to have understood him. She thought he worked "immensely hard" at politics, but essentially, she surmises, it was for fun—"the fun of a brilliant artist".{{sfn|Cole|1949|p=148}} After Shaw's death, Pearson wrote: "No one since the time of [[Thomas Paine|Tom Paine]] has had so definite an influence on the social and political life of his time and country as Bernard Shaw."{{sfn|Morgan|1951|p=100}}

In its obituary tribute to Shaw, ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' concluded:

{{blockquote|He was no originator of ideas. He was an insatiable adopter and adapter, an incomparable prestidigitator with the thoughts of the forerunners. [[Nietzsche]], [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]] (''[[Erewhon]]''), Marx, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]], [[William Blake|Blake]], [[Dickens]], William Morris, Ruskin, [[Beethoven]] and Wagner all had their applications and misapplications. By bending to their service all the faculties of a powerful mind, by inextinguishable wit, and by every artifice of argument, he carried their thoughts as far as they would reach—so far beyond their sources that they came to us with the vitality of the newly created.{{sfn|Tomlinson|1950|p=709}}}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|35em|group=n}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|25em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Adams |first=Elsie Bonita |title=Bernard Shaw and the Aesthetes |year=1971 |location=Columbus |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0-8142-0155-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshawaesth0000adam }}
* {{cite book |last=Adelman |first=Paul |title=The Rise of the Labour Party 1880–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1igBAAAQBAJ |year=1996 |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-29210-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Richard |title=The Black and Tans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiTOAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=Barnsley, Yorkshire |year= 2010 |isbn=978-1-84884-384-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bentley |first=Eric |title=What is Theatre? |year=1968 |location=New York |publisher=Atheneum |oclc=237869445 }}
* {{harvc |last=Berst |first=Charles |chapter=New theatres for old|in=Innes|year=1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=The Making of British Socialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHnKETt0cx4C |year=2011 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15083-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Broad |first1=Charlie Lewis |last2=Broad |first2=Violet M. |title=Dictionary to the Plays and Novels of Bernard Shaw |publisher=Haskell House |year=1929 |location=New York |oclc=2410241 |ref={{sfnRef|Broad and Broad 1929}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Alan |last2=Chibnall |first2=Steve |title=Historical Dictionary of British Cinema |location=London |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8SRjwJqwukC&pg=PR24 |isbn=978-0-8108-8026-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Burton and Chibnall 2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Carr |first=Pat |title=Bernard Shaw |year=1976 |location=New York |publisher=Ungar |oclc=2073986 }}
* {{cite book |last=Clare |first=David |title=Bernard Shaw's Irish Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQtfCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-55433-1 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Margaret Cole |last=Cole |first=Margaret |title=Growing up into Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/growingupintorev0000cole |url-access=registration |year=1949 |location=London and New York |publisher=Longmans, Green |oclc=186313752 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Margaret |title=The Story of Fabian Socialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i2sAAAAIAAJ |year=1961 |location=London |publisher=Heinemann |oclc=314706123 |isbn=978-0-8047-0091-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Conolly |first=L. W. |chapter=Introduction |title=Bernard Shaw: "Mrs Warren's Profession" |year=2005 |location=Peterborough, Ontario |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55111-627-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Duff |author-link=Duff Cooper |title=Old Men Forget |year=1953 |location=London |publisher=Rupert Hart-Davis |oclc=5748826 |title-link=Old Men Forget }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Noël Coward |last=Coward |first=Noël |year=2004 |title=Present Indicative – Autobiography to 1931 |orig-year=1932 |location=London |publisher=Methuen |isbn=978-0-413-77413-2 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Crawford |first=Fred D. |editor-last=Bertolini |editor-first=John Anthony |title=Shaw's British Inheritors |encyclopedia=Shaw and Other Playwrights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRJg5Vmk4fkC |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-271-00908-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Croall |first=Jonathan |title=Sybil Thorndike |year=2008 |location=London |publisher=Haus |isbn=978-1-905791-92-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dervin |first=Daniel |title=Bernard Shaw: A Psychological Study |year=1975 |location=Lewisburg, Pennsylvania|publisher=Bucknell University Press |isbn=978-0-8387-1418-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshawpsych0000derv }}
* {{cite book |last=Dukore |first=Bernard F. |chapter=Shaw and American Drama |title=Shaw and the Last Hundred Years |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-271-01324-4 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=St. John Greer Ervine |last=Ervine |first=St John |title=Bernard Shaw: His Life, Work and Friends |publisher=Constable |location=London |year=1956 |oclc=37129043 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Drabble |first1=Margaret |last2=Stringer |first2=Jemmy |last3=Hahn |first3=Daniel |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199214921.001.0001/acref-9780199214921-e-361|chapter=Back to Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-921492-1 |ref={{sfnRef|Drabble ''et al.'' 2007 "Back to Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch"}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Judith |title=The Politics and Plays of Bernard Shaw |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1323-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsplaysofb0000evan }}
* {{cite book |last=Evans |first=T.F. |title=George Bernard Shaw: The Critical Heritage |year=1976 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-15953-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Feinberg |first=Leonard |title=The Satirist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_iJBNKCs8C |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4128-0562-9 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gaye |editor-first=Freda |year=1967 |title=Who's Who in the Theatre |edition=fourteenth |location=London |publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons |oclc=5997224 }}
* {{cite book |last=Griffith |first=Gareth |title=Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHaJAgAAQBAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-21083-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Holden |first=Anthony |title=Behind the Oscar: The Secret History of the Academy Awards |year=1993 |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-70129-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/behindoscarsecre00hold }}
* {{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw, Volume 1: 1856–1898: The Search for Love |year=1990 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-012441-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power |year=1989 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-3350-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr }}
* {{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw, Volume 3: 1918–1950: The Lure of Fantasy |year=1993 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-012443-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw, Volume 4: The Last Laugh |year=1992 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-4583-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr }}
* {{cite book |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Bernard Shaw: The One-Volume Definitive Edition |year=1997 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-6279-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr }}
* {{cite book |last=Hugo |first=Leon |title=Edwardian Shaw: The Writer and his Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MH1aCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-349-40737-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Innes |first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Innes|title=The Cambridge Companion to George Bernard Shaw |editor=Christopher Innes |year=1998 |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56633-9}}
* {{harvc |last=Innes |first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Innes|id={{SfnRef|Innes "Introduction"|1998}}|chapter=Introduction|in=Innes|year=1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Kamm |first=Jürgen |title=Twentieth-century Theatre and Drama |year=1999 |location=Trier, Germany |publisher=WVT |isbn=978-3-88476-333-9 |ref= {{sfnRef|Quoted in Kamm 1999}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaufmann |first=R.J. |title=G.B. Shaw: A Collection of Critical Essays |year=1965 |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|publisher=Prentice Hall |oclc=711587 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kavanagh |first=Peter |title=The Story of the Abbey Theatre: From its Origins in 1899 to the Present |year=1950 |location=New York |publisher=Devin-Adair |oclc=757711 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. |author-link=Daniel Kevles |title=In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity |isbn=978-0-520-05763-0 |year=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=https://archive.org/details/innameofeugenics00kevl }}
* {{cite book |last=Laurence |first=Dan |title=Shaw, Books, and Libraries |year=1976 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas |isbn=978-0-87959-022-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=McBriar |first=A. M. |title=Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olQ4AAAAIAAJ |year=1962 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |oclc=266090 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mackay |first=James |title=Michael Collins: A Life |publisher=Mainstream Publications |location=Edinburgh |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85158-949-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Stanley |title=The Order of Merit |publisher=Taurus |location=London |year=2007 |chapter=George Bernard Shaw |isbn=978-1-86064-848-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Matthews |first=John F. |title=George Bernard Shaw |year=1969 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-03145-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=O'Donovan |first=John |title=Shaw and the Charlatan Genius |url=https://archive.org/details/shawcharlatangen0000odon |url-access=registration |year=1965 |location=Dublin |publisher=Dolman Press and Oxford University Press |oclc=923954974 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pascal |first=Valerie |title=The Disciple and his Devil: Gabriel Pascal and Bernard Shaw |url=https://archive.org/details/disciplehisdevil0000pasc |url-access=registration |year=1971 |location=London |publisher=Michael Joseph |oclc=740749440 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pearce |first=Joseph |title=Wisdom and Innocence: A Life of G. K. Chesterton |year=1997 |location=London |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-0-340-69434-3 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Hesketh Pearson |last=Pearson |first=Hesketh |title=Bernard Shaw |publisher=Four Square Books |location=London |year=1964 |oclc=222140216 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Henry Pelling |last=Pelling |first=Henry |title=The Origins of the Labour Party |year=1965 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=502185 }}
* {{cite book |last=Peters |first=Sally |title=Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman |year=1996 |location=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06097-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardshawascen00pete }}
* {{harvc |last=Peters |first=Sally |chapter=Shaw's life: a feminist in spite of himself|in=Innes|year=1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Pharand |first= Michel |title=Bernard Shaw and the French |year=2000 |location=Gainesville |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-1828-7 }}
* {{harvc |last=Powell |first=Kerry |chapter=New Women, new plays, and Shaw in the 1890s|in=Innes|year=1998|}}
* {{cite book |last=Preece |first=Rod |title=Animal Sensibility and Inclusive Justice in the Age of Bernard Shaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9VkTH4GEusC |year=2011 |location=Vancouver |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-2109-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Reed |first=W.H. |author-link=William Henry Reed |title=Elgar |location=London |publisher=Dent |year=1939 |oclc=8858707 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rollins |first=Cyril |year=1962 |author2=R. John Witts |title=The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961 |location=London |publisher=Michael Joseph |oclc=504581419 |ref={{sfnRef|Rollins and Witts 1962}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosset |first=Benjamin |title=Shaw of Dublin: The Formative Years |url=https://archive.org/details/shawofdublinform0000ross |url-access=registration |year=1964 |location=University Park |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |oclc=608833 }}
* {{cite book |last=Searle |first=Geoffrey Russell |title=Eugenics and Politics in Britain, 1900–1914 |publisher=Noordhoff International |location=Groningen, Netherlands |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-286-0236-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=John |title=George Lansbury |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-820164-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Adrian |title=The New Statesman: Portrait of a Political Weekly 1913–1931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhMCAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7146-4645-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tyson |first=Brian |title=The Story of Shaw's ''Saint Joan'' |year=1982 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-8513-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=us9pyujsNooC&pg=PA116 }}
* {{cite book |last=Valency |first=Maurice |title=The Cart and the Trumpet: The Plays of George Bernard Shaw |url=https://archive.org/details/carttrumpet00maur |url-access=registration |year=1973 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=248056662 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wearing |first=J.P. |title=The London Stage, 1910–1919: A Calendar of Plays and Players |year=1982 |location=Metuchen, New Jersey|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-1596-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=The Unexpected Shaw |year=1982 |location=New York |publisher=Ungar |isbn=978-0-8044-2974-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/unexpectedshawbi0000wein }}
* {{harvc |last=Wikander |first=Martin |chapter=Reinventing the history play|in=Innes|year=1998}}
* {{harvc |last=Wisenthal |first=J. L. |chapter=Shaw's plays as music-drama|in=Innes|year=1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Yde |first=Matthew |title=Bernard Shaw and Totalitarianism: Longing for Utopia |year=2013 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-33020-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Young |first=Percy |title=Elgar O.M. |year=1973 |location=London |publisher=White Lion |isbn=978-0-85617-333-2 }}
{{refend}}

==== Shaw's writings ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=A Manifesto ''(Fabian Tract No. 2)'' |url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/Documents/Detail/a-manifesto-1884/89952 |publisher=Grant Richards |location=London |year=1884 |oclc=4674581 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: ''A Manifesto'' 1884}}}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=Bernard |title=Fabian Essays in Socialism |url=https://archive.org/stream/fabianessaysinso00fabirich#page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=The Fabian Society |location=London |year=1889 |oclc=867941203 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: Fabian Essays in Socialism 1889}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=What Socialism Is ''(Fabian Tract No. 13)'' |url= https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/Documents/Detail/what-socialism-is-1890/90886 |publisher=Grant Richards |location=London |year=1890 |oclc=4674562 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: ''What Socialism Is'' 1890}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=Fabianism and the Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/fabianismempirem00shawuoft |publisher=Grant Richards |location=London |year=1900 |oclc=2688559 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: ''Fabianism and the Empire'' 1900}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=Common Sense About the War |url=https://archive.org/stream/commonsenseabou00shawgoog#page/n22/mode/2up |work=Current History of the European War |publisher=The New York Times |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=December 1914 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: ''Common Sense About the War'' 1914}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Shaw |first=G. Bernard |title=Irish Nonsense About Ireland |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/04/09/104022367.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106193044/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/04/09/104022367.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 April 1916 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: "Irish Nonsense About Ireland" 1916}}}}
* {{cite book |last= Shaw |first=Bernard |title=The League of Nations ''Fabian Tract No. 226'' |url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/Documents/Detail/the-league-of-nations-1929/99577 |publisher=The Fabian Society |location=London |year=1929 |oclc=612985 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: ''The League of Nations'' 1929 }}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=The Complete Plays of Bernard Shaw |year=1934 |location=London |publisher=Odhams |oclc=492566054 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=Everybody's Political What's What |publisher=Constable |year=1944 |location=London |oclc=892140394 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: ''Everybody's Political What's What'' 1944}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=Sixteen Self Sketches |chapter=Biographers' Blunders Corrected |year=1949 |location=London |publisher=Constable |oclc=185519922 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |editor=Dan Laurence |title=Collected Letters, Volume 1: 1874–1897 |year=1965 |location=London |publisher=Reinhardt |oclc=185512253 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw and Laurence 1965}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |editor=Stanley Weintraub |title=Shaw: An Autobiography, 1856–1898 |year=1969 |location=London |publisher=Reinhardt |isbn=978-0-370-01328-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |editor=Dan Laurence |year=1981 |title=Shaw's Music: The Complete Music Criticism of Bernard Shaw, Volume 1 (1876–1890) |location=London | publisher= The Bodley Head |isbn=978-0-370-30247-8 |ref= {{sfnRef|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 1) 1981}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |editor=Dan Laurence |year=1981 |title=Shaw's Music: The Complete Music Criticism of Bernard Shaw, Volume 2 (1890–1893) |location=London | publisher=The Bodley Head |isbn=978-0-370-30249-2 |ref= {{sfnRef|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 2) 1981}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |editor=Dan Laurence |year=1981 |title=Shaw's Music: The Complete Music Criticism of Bernard Shaw, Volume 3 (1893–1950) |location=London | publisher=The Bodley Head |isbn=978-0-370-30248-5 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw and Laurence (Vol 3) 1981}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |editor-last=Crawford |editor-first=Fred D. |chapter=Shaw's advice to Irishmen |title=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies, Volume 18 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=University Park, Pennsylvania|year=1998 |pages=63–66 |isbn=978-0-271-01779-2 |jstor=40681536 }}
* {{cite web |last=Shaw |first=Bernard |title=''On the Rocks'' (ebook)|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300561h.html |year=2003 |publisher=Project Gutenberg Australia |access-date=13 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw: Preface, ''On the Rocks'' (Section: "Previous Attempts miss the Point") 1933}}}}
{{refend}}

==== Journals ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Doris M. |title=Captain Brant and Captain Brassbound: The Origin of an O'Neill Character |jstor=3040068 |journal=[[Modern Language Notes]] |volume=74 |issue=4 |date=April 1959 |pages=306–310 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Beerbohm |first=Max |title=Mr Shaw's Profession |journal=[[The Shaw Review]]|volume=5 |issue=1 |date=January 1962 |pages=5–9 |jstor=40681959 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bosch |first=Marianne |title=Mother, Sister, and Wife in ''The Millionairess'' |journal=[[Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies]]|volume=4 |date=1984 |pages=113–127 |jstor=40681122 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Broughton |first=Philip S. |title=Book Review: The Crime of Imprisonment |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|volume=36 |issue=7 |date=July 1946 |page=808 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.36.7.808-a|pmc=1625829 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Fred D. |title=Journals to Stella |journal=The Shaw Review |volume=18 |issue=3 |date=September 1975 |pages=93–109 |jstor=40682408 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Fred D. |title=Bernard Shaw's Theory of Literary Art |journal=[[Journal of General Education]]|volume=34 |issue=1 |date=Spring 1982 |page=20 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Fred D. |title=The Shaw Diaries |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |date=1988 |volume=8 |pages=139–143 |jstor=40681240 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=Fred D. |title=Ways Pleasant and Unpleasant: Collected Letters Four |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |date=1990 |volume=10 |pages=148–154|jstor=40681299 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dukore |first=Bernard |title=From Symposium: What May Lie Ahead for Shaw After the First Hundred Years? |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |volume=14 |date=1994 |pages=265–276 |jstor=40655127 |ref={{sfnRef|Dukore ''et al.'' 1994}} |display-authors=etal }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gahan |first=Peter |title=Bernard Shaw and the Irish Literary Tradition |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |volume=30 |date=2010 |pages=1–26 |jstor=10.5325/shaw.30.1.0001 |doi=10.5325/shaw.30.1.0001 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Geduld |first=H. M. |author-link1=Harry M. Geduld |title=Bernard Shaw and Adolf Hitler |jstor=40682385 |journal=The Shaw Review |date=January 1961 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hoffsten |first=Ernest |title=The Plays of Bernard Shaw |jstor=27530625 |journal=[[The Sewanee Review]]| volume= 12|issue= 2|date= 2 April 1904|pages= 217–222 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Brad |title=The Banning of George Bernard Shaw's 'The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God' and the Decline of the Irish Academy of Letters |jstor=40344299 |journal=Irish University Review |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=Autumn 2008 |pages=274–291 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |editor-last=Laurence |editor-first=Dan |title=The Blanco Posnet Controversy |journal=Shaw Society of America Bulletin |date=January 1955 |pages=1–9 |jstor=40681313 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Laurence |first=Dan |title='That Awful Country': Shaw in America |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |volume=5 |date=1985 |pages=279–297|jstor=40681161 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Leary |first=Daniel J. |title=How Shaw Destroyed his Irish Biographer |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6309312_021/ldpd_6309312_021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929020947/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6309312_021/ldpd_6309312_021.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |journal=Columbia Library Columns |volume=21 |issue=2 |date=November 1971 |pages=3–11 }}
* {{cite magazine |title=All Honor to his Genius; But his Message is Irrelevant to our Problems Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|date=12 August 1946 |page=26 |ref={{sfnRef|''Life'' editorial: "All honor to his genius&nbsp;...", 12 August 1946}} |author=Time Inc.}}
* {{cite journal |last=Merriman |first=Victor |title=Shaw in Contemporary Irish Studies: Passé or Contemptible? |jstor=10.5325/shaw.30.1.0216 |journal=[[Shaw (journal)|Shaw]]|volume=30 |year=2010 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.5325/shaw.30.1.0216 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=L. N. |title=Bernard Shaw the Playwright |jstor=40089890 |journal=[[Books Abroad]]|volume=25 |issue=2 |date=Spring 1951 |pages=100–104 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nothorcot |first=Arthur |title=A Plea for ''Bernard'' Shaw |journal=The Shaw Review |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=January 1964 |pages=2–9 |jstor=40682015 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pierce |first=Robert B. |title=Bernard Shaw as Shakespeare Critic |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |volume=31 |issue=1 |date=2011 |pages=118–132 |jstor=10.5325/shaw.31.1.0118 |doi=10.5325/shaw.31.1.0118 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite magazine |date=4 December 1950 |title=Religion: Creative Revolutionary |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,813999,00.html |ref={{sfnRef|Religion: Creative Revolutionary: ''Time'', December 1950}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rodenbeck |first=John |title=The Irrational Knot: Shaw and The Uses of Ibsen |jstor=40682171 |journal=The Shaw Review |volume=12 |issue=2 |date=May 1969 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharp |first=William |title='Getting Married' New Dramaturgy in Comedy |journal=[[Educational Theatre Journal]]|volume=11 |issue=2 |date=May 1959 |pages=103–109 |jstor=3204732 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sloan |first=Gary |title=The Religion of George Bernard Shaw: When is an Atheist? |url=http://www.liberator.net/articles/SloanGary/Shaw.html |journal=American Atheist |date=Autumn 2004 |access-date=18 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Sloan: The religion of George Bernard Shaw 2004}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wallis |first=Eric |year=1991 |title=The Intelligent Woman's Guide: Some Contemporary Opinions |jstor=40681331 |journal=Shaw: The Journal of Bernard Shaw Studies |volume=11 |pages=185–193}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weales |first=Gerald |title=A Hand at Shaw's Curtain |journal=[[The Hudson Review]] |volume=19 |issue=Autumn 1966 |pages=518–522 |jstor=3849269 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weales |first=Gerald |title=Shaw as Screenwriter |journal=The Shaw Review |volume=12 |issue=2 |date=May 1969 |pages=80–82 |jstor=40682173 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=Shaw's Musician: Edward Elgar |journal=Shaw: The Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies |date=2002 |volume=22 |pages=1–88 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/shaw/summary/v022/22.1weintraub.html |doi=10.1353/shaw.2002.0017 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=GBS and the Despots |url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/george-bernard-shaw-and-the-despots/ |journal=[[The Times Literary Supplement]]|date=22 August 2011 |access-date=4 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Weintraub: "GBS and the Despots", 22 August 2011}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=West |first=E.J. |title=The Critic as Analyst: Bernard Shaw as Example |jstor=3203744 |journal=Educational Theatre Journal |volume=4 |issue=3 |date=October 1952 |pages=200–205 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last=Westrup |first=Sir Jack |author-link=Jack Westrup |title=Shaw and the Charlatan Genius |journal=[[Music & Letters]] |date=January 1966 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |jstor=732134 }} {{subscription}}
{{refend}}

====Newspapers====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |title=At the Play: Mr Shaw's ''Major Barbara'' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/480484228 |newspaper=The Observer |page=5 |date=3 December 1905 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Observer'', 3 December 1905}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=Avenue Theatre |newspaper=The Standard |location=London |page=2 |date=29 April 1894 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Standard'', 23 April 1894}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Ervine |first=St John |title=At the Play: Mr Shaw In Despair |page=11 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/480796893 |newspaper=The Observer |date=23 October 1921 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |last=Ervine |first=St John |page=11 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/481077190 |title=At the Play: ''Back To Methuselah'' |newspaper=The Observer |date=14 October 1923 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=''Heartbreak House'' |newspaper=The Times |date=19 October 1921 |page=8 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 19 October 1921}}}}
* {{cite news |title=''Heartbreak House'' in New York |newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=12 November 1920 |page=11 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 12 November 1920}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |title=Abuse of Shaw's literary legacy |newspaper=The Times |page=1 |date= 7 April 1992 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 7 April 1992}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Holroyd |first=Michael |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/jul/13/george-bernard-shaw-doctors-dilemma |title=Bernard Shaw and his lethally absurd doctor's dilemma |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 July 2012}}
* {{cite news |last=Janes |first=Daniel |title=The Shavian Moment |newspaper=New Statesman |date=20 July 2012 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/cultural-capital/2012/07/shavian-moment |ref={{sfnRef|Janes, ''New Statesman'', 20 July 2012}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy|title=George Bernard Shaw photographs uncover man behind myth |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 July 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/jul/05/george-bernard-shaw-photographs-exhibitions |ref={{sfnRef|Kennedy, ''The Guardian'', 5 July 2011}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Lawson |first=Mark |title=Timing is everything: how plays find their moments |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 July 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/jul/11/timing-everything-plays-transformed-current-events |ref={{sfnRef|Lawson, ''The Guardian'', 11 July 2012}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Mr Bernard Shaw's £367,000 Estate |newspaper=The Times |date=24 March 1951 |page=8 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 24 March 1951}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Mr Shaw's Play |newspaper=The Times |date=15 October 1923 |page=10 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 15 October 1923}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Mr Shaw's ''Saint Joan'' |newspaper=The Times |date=29 December 1923 |page=8 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 9 December 1923}}}}
* {{cite news |title=''Mrs Warren's Profession'' |page=12 |newspaper=The Times |date=29 September 1925 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 29 September 1925}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Mrs Pat Campbell Here |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/10/10/100329091.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106205343/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/10/10/100329091.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 October 1914 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times'', 10 October 1914}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |last=Nestruck |first=J. Kelly |title=Was George Bernard Shaw a Monster? |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/was-george-bernard-shaw-a-monster/article585209/?page=all |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |location=Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario |date=1 July 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=News Report |newspaper=The New York Times |url=http://walterschafer.com/atimesofshaw/articles/1933.html#0879 |date=10 December 1933 |access-date=13 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times'', 10 December 1933}}}}
* {{cite news |title=New Theatre |newspaper=The Times |page=12 |date=27 March 1924 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Times'', 27 March 1924}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Osborne |first=John |title=Superman? A look back in anguish |url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/185903266 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 June 1977 |p=12 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |last=Owen |first=Richard |title=Shaw's secret fair lady revealed at last |page=3 |newspaper=The Times |date=14 June 2004}}
* {{cite news |last=Rhodes |first=Crompton |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/476788917 |title=''Back To Methuselah'' at Birmingham |page=8 |newspaper=The Manchester Guardian |date=16 October 1923 }} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=Shaw's ''Pygmalion'' Has Come to Town |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/10/13/archives/shaws-pygmalion-has-come-to-town-with-mrs-campbell-delightful-as-a.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 October 1914 |p=11 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times'', 13 October 1914}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=Social Conditions in Russia: Recent Visitor's Tribute |url=http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/bernard_shaw.htm |newspaper=The Manchester Guardian |date=2 March 1933 |access-date=4 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaw et al.: "Social Conditions in Russia", 2 March 1933}}}}
* {{cite news |title=The Avenue Theatre: ''Arms and the Man'' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/473809555 |newspaper=The Observer |date=22 April 1894 |page=5 |ref={{sfnRef| ''The Observer'', 22 April 1894}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=''The Doctor's Dilemma'': Mr Bernard Shaw's New Play |newspaper=The Manchester Guardian |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/474608009 |page=7 |date=21 November 1906 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Manchester Guardian'', 21 November 1906}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=The Modest Shaw Again |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/11/23/archives/the-modest-shaw-again-explains-in-his-shrinking-way-why-pygmalion.html |page=X6 |date=23 November 1913 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times'', 23 November 1913}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=The Drama |page=2 |newspaper=The Daily News |date=1 April 1895 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Daily News'', 1 April 1895}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Things Theatrical |newspaper=The Sporting Times |page=3 |date=19 May 1894 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Sporting Times'', 19 May 1894}}}}
* {{cite news |last=Tomlinson |first=Philip |title=Bernard Shaw: Obituary |newspaper=The Times Literary Supplement |location=London |pages=709–710 |date=10 November 1950}}
* {{cite news |title=''Too True to Be Good'' – Mr G. B. Shaw's New Play – America Sees it First |page=9 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/478400351 |newspaper=The Manchester Guardian |date=2 March 1932 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Manchester Guardian'', 2 March 1932}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=Vedrenne-Barker Plays: Famous Partnership Dissolved |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/480433630 |page=8 |newspaper=The Observer |date=8 March 1908 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Observer'', 8 March 1908}}}} {{subscription}}
* {{cite news |title=Waftings from the Wings |page=179 |newspaper=Fun |location=London |date=1 May 1894 |ref={{sfnRef|''Fun'', 1 May 1894}}}}
{{refend}}

====Online====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Robert |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/25600 |title=Shaw, Bernard |publisher=Grove Music Online |access-date=1 January 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Anderson: ''Grove Music Online''}} }}
* {{cite web |last=Diniejko |first=Andrzej |title=The Fabian Society in Late Victorian Britain |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/fabian.html |publisher=The Victorian Web |date=September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2016 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Ervine |first=St John |title=Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950) |journal=Dictionary of National Biography Archive |year=1959 |ref={{sfnRef|Ervine 1959 DNB archive}} |doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.36047}} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite web |title=Fabian Tracts: 1884–1901 |url=https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/16 |publisher=LSE Digital Library |access-date=24 January 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Fabian Tracts: 1884–1901}} }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Grene |first=Nicholas |title=Shaw, George Bernard |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance |year=2003 |ref={{sfnRef|Grene 2003 ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre''}} |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198601746.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-860174-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0002unse_e9d3 }}
* {{cite book |title=Love Among the Artists |oclc=489748 |publisher=H.S. Stone and Company |first=Bernard |last=Shaw |ref={{sfnRef|''Love Among the Artists'': WorldCat}}}}
* {{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 |work=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media AB |date=2014 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1925/ |access-date=27 July 2014 |ref={{sfnRef|The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925}} }}
* {{cite web |last=Pharand |first=Michael |url=http://www.shawsociety.org/ShawChro_2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121222106/http://www.shawsociety.org/ShawChro_2015.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2016 |url-status=live |title=A Chronology of Works By and About Bernard Shaw |work=Bernard Shaw |publisher=Shaw Society |year=2015 |access-date=13 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Pharand: Shaw chronology 2015}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Shaw, George Bernard: 1856–1950 |url=https://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/shaw_gb/ |publisher=Verein SwissEduc |access-date=19 December 2019 }}
* {{cite ODNB|first=Stanley|last=Weintraub|title=Shaw, George Bernard|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36047|date=3 October 2013|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36047/version/6}}
* {{cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |url=http://www.shawsociety.org/Weintraub%27s-Shaw-Societies.htm |title=Shaw Societies: Once and Now |publisher=The Shaw Society |access-date=18 February 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Weintraub: Shaw Societies Once and Now}} |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221034744/http://www.shawsociety.org/Weintraub%27s-Shaw-Societies.htm |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=Q19185}}
{{Library resources box}}
;Digital collections
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/george-bernard-shaw}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=467|name=Shaw}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Shaw, Bernard|name=Shaw|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Shaw|name=Shaw}}
* {{Librivox author|id=603|title=Shaw}}

;Physical collections
* [https://archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=SHAW+PHOTOGRAPHS Shaw photographs held at LSE Library]
* [http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingaid.cfm?eadid=00121p1 Shaw collection] at the [http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/ Harry Ransom Center] at [[The University of Texas at Austin]]

;Other biographical information
* {{IBDB name|id=5784|name=Shaw}} (Information on Broadway productions, 1894 to present)
* {{IMDb name|id=0789737|name=Shaw}} (Lists all film and TV versions of Shaw's works since 1921)
* {{cite TIWW |article=Shaw, Bernard |pages=229–230}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/016422|NAME=Shaw}}

;Societies
* [http://www.shawsociety.org/ International Shaw Society]
* [http://www.shawsociety.org.uk/ The Shaw Society, UK, established in 1941]
* [http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~dietrich/shawsociety.html The Bernard Shaw Society, New York]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Anton Lang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|Cover of ''Time'']]
|years=24 December 1923}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anthony Fokker]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{George Bernard Shaw}}
{{Navboxes
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{{AcademyAwardBestAdaptedScreenplay 1928–1940}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1901–1925}}
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{{Authority control}}

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Gudiya

2026-03-13T18:57:46Z

Hayaat: Added a details - done

{{Infobox person
| name = Gudiya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 2 January 2006
| death_place = Delhi, India
| occupation = Housewife
| known_for = Her plight during and after the Kargil War, which received media attention
| spouse =
* Naik Arif (m. 1999 – unknown)
* Taufiq (m. 2003 – unknown)
| children = 1 son
| notable_works = Subject of the film "Kahaani Gudiya Ki"
}}

'''Gudiya''' (d. 2 January 2006) was an [[Indian Muslims|Indian Muslim]] woman affected by the [[Kargil war]], whose plight was highlighted by the [[print media|print]] and [[electronic media]].<ref name="rediff1">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Ehtasham |date=23 September 2004 |title=Prisoner of woe: Private horror behind Gudiya's public trial |work=[[rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2004/sep/23spec.htm |accessdate=March 23, 2013}}</ref> She was married to a [[sapper]] named Naik Arif in 1999, 10 days before he was called on duty to [[Kargil war|Kargil]]. Arif disappeared on September 16, 1999,<ref name="rediff1" /> and was later declared an [[desertion|army deserter]] before authorities realised he was prisoner of war in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Bansal |first=Aanchal |date=4 January 2006 |title=Gudiya's child is mine, I will keep him forever: Arif |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=60851 |accessdate=23 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129130437/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=60851 |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Because Arif was thought to be dead, Gudiya's relatives married her to a relative whom she had known since childhood, Taufiq on April 20, 2003,<ref name="rediff1" /> and she became pregnant with his child.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url =http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/19594.html|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060111034155/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/19594.html|url-status =dead|archive-date =January 11, 2006| title = Gudiya's death upsets filmmaker|work = Indiaglitz.com|accessdate = March 23, 2013}}</ref>

When Arif was released by Pakistan in August 2004,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Venugopal |first=Ayswaria |date=September 21, 2004 |title=Father of unborn child counts his losses - Forsaken husband in shock, family blames girl's stepmother for separation |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta, India |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040921/asp/frontpage/story_3784649.asp |url-status=dead |accessdate=March 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215740/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040921/asp/frontpage/story_3784649.asp |archive-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> he returned home to a warm welcome. Gudiya, who at the time was living with her parents in Kalunda village on the outskirts of [[Delhi]], moved about 75 km away to her in-laws house in Mundali village in the [[Meerut]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She told the media at the village [[Panchayati Raj|panchayat]] that she wanted return to living with her first husband. The [[Ulema|Islamic scholars]] present in the audience applauded her decision, proclaiming it to be in accordance with [[Sharia]]. According to the scholars, her second marriage was illegal, as she had not annulled her previous marriage.<ref name = rediff1/>

However, an investigation by [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] revealed that Gudiya had returned to Arif under pressure from him, his family members, the villagers and the religious leaders. In fact, Gudiya herself stated "it was everybody's decision".<ref name="rediff1" /> Gudiya's uncle, Riyasat Ali, said, "she was pressured by the people there. She was not allowed to speak. The clerics told her that she had to follow the Shariat and go to Arif. They said her son would become illegitimate if she did not".<ref name="rediff1" /> Gudiya's second husband, Taufiq, told media that Gudiya had called him five days before the incident. During the call, she had explained she was being pressured by those around her, and that her father had told her he would commit suicide if she did not go back to Arif.<ref name = rediff1/>

Arif accepted his wife, but expressed uncertainty about her unborn child, saying he might send the child to live with Taufiq.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Abantika |date=January 3, 2006 |title=Gudiya's mute story ends in death |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-03/india/27805323_1_gudiya-painful-death-dilemma |url-status=dead |accessdate=March 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119173314/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-03/india/27805323_1_gudiya-painful-death-dilemma |archive-date=November 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She gave birth to a son a month later, and subsequently developed [[anaemia]] and underwent bouts of [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name=":3" /> Fifteen months after the reunion, she died from either [[sepsis]] or [[Lupus|systemic lupus erythematosus]] in the Army Research and Referral Hospital in Delhi.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060103/asp/frontpage/story_5675062.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215419/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060103/asp/frontpage/story_5675062.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2013|title=Gudiya did not live happily ever after - Woman scarred by war, separation and reunion dies of miscarriage fallout|publisher = [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|accessdate = March 23, 2013|location=Calcutta, India|date=January 3, 2006}}</ref> Doctors attributed her death to [[gynecology|gynecological]] problems induced by a stillbirth from three months prior.<ref name=":3" /> She was buried in Mundali village, and following her death Arif said he would retain custody of her son.<ref name=":1" />

== Film ==
Ad-filmmaker Prabhakar Shukla's first feature film, 'Kahaani Gudiya Ki' is based on the life of Gudiya. He said even though the lady died, the issue that the happenings raised is very much relevant. "My film is not only about what happened with Gudiya, but it's a panoramic view of the entire episode from Gudiya's point of view. That's besides paying homage to her," says Shukla, adding, "Gudiya died due to excessive mental trauma that led to multiple organ failure. Her death is the most tragic part of the entire episode, and the film questions why it happened to her."<ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=488650|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411144155/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=488650|url-status = dead|archive-date = April 11, 2013|title = Film on Gudiya to be screened at Osian's film fest|publisher = [[Outlook India]]|accessdate = March 23, 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]

Ghaziabad

2026-03-11T12:59:20Z

Hayaat: rework information as per guidelines per standard format

{{About|the city in Uttar Pradesh, India|}}
{{distinguish|Ghaziabad, Pakistan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghaziabad
| native_name =
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Six cities to get metropolitan status|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Six-cities-to-get-metropolitan-status/articleshow/2210886.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 October 2006 |access-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223071608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Six-cities-to-get-metropolitan-status/articleshow/2210886.cms|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1= Indirapuram.jpg
| image2 = New Academic Block & Library, IMT Ghaziabad.jpg
| image3 = Kaushambi.jpg
| image5 = Clock House.jpg
| image4 = Shipra Mall, Ghaziabad.jpg
| image6 = Hindon Airport.jpg
}}
| image_size =
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Khariboli]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from Top: [[Indirapuram]] Skyline, [[Kaushambi, Ghaziabad|Kaushambi]] Skyline, Clock House, [[Hindon Airport]], Shipra Mall and [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad|Institute of Management Technology]]
| nickname = Gateway of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Map of Ghaziabad
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.67|N|77.42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut Division|Meerut]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sunita Dayal ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Nitin Gaur, IAS<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/in-a-reshuffle-before-civic-polls-gmc-gets-new-commissioner/articleshow/94314521.cms|title=In a reshuffle before civic polls, Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation|work=The Times of India|date=20 September 2022 |accessdate=20 September 2022}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Ghaziabad Official Information'>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/ghaziabad-city.html|title=Ghaziabad City|website=www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124201106/http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/ghaziabad-city.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 210
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,729,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Ghaziabad Official Information'/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Ghaziabadi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201 XXX
| area_code = 91-120
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = UP-14
| website = {{URL|http://ghaziabad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ghaziabad''' ({{IPA|hns|ɣaːziːaːbaːd̪|lang}}) is a city in the Indian state<ref>{{Cite web |last=CareersHelp |date=29 March 2022 |title=Slums Problems 2022 - A Reality Of India Slums Problems And Solutions |url=https://careers.help/slums-problems/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Careers Help - More Than Just Career Help |language=en-US |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006032836/https://careers.help/slums-problems/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Capital Region- Constituent Areas|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.php|publisher=NCRPB|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507171048/http://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.php|archive-date=7 May 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]] and is the largest city in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], with a population of 1,729,000.<ref name='Ghaziabad Official Information'/> [[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]] is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Zone-division of Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam|url=https://www.ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/zones-and-wards.html|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124195532/http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/zones-and-wards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards.<ref name='Ghaziabad Official Information'/> Well connected by roads and railways, it is a major rail junction for [[North India]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Athique and Hill|first1=Adrian and Douglas|title=The Multiplex in India: A Cultural Economy of Urban Leisure|date=17 December 2009|location=New York|pages=110–114|isbn=9781135181888|edition=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbaLAgAAQBAJ&q=Ghaziabad&pg=PA111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District and Sessions Court Ghaziabad- History|url=http://ghaziabad.nic.in/court_new/history.html|publisher=NIC|access-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604092846/http://ghaziabad.nic.in/court_new/history.html|archive-date=4 June 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> It is part of the [[Meerut division|Meerut Division]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

It is sometimes referred to as the "Gateway of Uttar Pradesh" because it is close to [[Delhi]], on the main route into Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghaziabad.nic.in/ |title=Ghaziabad-Gateway of U.P |publisher=Ghaziabad.nic.in |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728065006/http://ghaziabad.nic.in/ |archive-date=28 July 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> Recent construction<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=Ghaziabad slum dwellers clash with authorities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ghaziabad-slum-dwellers-clash-with-authorities/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> work has led to the city being described by a City Mayors Foundation survey as the second fastest-growing in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business |date=17 November 2011|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-fastest-growing-cities-in-india/20111117.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120003527/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-fastest-growing-cities-in-india/20111117.htm|archive-date=20 November 2011|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>Ghaziabad was first listed in early 2010 as # 420 by size. {{cite web|title=The largest cities in the world and their mayors: Cities ranked 301 to 450|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-mayors-301.html|publisher=City Mayors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309063818/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-mayors-301.html|archive-date=9 March 2010|url-status = dead}}, current listings: {{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |title=World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |publisher=City Mayors |access-date=1 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> Situated in the Upper Gangetic Plains, the city has two major divisions separated by the [[Hindon River]], namely Trans-Hindon on the west and Cis-Hindon on the east.<ref name="GNN">{{cite web|title=Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam: About Us |url=http://www.nagarnigamghaziabad.com/aboutus.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201100341/http://www.nagarnigamghaziabad.com/aboutus.html|archive-date=1 February 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sad State Of Ghaziabad Slums, People Deprived of Basic Amenities |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENpZ_hrUgWg |language=en |access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Hindoun Railway Bridge near Ghaziabad.jpg|thumb|left|A photograph of the Hindan Bridge taken in 1858 by Major Robert Christopher Tytler and his wife, Harriet. The Hindon River was the scene of a battle between the British and the Indian rebels in May 1857.]]
The city of Ghaziabad was founded in 1740 A.D. by [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Ghazi-ud-Din II]], who served as a [[Vizier|wazir]] in the court of Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], and named it as "Ghaziuddinnagar" after his own name.<ref>Anu Kapur, In 1864, with the advent of the railways, the name was shortened to Ghaziabad for administrative purposes p. 83-85, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&dq=ghaziuddinnagar&pg=PT83 Mapping Place Names of India]</ref> The name "Ghaziuddinnagar" was shortened to its present form, i.e. "Ghaziabad" with the opening of the Railways in 1864.<ref name="nagarnigamghaziabad.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nagarnigamghaziabad.com/history1.html|title=history1|publisher=nagarnigamghaziabad.com|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002152109/http://www.nagarnigamghaziabad.com/history1.html|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 1 |publisher=Irfca.org |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307181407/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |archive-date=7 March 2005 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://ghaziabad.nic.in/indexintro1.htm|website=ghaziabad.nic.in|publisher=District Administration, Ghaziabad|access-date=5 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208161131/http://ghaziabad.nic.in/indexintro1.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status = live}}</ref> During the Mughal period, Ghaziabad and especially the banks of the [[Hindon River|Hindon]] in Ghaziabad, remained a picnic spot for the Mughal royal family.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Debashish|title=Ghaziabad has a long way to go to become a part of NCR backbone|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-14/news/29886531_1_ghaziabad-development-authority-town-planning-hindon|agency=The Hindu|date=14 August 2011|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720175828/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-14/news/29886531_1_ghaziabad-development-authority-town-planning-hindon|archive-date=20 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Establishment of the Scientific Society here, during the same period is considered as a milestone of the educational movement launched by [[Syed Ahmad Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Azimabadi|first1=Badr|title=Great Personalities in Islam|date=2007|publisher=Adam Publishers|location=Daryaganj, Delhi|page=218|isbn=9788174351227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRURyQeW32QC&pg=PP5}}</ref> The [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]], connecting [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]], up until [[Ambala]] through Ghaziabad was opened in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 1 |publisher=Irfca.org |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922113455/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref> With the completion of the [[Amritsar]]-[[Saharanpur]]-Ghaziabad line of the Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway in 1870, [[Delhi]] was connected to [[Multan]] through Ghaziabad, and Ghaziabad became the junction of the [[East Indian Railway]] and Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 2 |publisher=Irfca.org |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611003246/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |archive-date=11 June 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref>

Ghaziabad, along with [[Meerut]] and [[Bulandshahr]], remained one of the three Munsifis of the District, under the Meerut Civil Judgeship during most periods of the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA200 |title=Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western ... - North-western provinces - Google Books |date=8 June 2007 |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

Ghaziabad was associated with the [[Indian independence movement]] from the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="nagarnigamghaziabad.com"/>

Ghaziabad was part of [[Meerut]] district, it became a new district on 14 November 1976 by then chief minister N.D. Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} ghaziabad {{!}} India |url=https://ghaziabad.nic.in/en/about-district/ |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
The provisional data derived from the 2011 census shows that Ghaziabad urban agglomeration had a population of 2,358,525, of which males were 1,256,783 and females were 1,101,742. According to official website of [https://ghaziabad.nic.in/en/ Ghaziabad], the population of Ghaziabad is 34,06,061 with 18,60,400 males and 16,60,412 females as of January 24, 2025 . The city is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh and is the largest city in western Uttar Pradesh. The literacy rate was 98.81%.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130402233834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date = 2 April 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> Ghaziabad is a subcategory B1 district of category B i.e. having socioeconomic parameters below the national average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting of Empowered Committee |url=http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090010/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf |url-status = dead|archive-date=30 September 2011 |work=Minutes of the Meeting Report |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 March 2013 }}</ref> It is the second largest industrial city in [[Uttar Pradesh]] after [[Kanpur]].<ref name="ghaziabad1">{{cite web |url=http://ghaziabad.nic.in/court_new/history.html |title=district and session court-ghaziabad |publisher=Ghaziabad.nic.in |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214015019/http://ghaziabad.nic.in/court_new/history.html |archive-date=14 February 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=Caste will play role in casting votes in Ghaziabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-caste-will-play-role-in-casting-votes-in-ghaziabad/story-zDcPS6zS6jyHHJH34Mme1K.html |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=Hindustantimes |language=en}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ghaziabad (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|14.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh|Jainism]]|pink|0.71}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.87}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the final data, Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation had a population of 1,648,643 and a sex ratio of 885 females per 1000 males. Ghaziabad had a literacy rate of 84.78%. 12.67% of the population was under the age of 6. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 13.68% and 0.18% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Ghaziabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1214/download/3870/DH_2011_0909_PART_A_DCHB_GHAZIABAD.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages in Ghaziabad (2011)<ref name="Lang"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 94.24 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 1.52 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 1.06 |color3 = pink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 3.18 |color4 = grey
}}

[[Hindi]] is the most spoken language. Other languages such as Urdu and Punjabi, are spoken by a minority. There is a smattering of speakers of other languages due to Ghaziabad's position in the Delhi metro area.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
Ghaziabad city is governed by the [[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]] under the [http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233237/http://www.janaagraha.org/asics/report/Uttar-Pradesh-Uttarakhand-Municipal-Corporation-Act-1959.pdf |date=16 August 2017 }}, 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The role of female human resource for regional development a case study of kanpur metropolis|hdl=10603/223280|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/223280}}</ref> Ghaziabad city is spread over {{cvt|210|km2}} of municipal area.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ghaziabad City|url=http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/ghaziabad-city.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=ghaziabadnagarnigam.in|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006042736/http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/ghaziabad-city.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It upgraded from a Municipal Board to a [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]] on 31 August 1994, following the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.<ref name=":1" /> Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation (or Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad) is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone.<ref name=":0" /> The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards, with councillors elected from each ward.<ref name="Ghaziabad Official Information" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parshad List|url=http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/parshad-list.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=ghaziabadnagarnigam.in|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725070011/https://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/parshad-list.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The local elections to all wards was last held in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 November 2017|title=Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam Polls 2017: Ward-Wise Candidate and Municipal Corporation Details of Ghaziabad, UP|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/ghaziabad-nagar-nigam-elections-2017-ward-wise-candidate-and-municipal-corporation-details-of-ghaziabad-up-2675838/|access-date=26 August 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> The executive head is Vikramaditya Singh Malik, the current [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} while the elected head is the [[Mayor]], Sunita dayal from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ayaskant Das|date=12 December 2017|title=BJP leader Asha Sharma sworn in as new Ghaziabad mayor {{!}} Noida News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/bjp-leader-asha-sharma-sworn-in-as-new-ghaziabad-mayor/articleshow/62039904.cms|access-date=26 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
In 2022, Assembly Election [[Atul Garg]], [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate won the election.

The municipality has the following departments: Swachh Bharat Mission, Public Works Dept, I.T Dept, Property Tax Dept, Health Dept, Street Light Dept, Water Works Dept, Law, Garden/Horticulture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad Official Website|url=http://ghaziabadnagarnigam.in/index.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=ghaziabadnagarnigam.in}}</ref> It has an executive committee composed of businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organization{{!}}GMA- Ghaziabad Management Association|url=http://gmaindia.org/executive.php|access-date=29 October 2020|website=gmaindia.org}}</ref>

=== Representation in state assembly ===
The city is represented in the Lok Sabha through one MP elected from the [[Ghaziabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lok Sabha constituency]] represented by BJP's [[Atul Garg]] elected in 2024.<ref name="myneta.info">{{Cite web|title=Atul Garg(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GHAZIABAD(GHAZIABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=186|access-date=23 September 2020|website=myneta.info}}</ref> and one MLA elected from the [[Ghaziabad (Assembly constituency)|Vidhan Sabha constituency]], represented by BJP's [[Atul Garg]] elected in 2017.<ref name="myneta.info"/>

=== Law and order ===
In January 2020, it was announced that the police commissionerate system was likely to be introduced in Ghaziabad in phases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2020|title=Commissionerate: New police system in Ghaziabad, Varanasi, Kanpur likely|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/commissionerate-new-police-system-in-ghaziabad-varanasi-kanpur-likely-6216869/|access-date=29 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The city police is under the state home department and is headed by Senior Superintendent of Police for the district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who {{!}} District Ghaziabad, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ghaziabad.nic.in/en/about-district/whos-who/|access-date=29 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Development ===
The [[Ghaziabad Development Authority]] (GDA), established 1977, is responsible for planning, development and construction of housing projects, commercial lands, land management and infrastructure.

The Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA) announced plans to develop Ghaziabad as the next solar city in the state after Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=In 3 yrs, solar power to account for 10% of Gzb's energy needs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/solar-energy-to-account-for-10-of-ghaziabads-energy-needs-by-2027/articleshow/112300376.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The city is expected to meet 10% of its electricity demand with solar power by 2027. Out of the targeted 22 GW power generation capacity under the plan, 6 GW is planned from rooftop solar systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=connect2783 |date=2023-09-13 |title=Slow Burn Of The Solar Boom |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/solar-rooftops |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}</ref>

=== Civic utilities ===
Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad looks after the civic activities of the city. Other development agencies of the city include the Ghaziabad Development Authority, and the UP Jal Nigam. The [[Comprehensive planning|master plan]] for the city is laid by the Town & Country Planning Department, [[Uttar Pradesh]], which is department under the [[Department of Housing and Urban Planning]] for the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Town And Country Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, India. / About Us / Profile|url=http://uptownplanning.gov.in/page/en/profile|access-date=26 August 2020|website=uptownplanning.gov.in|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029132356/http://uptownplanning.gov.in/page/en/profile|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The corporation supplies water and has nearly 2.35 lakh water connections, supplying nearly 388 MLD of water per day.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 January 2017|title=Ghaziabad's residential areas to get water ATMs before summer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/ghaziabad-s-residential-areas-to-get-water-atms-before-summer/story-IJp306qqdFn3IEhd0y9lOO.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The city also receives water from the [[Ganges|Ganga]] through 50 [[Cubic foot|cusec]] (one cubic foot of water flow per second which translates into 28.32 litres) and 100 cusec plants<ref name=":2" /> but a lot of areas in the city constituting multi-storied apartments do not receive Ganga water and rely on groundwater.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ghaziabad: New Ganga water treatment plant to tackle city's water scarcity|url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/5967/ghaziabad-new-ganga-water-treatment-plant-to-tackle-city-s-water-scarcity|access-date=26 August 2020|website=www.cityspidey.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Treated water is supplied to only 36.2% of households.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=4 September 2015|title=Treated water doesn't reach over half of Ghaziabad homes {{!}} Noida News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Treated-water-doesnt-reach-over-half-of-Ghaziabad-homes/articleshow/48796230.cms|access-date=26 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The municipality, as well as UP Jal Nigam sets up [[sewage treatment plants]] and water treatment plants for the city.<ref name=":3" /> The Ghaziabad Development Authority is responsible for laying networks of sewer lines and piped drinking water supply.<ref name=":4"/> Drinking water remains a concern with 55.6% of households accessing it from tube wells, bore wells and hand pumps.<ref name=":4" /> Only 30.5% households are connected to piped sewer lines.<ref name=":4" />

As of 2019, Ghaziabad generates 1,000 metric tonnes of waste daily, some of which is sent to [[Meerut]], while 300 metric tonnes are sent to [[Pilkhuwa]], while almost 200 metric tons is used in various GMC owned parks to create [[compost]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|author=Abhijay Jha|date=25 January 2019|title=Meerut allows Ghaziabad to dump 200 tonnes of waste daily {{!}} Ghaziabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/meerut-allows-ghaziabad-to-dump-200-tonnes-of-waste-daily/articleshow/67680428.cms|access-date=8 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The corporation also dumps garbage in Indirapuram landfill site, and would dump it in Pratap Vihar [[landfill]] until they stopped on the orders of a [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] committee.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The corporation also announced in September 2020 that it was creating 10 'garbage factories<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=GZB Municipal corp to set up 10 garbage factories|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/business/gzb-municipal-corp-to-set-up-10-garbage-factories.html|access-date=8 September 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>' as a permanent solution to the city's waste problem.
=== Municipal finance ===
As per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation reported a revenue of ₹665 crore (US$80 million) and an expenditure of ₹480 crore (US$58 million) in 2022–23. Taxes contributed to 31.6% of the revenue, while the corporation received ₹429 crore in grants during the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghaziabad Municipal Data |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/ghaziabad |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Crossing Republik Ghaziabad (NH 24).jpg|left|thumb|Residential apartments near [[Vaishali metro station]], Ghaziabad]]
[[File:MAIT Administrative Block.JPG|left|thumb|MAIT Administrative Block in Ghaziabad.]]
Although connected by railway since 1865, it was not until 1940 that the first modern industry appeared in Ghaziabad. However, it was in the post-independence period that industry really expanded, with a further 22 factories opening in the four years after 1947. This development can be attributed to the influx of people from the newly formed Pakistan and the relocation of businesses from what was now the Pakistani province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saxena|first1=Aruna|title=Perspectives in industrial geography : a case study of an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh|date=1989|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170222508|pages=30, 92, 98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o31qeLOxQYsC}}</ref> John Oakey and Mohan Ltd., one of India's largest concerns manufacturing coated and bonded abrasives, and originally functioning under the name of 'National Abrasives' at [[Rawalpindi]] was shifted here under the proprietorship of 'Dyer Meakins' in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saxena|first1=Aruna|title=Perspectives in industrial geography : a case study of an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh|date=1989|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170222508|page=172}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Mohan Meakin]] breweries were also set up in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohanmeakin.com/index.php |title=Mohan Meakin Group |publisher=Mohanmeakin.com |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref> This period also saw the development of Ghaziabad as one of India's most famous centres of the Oil Engines industry.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saxena|first1=Aruna|title=Perspectives in industrial geography : a case study of an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh|date=1989|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170222508|page=92}}</ref>

In 1967, the municipal limits were extended up to the Delhi-UP border. Starting in the early 1970s, many steel-manufacturing units also came up in the city making it one of the primary industries of the city. This period also saw the emergence of the [[Electronics industry]], with the setting up of [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] and [[Central Electronics Limited]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saxena|first1=Aruna|title=Perspectives in industrial geography : a case study of an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh|date=1989|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170222508|pages=97, 98}}</ref> Over the years, planned Industrial development saw participation from major industrial houses of the country including Mohans (Mohan Nagar Industrial Estate, 1949), Tatas (Tata Oil Mills), Modis (Modinagar, 1933; International Tobacco Co. 1967), Shri Rams (Shri Ram Pistons, 1964), Jaipurias etc. and also significant participation through foreign capital in concerns such as Danfoss India Ltd. (estd. 1968); Indo- Bulgar Food Ltd. and International Tobacco Company (estd. 1967).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saxena|first1=Aruna|title=Perspectives in industrial geography : a case study of an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh|date=1989|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170222508|pages=124, 93, 11, 39, 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o31qeLOxQYsC&pg=PA1}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Road===
[[File:Delhi–Meerut Expressway in Ghaziabad 07.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi–Meerut Expressway]] connects Ghaziabad with [[Delhi]] and [[Meerut]].]]
A proposal has been made to widen{{when|date=April 2020}} [[National Highway 24 (India)|National Highway 24]] (NH-24) from four to fourteen lanes on the stretch between the Ghaziabad-Delhi border and Dasna. Many residential and commercial projects are being built along the highway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/make-nh-24-eight-lane-to-ease-mess-akhilesh-yadav/Article1-989730.aspx |title=Make NH-24 eight-lane to ease mess: Akhilesh Yadav |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604020244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Make-NH-24-eight-lane-to-ease-mess-Akhilesh-Yadav/Article1-989730.aspx |archive-date=4 June 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Delhi Metro.jpg|thumb|The [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]], [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red]] and [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink]] lines of [[Delhi Metro]] serve Ghaziabad]]
The [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]], [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red]] and [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink]] lines of Delhi Metro serve Ghaziabad and connect it with [[Delhi]]. The Red Line has 8 stations in the city, with its eastern terminus [[Shaheed Sthal metro station|Shaheed Sthal]] being located here. The Blue Line has 2 stations in Ghaziabad, viz., [[Kaushambi metro station|Kaushambi]], which serves the area of [[Kaushambi (Ghaziabad)|Kaushambi]], and [[Vaishali (Delhi Metro)|Vaishali]], which serves the areas of Vaishali, [[Vasundhra|Vasundhara]] and [[Indirapuram]]. Pink line also has 2 stations in Loni, Ghaziabad, viz., [[Johri Enclave metro station|Johri Enclave]] and [[Shiv Vihar (Delhi Metro)|Shiv Vihar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2011|title=Ghaziabad boards Metro for first traffic-free ride to work|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ghaziabad-boards-metro-for-first-trafficfree-ride-to-work/817698/|access-date=16 April 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The main railway station in the city is [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad Junction]], which, as per the [[categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance]], has been ranked NSG-2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf |title=List of zone/category-wise railway stations opened for passenger services in Indian Railways |date=1 December 2022 |website=indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=22 December 2023 |page=61}}</ref> The station has been operating since 1864 and is an important one on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line|Delhi-Howrah line]]. It is spread across {{convert|150,000|m2|acre}} and has a daily footfall of 50,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ranjput |first=Abhinav |date=21 December 2023 |title=Ghaziabad railway station on track for revamp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/ghaziabad-railway-station-on-track-for-revamp/articleshow/106166618.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]] is an {{cvt|82.15|km}} [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speed rail]] connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and [[Meerut]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-meerut-rrts-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/ |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates |website=themetrorailguy.com |publisher=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncrtc.in/overview-project/ |title=Project Overview - NCRTC |website=ncrtc.in |publisher=NCRTC |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Journal|first=Tunnelling|date=31 December 2021|title=EPBMs ready for India's Delhi-Meerut Rapid Rail Project|url=https://tunnellingjournal.com/epbms-ready-indias-delhi-meerut-rapid-rail-project/|access-date=31 December 2021|website=The Tunnelling Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> It is partly operational, with its priority section from [[Sahibabad]] to Duhai opened to public on 20 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anand |first=Jatin |title=PM Modi flags off RRTS: What is this mass transport system, how it can benefit NCR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pm-modi-to-flag-off-rrts-what-is-this-mass-transport-system-how-it-can-benefit-ncr-8991437/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

===Air===
[[Hindon Airport]] is an airport serving Ghaziabad and has been operational since 2019. It is the second commercial airport in the Delhi–NCR after [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. The airport was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] on 8 March 2019. The [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] is the closest international airport. Hindon Airport currently operates flights to Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, and Hubli, Karnataka.<ref>[http://livemint.com/companies/news/udan-scheme-4-airlines-to-link-ghaziabad-to-8-small-towns-from-mid-may-1552043368616.html UDAN flights from Hindon airport, Ghaziabad, will connect to Hubli, Jamnagar, Shimla, Kalburgi, Kannur, Nashik, Faizabad, Pithoragarh] Livemint</ref> [[Noida International Airport|A new airport in Noida]] is being built to relieve congestion at IGI coming from Ghaziabad and other cities inside NCR

Ghaziabad has been ranked 18th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
Ghaziabad has also emerged as one of the major educational destinations with many higher education colleges and institutes operating in the city. Some of the main institutes are:


*[[Christ University]] [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR Campus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi NCR Campus |url=https://ncr.christuniversity.in/ |website=NCR, Christ University |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref>
* [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow]]
* [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad|Institute of Management Technology]] (IMT)
* [[Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rkgit.edu.in/ |title = RKGIT:: Top Private engineering college in AKTU}}</ref>
* [[Santosh Medical College]]

== Notable people ==

===Arts, entertainment and television===


* [[Lara Dutta]], Miss Universe 2000 and Bollywood actress<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-lara-dutta-her-top-moments/|title=Happy Birthday Lara Dutta: Her top moments|date=16 April 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110175956/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-lara-dutta-her-top-moments/|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Luv Ranjan]], Indian film and music director, writer, lyricist and producer who works in [[Hindi cinema]]

===Business===


* [[Nikesh Arora]], businessman, former president and COO of SoftBank Corp. and CEO of SoftBank Internet and Media, Inc<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/Tk0XvEXQoUDplzSgqtHSFL/Googles-Nikesh-Arora-Man-with-a-plan.html|title=Google's Nikesh Arora: Man with a plan|work=Live Mint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110175355/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/Tk0XvEXQoUDplzSgqtHSFL/Googles-Nikesh-Arora-Man-with-a-plan.html|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Kapil Mohan]], businessman<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1175170/old-monk-kapil-mohan-who-popularised-indias-legendary-rum-brand-is-no-more/|title=Old Monk's old man is no more|last=Thomas|first=Maria|work=Quartz|access-date=10 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110175415/https://qz.com/1175170/old-monk-kapil-mohan-who-popularised-indias-legendary-rum-brand-is-no-more/|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Politics and government===


* [[Suresh Bansal]], politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-fir-against-unknown-bike-bourne-criminals-for-attack-on-loni-mla-nand-kishore-gurjar-2020475.html|title=FIR against unknown bike bourne criminals for attack on Loni MLA Nand Kishore Gurjar, NCR Hindi News - Hindustan|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061726/https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-fir-against-unknown-bike-bourne-criminals-for-attack-on-loni-mla-nand-kishore-gurjar-2020475.html|archive-date=16 August 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Madan Bhaiya]], politician<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/489467/mafia-don-madan-gujjar-criminal-aii.html|title=Mafia don, News Photo, the notorious 'mafaia don' Mad|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807162340/https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/news/489467/mafia-don-madan-gujjar-criminal-aii.html|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Roop Chaudhary]], politician<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8749:list-of-bjp-kisan-morcha-working-committee-2013-&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494|title= Bharatiya Janata Party|access-date= 15 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155431/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8749:list-of-bjp-kisan-morcha-working-committee-2013-&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494|archive-date= 7 August 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Arvind Kejriwal]], politician
* [[Rama Pilot]], politician<ref name="LS">{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile: Pilot, Smt. Rama|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=559&lastls=13|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]|access-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011604/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=559&lastls=13|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[Rajnath Singh]], politician
* General [[V. K. Singh]] (Retd.), politician
* [[K. C. Tyagi]], politician
* [[Ram Chandra Vikal]], freedom fighter and deputy Chief Minister of UP<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ayurveda.zeenews.com/news/uttar-pradesh/former-up-deputy-cm-ram-chander-vikal-dies_715608.html|title=Former UP deputy CM Ram Chander Vikal dies|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217024002/http://ayurveda.zeenews.com/news/uttar-pradesh/former-up-deputy-cm-ram-chander-vikal-dies_715608.html|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Sports===


*[[Rajkumar Baisla]], Dhayanchand Awardee 2011 (Wrestling)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-8589007.html|title=पहलवान राजकुमार व निशानेबाज फरीद अली सम्मानित -|website=Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://etherealitsolutions.com/digital-marketing-company-in-ghaziabad/ |title = Digital Marketing Companies in Ghaziabad| date=28 April 2023 }}</ref>
*[[Donald Crowhurst]], sailor
*[[Anshul Gupta]], cricketer
*[[Manoj Prabhakar]], cricketer
*[[Suresh Raina]], cricketer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/413/suresh-raina|title=Suresh Raina Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats|website=Cricbuzz|language=en|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703051012/http://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/413/suresh-raina|archive-date=3 July 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
*[[Jaya Sharma]], cricketer
*[[Kunal Lal]], cricketer
*[[Rahul Yadav (cricketer)|Rahul Yadav]], cricketer



==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/up/Census2011UttarPradeshPaper1.pdf|date=20 April 2011|title=Census of India 2011 – Provisional Population Totals | Uttar Pradesh Series 10|access-date=14 September 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ghaziabad-boards-metro-for-first-trafficfree-ride-to-work/817698/|title=Ghaziabad boards Metro for first traffic-free ride to work - Indian Express|work=indianexpress|access-date=14 September 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goghaziabad.com/artculture.html|title=Ghaziabad Art & Culture|publisher=goghaziabad.com|access-date=14 September 2015}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ghaziabad}}
* [http://ghaziabad.nic.in Ghaziabad District Administration]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Ghaziabad}}

{{Ghaziabad district}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]

Dakkili mandal

2026-03-09T13:02:44Z

Hayaat:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dakkili mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srikalahasti revenue division|Srikalahasti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| population_total = 40452
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_total_km2 = 277.12
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| population_urban = 0
| population_rural = 40452
| coordinates = {{coord|14|6|10|N|79|33|0|E}}
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Dakkili mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandals]] in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].

== History ==
Dakkili mandal was a part of [[Nellore district]] until 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2017 |title=Chinese national among red sanders smugglers held |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Chinese-national-among-red-sanders-smugglers-held/article17009535.ece |access-date=9 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district effective from 4 April 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Dakkili mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|98.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|0.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.16}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.09}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />|float=right}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Dakkili mandal had a total population of 40,452 with 20,174 male population and 20,278 female population with a density of {{Pop density|40452|277.12|km2|prec=0}}. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 11,656 and 4,976 of the population respectively.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |pages=50–51,390 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> It had a literacy rate of 56.81% with 64.6% among males and 49.14% among females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics S.P.S. Nellore district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=22,38-39 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Dakkili mandal is a part of [[Gudur revenue division]].<ref name=":2" /> As of 2011 census, the mandal comprises the following 50 villages:<ref name=":1" />
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! Village
|-
| Althurupadu
|-
| Attalasiddavaram
|-
| Bheemavaram
|-
| Chakalapalle
|-
| Chapalapalle
|-
| Cheekirenipalle
|-
| Chennasamudram
|-
| Cherlopalle
|-
| Daggavolu
|-
| [[Dakkili]]
|-
| Dandavolu
|-
| Dandavolu Upparapalle
|-
| Dattanagaram*
|-
| Devulapalle
|-
| Gollavarigunta*
|-
| Kandalavaripalle
|-
| Koneswarabhatlapalle
|-
| Kothacheruvu*
|-
| Kothanalapadu
|-
| Kuppayapalem
|-
| Lingasamudram
|-
| Madhavaiahpalem
|-
| Mahasamudram
|-
| Marlagunta
|-
| Matumadugu
|-
| Mopuru
|-
| Mopuru Vellampalli
|-
| Nadimpalle
|-
| Nagavolu
|-
| Nagulapadu
|-
| Naidupalem
|-
| Namasivayapuram*
|-
| Noothalacheruvu*
|-
| Palugodu
|-
| Pathanalapadu
|-
| Pedayachasamudram
|-
| Sanganapalle
|-
| Sreepuram
|-
| Surayapalem
|-
| Swarnayacha Samudram*
|-
| Theerthampadu
|-
| Thimmanagunta
|-
| Thimmayapalem
|-
| Vedurugunta*
|-
| Veera Kummara Yachasamudram
|-
| Velikallu
|-
| Vembuluru
|-
| Vempativaripalle
|-
| Vengamanaidupalle
|-
| Yellavajjulapalle
|}

* Note: Dattanagaram, Gollavarigunta, Kothacheruvu, Namasivayapuram, Noothalacheruvu, Swarnayacha Samudram and Vedurugunta were uninhabited<ref name=":1" />

== Politics ==
Dakkili mandal is a part of [[Venkatagiri (Assembly constituency)|Venkatagiri Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, the mandal had 29,925 eligible voters with 14,822 male voters and 15,103 female voters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Nalla Idathu Sammandham

2026-03-04T05:00:00Z

Hayaat: Creating Some Details More To Come - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nalla Idathu Sammandham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Somu
| screenplay = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| story = [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
| producer = {{ubl|V. K. Ramasamy|A. P. Nagarajan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[M. R. Radha]]|[[Sowcar Janaki]]|[[Prem Nazir]]|[[M. N. Rajam]]}}
| cinematography = V. K. Goppanna
| editing = T. Vijayarangam
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Pictures
| distributor = Sri Lakshmi Pictures Circuit
| released = {{film date|1958|2|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nalla Idathu Sammandham''''' ({{translation|The good alliance}}) is 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by K. Somu. It was the debut production of writer [[A. P. Nagarajan]], who co-produced the film with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]. The story was provided by Ramasamy himself, while the screenplay was written by Nagarajan. It stars [[M. R. Radha]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] and [[M. N. Rajam]]. The film was released on 16 February 1958,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1958 – நல்ல இடத்து சம்மந்தம் – ஸ்ரீ லஷ்மி பிக்சர்ஸ் (த) |trans-title=1958 – Nalla Idathu Sammandham – Sri Lakshmi Pictures (ta) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails19.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209230824/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails19.asp |archive-date=9 December 2017 |access-date=2 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> became a box office success and a turning point in Radha's career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2016 |title=சாண்டோ சின்னப்பா தேவர்! (33) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/santo-chinnappa-dewar-33/29900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012064353/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=29900&ncat=2&Print=1 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=30 June 2016 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2022}}
A wealthy man with a wayward son and a daughter, who is a nurse, thinks his son would change his ways if he gets married. He arranges a marriage for his son with another wealthy man's daughter, and sends the communication to his son and daughter. The wedding comes as a surprise to the son who does not intend on getting married. However, he informs his sister he will be present at the wedding ceremony. He turns up just in time to tie the ''[[mangalasutra]]''. The young bride joins her husband with hopes of a happy marriage, but her life turns out to be sheer torture. Meanwhile, the nurse falls in love with a police officer, and soon the story takes a few turns and twists. Finally, the wayward son reforms, and all live happily.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Muthu
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Rathinam
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Manickam
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Maragatham
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Muthu's father
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]]
* [[K. Sarangapani]]
* Madi Lakshmi as Mohana
* [[V. M. Ezhumalai]]
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Rummy
* [[Kallapart Natarajan]] as Jacky
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film marked the production debut of [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. He co-founded a production company named "Lakshmi Pictures" with actor V. K. Ramasamy.<ref name="DK">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2012 |title=எனது தாயார் சினிமாவில் கோரஸ் பாடித்தான் என்னை வளர்த்தார் |url=http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2012/08/28/?fn=f1208285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806073554/http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2012/08/28/?fn=f1208285 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |work=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=158 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> Ramasamy provided the story, while Nagarajan wrote the screenplay and dialogues for the film. The film was shot in [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]].<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=20 July 2013 |title=Nalla Idathu Sammandham (1958) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/nalla-idathu-sammandham-1958/article4935145.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630100121/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/nalla-idathu-sammandham-1958/article4935145.ece |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Nagarajan and Ramasamy were producing ''[[Vadivukku Valai Kappu]]'' which they shelved due to Savitri's pregnancy. Nagarajan insisted Ramasamy to write a story which prompted the latter to write one which became ''Nalla Idathu Sambandham''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ராமசாமி |first=வி. கே. |author-link=V. K. Ramasamy (actor) |date=13 April 1997 |title=ஏன் பிரிந்தார் ஏ.பி.என்? |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1997-04-13/kalki1997-04-13.pdf |access-date=31 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=82–85 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=147 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film established [[L. R. Eswari]]'s career as a playback singer.<ref name="DK" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Puthu Pennae" || L. R. Eswari, T. R. Kajalakshmi, G. Kasthuri and Udutha || rowspan=2|A. S. Narayanan || 03:12
|-
| "Ponnu Mappillai" || L. R. Eswari & G. Kasthuri || 02:33
|-
| "Thukkaththil Sirikkanum" || rowspan=2|L. R. Eswari || rowspan=4|[[A. Maruthakasi]] || 02:42
|-
| "Ivarey Thaan Avaru" || 02:48
|-
| "Sonnalum Ketppathillai" || rowspan=2|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 02:36
|-
| "Jaalam Seivathum Niyaayamaa" || 04:00
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 16 February 1958 by Sri Lakshmi Pictures Circuit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 1958 |title=நல்ல இடத்து சம்மந்தம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_45/4.jp2/full/4151%2C/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224123646/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_45/4.jp2/full/4151,/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Janasakthi |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> It was reviewed by Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=2 March 1958 |title=நல்ல இடத்துச் சம்பந்தம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-03-02/page/14/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230531061405/https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-03-02/page/14/mode/2up |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=12 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=14–15 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> and Minnal of ''Janasakthi''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=மின்னல் |date=22 February 1958 |title=நல்ல இடத்து சம்மந்தம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_51/6.jp2/full/1000,1573/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224124526/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_51/6.jp2/full/1000,1573/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Janasakthi |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1958 drama films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Somu]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Premigala Saval

2026-03-03T22:17:16Z

Hayaat: expand page after review and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premigala Saval
| image = Premigala Saval.jpg
| caption = Video cover
| director = [[V. Somashekhar]]
| screenplay = M. D. Sundar
| story = [[T. Rajendar]]
| starring = [[Tiger Prabhakar]] [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
| producer = M. Rajgopal
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu
| editing = Yadav Victor
| studio = Fimco
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Premigala Saval''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[V. Somashekhar]]. The film stars [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]. It is a remake of the 1983 Tamil film ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=682}}</ref> The soundtrack and score composition was by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] and the dialogues and lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Ramanna
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Raja
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Prema
* Devishree as Seetha
* [[Vajramuni]] as Jagdish
* K. Vijaya as Mangala
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Swarnamma
* Dinesh as College lecturer
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Gopal Rao
* Sudheer AS Gopal Rao's son in law
* BK Shanka as henchman of Jagadeesh
* V Ashwath Narayan as henchman of Jagadeesh
* Divya
* Baby Vasundhara
* Suryakumar
* Chikkanna
* Circus Boranna
* Shivaprakash
* Tometo Somu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninnanda Chendake
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Baaninda Jaari
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length2 =
| title3 = Thaalalare Ee Daaha
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length3 =
| title4 = Abbabba Ethake
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length4 =
| title5 = Kanneerinalle Naanu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length5 =
| title6 = Nanna Haage
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics6 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-e9qkP9KK8I Film at Youtube]

{{V. Somashekhar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premigala Saval}}
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:1984 romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Somashekhar]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1980s-romance-film-stub}}

Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil

2026-03-03T20:42:24Z

Hayaat: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil
| image = Vasanthathinte_Kanal_Vazhikalil.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anil V Nagendran
| producer = Anil V Nagendran
| writer = Anil V Nagendran
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Samuthirakani]]
*Thamarai
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
*[[Sudheesh]]
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi|Surabhi]]
*Rithesh
*Baiju VK
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* '''Songs:'''
* [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
* [[M. K. Arjunan]]
* [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]]
* [[A. R. Reihana]]
* [[James Vasanthan]]
* [[P. K. Medini]]
* [[C. J. Kuttappan]]
* '''Score:'''
* Anchal Udayakumar
}}
| cinematography = Kaviarasan.TV
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| studio = Visarad Creations
| distributor = Visarad Release
| released = {{Film date|2014|3|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| gross =
}}

'''''Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil''''' is a 2014 [[Malayalam]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by Anil V Nagendran, who is also the producer, writer and lyricist. The film stars [[Samuthirakani]] and Tamil actress Thamarai in the lead roles with an ensemble supporting cast of [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sudheesh]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi|Surabhi]], Rithesh, and Baiju VK.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/samuthirakani-surabhi-starrer-vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-set-to-release-soon-online/articleshow/78290095.cms | title=കേരളത്തിന്‍റെ വിപ്ലവചരിത്രം; 'വസന്തത്തിന്‍റെ കനല്‍വഴികളിൽ' ഓൺലൈൻ റിലീസിന് | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=19 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119114437/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/samuthirakani-surabhi-starrer-vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-set-to-release-soon-online/articleshow/78290095.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

At the [[44th Kerala State Film Awards]], Ambootti won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]].<ref name="N" />

== Plot ==
The film revolves around the political unrest in a village and the rise of three communist leaders from the pre-Independence era in [[Kerala]]{{ndash}}[[P. Krishna Pillai]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], and [[A. K. Gopalan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/potboilers-with-a-political-twist/articleshow/21800640.cms|title=Potboilers with a political Twist|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2013|last=Zachariah|first=Ammu|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Potboilers-with-a-political-Twist/articleshow/21800640.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Samuthirakani]] as [[P. Krishna Pillai]] (voice dubbed by Ambootti)
*Baiju VK as [[A. K. Gopalan]]
*[[Sudheesh]] as [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
*Thamarai
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as a journalist
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
*[[Surabhi Lakshmi|Surabhi]] as Chirutha
*Rithesh as Rairu Nambiar
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Madhaviyamma
* [[P. K. Medini]]
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
* [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]]
*[[Bheeman Raghu]]
*[[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]]
*[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Theyi
* [[Gopika Anil]] as Mathangi
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Antharjanam
*[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]]
* [[Devika Nambiar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Now-that-Balamani-is-bold-people-love-her-more-Devika/articleshow/45109656.cms|title=Now that Balamani is bold, people love her more: Devika|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2014|last=Soman|first=Deepa|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105021359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Now-that-Balamani-is-bold-people-love-her-more-Devika/articleshow/45109656.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
After making audio biographies about [[left-wing politics]] about [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], [[A. K. Gopalan]] and [[P. Krishna Pillai]], Nagendran went on to work on a feature film about these politicians with [[Sudheesh]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], and [[Samuthirakani]] reprising the roles of Namboodiripad, Gopalan, and Pillai, respectively. A 6 kilometer set was erected in [[Sooranad]], [[Kollam]] and all signals of the modern day including light posts and electrical lines were removed. Three-thousand actors have acted in the film, many of which are labourers who were trained to act. Cinematographer Kaviyarasu debuts in [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] with this film. Real footage from the [[Indian independence movement]] was included in the film.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-film-on-p-krishna-pillai/article6590825.ece|title=Ode to a brave patriot|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=13 November 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725010631/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-film-on-p-krishna-pillai/article6590825.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Eight composers have composed the film songs and twenty singers have sung the songs. This film is the last film that [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] composed music for. Activist [[P. K. Medini]] composed and sang a song in addition to acting in the film.<ref name="H"/><ref name="N">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/oct/24/film-on-p-krishna-pillai-to-be-released-674794.html|title=Film on P Krishna Pillai to be Released|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=24 October 2014|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Anchal Udayakumar composed the background score for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?m=4857|title=List of Malayalam Songs from the movie Vasanthathinte Kanalvazhikalil|website=Malayala Chala Chithram|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170405/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?m=4857|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song !! Composer !! Lyricist !! Singer(s)
|-
|"Thennale" || [[M. K. Arjunan]] || [[Kaithapram Damodaran|Kaithapram]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|"Nalloru Naaleye" || [[C. J. Kuttappan]] || Anil V Nagendran || C. J. Kuttappan
|-
|"Aalumagni" || [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] || [[Prabha Varma]] || Reju Joseph, Ravisankar, Devika Subrahmanyan, Reji, Shubha Raghunath
|-
|"Kathunna Venaliloode" || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || Anil V Nagendran || [[Anuradha Sriram]], RK Ramadas, G Sreeram
|-
|"Adima Nukam" || [[James Vasanthan]] || Anil V Nagendran || K. J. Yesudas
|-
|"Athikkampil" || C. J. Kuttappan || Anil V Nagendran || C. J. Kuttappan, Soumya Sanathanan
|-
|"Kathunna Venaliloode" (Reprise) || [[P. K. Medini]] || Anil V Nagendran || P. K. Medini
|-
|"Chethi Minukki" || [[A. R. Reihana]] || Anil V Nagendran || Sreekanth, Amrita Jayakumar, Soniya Samjad, Manakkad Gopan, [[Yazin Nizar]]
|}

== Release ==
The film originally released in March. The film received a complaint from the election commission that the film supported left-wing politics. The film was re-released in April.<ref name="H"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27468661}}

[[Category:2010s political drama films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Reihana]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]

Mangalore International Airport

2026-02-28T23:51:52Z

Hayaat: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Airport serving Mangaluru, Karnataka, India}}
{{Distinguish|Mangalore Airport (Victoria)}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Mangalore International Airport
| image = Manglore Airport Logo.svg
| image-width = 250px
| caption =
| image2 = Mangalore Airport New Terminal.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| IATA = IXE
| ICAO = VOML
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = [[Adani Group|Mangaluru International Airport Limited]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/229201/|title=Mangaluru International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
| city-served = [[Mangaluru]]
| location = [[Bajpe]], Mangaluru, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 337
| elevation-m = 103
| metric-elev = yes
| metric-rwy = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|12|57|41|N|074|53|24|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label = '''IXE'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Karnataka
| operating_base = {{ubl|
| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}
| {{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1951|12|25|df=yes|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="FirstFlight">{{cite news|url =http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/26/first-man-who-landed-in-mangalore-airport-is-fine.htm|title =First man who landed in Mangalore: Airport is fine|date = 26 May 2010|access-date = 31 May 2010|publisher =Rediff News}}</ref>
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-m = 1,615
| r1-length-f = 5,299
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 06/24
| r2-length-m = 2,450
| r2-length-f = 8,038
| r2-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 23,43,032 ({{increase}} 15.4%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 16,763 ({{increase}} 11.4%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 2,213 ({{increase}} 1.8%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.adani.com/mangaluru-airport}}
}}

'''Mangalore International Airport''' {{airport codes|IXE|VOML}} (also known as '''Mangaluru International Airport''') is an [[international airport]]<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/cabinet-grants-international-airport-status-to-five-airports/articleshow/16673279.cms Cabinet grants international airport status to five airports] ''The Economic Times''. Retrieved 4 October 2012</ref> serving the coastal city of [[Mangaluru]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is one of only two international airports in the state, the other being [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in the capital city of [[Bengaluru]]. Mangalore International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the state. In addition to domestic destinations, flights depart daily for major cities in the [[Middle East]]. The airport was named Bajpe Aerodrome, when it opened on 25 December 1951<ref name="FirstFlight">{{cite news|url =http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/26/first-man-who-landed-in-mangalore-airport-is-fine.htm|title =First man who landed in Mangalore: Airport is fine|date = 26 May 2010|access-date = 31 May 2010|publisher =Rediff News}}</ref> by the former and [[Prime Minister of India|First Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who arrived on a [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft.<ref name="FirstFlight"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?k=0&articleid=771&arttype=Feature|title=The Green Green Fields of Home|date=29 September 2006|access-date=13 March 2008|publisher=Manglorean.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025748/http://www.mangalorean.com/browsearticles.php?k=0&articleid=771&arttype=Feature|archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>

==Overview==
The airport is near [[Bajpe]], around {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/mangalore_generalinfo.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|website=www.aai.aero|access-date=10 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207000150/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/mangalore_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> northeast of [[Mangaluru]] city centre. It is on top of a hill, with two [[tabletop runway]]s (09/27 and 06/24). Only two other airports in India have tabletop runways&nbsp;– [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]] and [[Lengpui Airport|Lengpui]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/Indian-skies-are-safe-for-flying-Kanu-Gohain-Ex-Director-General-DGCA/articleshow/5964029.cms|title= Indian skies are safe for flying: Kanu Gohain, Ex-Director General, DGCA|date= 23 May 2010|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date= 23 May 2010}}</ref> The very small and basic terminal was renovated in the early 2000s, adding parking controls, additional seating and additional cafés. The airport was initially used for limited domestic flights, mainly to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]].

The operation of international flights started in 2006 with [[Air India Express]] flying to [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]]. Mangalore Airport was a [[customs airport]]<ref>[PIB {{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/psearch/QResult15.aspx?qref=78747 |title=Untitled Page |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013603/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/psearch/QResult15.aspx?qref=78747 |archive-date=2 May 2014 }}] "The Custom airports are Mangaluru, ... "</ref> for six years, from 3 October 2006 to 3 October 2012, before it was granted the status of international airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangalore Airport gets international tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Mangalore-Airport-gets-international-tag/article12546148.ece |work=The Hindu |date=October 5, 2012 |access-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref>

Until 2005, the small {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} [[runway]] meant the airport could only handle [[Boeing 737]]-400 size aircraft. The longer runway now handles slightly larger aircraft. On 10 January 2006, an [[Airbus A319]] of [[Kingfisher Airlines]] landed on the new runway.<ref name="daiji-319">{{cite news| url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=17758&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Kingfisher%20Creates%20History%20%2D%20Airbus%20A%2D319%20Trial%20Flight%20Lands%20at%20Bajpe| date = 13 January 2006| title = Kingfisher Creates History&nbsp;– Airbus A-319 Trial Flight Lands at Bajpe| access-date = 3 November 2006| publisher = DaijiWorld}}</ref> On 28 September 2012, an [[Airbus A310]] landed for the first time at Mangaluru. It was a charter flight for the [[Hajj]] pilgrims to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=A310>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=151151 Airbus 310 Cynosure of All Eyes at Mangalore Airport] DaijiWorld.com accessdate 28 September 2012</ref>

From 2011 to 2012, the airport had a revenue of {{INRConvert|426.4|m|lk=r|year=2012}} and an operating profit of {{INRConvert|87.6|m|lk=r|year=2012}},<ref name="1mill">[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/mangalore-air-passenger-traffic-put-at-1-million-for-201213/article4674031.ece] The Hindu Business Line 1 May 2013</ref> up from {{INRConvert|8.3|m|lk=r|year=2007}} in 2006–07.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Mangalore-airport-revenue-up/articleshow/15583004.cms|title= Mangalore airport revenue up|date= 21 August 2012|work= The Times of India|access-date= 25 August 2012|archive-date= 3 January 2013|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130103110905/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-21/mangalore/33302364_1_airport-director-mr-vasudeva-airport-revenue-international-flights|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2012–13 the airport handled a landmark 1.02 million passengers with 11,940 aircraft movements.<ref name="1mill"/> The revenue for the same period was Rs 506.6&nbsp;million, and it recorded an operating profit of Rs 164.9&nbsp;million during 2012–13.<ref name="1mill"/> In 2013–14 it handled a 1.25 million passengers with revenues of Rs 638.9&nbsp;million.<ref name="TOI34162590">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/MIA-handles-record-passengers-during-2013-14-at-a-growth-of-21-71-/articleshow/34162590.cms MIA handles record passengers during 2013–14 at a growth of 21.71%.] Times of India 24 April 2014</ref>

In July 2019, the central government approved leasing of the airport through public-private partnership (PPP) to the [[Adani Group|Adani Enterprises]], for operations, management and development for the next 50 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group set to run Mangaluru airport for 50 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/adani-group-set-to-run-mangaluru-airport-for-50-years/articleshow/70066235.cms |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=4 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> This airport is accredited by the [[Airports Council International|Airports Council International (ACI)]] under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-airports-in-ahmedabad-lucknow-and-mangaluru-get-aci-accreditation-121011800287_1.html |title=Adani airports in Ahmedabad, Lucknow and Mangaluru get ACI accreditation |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Facilities==

===Runway===
The first runway (09/27), {{convert|1615|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} long, was opened in 1951. It is a [[tabletop runway]], with landing approaches presented with the extreme edges of a hillside.<ref name="hindurunway">{{cite news|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121600490100.htm|title = Hi-fliers on a high|date = 16 December 2006|access-date = 29 January 2008|work = The Hindu|url-status = usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070913140511/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121600490100.htm|archive-date = 13 September 2007|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asivadodaracircle.in |title=Mangalore airport upgradation plan&nbsp;– Economic 'gains' vs local 'interests' |date=17 July 1998 |access-date=29 January 2008 |publisher=Environment Support Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411221959/http://www.asivadodaracircle.in/ |archive-date=11 April 2012 }}</ref> The edges of the hill drop into a valley from a height of about {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}) within a short distance of just {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} on the east of the runway and from about {{convert|83|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} on the western side.<ref name="hindurunway" /> The runway was not level, with the height varying from {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert |83|m|ft|abbr=on}} from east to west. Landing on this short runway was considered difficult.<ref name="hindurunway" />

Mangalore Airport was the first airport in Karnataka to have two runways<ref>{{cite news
| date =21 September 2006
| title =New runway at Bajpe airport meets all norms
| work =The Hindu
}}</ref> and the first to have a runway made of concrete.<ref>{{cite news
| url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/04/stories/2007010416020300.htm
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071001062002/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/04/stories/2007010416020300.htm
| url-status =dead
| archive-date =1 October 2007
| date =4 January 2007
| title =Pilot training programme at Bajpe airport from Sunday
| access-date =8 February 2007
| work =[[The Hindu]]
| location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The second runway (06/24), {{convert|2450|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} long, was opened on 10 May 2006. A Jet Airways flight from Bangalore with 95 passengers on board was the first to land on this runway.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/11/stories/2006051123470100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205112253/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/11/stories/2006051123470100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=New runway at IXE opened for commercial operations|date=11 May 2006|access-date=10 January 2011}}</ref> The airport has acquired land to build a taxiway parallel to the new runway to reduce aircraft turnaround time.<ref name="Taxiway">{{cite news|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=80796 |date=11 June 2008 |title=Land for parallel taxiway at Bajpe Airport notified |access-date=3 July 2008 |publisher=Manglorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714030404/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=80796 |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation Praful Patel announced on 15 May 2010 that a work order for extending the runway to {{convert|9000|ft|-1|order=flip}} would be issued soon.<ref>{{cite news
| url =http://www.ptinews.com/news/654275_Rs-100-crore-more-for-upgrading-Mangalore-airport
| date =15 May 2010
| title =Rs 100 crore more for upgrading Mangalore airport
| access-date =25 May 2010
| publisher =Press Trust of India
| archive-date =26 January 2025
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250126070716/https://www.ptinews.com/news/654275_Rs-100-crore-more-for-upgrading-Mangalore-airport
| url-status =dead
}}</ref> After the crash of [[Air India Express Flight 812]], the minister reaffirmed on 30 May 2010 that the runway extension will take place and will take into account the spillover area required during an emergency.<ref>{{cite news
| url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/article441808.ece
| date =30 May 2010
| title =Mangalore airport runway length to be increased by 1,000 ft
| access-date =25 May 2010
| work =The Hindu}}</ref>

Safety improvements were implemented after the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]] (DGCA) identified this as one of the 11 airports in India as unsafe. Addition of a runway end safety area, ensuring proper markings on the runway, and proper maintenance of the basic strip were among the improvements.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_mangalores-table-top-airport-one-of-the-most-unsafe-in-india-dgca_1617614 Mangalore’s table-top airport one of the most unsafe in India: DGCA] DNA India.com</ref><ref>[http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:dgca-finally-renews-licence-of-mangalore-airport-&catid=57:news-stories&Itemid=18 DGCA finally renews licence of Mangalore Airport] Coastal Digest.com</ref>

===Passenger terminal===
The road to the new terminal reduces the distance between the city and the airport by about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BN">{{cite news
|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=73&contentid=200906292009062920384773455a8987c&sectxslt=
|title=New terminal almost ready at Mangalore airport
|date=29 June 2007
|access-date=10 August 2009
|publisher=Bangalore Mirror
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213046/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=73&contentid=200906292009062920384773455a8987c&sectxslt=
|archive-date=7 July 2011
}}</ref> The airport had a trial run of the terminal for domestic flights on 16 December 2009.<ref>{{cite news
|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Successful-trial-run-of-domestic-flight/articleshow/5344908.cms
|title =Successful trial run of domestic flight
|date = 16 December 2009
|access-date =9 February 2010
|work =The Times of India}}</ref> On 15 May 2010, the terminal building was inaugurated by [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation Minister]], [[Praful Patel]],<ref>{{cite news
|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Mangalore-airport-may-go-international-soon/articleshow/5935521.cms
|title =Mangalore airport may go international soon
|date =15 May 2010
|access-date =17 May 2010
|work =The Times of India}}</ref> along with former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]], [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]. It was to be opened to air traffic on 1 July 2010, but it became operational on 2 August 2010 due to delays caused by the [[Air India Express Flight 812 |Air India Express Flight 812 accident]].<ref>{{cite news|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/New-airport-terminal-to-open-tomorrow/articleshow/6241875.cms|title =New Airport Terminal to open tomorrow|date =1 August 2010|access-date =1 August 2010|work =The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=82491|title =New Integrated Terminal Building of Mangalore Airport at Kenjar in Action |date =2 August 2010|access-date =4 August 2010
|publisher =Daijiworld}}</ref>

{{As of|2010|5|15}}, 26 domestic flights and 52 international flights were operated every week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_big-boost-for-mangalore-airport_1383283 |title=Big boost for Mangalore airport – Bangalore – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=15 May 2010 |access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>

===Air traffic control===
The construction of a new [[air traffic control]] (ATC) tower was completed in June 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-airport-takes-wings-with-new-air-traffic-control/article6138490.ece|title=Mangalore airport takes wings with new Air Traffic Control|last=Kamila|first=Raviprasad|date=22 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> and commissioned for one-month trial on 19 January 2015.<ref name="ATC2015" >[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-gets-new-air-traffic-control-tower/article6804752.ece Mangalore airport gets new air traffic control tower] Hindu Business Line 20 January 2015</ref>

On 5 September 2013 the Airports Authority of India commissioned a DGCA approved advanced automated air traffic management system, replacing the older system.<ref name="HinduATC1">{{cite news |title=Mangalore airport to get advanced air traffic management system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-airport-to-get-advanced-air-traffic-management-system/article5100357.ece |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=6 September 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The system enhances flight safety by providing flight plans, direction finders, and air-ground-data link messages.<ref name="HinduATC1" /> This system processes radar feeds from Bangalore, Chennai, and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and displays them at Mangaluru.<ref name="HinduATC1" />
[[File:Spicejet Q400.jpg|thumb|[[SpiceJet|Spicejet]] DHC Dash 8-Q400 VT-SUE at Mangalore Airport]]

===Old terminal===
[[File:Mangalore Airport terminal building 0005.JPG|right|thumb|The Cargo Terminal]]
Since 2011 the old terminal has been used for direct flights to [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]], for pilgrims undertaking the [[Hajj]].<ref>[http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30772:first-hajj-flight-takes-off-from-mangalore-with-159-passengers-&catid=59:top-stories&Itemid=67 First Hajj flight takes off from Mangalore with 159 pilgrims] CoastalDigest.com accessdate 28 September 2012</ref> In 2011 and 2012 chartered flights landed at Mangalore International Airport and carried passengers from the old terminal building.<ref name=A310/>

===Indian Coast Guard Air Station===
The Mangalore Airport Director announced on 28 January 2016 that the [[Airports Authority of India]] have handed over {{convert|17,000|sqft|order=flip}} of space at the old terminal building to the [[Indian Coast Guard]] to set up an air station for its air operations.<ref name="ICG20160128">{{cite news |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=Coast Guard gets space at Mangaluru airport for air squadron |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Coast-Guard-gets-space-at-Mangaluru-airport-for-air-squadron/article14024533.ece |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 January 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The ICG proposed the stationing of two of its [[Dornier 228]] aircraft at the air station.<ref name="ICG20160128"/>

===Expansion===
[[File:Mangalore Airport Terminal Panorama 2022 11 18.jpg|thumb|Mangalore Airport Terminal Building with all 6 aerobridges installed]]* Currently the apron is connected to the edge of runway 06, and aircraft movements on the apron have to be stopped when a plane lands and can only resume when it reaches the apron.<ref name="Hindu Parallel Taxiway">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-airport-to-have-new-taxiway-for-rush-days-ahead/article4745838.ece |title=Mangalore airport to have new taxiway for rush days ahead|work=The Hindu|date=24 May 2013|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> A new 2,400-metre<ref name="Aerobridges">{{cite news |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=Extension of additional taxiway at airport gets AAI approval |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Extension-of-additional-taxiway-at-airport-gets-AAI-approval/article14425834.ece |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> taxiway will be built parallel to the runway and join the runway ahead of the landing threshold,<ref name="Hindu Parallel Taxiway" /> enabling aircraft on the apron to move towards the runway and hold, saving 10 to 15 minutes.<ref name="Hindu Parallel Taxiway" /> The construction work on the parallel taxiway started on 1 November 2014<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Manglore airport to be shut at night for six months |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/karnataka/manglore-airport-to-be-shut-at-night-for-six-months_1486381.html |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Zee News |date=18 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref> and though slated for completion in September 2016,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/aai-approves-extension-of-mangaluru-airport-taxiway/article8855631.ece |title=AAI approves extension of Mangaluru airport taxiway |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=15 July 2016 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> only Phase I was completed by March 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=AAI commissions phase I of part parallel taxi track at MIA|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/aai-commissions-phase-i-of-part-parallel-taxi-track-at-mia/articleshow/57500032.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 March 2017|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>
* The 812 crash inquiry recommendation for [[Runway#Length|runway lengthening]] not having been implemented due to funding obstacles, its length remains {{convert|2450|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2218925.ece |title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Logistics : Mangalore runway expansion: Preliminary notification soon for land acquisition |work=Business Line |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/hubli-mangalore-airports-figure-in-aais-development-plan/article2384805.ece |title=Hubli, Mangalore airports figure in AAI's development plan&nbsp;– Business Line |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=9 February 2012 |access-date=24 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tarun Shukla |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RFbChDnGPBCnPijXEtGrFK/Mangalore-air-crash-panel-formed-to-implement-preventive-st.html |title=Mangalore air crash: panel formed to implement preventive steps |publisher=Livemint |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=24 March 2013}}</ref>
* Passenger volume projections for the year 2025 made by the AAI while constructing the new passenger terminal were already exceeded in 2012.<ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite web|author=A. J. Vinayak |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-enters-the-big-boys-league/article3994617.ece |title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Logistics : Mangalore airport enters the big boys' league |work=Business Line |date=14 October 2012|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>
* Commencement of wide-body aircraft flights from the airport, under a public-private partnership model, depending on allotment of {{convert|1|km2|acre|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} of land from the government.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/More-international-routes-from-Mangalore-airport-in-2013/articleshow/16776960.cms |title=More international routes from Mangalore airport in 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=12 October 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103212818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/mangalore/34411901_1_mangalore-airport-m-r-vasudeva-new-air-traffic-control |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport destination list
|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|title=Our Network|work=Air India Express|access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-express-to-resume-bangalore-mangaluru-service-from-nov-2023-1227755|title=Air India Express to resume Bangalore-Mangaluru service from Nov-2023|work=CAPA|accessdate=10 October 2023}}</ref> [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="refa"/> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref name="AIE12">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/air-india-express-to-connect-mangaluru-with-hyderabad-chennai-from-april/article69382003.ece Air India Express to connect Mangaluru with Hyderabad, Chennai from April] The Hindu 27 March 2025</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240131-ixns24ixe|title=Air India Express Adds Mangalore - Jeddah in NS24|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=31 January 2024|access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Air-India-Express-to-Resume-Mangaluru-Muscat-Flights-from-March-2026.html | title=Air India Express to Resume Mangaluru–Muscat Flights from March 2026}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web | last1=Kamila | first1=Raviprasad | title=Air India Express to introduce direct flight between Mangaluru and Thiruvananthapuram | work=The Hindu | date=18 October 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/air-india-express-plans-to-introduce-direct-flight-between-mangaluru-in-karnataka-and-thiruvananthapuram-in-kerala/article70178325.ece }}</ref><ref name="refa">{{cite news|title=Mangaluru to have its first non-West Asia international flight to Singapore from January|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-to-have-its-first-non-west-asia-international-flight-to-singapore-from-january/article68973990.ece|language=en}}</ref>

|[[IndiGo]]|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240717-6eaug24auh|title=INDIGO CONTINUES ABU DHABI NETWORK EXPANSION IN AUGUST 2024|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=17 July 2024|access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/new-flights.html|title=New Flights Information, Status & Schedule &#124; IndiGo|website=www.goindigo.in}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendonsa |first1=Kevin |title=M'luru-Delhi flight resumes from July 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mluru-delhi-flight-resumes-from-july-1/articleshow/91992612.cms |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Naresh |title=IndiGo, Akasa Air to launch new flight routes from Navi Mumbai on December 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigo-akasa-air-launch-new-flight-routes-from-navi-mumbai-date-10367157/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]

}}

== Statistics ==
Presently, it ranks 12 in the list of airports with international passenger traffic after [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Trivandrum International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]], [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]] international airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mangalore-airport-handles-1242-lakh-passengers/article8151464.ece|title=Mangalore Airport records growth in passenger traffic|date=25 January 2016 }}</ref> The airport had 8.91 [[lakh]] passengers in the FY 2011-12 and witnessed a growth rate of 5.44%. According to the airport sources, it has a target of achieving 16 lac passengers traffic in the FY 2016–17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=377959|title=Mangaluru airport takes giant steps with 22 % growth in passenger traffic}}</ref>

{{Airport-Statistics|iata=IXE}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mangalore International Airport passenger traffic statistics

!Year
!Rank
!Passengers
!Growth
!Rank change
|-
|2024-25{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|
|2,343,032
|{{Increase}} 15.4%
|
|-|-
|2023-24{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|
|2,018,000
|{{Increase}} 12.5%
|
|-
|2022&ndash;23<ref>{{Cite report|title=Airports by Passenger Traffic, 2019-20|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex3.pdf|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>
|29
|1,809,266
|{{Increase}} 78.5%
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|2021&ndash;22<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex3.pdf|title=Airport Authority of India Traffic News 2021-22|website=AAI|access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref>
|31
|1,013,453
|{{Increase}} 64.8%
|{{Steady}}
|-
|2020&ndash;21{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|31
|614,845
|{{Decrease}} 67.2%
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|2019&ndash;20{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|29
|1,876,294
|{{Decrease}} 16.3%
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|2018&ndash;19<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex3.pdf|title=International Passengers - 2018-19 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230918102830/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k20Annex3.pdf|archive-date= 18 September 2023}}</ref>
|27
|2,240,664
|{{Decrease}} 1.3%
|{{Decrease}} 4
|-
|2017&ndash;18{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|23
|2,269,949
|{{Increase}} 30.8%
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|2016&ndash;17<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k17annex3.pdf|title=2016-17 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052950/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k17annex3.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>
|25
|1,734,810
|{{Increase}} 3.6%
|{{Decrease}} 4
|-
|2015&ndash;16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf|title=2015-16 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102138/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
|21
|1,674,251
|{{Increase}} 28.1%
|{{Steady}}
|-
|2014&ndash;15<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k15annex3.pdf|title=2014-15 Statistics|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083223/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k15annex3.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
|21
|1,307,083
|{{Increase}} 1.82%
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|2013&ndash;14{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|18
|1,283,667
|{{Increase}} 23.02%
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|2012&ndash;13{{fact|date=April 2025}}
|21
|1,043,386
|
|
|}
{{See also|List of busiest airports in India}}

== Air cargo complex ==
Air cargo complex of the airport was commissioned in the year 2013.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/cargo/Cargo_Overview-AAI-Airports.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|website=www.aai.aero|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001119/http://www.aai.aero/cargo/Cargo_Overview-AAI-Airports.jsp|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Tonnage and Annual Handling Capacity'''
!Cargo type
!Total covered area
!Capacity (One time handling capacity)
|-
|International
|{{cvt|1400|m2}}
|{{cvt|140|t}}
|-
|Domestic
|{{cvt|1094|m2}}
|{{cvt|110|t}}
|}
Major commodities are fresh vegetables, chilled fish, [[ornamental fish]], [[cashew]]s, flowers and machinery parts.<ref name=":0" />

==Ground transport==
Taxis ply between the airport and the city of Mangaluru. Prepaid taxi service is available around the clock at the airport counter in the arrival hall.
The nearest railway station is [[Jokatte railway station]].

==Accidents and incidents==

* On 19 August 1981, Indian Airlines Flight 557, a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|HAL 748]] VT-DXF overshot the {{convert|5783|ft|order=flip}} old runway 27 at Mangalore-Bajpe Airport in wet weather.<ref name="HS748">{{cite web|url =http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810818-0|title =Accident description |access-date =24 June 2010 |publisher =Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> The aircraft came to a halt just beyond the runway edge. While there were no fatalities, the aircraft was damaged beyond repair and was written off. One of the passengers was [[Veerappa Moily]], then Finance Minister of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news
|url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article435656.ece
|title =Moily's close shave in Mangalore 30 years ago
|date =22 May 2010
|access-date =24 June 2010
|work =The Hindu}}</ref> An investigation revealed numerous pilot-attributed errors: the aircraft's flaps had not been set to landing position, the aircraft had landed long on the downsloping runway, at excessive speed and with a tailwind. The aircraft involved was HAL 748 VT-DXF, with manufacturer's serial number 511;<ref name="HS748"/> it first flew in 1967.
* On 22 May 2010, [[Air India Express Flight 812]], a [[Boeing 737-800]] VT-AXV, flying on the Dubai-Mangalore route, overshot the {{convert|8033|ft|order=flip}} [[Runway#Naming|runway number 06/24]], killing 158 people, including 6 crew members; only 8 survived. The aircraft overshot the runway and plunged into a steep gorge at the end of the runway.<ref name="150 killed as Air India plane crashes in Mangalore">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/150-killed--as-Air-India-plane-crashes-in-Mangalore/H1-Article1-546915.aspx |title=150 killed as Air India plane crashes in Mangalore |date=22 May 2010 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095443/http://www.hindustantimes.com/150-killed--as-Air-India-plane-crashes-in-Mangalore/H1-Article1-546915.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2010 }}</ref> The starboard wing impacted the concrete socket of the [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) localiser antenna, rendering it unusable.<ref name="ILS1">{{cite news
|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mangalore/Airline-companies-bleed-as-flights-get-cancelled/articleshow/6029343.cms|title =Airline companies bleed as flights get cancelled|date =9 June 2010|access-date =17 June 2010|work =The Times of India|first1=Stanley G|last1=Pinto}}</ref> This resulted in delayed or cancelled flights for two weeks during the monsoon rains, which reduced visibility.<ref name="ILS1"/> It took the airport a little under a month to repair and calibrate the ILS and bring it back online.<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=79343|title =Instrument Landing System Begins Operation at Mangalore Airport Again|date =17 June 2010|access-date =17 June 2010|publisher =DaijiWorld.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of airports in Karnataka]]
* [[Udupi International Airport]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons-inline}}
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/mangalore Mangalore Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]] website.
* {{ASN|IXE}}
{{Adani Group}}
{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1951]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mangalore]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Mangalore]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

LVHS Pothencode

2026-02-22T17:09:43Z

Hayaat: further updated section per standard format also and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|
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{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
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'''LVHS Pothencode''' aka '''Lekshmi Vilasom High School''' Pothencode is a school in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Education district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L. V. H. S. Pothencode |url=http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/education/schools/L._V._H._S._Pothencode/171/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Mathrubhumi Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-09 |title=Lakshmi Vilasam High School, Pothencode, Kerala 695584 {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-trv/lakshmi-vilasam-high-school-in-pothencode-thiruvananthapuram/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was founded by Murukkumpuzha Anantha Bhavan Sree Kunjan Muthalali in the name of his mother Smt Lekshmi in 1964. The present manager of the school is K Prabhullachandran.
The school is located in Karoor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Class 9 student escapes miraculously after falling off moving bus in TVM |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/07/class-nine-student-escapes-miraculously-after-falling-off-moving-bus-in-thiruvananthapuram.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> ward of [[Pothencode]] panchayat at a distance of about 20 km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of [[Kerala]].

The school which began with 168 students in standard 8th with a few staff headed by Sri P C Nadar Sir the first head master has now grown to a strength of about 2000 students in standards 8th 9th and 10th with nearly 75 staff members.
The new block of the school was inaugurated on 29 June 1965 by Kerala Chief Minister R Shankar.

== External links ==
* [https://www.lvhspothencode.in/ School website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya

2026-02-21T17:34:07Z

Hayaat:

{{short description|Meghalaya's cabinet post}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
The '''deputy chief minister of Meghalaya''' is a member of the [[Government of Meghalaya|Cabinet of Meghalaya Government]] in the [[Government of Meghalaya]]. Not a [[Constitution of India|constitutional]] office, it seldom carries any specific powers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/of-deputy-chief-ministers-and-the-constitution/article3632410.ece |title=Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution |website=The Hindu |date= 12 July 2012|accessdate=}}</ref> A deputy chief minister usually also holds a cabinet portfolio such as home minister or finance minister. In the [[parliamentary system]] of government, the chief minister is treated as the "first among equals" in the cabinet; the position of deputy chief minister is used to bring political stability and strength within a [[coalition government]].

==List of deputy chief ministers==
[[Standlington D. Khongwir]] (1978–1983): [[Deborah Marak]] [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
{{Cabinet table start}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' and|Minister of Home (Police)|Minister of Public Works Development (Roads)}}
| minister1 = [[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = Hill State People's Democratic Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' and|Minister of Community and Rural Development|Minister of Arts and Culture|Minister of Information Technology|Minister of Printing and Stationery}}
| minister1 = [[Timothy Shira]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|'''Deputy Chief Ministers''']]
| minister1 = [[Rowell Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister1_termend = 26 August 2016
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Roytre C. Laloo]]
| minister2_termstart = 12 March 2013
| minister2_termend = 6 March 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

{|class="wikitable" style="width:75%; text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. No.
!Name {{small|(constituency)}}
!Portrait
! colspan=3|Term of office
!colspan=2|Political party
![[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister]]
!Ref
|-
!
|[[Lotsing Sangma]] {{small|()}}
|7 December 2001
|4 March 2003
|[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]
|{{age in years and days|2001|12|4|2003|03|04}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=Telegraph India https://www.telegraphindia.com Lotsing Sangma passes away}}</ref>
|-
!
|[[D. D. Lapang]] {{small|()}}
|1998 7 December 2001
|1998 4 March 2003
|[[S. C. Marak]],[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]
|{{age in years and days|2001|12|4|2003|03|04}}
|[[File:D. D. Lapang.png|thumb]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/08megh1.htm#:~:text=A%2037%2Dmember%20two%2Dtier,have%20seven%20ministers%20of%20state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=DD Lapang: Former CM and three-time Deputy CM | date=13 February 2003 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dd-lapang-former-cm-and-three-time-deputy-cm/story-eEgMh4HS42qm5wS4AOxzbJ.html#:~:text=Meghalaya%27s%20Deputy%20Chief%20Minister%20and%20Congress%20leader,least%20three%20governments.%20%7C%20Latest%20News%20India }}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|[[Mukul Sangma]] {{small|(Ampati)}}
|rowspan=3|[[File:Mukul Sangma.jpg|100px]]
|11 April 2005
|6 October 2005
|rowspan=3|2 years, 146 days
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=4|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3|[[D. D. Lapang]]
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://megassembly.gov.in/Leader_Opposition.pdf|title=Dr. Mukul Sangma|website=/megassembly.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|11 March 2007
|4 March 2008
|-
|13 May 2009
|19 April 2010
|-
!
|[[Bindo Lanong]] {{small|(East Shillong)}}
|
|20 April 2010
|5 March 2013
|{{age in years and days|2010|04|20|2013|03|05}}
|[[Mukul Sangma]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spnewsagency.com/deputy-chief-minister-bm-lanong-realeased-the-meghalaya-journal/ |title=Deputy Chief Minister BM Lanong released the Meghalaya Journal |website=SP News Agency |date= |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!
|[[Prestone Tynsong]] {{small|(Pynursla)}}
|[[File:A delegation from North Eastern States led by the Minister General Administration Home (Civil Defence And Home Guards) Public Health Engineering Relief And Rehabilitation (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|6 March 2018
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2018|03|06}}
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|rowspan=2|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meghalaya.gov.in/megportal/ministerslist |title=Council of Ministers |website=Meghalaya State Portal |date= |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!
|[[Sniawbhalang Dhar]] {{small|(Nartiang)}}
|
|7 March 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2023|03|07}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conrad Sangma takes oath as Meghalaya CM, cabinet sworn-in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/meghalaya-nagaland-cms-oath-narendra-modi-swearing-in-ceremonies-8483137/lite/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Moneycontrol |date=7 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
==See also ==
*[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Indian states}}

[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|*]]
[[Category:Lists of deputy chief ministers of Indian states|Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya-related lists|Deputy chief ministers]]

Thai (month)

2026-02-13T05:27:17Z

Hayaat:

{{redirect|Thai month|months in the Thai calendar|Thai solar calendar|and|Thai lunar calendar}}
{{Infobox month
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = {{lang|ta|Tai}}
| calendar = [[Tamil calendar]]
| num = 10
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Hemanta (season)|Mun-pani]] ([[winter]])
| gregorian = [[January]]–[[February]]
| holidays = {{ubl |[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] |[[Thaipusam]] }}
| prev_month = [[Margazhi]]
| next_month = [[Masi (month)|Masi]]
}}
'''Thai''' is the tenth [[month]] of the [[Tamil calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Pushya|Pusham]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[purnima|pournami]] ([[full moon]]) day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to [[Hemanta (season)|mun-pani kaalam]] ([[winter]] season) and falls in [[January]]–[[February]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Circle of Six Seasons|author=Martha Ann Selby|year=2003|isbn=978-0-141-00772-4|page=xxix}}</ref><ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref>

In the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]], it corresponds to the tenth month of [[Pausha]], falling in the Gregorian months of December–January.<ref name="Siddhantha"/>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the tenth month of [[Makara (month)|Makara]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindunet.org/home/interfaith_relations/hirani/hindu_panchang.htm |title=Hindu Panchang|work=Hindu Net|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the tenth month of [[Narayana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=About the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major multi-day harvest festival celebrated by [[Tamils]]. The festival is celebrated over three or four consecutive days, which are named [[Bhogi]], Thai Pongal, [[Mattu Pongal]] and [[Kaanum Pongal]]. Thai Pongal is celebrated on the first day of the month.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-70071-267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=A|last1=Mani|first2=Pravin|last2=Prakash|first3=Shanthini|last3=Selvarajan|editor=Mathew Mathews|title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore|isbn=978-9-81323-475-8|pages=207–211|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[solar deity]] [[Surya]] and the festival is traditionally an occasion for decorating with [[kolam]] artworks, preparing the [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]] dish, celebrating [[cattle]], offering prayers, and getting together with family and friends.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|year=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|pages=274–275|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Thaipusam]] is celebrated on the [[purnima]] ([[full moon day]]) in the month of Thai on the confluence of [[Nakshatra|star]] [[Pushya|Pusam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Christian |title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-851-09689-3 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044113/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |page=462 }}</ref> The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of god [[Murugan]] over the [[asura]]s, and includes ritualistic practices of [[fasting]] and [[Kavadi Aattam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Javier |first=A.G. |title=They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2014 |isbn=979-8-216-15549-2 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043557/https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |page=387}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu astronomy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil calendar}}

[[Category:Months of the Tamil calendar|*10]]

Umang Jain

2026-02-12T03:17:26Z

Hayaat: fix section based on references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Umang Jain.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Jain at her film launch ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]'' promotional event
| name = Umang Jain
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tumkur]], India
| occupation = Model, Actress
| citizenship = Indian
| awards = AIAC - All India Achievers Award for best actor <ref>{{Cite web|title=All India Achievers Conference|url=http://allindiaachievers.com/awards.php|access-date=2022-01-23|website=allindiaachievers.com|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321145050/http://allindiaachievers.com/awards.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.umangjain.com}}
}}
'''Umang Jain''' is an Indian model and actress worked in national and international circuits. She is officially the youngest actor to have worked across all AV mediums and is awarded for the same. She is also popularly known as the 'Cadbury Girl' in India and 'Miss Masala Girl' in Pakistan from where she rose to fame. She has worked in Films, Series and has shot for more than 500TVCs.

== Career ==
She began in the Hindi film industry with ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/meet-the-cast-of-love-breakups-zindagi/|title=Meet the cast of 'Love Breakups Zindagi'|last=developer|date=10 July 2011}}</ref> and later appeared in ''[[Ek Tha Chander Ek Thi Sudha]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/A-story-that-redefined-love-for-an-entire-generation/articleshow/48756454.cms | title=A story that redefined love for an entire generation | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 September 2015 | access-date=11 November 2018 }}</ref> In 2015, she portrayed Gauri, an incarnation of [[Devi]]/[[Durga]] in the three month television series, ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''. She was cast in the role partly due to her background as a dancer and a brown belt in the martial arts.<ref name=strength>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/zee-tv-presents-indias-first-female-superhero-devi-the-epitome-of-strength.html
|title=ZEE TV presents India's First Female Superhero 'DEVI' - The Epitome of Strength
|access-date=2019-09-21
|date=2015-03-09
|publisher=[[Zee TV]]
|archive-date=21 September 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921215424/http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/zee-tv-presents-indias-first-female-superhero-devi-the-epitome-of-strength.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Jain states that she was drawn to the role because it was a challenging one.<ref name=undergone>{{cite web
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-has-undergone-a-major-change-actress-umang-jain/
|title=TV has undergone a major change: Actress Umang Jain
|access-date=2019-09-21
|last=Indo-Asian News Service
|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service
|date=2019-03-13
|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]
}}</ref><ref name=lands>{{cite web
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/maharakshak-devi-superheroine-lands-on-indian-tv/
|title='Maharakshak Devi' – superheroine lands on Indian TV
|access-date=2019-09-21
|last=Indo-Asian News Service
|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service
|date=2019-03-11
|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]
}}</ref>

Jain also portrayed Tara in the long-running show ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} About her character, Umang said, "I play Tara in the show. She is a hockey player, who is slightly rough on the edges as she has been raised in a family of men but she is a soft and sweet person inside. She always stands up for what is right."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/oct/27/umang-jain-has-come-a-long-way-834905.html | title=Umang Jain has Come a Long Way | first=Reet | last=Menghnani | newspaper=The New Indian Express | date=27 October 2015 | access-date=19 September 2019 }}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Serial
!Role
|-
|2002
|''[[Justujoo]]''
|Rima Sharma
|-
|2002
|''Yeh Hai Mere Apne''
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Karishma Kaa Karishma|Karishma kaa Karishma]]''
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Gharwali Uparwali]]''
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' - Do Gaz Zameen Ke Neeche
|Kanchan Goel (Episode 72 & 73)
|-
|2007
|''[[Break Time Masti Time]]''
|Mahua
|-
|2008
|[[Sunaina (TV series)|''Sunaina'']]
|Nina Kutty
|-
|2009
|''Chua Mantar''
|-
|2012
|''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
|Kareena Sood
|-
|2015
|''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-has-undergone-a-major-change-actress-umang-jain/|title=TV has undergone a major change: Actress Umang Jain|website=Indian Express|date=13 March 2015 }}</ref>
|[[Durga|Devi]] / Gauri
|-
|2015
|''[[Ek Tha Chander Ek Thi Sudha]]''
|Sudha Shukla
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Umang-Jain-quits-Yeh-Rishta-Kya-Kehlata-Hai/articleshow/52254695.cms|title=Umang Jain quits Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai|website=Times Of India|date=14 May 2016 }}</ref>
|Nayantara "Tara" Singh Shekhawat
|-
|2016
|''[[Khatmal E Ishq]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Umang-Jain-turns-bindaas-for-her-new-show/articleshow/55595570.cms|title=Umang Jain turns 'bindaas' for her new show|website=Times Of India|date=25 November 2016 }}</ref>
|Lovina D' Mello
|-
|2018
|rowspan=3|''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Siddhi
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
|Sona
|-
|Khushi
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
|-
|2011
|''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''
|Ritu
|rowspan=2|Hindi
|-
|2011
|''[[Shakal Pe Mat Ja]]''
|Prachi
|-
|2013
|''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]''
|Anju Moothedan
|Malayalam
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Umang}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Jantal Puja

2026-02-11T07:45:36Z

Hayaat: created initial entry w/ sources

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Annual festival in India}}

'''Jantal Puja''' also known as '''Jantal Bonga''' or '''Jaontar Bonga''', is a harvesting festival of the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]], [[Bhuiya]]s, [[Khonds]] and [[Santal people|Santals]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Sitakant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXxjAAAAMAAJ&q=jantal |title=Unending Rhythms: Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes |date=1992 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0277-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arts |first=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjdHD5BbeEwC&dq=jantal+festival&pg=PA112 |title=Santhal Worldview |date=2001 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-866-0 |language=en}}</ref> It is a community level festival celebrated in the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] and [[Keonjhar district]] of [[Odisha]] and [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] and [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1H7XAAAAMAAJ&q=jantal |title=Social Anthropology of Pilgrimage |date=1991 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0265-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvAMAQAAMAAJ&q=jantal |title=Indian Anthropologist |date=2006 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKDrAAAAMAAJ&q=jantal |title=Social Science Probings |date=1987 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

== Celebration ==
It is celebrated when the paddy crop starts growing in September, with the date of celebration fixed in a village council meeting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Indian Anthropological |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlqBAAAAMAAJ&q=jantal |title=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society |date=2005 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref> A puja is performed by the Deuri (tribal priest) in the sacred grove known as Jahera or [[Jaherthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Anthropological Survey of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYBDAAAAYAAJ&q=jantal |title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=1961 |publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum |language=en}}</ref> During this festival, people sacrifice he-goats and cocks to the village deities and hill gods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Sitakant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju8tAAAAMAAJ&q=jantal+festival |title=Bākhen: Ritual Invocation Songs of a Primitive Community |date=1979 |publisher=Prachi Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], Goddess Paudi is worshipped at the Paudi sthan during this festival.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deo |first=Tikayet Nrupendra Narayan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8gBAAAAMAAJ&q=jantal+paudi |title=Singhbhum, Seraikella & Kharswan Through the Ages |date=1954 |publisher=Alliance P. |language=en}}</ref> The Pakhnapat Jantal Puja, celebrated in the [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]], is renowned for its rich cultural significance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Namita |date=2021-01-01 |title=Local Fairs of Odisha, its impact on Family bond & Community Cohesiveness |url=https://www.academia.edu/109232612 |journal=Asian Mirror}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Festivals in Odisha]]

Pradeep Kalipurayath

2026-02-09T06:12:27Z

Hayaat: put up biography.

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (1981–present)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep Kalipurayath
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Pradeep Kalipurayath
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Cinematographer
* Producer
* Director
}}
| years_active = 2005–present
}}
'''Pradeep Kalipurayath''' is an Indian advertising director, cinematographer, filmmaker<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/my-news/priya-menon-is-all-set-to-take-sankalp-to-the-next-level.html|title = Home}}</ref> known for his work predominantly in south Indian advertisements and corporate films. His first taste of fame came with having produced and directed a music video featuring India’s first Malayalam rock band ‘Avial’ in 2005 who moved on to be quite the sensation across the world.<ref>http://taidaida.blogspot.in {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref> It was one of the first [[YouTube]] videos that had become popular in India. Ad films, documentaries and television shows have been made under the banner of Poorman Productions since 2006.

His initial pieces of work as a cinematographer included Independent Indian English films like ‘I Just Don't Get It’,<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/12/27/stories/2004122700030100.htm {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''[[That Four-Letter Word]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madrasink.com/tag/pradeep-kalipurayath/|title = Pradeep Kalipurayath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thatfourletterword.blogspot.in/2007_02_01_archive.html|title = That Four Letter Word: BLOG}}</ref> and ‘Good Night, Good Morning. His first Tamil feature film as a cinematographer is ''[[Saithan]]'' (2016).

==Advertising career==
Poorman Productions’ corporate identity was conceptualized by Tribe 10 Advertising,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/advertising/tribe-10-advertising-inks-strategic-pact-with-poorman-production_22144.html|title=Tribe 10 Advertising inks strategic pact with Poorman Production - Exchange4media}}</ref> which won them a Bronze Award at the Advertisement Club Awards of 2007 in Chennai.

==Non film works==

His recent work includes a story through photographs made for a coffee-table book ‘Metamorphosis’ made in collaboration with contemporary dancer [[Aparna Nagesh]] and her all girls dance ensemble, High Kicks. The book brings out the life and journey of a contemporary female dancer in India with photographs presented in great print quality clicked over the span of five years. The photographs are clicked by Pradeep Kalipurayath and this is the first book to showcase him as a photographer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150822/lifestyle-booksart/article/love-dance|title=For the love of dance|date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Director ===

Strange (Short Film)

Safe - 2019

===Cinematography===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://moviegalleri.net/2016/06/shaitan-movie-vijay-antony-first-look-images.html?pid=1052612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924072037/http://moviegalleri.net/2016/06/shaitan-movie-vijay-antony-first-look-images.html?pid=1052612|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2016|title=Shaitan Vijay Antony First Look Images|date=27 June 2016 }}</ref>

2007 - I Just Don't Get It

2008 - ''[[That Four-Letter Word]]''

2015 - Touch

2016 - ''[[Saithan]]''

===As producer===

2006 - Nada Nada - Malayalam rock single featuring Avial: John. P.Varky, Tony, Rex Vijayan Anand and Joffey

2010 – Prana, The Band

2012- Rahlaap- [[Rahul Nambiar]] and Aalap Raju.

===As freelancer===

2008 - Good Hair (Behind-the-scenes photography)

2009 - Manchadikuru (Behind-the-scenes filmmaking)

2009 - Good Night, Good Morning (Additional Cinematography)

2014 - Shastram Trailer (Cinematography & Line Producer)

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8011781/|title=Pradeep Kalipurayath|website=IMDb|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8011781}}
* [https://vimeo.com/channels/shastramdancevideos/109773787 Shastram Trailer]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalipurayath, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]

Indra's Net (book)

2026-02-07T23:28:29Z

Hayaat: created a article needs work

{{short description|2014 book by Rajiv Malhotra}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Indra's Net - Rajiv Malhotra.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| author = [[Rajiv Malhotra]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| subject = [[Hinduism]], [[philosophy]]
| genre = 
| publisher = [[HarperCollins#HarperCollins India|HarperCollins Publishers India]]
| pub_date = 2014 (1st), 2016 (revised)
| media_type = Print
| pages = 376 (2014), 400 (2016)
| isbn = 978-9351362449
| isbn_note =(hardback) {{ISBNT|978-9351771791}}(paperback)
| oclc = 871215576
}}
'''''Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity''''' is a 2014 book by [[Rajiv Malhotra]], an Indian-American author, philanthropist and public speaker, published by HarperCollins.

The book is an appeal against the thesis of [[Neo-Vedanta|neo-Hinduism]] and a defense of [[Vivekananda]]'s view of [[Yoga]] and [[Vedanta]]. The book argues for a unity, coherence, and continuity of the Yogic and Vedantic traditions of [[Hinduism]] and [[Hindu philosophy]]. It makes proposals for defending Hinduism from what the author considers to be unjust attacks from scholars, misguided [[Public intellectual#Public intellectual life|public intellectuals]], and hostile religious polemicists.

A revised edition was published in 2016 after other scholars asserted plagiarism in the original edition.<ref name="inet2016" />
{{TOC limit}}

==Background and release==
Malhotra had written several previous books defending various aspects of Hinduism. He states that ''Indra's Net'' was catalyzed by a 2012 panel at the meetings of the [[American Academy of Religion]] to discuss his book ''[[Being Different]]'' (2011). Two panelists based their objections against the book on the "single premise"{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=45}} that no unified Hindu tradition existed. These panelists "regarded any notion of Hindu unity as a dangerous fabrication and saw me as guilty of propagating it."{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=45}} Malhotra had known of several distinct cases of bias
{{blockquote|
where the great Hindu visionaries of the modern era were being charged with [[proto-fascism]] which struck me as bizarre. But I had not connected the dots or realized how insidious and widespread such a theory had become. Once I started to unravel the myth-making of [[neo-Vedanta|neo-Hinduism]] and the ideological motivations behind it, I saw the dire need to contest its widespread acceptance among academic scholars and so-called experts on Hinduism. I decided that the battle must be taken to the academic fortress where the nexus is headquartered and from where it spreads its [[narrative]]s.{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=44}}
}}

The book's central metaphor is "[[Indra's net|Indra's Net]]". As a scriptural image "Indra's Net" was first mentioned in the [[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]] (c. 1000 [[BCE]]).{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=4–5,310}}{{refn|group=note|The [[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]] verse 8.8.6. says: "Vast indeed is the tactical net of great Indra, mighty of action and tempestuous of great speed. By that net, O Indra, pounce upon all the enemies so that none of the enemies may escape the arrest and punishment." And verse 8.8.8. says: "This great world is the power net of mighty Indra, greater than the great. By that Indra-net of boundless reach, I hold all those enemies with the dark cover of vision, mind and senses."{{cite book |last=Ram |first=Tulsi |title=Atharva Veda: Authentic English Translation|year=2013 |publisher=Agniveer|pages=910–911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU0CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA911 |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uU0CAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=30 March 2014}}}}{{rp|910–911}} In Buddhist philosophy, Indra's Net served as a metaphor in the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]]{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=13}}{{sfn|Jones|2003|p=16}} and was further developed by [[Huayan school|Huayen]] Buddhism to portray the interconnectedness of everything in the universe.{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=13}}{{sfn|Jones|2003|p=16}}{{sfn|Odin|1982|p=17}}
Malhotra employs the metaphor of Indra's Net to express
{{blockquote|
the profound cosmology and outlook that permeates Hinduism. Indra's Net symbolizes the universe as a web of connections and interdependences.... The net is said to be infinite, and to spread in all directions with no beginning or end. At each node of the net is a jewel, so arranged that every jewel reflects all the other jewels.... a microcosm of the whole net.... [and] individual jewels always remain in flux.{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=4–5}}
}}

The book uses Indra's Net as a metaphor for the understanding of the universe as a web of connections and interdependences, an understanding which Malhotra wants to revive as the foundation for [[Vedas|Vedic]] cosmology,{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=4}} a perspective that he asserts has "always been implicit"{{sfn|Malhotra|2014| p=18}} in the outlook of the ordinary Hindu.

''Indra's Net'' was released in India on 29 January 2014 at the [[Vivekananda International Foundation]], where a talk was given by [[Arun Shourie]].{{sfn|Shourie|2014}}
Shourie stated that in the book, Malhotra "has given us a pair of spectacles, a new pair of spectacles through which to understand... our own religions and our own tradition".<ref name=shourietranscript14>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Sankhadip |title=Transcript: Arun Shourie's Lecture on 'Indra's Net' |url=http://beingdifferentforum.blogspot.in/2014/03/transcript-arun-shouries-lecture-on.html |work=beingdifferentforum.blogspot.in |access-date=24 March 2014 |date=3 March 2014}}</ref>

==Reviews==
Reviews have appeared in
''[[Mental Health, Religion & Culture]]'',<ref name=oman16>{{cite journal |last1=Oman |first1=Doug |title=Indra's Net: defending Hinduism's philosophical unity|journal=[[Mental Health, Religion & Culture]] |date=12 July 2016 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=408–412 |doi=10.1080/13674676.2016.1189230|s2cid=147808634 }}</ref>
''[[The Economic Times]]'',<ref name=nadkami14>{{cite news |last=Nadkarni |first=Vithal C|title=Net of unity |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-27/news/46684772_1_hinduism-indrajal-new-book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227000000/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-27/news/46684772_1_hinduism-indrajal-new-book |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=24 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 January 2014}}</ref>
''[[The Free Press Journal]]''<ref name=kamath14>{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=M. V. |author-link=M. V. Kamath |title=Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity [book review] |url=http://freepressjournal.in/indras-net-defending-hinduisms-philosophical-unity/ |access-date=27 May 2014 |newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=4 May 2014}}</ref> and other venues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MISRA|first=BIJOY|date=2014|title=Review of INDRA'S NET: DEFENDING HINDUISM'S PHILOSOPHICAL UNITY, Malhotra Rajiv|journal=World Affairs|volume=18|issue=2|pages=152–155|issn=0971-8052|jstor=48505445}}</ref>

In ''[[Mental Health, Religion & Culture]]'', Doug Oman wrote that "''Indra’s Net'' is a stimulating, valuable, and partly contentious book that, despite some errors in details, supplies needed correctives for one cluster of serious imbalances in how contemporary
Hinduism has been presented. Over time, concerns it highlights could and should inform health professional training materials for religious diversity".<ref name=oman16/> He also suggested that "Proposing the distinctive core of Hinduism as a dynamic '[[open architecture]]' is perhaps the book’s most stimulating and important scientific contribution,"<ref name=oman16/> a model that "suggests many new lines for [[empirical research|empirical inquiry]]"<ref name=oman16/> and that "might be adapted to study '[[spiritual but not religious]]' Westerners".<ref name=oman16/>

In ''[[The Economic Times]]'', Vithal Nadkarni noted the [[Atharvaveda|Atharva Vedic]] origins of the image of Indra's net. To the reviewer, Malhotra's contention that Hinduism has always spanned traditional, [[Modernity|modern]] and [[postmodernity|post-modern]] categories "evokes the image of [[Trimurti|Shiva's Trinity]], also known as that of Master of Time past, present and future, enshrined at... [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]]".<ref name=nadkami14/>

In ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', [[M. V. Kamath]] wrote that "Malhotra has done his job in explaining Hinduism [remarkably] well".<ref name=kamath14/>

[[Subramanian Swamy]], former president of the [[Janata Party]] (1990–2013), stated with regard to ''Indra's Net'' that "this kind of writing is something that ultimately should become textbook reading for graduate students in India".<ref name="swamy14">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehibLNo6J2k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ehibLNo6J2k |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Dr Subramanian Swamy talks about Rajiv Malhotra latest book Indra's Net|last=Swamy|first=Subramanian|author-link=Subramanian Swamy|date=4 March 2014|work=YouTube|access-date=24 March 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{rp|2:45-2:54}} He added that "this imperialism in scholarship [as criticized in the book] is something that Rajiv Malhotra is fighting alone; we need much more support being given to him".<ref name=swamy14/>{{rp|5:18-5:30}}

==Response==

===Anantanand Rambachan===
[[Anantanand Rambachan]], whose work was repeatedly criticized in ''Indra's Net'', especially in Chapter 6 ("Rambachan's Argument to Fragment Hinduism"), published a response in the Indian right-wing cultural magazine ''[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]]''.{{sfn|Rambachan|2015}} Rambachan stated that "too many of his [Malhotra's] descriptions of my scholarship belong appropriately to the realm of fiction and are disconnected from reality."{{sfn|Rambachan|2015}} Rambachan organized his lengthy response "around thirteen of his [Malhotra's] 'myths' about my work. I can easily double this number,"{{sfn|Rambachan|2015}} also stating that
{{blockquote|I share the author’s value for Hindu unity, but [...] The author [Malhotra] wrongly equates serious theological engagement within a tradition with its fragmentation [...] and it is misleading to hold me responsible for what he perceives as Hindu disunity [...] A unity that is grounded in mature and respectful acknowledgment of diversity and difference, open to mutual learning, and rejoicing in all that we share, is a credible one that Hindus can fearlessly and confidently pursue.{{sfn|Rambachan|2015}}
}}

===Allegations of plagiarism===
In July 2015, Richard Fox Young of [[Princeton Theological Seminary]]{{refn|group=note|name=foxbooks|Young is the Elmer K. and Ethel R. Timby Associate Professor of the History of Religions at Princeton Theological Seminary. He has authored and edited books on Christianity and Christian conversion in India and elsewhere in Asia. Young's books include "Asia in the making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present" (2013, {{OCLC|855706908}}), "Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste" (2014, {{OCLC|900648811}}), "Perspectives on Christianity in Korea and Japan: the Gospel and culture in East Asia" (1995, {{OCLC|33101519}}) and "Resistant Hinduism: Sanskrit sources on anti-Christian Apologetics in Early Nineteenth-Century India" (1981, {{OCLC|8693222}}).}}{{refn|group=note|Young studied Malhotra's work for an essay published in 2014. See: Young (2014), ''Studied Silences? Diasporic Nationalism, ‘Kshatriya Intellectuals’ and the Hindu American Critique of Dalit Christianity’s Indianness''. In: ''Constructing Indian Christianities: Culture, Conversion and Caste'' chapter 10}}<ref group=web name=firstpost7jul>{{cite news |last1=FP Staff |title=Historian Richard Fox Young accuses writer Rajeev Malhotra of plagiarism|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/historian-richard-fox-young-accuses-writer-rajeev-malhotra-plagiarism-2331532.html |access-date=13 July 2015 |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |agency=[[Network 18]] |date=7 July 2015}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Young gave an explanation for his allegations in an open letter to his colleagues at Princeton Theological Seminary, where he is currently employed.<ref group=web name="YoungLetter">[http://communalism.blogspot.nl/2015/07/more-on-infinity-foundation-and-rajiv.html a letter from Fox to his colleagues]</ref> See [http://communalism.blogspot.nl/2015/07/more-on-infinity-foundation-and-rajiv.html a letter from Fox to his colleagues] Malhotra comments on his references to Nicholson at swarajyamag.com, ''Nicholson's Untruths'', while "Independent Readers and Reviewers" respond at [https://traditionresponds.wordpress.com/ ''Rebuttal of false allegations against Hindu scholarship''].}} and Andrew J.Nicholson who authored ''[[Unifying Hinduism]]'', alleged Malhotra plagiarized ''Unifying Hinduism'' in ''Indra's Net''.<ref group=web name="PermanentBlack" /> Nicholson further said that Malhotra not only had plagiarised his book, but also " twists the words and arguments of respectable scholars to suit his own ends."<ref group=web name="PermanentBlack"/>{{refn|group=note|Nicholson refers to page 163 of ''Indra's Net'', which copies p.14 of ''Unifying Hinduism'':
:* Malhotra ''Indra's Net'' p.163: ''"Vivekananda's challenge was also to show that this complementarity model was superior to models that emphasized conflict and contradiction. He showed great philosophical and interpretive ingenuity, even to those who might not agree with all his conclusions. [19]"<ref group=web name="TR162-163">[https://traditionresponds.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/response-to-in-point-3.pdf Tradition responds, pp.162-163, 328-329]</ref>''
:* Nicholson ''Unifying Hinduism'' (2010) p.14: ''"Vijnanabhikshu's challenge is to show that the complementary model he espouses is superior to other models emphasizing conflict and contradiction. Even his distractors must admit that he often shows extraordianry philosophical and interpretive ingenuity, whether or not all his arguments to this end are ultimately persuasive."{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=14}}''
Malhotra's note 19 refers to "Nicholson 2010, pp.65, 78," not to p.14.<ref group=web name="TR162-163"/> None of these pages mentions Vivekananda.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=65,78}}}} Permanent Black, publisher of Nicholson's ''Unifying Hinduism,'' stated that they would welcome HarperCollins "willingness to rectify future editions" of ''Indra's Net''.<ref group=web name="PermanentBlack">[http://permanent-black.blogspot.nl/2015/07/unifying-hinduism-statements-from.html ''Unifying Hinduism: Statements from the Author and from the Publisher'']</ref>

In response to Nicholson, Malhotra stated "I used your work with explicit references 30 times in Indra’s Net, hence there was no ill-intention."<ref group=web name="Malhotra-rejoinder"/> He announced that he will be eliminating all references to Nicholson and further explained:<ref group=web name="Malhotra-rejoinder"/>{{refn|group=note|So far, Malhotra has given seven responses:
* [http://www.newslaundry.com/2015/07/15/rajiv-malhotra-says-those-accusing-him-of-plagiarism-are-really-out-to-silence-his-voice/ ''Rajiv Malhotra says those accusing him of plagiarism are really out to silence his voice.''1],
* [http://archive.niticentral.com/2015/07/15/rajiv-malhotra-on-hindu-intellectuals-niti-exclusive-323900.html ''Rajiv Malhotra on Hindu Intellectuals'']
* [http://archive.niticentral.com/2015/07/18/rajiv-malhotra-has-a-rejoinder-to-andrew-nicholson-324312.html ''Rajiv Malhotra has a rejoinder to Andrew Nicholson'']
* [http://www.firstpost.com/living/decolonising-indology-rajiv-malhotra-wont-follow-rules-set-west-2356234.html Rajiv Malhotra, ''Decolonising Indology: Rajiv Malhotra on why he won't follow rules set by the West'']
* [http://www.firstpost.com/living/rajiv-malhotras-indras-net-seven-big-ideas-and-hinduisms-integral-unity-2382902.html ''Rajiv Malhotra's Indra's Net: Seven big ideas and Hinduism's integral unity'']
* [http://organiser.org//Encyc/2015/8/10/Opinion---Fighting-the-Sepoys-of-the-Leftist-evangelist-Mafia.aspx ''Opinion : Fighting the Sepoys of the Leftist-evangelist Mafia'']
Indrasnetbook.com also contains a response byThom Loree, copy-editor of ''Indra’s Net'':
* [http://indrasnetbook.com/press-release/ ''Statement by the editor of Indra’s Net, based in Toronto, Canada'']}}{{blockquote|I am going to actually remove many of the references to your work simply because you have borrowed from Indian sources and called them your own original ideas [...] Right now, it is western Indologists like you who get to define ‘critical editions’ of our texts and become the primary source and adhikari. This must end and I have been fighting this for 25 years [...] we ought to examine where you got your materials from, and to what extent you failed to acknowledge Indian sources, both written and oral, with the same weight with which you expect me to do so.<ref group=web name="Malhotra-rejoinder">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.niticentral.com/2015/07/18/rajiv-malhotra-has-a-rejoinder-to-andrew-nicholson-324312.html?PageSpeed=noscript |title=Rajiv Malhotra, ''Rajiv Malhotra has a rejoinder to Andrew Nicholson'' |access-date=2016-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808185700/http://archive.niticentral.com/2015/07/18/rajiv-malhotra-has-a-rejoinder-to-andrew-nicholson-324312.html?PageSpeed=noscript |archive-date=2016-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
In the revised second edition,<ref
name=inet2016>{{cite book
|title = Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity
|last = Malhotra
|first = Rajiv
|author-link = Rajiv Malhotra
|date = 2016
|edition = revised
|location = Noida, India
|publisher = HarperCollins Publishers India
|isbn = 978-9351771791
|url = http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/indras-net/changes-chapter-8/
|access-date = 2016-04-23
|archive-date = 2016-04-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160414221931/http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/indras-net/changes-chapter-8/
|url-status = dead
}} {{ISBN|9351771792}} (400 pages) [http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/indras-net/changes-chapter-8/ (revised chapter 8, with references, is available online)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414221931/http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/indras-net/changes-chapter-8/ |date=2016-04-14 }}</ref> Malhotra eliminated the thirty references to Nicholson's book:
{{blockquote|
When writing the first edition of ''Indra's Net'', I included Andrew Nicholson's book (Nicholson, 2010) for my literature review and for citation purposes, because of its alluring title, ''Unifying Hinduism''. I was intrigued that a Westerner would break ranks with those who held that Hinduism had lacked unity prior to British colonialism. Nicholson's promise of understanding unity seemed appealing to me, because I (incorrectly) assumed he meant integral unity. Hence, I referenced many of his ideas and arguments, ''naming him as a source about thirty times''.... [But Nicholson's] idea of Hinduism's unity is that it was the result of a relatively recent ''historical'' process; hence the unity is ''not inherent'' in the cosmology.... I call this view a synthetic unity, a unity achieved by gluing things together that in fact were separate. My contention has always been that the unity of sanatana dharma (now commonly known as Hinduism) has ''always'' been built into the tradition from its Vedic origins.<ref name=inet2016/>{{rp|161–162}}
}}

==Revised edition==

A revised edition of ''Indra's Net'' was published by HarperCollins India in 2016. The revised edition omits most references to the work of Andrew Nicholson, and further explains Malhotra's ideas concerning the unity of Hinduism as inherent in the tradition from the times of its Vedic origins.<ref name=inet2016/>{{rp|161–162}} The revised chapter 8, with references, is available online.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/indras-net/changes-chapter-8/ |title=''Indra's Net'', revised edition, chapter 8 |access-date=2016-04-23 |archive-date=2016-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414221931/http://rajivmalhotra.com/books/indras-net/changes-chapter-8/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Unifying Hinduism]]''
* ''[[Breaking India]]''
* ''[[Invading the Sacred]]''
* ''[[Being Different]]''
* ''[[The Battle for Sanskrit]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

;Web-references
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last =Bharati | first =Agehananda | date =February 1970 | title =The Hindu Renaissance and its Apologetic Patterns | journal =The Journal of Asian Studies |volume =29 |issue =2 |pages =267–287 | doi =10.2307/2942625 | jstor =2942625 | s2cid =154591435 | doi-access =free }}
* {{Citation | last =De Michelis | first =Elizabeth | year =2005 | title =A History of Modern Yoga | publisher =Continuum}}
* {{cite book
| title = Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta
| last = Halbfass
| first = Wilhelm
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| date = 1995
| isbn = 978-0791425824
}}

* {{Citation | last1 =Jones | first1 = Ken H. |author-link=Ken Jones (Buddhist)| year = 2003 | title = The New Social Face of Buddhism: A Call to Action | publisher = Wisdom Publications | isbn = 0-86171-365-6 }}
* {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | year =1999a | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" | publisher =Routledge }}
* {{cite journal | last =King | first= Richard | year =1999b | title =Orientalism and the Modern Myth of "Hinduism" | journal =NUMEN | publisher =BRILL | volume =46 | issue =2 | pages =146–185 | jstor =3270313 | doi= 10.1163/1568527991517950 | s2cid= 45954597 }}
* {{cite book
| title = Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity
| last = Malhotra
| first = Rajiv
| author-link = Rajiv Malhotra
| date = 2014
| location = Noida, India
| publisher = HarperCollins Publishers India
| isbn = 978-9351362449
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M7TlAgAAQBAJ
| oclc = 871215576
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Andrew J. |title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780231149860}}
* {{Citation | last1 = Odin | first1 = Steve | year = 1982 | title = Process Metaphysics and Hua-Yen Buddhism: A Critical Study of Cumulative Penetration Vs. Interpenetration | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 0-87395-568-4 }}
* {{cite web
| last = Shourie
| first = Arun
| title = Indra's Net
| url = http://indrasnetbook.com/release-arun-shourie/
| access-date= 24 March 2014
| date = 29 January 2014
}}

* {{cite book
| last1 = Rambachan
| first1 = Anantanand
| author1link = Anantanand Rambachan
| date = 30 April 2015
| publisher = swarajyamag.com
| title = Untangling the False Knots in Rajiv Malhotra's 'Indra's Net'
| oclc = 3999897
| accessdate =
}}

* {{cite book
| title = The Higher Hinduism in Relation to Christianity
| last = Slater
| first = T. E.
| publisher = Karig Press
| date = 2010
| orig-year = 1903
| isbn = 978-1445508153
| pages = 4–6
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150922023511/http://rajivmalhotra.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/hinduism-today_indras-net-review.pdf Synopsis at Hinduism Today]

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]
[[Category:Hinduism studies books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Philosophy books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Books about Hinduism]]

Hareesh Tibrewala

2026-02-07T19:35:10Z

Hayaat: created a article basic info

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hareesh Tibrewala
| image = Hareesh Tibrewala.jpg
| caption = Hareesh Tibrewala, Joint CEO Mirum India
| birth_name = Hareesh Tibrewala
| birth_place = [[Mukundgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]], United States
| occupation = Businessman, entrepreneur
| known_for = Joint CEO, Mirum India<ref name="JWT">{{cite news|url=https://www.jwt.com/en/socialwavelength/people/hareeshtibrewala/|title=Hareesh Tibrewala - Joint CEO Social Wavelength|publisher=jwt.com}}</ref>
}}

'''Hareesh Tibrewala''' is an Indian businessman and an entrepreneur. He is the joint CEO for Mirum India (a [[WPP plc|WPP Company]]).<ref name="FinancialExpress">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/psychographics-will-soon-score-over-demographics-hareesh-tibrewala/63391/|title=Psychographics will soon score over demographics: Hareesh Tibrewala|date=April 13, 2015|publisher=financialexpress.com|access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref>

He has spoken on various topics related to entrepreneurship, [[digital marketing]] and marketing automation.<ref name=" Entrepreneurship: The True Process of Learning’- Video">{{cite news|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/336163|title= Entrepreneurship: The True Process of Learning |publisher= Entrepreneur India }}</ref><ref name="BrandEquity2">{{cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/be-blogs/marketing-digital-marketing/3966/|title=Challenges in front of marketing agencies|publisher=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z5P8WOSigg|title=Hareesh Tibrewala on HT Brand Studio Live|publisher=YouTube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Pavan R. |date=2022-01-13 |title=BRIEF22 {{!}} Hareesh Tibrewala, Mirum India: Talent acquisition a key priority for 2022 |url=https://mediabrief.com/brief-2022-yearender-hareesh-tibrewala-mirum/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibrewala |first=Hareesh |title=Cashing In On The Opportunities |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Cashing-In-On-The-Opportunities/11-11-2021-411565 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Entrepreneurial experience to technology predictions for future’- Video">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3znQy74aOg|title=Entrepreneurial experience to technology predictions for future 2019|publisher=Youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="Marketing Automation Video">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Md9-BbawH1Q|title=Understanding Marketing Automation|publisher=Youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="Why marketing automation is the future of digital for brands">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/why-marketing-automation-is-the-future-of-digital-for-brands/519718/|title=Why marketing automation is the future of digital for brands|publisher=FinancialExpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Fireside chat - Martech Roundup 2021 & Trend Prediction 2022 | date=2 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwtBnGvEgsE |language=en |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref>

He has also penned articles on how to build good website and [[HTTP cookie|what are web cookies]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beginners Guide: Building a Good Website |url=https://www.pcquest.com/beginners-guide-building-a-good-website/ |website=PCQuest}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cookie is Crumbling |url=https://www.adgully.com/the-cookie-is-crumbling-97157.html |website=Adgully.com}}</ref> [[chatbot]]s,<ref name=" The Emerging Importance of Chatbots">{{cite news|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/344442|title= The Emerging Importance of Chatbots |publisher= Entrepreneur India}}</ref> [[blockchain]],<ref name="BestMediaInfo">{{cite news|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/08/guest-times-blockchain-the-future-is-decentralised/|title=Guest Times: Blockchain — the future is decentralised|publisher=bestmediainfo.com}}</ref> marketing automation,<ref name="ArticleOnMarketingAutomation">{{cite news|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/opinion-how-brands-are-leveraging-marketing-automation/451539|title=Understanding Marketing Automation|publisher=campaignindia.in}}</ref><ref name=" How MarTech is slowly becoming a powerful tool ">{{cite news|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/how-martech-is-slowly-becoming-a-powerful-tool/71134998|title= How MarTech is slowly becoming a powerful tool|publisher=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/}}</ref><ref name="Opinion: How brands are leveraging marketing automation">{{cite news|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/opinion-how-brands-are-leveraging-marketing-automation/451539|title= Opinion: How brands are leveraging marketing automation |publisher= Campaign India }}</ref> [[augmented reality]], healthcare marketing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing Face of Healthcare Communication |url=https://www.adgully.com/changing-face-of-healthcare-communication-107772.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref> human resources, artificial intelligence, and [[virtual reality]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Artificial Intelligence throws up real-world problems |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/when-artificial-intelligence-throws-real-world-problems-130298.html |website=Exchange4media.com|date=9 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence : Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://www.imcnet.org/storage/content_gallery/publications/IMC%20JOURNAL%20-%20SEPT%20OCT%202023.pdf |website=Imcnet.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=For Artificial Intelligence To Flourish, Governments Need To Think Ahead About Its Responsible Use |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/for-artificial-intelligence-to-flourish-governments-need-to-think-ahead-about-its-responsible-use-8920831.html |website=Firstpost.com|date=16 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tibrewala |first1=Hareesh |publisher=People Matters Media Pvt Ltd |date=2021-05-15 |title=Emergence and Importance of the Human Cloud |url=https://www.peoplematters.in/blog/hr-technology/emergence-and-importance-of-the-human-cloud-29333 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=People Matters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Hareesh Tibrewala, Mirum India: The power of collaboration |url=https://mediabrief.com/exclusive-hareesh-tibrewala-mirum-india/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ArticleOnARVR">{{cite news|url=https://www.dqindia.com/business-applications-ar-vr/|title=Business Applications of AR and VR|publisher=dqindia.com}}</ref> As well as Digital Transformation, and how digital marketers are preparing for the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The next frontier of digital transformation: Are you onboard? |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital/the-next-frontier-of-digital-transformation-are-you-onboard/84008389 |website=Brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metaverse, social commerce and personalisation in a cookie-less world: Here's how digital marketers are preparing for the future |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/ad-agencies/article/metaverse-social-commerce-and-personalisation-in-a-cookie-less-world-heres-how-digital-marketers-are-preparing-for-the-future/articleshow/88146633.cms |website=Businessinsider}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in [[Mukundgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], India. He studied at Hindi Vidya Bhavan and earned a bachelor's degree from [[VJTI]], [[University of Mumbai]] and a master's degree from the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name="PersonalDetails">{{cite news|url=http://www.socialwavelength.com/who-we-are/our-story/|title=Personal Details}}</ref>

==Career==
He studied business strategy planning at AKZO-Nobel, Germany. He started his career as a partner with IFCM Counselors, a [[human asset management]] company. In 1997, he co-founded Homeindia.com.<ref name="SocialSamosa">{{cite news|url=http://www.socialsamosa.com/2012/07/an-interview-hareesh-tibrewala/|title=An Interview with Hareesh Tibrewala|publisher=socialsamosa.com}}</ref> Mirum (Social Wavelength), now part of [[WPP plc]], is Hareesh's third venture.

He was president of the Rotary Club of Mumbai, Sea Pearl, as well as the founder and co-chairperson of the expert committee on information technology at the Indian Merchants Chamber.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairperson of Digital Committee at IMC Chamber of Commerce and Industry |url=https://www.imcnet.org/managing-committee |website=Imcnet.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Union Budget IT Sector : आयटी सेक्टर तज्ज्ञ Hareesh Tibrewala यांच्याकडून अर्थसंकल्पाचं स्वागत | date=February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mek6szful6E |language=en |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Budget: भारत में कैसे होगी Digital currency की शुरुआत, IMC डिजिटल कमेटी के चेयरमैन से जानिए | date=February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlPVLmFUpeA |language=en |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mr. Hareesh Tibrewala presenting views on post budget views on Zee TV | date=2 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkA2sGEx5VQ |language=en |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mr. Hareesh Tibrewala presenting views on post budget views on India News | date=2 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHWbBnwdUw4 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref>

He is a Lead Partner with Social Venture Partners since 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partner, Social Venture Partners |url=https://svpindia.org/people/hareesh-tibrewala/ |website=Svpindia.org}}</ref> and mentor at Standford seed.

Hareesh addressed national and international conferences on subjects pertaining to branding, entrepreneurship and technology,<ref name="FreePressJournal">{{cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/sanjay-mehta-hareesh-tibrewala-mentor-young-professionals-at-iaa-world-goes-digital-webinar-series/|title=Sanjay Mehta & Hareesh Tibrewala mentor young professionals at IAA 'World Goes Digital' Webinar Series|publisher=freepressjournal.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216184856/http://www.freepressjournal.in/sanjay-mehta-hareesh-tibrewala-mentor-young-professionals-at-iaa-world-goes-digital-webinar-series/|archive-date=2015-12-16}}</ref><ref name="Exchange4Media">{{cite news|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/idma2013/judges.asp|title=Exchange4Media IDMA Awards 2013}}</ref><ref name="MMAGlobal">{{cite news|url=http://mmaglobal.com/speakers/hareesh-tibrewala|title=Hareesh Tibrewala: Mobile Marketing Association|publisher=mmaglobal.com}}</ref> apart from this Hareesh has also moderated in Mirum's flagship conferences "Future of Digital Marketing".<ref name="Panel Discussion at 3rd Edition of 'Future of Digital Marketing' in Bengaluru Video">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muES3b5FK4w|title=Panel discussion Bengaluru |publisher=Youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="The Future of Digital Marketing’- Delhi 2019 Video">{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7UnPdLJMZU|title=Panel discussion Delhi 2019|publisher=Youtube.com}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''If I Had To Do It Again : Internet Entrepreneurs Wisdom In Hindsight''<ref name="IfIHadToDoItAgain">{{cite news|url=http://ifihadtodoitagain.in/|title=If I Had To Do It Again|publisher=TV18 BROADCAST LTD (CNBC TV18)}}</ref> – 2018, India, Mumbai {{ISBN|978-93-87860-25-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibrewala, Hareesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2023–24 NorthEast United FC season

2026-01-17T20:56:24Z

Hayaat: Created a stub...

{{Short description|2023–24 season of NorthEast United FC}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=June 2023}}
{{Update|part=Competitions and pre-season section|reason=Both requires updation. Need entire league results, overview section needs to be updated, and pre-season section is blank.|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club= [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|season= [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
|image=
|chrtitle= CEO
|chairman= Mandar Tamhane
|mgrtitle = Head Coach
|manager= [[Juan Pedro Benali]]
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
|league = [[Indian Super League]]
|league result = ''7th''
|cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
|cup1 result = ''Group stage''
|cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
|cup2 result = ''Semi-finals''
|league topscorer = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tomi Juric]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parthib Gogoi]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Néstor Albiach]] (5 goals)
|season topscorer = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parthib Gogoi]] (10 goals)
| largest win = {{nowrap|NorthEast United 4–0 [[Shillong Lajong]]}}
|largest loss = {{nowrap|NorthEast United 0–5 [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}}
|highest attendance = 10,193
|lowest attendance = 2,893
|average attendance = 5,404
| prevseason = [[2022–23 NorthEast United FC season|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 NorthEast United FC season|2024–25]]
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The '''2023–24 season''' will be the club's 10th season in [[Indian Super League]] since its establishment in 2014. In addition to the league, they will also compete in the [[Durand Cup]] and [[Super Cup (India)|AIFF Super Cup]].

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{{updated|1 June 2023}}

{{see also|List of NorthEast United FC managers}}
{|class="wikitable" "margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Role
!Name
!Refs.
|-
| Head coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Pedro Benali]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/northeast-united-fc-appoint-juan-pedro-benali-as-head-coach|title=NorthEast United FC appoint Juan Pedro Benali as head coach|website=indiansuperleague.com|date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523052314/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/northeast-united-fc-appoint-juan-pedro-benali-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naushad Moosa]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Join us in giving a warm welcome to Naushad Moosa, our new Assistant Coach|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1664143136803946496|website=@NEUtdFC|date=1 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Manuel Diez Aznar
|
|-
| Strength and Conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Javier Caballero
|
|-
| Team analyst
|{{flagicon|IND}} Meet Mandavia
|<ref>{{cite news|title=A meticulous addition! Join us in welcoming our new 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝘁, Meet Mandavia! ❤️🤍🖤|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1564251783794343939|website=@NEUtdFC|date=29 August 2022|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829142434/https://twitter.com/neutdfc/status/1564251783794343939|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |Physiotherapists
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kapil Sharma {{flagicon|IND}} Dileep Kumar Jagadesan {{flagicon|IND}} Sony Chittilappilly Sunny
|
|-
| Club doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr Abhinav
|
|-
| Reserves and U-18 head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subam Rabha]]
|
|}

==Players==

=== Current squad ===
{{Updated|1 September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/504-northeast-united-fc-profile/squad|title=Players|website=Indian Super League|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093053/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/504-northeast-united-fc-profile/squad|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=1|pos=GK|name=Dipesh Chauhan}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Soraisham Dinesh Singh|Dinesh Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Tondonba Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=ESP|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Míchel Zabaco]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=MAR|no=6|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammed Ali Bemammer]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Rochharzela]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=ESP|no=8|pos=FW|name=[[Néstor Albiach]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=FRA|no=10|pos=MF|name=[[Romain Philippoteaux]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=11|pos=FW|name=[[Parthib Gogoi]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=12|pos=DF|name=[[Asheer Akhtar]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=13|pos=DF|name=[[Gaurav Bora]]|other=[[Vice-captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Pragyan Gogoi]]|other=[[Vice-captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=15|pos=MF|name=Macarton Louis Nickson}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=17|pos=FW|name=[[Gani Nigam]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=18|pos=MF|name=[[Jithin MS]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=21|pos=FW|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=22|pos=MF|name=[[Redeem Tlang]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=23|pos=MF|name=[[Bekey Oram]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=25|pos=MF|name=Huidrom Thoi Singh}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=26|pos=MF|name=[[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=31|pos=GK|name=Khoirom Jackson Singh}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=32|pos=GK|name=[[Mirshad Michu]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=33|pos=MF|name=Shighil Nambrath}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=36|pos=MF|name=Shajan Franklin}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=44|pos=GK|name=Nikhil Deka}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=66|pos=FW|name=Fredy Chawngthansanga}}
{{Fs player|nat=BRA|no=71|pos=FW|name=[[Ibson Melo]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=77|pos=DF|name=Buanthanglun Samte}}
{{Fs player|nat=PLE|no=97|pos=DF|name=[[Yaser Hamed]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Transfers==

=== In ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; width:120px;"| Position
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; width:150px;"| Player
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; width:200px;"| Transferred From
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; width:120px;"| Fee
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; width:100px;"| Date
! style="background:#DD0000; color:#FFFFFF; width:25px;" | Ref.
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jestin George]]
| [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| rowspan="2" | Loan return
| rowspan="2" | 1 June 2023
|
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]
| [[Delhi FC]]
|
|-
|{{sort|–|MF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]]
| [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Free transfer
| 3 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ibson Melo]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Khon Kaen United F.C.|Khon Kaen United]]
| Free transfer
| 7 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Redeem Tlang]]
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| Free transfer
| 15 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Buanthanglun Samte]]
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| Free transfer
| 17 July 2023
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Promising Left-Back Buanthanglun Samte Joins NorthEast United FC|url=https://www.neutdfc.com/Home/a_winning_start_to_the_season_to_the_highlanders?newsId=EAAAAIrlwgGLO_dC2M4-QVj2BrB9DbAc5NAifRgfrZa-citU|website=@NEUtdFC|date=17 July 2023|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Míchel Zabaco]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Burgos CF]]
| Free transfer
| 20 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Soraisham Dinesh Singh|Dinesh Singh]]
| [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Free transfer
| 22 July 2023
| <ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United FC Sign Versatile Defender Soraisham Dinesh Singh|url=https://www.neutdfc.com/Home/a_winning_start_to_the_season_to_the_highlanders?newsId=EAAAAGLUt0S7giTX8xIzZAcck7XLnLw3uVrHm5guaARFDUa9|website=@NEUtdFC|date=22 July 2023|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Néstor Albiach]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CF Rayo Majadahonda|Rayo Majadahonda]]
| Free transfer
| 25 July 2023
| <ref>{{cite news|title=NorthEast United FC sign Spanish Attacker Nestor Albiach|url=https://www.neutdfc.com/Home/a_winning_start_to_the_season_to_the_highlanders?newsId=EAAAAMNG0b_BBgIU80UnkM2kmZcph4VoOgNqNyG7YLy3yKem|website=@NEUtdFC|date=25 July 2023|access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|–|MF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shighil Nambrath]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
| Undisclosed
| rowspan="2" | 27 July 2023
| <ref name="in2">{{cite news|title= Youngsters Fredy Chawngthansanga & Shighil Nambrath join NorthEast United FC|url=https://www.neutdfc.com/Home/a_winning_start_to_the_season_to_the_highlanders?newsId=EAAAANXU8PNlv_MpSOBwzaSuDWwhojO2uIRoWCCiRH6vHTjK|website=@neutdfc|date=27 July 2023|access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Fredy Chawngthansanga]]
| Free transfer
| <ref name="in2"/>
|-
|}

=== Out ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:60%"
|-
! style="background:#DD0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Pos.
! style="background:#DD0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Player
! style="background:#DD0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Transferred to
! style="background:#DD0000; color:white; text-align:center;" | Fee
! style="background:#DD0000; color:white; text-align:center;"| Date
! style="background:#DD0000; color:white; text-align:center;"|
Source
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|COD}} [[Kule Mbombo]]
| {{flagicon|GEO}} [[FC Telavi]]
| rowspan="11" | End of contract
| rowspan="7" | 17 June 2023
| <ref name="in1">{{cite news|title= we'd like to thank our players for their effort, and wish them luck in their new journeys|url=https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1669966960032120832?s=20|website=@neutdfc|date=17 June 2023|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]]
|
|<ref name="in1"/>
|-
|{{sort|-|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Aaron Evans (footballer)|Aaron Evans]]
|
|<ref name="in1"/>
|-
|{{sort|–|MF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Joseba Beitia]]
|
|<ref name="in1"/>
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Alisher Kholmurodov]]
| {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Regar-TadAZ Tursunzoda]]
|<ref name="in1"/>
|-
|{{sort|–|FW}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|
|<ref name="in1"/>
|-
|{{sort|–|MF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]
|
|<ref name="in1"/>
|-
|{{sort|–|GK}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|
| rowspan="5" | 16 June 2023
|
|-
|{{sort|–|MF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Imran Khan (footballer, born 1994)|Imran Khan]]
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurjinder Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mashoor Shereef]]
|
|
|-
|{{sort|–|DF}}
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Provat Lakra]]
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|
|
|-
|}

==Pre-season and friendlies==

{{Empty section|date=June 2023}}

==Competitions==

=== Overall record ===
{{Fb overview2
|c=0
|c1=[[2023–24 Indian Super League|Super League]]
|fm1=24 September 2023
|lm1=TBA
|sr1=Matchday 1
|fp1=TBD
|w1=2
|l1=3
|d1=3
|f1=9
|a1=12
|c2=[[2023 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
|fm2=4 August 2023
|lm2=29 August 2023
|sr2=Group Stage
|fp2=Semi Final
|w2=3
|l2=0
|d2=2
|f2=12
|a2=5
|c3=[[2024 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
|fm3=TBD
|lm3=TBD
|sr3=TBD
|fp3=TBD
|w3=0
|l3=0
|d3=0
|f3=0
|a3=0
|u=
|s= [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/northeast-united/31411/ Soccerway]
}}

=== Indian Super League ===
{{Main|2023–24 Indian Super League}}
{{:2023–24 Indian Super League|showteam=NEU}}

==== Matches ====
The first eleven league fixtures were announced on 7 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-to-begin-isl-title-defence-away-to-northeast-united |title=Mumbai City To Begin ISL Title Defence Away To NorthEast United |date=7 September 2023 |publisher=Mumbai City FC |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref>

{{legend inline|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFFF|Fixtures|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2023|09|24|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59418
| team2 = Mumbai City
| goals1 =
* [[Parthib Gogoi|Gogoi]] {{goal|32}}
* [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer|Bemammer]] {{yel|40}}
| goals2 =
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|26||38}}
* [[Akash Mishra|Mishra]] {{yel|29}}
* [[Yoell van Nieff|van Nieff]] {{yel|45+3}}
* [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{yel|86}}
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance = 7,259
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score = 3–0
|report =
|team2 = Chennaiyin
|goals1 = *[[Parthib Gogoi]] {{Goal|42}}
*[[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]] {{Goal|48}}
*[[Asheer Akhtar]] {{Goal|90+10}}
|goals2 =
|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|location=[[Guwahati]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = 6 October 2023
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Punjab FC ]]
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = NorthEast United
|goals2 = *[[Parthib Gogoi]] {{Goal|45+1}}
|goals1 = *[[Melroy Assisi]]{{goal|63}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2023|10|21|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score =1–1
| report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59433 Report]
| team2 =NorthEast United
| goals1 =* [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish]] {{goal|49}}
* [[Rahul K.P.|Rahul]] {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 =* [[Néstor Albiach|Néstor]] {{goal|12}}
* [[Asheer Akhtar|Akhtar]] {{yel|21}}
* [[Yaser Hamed|Hamed]] {{yel|42}}
* [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer|Bemammer]] {{yel|60}}
* [[Parthib Gogoi|Parthib]] {{yel|72}}
| stadium =[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location =[[Kochi]]
| attendance =33,830
| motm =[[Míchel Zabaco]] (NorthEast United)
| result =D
| referee =Harish Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{start date|2023|10|26|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = NorthEast United
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59437
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
* [[Míchel Zabaco|Zabaco]] {{goal|90+4}}
* [[Ibson Melo|Melo]] {{goal|90+9|p}}
| goals2 =
* [[Pratik Chaudhari|Chaudhari]] {{yel|9}}
* [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chukwu]] {{penmiss}} {{small|19'}} {{goal|19}}
* [[Alen Stevanović|Stevanović]] {{yel|85}}
* [[Nikhil Barla|Barla]] {{yel|87}}
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance = 7,739
| referee = Pratik Mondal
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score =1–0
| report =
| team2 =NorthEast United
| goals1 =*[[Diego Maurício]] {{goal|37}}
| goals2 =
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =33,830
| motm =
| result =L
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 7
|date = {{Start date|2023|11|26|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score = 1-1
|report =
|team2 = Bengaluru
|goals1 = * [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanović]] {{goal|45+3|OG}}
|goals2 = * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|36|pen}}
|location = [[Guwahati]]
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 8
|date=4 December 2023
|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|score=5–0
|report=http://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20884
|team2=NorthEast United
|goals1=* [[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{goal|14}}
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{goal|24||66}} {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|62||81}}
* [[Mohammad Rakip|Rakip]] {{yel|90+3}}
|goals2=* [[Soraisham Dinesh Singh|Singh]] {{yel|70}}
* Macarton Louis Nickson {{yel|77}}
* [[Redeem Tlang|Tlang]] {{yel|90+3}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=Aditya Purkayastha
|motm=[[Nandhakumar Sekar]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=6,973
|result=L
}}

===Durand Cup===
{{Main|2023 Durand Cup}}
'''Group C'''
{{:2023 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D|showteam=NEU}}
==== Matches ====
{{football box collapsible
| id = 1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|04|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19692 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
*[[Parthib Sundar Gogoi|Gogoi]] {{goal|26||65||70}}
*[[Romain Philippoteaux|Philippoteaux]] {{goal|35|pen.}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance = 13,450
| result = W
| motm = [[Parthib Sundar Gogoi|Parthib Gogoi]] (NorthEast United)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
}}

{{football box collapsible
| id = 2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19707
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 =
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|M. Singh]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{goal|52|o.g.}}
| goals2 =
*[[Rowllin Borges|Borges]] {{goal|45+4}}
*[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadaoui]] {{goal|80|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm = [[Seriton Fernandes]] (Goa)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| id = 3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|20|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 3–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19721
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 =
*[[Ibson Melo|Melo]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Romain Philippoteaux|Philippoteaux]] {{goal|52}}
*[[Parthib Sundar Gogoi|Gogoi]] {{goal|78}}
| goals2 =
*P. Bhuiya {{goal|9}}
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Romain Philippoteaux]] (NorthEast United)
| referee =
}}
=== Quarter-finals ===
{{football box collapsible
| id = QF
| date = {{start date|2023|08|24|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Army Red (football team)|Indian Army]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/20340 Report]
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]] {{goal|51}}
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Phalguni Singh]]
| referee =
}}
=== Semi-final ===
{{football box collapsible
| id = SF
| date = {{start date|2023|08|29|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://durandcup.in/news/132nd-indianoil-durand-cup-match-report-emami-east-bengal-enter-durand-final-with-penalty-shoot-out-win-over-northeast-united-fc/ Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
*[[Míchel Zabaco]] {{goal|22}}
*[[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]] {{goal|57}}
| goals2 =
*[[Naorem Mahesh Singh]] {{goal|77}}
*[[Nandhakumar Sekar]] {{goal|90+7}}
|penalties1 =
|penaltyscore = 3–5
|penalties2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 21,567
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}
===Goalscorers===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;width:90%
|-
!width=15|{{Tooltip|Rank|Rank}}
!width=15|{{Tooltip|No.|Squad Number}}
!width=15|{{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
!width=175|Player
!width=120|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|League]]
!width=120|[[2023 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
!width=120|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!width=120|Total
|-
|1
|11
|FW
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parthib Gogoi]]
|3
|4
|0
!7
|-
| rowspan="1" |2
|26
|MF
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]]
|1
|2
|0
!3
|-
| rowspan="3" |3
|4
|DF
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Míchel Zabaco]]
|1
|1
|0
!2
|-
|10
|MF
| align="left" |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Romain Philippoteaux]]
|0
|2
|0
!2
|-
|71
|FW
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ibson Melo]]
|1
|1
|0
!2
|-
| rowspan="3" |6
|8
|FW
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Néstor Albiach]]
|1
|0
|0
!1
|-
|12
|DF
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Asheer Akhtar]]
|1
|0
|0
!1
|-
|21
|FW
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]
|0
|1
|0
!1
|-
|colspan=4|[[Own goal]]s
| 1
| 1
| 0
|'''2'''
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Totals'''
|'''9'''
|'''12'''
|'''0'''
!21
|}
Source : [https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te89209/ World Football]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{NorthEast United FC}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 NorthEast United FC season}}
[[Category:NorthEast United FC seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 Indian Super League season by team|NorthEast United]]

Pulkit Samrat

2026-01-15T21:20:17Z

Hayaat: update layout per standard format

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1983)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pulkit Samrat
| image = Pulkit Samrat at the promotion of 'Fukrey'.jpg
| caption = Samrat promoting ''[[Fukrey]]'' in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|12|29|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-pulkit-samrat-take-a-look-at-some-of-his-most-adorable-posts-with-kriti-kharbanda-3222584.html |title=Happy Birthday Pulkit Samrat: Take a Look at Some of His Most Adorable Posts with Kriti Kharbanda |work=News18 |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| other names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| yearsactive = 2006–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Shweta Rohira|2014|2015|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Kriti Kharbanda]]|2024}}
}}
}}

'''Pulkit Samrat''' (born 29 December 1983) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films along with [[Hindi]] television.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film and Television actor Pulkit Samrat's Biography|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/pulkit-samrat|work=Times of India|access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> Best known for playing "Hunny" in the ''Fukrey'' film series, Samrat made his acting debut with the series ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2006) and made his film debut with ''[[Bittoo Boss]]'' (2012). He is a recipient of an [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulkit is happy about his debut film "Bittoo Boss"; talks about his role|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/pulkit-is-happy-about-bittoo-boss-4017.html|work=India TV News|date=15 April 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

Samrat had his first commercial success with ''[[Fukrey]]'' (2013). His highest grossing release came with ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' (2014). This success was followed with a string of failures including ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]'' (2015) and ''[[Sanam Re]]'' (2016), causing a setback. He later received praises for starring in ''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' (2017), ''[[3 Storeys]]'' (2018) and ''[[Taish]]'' (2020). His highest grossing release came with ''[[Fukrey 3]]'' (2023).

In addition to his acting career, Samrat is a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products. Samrat is married to actress [[Kriti Kharbanda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/videos/interviews/pulkit-samrat-his-diwali-memories-marriage-kriti-kharbanda-missing-her-year-574596 |title=Pulkit Samrat on his Diwali memories, marriage to Kriti Kharbanda & missing her this year |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Samrat was born on 29 December 1983<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-kriti-kharbanda-pens-a-heartfelt-note-for-boyfriend-pulkit-samrat-on-his-38th-birthday/407468/amp |title=Kriti Kharbanda Pens A Heartfelt Note For Boyfriend Pulkit Samrat On His 38th Birthday |work=Outlook |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> and brought up in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family in [[Delhi]], where his family has its real estate business. He studied at [[Manav Sthali School]],<ref name="times13">{{Cite news| title = Salman bhai is my brother-in-law: Pulkit Samrat| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salman-bhai-is-my-brother-in-law-Pulkit-Samrat/etarticleshow/20393699.cms| date = 3 June 2013| access-date = 1 July 2013| archive-date = 8 June 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130608082643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news-interviews/39713536_1_salman-khan-pulkit-samrat-bittoo-boss| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]| url-status = live}}</ref> and completed his schooling from [[Montfort Senior Secondary School]], [[Ashok Vihar]], Delhi.

He joined an advertising course at Apeejay Institute of Design, Delhi. However, after studying for five months, he received a modelling assignment. Thereafter, he quit his education and moved to Mumbai, where he joined an acting course run by [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]].<ref name="times13" />

== Career ==
[[File:Pulkit Samrat.jpg|thumb|200px|Samrat in 2015]]
=== Television career (2006–2008) ===
Samrat moved to Mumbai in 2005,<ref name="thehindu12">{{Cite news | title =Look who's on the big screen!| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3300221.ece | work =The Hindu | date = 10 April 2012| access-date = 1 July 2013 }}</ref> and made his acting debut in 2006 with the long-running television show by [[Balaji Telefilms]], ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''. He portrayed Laksh Virani opposite [[Mouni Roy]] and [[Tia Bajpai]]. This got him his first recognition,<ref name="ibnlive">{{Cite web | title = Pulkit Samrat, Prachi Desa: TV actors finally crossover into Bollywood | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pulkit-samrat-prachi-desa-tv-actors-finally-crossover-into-bollywood/399520-8-66.html | publisher = CNN-IBN | date = 17 June 2013 | access-date = 1 July 2013 | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621024432/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pulkit-samrat-prachi-desa-tv-actors-finally-crossover-into-bollywood/399520-8-66.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> and he won [[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male]] for his performance. Samrat quit the show in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web| title = I had got bored of my character in TV: Pulkit Samrat | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-had-got-bored-of-my-character-in-TV-Pulkit-Samrat/articleshow/12596247.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130701123821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-09/news-interviews/31312272_1_character-new-avatar-big-screen | url-status = live | archive-date = 1 July 2013 | date =9 April 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 1 July 2013 }}</ref>

In 2008, he appeared as a Contestant on ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]'' with Roy, marking his final television appearance.<ref name="times07">{{Cite web | title = What the heck, Pulkit? | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/What-the-heck-Pulkit/articleshow/2630406.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130701123827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-19/tv/27972899_1_ekta-kapoor-pulkit-samrat-commitments | url-status = live | archive-date = 1 July 2013 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 1 July 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, Samrat appeared as the lead in choreographer [[Vaibhavi Merchant]]'s musical theatrical ''Taj Express''.<ref name="thehindu12" />

=== Film breakthrough and setback (2012–2016) ===
Samrat made his film debut with romantic comedy ''[[Bittoo Boss|Bitto Boss]]'' in 2012. He played the role of a wedding videographer from Punjab, alongside [[Amita Pathak]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bittoo-Boss-wrapped-up-on-time-director-happy/Article1-790620.aspx | title=Bittoo Boss wrapped up on time, director happy | work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | date=3 January 2012 | accessdate=22 February 2012 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218072331/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bittoo-Boss-wrapped-up-on-time-director-happy/Article1-790620.aspx | archivedate=18 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/look-whos-on-the-big-screen/article3300221.ece|title=Look who's on the big screen!|last=Udasi|first=Harshikaa|date=10 April 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 February 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202152903/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/look-whos-on-the-big-screen/article3300221.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' noted, "With a character sketch, screen-name and styling so reminiscent of Ranveer Singh, debutant Pulkit Samrat has little scope to create his own identity. However, he pulls off the small-town-munda act with sincerity, and a natural ease."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bittoo-boss/movie-review/12653749.cms | title=Bittoo Boss: Movie Review | work=The Times of India| date=14 April 2012 | access-date=14 April 2012 | author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta}}</ref> He next played the lead role of Hunny in the ensemble comedy film ''[[Fukrey]]'', opposite [[Priya Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Scared to approach Delhi girls: Pulkit Samrat | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/scared-to-approach-delhi-girls-pulkit-samrat/articleshow/20631250.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621005136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-18/news-interviews/40048024_1_delhi-boys-delhi-girls-ali-fazal | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | date = 18 June 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 July 2013 }}</ref> The film emerged as a [[Sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fukrey Emerges A HIT|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5784&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624231008/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5784&nCat=|archive-date=24 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] wrote, "The characters and actors are a perfect match. Pulkit embodies the over-confident charmer Hunny."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-fukrey/story-k3mtMtNAjrAlXYrn9wx75M_amp.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130618025537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-fukrey/story-k3mtMtNAjrAlXYrn9wx75M_amp.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 18 June 2013 |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Fukrey |work=Hindustan Times|author=Anupama Chopra | date=15 June 2013|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2014, he had two releases. He first appeared in ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' in the role of a Police Inspector.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/watch-trailer-salman-khans-actionpacked-avatar-in-jai-ho/1206992/ |title=Watch trailer: Salman Khan's action-packed avatar in 'Jai Ho' – Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> It became his highest grossing release and collected {{INR|link=yes}}195.04 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ishare.rediff.com/video/entertainment/salman-khan-s-jai-ho-rights-sold-for-110-crore-highest-ever/9079789 |title=Salman Khan s Jai Ho Rights Sold For 110 Crore Highest Ever |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=19 January 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review by Anupama Chopra: Is Jai Ho even a film?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-by-anupama-chopra-is-jai-ho-even-a-film/story-q2WmY1115tBFWGkMr2hdYO.html |access-date=24 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He next played the lead in ''[[O Teri]]'', opposite [[Sarah Jane Dias]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-new-act-playing-godfather-in-bollywood/article1-1135365.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018055742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-new-act-playing-godfather-in-bollywood/article1-1135365.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2013|title=Salman Khan's new act: playing godfather in Bollywood|last=Singh|first=Prashant |date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-adopts-sister-s-o-teri/article1-1180153.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205035052/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-adopts-sister-s-o-teri/article1-1180153.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2014|title=Salman Khan 'adopts' sister's O Teri|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref> It met with negative reviews but ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' mentioned, "Pulkit Samrat is pitch-perfect in his part. He seems to be getting better with every film."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/o-teri/critic-review/o-teri-movie-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205035052/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/o-teri/critic-review/o-teri-movie-review/|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2014|title=O Teri Movie Review: Bollywood Hungama|newspaper=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

In his first release of 2015, Samrat portrayed Inspector Robin Singh in ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]'' opposite [[Sonam Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pulkit-Samrat-with-Sonam-Kapoor-in-Dolly-Ki-Doli/articleshow/31605796.cms|title=Pulkit Samrat with Sonam Kapoor in Dolly Ki Doli|author=Priya Gupta|date=8 March 2014|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228142033/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pulkit-Samrat-with-Sonam-Kapoor-in-Dolly-Ki-Doli/articleshow/31605796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Dolly Ki Doli Cast List {{!}} Dolly Ki Doli Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dolly-ki-doli/cast/|access-date=14 March 2021|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' said, "Samrat's face is pretty enough, but has no expression and he does a godawful Haryanvi accent that's all the more jarring because Rao's is pitch perfect."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dolly Ki Doli Movie Review: The film is fun but pretty Sonam Kapoor is plastic as usual|work=Firstpost|date=24 January 2015 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/dolly-ki-doli-review-the-film-is-fun-but-pretty-sonam-kapoor-is-plastic-as-usual-2060323.html/amp|access-date=28 January 2015|language=en}}</ref> He next appeared ''[[Bangistan]]'' with [[Riteish Deshmukh]]. It received negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bangistan-teaser-poster-out/15441179 |title='Bangistan' teaser poster out! - Entertainment |publisher=Mid-day.com |date= 11 July 2014|accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick Frater |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bollywoods-bangistan-to-shoot-in-poland-1201160820/ |title=Bollywood's 'Bangistan' to Shoot in Poland |publisher=Variety |date=22 April 2014 |accessdate=12 November 2015}}</ref> Samrat had two releases in 2016 too, both opposite [[Yami Gautam]]. He first appeared in ''[[Sanam Re]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/pulkit-samrat-shoots-sanam-re-in-ladakh_1616968.html |title=Pulkit Samrat shoots 'Sanam Re' in Ladakh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/last-schedule-of-sanam-re-to-be-shot-in-calgary/ |title=Last schedule of Pulkit Sanrat and Yami Gautam's 'Sanam Re' to be shot in Calgary |date=10 August 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> and next appeared in ''[[Junooniyat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulkit Samrat, Yami Gautam and 'Junooniyat' crew get gheraoed in Kashmir |work=Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pulkit-samrat-yami-gautam-and-junooniyat-crew-get-gheraoed-in-kashmir-2043432 |accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/10517 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520113114/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/10517 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 May 2016 |title=Junooniyat brings back Pulkit Samrat and Yami Gautam after Sanam Re |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Both these films received negative reviews and were box-office failures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junooniyat: Pulkit Samrat chooses film over honeymoon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Junooniyat-Pulkit-Samrat-chooses-film-over-honeymoon/articleshow/45002223.cms |access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Recent work and expansion (2017-present) ===
[[File:PulkitSamrat.jpg|thumb|Samrat in 2017]]
Samrat's career marked a turning point in 2017 when he starred in the second instalment of ''Fukrey'' titled ''[[Fukrey Returns]]''. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fukrey-sequel-announced-pulkit-varun-sharma-richa-chadha-ali-fazal-will-be-back|title=Fukrey sequel announced: Pulkit, Varun Sharma, Richa Chadha, Ali Fazal will be back|publisher=indianexpress.com |date=30 January 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-fukrey-returns/ |title = Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Fukrey Returns :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date = 9 December 2017}}</ref> ''[[News 18]]'' mentioned that Samrat portrays the "same old confident Hunny" well.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tulsiani |first1=Kriti |title=Fukrey Returns Movie Review: Fukrey Was Fresh; The Sequel Is Only Stale |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/fukrey-returns-movie-review-fukrey-was-fresh-the-sequel-is-only-stale-1598661.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=News18 |date=4 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Samrat first played Veer Arora in the romantic comedy ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'' opposite [[Kriti Kharbanda]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veerey-ki-wedding-trailer-pulkit-samrat-and-kriti-kharbandas-film-is-meh-1807446|title=Veerey Ki Wedding Trailer: Pulkit Samrat And Kriti Kharbanda's Film Is Meh|author=Divya Goyal|work=[[NDTV]]|date=1 February 2018|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytsHyHD_vWs |title=Official Trailer: Veerey Ki Wedding |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Pulkit Samrat as always, portrays himself as an extension of Salman Khan. He appears comfortable displaying his brawn and swag but emotes poorly, making no impact at all."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veerey Ki Wedding movie review: Pulkit Samrat, Kriti Kharbanda's archaic and tiresome affair |access-date=4 March 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/veerey-ki-wedding-movie-review-pulkit-samrat-kriti-kharbanda-s-archaic-and-tiresome-affair/story-0To4dERj40DJpS8qighxgK_amp.html}}</ref> Later that year, he played Vilas Naik in the independent drama film ''[[3 Storeys]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-storeys-teaser-richa-chadha-pulkit-samrat-sharman-joshi-renuka-shahane-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4972103/ |title=3 Storeys teaser: Farhan Akhtar's next production venture uncovers stories hidden inside a chawl |date=7 December 2017 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/after-the-success-of-fukrey-returns-excel-to-start-the-year-with-3-storeys/18955190 |title=After the success of Fukrey Returns, Excel to start the year with 3 Storeys |date=19 January 2018 |work=mid-day|access-date=25 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' mentions that Samrat is "competent" in his role,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/3-storeys/movie-review/63215681.cms |title=3 Storeys Movie Review: It cleverly demonstrates the art of skillfully telling a story wherein all the loose ends of a plot are tied together into a neat whole|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

His only release in 2019 was [[Anees Bazmee]]'s ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'', alongside Kharbanda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-anil-kapoor-ileana-dcruz-kriti-kharbanda-to-start-shooting-for-pagalpanti-in-london/articleshow/67966665.cms |title=John Abraham, Anil Kapoor, Ileana D'Cruz, Kriti Kharbanda, Pulkit Samrat to start shooting for Pagalpanti in London |work=Mumbai Mirror India Times |date=13 February 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' mentions, "Pulkit Samrat tries his best but doesn’t succeed in giving the performance that his character demanded."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pagalpanti/critic-review/pagalpanti-movie-review/|title=Pagalpanti Movie Review: Fails to raise the desired amount of laughs due to lazy writing|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> In 2020, he starred as Sunny Lalwani in the thriller drama film ''[[Taish]]'' directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]], which was released on [[ZEE5]] on 29 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulkit Samrat decodes movie plus series format of 'Taish'|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/10/29/ent19-interview-samrat.html|access-date=31 October 2020|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bejoy-nambiars-taish-to-premiere-on-zee5-in-october/1944764 |title=Bejoy Nambiar's ''Taish'' to premiere on ZEE5 in October |publisher=Outlook India |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' noted, "Pulkit Samrat’s put in some serious efforts to render justice to Sunny’s trauma-fuelled anger; he is good when he’s mad and unconvincing when he’s happy, and that’s a problem."<ref>{{cite web |title=Taish Movie Review: Taish is timely, stylish and has an important life lesson to impart |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/taish/ottmoviereview/78932333.cms}}</ref> ''[[Scroll]]'' cited, "Pulkit Samrat and Harshvardhan Rane swagger about and clench fists and jawlines."<ref>{{cite web |title='Taish' review: Web series explores the importance of anger management |url=https://scroll.in/reel/977029/taish-review-web-series-explores-the-importance-of-anger-management |website=Scroll.in|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref>

Samrat had only one release in 2021, the [[nature film]] ''[[Kaadan|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' where he portrayed the second lead.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Haathi Mere Saathi' completes second schedule |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/haathi-mere-saathi-completes-second-schedule/articleshow/64455673.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906073033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/haathi-mere-saathi-completes-second-schedule/articleshow/64455673.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Rana Daggubati's Haathi Mere Saathi to premiere on TV on September 18 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-s-haathi-mere-saathi-to-premiere-on-tv-on-september-18-1848771-2021-09-03 |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> The film received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |date=20 September 2021 |title=Haathi Mere Saathi Review: It completely neglects the message of saving our elephants |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/haathi-mere-saathi-review/20210920.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref>

Samrat will next appear in the third instalment of ''Fukrey'' titled ''[[Fukrey 3]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive - Pulkit Samrat-starrer Fukrey 3 goes on floors, Varun Sharma shares update |website=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pulkit-samrat-starrer-fukrey-3-goes-on-floors-varun-sharma-shares-update-1920392-2022-03-03 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> He will also appear in ''Suswagatam Khushamadeed'' opposite Isabelle Kaif.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulkit Samrat signs two movie deal with a production house, first of which is Suswagatam Khushamadeed |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 June 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pulkit-samrat-signs-two-movie-deal-production-house-first-suswagatam-khushamadeed/}}</ref>

== Personal life==
Samrat married his girlfriend Shweta Rohira on 3 November 2014. Rohira is a [[Rakhi day|rakhi]]-sister to actor [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Prarthna|date=4 November 2014|title=Entertainment Celebrity 'Fukrey' Actor Pulkit Samrat Weds Salman Khan's Sister ShwetalsRohira|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fukrey-actor-pulkit-samrat-weds-salman-khans-sister-shweta-rohira-photos-613001|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206045107/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/fukrey-actor-pulkit-samrat-weds-salman-khans-sister-shweta-rohira-photos-613001|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> Khan was also involved in the promotion of Pulkit Samrat's debut film.<ref name="rediff12">{{Cite web|author=Subhash K Jha|date=19 April 2012|title=Why Salman is promoting Bitto Boss' Pulkit Samrat|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-salman-is-promoting-bitto-boss-pulkit-samrat/20120419.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726164002/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/why-salman-is-promoting-bitto-boss-pulkit-samrat/20120419.htm|archive-date=26 July 2013|access-date=1 July 2013|publisher=Rediff.com Movies}}</ref><ref name="express12">{{Cite web|date=9 April 2012|title=Pulkit Samrat feeling blessed to get Salman's support|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pulkit-samrat-feeling-blessed-to-get-salmans-support/934423/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011183637/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pulkit-samrat-feeling-blessed-to-get-salmans-support/934423|archive-date=11 October 2020|access-date=1 July 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The couple separated in November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulkit Samrat separates from wife Shweta Rohira|date=24 November 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/everyone-including-salman-khan-has-been-supporting-me-post-my-separation-with-pulkit-says-shweta-rohira/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125154416/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/everyone-including-salman-khan-has-been-supporting-me-post-my-separation-with-pulkit-says-shweta-rohira/|archive-date=25 January 2016|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> Samrat then dated actress [[Yami Gautam]], his co-star in ''[[Sanam Re]]'', but the couple eventually broke up in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2018 |title=Yami Gautam-Pulkit Samrat's ugly split: Here's what exactly happened |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yami-gautam-pulkit-samrat-s-ugly-split-here-s-what-exactly-happened-2596597 |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

Samrat met actress [[Kriti Kharbanda]] in 2018 and they eventually started dating in 2019. The couple has worked together in the films — ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'', ''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]'' and ''[[Taish]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda says she's dating Pulkit Samrat, says she wanted her parents to know first |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kriti-kharbanda-admits-she-s-dating-pulkit-samrat-says-she-wanted-her-parents-to-know-first/story-HXmvjvEL9Y5KipWcgOz8YP.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title=Pulkit Samrat's birthday wish for girlfriend Kriti Kharbanda is all about "Balcony dates and campfire movie nights" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pulkit-samrats-birthday-wish-for-girlfriend-kriti-kharbanda-is-all-about-balcony-dates-and-campfire-movie-nights-2317737 |access-date=29 October 2020 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> After being in a relationship for five years, the couple got engaged in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Pulkit Samrat and Kriti Kharbanda are now engaged, pics from roka ceremony out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulkit-samrat-and-kriti-kharbanda-are-now-engaged-pics-from-roka-ceremony-out-2495282-2024-01-30 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat wedding: Here’s a look at their love story, net worth and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-wedding-heres-a-look-at-their-love-story-net-worth-expensive-assets-and-more/3426880/lite/ |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> He married Kharbanda in a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony, on 15 March 2024, in [[Manesar]], [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat tie knot, share first pics from wedding: ‘Through the low and high, it’s only you’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-tie-knot-share-first-pics-from-wedding-101710575873341-amp.html |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pulkit Samrat-Kriti Kharbanda are now married. Couple shares first wedding pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pulkit-samrat-kriti-kharbanda-married-couple-wedding-pics-2515434-2024-03-16 |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Media image ==
Apart from acting, Samrat is an endorser for several brands and products including [[Coca-Cola]] and Bella Vita Organic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Pulkit Samrat has joined the cola endorsement brigade |work=Mid Day|access-date=11 October 2013|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Pulkit-Samrat-has-joined-the-cola-endorsement-brigade-235523}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bella Vita Organic collaborates with Kajal Aggarwal, Pulkit Samrat and Sanjana Sanghi as part of the BVO #CelebSquad|access-date=18 April 2022|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/bella-vita-organic-collaborates-with-kajal-aggarwal-pulkit-samrat-and-sanjana-sanghi-as-part-of-the-bvo-celebsquad/2495131/lite/|work=Financial Express}}</ref> He is the brand ambassador of [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]] watches alongside Kriti Kharbanda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pebble Loops in Bollywood stars Kriti Kharbanda and Pulkit Samrat as brand ambassadors ahead of the festive season|work=ANI News|access-date=26 October 2021|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/pebble-loops-in-bollywood-stars-kriti-kharbanda-and-pulkit-samrat-as-brand-ambassadors-ahead-of-the-festive-season20211025134713/}}</ref> Samrat became the first Bollywood actor to bag an ad in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Fukrey' fame Pulkit Samrat in a Pakistani brand ad campaign; first actor to do so |work=Indian Express|date=5 May 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pulkit-samrat-in-a-pakistani-brand-ad-campaign/lite/}}</ref> He has subsequently featured in the [[Times of India]]'s Most Desirable Men List. Samrat ranked 48th in 2019 and 23rd in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times 50 Most Desirable Men 2019: Shahid Kapoor tops, check complete list|work=Times of India|access-date=25 August 2020|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/times-50-most-desirable-men-2019/articleshow/77689965.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Sushant Singh Rajput - Philosopher, dreamer, charmer|work=Times of India|access-date=5 June 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class ="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Bittoo Boss]]''
| Bittoo Boss
|
|
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Fukrey]]''
| Vikas Gulati "Hunny"
|
|<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web | title = 'Fukrey' to be re-released on public demand | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fukrey-to-be-rereleased-on-public-demand/1173513/ | work = The Indian Express | date = 24 September 2013 | access-date = 4 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''
| Inspector Abhay Rajput
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[O Teri]]''
| Prantabh Pratab (PP)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
! scope="row"| ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''
| Inspector Robin Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/5-reasons-why-sonam-kapoors-dolly-ki-doli-is-better-than-neeru-bawejas-rsvp-ronde-saare-vyaa-picho-465422/|title = 5 reasons why Sonam Kapoor's Dolly Ki Doli is better than Neeru Baweja's RSVP- Ronde Saare Vyaa Picho|date = 24 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bangistan]]''
| Praveen Chaturvedi / Allahrakha Khan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Sanam Re]]''
| Akash Bill
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Junooniyat]]''
| Captain Jahan Bakshi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Fukrey Returns]]''
| Vikas Gulati "Hunny"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row"|''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]''
| Veer
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[3 Storeys]]''
| Vilas Naik
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2019
!scope="row"|''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''
| Chandrakanth "Chandu"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BazmeeAnees/status/1097472264130330626|title=Anees Bazmee on Twitter|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426001808/https://twitter.com/BazmeeAnees/status/1097472264130330626|url-status=live}}{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2020
!scope="row" |''[[Taish]]''
| Sunny Lalwani
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1310586829406494721?s=19|title=ANNOUNCEMENT... #Taish – starring #PulkitSamrat, #HarshvardhanRane, #JimSarbh, #KritiKharbanda and #SanjeedaShaikh – premieres 29 Oct 2020 on #Zee5... Will release as feature film as well as 6-episode series simultaneously... Directed by Bejoy Nambiar... FIRST GLIMPSE..|publisher=Taran Adarsh|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011183637/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1310586829406494721?s=19|url-status=live}}{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
!scope="row"|''[[Kaadan|Haathi Mere Saathi]]''
| Shankar
| Acted only in Hindi version
|
|-
| 2022
!scope="row"|''[[Phone Bhoot]]''
| Hunny
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
|2023
!scope="row"|''[[Fukrey 3]]''
| Vikas Gulati "Hunny"
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Fukrey 3 to release on Janmashtami 2023; Laali, Hunny, Choocha, Bholi Punjaban return with laughter dose|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/fukrey-3-to-release-on-janmashtami-2023-laali-hunny-choocha-bholi-punjaban-return-with-laughter-dose-2023-01-24-841820/|work=India TV News|date=24 January 2023|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
!scope="row"|''[[Rahu Ketu (2026 film)|Rahu Ketu]]''
| Ketu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulkit Samrat stars with Fukrey co-star Varun Sharma along with Shalini Pandey in Rahu Ketu |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pulkit-samrat-stars-fukrey-co-star-varun-sharma-along-shalini-pandey-rahu-ketu/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|Suswagatam Khushmadeed}}
| Aman Sharma
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulkit Samrat starts the prep for his next film titled Suswagatam Khushamadeed |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pulkit-samrat-starts-prep-next-film-titled-suswagatam-khushamadeed/ |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class ="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Laksh Virani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13sld1.htm|title=The trials and tribulations of Kyunki Saas|website=Rediff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170237/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13sld1.htm|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''
| Contestant
| Episode 6
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/14/star-plus-launches-kaho-na-yaar-hai-1200310474.html|title=Star Plus launches 'Kaho Na Yaar Hai'|last=|first=|date=14 January 2008|website=[[Oneindia]]|language=en|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| rowspan="2"|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series) | Made in Heaven]]''
| rowspan="2"|Sarfaraz Khan
| Episode: "Star Struck Lovers"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/made-in-heaven-review-zoya-akhtar-does-it-again-gives-amazon-prime-its-best-desi-original-yet/story-YONq0QxcOSwHiLx7ftJb2J_amp.html|title=Made In Heaven review: The best desi original by Amazon Prime, it unmasks the shiny lies of big fat Indian weddings|date=8 March 2019|access-date=8 March 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Episode: "Love story"
|
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|Glory}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix announces Glory: Pulkit Samrat to make OTT debut with sports crime thriller of blood, vengeance and Olympic dreams |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/netflix-announces-glory-pulkit-samrat-make-ott-debut-sports-crime-thriller-blood-vengeance-olympic-dreams/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2006
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male|Fresh New Face - Male]]
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly Awards 2006 Popular Awards Winners: Pulkit Samrat Wins Fresh New Face - Male|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm|work=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pulkit Samrat}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name|4992002}}
* [https://newsmenu24.com/pulkit-samrat-net-worth-2024/ Pulkit Samrat Net worth]

{{Portal bar|India|Television|Films|Bollywood}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Pulkit Samrat
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Fresh New Face Male}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samrat, Pulkit}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Cucurbitaceae

2026-01-12T02:35:23Z

Hayaat: general fixed citations to improve readability additionally and updated info

{{short description|Family of plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
|fossil_range=Early [[Paleocene]] to [[Recent]], {{Fossil range|62|0}}
|image=Hodgsonia heteroclita male.jpg
|image_caption=''[[Hodgsonia]]'' male plant
|taxon=Cucurbitaceae
|authority=[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{cite journal |author=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |publisher=[[Linnean Society of London]]|hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|type_genus=''[[Cucurbita]]''
|type_genus_authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks=Tribes and genera
|subdivision=See text.
}}

The '''Cucurbitaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|k|j|uː|ˌ|k|ɜːr|b|ɪ|ˈ|t|eɪ|s|iː|ˌ|iː}} {{respell|kew|KUR|bih|TAY|see|ee}}),<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Cucurbitaceae}}</ref> also called '''cucurbits''' or the '''gourd''' family, are a plant [[family (biology)|family]] consisting of about 965 [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=M. J. M. |last2=Byng|first2=J. W. |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |volume=261 |pages=201–217 |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |issue=3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C }}</ref> in 101 [[genera]].<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000781-2 Cucurbitaceae Juss.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Some commonly cultivated cucurbits include:
*''[[Cucurbita]]'' – [[Squash (plant)|squash]], [[pumpkin]], [[zucchini]] (courgette), some [[gourd]]s.
*''[[Lagenaria]]'' – [[calabash]] (bottle gourd) and other, ornamental gourds.
*''[[Citrullus]]'' – [[watermelon]] (''C. lanatus'', ''C. colocynthis''), plus several other species.
*''[[Cucumis]]'' – [[cucumber]] (''C. sativus''); various [[melon]]s and vines.
*''[[Momordica]]'' – [[Momordica charantia|bitter melon]].
*''[[Luffa]]'' – commonly called 'luffa' or ‘luffa squash'; sometimes spelled loofah. Young fruits may be cooked; when fully ripened, they become fibrous and unpalatable, thus becoming the source of the loofah scrubbing sponge.
*''[[Cyclanthera]]'' – [[Cyclanthera pedata|Caigua]].
*''[[Chayote|Sicyos edulis]]'' – [[Chayote]]
*''[[Gerrardanthus]]'' — the species [[Gerrardanthus macrorhizus|''G. macrorhizus'']] has gained some popularity as an ornamental [[Caudex|caudiciform]] plant.
*''[[Xerosicyos]]'' — the silver dollar vine (''Xerosicyos danguyi'') is popular amongst horticulturists and plant collectors.

The plants in this family are grown around the tropics and in temperate areas of the world, where those with edible fruits were among the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. The family Cucurbitaceae ranks among the highest of plant families for number and percentage of species used as human food.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/cucurbits.html |title=Cucurbits |publisher=[[Purdue University]] |access-date=2013-08-26}}</ref> The name ''Cucurbitaceae'' comes to [[international scientific vocabulary]] from [[Neo-Latin]], from ''[[Cucurbita]]'', the [[type genus]], + ''[[wikt:-aceae#Suffix|-aceae]]'',<ref name="MWU">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cucurbitaceae |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/ |access-date=2016-07-25 |archive-date=2020-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084504/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Funabridged%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> a standardized [[suffix]] for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the [[Classical Latin]] word ''{{wikt-lang|la|cucurbita}}'', meaning "gourd".

==Description==
[[File:Flower of Lagenaria captured at night.jpg|thumb|150px|Flower of ''Lagenaria'' captured at night]]
Most of the plants in this family are [[Annual plant|annual]] [[vine]]s, but some are woody [[liana]]s, thorny shrubs, or trees (''[[Dendrosicyos]]''). Many species have large, yellow or white flowers. The stems are hairy and pentangular. [[Tendril]]s are present at 90° to the leaf [[petiole (botany)|petioles]] at nodes. Leaves are [[exstipulate]], alternate, simple [[Leaf shape|palmately]] lobed or palmately compound. The flowers are [[unisexual]], with male and female flowers on different plants ([[Dioecy|dioecious]]) or on the same plant ([[Monoecy|monoecious]]). The female flowers have [[Ovary (plants)#Inferior ovary|inferior ovaries]]. The fruit is often a kind of modified [[berry (botany)|berry]] called a [[Berry (botany)#Modified berries|pepo]].{{R|SCHAEFER}}{{rp|2}}

==Fossil history==
One of the oldest [[fossil]] cucurbits so far is †''[[Cucurbitaciphyllum lobatum]]'' from the [[Paleocene]] epoch, found at Shirley Canal, [[Montana]]. It was described for the first time in 1924 by the paleobotanist [[Frank Hall Knowlton]]. The fossil leaf is [[Glossary of leaf shapes|palmate]], trilobed with rounded lobal sinuses and an entire or [[serrate]] margin. It has a [[leaf]] pattern similar to the members of the genera ''[[Kedrostis]]'', ''[[Melothria]]'' and ''[[Zehneria]]''.<ref>Revisions to Roland Brown's North American Paleocene Flora by Steven R. Manchester at Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Published in Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis, vol. 70, 2014, no. 3-4, pp. 153–210.</ref>

== Classification ==

===Tribal classification===
[[File:Cucurbitaceae 2.jpg|thumb|[[Pumpkin]]s and [[Cucurbita|squashes]] displayed in a show competition]]
[[File:Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae).jpg|thumb|right|A selection of cucurbits of the [[South Korea]]n Genebank in [[Suwon]]]]
[[File:2016-11-10 Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) Madrid Botanico.jpg|thumb|Cucurbits on display at the [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid]], with the title "Variedades de calabaza" include gourds and edible species of ''Cucurbita'' and ''Lagenaria''.]]
A 2011 classification of Cucurbitaceae delineated 15 [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]:<ref name="Schaefer">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaefer H, Renner SS |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the order Cucurbitales and a new classification of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=122–138 |doi=10.1002/tax.601011 |jstor=41059827 |bibcode=2011Taxon..60..122S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaefer H, Kocyan A, Renner SS |year=2007 |title=Phylogenetics of ''Cucumis'' (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (''C. sativus'') belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (''C. melo'') |journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=58–69 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-58 |pmid=17425784 |pmc=3225884 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7...58R }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=350px}}
* '''Tribe [[Gomphogyneae]] Benth. & Hook.f.'''
** ''[[Alsomitra]]'' (Blume) Spach (1 sp.)
** ''[[Bayabusua]]'' (1 sp.)
** ''[[Gomphogyne]]'' Griff. (2 spp.)
** ''[[Gynostemma]]'' Blume (10 spp.)
** ''[[Hemsleya]]'' Cogn. ex F.B.Forbes & Hemsl. (30 spp.)
** ''[[Neoalsomitra]]'' Hutch. (12 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Triceratieae]] A.Rich.''' 
** ''[[Cyclantheropsis]]'' Harms (3 spp.)
** ''[[Fevillea]]'' L. (8 spp.)
** ''[[Pteropepon]]'' (Cogn.) Cogn. (5 spp.)
** ''[[Sicydium (plant)|Sicydium]]'' Schltdl. (9 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Zanonieae]] Benth. & Hook.f.'''
** ''[[Gerrardanthus]]'' Harvey in Hook.f. (3–5 spp.)
** ''[[Siolmatra]]'' Baill. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Xerosicyos]]'' Humbert (5 spp.)
** ''[[Zanonia]]'' L. (1 sp.)
* '''Tribe [[Actinostemmateae]] H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner'''
** ''[[Actinostemma]]'' Griff. (3 spp.)
** ''[[Bolbostemma]]'' {{small|Franquet}} (2 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Indofevilleeae]] H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner'''
** ''[[Indofevillea]]'' [[Debabarta Chatterjee|Chatterjee]] (2 sp.)
* '''Tribe [[Thladiantheae]] H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner'''
** ''[[Baijiania]]'' A.M.Lu & J.Q.Li (30 spp.)
** ''[[Sinobaijiania]]'' {{small|C.Jeffrey & W.J.de Wilde}} (5 spp.)
** ''[[Thladiantha]]'' Bunge 1833 (5 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Siraitieae]] H. Schaef. & S.S. Renner'''
** ''[[Siraitia]]'' Merr. (3–4 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Momordiceae]] H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner'''
** ''[[Momordica]]'' L. (60 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Joliffieae]] Schrad.''' 
** ''[[Ampelosicyos]]'' Thouars (5 spp.)
** ''[[Cogniauxia]]'' Baill. (2 spp.)
** ''[[Telfairia]]'' Hook. (3 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Bryonieae]] Dumort.'''
** ''[[Austrobryonia]]'' H.Schaef. (4 spp.)
** ''[[Bryonia]]'' L. (10 spp.)
** ''[[Ecballium]]'' A.Rich. (1 sp.)
* '''Tribe [[Schizopeponeae]] C.Jeffrey'''
** ''[[Herpetospermum]]'' Wall. ex Hook.f. (3 spp.)
** ''[[Schizopepon]]'' Maxim. (6–8 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Sicyoeae]] Schrad.'''
** ''[[Brandegea]]'' Cogn. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Cyclanthera]]'' Schrad. (40 spp.)
** ''[[Echinocystis]]'' Torr. & A.Gray (1 sp.)
** ''[[Echinopepon]]'' Naudin (19 spp.)
** ''[[Hanburia (plant)|Hanburia]]'' Seem. (7 spp.)
** ''[[Hodgsonia]]'' Hook.f. & Thomson (2 spp.)
** ''[[Linnaeosicyos]]'' H.Schaef. & Kocyan (1 sp.)
** ''[[Luffa]]'' Mill. (5–7 spp.)
** ''[[Marah (plant)|Marah]]'' Kellogg (7 spp.)
** ''[[Microsechium]]'' {{small|Naudin}} (4 spp.)
** ''[[Nothoalsomitra]]'' Hutch. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Parasicyos]]'' {{small|Dieterle}} (2 sp.)
** ''[[Sechiopsis]]'' {{small|Naudin}} (5 spp.)
** ''[[Sicyocaulis]]'' {{small|Wiggins}} (1 sp.)
** ''[[Sicyos]]'' L. (64 spp., including ''Frantzia'' Pittier and ''[[Sechium]]'' P.Browne)
** ''[[Sicyosperma]]'' {{small| A.Gray}} (1 sp.)
** ''[[Trichosanthes]]'' L. (≤100 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Coniandreae]] Endl.'''
** ''[[Apodanthera]]'' Arn. (16 spp.)
** ''[[Bambekea]]'' Cogn. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Ceratosanthes]]'' Adans. (4 spp.)
** ''[[Corallocarpus]]'' Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f. (17 spp.)
** ''[[Cucurbitella (plant)|Cucurbitella]]'' Walp. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Dendrosicyos]]'' Balf.f. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Doyerea]]'' Grosourdy (1 sp.)
** ''[[Eureiandra]]'' Hook.f. (8 spp.)
** ''[[Gurania]]'' (Schltdl.) Cogn. (37 spp.)
** ''[[Halosicyos]]'' Mart.Crov (1 sp.)
** ''[[Helmontia]]'' Cogn. (2–4 spp.)
** ''[[Ibervillea]]'' Greene (8 spp.)
** ''[[Kedrostis]]'' Medik. (28 spp.)
** ''[[Psiguria]]'' Neck. ex Arn. (6–12 spp.)
** ''[[Seyrigia (plant)|Seyrigia]]'' Keraudren (6 spp.)
** ''[[Trochomeriopsis]]'' Cogn. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Wilbrandia]]'' Silva Manso (5 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Benincaseae]] Ser.'''
** ''[[Acanthosicyos]]'' Welw. ex Hook.f. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Benincasa]]'' Savi (2 spp., including ''Praecitrullus'' Pangalo)
** ''[[Blastania]]'' {{small|Kotschy & Peyr.}} (3 spp., including ''Ctenolepis'' Hook.f.)
** ''[[Borneosicyos]]'' (1–2 spp.)
** ''[[Cephalopentandra]]'' Chiov. (1 sp.)
** ''[[Citrullus]]'' Schrad. (4 spp.)
** ''[[Coccinia]]'' Wight & Arn. (30 spp.)
** ''[[Cucumis]]'' L. (65 spp.)
** ''[[Dactyliandra]]'' Hook.f. (2 spp.)
** ''[[Diplocyclos]]'' (Endl.) T.Post & Kuntze (4 spp.)
** ''[[Indomelothria]]'' (2 spp.)
** ''[[Khmeriosicyos]]'' (1 sp.)
** ''[[Lagenaria]]'' Ser. (6 spp.)
** ''[[Lemurosicyos]]'' Keraudren (1 sp.)
** ''[[Melothria]]'' L. (12 spp., including ''[[Melothria scabra|M. scabra]]'')
** ''[[Muellerargia]]'' Cogn. (2 sp.)
** ''[[Oreosyce]]'' {{small|Hook.f.}} (1 sp.)
** ''[[Papuasicyos]]'' (8 spp.)
** ''[[Peponium]]'' Engl. (20 spp.)
** ''[[Raphidiocystis]]'' Hook.f. (5 spp.)
** ''[[Ruthalicia]]'' C.Jeffrey (2 spp.)
** ''[[Scopellaria]]'' W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes (2 spp.)
** ''[[Solena (plant)|Solena]]'' Lour. (3 spp.)
** ''[[Trochomeria]]'' Hook.f. (8 spp.)
** ''[[Zehneria]]'' Endl. (''ca.'' 60 spp.)
* '''Tribe [[Cucurbiteae]] Ser.'''
** ''[[Abobra]]'' Naudin (1 sp.)
** ''[[Calycophysum]]'' H.Karst. & Triana (5 spp.)
** ''[[Cayaponia]]'' Silva Manso (74 spp.)
** ''[[Cionosicys]]'' Griseb. (4–5 spp.)
** ''[[Cucurbita]]'' L. (15 spp.)
** ''[[Penelopeia]]'' Urb. (2 spp.)
** ''[[Peponopsis]]'' Naudin (1 sp.)
** ''[[Polyclathra]]'' Bertol. (6 spp.)
** ''[[Schizocarpum]]'' Schrad. (11 spp.)
** ''[[Selysia]]'' Cogn. (4 spp.)
** ''[[Sicana]]'' Naudin (4 spp.)
** ''[[Tecunumania]]'' Standl. & Steyerm. (1 sp.)
{{div col end}}

===Systematics===
Modern [[molecular phylogenetics]] suggest the following relationships:<ref name="Schaefer"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Zhang L-B)), Simmons MP, Kocyan A, Renner SS |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of the Cucurbitales based on DNA sequences of nine loci from three genomes: Implications for morphological and sexual system evolution |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=305–322 |url=http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Zhang_Cucurbitales_MPE2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908221529/http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Zhang_Cucurbitales_MPE2006.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-08 |url-status=live |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.002 |pmid=16293423|bibcode=2006MolPE..39..305Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaefer H, Heibl C, Renner SS |year=2009 |title=Gourds afloat: A dated phylogeny reveals an Asian origin of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) and numerous oversea dispersal events |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B|Proc R Soc B]] |volume=276 |issue=1658 |pages=843–851 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1447|pmid=19033142 |pmc=2664369 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=de Boer HJ, Schaefer H, Thulin M, Renner SS |year=2012 |title=Evolution and loss of long-fringed petals: A case study using a dated phylogeny of the snake gourds, ''Trichosanthes'' (Cucurbitaceae) |journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-108|pmid=22759528 |pmc=3502538 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..108D }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |author=Belgrano MJ |year=2012 |title=Estudio sistemático y biogeográfico del género ''Apodanthera'' Arn. (Cucurbitaceae) |trans-title=Systematic and biogeographic study of the genus ''Apodanthera'' Arn. (Cucurbitaceae) |type=Ph.D. |publisher=Universidad Nacional de La Plata |url=https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26411}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Renner SS, Schaefer H |year=2016 |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of the Cucurbitaceae |veditors=Grumet R, Katzir N, Garcia-Mas J |title=Genetics and Genomics of Cucurbitaceae |volume=20 |series=Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models |location=New York, NY |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/7397_2016_14|isbn=978-3-319-49330-5 }}</ref>


{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" |Detailed [[Cladogram]] showing Cucurbitaceae phylogeny
|-
|
{{Clade|style=line-height:90%;font-size:90%;

|label1=Cucurbitaceae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Gomphogyneae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Alsomitra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bayabusua]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Hemsleya]]''
|2=''[[Gomphogyne]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gynostemma]]''
|2=''[[Neoalsomitra]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Triceratieae]] 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Fevillea]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropepon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cyclantheropsis]]''
|2=''[[Sicydium (plant)|Sicydium]]''
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Zanonieae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gerrardanthus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Zanonia]]''
|2=''[[Siolmatra]]''
}}
|2=''[[Xerosicyos]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Actinostemmateae]]
|1=''[[Actinostemma]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Indofevilleeae]]
|1=''[[Indofevillea]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Thladiantheae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Baijiania]]''
|2=''[[Thladiantha]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Siraitieae]]
|1=''[[Siraitia]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Momordiceae]]
|1=''[[Momordica]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Joliffieae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Cogniauxia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Telfairia]]''
|2=''[[Ampelosicyos]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Bryonieae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ecballium]]''
|2=''[[Bryonia]]''
}}
|2=''[[Austrobryonia]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Sicyoeae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nothoalsomitra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hodgsonia]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Echinocystis]]''
|2=''[[Marah (plant)|Marah]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Echinopepon]]''
|2=''[[Frantzia]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cyclanthera]]''
|2=''[[Hanburia (plant)|Hanburia]]''
}}
|3=''[[Sicyos]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Linnaeosicyos]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Luffa]]''
|2=''[[Trichosanthes]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Schizopeponeae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Schizopepon]]''
|2=''[[Herpetospermum]]''
}}
}}
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Coniandreae]]
|1=CONIANDREAE
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Cucurbiteae]]
|1=CUCURBITEAE
|label2=[[Benincaseae]] 
|2=BENINCASEAE
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

|targetA=CONIANDREAE
|subcladeA={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bambekea]]''
|2=''[[Eureiandra]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dendrosicyos]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Trochomeriopsis]]''
|2=''[[Seyrigia (plant)|Seyrigia]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Corallocarpus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cucurbitella (plant)|Cucurbitella]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Doyerea]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Wilbrandia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Psiguria]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Helmontia]]''
|2=''[[Gurania]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2=''[[Melotrianthus]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Kedrostis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ceratosanthes]]''
|2=''[[Halosicyos]]''
}}
|2=''[[Apodanthera]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tumamoca]]''
|2=''[[Ibervillea]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}} 

|targetB=CUCURBITEAE
|subcladeB={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Polyclathra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Peponopsis]]''
|2=''[[Cucurbita]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Penelopeia (plant)|Penelopeia]]''
|2=''[[Calycophysum]]''
|3=''[[Sicana]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tecunumania]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Schizocarpum]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cionosicys]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Abobra]]''
|2=''[[Cayaponia]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}} 

|targetC=BENINCASEAE
|subcladeC={{clade
|1=''[[Zehneria]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Citrullus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Peponium]]''
|2=''[[Lagenaria]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Acanthosicyos]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Raphidiocystis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cephalopentandra]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lemurosicyos]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Solena (plant)|Solena]]''
|2=''[[Borneosicyos]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Benincasa]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ctenolepis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dactyliandra]]''
|2=''[[Trochomeria]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ruthalicia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Indomelothria]]''
|2=''[[Melothria]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Coccinia]]''
|2=''[[Diplocyclos]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Papuasicyos]]''
|2=''[[Scopellaria]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Muellerargia]]''
|2=''[[Cucumis]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}} 
}}
|} 

{{anchor|Pests|Diseases}}

==Pests and diseases==
[[Sweet potato whitefly]] is the vector of a number of [[cucurbit virus]]es that cause yellowing symptoms throughout the [[southern United States]].<ref name="Wintermantel-2020">{{cite web |last=Wintermantel |first=William M. |title=Whitefly-Transmitted Yellowing Viruses of Cucurbit Crops |date=2020 |url=https://www.planthealthexchange.org/cucurbits/Pages/GROW-CUC-08-20-006.aspx |publisher=[[American Phytopathological Society]] |doi=10.1094/grow-cuc-08-20-006 |s2cid=242003450 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
<ref name="SCHAEFER">{{cite web |last1=Schaefer |first1=Hanno |last2=Acevedo-Rodríguez |first2=Pedro |title=Guide to the genera of lianas and climbing plants in the neotropics |url=https://naturalhistory.si.edu/sites/default/files/media/file/cucurbitaceae.pdf |website=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |veditors=Bates D, Robinson R, Jeffrey C |year=1990 |title=Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-1670-5}}
* {{cite journal |author=Jeffrey C. |year=2005 |title=A new system of Cucurbitaceae |journal=Bot. Zhurn. |volume=90 |pages=332–335}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061200/http://www.cucurbit.org/family.html Cucurbitaceae] in T.C. Andres (1995 onwards).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211028184716/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/cucurbit.htm Cucurbitaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q8314}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cucurbitaceae| ]]
[[Category:Rosid families]]
[[Category:Extant Danian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1789]]

Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery

2026-01-01T02:10:52Z

Hayaat:

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Lava, West Bengal}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery|name=Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery|established=June 6, 1990|image=Kagyu Thekchen Ling Lava Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India.jpg|caption=Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery|coordinates={{coord|27.0860|N|88.6638|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|location=[[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]], [[Kalimpong district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]|pushpin_map=India West Bengal#India|map_caption=Location in West Bengal|founded_by=Karma Lodrö Chökyi Senge}}
'''Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery''', also known as '''Ratnarishi Bihar Buddhist Gumpa''' or simply '''Lava Monastery''', is a Buddhist monastery situated in [[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref name=wbtour >{{Cite web |title=Lava - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/place/lava#lb6 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=wbtourism.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Silence, serenity and scenery await you at Kolakham |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/ecotourism-venture-neora-valley-jungle-camp-in-kolakham-kalimpong-offers-travellers-a-respite/cid/1839200 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== History ==
In the 1980s, the local Buddhist community of Lava offered [[Jamgon Kongtrul#3rd Jamgon Kongtrul (1954%E2%80%931992)|Karma Lodrö Chökyi Senge]] (1954–1992), the 3rd Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche, four acres of land to establish a Buddhist monastery in the hamlet, with the aim of preserving local religious and cultural tradition. The offer was accepted in 1987 and construction work commenced in April, 1988. The monastery was opened on June 6, 1990, on the occasion of ''Chökhor Düchen''.<ref name=wbtour /><ref name=1001things>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-11 |title=Lava Monastery, Lava |url=https://1001things.org/lava-monastery-lava/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=1001 Things About North Bengal, North East India & Bhutan |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2001, the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] opened Mane Lhakhang, a community temple next to the monastery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamgon Kongtrul Labrang |url=https://www.jamgonkongtrul.org/section.php?s1=2&s2=2 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.jamgonkongtrul.org}}</ref> Today, over a hundred monks practise Buddhist philosophy at the monastery.

== Location ==
The monastery is located in Lava, [[Kalimpong district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of West Bengal. It sits just beside the Neora Reservoir,<ref name=wbtour /> and serves as a gateway to the [[Neora Valley National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walk along the misty trail to Kalimpong’s Kagyu Thek Chen Ling Monastery |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/walk-along-the-misty-trail-to-kalimpongs-Kagyu-thek-chen-ling-monastery |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref> It is at a distance of about 32 km (19.9 mi) from [[Kalimpong]]. The nearest railway station is [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]] and the nearest airport is [[Bagdogra Airport]] in [[Bagdogra|Bagdogra, Siliguri]].<ref name=1001things />

== Description ==
The monastery resembles elements and styles of [[Architecture of Tibet|Tibetan architecture]], and is built of brick and concrete. It has several prayer halls, lawns, sitting areas, and houses a large Buddha statue. It is properly maintained.<ref name=wbtour /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Monastery, Lava - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule, |url=https://www.trawell.in/west-bengal/lava/lava-monastery |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India (2).jpg|Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava
File:Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India (3).jpg|Lava Monastery
File:Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India (1).jpg|Lava Monastery
File:Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India (4).jpg|Inside Lava Monastery
File:Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India (5).jpg|Lava Monastery
File:Mane Lhakhang, Kagyu Thekchen Ling Monastery, Lava, West Bengal, India (6).jpg|Mane Lhakhang
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

Forward caste

2025-12-20T22:34:44Z

Hayaat: updated references as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Indian government term for non-disadvantaged castes}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Forward caste''' (or '''General caste''')<ref>{{cite book|title=The Study of the Impact of Early Life Conditions on Later Life Events|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNK5oVOpiVUC&dq=Forward+caste+or+general+caste&pg=PA119|author=Sumedha Gupta| date=2010 |publisher=Rozenberg publishers|page=119 | isbn=978-90-361-0179-0 }}</ref> is a term used in [[India]] to denote [[Caste system in India|castes]] which are not listed in [[Scheduled caste|SC]], [[Scheduled tribe|ST]] or [[Other backward classes|OBC]] reservation lists. They are on average considered ahead of other castes economically and educationally. They account for about 30.8% of the population based on Schedule 10 of available data from the [[National Sample Survey Organisation]] 55th (1999–2000) and [[National Sample Survey Organisation]] 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Those groups that qualify for reservation benefits are listed as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]], [[Other Backward Class]] and [[Economically Weaker Section]]. They can avail defined quotas amongst other benefits for education, special government schemes, government employment and political representation. The lists of Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Class are compiled irrespective of religion.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gaurang R. Sahay |chapter=Hierarchy, difference and the caste system |editor=Dipankar Gupta |title=Caste in Question |publisher=SAGE |year=2004 |pages=130–131 |isbn=9780761933243 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&pg=PA2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCQ24WjlwZwC&pg=PA155 |author=Girukamukkalla Savaraiah |title=Rural Banking in India|publisher=Daya Publishing House |year=1988|isbn=9788170350446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTS4OO9lcdgC&pg=PA102|title=Social Development and Demographic Changes in South India|access-date=14 June 2015|isbn=9788185880501|last1=Balakrishnan Nair|first1=V.|year=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref>

[[Economically Weaker Section]] among forward castes were later{{When|date=September 2025}} granted less than 10% reservation by {{Clarify|reason=which govt? state or central?|date=September 2025}}government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balakrishnan Nair |first1=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTS4OO9lcdgC&pg=PA102 |title=Social Development and Demographic Changes in South India |year=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. |isbn=9788185880501 |access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

== General caste ==
General caste is an informal relative term which may refer to a caste which is not listed in the SC, ST or OBC lists.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Economic and educational status==
{{As of|2007}}, forward castes had to compete only in the open category, as they are considered socially, educationally, and economically advanced. The open category seats can be competed and filled by any section of the society irrespective of the caste. Due to rigorous demand and the relative financial weakness of the people of the General category, the Government of India introduced 10% as EWS quota for them, which makes their total reservation to 10%. However, in certain states, such as [[Tamil Nadu]], the reservation percentage is around 69%.<ref>[http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1285498.php/Tamil_Nadus_quota_stir_an_assertion_of_its_69_percent%0A_NEWS_ANALYSIS_ Tamil Nadu's quota stir an assertion of its 69 percent? (NEWS ANALYSIS) - India] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120713120153/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1285498.php/Tamil_Nadus_quota_stir_an_assertion_of_its_69_percent%0A_NEWS_ANALYSIS_ |date=2012-07-13 }}</ref>

==Reservation for economically backward among forward castes==

Before 2019, forward castes were only allowed to compete for seats in the unreserved category in educational institutions and central government jobs, regardless of their educational/economical status in society. A significant percentage of the forward caste lives below the poverty line, and more than 30% of the members of this community are illiterate. To meet their aspirations, demands have been raised for providing separate reservations for the poor among forward caste populations. Many political parties like [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|Rastriya Janata Dal]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67190 Laloo bats for upper caste reservations], ExpressIndia, 5 May 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312130357/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67190 |date=March 12, 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67837 Left strikes a masterstroke], ExpressIndia, 17 May 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311123218/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67837 |date=2007-03-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/06/05/stories/2006060504941400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311033931/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/06/05/stories/2006060504941400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 11, 2007|title=Paswan for quota for economically backward|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/14/stories/2003081403450900.htm|title=Cong. for 'quota' for poor among forward castes|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 August 2003 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040317043708/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/14/stories/2003081403450900.htm |archive-date=17 March 2004}}</ref> have supported proposals for providing a separate reservation for the poor among the forward castes.

===Timeline===
* 1991: Congress government headed by Narasimha Rao introduced 10% separate reservation for poor among forward castes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=The Rediff News|title=Will Modi's quota meet same fate as Narasimha Rao's?|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/upper-caste-quota-will-modi-meet-same-fate-as-narasimha-raos/20190108.htm|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>
* 1992: The Supreme Court has ruled in the [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]] case that separate reservation for poor among forward castes is invalid. Government has withdrawn separate reservation as per supreme court judgement.
* 2003: BJP government appointed a group of ministers for suggesting measures for implementation of separate reservation for the poor among forward castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/12/stories/2003081206440100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031021113937/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/08/12/stories/2003081206440100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 21, 2003|title=The Hindu : GoM to study quota for poor among forward castes|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
* 2004: A task force has been set up to determine modalities for providing reservations to the poor among forward castes. No information available regarding a report submitted by this task force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/24/stories/2004012402250500.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line: Jobs for economically backward classes: 4-member commission set up|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
* 2006: Congress government appointed commission to study separate reservation for economically backward class.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/25/stories/2006072514730300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313155223/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/25/stories/2006072514730300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-13|title=Commission for economically backward classes constituted|access-date=14 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-07-25}}</ref>
* 2006: The Communist government in [[Kerala]] earmarked 12% of the seats in private professional colleges for the economically poor among forward castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pd.cpim.org/2006/0702/07022006_ragesh.htm|title=The Kerala Professional Colleges Bill And Social Justice|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108081953/http://pd.cpim.org/2006/0702/07022006_ragesh.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
State and central governments have not released adequate data regarding the representation of various communities in their services and admissions to educational institutions.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} Most of the private companies in India do not collect data regarding the community of their employees.
[[File:RuralLandholding.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Rural landholding pattern of various social groups calculated by National Sample Survey 99-00 indicate that OBC and forward castes are comparable in wealth]]
* In Tamil Nadu forward castes have secured around 1.9% of the seats in medical colleges in 2004 and 2.68% of the seats in 2005, against their population percentage of 13%. This trend of poor representation has continued for the last 10 years as claimed by lawyers in one of the reservation cases, because other communities are very competitive and secure seats in general quote because of education has reached beyond forward communities.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=TN Act on reservation under 9th schedule illegal|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/218200610312222.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523134851/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/218200610312222.htm |archive-date=2008-05-23 |date=31 October 2006}}</ref>
* The Narendra committee report in Kerala has pointed out that forward castes representation in public services and PSU units is around 36 to 38%, which is more or less equal to their population percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Aug04-Print-Edition/011508200494.htm|title=League locks horns with upper castes, The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.15, MG109 (1-15 Aug 04)|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
* The Karnataka minister in the state Assembly has announced that the per capita income of the [[Brahmins]] is less than that of all communities including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2006/may/23franc.htm?q=tp&file=.htm|title=Are Brahmins the Dalits of today?|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
* The oversight committee in its final report has indicated that forward castes are placed better than backward castes in some indicators and are comparable with backward castes concerning some few indicators and that backward castes are superior in some parameters like health indicators in states like Assam, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oversightcommittee.gov.in/ocrep.pdf |title=FINAL OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE -3.10.2006.doc |access-date=2006-10-26 |archive-date=2017-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208132528/http://oversightcommittee.gov.in/ocrep.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The national survey 99-00 indicates that forward castes are better placed than SC/ST in almost all parameters. In rural unemployment, forward castes score worse than all other communities.
* The provisional report of the National Sample Survey Organisation (2004–05) states that buying capacities of backward castes in rural and urban areas are comparable to forward castes. It also revises the backward castes figure as 41%. It states that landownership of backward castes are comparable to forward castes. It reiterates its earlier finding (in 99-00 survey) that forward castes are poorly employed (more unemployment).<ref>{{cite web |title=OBC population has increased: NSSO |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2006 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1833012,0008.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321200246/http://www.hindustantimes.in/news/181_1833012,0008.htm |archive-date=21 March 2007 |quote=The National The Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) report released on Tuesday reveals that the OBC population has increased from 35.8 per cent in 1999 to 41 per cent in 2004-05. The survey brings out that the OBCs have a buying capacity almost equal to that of the forward communities and more than SC's and ST's. In rural India, as many as eight per cent of OBCs spends Rs 1,100 or more every month as compared to 11 per cent of the forward communities. |access-date=9 November 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The national surveys used rural landholding pattern to assess wealthiness of various social groups. Its findings indicate that OBC and FC are comparable and there is a very small difference between them. There is a big difference between OBC/FC and SC. Even Scheduled Tribes are placed better than Scheduled castes. Experts who analysed the national survey results point out that other backward castes are near average in many parameters. Please see the chart.<ref>Surjit S Bhalla, [https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/surjit-s-bhalla-obc-the-oh-so-average-indian-106111101030_1.html OBC: the Oh, so average Indian], Business Standard, 14 June 2013.</ref>
* On 7 January 2019, the [[Union Council of Ministers]] approved a 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for the [[Economically Weaker Section]] (EWS) in the forward castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-10-reservation-for-economically-weaker-sections/articleshow/67418734.cms|title=Union Cabinet approves 10% reservation for economically weak among upper caste - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> The cabinet decided that this would be over and above the existing 50% reservation for SC/ST/OBC categories.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/plea-in-sc-challenges-10-quota-to-poor-in-general-category/articleshow/67642542.cms|title=Plea in SC challenges 10% quota to poor in general category|date=22 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* On 7 November 2022, [[Supreme Court of India]] by a 3:2 verdict in the Janhit Abhiyan vs Union Of India Writ Petition (Civil) No(S). 55 OF 2019, upheld the validity of the 103rd constitutional amendment carried out to provide legal sanction to carve out a 10% reservation for the economically weaker sections from unreserved classes for admission in educational institutions and government jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/quotas-poor-forward-castes-supreme-court-rule-8254179/|title=Quotas for poor among 'forward castes' upheld: Here's the case and what the SC has ruled |date=8 November 2022 }}</ref> and held that the 50% cap on quota is not inviolable and affirmative action on economic basis may go a long way in eradicating caste-based reservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-ews-quota-in-3-2-split-verdict-cji-in-minority/articleshow/95365168.cms|title=Supreme Court upholds EWS quota in 3-2 split verdict, CJI in minority|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/reservation-policy-cannot-stay-for-indefinite-period-says-supreme-court/article66108033.ece?homepage=true|title=Reservation policy cannot stay for indefinite period, says Supreme Court|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2022 }}</ref> This constitutional amendment pushed the total reservation to 59.50% in central institutions.

==Shrinking educational opportunities==
{{See also|Affirmative action}}
During April 2006, India's Human Resource Minister announced that 27% seats will be reserved exclusively for candidates from Other Backward class in addition to existing 22.5% reservation for Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040814710100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409133412/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040814710100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-04-09|title=Quota for OBCs: "No escape for Government"|access-date=14 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-04-08}}</ref>

Many states do not have 27% of Other Backward class population, as per national sample surveys. (This includes major Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal). Some Indian states like Assam {{Citation needed|reason=https://www.google.com/amp/s/m.timesofindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/goa/news/in-states-poll-board-caste-arithmetic-plays-electoral-calculus-in-determining-outcomes/amp_articleshow/68998438.cms|date=August 2016}}, Goa {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Haryana {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Himachal Pradesh {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, Uttarakhand {{Citation needed|reason=Since there is no caste based survey data?|date=August 2016}}, have more than 50% Forward castes population, which means the number of seats secured by Forward castes will not be equal to their population proportion even if they secure 100% seats in open competition in central government institutions of these states. Central government, however, excluded 27% reservations to Other Backward class to the areas with high tribal populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/30quota.htm|title=Reserve 27% seats for OBCs in 3 years: Bill|date=30 August 2006|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

However, on 7 January 2019, the [[Union Council of Ministers]] approved 10% reservation for the forward castes in government jobs and educational institutions. This group is classified as the [[Economically Weaker Section]] (EWS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-10-reservation-for-economically-weaker-sections/articleshow/67418734.cms|title=Union Cabinet approves 10% reservation for economically weak among upper caste - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> The cabinet decided that this would be over and above the existing 50% reservation for SC/ST/OBC categories.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/plea-in-sc-challenges-10-quota-to-poor-in-general-category/articleshow/67642542.cms|title=Plea in SC challenges 10% quota to poor in general category|date=22 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Other Backward Classes]]
* [[Socio Economic Caste Census 2011]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Reservation in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forward caste}}
[[Category:Reservation in India]]

Bansi Nagar metro station

2025-12-17T01:11:45Z

Hayaat: Created stub

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bansi Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Bansi Nagar metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = S R P Camp, [[Digdoh]], Maharashtra 440016
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.11604|79.01251|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|09|23}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Vasudev Nagar|right=Lokmanya Nagar}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Bansi Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 23 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author-link=Nagpur Metro|date=23 September 2020|title=Bansi Nagar Metro Station is Operational and at your Services now|url=https://www.facebook.com/metrorailnagpur/posts/mazimetrobackontrack-reasontosmile-aqulinebansi-nagar-metro-station-is-operation/3626130024075156/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Facebook|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CMRS gives safety node to launch metro services on four new stations in Nagpur|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cmrs-gives-safety-node-to-launch-metro-services-on-four-new-stations-in-nagpur|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Bansi Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Vasudev Nagar metro station|Vasudev Nagar]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Vasudev Nagar metro station|Vasudev Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Severios Abraham

2025-12-16T18:55:52Z

Hayaat:

{{Short description|Syriac Orthodox Metropolitan of Angamali, India}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Valiya Metropolitan
| honorific_prefix = [[His Grace]] [[Mar (title)|Mor]]
| name = Dr. Severios Abraham
| honorific_suffix = [[Metropolitan bishop|Valiya Metropolitan]]
| title = Valiya Metropolitan of Angamali
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = [[Malayalam|അബ്രാഹം മോർ സേവേറിയോസ്]]
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church|Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see = [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Holy Apostolic See of Antioch & All East]]
| elected = 
| term = 
| quashed = 
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Mor Anthimos Mathews]]
| opposed =
| other_post = [[Monastery|Abbot of Dayro d-Mor Gabriel]]
| ordination = 1965 (Kassisso)
| ordained_by = Mor Gregorios Geevarghese, Vayaliparambil
| consecration = 6 March 1982
| consecrated_by = [[Patriarch]] [[Ignatius Zakka I]] & [[Catholicos]] [[Baselios Paulose II]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Valiya Metropolitan]]
| birth_name = Abraham Alukkal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|7|12}}
| birth_place = [[Angamaly]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = {{flag|India}}
| religion = [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church|Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]] ([[Oriental Orthodox Church]])
| residence = Dayro d-Mor Gabriel
| parents =
| occupation =
| profession = 
| education = Community college, Chicago and Doctorate from Pacific University in California
| alma_mater = [[Pacific University]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt = 
| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date = 
| module =
| other =
| previous_post = [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Diocese of Angamaly|Assistant Metropolitan of Angamali Diocese]]
}}
'''Mor Severios Abraham''' or '''Abraham Mor Severios ('''born '''Abraham Alukkal;''' 12 July 1941) is an Indian [[Prelate]], who is the '''Valiya Metropolitan''' '''of Angamali''' and '''Abbot of Dayro d-Mor Gabriel''' (Monastery of Mor Gabriel). He is the most senior Metropolitan in the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church.

==Early years==

Abraham Alukkal was born as member of the Alukkal family in Peechanikkad, [[Ankamali]] on 12 July 1941. In 1965 he was ordained deacon by Mor Gregorios Geevarghese Vayaliparambil of Ankamali. In the same year he was ordained by Mor Gregorios as '[[Kasheesho|Kasshisso]]'.

== Education ==

He graduated from Community College, Chicago and completed his theological studies from [[Russian Leningrad Theological Academy]] and Theological College at [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. He obtained his [[Doctor of Theology|Th.D.]] degree from [[California Miramar University|Pacific Western University]] ([[California]]). Abraham served as the [[vicar]] of St. Peter's Church in Chicago under Archbishop Mor [[Athanasius Yeshue Samuel]] from 1979 to 1981. Before this, he was at the [[Thrikkunnathu Seminary]] in [[Aluva]]. In 1982, the Ankamali Diocesan Council, held under Dionysius Thomas (Aboon Mor [[Baselios Thomas I]]), chose Abraham as the Assistant Metropolitan of the Diocese.

== Ordination ==

Abraham was ordained metropolitan in the name '''Mor Severios''' on 6 March 1982, in a ceremony presided by Mor [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]] and assisted by the Catholicose Aboon Mor [[Baselios Paulose II]] at the [[Marthoma Jacobite Syrian Cheriyapally, Kothamangalam|Marthoman Cheriapally]], Kothamangalam. Mor Severios Abraham is the only prelate ordained by Patriarch Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas in Malankara.

== Charity works ==

After assuming charge as the auxiliary bishop of Ankamali Diocese, Abraham Mor Severios commenced many charity programs. He founded the Guardian Angel Institution in 1985. A list of few institutions started by Severios are:

*Guardian Angel Retirement Home, (1984) Kilikulam, Airapuram PO.
*Bethsada Destitute Home for the Dying, Vengola.
*Yeldho Mor Baselios orphanage, Kothamangalam.
*Bethsaida Public School, Vengola.
*Bethsaida Junior school, Kilikulam.
*Bethsaida Mental Health Center, Vengola (1993).
*Peace mission, Nedumbassery.
*Mor Gabriel Dayro (Monastery).

== Responsibilities ==
{{As of|2013}}:
*Abbot of Mor Gabriel Dayaro, Vengola
*Metropolitan of Ankamali Region of Ankamali Diocese

==See also==

*[[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
*[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]

== References ==
[http://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org Jacobite Syrian Church]
# www.syriacchristianity.org
# www.lightoflife.com
# Souvenir published by Ankamali Diocese

{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Severios}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:California Miramar University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Angamaly]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]

Kalyanappittennu

2025-10-11T19:03:03Z

Hayaat: Redirect article

#REDIRECT[[List of Malayalam films of 1997]]

V. Ramachandran

2025-10-02T05:43:30Z

Hayaat: new initial pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1931–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Ramachandran
| image =
| caption = other pet name Chandru, of painganadu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|03|21}}
| birth_place = Tamil Nadu india
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|12|01|1931|03|21}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil servant Management expert
| yearsactive = 1953–2015
| known for = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| spouse = Padma Ramachandran
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''V. Ramachandran''' (21 March 1931 – 1 December 2015) was an Indian civil servant, management expert and the chief secretary of the state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Former Kerala Chief Secretary V. Ramachandran Passes Away KE">{{cite web | url=http://kerala.indiaeveryday.in/news-former-kerala-chief-secretary-v-ramachandran-passes-away-1184-1403327.htm | title=Former Kerala Chief Secretary V. Ramachandran Passes Away KE | publisher=Kerala Everyday | date=2016 | access-date=25 June 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He was a member of the [[Kerala State Planning Board]] and held the vice-chair of the [[United Nations]] Committee on Right to Development from 1980 to 1984.<ref name="Former chief secretary Ramachandran passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=71975 | title=Former chief secretary Ramachandran passes away | publisher=Kaumudi | date=1 December 2015 | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=13 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013024424/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=71975 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He also served several United Nations agencies such as [[UNESCAP]], [[UNCHS]], [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (UNESC), and [[UNDP]] as a consultant,<ref name="V. Ramachandran dead">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/v-ramachandran-dead/article7939388.ece | title=V. Ramachandran dead | work=The Hindu | date=2 December 2015 | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> and was the chairman of the ''Centre for Management Development'', [[Thiruvanathapuram]] at the time of his death in 2015.<ref name="Capie1990">{{cite book|author=Forrest Capie|title=Directory of Economic Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It2xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|date=25 November 1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-10218-1|pages=170–}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2008, for his contributions to Indian civil service.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:ARC II resolution.pdf|thumb|Second ARC resolution]]
V. Ramachandran was born in the south Indian state of Kerala, on 21 March 1931, and obtained his master's degree in Arts (MA) and Sciences (MSc) from the [[University of Madras]] before securing a master's degree in Public Administration from [[Harvard University]].<ref name="on Administrative Reforms Commission">{{cite web | url=http://arc.gov.in/vrama.htm | title=on Administrative Reforms Commission | publisher=Administrative Reforms Commission - Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=16 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216050621/http://arc.gov.in/vrama.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He entered the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1953 to start a 36-year-long civil service which lasted until 1989, during which time he held several positions of note in the central and state administrations.<ref name="Former Kerala Chief Secretary V Ramachandran Passes Away">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Former-Kerala-Chief-Secretary-V-Ramachandran-Passes-Away/2015/12/02/article3157168.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214170107/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Former-Kerala-Chief-Secretary-V-Ramachandran-Passes-Away/2015/12/02/article3157168.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 December 2015 | title=Former Kerala Chief Secretary V Ramachandran Passes Away | publisher=Indian Express | date=2 December 2015 | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> After the initial postings, he served as a district collector, Finance Secretary and the chairman of such [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector undertakings]] as [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]], prior to his posting as the Chief Secretary of the state, a post he held until his superannuation in 1989.<ref name="on NIRD">{{cite web | url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/RAMACHANDRAN_profile.doc | title=on NIRD | publisher=National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj | date=2016 | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=15 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515194320/http://nird.org.in/brgf/doc/RAMACHANDRAN_profile.doc | url-status=dead }}</ref> In between, he also had two stints outside Kerala cadre; the first as a [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] at the Prime Minister's secretariat during the tenures of [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Morarji Desai]] from 1972 to 1978, with the responsibility of science and technology and economic affairs and the second as the vice-chairman of the ''[[United Nations]] Committee on Right to Development'' from 1980 to 1984.<ref name="on Administrative Reforms Commission" />

After his retirement from civil service, Ramachandran was again called to government service in 1991 as the Advisor to the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="Former chief secretary Ramachandran passes away" /> when [[Karunanidhi]] government was dismissed by [[Chandra Shekhar|Chandra Sekhar]], the then Prime Minister and [[President's rule]] was imposed in the state.<ref name="Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-had-no-role-in-dismissing-dmk-govt-in-1991/article8475243.ece | title=Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991 | work=The Hindu | date=14 April 2016 | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> With the lifting of President's rule on 24 June 1991, he was relieved of the duty and the Government of Kerala invited him to accept the position of the vice-chairman of [[Kerala State Planning Board]], a post holding the rank of a cabinet minister; he had earlier served the Board as a member during his civil service years.<ref name="State Planning Board (1983-1987)">{{cite web | url=http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/evolution-of-board.html | title=State Planning Board (1983-1987) | publisher=Kerala State Planning Board | date=2016 | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=1 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801143840/http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about-us/evolution-of-board.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He held the post until 1996 and after a gap of 5 years, he again returned to the position in 2001 for another term which lasted until 2006. It was during this period, he drafted a report on ''democratic decentralisation'' which was reported to have earned him the moniker, ''father of democratic decentralisation in India''.<ref name="V Ramachandran, a civil servant of first order">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151211/nation-current-affairs/article/v-ramachandran-civil-servant-first-order | title=V Ramachandran, a civil servant of first order | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=11 December 2015 | access-date=25 June 2016 | author=Kuruvilla John}}</ref> He chaired an ''Expert Group on Participatory Planning'' which deliberated on the concept of [[Panchayati Raj]] and proposed measures which was later taken up by the state as well as other regions in India.<ref name="A Role Model Slips Away">{{cite web | url=http://accountabilityindia.in/content/role-model-slips-away | title=A Role Model Slips Away | publisher=Accountability Initiative | date=8 December 2015 | access-date=25 June 2016 | author=T. R. Raghunandan | archive-date=11 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811130453/http://accountabilityindia.in/content/role-model-slips-away | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BandyopadhyayMukherjee2004">{{cite book|author1=D. Bandyopadhyay|author2=Amitava Mukherjee|title=New Issues in Panchayati Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tIAJMWZjM0C&pg=PA9|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-073-0|pages=9–}}</ref> While serving as the vice-chair of the Planning Board during his first term, he also served as the director of [[Rajiv Gandhi Foundation]] (1992–1996) and as a member of its Task Force on Panchayati Raj.<ref name="on Administrative Reforms Commission" />

As a consultant, Ramachandran was associated with several UN agencies which included [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]], [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]], [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] and [[United Nations Development Programme]].<ref name="on NIRD" /> He was a member of the [[National Dairy Development Board]] and the Governing Board of [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] and sat in the Central Water Commission and the second [[Administrative Reforms Commission]] of the Government of India, the last of which he chaired for a while when [[Veerappa Moily]] resigned from the post in 2009.<ref name="on Administrative Reforms Commission" /> He was a member of the governing board of the [[Centre for Development Studies]] and Sree Uthradam Thirunal Institute Of Culture<ref name="Sree Uthradam Thirunal Institute Of Culture">{{cite web | url=https://sutic.org/membersHonoured.php | title=Sree Uthradam Thirunal Institute Of Culture | publisher=Sree Uthradam Thirunal Institute Of Culture | date=22 March 2012 | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> and served as the president of the Regional Cancer Association, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and as the chairman of the Centre for Management Development, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Capie1990" />

Ramachandran was a recipient of the third highest Indian civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] which he received in 2008.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He was married to [[Padma Ramachandran]], one of the first woman Indian Administrative Service officers{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and the first woman chief secretary of Kerala.<ref name="A conformist and a rebel">{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/F31lPdpheZCzwxL6tq4J0K/A-conformist-and-a-rebel.html | title=A conformist and a rebel | publisher=Live Mint | date=11 October 2013 | access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Towards the later days of his life, the couple resided in [[Bengaluru]] and it was here, he died on 1 December 2015, aged 84, from old age.<ref name="V. Ramachandran dead" />

== See also ==
* [[Kerala State Planning Board]]
* [[Administrative Reforms Commission]]
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.madhyamam.com/files/v-ramachandran-former-chief-secretaryjpg | title=V. Ramachandran | publisher=Madhyamam | work=Online image gallery | date=2016 | access-date=25 June 2016 | archive-date=10 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810084334/http://www.madhyamam.com/files/v-ramachandran-former-chief-secretaryjpg | url-status=dead }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, V.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]

National Highway 8E (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T02:05:07Z

Hayaat: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 51 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Ravinder Singh (wrestler)

2025-06-26T03:12:54Z

Hayaat: clean up

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name =
| image = XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Men’s) Wrestling Greco Roman 60 Kg, Ravinder Singh of India, won the gold medal, at Indira Gandhi Stadium, in New Delhi on October 05, 2010.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi (Men’s) Wrestling Greco Roman 60 Kg, Ravinder Singh of India, won the gold medal, at Indira Gandhi Stadium, in New Delhi on October 05, 2010
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|30 September 1982}}<ref name="UWW profile">{{cite web |title=Singh, Ravinder (IND) |url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=5B93B4E39C6F46DEB3BCD99581E6C1F6 |publisher=[[United World Wrestling]] |accessdate=25 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170125194630/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=5B93B4E39C6F46DEB3BCD99581E6C1F6 |archivedate=25 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| birth_place = Kharman, [[Jhajjar district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 165 cm<ref name="UWW profile" />
| weight = 59 kg<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2016 |title=Indian Greco-Roman wrestlers fail in Rio pursuit |url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/wrestling/indian-grecoroman-wrestlers-fail-in-rio-pursuit/article8566073.ece |website=Sport Star Live |publisher=Sportstarlive |accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref>
| sport = [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Competition | [[Wrestling at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{Medal|Gold | [[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg|2010]]| 60 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition | [[Wrestling at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{Medal|Bronze | [[Wrestling at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]| 60 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition | [[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]] }}
{{Medal|Gold | 2005| 60 kg }}
{{Medal|Gold | 2007| 60 kg }}
{{Medal|Gold | 2009| 60 kg }}
{{Medal|Gold | 2011| 60 kg }}
}}

'''Ravinder Singh Sangwan''' (born 3 September 1982) is an Indian [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman wrestler]]. Singh has won 15 national championships and gold medals in the 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 [[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]]s. At the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], he won a gold in the [[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg|Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg]] wrestling category.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101029073925/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/6-goldies-asiad-squad-963 6 goldies in Asiad squad ''Deccan Chronicle'' 2010-10-20]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130125140800/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Six-CWG-gold-medallists-named-in-Asian-Games-wrestling-squad/Article1-615076.aspx Six CWG gold medallists named in Asian Games wrestling squad – ''Hindustan Times'']</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/article851111.ece ''The Hindu'' Railways honours Commonwealth Games medallists]</ref><ref>[http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/23/20101010201010100303318239321b48d/Wrestling-control.html Wrestling control – ''Ahmedabad Mirror''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121203023013/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/23/20101010201010100303318239321b48d/Wrestling-control.html |date=3 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101021045309/http://sify.com/news/railways-sportspersons-bag-13-of-38-gold-medals-news-national-kkouacgbcii.html Railways sportspersons bag 13 of 38 gold medals]</ref> At the [[Wrestling at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]] he won a bronze medal in the same category. Singh also competed in the [[2013 World Wrestling Championships]] in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] where he reached the quarter-finals.

Ravinder Singh is employed as a [[deputy superintendent]] within the Haryana police force.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of Sh. Ravinder Singh Sangwan as DSP in Haryana Police |url=http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in/DSP_in_Sport_Quota_Ravinder_Singh_Sangwan.aspx |website=Citizen Portal of Haryana Police |publisher=Haryana Police Department |accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref> He received an [[Arjuna Award]] in 2011.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravinder}}
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in wrestling]]

{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Deepak Deulkar

2025-05-22T03:46:31Z

Hayaat: Added new page

{{Short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
'''Deepak Deulkar''', is a TV serial actor in [[India]]. He is famous for his role of [[Balram|Balrama]] in the TV series ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Krishna]]''.

==Early life==
He started playing [[cricket]] when he was at Siddarth college, Fort. Deulkar was a successful spinner and played for the [[Mumbai]] Under-19 team. An injury to his finger left him unable to play for a prolonged period of time, which led to his being dropped from the team. After graduating college, he chose to try the entertainment industry. He became famous for his character of Mahadev Thakur, in the ETV [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] serial ''Lek Ladki Ya Gharchi''. He was also the script writer of the movie ''Saad''. He was famous for his role in many TV serials like ''Krishna'' (where he played Balarama), ''Sapane Sajan Ke'', ''Ye Risha Kya...'' and ''Lek Ladaki Hya Gharachi'', which are the best examples of his popularity as a TV star.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deepak Deulkar and Nishiga at wedding|url=http://www.glamsham.com/picture-gallery/celebs-at-vilasraos-sons-wedding-gallery/event/1747/6/index.htm|publisher=glamsham|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref>

Deepak Deulkar is married to [[Nishigandha Wad]]. They have one daughter, Ishwari.

==Filmography==
'''Lead role in Some of Commercial Hit Marathi Films:'''
* Vaat Pahte Punvechi (Bal Joglekar)
* JanmaDaata (V. N. Mayekar)
* Maza Saubhagya (N. S. Vaidya)
* Dhani Kunkawacha (N. Relekar)
* Sasar Maher (Jayashree Gadkar)
* Sarnradhni (Viju Patel)
* Topi Var Topi (N. Relekar)
* Pratidav (Vilas Rakte)
* Navra Majya Muthit Ga (R. K. Mehta)
* Sasar Maze Bhagyache (Abu Bhai)
* Paath Rakhin (Ganesh Jadhav)
* Ladhai (Viju Patel)
* Shanti Ne Keli Kranti Tuch (N. Relekar)
* Mazi Bhagyalaxmi (Pitamber Kale)
* Saakhar Puda (N. S. Vaidya)
* Mangal Sutra (Bhaskar J. adhav)
* Saunsar Chakra (Ganesh Jadhav)
* Mith Bhakar (Afzal Bhagwan)

'''Lead role in Selective Hindi Serials:'''
* ''[[Krishna (TV series) |Krishna]]'' as [[Balrama]] on DD National. Director: Ramanand Sagar
* Panthar on Home TV. Director - Gautam Adhikari
* Aparajita on DDNational. Director - Alok Nath Dixit
* Saath Saath on Zee TV. Director - Prashant Chothani
* Mukkaddar on DDNational. Director - Ashish Patil
* BadIa on DDNational. Director - Mohan Kaul
* Tehkikaat on Star TV Star. Director - Karan Razdan
* Raaz on Star TV. Director - Karan Razdan
* ''[[X Zone]]'' on Zee TV. Director - Shahab Shamshi
* ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' on Zee TV. Director - Shahab Shamshi
* ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' on Sony. Director - BP. Singh
* Morarji on DDNational. Director Devendra Khandelwal
* ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series) | C.I.D.]]'' on Sony. Director - B. P. Singh
* Sapne Saajan Ke on DDNational. Director- Alok Nath Dixit
* Jahan Pe Basera Ho on Star Plus. Director - Naresh Malhotra
* ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' on Star Plus. Director - Rajan Shahi

'''Lead role in Marathi Serials:'''
* Damini on Doordarshan. Director - Kanchan Adhikari
* Album on Zee Marathi. Director- Ajeet Kumar
* Bandini on Doordarshan. Director - Gautam Adhikari / Ashish Patil
* Lek Ladki Hya Gharchi on Etv Marathi. Director - Mahesh Tagde
* Tuzh Vin Sakhya Re on Star Pravah. Director Mahesh Tagde / Raju Sawant
* Sawar Re on Etv Marathi. Director Ajay Mayekar

'''Lead role in Marathi Drama / Play:'''
* Lagna. Director - KamlakarSarang, writer- Jaywant Dalvi
* Kaal Chakra. Director - [[Damu Kenkre]], Writer - Jaywant Dalvi
* Saudamini. Director - Arun Nalawde, Writer - Shekhar Patil

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deulkar, Deepak}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chathamangalam (Kannur)

2025-05-12T09:32:06Z

Hayaat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=July 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chathamangalam
(ചാത്തമംഗലം)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|14|44.1|N|75|26|50.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670511
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04985-
| registration_plate = KL-59-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Payyannur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Chathamangalam Theruvamala.jpg|thumb|Chathamangalam Theruvamala]]
'''Chathamangalam''' ({{Langx|ml|ചാത്തമംഗലം}}), also known as '''Chathamangalam Hills''', ''' Kannur Theruvamala''' or just '''Theruvamala''', is a hill station village and trekking spot in [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], India alongside the [[Coorg]] border of the neighbouring Karnataka state, which consists of a vast plain of green grasslands that made it earn the nickname '''Evergreen Chathamangalam'''. It is located in the border of [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]], [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]] and [[Udayagiri, Kannur|Udayagiri]] Grama Panchayats.

'''Chathamangalam''' is situated almost 58 kilometers away from the district headquarters. Nearby major towns, namely Taliparamba and Payyannur, are at a distance of 35 and 40 kilometers respectively from Chathamangalam. Two major mountains in the region, namely Theruvamala and Thevarkunnumala, have an altitude of approximately 2500 meters from the sea level.

Places like [[Thirumeni]], [[Thabore]], [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]], Prapoyil, Muthuvom, Padiyottuchal, [[Udayagiri, Kannur|Udayagiri]], Karthikapuram, Parappa(Alakode), Neduvode, Rayarome and [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]] are visible from the hilltop.

==Route from Kannur/Kasaragod to Chathamangalam Theruvamala Hills==

* Kannur-Taliparamba-Alakode-Neduvode-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)
* Kannur-Payyannur-Cherupuzha-Thirumeni-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)
* Kasaragod-Nileshwar-Cheemeni-Cherupuzha-Thirumeni-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)
* Kanhangad-Kunnumkai-Chittarikkal-Cherupuzha-Thirumeni-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)
* Vellarikundu-Bheemanadi-Chittarikkal-Cherupuzha-Thirumeni-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)
* Iritty-Chemperi-Alakode-Neduvode-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)
* Taliparamba-Alakode-Karthikapuram-Muthusseri-Thalathanni-Chathamangalam (Theruvamala)

One can get the location of Theruvamala on GOOGLE MAP by typing Chathamangalam (Kannur). Its geographical coordinates for GMAP is '''12°14′44.1″N 75°26′50.7″E'''

==Chathamangalam Waterfalls==

Apart from the Theruvamala, the Chathamangalam Waterfalls is a treat to the eyes as well. It is a seasonal waterfalls with significant water currents from the month of June to September, located near Chathamangalam-Neduvode road.

==Life and Culture==
Most of the inhabitants of the village are farmers. Rubber, coconut, [[rambutan]], cashew, cocoa, [[areca nut]], pepper, nutmeg, coffee and vegetables are cultivated here in abundance.

People here are very much active in politics and religious activities. Political parties with good number of supporters include the Indian National Congress, CPI(M) and Kerala Congress(M). Most of the villagers belong to [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] followed by Malankara Catholicism and Hinduism. The most celebrated festivities are [[Christmas]], [[Onam]], [[Easter]] and Vishu.

==Places in Chathamangalam==

*Alumbu (അളുമ്പ്)
*Maruthumpadi (മരുതംപാടി)
*Devarkunnu (ദേവർകുന്ന്)
*Theruvamala (തെരുവമല)
*Assissi Nagar (അസ്സീസ്സി നഗർ)
*Pookkad (പൂക്കാട്)
*Cherimavu (ചേരിമാവ്‌)
*Munderithattu (മുണ്ടേരിത്തട്ട്)
*Thalathanni (തലത്തണ്ണി)

== Migration from Travancore ==
The famine after World War II and the misrule of Sir. [[C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer]] incited a large scale migration of people from [[Travancore]] (South Kerala) to this area. The migration continued well into the 1970s and 80s. A vast majority of these migrants were [[Christians]] who had a completely different social and agricultural background. These hard working people brought new agricultural practices to this area. They introduced cash crops like [[rubber]] and daily staples like [[tapioca]] to the region.<ref>Kumbattu Varkey Josep. ''Migration and Economic Development of Kerala''. Mittal Publications, 1988, First edition, p. 95.</ref>

The migrants also brought a new attitude to the region, one that challenged the established [[Janmi]]-Kudian feudal system.<ref>SREEDHARA MENON A. ''KERALACHARITHRAM''. D C Books, First edition.</ref> The migrants bought large tracts of land outright from the Janmis and put down permanent crops heralding an era of prosperity for the area. The immigrants, despite their cultural and social difference, soon became an integral part of social fabric.

== Early farming methods ==

Until the early 1950s, this region used outdated agricultural practices and depended on the [[Monsoon of South Asia|Indian monsoons]] for its irrigation needs. Agricultural land lay [[fallow]] after harvest. At the beginning of the next growing season, the bushes that cover the land would be cleared and the plant material burned to prepare the land for the next cycle of rice cultivation. This method, known as 'punam krishi' allowed people to grow staples like rice and [[black gram]].<ref>K.S. MATHEW, MAHAVIR SINGH, JOY VERKEY. ''MIGRATION IN SOUTH INDIA''. Shipra Publications, 2005, First edition.</ref>

==Places of Worship==
===St.Jude's Chapel, Chathamangalam===
St. Jude's Chapel is situated at the convergence of Theruvamala and Thevarkunnumala and is the combined worship place of Syro-Malankara and Syro-Malabar Christians residing in the area. Novena to St.Jude conducted in the church attract good number of pilgrims.

[[File:Chathamangalam Theruvamala.jpg|thumb|Chathamangalam Theruvamala]]

==Road Connectivity==

*Thirumeni-Chathamangalam-Neduvode: 6.1 km
*Chathamangalam-Chattivayal: 2.5 km

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Payyanur]]

Transport in Viluppuram

2025-03-26T22:42:09Z

Hayaat: Created redirect page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The town of '''Viluppuram''' in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] is well connected by both rail and road to other major cities in the state including [[Chennai]], [[Trichy]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Dindigul]] and [[Vellore]]. And also other state major cities such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Tirupati]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Mangalore]]. Viluppuram serves as one of the important [[Viluppuram Junction|railway junction]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Southern Railway Zone]]. The nearest domestic airport is [[Pondicherry Airport|Pondicherry]], which has a daily chartered flight to [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]. The nearest international airports are [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]].

==Road==
Viluppuram is well connected by roads to major cities and to the rest of the state. Viluppuram has the longest National roads of any district in Tamil Nadu. The major national highways of the town are:
* [[National Highway 45 (India)|NH 45]], which connects [[Chennai]] to [[Theni]], via Viluppuram - [[Tiruchirapalli]] - [[Dindigul]] - [[Periyakulam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai-Trichy Six Lane Upgrade|url=http://thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/sixlaning-work-of-nh45-begins/article6210455.ece |work=The Hindu|date=14 July 2014 |accessdate=15 July 2014|last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=Deepa H. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NH 45 Highly Prone to Accidents|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nh45-highly-prone-to-accidents/article5537440.ece |work=The Hindu|date=3 January 2014 |accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[National Highway 45A (India)|NH 45A]], which connects Viluppuram to [[Nagapattinam]] via [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Cuddalore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Viluppuram- Nagapattinam Narrow Highway|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nh45a-a-narrow-highway/article267020.ece |work=The Hindu|accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref>
* [[National Highway 234 (India)|NH 234]], which Connects Villupuram to [[Mangalore]] via [[Thiruvannamalai]] - [[Vellore]] - [[Gudiyatham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Viluppuram- Mangaluru National Highway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/DKs-new-NH-to-connect-three-states/articleshow/5857031.cms |work=The Times Of India|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[National Highway 45C (India)|NH 45C]], which connects (Viluppuram) [[Vikravandi]] to [[Thanjavur]] via [[Panruti]] - [[Neyveli]] - [[Kumbakonam]] and intersects with [[National Highway 45A (India)|NH 45A]] in Koliyanur, about 5 km from Viluppuram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikravandi - Thanjavur un-shape highway |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/why-most-roads-from-nhai-lead-to-165km-stretch-in-tn/299443/2 |work=Indian Express|accessdate=21 April 2008}}</ref>

Besides the above-mentioned national highways, several state highways also run through the district and town.

[[File:TNSTC bus2.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Chennai]] - [[Trichy]] intercity bus via ''[[Viluppuram]]'']]

The town has a lot of buses frequently to major cities such as [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Bangalore]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Vellore]] etc. The town also serves the frequent bus services to nearby towns like [[Cuddalore]], [[Thiruvannamalai]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Kallakurichi]] etc. Viluppuram is also the headquarters of the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation(TNSTC) - Viluppuram Division]](the erstwhile Thanthai Periyar Transport Corporation [TPTC]). It is one of the six Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation divisions serving the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=TNSTC Viluppuram|date=11 August 2014 |url=https://tnstc.wordpress.com/tnstc-villupuram/}}</ref>

===Bus Stand===
Viluppuram has two bus stands for public transport are [[Viluppuram Bus Station]](Viluppuram New Bus Stand) and Viluppuram Old Bus Stand. [[Viluppuram Bus Station]] services the mofussil buses and [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] premium buses to major cities and towns. It is one of the largest bus terminus by area in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Viluppuram old bus stand is used for local town buses which has been operated by the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC, Viluppuram division]].

==Rail==
[[File:Viluppuram Railway Junction.jpg|thumb|300px|Viluppuram Railway Junction]]

Viluppuram has a well-known railway station. It was first built under the British. The [[Viluppuram Railway Junction]] at Viluppuram serves as the distribution point of rail traffic from [[Chennai]], the state capital of Tamil Nadu, towards the southern part of the state. The station has daily trains to major cities like [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Vellore]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tirupati]], [[Bangalore]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mangalore]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Thirunelveli]], [[Erode]], [[Dindigul]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Guntur]] etc, and also have weekly trains to [[Mumbai]], [[Howrah]], [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bhopal]], [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Nagpur]] etc,. It is one of the important junctions in [[Southern Railway Zone|Southern Railway]].<ref name="indianrailinfo">{{cite web | url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/villupuram-junction-vm/785 | title=Indianrailinfo - Viluppuram Junction Departures | publisher=Indianrailinfo | accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Origins and history of Southern Railway|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12705/10/10_chapter%202.pdf|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref> Five railway lines branch out of Viluppuram:
* Double Electrified BG ([[Broad Gauge]]) line towards [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] via [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengulpattu Junction]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042059320100.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110426035521/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042059320100.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =26 April 2011 |title =More BG sections to be electrified | last= R. Rajaram| work =[[The Hindu]] | date =2011-04-20 | accessdate = 7 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/ataglancepage.htm |title = Villupuram District at a Glance| publisher= Villupuram district administration | accessdate = 7 January 2014 }}</ref>
* Electrified BG (Broad Gauge) line towards [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirapalli Junction]] via [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Vridhachalam Junction]] and [[Ariyalur]]. Also called "[[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord Line]]" to [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name=chdele>{{cite news|title=Electrification work from Villupuram to Tiruchi completed: E. Ahamed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article79540.ece|accessdate=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="30psgr">{{cite news|last=R.Rajaram|title=Tiruchi-Chennai line to get decongested|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchichennai-line-to-get-decongested/article4901303.ece|accessdate=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="tpjdoub">{{cite news|title=Doubling work on 25-km stretch completed in Trichy division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Doubling-work-on-25-km-stretch-completed-in-Trichy-division/articleshow/20078712.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227200258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/madurai/39309354_1_trichy-division-doubling-work-railway-line|url-status=live|archive-date=27 December 2013|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="tpjdnpa">{{cite news|title=Kallakudi Palanganatham-Ariyalur railway line nearing completion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kallakudi-palanganathamariyalur-railway-line-nearing-completion/article5027784.ece|accessdate=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2013}}</ref>
* Non electrified BG (Broad Gauge) line towards [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirapalli Junction]] via [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]], [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]], [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur Junction]].<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title=IR History: Early Days – I| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832 - 1865)| accessdate = 3 January 2014 }}</ref><ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early Days – II| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870 - 1899)| accessdate = 3 January 2014}}</ref>
* Electrified BG (Broad Gauge) line towards [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]] via [[Tiruvannamalai]] and [[Vellore Cantonment railway station|Vellore Cantonment]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Passengers seek shuttle train in Villupuram-Katpadi section|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/passengers-seek-shuttle-train-in-villupuramkatpadi-section/article5063860.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Special trains between Katpadi and Villupuram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/special-trains-between-katpadi-and-villupuram/article2871444.ece|newspaper=The Hindu| accessdate=8 February 2012}}</ref>
* Electrified BG (Broad Gauge) line to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Residents demand railway station |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010653370300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616013920/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010653370300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|date=6 Jan 2009|location=Puducherry |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A dream-come-true Railway budget: Union Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-dreamcometrue-railway-budget-union-minister/article4457587.ece|first=Jaisankar|last=C. |date=27 February 2013 |agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Puducherry|accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bomb scare at railway station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bomb-scare-at-railway-station/article4289418.ece|date=3 February 2013|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Puducherry|accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>
Viluppuram railway station has been undergone a massive infrastructure upgrade to handle this traffic. 
'''Train timetable as on 28-02-2018''' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/785? | title=117 COVID-19 Special Departures from Villupuram SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse sortable"
! No. !! Name !! Type !! Zone !! PF !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! From !! Sch ↑↑ !! To !! Sch
|-
| 6004 || Tirunelveli- Chennai... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || F || || VM || 00:20 || MS || 03:00
|-
| 82602 || Tirunelveli - Chenna... || Svd || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 00:20 || MS || 03:00
|-
| 6001 || Chennai Egmore- Tiru... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 00:30 || TEN || 10:50
|-
| 6003 || Chennai Egmore - Tir... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || T || || || VM || 00:35 || TEN || 10:00
|-
| 6029 || Chennai Egmore -Tuti... || Exp || SR || -- || || || T || || || || || VM || 00:35 || TN || 10:00
|-
| 82601 || Chennai Egmore - Ti... || Svd || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 00:35 || TEN || 10:00
|-
| 16175 || Chennai Egmore - Kar... || Exp || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 00:50 || KIK || 06:30
|-
| 16185 || Chennai Egmore - Vel... || Exp || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 00:50 || VLNK || 06:30
|-
| 11064 || Salem - Chennai Egmo... || Exp || CR || 3 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 00:55 || MS || 03:45
|-
| 56101-Slip || Mettur Dam - Chennai... || Exp || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 00:55 || MS || 03:45
|-
| 16860 || Mangaluru Central - ... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:10 || MS || 04:15
|-
| 22623 || Mahal Superfast Expr... || SF || SR || 5 || || M || || || || || S || VM || 01:15 || MDU || 08:40
|-
| 16184 || Uzhavan Express || Exp || SR || 4,6 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:15 || MS || 04:30
|-
| 12654 || Rock Fort (Malai Kot... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:30 || MS || 04:40
|-
| 11063 || Chennai Egmore - Sal... || Exp || CR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:30 || SA || 05:20
|-
| 11063-Slip || Chennai Egmore - Met... || Exp || CR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:30 || MTDM || 08:25
|-
| 16183 || Uzhavan Express || Exp || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:30 || TJ || 06:10
|-
| 16859 || Chennai Egmore - Man... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 01:55 || MAQ || 21:45
|-
| 12638 || Pandian SF Express (... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 02:00 || MS || 04:55
|-
| 16176 || Karaikkal - Chennai ... || Exp || SR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 02:10 || MS || 05:10
|-
| 16186 || Velankanni - Chennai... || Exp || SR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 02:10 || MS || 05:10
|-
| 12653 || Rock Fort (Malai Kot... || SF || SR || 2 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 02:10 || TPJ || 05:15
|-
| 12668 || Nagercoil - Chennai ... || SF || SR || 2 || || || || || || || S || VM || 02:35 || MS || 05:30
|-
| 16182 || Silambu Express (PT) || Exp || SR || 2 || || M || || || || F || || VM || 02:35 || MS || 05:35
|-
| 11043 || Mumbai LTT(Kurla) - ... || Exp || CR || 6 || || || || || || || S || VM || 02:40 || MDU || 10:10
|-
| 16180 || Mannai Express || Exp || SR || 3 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 02:40 || MS || 05:45
|-
| 6030 || Tuticorin - Chennai ... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || W || || || || VM || 02:45 || MS || 05:35
|-
| 82606 || Tuticorin - Chennai ... || Svd || SR || -- || || || || W || || || || VM || 02:45 || MS || 05:35
|-
| 6087 || Chennai Egmore - Kar... || Exp || SR || -- || || || T || || || || || VM || 02:50 || KIK || 08:30
|-
| 12662 || Pothigai SF Express ... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 02:55 || MS || 05:55
|-
| 17413 || Tirupati - Puducherr... || Exp || SCR || -- || S || || || || || || || VM || 03:05 || PDY || 04:05
|-
| 12634 || Kanniyakumari - Chen... || SF || SWR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 03:15 || MS || 06:25
|-
| 16102 || Boat Mail (Rameswara... || Exp || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 03:25 || MS || 06:35
|-
| 16780 || Rameswaram - Tirupat... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || || T || || || F || || VM || 03:35 || TPTY || 10:15
|-
| 12632 || Nellai Superfast Exp... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 03:45 || MS || 06:55
|-
| 22662 || Sethu SF Express || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 04:05 || MS || 07:05
|-
| 22624 || Mahal Superfast Expr... || SF || SR || 3 || S || || || || || F || || VM || 04:20 || MS || 07:20
|-
| 6064 || Nagercoil - Chennai ... || Exp || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 04:20 || MS || 07:20
|-
| 82609 || Nagercoil- Chennai E... || Svd || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 04:20 || MS || 07:20
|-
| 12694 || Pearl City (Muthu Na... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 04:25 || MS || 07:40
|-
| 16862 || Kanniyakumari - Pudu... || Exp || SR || 4 || || || || || || || S || VM || 04:30 || PDY || 05:25
|-
| 16724 || Ananthapuri Express ... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 04:50 || MS || 08:05
|-
| 56882* || Villupuram - Tirupat...* || Pass || SR || 2 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 04:50 || TPTY || 12:40
|-
| 6088 || Karaikal - Chennai E... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || W || || || || VM || 05:05 || MS || 08:05
|-
| 56860* || Villupuram - Tambara...* || Pass || SR || 3 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 05:25 || TBM || 08:30
|-
| 12651 || Tamil Nadu Sampark K... || SKr || SR || 1 || S || || T || || || || || VM || 05:55 || NZM || 18:00
|-
| 12641 || Thirukkural SF Expre... || SF || SR || -- || || || || || T || || S || VM || 05:55 || NZM || 18:00
|-
| 56873* || Villupuram Mayiladut...* || Pass || SR || 6 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 05:55 || MV || 09:10
|-
| 16116 || Puducherry - Chennai... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 06:25 || MS || 09:30
|-
| 11005 || Dadar - Puducherry C... || Exp || CR || 1,4 || S || || T || W || || || || VM || 06:25 || PDY || 07:15
|-
| 16573 || Yesvantpur-Puducherr... || Exp || SWR || 4 || || || || || || || S || VM || 06:25 || PDY || 07:15
|-
| 56861* || Villupuram - Puduche...* || Pass || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 06:55 || PDY || 07:45
|-
| 12867 || Howrah - Puducherry ... || SF || SER || 4 || || || T || || || || || VM || 07:45 || PDY || 08:50
|-
| 16106 || Tiruchendur - Chenna... || Exp || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 08:25 || MS || 11:25
|-
| 16856 || Mangaluru Central - ... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 08:50 || PDY || 10:00
|-
| 16858 || Mangaluru Central - ... || Exp || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 08:50 || PDY || 10:00
|-
| 17414 || Puducherry - Tirupat... || Exp || SCR || -- || S || || || || || || || VM || 09:15 || TPTY || 15:20
|-
| 12606 || Pallavan Superfast E... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 09:22 || MS || 12:10
|-
| 17408 || Pamani Express || Exp || SCR || 3 || S || || || W || || F || || VM || 09:55 || TPTY || 16:35
|-
| 15119 || Rameswaram - Manduad... || Exp || NER || 2 || || || || || T || || || VM || 10:00 || MUV || 04:45
|-
| 56037 || Chennai Egmore - Pud... || Pass || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 10:00 || PDY || 10:55
|-
| 22403 || Puducherry - New Del... || SF || NR || 1 || || || || W || || || || VM || 10:00 || NDLS || 03:20
|-
| 16793 || Shraddha Sethu Expre... || Exp || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 10:00 || FD || 08:30
|-
| 16127 || Chennai Egmore - Gur... || Exp || SR || 2 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 10:55 || GUV || 05:50
|-
| 16129 || Chennai Egmore - Tut... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 10:55 || TN || 20:30
|-
| 16853 || Cholan Express || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 11:10 || TPJ || 16:15
|-
| 18496 || Bhubaneswar - Ramesw... || Exp || ECoR || 3 || || || || || || || S || VM || 11:20 || RMM || 23:00
|-
| 12898 || Bhubaneswar-Puducher... || SF || ECoR || -- || || || || W || || || || VM || 11:40 || PDY || 13:15
|-
| 22604* || Villupuram - Kharagp...* || SF || SR || 3 || || || T || W || || || || VM || 11:40 || KGP || 19:25
|-
| 22606* || Villupuram - Purulia...* || SF || SR || 1 || || || || || || || S || VM || 11:40 || PRR || 23:05
|-
| 12636 || Vaigai SF Express || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 11:50 || MS || 14:35
|-
| 6025 || Chennai Egmore - Tir... || SF || SR || 5 || || || || W || || || || VM || 12:30 || TPJ || 15:15
|-
| 16861 || Puducherry - Kanniya... || Exp || SR || 4 || || || || || T || || || VM || 12:40 || CAPE || 03:15
|-
| 56041 || Tirupati - Puducherr... || Pass || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 12:50 || PDY || 14:10
|-
| 16863 || Bhagat Ki Kothi - Ma... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 12:55 || MQ || 17:15
|-
| 12868 || Puducherry - Howrah ... || SF || SER || 1 || || || || W || || || || VM || 13:15 || HWH || 22:40
|-
| 15120 || Manduadih - Rameswar... || Exp || NER || 4 || || || T || || || || || VM || 13:15 || RMM || 00:35
|-
| 6063 || Chennai Egmore - Nag... || Exp || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 13:25 || NCJ || 04:15
|-
| 11017 || Mumbai LTT - Karaika... || Exp || CR || 5 || S || || || || || || || VM || 13:45 || KIK || 18:35
|-
| 66046* || Villupuram - Melmaru...* || MEMU || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 13:55 || MLMR || 15:15
|-
| 56863* || Villupuram - Puduche...* || Pass || SR || 2 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 14:15 || PDY || 15:05
|-
| 56042 || Puducherry - Tirupat... || Pass || SR || 2 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 14:20 || TPTY || 22:45
|-
| 56875* || Villupuram - Mayilad...* || Pass || SR || 6 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 14:30 || MV || 17:40
|-
| 16854 || Cholan Express || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 14:55 || MS || 17:50
|-
| 16351 || Mumbai CSMT - Nagerc... || Exp || SR || 3,4 || S || || || W || || || || VM || 15:05 || NCJ || 04:15
|-
| 56705* || Villupuram - Madurai...* || Pass || SR || 3 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 15:30 || MDU || 00:40
|-
| 16352 || Nagercoil - Mumbai C... || Exp || SR || 2,3 || S || || || || T || || || VM || 15:45 || CSTM || 20:50
|-
| 12635 || Vaigai SF Express || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 15:55 || MDU || 21:20
|-
| 56038 || Puducherry - Chenna... || Pass || SR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 16:25 || MS || 20:10
|-
| 56884* || Villupuram Tirupati ...* || Pass || SR || 6 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 16:35 || TPTY || 23:40
|-
| 16864 || Mannargudi - Bhagat ... || Exp || SR || -- || || M || || || || || || VM || 16:35 || BGKT || 17:50
|-
| 17407 || Pamani Express || Exp || SCR || 1 || || || T || || T || || S || VM || 16:40 || MQ || 21:20
|-
| 16128 || Guruvayur - Chennai ... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 17:15 || MS || 20:30
|-
| 16130 || Tuticorin - Chennai ... || Exp || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 17:15 || MS || 20:30
|-
| 16855 || Puducherry - Mangalu... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || T || || || VM || 17:30 || MAQ || 09:30
|-
| 16857 || Puducherry - Mangalu... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 17:30 || MAQ || 09:55
|-
| 56877* || Villupuram-Mayiladut...* || Pass || SR || 6 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 17:40 || MV || 20:55
|-
| 56865* || Villupuram-Puducherr...* || Pass || SR || 2 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 17:45 || PDY || 18:30
|-
| 12605 || Pallavan Superfast E... || SF || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 18:10 || KKDI || 23:00
|-
| 6026 || Tiruchchirappalli - ... || SF || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 18:20 || MS || 21:10
|-
| 56886* || Villupuram - Katpadi...* || Pass || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 18:50 || KPD || 23:00
|-
| 16105 || Chennai Egmore - Tir... || Exp || SR || -- || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 18:50 || TCN || 08:20
|-
| 11018 || Karaikal - Mumbai LT... || Exp || CR || 1 || || M || || || || || || VM || 18:55 || LTT || 23:45
|-
| 12897 || Puducherry - Bhubane... || SF || ECoR || 1 || || || || W || || || || VM || 19:15 || BBS || 18:35
|-
| 18495 || Rameswaram - Bhubane... || Exp || ECoR || 1 || S || || || || || || || VM || 19:15 || BBS || 18:35
|-
| 12664 || Tiruchchirappalli - ... || SF || SR || 1 || || || T || || || F || || VM || 19:15 || HWH || 03:10
|-
| 12666 || Kanniyakumari - Howr... || SF || SR || 1 || || || || || || || S || VM || 19:15 || HWH || 03:10
|-
| 16779 || Tirupati - Rameswara... || Exp || SR || -- || S || || T || || || F || || VM || 19:50 || RMM || 07:35
|-
| 12633 || Chennai Egmore - Kan... || SF || SWR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 19:55 || CAPE || 06:15
|-
| 16794 || Shraddha Sethu Expre... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || F || || VM || 20:10 || RMM || 07:10
|-
| 22661 || Sethu SF Express || SF || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 20:30 || RMM || 04:35
|-
| 6009 || Santragachi - Puduch... || Exp || SR || -- || || || T || || || || || VM || 20:30 || PDY || 21:45
|-
| 6010 || Puducherry - Santrag... || Exp || SR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 20:30 || SRC || 04:30
|-
| 12652 || Tamil Nadu Sampark K... || SKr || SR || 2 || || || || W || || F || || VM || 20:50 || MDU || 03:25
|-
| 12642 || Thirukkural SF Expre... || SF || SR || 3 || S || || T || || || || || VM || 20:50 || CAPE || 08:45
|-
| 12667 || Chennai Egmore - Nag... || SF || SR || -- || || || || || T || || || VM || 21:15 || NCJ || 08:10
|-
| 16115 || Chennai Egmore - Pud... || Exp || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 21:20 || PDY || 22:25
|-
| 11006 || Puducherry - Dadar C... || Exp || CR || 1 || S || || T || W || || || || VM || 21:35 || DR || 05:40
|-
| 16574 || Puducherry - Yesvant... || Exp || SWR || -- || || || || || || || S || VM || 21:40 || YPR || 08:20
|-
| 16101 || Boat Mail (Rameswara... || Exp || SR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 21:55 || RMM || 08:25
|-
| 12693 || Pearl City (Muthu Na... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 22:10 || TN || 06:35
|-
| 16723 || Ananthapuri Express ... || Exp || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 22:30 || QLN || 13:00
|-
| 12631 || Nellai Superfast Exp... || SF || SR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 22:45 || TEN || 07:10
|-
| 12665 || Howrah - Kanniyakuma... || SF || SR || -- || || || T || || || || || VM || 22:55 || CAPE || 10:25
|-
| 16181 || Silambu Express || Exp || SR || -- || || || || W || || || S || VM || 22:55 || SCT || 09:20
|-
| 12663 || Howrah - Tiruchchira... || SF || SR || 3 || || M || || || || F || || VM || 23:00 || TPJ || 03:30
|-
| 11044 || Madurai - Mumbai LTT... || Exp || CR || 1 || || || || || || || S || VM || 23:25 || LTT || 05:45
|-
| 12661 || Pothigai SF Express ... || SF || SR || 4 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 23:30 || SCT || 08:50
|-
| 6002 || Tirunelveli- Chennai... || Exp || SR || -- || S || || || || || || || VM || 23:45 || MS || 03:30
|-
| 16179 || Mannai Express || Exp || SR || 5 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 23:50 || MQ || 05:40
|-
| 12637 || Pandian SF Express (... || SF || SR || 1 || S || M || T || W || T || F || S || VM || 23:58 || MDU || 05:55
|}

==Air==
The nearest airport is [[Pondicherry Airport]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Puducherry airport to go on stream in October|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/news/30110146_1_puducherry-airport-runway-lawspet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510041915/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/news/30110146_1_puducherry-airport-runway-lawspet|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date= 3 Sep 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2012}}</ref> at [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]],<ref name= IBN>{{cite news|title=Flight operations await new terminal |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/flight-operations-await-new-terminal/256422-60-118.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121042/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/flight-operations-await-new-terminal/256422-60-118.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2012|publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date= 10 May 2012 |accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref> in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], approximately {{convert|40|km}} from Viluppuram. Pondicherry is now connected by [[Air India Regional]] with an [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] aircraft service six times a week except Wednesday. This is an afternoon service departing from [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]] and returning in the evening to Bengaluru.

The nearest major airport is [[Chennai International Airport]] (MAA), approximately {{convert|147|km}} from the town; the next closest major airport is [[Tiruchirapalli Airport]], approximately {{convert|160|km}} away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Tamil Nadu by city|Viluppuram]]