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Dacoit: A Love Story

2026-05-25T02:14:38Z

HarrisonHinson2: stub - done

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Shaneil Deo}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dacoit: A Love Story
| image = Dacoit - A Love Story Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Telugu
| director = Shaneil Deo
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Supriya Yarlagadda
* Suniel Narang
}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[Adivi Sesh]]
* Shaneil Deo
* '''Additional screenplay:'''
* Kaarthikeya Kalakota
}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Abburi Ravi]] {{small|(Telugu)}} Yash Eshwari {{small|(Hindi)}}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Adivi Sesh
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
* [[Anurag Kashyap]]
}}
| music = {{ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| '''Score:'''
| Gyaani
| S. Anant Srikar {{small|(additional)}}
}}
| story = Adivi Sesh Shaneil Deo
| cinematography = Danush Bhaskar
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| production_companies = {{plainlist|
* [[Annapurna Studios]] {{small|(presenters)}}
* S. S. Creations
* Suniel Narang Production
}}
| distributor = Moksha Movies Think Studios
| released = {{Film date|2026|04|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* Telugu
* Hindi
}}
| budget = ₹65–100 crore<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shaneil-deo-on-directing-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-and-crafting-dacoit/article70860244.ece</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/dacoit-box-office-can-adivi-sesh-score-another-hit-1064295|title=Dacoit Box Office: Can Adivi Sesh Score Another Hit?|first=Hans India|last=Digital|date=10 April 2026|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/dacoit-box-office-collection-day-4-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur-anurag-kashyap-monday-movie-total-earning-2026-04-13|title=Dacoit Collection: मंडे टेस्ट में पास या फेल हुई 'डकैत', जानें मृणाल ठाकुर-आदिवी शेष की एक्शन फिल्म का कलेक्शन|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>
| gross = ₹55 crore<ref name="final">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2026 |title=Dacoit OTT: थिएटर में Flop होने के बाद ओटीटी पर आ रही ‘डकैत’, कब और कहां देखें मृणाल ठाकुर-अदिवि शेष की फिल्म? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/dacoit-ott-release-date-and-platform-where-to-watch-mrunal-thakur-adivi-sesh-dacoit-movie-ek-prem-katha-ott-3773034.html |access-date=26 April 2026 |website=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |language=hi}}</ref>
}}
'''''Dacoit: A Love Story'''''{{efn|Also titled '''''Dacoit: Oka Prema Katha''''' in Telugu and '''''Dacoit: Ek Prem Katha''''' in Hindi.}} is a 2026 Indian [[action film|action]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Shaneil Deo in his directorial debut, who co-wrote the film with [[Adivi Sesh]].<ref name="NIEWestern"/> Produced by Supriya Yarlagadda under [[Annapurna Studios]], the film was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="TOIRelease">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dacoit-release-date-revealed-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-explore-action-in-the-new-poster-aims-this-festival-release/articleshow/124869611.cms |title='Dacoit' release date revealed; Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur explore action in new poster |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 October 2025 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

The film stars Adivi Sesh and [[Mrunal Thakur]] in the lead roles<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-04-14 |title=Dacoit Movie Review: Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur shine in a serviceable action-packed drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Apr/14/telugureview2026apr10dacoit-movie-review-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-shine-in-a-serviceable-action-packed-drama |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-13 |title='Dacoit' box office collection day 2: Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur starrer shows growth; Collects Rs 7 crore on Saturday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dacoit-box-office-collection-day-2-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-shows-growth-collects-rs-7-crore-on-saturday/articleshow/130201087.cms |access-date=2026-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>, with [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Zayn Marie Khan]] and [[Atul Kulkarni]] in supporting roles.<ref name="NIEWestern">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Mar/18/telugunews2026mar11adivi-sesh-treated-dacoit-as-a-neo-western-story |title=Adivi Sesh: Treated Dacoit as a neo-western story |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> It was released theatrically on 10 April 2026 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |date=11 April 2026 |title=Dacoit Box Office Collection Day 1: Adivi Sesh, Mrunal Thakur Film Earns Rs 6 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/bollywood/dacoit-box-office-collection-day-1-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur-film-earns-only-rs-4-crore-ws-l-10026973.html |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Murtuza |date=10 April 2026 |title=Dacoit Box Office Collection Day 1 Prediction: Adivi Sesh-Mrunal Thakur Starrer Heading For Average Opening |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/dacoit-box-office-collection-day-1-prediction-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur-starrer-heading-for-average-opening |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शर्मा |first=निशा |date=8 May 2026 |title=Dacoit OTT Release: आदिवी शेष और मृणाल ठाकुर की 'डकैत' ओटीटी पर हुई रिलीज, जानें- कहां देखें ये फिल्म |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/dacoit-ott-release-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur-film-will-start-streaming-on-prime-video-know-more-details-3126784 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choubey |first=Sheetal |date=8 May 2026 |title=Dacoit OTT Release: थिएटर में मिस कर दी? अब OTT पर देखें क्राइम और रोमांस से भरी फिल्म ‘डकैत’ |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/dacoit-ott-release-amazon-prime-video-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
At 2021, during [[COVID-19]], K. Haridas "Hari", a Dalit convict hailing from [[Hindupur|Hindupuram]], escapes from [[Kadapa]] Central Jail with the help of his ex-cellmate, Ishaq bhai, to exact revenge against Saraswati alias "Juliet", his ex-girlfriend who double-crossed him to the police for killing her elder brother, Ramesh, and raping his friend and landlord, Malli, falsely. [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] S. Janaki is tasked with catching Hari, but he holds her at knifepoint and escapes. He reaches Ishaq's den, where he asks Hari to steal {{INR}}70 lakhs to send him to [[Dubai]] from [[Mumbai]], as he is declared wanted by the police. Janaki later asks the assistance of her father, [[Inspector|CI]] D. Rambabu alias "Swamy", for help in the case.

Before his task, he goes to Hindupuram to confront Juliet and sees her rushing her daughter, Chinni, to Karuna Hospitals, where her husband awaits a costly heart transplant. There, he discovers the hospital staff extorting patients by exploiting the pandemic and learns Juliet’s husband’s donor has sold himself to another patient for more money. Exposing the corruption, he persuades Juliet to help him as a getaway driver in robbing Karuna Hospitals. With the support of an insider, they hold CEO Solomon Reddy hostage, but the plan fails when Reddy’s men intervene, leading to a high-speed chase which garners Swamy and his assistant Prasad's attention. Swamy discerns that Solomon was transporting money by using the pandemic illegally but is forced to leave him scot-free due to lack of evidence, and vows to prove his crimes within 48 hours.

However, Hari and Juliet manage to rob another stash of money from another branch of the hospital and flee; they are cornered by Swamy, forcing Hari to flee to protect Juliet's cover. Swamy and Janaki investigate Hari’s past through Malli, discovering Bhaskar had secretly photographed Hari and Juliet; confronted by Malli, Bhaskar provoked Ramesh, which led to an argument. That night, Ramesh and Bhaskar attacked Hari at Malli’s house; Ramesh attempted to assault Malli, but Hari fought back and killed him in a state of exhalation. Bhaskar secretly called his uncle, a CI, and coerced Malli into falsely accusing Hari of rape and drove her out of the village. To protect Hari from an encounter orchestrated by Bhaskar, Juliet reluctantly claimed he was guilty, by bowing to her family’s demands and contemplating suicide.

Later, Hari finds Chinni's locket he gifted to Juliet, and confronts Bhaskar in the ICU ward about his crimes and attempts to strangle him, but spares him at the last minute when he reveals that Juliet was the one requiring a heart transplant; he was diagnosed for [[Black lung disease|black lung]] for 2 months along with her, due to the pandemic. Hari goes to Juliet's friend's, Shanti's house, and learns that Juliet went to rob herself money from another branch of Karuna hospitals at [[Bengaluru]] to pay for an illegal heart transplant before 9AM. Prasad, revealed to be on Solomon's payroll, kills Ishaq and his aide Ravi and takes the money to be given to Solomon. He corners Juliet at the hospital and is about to kill her, when Hari kills him and escapes with the money and Juliet. They are cornered at the border by the police; Juliet escapes with the money, leaving Hari to fend off the cops. Swamy and Janaki defuse the situation and try to convince Hari to surrender, but he sacrifices himself and requests Swamy to take care of Juliet and Chinni in his dying moments, while Juliet's heart transplant becomes successful.

One month later, Solomon's crimes are exposed, resulting in his arrest and the shutdown of his hospital chain. Bhaskar, having been cured, enjoys Chinni's birthday. Swamy and Janaki arrive and reveal Bhaskar's deception to Juliet, who hangs a photo of her and Hari before lashing out at Bhaskar in front of the guests and leaves him. Swamy later reveals to Janaki that the heart transplanted into Juliet belonged to Hari, as his blood group matched with Juliet. She finds out that the dollar from Chinni's locket, which Hari gave, contained an engagement ring in it. Elated, she wears it as a mark of their love.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as K. Haridas "Hari"
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Saraswati alias "Juliet" (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] in Telugu)
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Rambabu alias "Swamy"
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Solomon Reddy, CEO and MD of Karuna Hospitals
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Prasad, Swamy’s assistant
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Ishaaq Bhai, Hari’s ex-cellmate and friend
* [[Zayn Marie Khan]] as SI S. Janaki, Swamy’s daughter
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Malli, Hari’s landlord and sister figure
* [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]] as Bhaskar, Saraswati's husband
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Shanti, Saraswati's friend
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Saraswati's mother
* Vamsee Aloor as Ramesh, Saraswati's brother
* Anam Kaur as Chinni, Saraswati and Bhaskar’s daughter
* Sunaina as Manga, Hospital worker
* [[Pawan Singh]], cameo appearance in "Chichubuddi" (Telugu) / "Touch Buddy" (Hindi)
* [[Jonita Gandhi]], as Rani, cameo appearance in "Chichubuddi" (Telugu) / "Touch Buddy" (Hindi)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film marks the directorial debut of Shaneil Deo, who previously worked as a cinematographer. Adivi Sesh and Deo co-wrote the script over two years, aiming for a "neo-Western" aesthetic reminiscent of films like ''[[Sholay]]'' and ''The Magnificent Seven''.<ref name="NIEWestern" /> The story follows a man wrongfully convicted of a crime who escapes prison to seek vengeance.<ref name="ETOTT">{{Cite web |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/dacoit-ott-release-details-when-and-where-will-mrunal-thakur-and-adivi-seshs-telugu-action-thriller-stream-after-theatrical-run/articleshow/129732877.cms |title=Dacoit OTT release details: When and where will it stream |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In December 2024, Adivi Sesh pitched a role to [[Anurag Kashyap]] at the wedding of [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="TOIKashyap">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adivi-sesh-reveals-he-brought-in-anurag-kashyap-for-dacoit-during-a-wedding-pitch/articleshow/129744533.cms |title=Adivi Sesh reveals he brought in Anurag Kashyap for 'Dacoit' during a wedding pitch |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> Kashyap, making his acting debut in [[Telugu cinema]], also assisted the team in writing the Hindi dialogues for the film.<ref name="IndExpress">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/adivi-sesh-reveals-the-best-part-of-working-with-anurag-kashyap-in-dacoit-10598637/ |title=Adivi Sesh reveals the 'best' part of working with Anurag Kashyap in Dacoit |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> [[Shruti Haasan]] was initially considered for the female lead but was replaced by Mrunal Thakur due to creative differences.<ref name="ETOTT" />

=== Filming ===
Principal photography was primarily conducted in North India and the deserts of Rajasthan to capture the Western theme.<ref name="NIEWestern" /> Filming was completed in March 2026, followed by a wrap party in Hyderabad.<ref name="Hamaraphoto">{{Cite web |url=https://hamaraphotos.com/regional/mrunal-thakur-turns-language-coach-teaching-adivi-sesh-marathi-on-dacoit-sets.html |title=Mrunal Thakur Turns Language Coach on Dacoit Sets |website=Hamara Photos |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]] for {{INR}}8 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-25 |title=Dacoit audio rights have been acquired by Sony Music |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/25/dacoit-audio-rights-have-been-acquired-by-sony-music |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The first single, a romantic track titled "Rubaroo", was released in February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-23 |title=Adivi Sesh–Mrunal Thakur's Dacoit first single 'Rubaroo' to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/23/adivi-seshmrunal-thakurs-dacoit-first-single-rubaroo-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> A cross-cultural track titled "Touchbuddy", featuring [[Pawan Singh]] and [[Jonita Gandhi]], was launched in [[Gorakhpur]] on 28 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Adivi Sesh Launches Dacoit Song 'Touch Buddy' With Pawan Singh In Gorakhpur: 'Incredibly Special' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/adivi-sesh-launches-dacoit-song-touch-buddy-with-pawan-singh-in-gorakhpur-incredibly-special-ws-l-10003629.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260402061757/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/adivi-sesh-launches-dacoit-song-touch-buddy-with-pawan-singh-in-gorakhpur-incredibly-special-ws-l-10003629.html |archive-date=2026-04-02 |access-date=2026-04-17 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was originally scheduled for a March 19, 2026, release to coincide with the [[Ugadi]], [[Gudi Padwa]] and [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] festivals.<ref name="TOIRelease" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur's Dacoit: Ek Prem Katha to Hit Theatres on Gudi Padwa and Eid Weekend {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakurs-dacoit-ek-prem-katha-to-hit-theatres-on-gudi-padwa-and-eid-weekend-78737.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> However, it was postponed to 10 April 2026 to avoid a box-office clash with ''[[Dhurandhar 2]]''.<ref name="TOIOTT">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dacoit-ott-partner-revealed-ahead-of-the-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-starrers-april-10-release/articleshow/129701274.cms |title='Dacoit' OTT partner revealed ahead of April 10 release |website=The Times of India |date=20 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> The film released worldwide theatrically on April 10th, 2026.

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-20 |title='Dacoit' OTT partner revealed ahead of the Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur starrer's April 10 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dacoit-ott-partner-revealed-ahead-of-the-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-starrers-april-10-release/articleshow/129701274.cms |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 8 May 2026 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and dubbed versions of [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 May 2026 |title=Dacoit OTT release: When and where to watch Adivi Sesh, Mrunal Thakur's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/dacoit-ott-release-when-where-to-watch-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur-film-2906213-2026-05-04 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Reception==
Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and noted that it earns its emotional punches slowly rather than announcing them early.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-10 |title=Dacoit movie review: Adivi Sesh returns with a raw, emotional punch that's hard to shake off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dacoit-movie-review-adivi-sesh-returns-with-a-raw-emotional-punch-thats-hard-to-shake-off-10628597/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' also gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Adivi Sesh-Mrunal Thakur's crime-drama is powered by its swiftness and unpredictability". She called it a drama about hope and despair and wrote "You sit back and enjoy the twists and turns that the makers throw at you. But you also feel afraid for the fate of the two characters who are now united by their catastrophic circumstances."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dacoit-movie-review-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakurs-crime-drama-is-powered-by-its-swiftness-and-unpredictability-13998685.html|title='Dacoit' Movie Review: Adivi Sesh-Mrunal Thakur's crime-drama is powered by its swiftness and unpredictability|date=10 April 2026}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and said "Dacoit: A Love Story is a film of compelling beginnings and uneven resolutions. It sets out to explore the fragile boundary between love and vengeance with emotional sincerity, and for a time, it succeeds. Yet, in its pursuit of narrative complexity and spectacle, it loses sight of the intimacy that once defined it."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dacoit-a-love-story-review-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-buoy-the-film-with-their-performances-83048.html|title=Dacoit: A Love Story Review: Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur Buoy The Film With Their Performances | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref> Simran Singh of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave it 3/5 stars writing "Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur's Dacoit is certainly an engaging, entertaining watch, and the credit goes to smart writing, giving a new spin to a mundane love story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Dacoit Movie Review: Adivi Sesh, Mrunal Thakur's revenge drama is a big surprise, defy logic, but entertains with smart writing, twists and turns |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-dacoit-movie-review-adivi-sesh-mrunal-thakur-s-revenge-drama-is-a-big-surprise-defy-logic-but-entertains-with-smart-writing-twists-and-turns-3205808 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "For that to land, the writing of both characters and subplots needs to hold. Sesh and Shaneil, who share screenplay credits, pack the film with layered, often complex characters. Threads of possible deceit and double-crossing keep the narrative engaging at key moments. While a few characters verge on being one-note, the complexity of the central figures ultimately works in the film’s favour."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dacoit-movie-review-director-shaneil-deos-telugu-hindi-bilingual-stars-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur/article70845760.ece|title='Dacoit' movie review: A simmering old-school romance led by Adivi Sesh and Mrunal Thakur|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=10 April 2026|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The first half earns your attention, the second half spends it unevenly, and you leave the theatre thinking about what it could have been rather than what it was."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dacoit-review-tries-balancing-romance-and-revenge-doesnt-quite-hit-the-mark-2894283-2026-04-10|title=Dacoit review: Tries balancing romance and revenge, doesn't quite hit the mark|first=T. Maruthi|last=Acharya|date=10 April 2026|website=India Today}}</ref>

Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 2/5 stars and noted "Dacoit: The Love Story aims to ride that high with a mix of intensity, emotion and swagger. But instead of coming together as a gripping entertainer, it ends up feeling uneven and overstuffed - a film with big intentions that ultimately turns into a misfire."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dacoit/amp_movie_review/130160741.cms|title=Dacoit Movie Review: An overstuffed love story lost in its own chaos|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' rated 2/5 stars and wrote "Within all that design, gritty sepia tones, though, that tells you nothing about the characters, or takes the story forward - I've spent more time wondering about what was going through the filmmakers' heads, rather than what's in the film!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/dacoit-movie-review-adivi-sesh-and-mrunal-thakur-duck-it-23625144|title=Dacoit movie review: Is Adivi Sesh-Mrunal Thakur's film worth watching or should you 'duck it'?|first=Web|last=Developer|website=Mid-day}}</ref>

Aishani Biswas of ''[[Outlook India]]'' rated 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Dacoit is a romance weighed down by ambition, where strong themes fail to find a convincing story."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/dacoit-review-adivi-seshmrunal-thakurs-caste-torn-covid-love-story-lost-in-chaotic-writing|title=Dacoit Review: Adivi Sesh–Mrunal Thakur's Caste-Torn COVID Love Story Lost in Chaotic Writing|date=10 April 2026|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30413898}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Dolby Cinema films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Heist films]]
[[Category:Films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Fiction about wrongful convictions]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]

Vinu Job Kuzhimannil

2026-05-08T14:47:04Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made New Details

{{Short description|Indian politician from Kerala}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinu Job Kuzhimannil
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Changanassery]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| predecessor = [[Job Maichil]]
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Berchmans College]]
}}

'''Vinu Job Kuzhimannil''' (born c. 1968) is an Indian politician from Kerala and a member of the [[Kerala Congress]]. He represents the [[Changanassery Assembly constituency]] in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]], having been elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].

== Early life and education ==
Vinu Job Kuzhimannil was born in Nalukodi, [[Paippad]], in the [[Kottayam district]] of Kerala. He is the son of Job Kuzhimannil. He completed his schooling locally and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) from [[St. Berchmans College]] (S.B. College), Changanassery, under [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="myneta">{{cite web |title=Vinu Job Kuzhimannil (Kerala Congress) |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=419 |publisher=MyNeta |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Prior to his election to the state assembly, Vinu Job served as a member of the [[Kottayam district|Kottayam District Panchayat]], representing the Thrickodithanam division. He is associated with the [[Kerala Congress]], a constituent of the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF).

In the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he contested from the [[Changanassery Assembly constituency]] and defeated the incumbent MLA, Adv. Job Maichil of [[Kerala Congress (M)]], by a margin of 8,368 votes.<ref name="eci">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S1199.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Changanassery Election Result 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/changanassery-election-result-2026/articleshow/130719288.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Changanassery Election Result 2026 – Full Details |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/elections/kerala/changanassery-assembly-result-32099 |publisher=Business Today |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vinu Job Kuzhimannil Candidate Profile |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/kerala/vinu-job-kuzhimannil-candidate-s11aed2008a099c007/ |publisher=News18 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vinu Job Kuzhimannil |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/changanassery-constituency/candidate-list/vinu-job-kuzhimannil |publisher=India TV |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Candidate Profile - Kerala 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Kerala2026/vinu-job-kuzhimannil-419/ |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

His campaign focused on issues such as rubber farmers' welfare, youth employment, and infrastructure development in the Pamba basin region.<ref name="toi" />

== Personal life ==
Vinu Job Kuzhimannil is a resident of Payippad in Kottayam district. He is married, and his spouse is a Higher Secondary School teacher.

== Electoral performance ==

=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Changanassery Assembly constituency (99)
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! % !! Margin
|-
| {{party colour|Kerala Congress}} | '''[[Kerala Congress]]''' || '''Vinu Job Kuzhimannil''' || '''55,991''' || '''46.2%''' || '''+8,368'''
|-
| {{party colour|Kerala Congress (M)}} | [[Kerala Congress (M)]] || Adv. Job Maichil || 47,623 || 39.3% || −8,368
|-
| {{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || B. Radhakrishna Menon || 14,803 || 12.2% || −41,188
|-
| colspan="2" | Others || 2,733 || 2.3% || —
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Vinu Job Kuzhimannil Candidate Profile |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=419 |publisher=MyNeta |access-date=5 May 2026}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Kerala Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]

Rudhran

2026-05-06T19:08:40Z

HarrisonHinson2: made new article w/ sources

{{Short description|2023 Indian Tamil action drama film by S. Kathiresan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rudhran
| image = Rudhran Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Kathiresan]]
| writer = K. P. Thirumaaran
| producer = S. Kathiresan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Raghava Lawrence]]
* [[R. Sarathkumar]]
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Dharan Kumar]]
| [[OfRo]]
| '''Score:'''
| [[Sam C. S.]]
}}
| studio = Five Star Creations LLP
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|4|14|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="toi.rudhran.2023.03.06">{{Cite news |date=6 March 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Raghava Lawrence's 'Rudhran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-raghava-lawrences-rudhran/articleshow/98443228.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309222647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-raghava-lawrences-rudhran/articleshow/98443228.cms |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|10}} [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title='Rudhran' box office collection day 3: Raghava Lawrence starrer earns over Rs 50 crore in its first weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/rudhran-box-office-collection-day-3-raghava-lawrence-starrer-earns-over-rs-10-crore-in-its-first-weekend/articleshow/99556908.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418220417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/rudhran-box-office-collection-day-3-raghava-lawrence-starrer-earns-over-rs-10-crore-in-its-first-weekend/articleshow/99556908.cms |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rudhran''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film ]] film, produced and directed by [[S. Kathiresan]] from a script by K. P. Thirumaaran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2022 |title='Rudhran' teaser: Raghava Lawrence starrer promises an action entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudhran-teaser-raghava-lawrence-starrer-promises-an-action-entertainer/articleshow/95178061.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311073506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudhran-teaser-raghava-lawrence-starrer-promises-an-action-entertainer/articleshow/95178061.cms |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film, which marks S. Kathiresan's directorial debut, stars [[Raghava Lawrence]] and [[R. Sarathkumar]], alongside [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Redin Kingsley]] and [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]. The score was composed by [[Sam C. S.]], while the soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Dharan Kumar]] and [[OfRo]].

''Rudhran'' was released theatrically on 14 April 2023, coinciding with [[Puthandu]], to mixed-to-negative reviews from critics, with criticism directed towards the screenplay, writing, and fight sequences, but the social message, music and Lawrence's performance were praised. The film became a [[box office bomb]].

== Plot ==
Rudhran, an [[Information Technology|IT professional]], lives a happily life with his parents Devaraj and Indhira in Chennai. Rudhran falls in love with Ananya, a lab technician, who later reciprocates his feelings. Devaraj, a transport agency owner, helps his friend Das get a loan of {{INR}}6 crore from a moneylender Ethiraj, but Das cheats Devaraj by absconding with the loan and Devaraj dies upon learning this. After Rudhran and Ananya get married, Rudhran leaves for [[London]] to settle the financial issues, Ananya becomes pregnant and gives birth to a daughter Anya. Ananya and Anya spend time with Rudhran in London. Rudhran tells her to see his mother and Ananya goes back to Chennai.

One day, Rudhran hears about Indhira's sudden death and Ananya's disappearance, where he travels to Chennai and carries out Indhira's funeral rites. Rudhran and Shakthi investigates about Ananya's disappearance, where they meet a cab driver, who had picked Ananya from the airport. However, the cab driver gets killed by a motorcycle gang. Rudhran captures one of the gang member and arrives at his hideout, where he sees Varadha, whom he met at Indira's funeral. Varadha is the leader of the motorcycle gang. Rudhran tortures Varadha to reveal the truth.

'''Past''': In 2007, Varadha and Bhoomi were recidivists in [[Pollachi]] who develops their [[crime syndicate|crime network]] by targeting the parents of the abroad-settled children. Bhoomi and Varadha kills the parents by injecting them with a serum, which would induce heart attack, and later uses the parent's fingerprints to usrup their land and properties. Due to a {{INR}}100-crore business deal, Bhoomi targets Indhira and her house. Varadha and his gang enters Indira's house, where they secretly kill her.

'''Present''': Rudhran gets furious after learning this and impales Varadha. However, Bhoomi arrives with his men and attacks Shakthi and Rudhran, where Guna, Bhoomi's henchmen, hangs Shakthi to death. Bhoomi reveals that he told Varadha and his gang to kill Ananya after she arrived at Indhira's house. Bhoomi stabs Rudhran, where he burns the factory and leaves Rudhran to his death, but a constable Narasimhan saves Rudhran. Distraught over his family's death, Rudhran begins his violent crusade, where he kills Sasi at a container depot.

Rudhran later kills Guna at an under-construction building. Bhoomi realizes that Rudhran is after him, where Bhoomi tells Ganga to hire Maari to kill Rudhran. Maari attacks Rudhran and Anya at a festival in Tirukalukundram, but Rudhran kills Maari and his men. Rudhran and Bhoomi confront each other at the [[Bhairava|Kala Bairavaa]] temple. Rudhran kills Bhoomi's men, including Ganga, and an intense fight ensues between Bhoomi and Rudhran. Rudhran finally kills Bhoomi by injecting the same serum, which Bhoomi used to kill the parents, thus avenging his family's death.

A few years later, Rudhran runs a [[charitable trust]] under Indhira's name, where he tracks down Das in [[Madurai]] and thrashes him to avenge Devaraj's death indicating a [[sequel]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as Rudhran
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Bhoominathan (Bhoomi)
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] as Ananya Rudhran, Rudhran's wife
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Devaraj, Rudhran's father
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Indhrani Devaraj, Rudhran's mother
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Varadha, Bhoomi's friend
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Shakthi, Rudhran's friend
* Sambhavi Gurumoorthy as Deepika Shakthi, Ananya's friend and Shakthi's wife
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Constable Narasimhan
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Sketch
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Pencil
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as SP Jagannathan
* [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] as Ethiraj, a moneylender
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Pandian, a lawyer
* [[Thennal Abhilash]] as Anya, Rudhran and Ananya's daughter
* Jayakumar as Das
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Subbiah
* Stun Siva as Guna, Bhoomi's goon
* [[Abhishek Vinod]] as Ganga, Bhoomi's goon
* [[Shivajith]] as Sasi, Bhoomi's goon
* [[Neelima Rani]] as a doctor
* [[George Maryan]] as a cab driver
* [[Sai Dheena]] as Shankar
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Karpagam, a police officer
*[[Janani Ashok Kumar]] as Sasi's wife (uncredited)
* M. Kamaraj as Maari, Bhoomi's henchman
* Pradeep K Vijayan as Rudhran's manager
* Shyam Prasad as Suresh, Subbiah's son
* Boys Rajan as Doctor
* Sugunthan as Johnny
* Kadugu Ramamoorthy
* Silmisham Siva
}}

== Production ==
''Rudhran'' marks the directorial debut for producer [[S. Kathiresan]] and the second collaboration between [[Raghava Lawrence]] and [[R. Sarathkumar]] after their first venture ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Sarathkumar reunites with Raghava Lawrence for Rudhran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/05/sarathkumar-reunites-with-raghava-lawrence-for-rudhran-22668.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311075638/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/05/sarathkumar-reunites-with-raghava-lawrence-for-rudhran-22668.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first look poster for the film was released on 23 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=ராகவா லாரன்ஸின் 'ருத்ரன்' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/817479-actor-raghava-lawrence-new-film-rudhran-first-look-poster-out.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311075640/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/817479-actor-raghava-lawrence-new-film-rudhran-first-look-poster-out.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Rudhran first look to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/21/raghava-lawrence-rudhran-32221.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114210/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/21/raghava-lawrence-rudhran-32221.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A promotional glimpse of the film was released on 29 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2022 |title=Glimpse of Raghava Lawrence's Rudhran out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/29/glimpse-ofraghava-lawrences-rudhran-out-36076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311075630/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/oct/29/glimpse-ofraghava-lawrences-rudhran-out-36076.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Shooting of the film was wrapped up on 5 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=6 March 2023 |title=படப்பிடிப்பை நிறைவு செய்த 'ருத்ரன்' படக்குழு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-ruthran-movie-update-580195 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114211/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-ruthran-movie-update-580195 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=6 March 2023 |title=ருத்ரன் படப்பிடிப்பு நிறைவு {{!}} Rudhran shooting wrapped |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/111651/cinema/Kollywood/Rudhran-shooting-wrapped.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114210/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/111651/cinema/Kollywood/Rudhran-shooting-wrapped.htm |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=தினமலர் – சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rudhran
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Dharan Kumar]], and [[OfRo]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sam C. S.]]
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]] Hariharan Audio
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Dharan Kumar]], [[Sam C. S.]], [[OfRo]]
| chronology = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Vaathi]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Modern Love Chennai]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]
| prev_year = 2023
| title = Rudhran
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Thiruvin Kural]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Aruvaa Sanda]]
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Rudhran
| year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[OfRo]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[College Road (film)|College Road]]
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Rudhran
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[DD Returns]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
}}
The songs of the film were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], while the remix version of the song "Paadatha Pattellam"<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Paadatha Pattellam song from Raghava Lawrence's Rudhran is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/11/paadatha-pattellam-song-from-raghava-lawrences-rudhran-is-out-39886.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216112255/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/11/paadatha-pattellam-song-from-raghava-lawrences-rudhran-is-out-39886.html |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=வெளியானது ருத்ரன் படத்தின் 'பாடாத பாட்டெல்லாம்' பாடல் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/11/rudhran-movie-first-single-song-released-3999248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114210/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/11/rudhran-movie-first-single-song-released-3999248.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ராகவா லோரன்ஸின் 'ருத்ரன்' திரைப்படத்தின் ஃபர்ஸ்ட் சிங்கிள் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/148059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114210/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/148059 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> from ''[[Veera Thirumagan]]'' was recreated by [[Dharan Kumar]], who also collaborated with singers Sathyaprakash and Nithyashree Venkataramanan previously for Carvaan Lounge Tamil segment.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Rudhran' first single: The reprised version 'Padathelam Pattellam' by Dharan Kumar looks fresh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rudhran-first-single-the-reprised-version-padathelam-pattellam-by-dharan-kumar-looks-fresh/articleshow/97824260.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311072753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/rudhran-first-single-the-reprised-version-padathelam-pattellam-by-dharan-kumar-looks-fresh/articleshow/97824260.cms |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song "Jorthaale" which was composed by [[OfRo]] and featuring lyrics from singer Asal Kolaar back in 2021, was re-used for this film and it was released to digital streaming platforms as fourth single of the film's album. [[Sam C. S.]] composed the background score for the film.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 30:06
| title1 = Paadatha Pattellam
| extra1 = Sathyaprakash, Nithyashree Venkataramanan, Emcee D
| title2 = Pagai Mudi
| length2 = 4:30
| lyrics2 = Karunakaran
| music2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| extra2 = Diwakar
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| music1 = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| length1 = 4:47
| title3 = Unnodu Vaazhum
| extra3 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| length3 = 4:58
| music3 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| title4 = Jorthaale
| extra4 = Asal Kolaar, [[OfRo]], MC Vickey
| lyrics4 = Asal Kolaar
| music4= [[OfRo]]
| length4 = 3:32
| title5 = Enna Petha Ammave
| extra5 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| lyrics5 = Madhurakavi
| music5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length5 = 4:59
| title6 = Kanaana Kanmani
| extra6 = Balaji Sri
| lyrics6 = [[Snehan]]
| music6 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length6 = 3:33
| title7 = Uyira Udala
| extra7 = Balaji Sri
| lyrics7 = Gnanakaravel
| music7 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length7 = 5:07
}}

== Release ==
The film was earlier schedule to release on 23 December 2022, but was postponed due to a delay in the [[VFX]] works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Movies |first=T. B. |date=3 July 2022 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Rudhran seals release date |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/raghava-lawrences-rudhran-seals-release-date-161497 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114211/https://www.telugubulletin.com/raghava-lawrences-rudhran-seals-release-date-161497 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=TeluguBulletin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 14 April 2023, coinciding with [[Puthandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=Raghava Lawrence's Rudhran release date postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/26/raghava-lawrences-rudhran-release-date-postponed-35065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114209/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/26/raghava-lawrences-rudhran-release-date-postponed-35065.html |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital rights were bought by [[Sun NXT]], while the satellite rights were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Rudhran: THIS digital platform has bagged the OTT rights of Raghava Lawrence's revenge drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rudhran-this-digital-platform-has-bagged-the-ott-rights-of-raghava-lawrences-revenge-drama/eec2716ab874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427105538/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rudhran-this-digital-platform-has-bagged-the-ott-rights-of-raghava-lawrences-revenge-drama/eec2716ab874 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Rudhran'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics.

=== Critical response ===
''[[ABP Nadu]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Raghava Lawrence's movie is 100% entertainment guarantee so you can go to the theater and watch this movie once with your family.".<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=2023-04-14 |title=அம்மா சென்டிமென்டா? ஆக்ஷன் தாண்டவமா? : ராகவா லாரன்ஸின் 'ருத்ரன் ' பட விமர்சனம் இதோ...! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-rudhran-movie-review-in-tamil-raghava-lawrence-sarathkumar-priya-bhavani-shankar-starrer-rudhran-review-rating-how-is-film-111743 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415071243/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-rudhran-movie-review-in-tamil-raghava-lawrence-sarathkumar-priya-bhavani-shankar-starrer-rudhran-review-rating-how-is-film-111743 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Rudhran'' is just another rehash of many action entertainers in Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rudhran Movie Review: Raghava Lawrence's formulaic Rudhran fails to impress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rudhran/movie-review/99485540.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416183046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rudhran/movie-review/99485540.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Raghava Lawrence's enthusiasm and Sarath Kumar's menacing antagonist's role come across as huge relief in this below average potboiler that offers nothing new".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudhran review: Lawrence is the only saving grace in this tedious and predictable mass masala fare |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rudhran-review-lawrence-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-this-tedious-and-predictable-mass-masala-fare/f8161c3251448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414124417/https://www.ottplay.com/review/rudhran-review-lawrence-is-the-only-saving-grace-in-this-tedious-and-predictable-mass-masala-fare/f8161c3251448 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=OTTplay}}</ref> Shameena Parveen of ''[[Samayam]]'' gave 2/5 stars and criticized its length.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ருத்ரன் விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/raghava-lawrence-starrer-rudhran-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/99486973.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415071514/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/raghava-lawrence-starrer-rudhran-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/99486973.cms |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

Janani. K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 1/5 stars and wrote "The story deals with a conflict that has the potential to be developed into a full-fledged crime story, but the filmmaker decided to do away with that and delve into [[melodrama]] instead. The final result is a film that hardly has anything new and interesting to offer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudhran Movie Review: Raghava Lawrence's film is a pain to your ears and eyes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rudhran-movie-review-raghava-lawrences-film-is-a-pain-to-your-ears-and-eyes-2359992-2023-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414093516/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rudhran-movie-review-raghava-lawrences-film-is-a-pain-to-your-ears-and-eyes-2359992-2023-04-14 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1/5 stars and wrote "With a stereotypically tragic backstory, extreme violence, and an utterly unconvincing hero, the film would have perhaps worked better if marketed as a parody."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=Rudhran review: Raghava Lawrence-starrer is an agonising, formulaic bore |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rudhran-review-raghava-lawrence-starrer-agonising-formulaic-bore-175913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415070146/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rudhran-review-raghava-lawrence-starrer-agonising-formulaic-bore-175913 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' noted it as a "time pass film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |date=14 April 2023 |title=ருத்ரன் விமர்சனம்: பழங்கால திரைக்கதையில், அதைவிடப் பழைமையான ஒரு கதையில் ஓர் ஆதிகால சினிமா! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/rudhran-movie-review-all-logic-less-action-and-sound-and-nothing-else-to-celebrate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415070819/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/rudhran-movie-review-all-logic-less-action-and-sound-and-nothing-else-to-celebrate |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=vikatan.com |language=ta}}</ref> Kalyani Pandiyan. S of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "The film has all the features of a commercial film. Everything has worked out well except the action."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Kalyani Pandiyan |title=Rudhran Review: 'பைட் இருக்கீ.. டான்ஸ் இருக்கீ.. கதை இருக்கா? ருத்ரன் விமர்சனம்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rudhran-review-starring-raghava-lawrence-r-sarathkumar-priya-bhavani-shankar-poornima-bhagyaraj-131681448124894.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415071107/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rudhran-review-starring-raghava-lawrence-r-sarathkumar-priya-bhavani-shankar-poornima-bhagyaraj-131681448124894.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Rudhran is an excruciating watch that brings nothing new to the table and tries to capitalise on the tropes that had worked for ages, only to fail because of the same reason."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2023-04-14 |title='Rudhran' movie review: This Raghava Lawrence, Sarathkumar reunion is an assault on our senses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rudhran-movie-review-this-raghava-lawrence-sarathkumar-reunion-is-an-assault-on-our-senses/article66737521.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415093058/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rudhran-movie-review-this-raghava-lawrence-sarathkumar-reunion-is-an-assault-on-our-senses/article66737521.ece |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt15303192}}

[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Kathiresan]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

INS Malpe (1984)

2026-05-02T04:28:18Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Short description| Retired Mahe-class minesweeper of the Indian Navy}}{{other ships|INS Malpe}}{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS Malpe (M 86)
|namesake= [[Malpe]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=[[Leningrad]], [[USSR]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned=10 May 1984
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned= 4 Dec 2006
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport= [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|status=Decommissioned
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
| class = [[Mahé-class minesweeper]]
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement=100 tons full load
|length=26  m
|beam=5.5 m
|height=
|draught=1.5 m
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= Two diesel engines with 600 hp sustained and 2 shafts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |title=Mahé {Yevgenya} Class |accessdate=2010-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331031448/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |archivedate=31 March 2009}}</ref>
|sail_plan=
|speed= {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}}
|range= {{convert|300|nmi|km|1}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=10
|crew=25
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=MG-7 sonar
|EW=
|armament= 2 x 25mm/80 twin guns
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=*Primarily used for: Inshore mine sweeping,
*Harbor defense,
*Coastal patrolling.
}}
}}

'''INS ''Malpe''''' was an Indian Naval [[minesweeper]] ship, named after a port in Malabar coast [[Malpe]]. She remained in service until decommissioned at Naval Base, [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] on 4 December 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/m-mahe.htm|title = Mahé Class}}</ref>

== Service==
{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahé-class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malpe, INS}}
[[Category:Mahé-class minesweepers]]

Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayee

2026-05-02T00:43:05Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made Post

{{notability|1=Music|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Hindi language song (1998)}}
{{Infobox song
| name =
| type = song
| artist = [[Manpreet Akhtar]] [[Alka Yagnik]] [[Udit Narayan]]
| album = '''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'''
| released = 1998
| genre = Bollywood
| year = 1998
}}

'''"Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayee"''' (Hindi: तुझे याद न मेरी आई, lit. 'You did not remember me') is a song from the 1998 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'', directed by [[Karan Johar]]. The song was recreated in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Chaturesh |date=2 January 2026 |title=वो दर्द भरा सुपरहिट सॉन्ग, जिसे सुनकर रो पड़ा गीतकार, तड़प उठे जवां दिल, ऑल टाइम ब्लॉकबस्टर हुई मूवी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-film-tujhe-yaad-na-meri-aai-lyrics-kajol-sad-song-by-udit-narayan-romantically-jatin-lalit-used-trick-movie-turn-all-time-blockbuster-10025261.html |url-status=live |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-11 |title=Karan Johar announces new version of Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayee with B Praak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-announces-new-version-of-tujhe-yaad-na-meri-aayee-with-b-praak-101697004588282.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Recreation ==
The song was recreated in 2023 by [[B Praak]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], and [[Jatin–Lalit]], and it peaked at number 23 on the Official [[Asian Music Chart]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=TUJHE YAAD NA MERI AYEE-2 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/b-praakjaanijatin-lalit-tujhe-yaad-na-meri-ayee-2/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuch Kuch Hota Hai's song Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayee to get a 2.0 version {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kuch-kuch-hota-hais-song-tujhe-yaad-na-meri-aayee-to-get-a-20-version-61802.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2023-10-11 |title=Oh god, one more remix! Karan Johar announces Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayi 2.0; Fans react |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/tujhe-yaad-na-meri-aayi-remix-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-karan-johar-big-announcement-2023-10-11-897288 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Singer B Praak to Recreate Iconic ‘Tujhe Yaad Na Meri Aayi’ |url=https://english.nepalnews.com/s/entertainment-lifestyle/indian-singer-b-praak-to-recreate-iconic-tujhe-yaad-na-meri-aayi/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Nepal News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs by Indian songwriters]]

Didi Tera Devar Deewana

2026-04-30T03:01:09Z

HarrisonHinson2: Starting a page

{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Didi Tera Devar Deewana
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| album = [[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!#Music|Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! soundtrack]]
| released = 1994
| format =
| recorded = 1994
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Hindustani classical music]]
| length = {{Duration|m=8|s=5}}
| label = [[Saregama]] [[Rajshri Productions|Rajshri Music]]
| lyricist = Dev Kohli
| composer = [[Raamlaxman]]
| producer = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
"'''Didi Tera Devar Deewana'''" ({{translation|Sister, your brother-in-law is crazy}}) is a 1994 [[Hindi]]-language [[filmi]] song performed by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for the soundtrack of the 1994 Indian musical romantic drama film ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''. The track was composed by [[Raamlaxman]], while lyrics were written by Dev Kohli. ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!'' was written and directed by [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]] and produced under the banner of [[Rajshri Productions]]. The music video of "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" shows the film's ensemble cast and leads [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Salman Khan]] dancing at a [[baby shower]] ceremony.

The song became very famous after its release, with it reaching various music charts and bagging the [[Filmfare Special Award]] for Mangeshkar. The purple jaded satin saree designed by [[Anna Singh]] and sported by Dixit in the video trended in the markets, being also merchandised. Dixit's dance and looks throughout the clip were met with highly positive reviews. After watching the song's video, artist [[M. F. Husain]] found his muse in Dixit and went on to paint a series of paintings on her. The song is also featured on the dance rhythm video game ''[[Just Dance 3]]'' with the song credited as ''Kurio ko uddah le jana'' by ''Bollywood Rainbow''.

== Music video ==
The video of the song features the majority of the film's cast at a celebration event where this song is being performed. To entertain the attendees that have arrived at Pooja's ([[Renuka Shahane]]) baby shower, her sister Nisha ([[Madhuri Dixit]]) and her husband's cousin Rita ([[Sahila Chadha]]) arrange a comic skit. While Nisha is presented as a pregnant lady with a pillow stuffed belly, Rita is seen in a young man's get-up which resembles that of Prem ([[Salman Khan]]), Pooja's ''devar'' (younger brother-in-law). Throughout the song's lyrics, Nisha tells everyone of how Prem is ''deewana'' (crazy) and always tries to woo girls. The fake Prem, i.e. Rita, enacts the same alongside by flirting and teasing all the ladies, especially Nisha. He also hits Nisha's bum with a marigold flower using a slingshot. Afterwards, the fake Prem is shown being beaten by all the ladies present. Just then, the real Prem, who was secretly watching the comic skit, comes in and hits Nisha's bum again with a marigold flower. Following this, Prem jumps off the balcony and hangs onto the chandelier. Afraid of being caught red handed in imitating him, Nisha and Rita try to run away. Surprisingly, Prem begs pardon for his behaviour towards Nisha. The video ends with Prem faking a pregnant lady in lingerie. The clip has a large group of female dancers dancing in-sync in the background. Amongst the prominent star cast of the film, [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Himani Shivpuri]], [[Priya Arun]] and [[Laxmikant Berde]] are also seen throughout the video.

== Production ==
Written by Dev Kohli, the song is composed by [[Raamlaxman]] and performed by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zd9g09JZxLwC&pg=PA57 |title= Bollywood: Sociology Goes To the Movies |author= Rajinder Kumar Dudrah |publisher= SAGE |year= 2006 |isbn= 0761934618 |page= 57 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=zd9g09JZxLwC&pg=PA57 |archive-date= 2018-02-12 }}</ref> ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!'' was Sooraj R. Barjatya's second film, following ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'', which also featured Kohli, Raamlaxman, Mangeshkar and Balasubrahmanyam.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gt1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Raam+Laxman+hum+aapke |title= Indian cinema: ebbs and tides |author= K. Naresh Kumar |publisher= Har-Anand Publications |year= 1995 |page= 163 |isbn= 9788124103449 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=gt1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Raam+Laxman+hum+aapke&dq=Raam+Laxman+hum+aapke |archive-date= 2018-02-12 }}</ref> Raamlaxman had earlier been known for his association with the Marathi films of [[Dada Kondke]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IpTXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title= Movie Magic |author= Kumar, Kiran |publisher= Partridge Publishing |year= 2014 |isbn= 978-1482822342 |page= 10 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084945/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpTXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |archive-date= 2018-02-12 }}</ref> He had about 50 sessions with Barjatya, while the finishing of the script, and finalizing the music and recording of all songs took 3 months.<ref name=season>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Salman-Khan-Madhuri-Dixit-starrer-Hum-Aapke-Hain-kaun/articleshow/30984692.cms? | title=Didi Tera Devar Deewana- A song for every season | work=The Times of India | date=25 February 2015 | access-date=5 September 2015 | author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721151514/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Salman-Khan-Madhuri-Dixit-starrer-Hum-Aapke-Hain-kaun/articleshow/30984692.cms | archive-date=21 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Twenty>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/twenty-years-on/article6299518.ece?ref=sliderNews |title=Twenty years on… |author=TKR |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/twenty-years-on/article6299518.ece?ref=sliderNews |archive-date=12 February 2018 }}</ref> According to ''The Times Of India'', "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is inspired by [[Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]'s song "Saare Nabian".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Folk-inspiration-for-Munni-Badnaam/articleshow/6564833.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/news-interviews/28250635_1_song-munni-badnaam-munni-badnaam-hui|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Folk inspiration for Munni Badnaam|author=Kamra, Diksha |work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 August 2014 |date=16 September 2010}}</ref> When ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!'' was released in [[Pakistan]], the words "Hai Raam" were omitted from the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Hes-A-Great-Artiste-Pity-Hes-From-Pakistan/205507 |title= 'He's A Great Artiste, Pity He's From Pakistan' |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=11 May 1998 |author=Menezes, Saira |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930005936/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/hes-a-great-artiste-pity-hes-from-pakistan/205507 |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mazumdar"/>

The film marked the beginning of Bollywood's family films in the 1990s and narrated a story of an Indian elite family.<ref name="Mazumdar"/> The sets of ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!'' mixed the contemporary designs, also saturating it with Hindu iconography and the palatial architecture was shown to be filled with people.<ref name="Mazumdar"/> The music video for "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is cited as the best example to showcase the grandeur of the sets.<ref name="Mazumdar"/> The sequence which portrays Prem hanging on a chandelier gives the whole top view of a room full of women sporting traditional clothes.<ref name="Mazumdar"/> To picture various perspectives, [[tracking shot]]s and a variety of [[camera angle]]s have been used.<ref name="Mazumdar">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&pg=PA124 |title= Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City |author= Ranjani Mazumdar |year= 2007 |publisher= University of Minnesota Press |isbn= 978-1452913025 |pages= 122–126 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&pg=PA124 |archive-date= 2018-02-12 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[File:Lata Mangeshkar at an event.jpg|thumb|right|Lata Mangeshkar won a special Filmfare award for "Didi Tera Devar Deewana"|alt=An old Indian woman smiling.]]
The song gained instant fame upon its release, bringing sales of over {{INRConvert|11.7|c}}, and topping the ''[[Philips Top 10]]'', ''BPL Oye!'' and ''[[Superhit Muqabla]]'' before the film was released.<ref name="MusicMania"/> Furthermore, the music production house, [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], sold over 30 lakh tapes.<ref name="MusicMania">{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19941115-bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds-809899-1994-10-30 |title= Music mania – Bollywood hinges on Hindi film music industry, fans soak up wacky new sounds |author=Anupama Chandra |work=India Today |date= 31 October 1994 |access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150930020623/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds/1/294401.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 }}</ref>

Lata Mangeshkar, who debuted in the 1940s as a singer, had reduced her playback activity in the 1990s, performing only selected songs.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0M8ySqD5-HsC&pg=PA176 | title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s | publisher=University of Illinois Press | author=Majumdar, Neepa | year=2009 | pages=176 | isbn=9780252034329 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=0M8ySqD5-HsC&pg=PA176 | archive-date=2018-02-12 }}</ref> She recorded more than 10 songs for ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!''<ref name="retire">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--fZAAAAMAAJ&q=didi+tera+lata+mangeshkar |title=Mass Media in India |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |year=2002 |page=313 |isbn=9788123010090 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084945/https://books.google.com/books?id=--fZAAAAMAAJ&q=didi+tera+lata+mangeshkar&dq=didi+tera+lata+mangeshkar |archive-date=2018-02-12 }}</ref> Since the inception of the Best Playback Singer category at the [[Filmfare Awards]] in 1959, Mangeshkar dominated the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Female Playback Singer category]] until 1969, when she chose to part the award with fellow singers, for encouraging them.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&pg=RA1-PA72 | title=Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow | publisher=Star Publications | author=Dawar, Ramesh | year=2006 | pages=72 | isbn=9781905863013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084945/https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&pg=RA1-PA72 | archive-date=2018-02-12 }}</ref> Following this, "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" was praised on public demand with a [[Filmfare Special Award|Special award]] during the [[40th Filmfare Awards|Filmware Awards ceremony]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/salman-khan-madhuri-dixit-sooraj-barjatya-hum-aapke-hain-koun-was-so-huge-that-these-facts-will-blow-your-mind-catch-flash-back-bollywood-news-1461400198.html|title=#CatchFlashBack: Hum Aapke Hain Koun was so huge that these facts will blow your mind|newspaper=Catch News|access-date=1 October 2018|date=23 April 2016|first=Himesh |last=Mankad |author-link=Himesh Mankad}}</ref> At the [[42nd National Film Awards]], Jay Borade won the [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] award for all the songs featured in the film. The official citation of the award was: "''For a graceful and aesthetically pleasing choreography, contemporary and yet traditional in its adherence to Indian cultural practices.''"<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=11 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
In 1995, the Gramophone Co. of India, which owned the audio copyrights of the song, filed suit against [[T-Series (company)|Super Cassette Industries]] for bringing audio cassettes in market titled "Hum Aapke Hain Kaun", which were packaged with the same cover sleeve of Gramophone Co. India's publishings.<ref name="Copyright"/> The Delhi High Court ruled in favour of Gramophone Co. India, directing that Super Cassette Industries must not use similar packing for their product. Furthermore, they highlighted that "the record is not from the original soundtrack, being only an alternative version."<ref name="Copyright">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysJHn7oVq6wC&pg=PA226 |title=Copyright Enforcement in India: Issues and Challenges |publisher=Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. |year=2008 |isbn=978-8190644594 |page=226 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Khan & Dixit "Didi Tera Dewar Deewana".jpg|thumb|right|On the sets of celebrity dancing show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', Khan and Dixit reenacted the scene where Khan hits Dixit with a marigold flower using a slingshot.|alt=A man poses to hit a woman with a slingshot on the sets of a television show.]]

{{quote box |width=19em |border=2px |bgcolor= #E0B0FF |quote="Madhuri Dixit oozed a devilishly cunning conservative sexiness in her purple sari and backless blouse in '' Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!''"<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gOjeAAAAMAAJ&q=madhuri+dixit's+purple+sari |title= Verve: The Spirit of Today's Woman, Volume 11 |year= 2003 |page= 59 |publisher= Indian and Eastern Engineer Limited |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=gOjeAAAAMAAJ&q=madhuri+dixit%27s+purple+sari&dq=madhuri+dixit%27s+purple+sari |archive-date= 12 February 2018 |access-date= 14 November 2021 }}</ref> – ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' on Dixit's look}}

Dixit draped a bright purple jaded satin saree with a backless khidki-blouse; the saree was reported to have cost {{INRConvert|1.5|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/677988/trendsetting-fashion-a-la-bollywood | title=Trendsetting: Fashion a la Bollywood! | work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | date=3 December 2011 | access-date=5 September 2015 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017002621/http://www.dawn.com/news/677988/trendsetting-fashion-a-la-bollywood |archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> A scene in the film which portrays her walking down the stairs with Khan remaining stunned gaping at her was pointed out as an "iconic scene".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140807/jsp/t2/story_18694199.jsp#.U-nZzUq6bGi |title=HANK@20 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=7 August 2014 |author=Roy, Priyanka |access-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929035904/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140807/jsp/t2/story_18694199.jsp#.VoNXC2e6bcv |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Designed by [[Anna Singh]], the saree was described as one of the "most talked-about saris" by both ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/windows/fashion.htm |title= Making designer statements |author= Sumona Roy |work= [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=23 March 2002 |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929103412/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/windows/fashion.htm |archive-date=29 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/top-10/10-Most-talked-about-sarees-in-Bollywood/photostory/30941980.cms |title=10 Most talked about sarees in Bollywood |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018195839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/top-10/10-Most-talked-about-sarees-in-Bollywood/photostory/30941980.cms |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref> It became popular and was made available for purchase in various shops around the world, with it selling in large numbers. Dolls sporting this outfit were also marketed.<ref name="Purple">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/colour-me-purple-/1025169/ | title=Colour me purple! | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=2 November 2012 | access-date=5 September 2015 | author=Nivas, Namita | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204050/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/colour-me-purple-/1025169/ | archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/bollywoods-most-iconic-costumes-367822-2012-06-27 |title= Bollywood's most iconic outfits that became fashion trends |work=[[India Today]] |date= 27 June 2012 |access-date=17 November 2015 |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930004940/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/bollywoods-most-iconic-costumes/8/7335.html |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA177 |title=Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |page=177 |isbn=8179925587 |author=Bose, Derek |year=2006 |access-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728140024/http://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC |archive-date=28 July 2014 }}</ref> It also set a trend for purple colour in wedding seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001028/windows/fashion.htm |title=Trendy trousseau |work= [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=28 October 2000 |author=Patil, Vimla |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929105954/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001028/windows/fashion.htm |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> With increasing appeal, the subsequent film's poster showed only Dixit in the purple saree whereas initially she was placed besides Khan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yokMAQAAMAAJ&q=madhuri+dixit+saree |title=Seminar: Issues 521–532 |author=Thapar, Romesh |author-link=Romesh Thapar |year=2003 }}</ref> In 2012, the romantic comedy film ''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]'' also used the same saree in their film's poster.<ref name="Purple"/>

Painter [[M. F. Husain|Maqbool Fida Hussain]] found his muse in Madhuri Dixit after watching the part of ''Hum Aapke Hai Koun...!'' where "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is performed. He went on to watch the film 67 times.<ref name=Fida>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/07/stories/2003040700080204.htm |title=Tabu in Hussain film |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=Ranjani Govind |date=7 April 2003 |access-date=17 November 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730002506/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/07/stories/2003040700080204.htm |archive-date=30 July 2003}}</ref> About Dixit's dance in the song Hussain confessed, "That movement of the hips is out of this world. I have never seen such a dancer, and I have seen the best. Her words are transformed into body language."<ref name=MFH/> He painted a series of paintings inspired from Dixit. ''Madhuri as Menaka with Vishwamitra'', ''Madhuri as Radha with Nand Lala'', ''Madhuri playing tennis at Wimbledon'' were some of those paintings. The Menaka painting was inspired from the famous painting of [[apsara]] [[Menaka]] as painted by [[Raja Ravi Verma]]. Another painting also showed Dixit with [[Meryl Streep]] leaning over a bridge in Madison County and [[Clint Eastwood]] on horseback below. The painting ''Nautanki'' showed Dixit with a backless blouse turning behind like the step in "Didi Tera Devar Deewana", however this time sporting a [[Lugade|nine yards Maharashtrian saree]].
Hussain formed a collaborative company, Madhuri-McBull Creations, which went on to produce the film ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'' in 2000 that had Dixit playing various roles like [[Shakuntala]] and [[Mona Lisa]].<ref name=MFH>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19951130-painter-mf-husain-celebrates-the-myriad-moods-of-actress-madhuri-dixit-808013-1995-11-29 |title= Painter and the showgirl |date=30 November 1995 |work=[[India Today]] |author=Jain, Madhu |access-date=17 November 2015 |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930022130/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/painter-m.f.-husain-celebrates-the-myriad-moods-of-actress-madhuri-dixit/1/289669.html |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> He was also humorously being referred to as "Madhuri Fida Hussain" (meaning: Madhuri-obsessed Hussain).<ref name=Fida/>

The song was included in the 4-CD Collector's Exclusive pack ''60 years of Rajshri: A Retrospect'' released by Sa Re Ga Ma in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061229/asp/etc/story_7145548.asp |title=Music Reviews: '60 years of Rajshri: A Retrospect' |author=Grover, Anil |work= [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date= 29 December 2006 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929174027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061229/asp/etc/story_7145548.asp |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> In 2014, twenty years after the film's release, the song was called "a song for every season" by ''The Times of India''.<ref name="season"/>

The song was featured in the 2011 game [[Just Dance 3]] under the title “Kurio Ko Uddah Le Jana” and the artist credited as Bollywood Rainbow.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=2V56f0xZNqw|title= Didi Tera Devar Deewana}}

{{Lata Mangeshkar}}

{{authority control}}


[[Category:1994 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Lata Mangeshkar songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Raam Laxman]]

Sagar Ram Gupta

2026-04-21T03:00:43Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made A Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sagar Ram Gupta
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 November 1931
| birth_place = Vill. Sisai, [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]], now [[Haryana]]
| death_date = 23 June 2009 (aged 78)
| death_place = [[Bhiwani]], [[India]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 1982 – 1986
| predecessor1 = Bir Singh
| successor1 = [[Banarsi Das Gupta]]
| term2 = 1962 – 1966
| successor2 = B. Dev
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[BITS Pilani]] and [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sagar Ram Gupta''' (10 November 1931 – 23 June 2009) was an Indian politician who served as Cabinet Minister twice in [[Government of Haryana]].
==Early life==

He was born in a simple Mahajan family of Village Sisai of Tehsil Hansi of [[Hisar district|Hisar]] district. He got his primary education in the middle school of the village itself. Sagar Ram, who had interest and passion in studies from the beginning, secured the first position in [[Hisar district|Hisar]] district in the high school examination. Afterwards, he took admission in Birla College (now [[BITS Pilani]]) to continue his further studies.

==Education==

Sagar Ram did his B.Com. and M.A. (Economics) from Birla College Pilani, followed by LLB (law degree), for which he studied at the [[Panjab University|Punjab University]], [[Chandigarh]].

==Political career==

In 1950, Bhiwani T.I.T. Mill manager went to Pilani as he needed a good steno typist and Sagar Ram secured first position with excellent marks in type. On 1 May 1951, he started working as Steno-Typist in Bhiwani T.I.T. Mill. He also appeared in the competitive examination and passed the Punjab Civil Services Examination while serving his job. He secured 12th rank in Punjab PCS examination but the government had to keep only six on the job so he was not selected. After this, he started preparing for [[Indian Administrative Services]] (IAS) and passed the written examination of IAS in 1956. He got a good AIR but was not selected because he was found comrade in police investigation.

While working in the mill, he formed a union of workers and started working for the rights of the workers. He was the General Secretary of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC) and was the President of [[Haryana]] INTUC for 16 years. In 1960, he went to [[England]] for four months leading the delegation of four members from India INTUC in the training program of [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries. He also went to [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Egypt]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Netherland]] during training.

Due to popular among trade unions in the city and the mill, he got ticket from [[Indian National Congress]] in 1962 and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the first time and was inducted as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for Labour and Employment in the first [[Government of Haryana]] formed under the leadership of [[B. D. Sharma]]. After becoming the Minister, he made the laws for the laborers, stopped the practice of social abuses like Katma Pali and built the [[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]] hospital in [[Bhiwani]].

In the 1967 Assembly Elections, he was given the charge to select the ticket for constituencies of [[Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hisar]] and [[Bhiwani]] district on behalf of [[Indian National Congress]]. He decided 17 tickets out of which 14 MLA's were reached to [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] but lost itself. After losing the election, he started advocating and started fighting the worker's cases. In 1970, he went to the United States for three months for a Trade Union Training on behalf of [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC).

In 1982, he was again elected to [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who 1982 |url=https://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/pdffiles/who/1982.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929193123/https://www.hryvidhansabhahistory.com/pdffiles/who/1982.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2021 |website=hryvidhansabhahistory.com}}</ref> and became the Finance Minister of [[Haryana]] in the [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] Cabinet in 1984. During his tenure as Finance Minister, he also acted as CM for 12 days when Lal was went for an eye operation. In 1989, he went to [[Russia]] for 20 days leading the delegation of 15 members for a Trade Union Program.

Gupta was a well known labour leader in Haryana. He undertook several campaigns and went to jail many times for the rights and welfare of laborers. During working as President of Haryana INTUC, he published a weekly journal "Parishrami Sansaar" for four years.

In 1997–98, he was appreciated by 12th [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] for his contribution towards upliftment of Labour sector in [[Haryana]].
[[File:Sagar Ram Gupta receiving honour from PM I.K. Gujral.jpg|thumb]]

==Death==

Gupta died at his residence in [[Bhiwani]] on 23 June 2009 midnight after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090626/haryana.htm#4|access-date=2021-10-04|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> He was survived by one son and four daughters. He was cremated at Bhiwani on 24 June 2009 which was largely attended by public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=Bulletin No. 1 |url=https://www.haryanaassembly.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/BULLETIN-NO-1-31-07-09.pdf |website=Haryana Legislative Assembly Secretariat}}</ref>
== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Sagar}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1982–1987]]

Punardeep Sawhney

2026-04-20T08:48:50Z

HarrisonHinson2: made new article needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Punardeep Singh Sawhney
| image =
| caption = Punardeep Singh Sawhney (Sabby)
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| education = B.Com (IGNOU) (theoretical only)
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chandni Chowk (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| term_start = 2025
| predecessor = [[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| father = Parlad Singh Sawhney
| website =
}}
[[File:Punardeep sawhney.jpg|thumb|]]

'''Punardeep Singh Sawhney''' (born 1981)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Punardeep Singh Sawhney(AAP):Constituency- 74-CHANDNI CHOWK(CENTRAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6280 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency]] in New Delhi district. He won the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/partywisewinresult-1U05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208073141/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/partywisewinresult-1U05.htm |archive-date=2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chandni Chowk Election Result: Punardeep Sawhney Of AAP Wins">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Chandni Chowk Election Result: Punardeep Sawhney Of AAP Wins |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/chandni-chowk-election-result-punardeep-sawhney-of-aap-wins |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311081236/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/chandni-chowk-election-result-punardeep-sawhney-of-aap-wins |archivedate=11 March 2025 |accessdate=11 March 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sawhney is from Delhi. He is the son of former two terms municipal counsellor and five-time MLA [[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]. He started his B.Com through distance education stream at [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNO University]] in 2001 but did not complete his practical examinations after clearing the theory exams.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sawhney won the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Delhi Municipal Corporation]] elections in 2022 and was elected as the councillor for the Chandni Chowk ward and was elected unopposed Member standing committee, MCD.<ref name=":0" /> He won from Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency representing the Aam Aadmi Party in the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. He polled 38,993 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Satish Jain]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by 16,572 votes and is member DDA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Chandni Chowk, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: AAP's Punardeep Singh Sawney (Sabby) wins Chandni Chowk with 38993 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/chandni-chowk-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676389-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Chandni Chowk Election Results 2025: AAP's Punardeep Sahni wins against BJP's Satish Jain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/chandni-chowk-results-2025-highlights-punardeep-sahni-satish-jain-mudit-agarwal-vote-counting-updates/articleshow/118034902.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Chandni Chowk">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Chandni Chowk |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0520.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311073218/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0520.htm |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chandni Chowk Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Chandni Chowk Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/chandni-chowk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311073222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/chandni-chowk |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawhney, Punardeep}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath

2026-04-17T03:08:43Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made A Page

{{Short description|Islamic organization in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath-TNTJ
| image = TNTJ flag.svg
| caption = Flag of TNTJ
| abbreviation = TNTJ
| num_members =
| status = Active
| registration_id =
| founded = {{Start date|df=y|2004|05|16}}
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| key_people = State Governance Committee
| region_served = [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Malaysia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Oman]], [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[United States of America]], [[Australia]], [[London]], [[Singapore]]
| language = '''Main Language''' [[Tamil language|Tamil]] '''Other Languages''' [[Malayalam]] [[Urdu]] [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] [[English language|English]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| products =
| services = Blood Donation Children Orphanage Elders Orphanage Livelihood Assistance Educational Assistance Health Awareness programs Disaster Aid, Relief and Recovery
| focus = Preaching Islam
| membership =
| method =
| revenue =
| owner =
| publication = [[Nadunilai Samuthayam]] [[Egathuvam]]
| former_name =
| website = {{URL|http://www.tntj.net/}} {{URL|http://www.onlinetntj.com/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath''' ('''TNTJ''') is an Islamic organization based in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It was founded in 2004. TNTJ claims to preach true Islam to [[Muslims]] and non-Muslims as per Quran and Prophetic ways. Ideologically due to its theological stand, it considers only a sovereign state can take up weapons and any thing contrary is against the fundamentals of Islam. TNTJ is also involved in social activities and awareness of condemning extremism through rallies<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://twocircles.net/2014oct27/1414410743.html|title=TNTJ organises rally against terrorism|last=Staff Reporter|first=TwoCircles.net|date=October 27, 2014|work=TwoCircles|access-date=Jan 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/dont-equate-terrorism-with-any-religion-urges-tamil-nadus-thowheed-jamath-as-it-slams-is-for-sri-lanka-attacks-2127573.html|title=Don't Equate Terrorism with any Religion, Urges Tamil Nadu's Thowheed Jamath as it Slams IS for Sri Lanka Attacks|last=Murali|first=Poornima|date=May 3, 2019|work=News18|access-date=Jan 9, 2020}}</ref> and propaganda. TNTJ's ideology is influenced by [[Wahhabism|Wahabism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=2019-04-26 |others=para. 30 |title=Unmasking Terrorism in Sri Lanka – In Seven Slides |url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/sri-lanka-serial-bomb-blasts-terrorism-origins-link-to-tamil-nadu-thowheed-jamath-sltj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131070517/https://www.thequint.com/explainers/sri-lanka-serial-bomb-blasts-terrorism-origins-link-to-tamil-nadu-thowheed-jamath-sltj |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en |quote=The TNTJ's ideology is influenced heavily by the Wahabi ideology that drives the ISIS and other terrorist outfits. In February 2016, the TNTJ held the 'Shirk Eradication Conference' in Trichy. Attended by a crowd of thousands, the speakers called for the destructions of Dargas, idol worship and other forms of Islam that differ from the Profit Mohamed (sal).}}</ref>

== Administrative Structure ==
The Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath (TNTJ) is structured with various committees to oversee its functions. Below are the details of the current administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath Administrative Structure |url=https://tntj.net/administration/high-level-commitee |website=Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath |access-date=2024-12-18 }}</ref>

=== State Administration ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| State President || R. Abdul Kareem
|-
| State General Secretary || Mujibur Rahman
|-
| State Treasurer || Kanchi A. Ibrahim
|-
| State Vice President || K. Dawood Kaiser
|-
| State Deputy General Secretary || A.K. Abdul Rahim
|-
| State Secretary || Kanchi K. Siddique
|-
| State Secretary || I. Ansari
|-
| State Secretary || S. Syed Mohammed
|-
| State Secretary || N. Mohammed Faisal
|-
| State Secretary || C.V. Imran
|-
| State Secretary || S. Yusuf Ali
|-
| State Secretary || S. Mohammed Yasir
|-
| State Secretary || Abdul Muhsin
|-
| State Secretary || Rafiq Sivagangai
|-
| State Secretary || A. Mohammed Yusuf
|-
| State Secretary || M.S. Seth Mohammed
|-
| State Secretary || N. Al Ameen
|-
| State Secretary || S.A. Mohammed Oli
|-
| State Secretary || Peroskhan
|-
| State Secretary || Amjad Salem
|-
| State Secretary || A. Sabir Ali
|-
| State secretary || Abdul Samad
|-
| State Secretary || Habibullah
|}

=== Management Committee ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| Management Committee President || M. Shamsullah Rahmani
|-
| Management Committee Member || E. Mohammed
|-
| Management Committee Member || M.I. Sulaiman
|}

=== Audit Committee ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position !! Name
|-
| Audit Committee President || M.S. Sulaiman BAI
|-
| Audit Committee Member || E. Farooq
|-
| Audit Committee Member || Syed Ali
|}

== Social activities ==

Donation of blood is highly encouraged among TNTJ followers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/466356 |title=EP expats donate blood for pilgrims |website=Arab News |accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref> It has won government awards for making the highest amount of blood donations in [[Tamil Nadu]] in about 10 successive years. It has offered help and support during tsunami relief in several affected areas. Its relief program during Chennai flood of 2015, whose estimated cost was twenty five crore, was a noticeable one. TNTJ has also created awareness among masses about dengue fever.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/thowheedh-jamath-activists-create-awareness-of-dengue/article3482367.ece |title=Thowheedh Jamath activists create awareness of dengue |website=The Hindu |accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>

== About ==

=== Protests ===
TNTJ has held demonstrations and protests across [[Tamil Nadu]] several times on various issues including reconstruction of [[Babri Masjid]], removal of liquor shops and load shedding.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/demonstrations-for-reconstruction-of-mosque/article3030748.ece |title=Demonstrations for reconstruction of mosque |website=The Hindu |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/spirited-stir-against-liquor-shop/article2730973.ece |title=Spirited stir against liquor shop |website=The Hindu |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cadres-flay-preferential-treatment-to-chennai-in-loadshedding/article4153113.ece |title=Cadres flay "preferential treatment" to Chennai in load-shedding |accessdate=2014-04-20 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Its leaders encourages followers to observe peaceful protests and to avoid any inconvenience to traffic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/exercise-restraint-during-agitations/article3933973.ece |title=Exercise restraint during agitations |website=The Hindu |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> In September 2012, the U.S. Consulate encouraged U.S. citizens traveling in and around [[Chennai]] to exercise caution and monitor local media for security updates, owing to a protest by TNTJ following an anti-Islamic movie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/muslim-group-protests-anti-islam-film-near-chennai-us-consulate-457058.html |title=Muslim group protests anti-Islam film near Chennai US Consulate |website=First Post |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/demo_120914.html |title=Security Message for U.S. Citizens – Possible Anti-American Demonstrations |publisher=U.S. Consulate General Chennai |accessdate=2014-04-21 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101546/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/demo_120914.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 28 January 2014, TNTJ organized a protest to demand increase in reservation for [[Muslims]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TNTJ-Announces-Fill-Jails-Protest/2014/01/14/article1999357.ece#.U0lLqSjBeX8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421053031/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TNTJ-Announces-Fill-Jails-Protest/2014/01/14/article1999357.ece#.U0lLqSjBeX8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2014 |title=TNTJ Announces 'Fill Jails' Protest |website=Indian Express |accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ஆபாச ஆடியோ... சிக்கிய ஜெய்னுல் ஆபிதீன்! |last=Abuthahir |first=A. Syed |date=2018-05-19 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/social-affairs/crime/141064-jainulabdeen-sex-audio-issue |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=Junior Vikatan |trans-title=Sex Audio... Jainulabdeen Caught! |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818032036/https://www.vikatan.com/social-affairs/crime/141064-jainulabdeen-sex-audio-issue#bypass-sw|archive-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/125271-i-had-my-faith-on-wrong-persons-feels-pjainulabdeen.html|title='. {{!}} I had my faith on wrong persons, feels PJainulabdeen|last=Vijayanand.A|date=17 May 2018|language=ta|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818032230/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/125271-i-had-my-faith-on-wrong-persons-feels-pjainulabdeen#bypass-sw|archivedate=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='மொத்தம் 46; வெளியானது 3 ஆடியோ'! – பி.ஜெவின் வில்லங்கப் பேச்சு வெளியான பின்னணி |last=விஜயானந்த் |first=ஆ. |date=2018-05-16 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/125166-out-of-46-only-3-pj-audios-were-released |url-status=live |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=Vikatan |trans-title='Out of 46; Only 3 Audios Released' – Background of P.J.'s Controversial Speech |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818032343/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/125166-out-of-46-only-3-pj-audios-were-released#bypass-sw|archive-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===

As reported by three references provided, on March 19, 2022, Tamil Nadu police arrested a leader of the Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath over allegations of issuing death threat to the judges of the Karnataka High Court concerning the court's verdict on a case related to wearing hijab in schools and colleges where the school or college uniform is mandated.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/tamil-nadu-man-booked-for-issuing-death-threats-to-chief-justice-of-karnataka-hc-over-hijab-verdict-1092828.html |title=Tamil Nadu man booked for issuing death threats to Chief Justice of Karnataka HC over hijab verdict |website=Deccan Herald |accessdate=2022-03-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.tntj.net/ Official Website of TNTJ]
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Vizadel Sakhrie

2026-04-16T09:04:42Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made New Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Hibo|lang=Angami}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vizadel Sakhrie
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vizadel Sakhrie Hibo
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|04|25}}
| birth_place = [[Viswema]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Nagaland]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|03|31|1943|04|25|df=y}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India}}
| office = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Southern Angami-II Assembly constituency|Southern Angami II]]
| term_start = 10 November 1982
| term_end = 15 February 1993
| predecessor = [[Vizol Koso]]
| successor = [[Viswesül Pusa]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| resting_place = [[Hope Garden, Viswema|Hope Garden]], Viswema
| spouse =
| children = 3 daughters and 7 sons
}}

'''Vizadel Sakhrie Hibo''' (25 April 1943 – 31 March 1995) was an Indian politician and medical specialist from [[Nagaland]]. He was first elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Southern Angami II Assembly constituency]] in 1982 as an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]]. Sakhrie then joined the [[Indian National Congress]] after which he served as the Minister for Medical and Health & Family Welfare.

==Early life and education==
Vizadel Sakhrie was born on 25 April 1943 to Puhokhwel Sakhrie and his wife Vichosale. He passed matriculation from Kohima Government High School in 1960 and went on to study science at [[Kohima Science College]], where he was among the school's first batch of 21 students to pass the pre-university class in 1961. During this time, Sakhrie also actively involved himself in student activities and served as the first President of Viswema Students' Union from 1963 to 1965. He completed his pre-medical from [[Cotton University|Cotton College, Guwahati]] and got his {{tooltip|M.B.B.S.|Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery}} degree from [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]]. He then obtained his M.D. in Medicine from [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=": Resurgence">Sakhrie, Vilone.: ''Resurgence'', 2013. Viswema Students' Union. Viswema. pp. 4.</ref>

== Career ==
Sakhrie joined the Nagaland Medical Service and served for eight years as Assistant Surgeon, Grade I and Medical Specialist before becoming a private medical practitioner. Thereafter, he actively took part in State politics and was elected in the 1982 State Legislative Assembly elections as an independent candidate from the [[Southern Angami II Assembly constituency|Southern Angami II]] constituency. He later joined the Indian National Congress and became a Minister for Medical and Health & Family Welfare from 1983 to 1986.

Following the [[1986 Killings of Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü|killing of students Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü]] by the indiscriminate firing of [[Nagaland Police|Nagaland State Police Forces]] on 20 March 1986, eight ministers including Sakhrie tendered their resignation to the Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://morungexpress.com/day-kohima-paused-two-students-killed|title=The day Kohima paused for two students killed|date=29 September 2011|work=[[The Morung Express]]|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yhokha |first=Vibi |date=15 October 2015 |title=A goal for peace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/article7766055.ece |access-date=22 May 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

He was subsequently re-elected twice during 1987 and 1989 from the same constituency, during which he served as the Minister for Forest, Ecology & Environment and Wildlife and then as Minister for Agriculture & Horticulture and Land Revenue respectively.<ref name=": Resurgence"/>

==Later life and death==
Sakhrie failed to get re-elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] in the next General Elections but he continued to serve the public in his capacity as a Doctor. His own health began failing soon after and on 31 March 1995, he died at [[Naga Hospital]], Kohima leaving behind his wife, seven sons and three daughters.<ref name=": Resurgence"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakhrie, Vizadel}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Viswema]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1987–1988]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1989–1992]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Health ministers of India]]

Amritsar South Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:33Z

HarrisonHinson2: new basic stub and citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amritsar South
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image = Inderbir Singh Nijjar.jpg
| map_caption = Inderbir Singh Nijjar in 2022
| mla = [[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:177605}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Amritsar South Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 19) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amritsar South Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/amritsar-south.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Harbans Lal Khanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Kirpal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Pirthipal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kirpal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Pirthipal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kirpal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Maninderjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|Manjit Singh Calcutta
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Harjinder Singh Thekedar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Raminder Singh Bolaria
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2008^
| rowspan="3" |[[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]]
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
: <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly Election, 2022]]: Amritsar South<ref name="Results 2022">{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1919.htm?ac=19 |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]|votes={{formatnum:53053}}|percentage=50.1|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Talbir Singh|votes={{formatnum:25550}}|percentage=24.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]]|votes={{formatnum:22467}}|percentage=21.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Punjab Lok Congress|candidate=Harjinder Singh Thekedar|votes=1566|percentage=1.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=632|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27503|percentage=25.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,05,885|percentage=59.6|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:177605}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
: <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Amritsar South<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar South Assembly election result, 2017|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]]
|votes = 47581
|percentage = 50.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]
|votes = 24923
|percentage = 26.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Gurpartap Singh Tikka
|votes = 16596
|percentage = 17.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Maninder Pal Singh Palasour
|votes = 1343
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lakhwinder Singh
|votes = 726
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushil Kumar
|votes = 446
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate =None of the above
|votes = 723
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:148809}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===Previous Results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||19||Inderbir Singh Bolaria||SAD||48310||Jasbir Singh Gill (Dimpa)||INC||33254
|-
|2008||18 (by poll)||Inder Bir Singh Bolari||SAD||43495||Navdeep Singh Goldy||INC||21262
|-
|2007||18||Raminder Singh Bolaria||SAD||54632||Harjinder Singh Thekedar||INC||30624
|-
|2002||19||Harjinder Singh Thekedar||INC||23322||Raminder Singh Bolaria||IND||19232
|-
|1997||19||Manjit Singh Calcutta||SAD||31060||Harjinder Singh Thekedar||INC||16565
|-
|1992||19||Maninderjit Singh||INC||19451||Raj Kumar||BJP||7461
|-
|1985||19||Kirpal Singh||JNP||28482||Pirthi Pal Singh||INC||19222
|-
|1980||19||Pirthipal Singh||INC(I)||27286||Kirpal Singh||JNP(JP)||25525
|-
|1977||19||Kirpal Singh||JNP||32443||Pirthipal Singh||INC||20514
|-
|1972||24||Pirthipal Singh||INC||16399||Kirpal Singh||SOP||14237
|-
|1969||24||Kirpal Singh||PSP||20282||Harbans Lal||BJS||15650
|-
|1967||24||H. Lal||BJS||17023||K. Singh||PSP||16320
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|31.61|74.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Amritsar]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Sheila Makhijani

2026-04-15T13:55:23Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made A Entry

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1962)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{Self-published|date=May 2025}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheila Makhijani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1962
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Indian artist
| years_active =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Sheila Makhijani''' (born 1962) is a New Delhi-based artist.

== Life and career ==

Born in New Delhi, Makhijani attended [[College of Art, Delhi]], where she completed a master's degree in Arts degree. In 1993, she studied at [[Kanazawa College of Art|Kanazawa Bijutsu Kogei Daigaku]], or [[Kanazawa College of Art]], in [[Kanazawa, Ishikawa|Kanazawa]], Japan, and she has since participated in a number of workshops and art festivals, including the Khoj International Artists Workshop in both 1998 and 2001, and the 7th Asia Pacific Triennial, in 2012.<ref>[https://www.talwargallery.com/ Talwar Gallery, ''(desi)re'', New York: Talwar Gallery, 2005.]</ref> Her works have been exhibited internationally in the [[Netherlands]], [[India]], and Australia, including at [[Museum of Modern Art|Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]] in New York, [[Queensland Art Gallery]] in [[Brisbane]], Australia, [[Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts]] in [[Perth]], Australia, and Talwar Gallery, which currently represents the artist, in New York and in New Delhi. Makhijani currently lives and works in New Delhi.

== Work ==

Makhijani's work spans a variety of media. Although her drawings have been said to be her "primary engagement," she has works regularly in a range of materials, including painting, gouache, mixed-media, collage, and sculpture.<ref>Roobina Karode, "The Secret Life of Sheila Makhijani," ''Art India'', October–December 1999</ref><ref>"Complex Visuality", ''Art India'', August 2003.</ref> Makhijani's artistic practice, in fact, blurs the lines between media; she seems to carve space onto her canvases and within her paintings, which result from a process of accretion and erasure, while her sculptures often read as three-dimensional drawings.<ref>Valerie Gladstone, "Sheila Makhijani", ''Art News'', February 2006.</ref><ref name="Restlesstangles">"Restless tangles," ''Art India'', 2007</ref> The inclusion of Makhijani's piece "Take a leap" in the [[Museum of Modern Art|Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]]'s 2010 exhibition, ''On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century'', calls attention to this intermingling of dimensions in Makhijani's oeuvre; the work, which is a kind of collage of drawings on paper, stitched together with thread, concretises the act and the space of drawing.<ref>[[Catherine de Zegher]], "A Century Under the Sign of Line: Drawing and Its Extension (1910–2010)", in ''On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century'', New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2010.</ref><ref>Meera Mezenes, ''Living Off the Grid'', New Delhi: Anant Art, 2009.</ref> Her paintings and gouaches, often vividly coloured, feature webs of undulating, interweaving lines that both question and transgress the very boundaries they create.<ref>Meera Menezes, ''Construction/Deconstruction,'' February 2007.</ref> Although almost exclusively non-figurative, Makhijani's works possess an energy and movement that seem to pulsate with life; her lines have been called “moving spirits refusing to be tied down,” forms that “take on a life of their own,” full of “untrammeled glee.”<ref name="Restlesstangles" /><ref>Deepak Talwar, “Forward,” ''BLIP!'', New York: Talwar Gallery, 2005.</ref><ref>Meera Menezes, “Webs of the mind”, ''BLIP!'', New York: Talwar Gallery, 2005.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/202303/sheila-makhijani-90186 Artforum, "Sheila Makhijani," March 2023.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makhijani, Sheila}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]

Fowzia Fathima

2026-04-10T18:23:09Z

HarrisonHinson2: Starting a details

{{short description|Indian film cinematographer, producer, academic and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fowzia Fathima
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Cinematographer, film director
| years_active = 1998–present
| known for = [[Mitr, My Friend]]
| spouse = Pradeep Cherian
| children = 2
| awards = Kerala State Television Award (2015)
}}

'''Fowzia Fathima''' is an Indian film cinematographer, producer, academic and director. Fowzia is known for her cinematography on feature films such as [[Mitr, My Friend]] 2012, [[Gulumaal: The Escape]] 2009 and [[Uyir]] 2006. She is an intuitive practitioner of Cinematography<ref name="auto">{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-way-she-sees-it/article5578808.ece | title=The way she sees it| newspaper=The Hindu| date=15 January 2014| last1=Palicha| first1=Paresh C.}}</ref> across media technologies, a hands-on Academic with an eye trained in history of art practices along with a wide range of experience in Film Production and Teaching in contemporary cinema based in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/090317/a-female-perspective.html | title=A female perspective| date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

Fowzia Fathima, an alumnus of [[Film and Television Institute of India]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/videos/video-featured.iffk-2017.5677035645001.html | title=Cinematographer Fowzia Fathima about women's participation in IFFK 2017| work=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> has also worked as professor and head of department of cinematography at [[SRFTI]] and has directed short film ''Infected'' that screened at [[Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Short-film-Infected-goes-to-Busan-International-Film-Festival/articleshow/23337544.cms | title=Short film 'Infected' goes to Busan International Film Festival – Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India| date=October 2013}}</ref> Fowzia is the founder of
“ Indian Women Cinematographers Collective" connecting most practicing professionals in the country today, a forum that functions as a peer group to share experiences and lead founded 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iwcc.in/member/fowzia-fathima/ | title=Indian Women Cinematographers Collective}}</ref>

==Career==
Started career as an assistant to [[P.C. Sreeram]], Fowzia made her debut as an independent camera person with the [[Revathi (actress)|Revathi]] directed film ''[[Mitr, My Friend]]'', along with an all female technical crew.<ref name="auto"/> Fowzia is also the first ever independent woman cinematographer in Malayalam cinema as well as the force behind Indian Women Cinematographers' collective.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/271217/the-crisis-of-confidence-collective-sigh-against-herogiri.html | title=The crisis of confidence: Collective sigh against herogiri| date=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/25/women-get-taken-advantage-of-in-the-industry-1806367.html | title=Women get taken advantage of in the industry| date=26 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/cinematographer-launches-group-to-assist-upcoming-professionals-in-the-field/story-IegUSiCNewSAPTZptx3yiK.html | title=Cinematographer launches group to assist upcoming professionals in the field| work=Hindustan Times| date=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/12/08/listicle-indian-women-cinematographers/ | title=7 Indian Women Cinematographers We Should Know About| date=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati/350 | title=Glitterati}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/mar/10/11643/fowzia-fathima-shalini-agarwal-conduct-workshop-on-practicals-of-handling-camera-sound-recording | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017083702/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/mar/10/11643/fowzia-fathima-shalini-agarwal-conduct-workshop-on-practicals-of-handling-camera-sound-recording | url-status=live | archive-date=17 October 2018 | title=Fowzia Fathima, Shalini Agarwal conduct workshop on practicals of handling camera, sound recording}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/100317/a-female-perspective.html | title=A female perspective| date=10 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Bhatia| first1=Uday| url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/atnBD2X92I66T54UTQvxQL/Women-cinematographers-Through-a-more-equal-lens.html | title=Women cinematographers: Through a more equal lens| work=mint| date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director of photography===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !!Language
!Notes
|-
|2002||''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''|| English ||
|-
|2002||''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]''||Tamil ||
|-
|2003||''[[Kucch To Hai]]''|| Hindi||
|-
|2003|| ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' ||Tamil||
|-
|2004||''In the Shadow of the Cobra''||English||
|-
|2006||''[[Uyir]]''|| Tamil||
|-
|2008||''[[Silandhi]]''||Tamil||
|-
|2009||''[[Mudhal Mudhal Mudhal Varai]]''||Tamil||
|-
|2009||''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]''||Malayalam||
|-
|2012||''Choker Paani''||Bengali|| Docu-feature
|-
|2013||''Infected''||Hindi||
|-
|2015||''Aggedu Nayaga''||Malayalam||Short Film-Kerala state Television Award for best Cinematography
|-
|2024||''[[Qadeesso]]''|| Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite web |title=ജോണ്‍ എബ്രഹാമിന്റെ സഹോദരീപുത്രന്‍ പ്രദീപ് ചെറിയാന്‍ സംവിധാനം ചെയ്ത 'കദീശോ' കാന്‍ വേള്‍ഡ് ഫിലിം ഫെസ്റ്റിവലില്‍ മികച്ച ഫലോസഫിക്കല്‍ സിനിമ പുരസ്‌കാരം നേടി |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/719432-latest-news.html |publisher=[[Mangalam]] |access-date=14 March 2025 |date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''Train''||Tamil||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-09-24 |title=Narain reunites with Mysskin for 'Train' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Sep/24/narain-reunites-with-mysskin-for-train |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Direction and cinematography===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !!Details
|-
|2017||''Nadiyude Moonaam Kara''<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/when-a-woman-mans-camera/article17459725.ece | title=When a woman manned the camera| newspaper=The Hindu| date=13 March 2017| last1=Kumar| first1=P. k Ajith}}</ref>||Malayalam Fiction 62 Minutes
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1029364}}
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqJo6kC5q_M]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXe_-4GvcOM]
[https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/we-dont-play-dolly/part-1-2527206]
[https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/we-dont-play-dolly/part-2-2549596]
[https://www.mipcom.com/en-gb/conferences-events/diversity-inclusion.html]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fathima, Fowzia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category: Indian women cinematographers]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Bengali film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Vir Singh Judeo

2026-04-05T23:00:20Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made A Biography

{{short description|Maharaja of Orchha from 1930 to 1956}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Vir Singh
| image =
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]]
| reign = 3 March 1930 – 10 October 1956
| coronation = 4 November 1930
| predecessor = [[Pratap Singh Ju Deo]]
| successor = Devendra Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|04|14|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1956|10|07|1899|04|14|df=yes}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* Devendra Singh
* Sudha Kumari
}}
| full name = Vir Singh Ju Deo
| regnal name = Vir Singh II
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Orchha_State.svg}} [[Orchha State|Orchha]]
| father = [[Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Vir Singh Ju Deo''' (also spelt '''Bir Singh Ju Deo''') was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] (in [[Bundelkhand]]) from 1930 until his death in 1956.

==Early life, family, and education==
He was born on 14 April 1899 to [[Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo]], the heir apparent of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sir Stanley Reed |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83788/ |title=The Indian Year Book 1938 Vol 24 |date=1938 |pages=1091}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=39}}</ref> He was educated at [[Daly College]] in [[Indore]], [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]] in [[Rajkot]], and [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=48–49}}</ref> He received administrative training in the [[Saugor District|Saugor district]], [[Central Provinces]].<ref name=":0" /> His father died in December 1920, leaving behind four sons.<ref name=":0" /> As the eldest, he was designated the [[heir apparent]] to [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":0" /> He, along with his grandfather, [[Pratap Singh Ju Deo]], his father, and his brother, Karan Singh, attended the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911, which was held to proclaim [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Mary]] as [[Emperor of India|Emperor]] and [[Empress of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WxBAQAAMAAJ |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=241–242 |language=en}}</ref> On this occasion, he acted as a [[Page of Honour|page]] to [[George V]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02623/ |title=The historical record of the imperial visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=John murray, London |pages=158,298,309,335}}</ref> He married twice—first on 4 March 1919 to a sister of the [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]], and later to a granddaughter of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Gondal State|Gondal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1940 |date=1940 |pages=80–81}}</ref> From his first wife, he had one son, Devendra Singh, born on 6 November 1919.<ref name=":2" /> By his second wife, he had a daughter, Sudha Kumari, born on 22 November 1930.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=163 |language=en}}</ref> She married Ratan Singh of [[Dhami State|Dhami]].<ref name=":3" />

==Reign==
Upon the death of his grandfather, [[Pratap Singh Ju Deo]], on 3 March 1930, he succeeded him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1RDAAAAYAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Tikamgarh |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=17,73–77 |language=en}}</ref> His coronation took place on 4 November 1930, when R.J.W. Wheel, then Agent to the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-general]] in [[Central India]], installed him on the throne by placing the mukut ({{Translation|crown}}) on his head.<ref name=":4" /> Right after his coronation, he announced the opening of 100 [[Primary school|primary schools]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1930, when the [[Bagelkhand|Baghelkhand]] branch of the [[Indian National Congress]] began its agitation to raise public awareness in [[Bundelkhand]], it also influenced the environment in [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":4" /> As a result, people started opposing [[feudalism]] and [[monarchy]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1932, during the [[Shivaratri]] festival at [[Kundeshwar]], Jawala Singh displayed cartoons—one of which depicted the Vir milking the people, represented as a cow.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=A. U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ps1_lvyBxMC |title=Indian Freedom Movement in Princely States of Vindhya Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-150-2 |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref> This portrayal sparked opposition against the [[monarchy]].<ref name=":4" /> In 1933, when Chandra Shekhar Azad arrived in Orchha, he intensified efforts to raise public awareness against British rule.<ref name=":4" /> As a result, a state servant, Lalaram Bajpai, resigned from his position in Nakedari and joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In 1937, when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was not permitted to halt in [[Tikamgarh]] to promote the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]'s electoral cause, it enraged the people against the Vir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB0uAQAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Panna |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=73–74 |language=en}}</ref> He had the state area surveyed.<ref name=":4" /> While in Mumbai on 17 December 1946, he announced that he would form a responsible government in his state.<ref name=":4" /> Accordingly, on 10 January 1947, he established a responsible cabinet in [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":4" /> This cabinet, with Rama Shankar Shukla as prime minister, Mankameshwarnath Jutsi as revenue minister, Tribhuvan Kumar Pandey as home minister, and Chaturbhuj Pathak nominated as education and social welfare minister, began its work on 11 January 1947.<ref name=":4" /> When [[India]] gained independence on 15 August 1947, he, in line with the will of the people, established a responsible government by transferring power to the masses on 17 December 1947.<ref name=":4" /> When the covenant for the merger of the states of [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Bagelkhand|Baghelkhand]] to form [[Vindhya Pradesh]] was finalized, he, along with the other rulers of [[Bundelkhand]], signed it at Nowgong in March 1948.<ref name=":4" />

==Death==
He died on 7 October 1956.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Printing |first=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1956.164/ |title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1956, No. 164 |date=1956-11-21 |pages=1}}</ref> His son, Devendra, was recognized as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] by the [[Government of India]] on 21 November 1956.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours ==
He was appointed [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] in 1936.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZNY6TzDO40C |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage: With Her Majesty's Royal Warrant Holders |date=1955 |publisher=Kelly's Directories |pages=1252 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9ivjitMZF0C |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council and Knightage |date=1937 |publisher=Burke's Peerage, Limited |pages=2817 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

Badarpur Junction railway station

2026-04-04T18:36:20Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{short description|Railway station serving the city of Badarpur in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Badarpur Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Train station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Badarpur Junction Railway Station front.jpg
| caption = Front view of Badarpur Junction
| address = [[Badarpur, Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.8656|N|92.5567|E|format=dms}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail|id=Q19882200}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Lumding–Sabroom section]]
| other = [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|taxi]][[Taxi|Cabs]],[[File:bus.svg|20px|Bus]][[Assam State Transport Corporation|ASTC]]bus, Autorickshaw & E-Rikshaw
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform =
| tracks = 9 (3 for passenger train)
| services = [[File: Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|alttext=Waiting Room]]
[[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drinks]]
[[File: Surveillance_camera.svg|20px|CCTV]]
| parking = {{rint|park}}Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1898}}
| closed = 2014
| rebuilt = 2015
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|40px|Electrified]]Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BPB
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| division = {{rwd|Lumding}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| map_type = India Assam#India
| map_dot_label = Badarpur Junction
| map_caption = Location in [[Assam]]##Location in India
}}

'''Badarpur Railway Station''' serves the Indian city of [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]] in [[Assam]]. It belongs to [[Lumding railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] of India. It is located at [[Cachar district|Cachar]] district in the state of Assam. It is one of the oldest station of India built in 1898. The Station connects Badarpur to other regions of [[Barak Valley]] as well as many parts of India. Badarpur railway station is also the largest and most important railway station in Barak valley and [[Barak Valley|south Assam]] region.

== History ==
Assam Bengal Railway was incorporated in 1892 to serve British-owned tea plantations in Assam.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web| url = http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| title = Indian Railway History timeline| last = R. P. Saxena| publisher = | access-date = 24 February 2012| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date = 14 July 2012| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> The railway line from Chittagong to Badarpur was opened to traffic in 1898.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7OsLGZKYP5MC&pg=PA105 |title = Socio Economic and Political Problems of Tea Garden Workers: A Study of Assam, Published 2006, ISBN 81-8324-098-4|page=105 |author1=S. N. Singh |author2=Amarendra Narain |author3=Purnendu Kumar |date = January 2006|publisher= Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn = 9788183240987| access-date = 16 December 2011 }}</ref> In 1942 the management of Assam Bengal Railway was transferred to the Govt of India. It was amalgamated with the state managed [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] and designated as [[Assam Bengal Railway]].<ref name=timeline/>

On 1 January 1942 the Assam Bengal Railway combined with the Eastern Bengal Railway to form the Bengal and Assam Railway.<ref name=Railhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp|title=History|publisher= [[Bangladesh Railway]]|access-date=11 January 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115201005/http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |archive-date=15 November 2007}}</ref><ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.37</ref> At time of the independence of India in 1947, Bengal–Assam Railway was split up and the portion of the system, about 2,603.92 km long which fell within the boundary of erstwhile [[East Pakistan]] was named as Eastern Bengal Railway, the control remaining with the central Government of Pakistan. Later, with the effect from 1 February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Railway.<ref name=Railhist/> In 1958 the Northeast Frontier Railways was created and Badarpur Junction came under it.

== Successors ==
With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, portions of the Assam Bengal Railway which lay in Assam and the Indian part of North Bengal became Assam Railway. [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] was formed in 1952 by amalgamating Assam Railway with Oudh Tirhut Railway and Fatehgarh district of [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]]. [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] was carved out of North Eastern Railway in 1958.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |title=History |publisher=Northeast Frontier Railway |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032906/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |archive-date= 2 May 2014 }}</ref>

The portion of the system which fell within the boundary of erstwhile East Pakistan was named as Eastern Bengal Railway. On 1 February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Railway and in 1962 it became Pakistan Eastern Railway .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |title=History |publisher=Bangladesh Railways |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115201005/http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |archive-date=15 November 2007 }}</ref> With the emergence of Bangladesh, it became [[Bangladesh Railway]].<ref name=banglapaedia>{{cite book |last=Fida |first=Quazi Abul |year=2012 |chapter=Railway |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

After the independence of Pakistan on 15 August 1947 the broad-gauge portion of the Assam Bengal Railway, lying in India was added to the [[East Indian Railway]] and the metre-gauge portion became the Assam Railway,<ref>Rao, M. A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.39</ref> with its headquarters at Pandu. On 14 April 1952, the 2857 km-long Assam Railway and the [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]] were amalgamated to form one of the six newly carved zones of the [[Indian Railways]]: the [[North Eastern Railway zone]].<ref name=r>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |title=Chapter 1 – Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=Ministry of Railways, India website |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024404/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>Rao, M. A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42-3</ref> On the same day, the reorganised Sealdah division of the erstwhile Bengal Assam Railway (which was added to the East Indian Railway earlier) was amalgamated with the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternrailwaysealdah.gov.in/WebForm/FrameContent/Engineering.html |title=Sealdah division-Engineering details |publisher=The Eastern Railway, Sealdah division |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215161611/http://www.easternrailwaysealdah.gov.in/WebForm/FrameContent/Engineering.html |archive-date=15 February 2012 }}</ref>

== Major trains ==
*[[Agartala–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Agartala - Anand Vihar Terminal Tejas Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Sairang-Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal –Agartala Humsafar Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Agartala Humsafar Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=SMVT Bangalore-Agartala Humsafar Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bengaluru-cantt-agartala-humsafar-express-12503/23116/996/3651|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103155342/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bengaluru-cantt-agartala-humsafar-express-12503/23116/996/3651|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Agartala AC Express]]
*[[Silchar–New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express|Silchar–New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]]
*[[Aronai Express|Silchar - Thiruvananthapuram Aronai Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiruvananthapuram-Silchar Aronai Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-aronai-express-12507/579/59/1053|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Silchar-Coimbatore Express|Silchar - Coimbatore Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/train-schedule/12516-SCL-CBE-EXPRESS|website=confirmtkt.com}} </ref>
*[[Silchar–Secunderabad Express|Silchar–Charlapalli Express]]
*[[Rangiya–Silchar Express]]
*Guwahati - Silchar Express
*Silchar - Agartala Express
*Narangi - Agartala Express
*[[Guwahati–Dullabcherra Express]]
*[[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjunga Express]]
*[[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchanjunga Express|Sealdah–Sabroom Kanchanjunga Express]]
*[[Tripura Sundari Express|Agartala - Firozpur Cantonment Tripura Sundari Express]]
*[[Barak–Brahmaputra Express|Silchar - New Tinsukia Barak Brahmaputra Express]]
*[[Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express]]
*Silchar-Kolkata Express
*Agartala-Guwahati Express
*[[Guwahati–Sairang Express|Sairang-Guwahati Express]]
*[[Kolkata–Sairang Express|Sairang-Kolkata Express]]
*Agartala- Raniya kamalapati (Habibganj) Express
*[[Guwahati|Agartala- Kolkata Garib Rath Express]]
*Agartala-Secunderabad Express
*Agartala- Khongsang Jan Statabdi Express

==See also ==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1898]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Karimganj district]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Assam]]

Bimal Patel (architect)

2026-04-02T13:18:52Z

HarrisonHinson2: Starting new page

{{short description|Indian architect and urban planner (born 1961)}}
{{about||the legal scholar and university director|Bimal N. Patel|the former assistant secretary of the Treasury Department|Bimal Patel (attorney)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Bimal Hasmukh Patel
| image = Bimal Hasmukh Patel.jpg
| caption = Dr. Bimal Patel
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|08|31}}
| parents = [[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh Patel]] (father) Bhakti Patel (mother)
| relatives = [[Canna Patel]] (sister)
| practice = [https://www.hcp.co.in/ HCP Design Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd.]
| significant_buildings = [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House of India]], [[Gujarat High Court]]
| significant_projects = [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]], [[Sabarmati Riverfront]], Kashi Vishwanath Dham
| occupation = Architect, Urban Planner, Academician
| awards = [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] (1992) [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Bimal Hasmukh Patel''' (born 31 August 1961) is an Indian architect, urban planner, and academic, based in Ahmedabad, India. With a career spanning over 35 years, he has made significant contributions to the fields of architecture, urban design, and urban planning through professional practice, academic leadership, and research in [[India]]. He served as the President of [[CEPT University]], Ahmedabad, from July 2012 to January 2024, where he played a pivotal role in shaping architectural and planning [[education in India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bimal Patel - Staff - President's Office - CEPT|url=https://cept.ac.in/28/369/president-s-office/staffmember/189/bimal-patel|website=cept.ac.in|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

He is the Principal Architect and Managing Director of HCP Design, Planning and Management Pvt. Ltd., a multidisciplinary design, planning, and project management firm known for its work on major urban and institutional projects across India.<ref name="hcp.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.hcp.co.in/people-list/78/principals|title=Principals - HCP|website=www.hcp.co.in}}</ref><ref name="german-architects.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.german-architects.com/en/hcpdpm/awards-655-4|title=HCPDPM - Ahmedabad, India - Architects -|website=German-Architects}}</ref><ref name="indian-architects.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-architects.com/en/hcpdpm/source:index_updated_new|title=HCPDPM - Ahmedabad, India - Architects -|website=Indian-Architects}}</ref>

He is also the founder of the Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC), a non-profit organization engaged in urban planning research and advocacy, with a focus on sustainable and inclusive urban development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Bimal Patel|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/chm/dr-bimal-patel/|last=ahmedabadadm|website=Centre for Heritage Management-Ahmedabad University|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

His research is focused on [[Land-use planning|Land Use Planning]], [[Real estate business|Real Estate Markets]], [[Building code|Building Regulations]], [[Land management|Land Management]] and [[Urban planning|Urban Planning]] History.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NBu03YnZHcRSC8r47M1VPN/Bimal-Patel--How-to-make-urban-planning-work.html|title=Bimal Patel - How to make urban planning work|first=Aparna Piramal|last=Raje|date=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-special-2013/bimal-patel-we-have-to-free-our-cities-from-the-states-clutches/35885/1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818000300/http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-special-2013/bimal-patel-we-have-to-free-our-cities-from-the-states-clutches/35885/1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-18|title=Bimal Patel: We Have to Free Our Cities from the State's Clutches - Forbes India|website=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-we-need-to-free-our-cities-from-the-states-clutches/417258-55.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721180103/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-we-need-to-free-our-cities-from-the-states-clutches/417258-55.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He received the [[Padma Shri]] award for his contributions in the fields of [[Architecture]] and [[Urban planning|Planning]] in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187794|title=Padma Awards 2019 announced|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Architect and urban planner, Dr Bimal Patel to be conferred the Padma Shri Award - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/architect-and-urban-planner-dr-bimal-patel-to-be-conferred-the-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67710611.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bimal Patel lives and practices architecture and city planning in Ahmedabad, India. He was educated at the [[St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad]]. Later he studied at [[School of Architecture Ahmedabad|School of Architecture]], Center for Environmental Planning and Technology, CEPT, from 1978 to 1984. In 1981, he apprenticed with [[Frei Otto]] at the Institute for Lightweight Structures,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design {{!}} University of Stuttgart |url=https://www.ilek.uni-stuttgart.de/en/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.ilek.uni-stuttgart.de |language=en}}</ref> [[Stuttgart]], Germany.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Democracy, Participation and Consultation - In conversation with Bimal Patel|url=http://lajournal.in/images/61/LA-61-2020.pdf|journal=Journal of Landscape Architecture|volume=61|pages=84–97}}</ref>

After receiving his first professional degree in architecture from CEPT in 1984 and a year of work in Ahmedabad, Patel moved to [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] to study at the [[UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design|College of Environmental Design, CED]]. He graduated with [[Master of Architecture|M.Arch]]. and [[Master of City Planning|M.C.P]]. degrees in 1988 and a Ph.D. from the Department of City and Regional Planning in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=Berkeley's Department of City & Regional Planning |url=https://ced.berkeley.edu/city |access-date=2026-01-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> He worked closely with [[Allan Jacobs|Prof. Allan Jacobs]], [[Donlyn Lyndon|Prof. Donlyn Lyndon]], [[Manuel Castells|Prof. Manuel Castells]] and Prof. Mike Teitz at the CED and Prof. Richard Walker of the Geography Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In memoriam: Professor Emeritus Michael B. "Mike" Tietz |url=https://ced.berkeley.edu/news/in-memoriam-professor-emeritus-of-city-regional-planning-michael-teitz-institution-builder |access-date=2026-01-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and the openness of CED provided him with the opportunity and freedom for intellectual exploration beyond the confines of Architecture and City Planning.<ref name="berkeley.edu">{{cite web|title=Alumni 2008|url=http://ced.berkeley.edu/ced/alumni-friends/distinguished-alumni-award/alumni-2008/#bhpatel|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214444/https://ced.berkeley.edu/ced/alumni-friends/distinguished-alumni-award/alumni-2008/#bhpatel|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
In 1990, Patel joined his father's practice in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HCP Design, Planning And Management Pvt. Ltd. | HCP|url=https://www.hcp.co.in/|website=www.hcp.co.in|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> One of his first building design projects, a campus for [[Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India|The Entrepreneurship Development Institute]], Ahmedabad, won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] in 1992.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=1240|title=Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India - Aga Khan Development Network|website=www.akdn.org|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055746/http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=1240|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the years he has built up a significant body of work ranging from single-family homes, to institutions, industrial buildings and urban redevelopment projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architecture Projects | HCP|url=https://www.hcp.co.in/projects/list/architecture|website=www.hcp.co.in|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Urbanism Projects | HCP|url=https://www.hcp.co.in/projects/list/urbanism|website=www.hcp.co.in|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> Urban design projects, like the [[Kankaria|Kankaria Lake]] Development and the [[Sabarmati Riverfront]], are the first of their kind in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008|title=Kankaria Lakefront Development project|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/kankaria-lakefront-development-project/articleshow/37853804.cms}}</ref>

His significant and award-winning projects include the Aga Khan Academy Hyderabad, Ahmedabad Management Association, Bhuj Development Plan and Town Planning Schemes (post-earthquake), [[Chimanlal Girdharlal Road|C G Road]] Redevelopment, [[Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India]], [[Gujarat High Court]], [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] New Campus,<ref>{{cite web|title=HCPDPM - Ahmedabad, India - Architects -|url=http://www.indian-architects.com/en/hcpdpm/projects-3/new_campus_for_iima-29706|website=Indian-Architects}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The shape of an icon|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-shape-of-an-icon-110062700047_1.html|last=Standard|first=Business|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=27 June 2010|via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Kankaria Lake]], [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] and the Swarnim Sankul at Gandhinagar.

His work and his projects have been conferred with numerous awards including the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1992),<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Of India & Aga Khan Award: EDII, Ahmedabad Is One Of The 6 Recipients So Far|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/echnf/of-india-aga-khan-award-edii-ahmedabad-is-one-of-the-6-recipients-so-far.html|website=World Architecture Community|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> [[United Nations Centre for Human Settlements]]' Award of Excellence (1998), World Architecture Award (2001) and the Prime Minister’s National Award for Excellence in Urban Planning and Design (2006). He was bestowed with the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Patel has been the President of CEPT University in Ahmedabad from July 2012 to January 2024. CEPT University focuses on understanding, designing, planning, constructing, and managing human habitats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bimal-patel-to-shape-cept-now-1709057|title=Bimal Patel to shape Cept now|date=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/cept-gets-new-prinicpal/|title=CEPT gets new {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|prinicpal}}|date=1 July 2012}}</ref> His work there involved academics as well as institutional leadership and development.<ref name=":2" />

==Significant projects==

=== Architecture and Urban Design ===
* [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project|Parliament House and Central Vista Transformation]], [[Government of India]], New Delhi, 2019 - Ongoing<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat firm bags Rs 229 crore deal for consultancy on Rajpath, Parliament redevelopment|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/central-vista-rajpath-parliament-redevelopment-rs-229-crore-deal-for-gujarat-firm-1613049-2019-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre appoints Ahmedabad-based consultant for makeover of Lutyens' Delhi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ahmedabad-based-firm-wins-consultancy-bid-for-central-vista-revamp/articleshow/71753898.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
* Vishwanath Dham, Sri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir, Varanasi, 2018 - ongoing<ref>{{Cite news|title=Varanasi, by design: Vishwanath Dham and the politics of change|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/varanasi-by-design-vishwanath-dham-and-the-politics-of-change/article26607193.ece}}</ref>
* Ministers’ Blocks and Secretariat Campus Development, [[Government of Gujarat]], Gandhinagar, 2014<ref>{{Cite news|title=Swarnim Sankul-II to be inaugurated today|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Swarnim-Sankul-II-to-be-inaugurated-today/articleshow/29919486.cms}}</ref>
* Aga Khan Academy, Hyderabad, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aga Khan Academies|url=https://www.agakhanacademies.org/sites/academics/files/AKA-Hyderabad-Quick-Facts.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Pandit Deendayal Energy University]], Gandhinagar, 2006 - ongoing
* Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project, Detailed Design – 1998 - ongoing<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sabarmati Riverfront - Project Inception|url=http://sabarmatiriverfront.com/project-inception}}</ref>
* Tata CGPL Township, [[Mundra]], 2009<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An account of critical regionalism in diverse building types in postcolonial Indian architecture|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095263518300530|journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research|year=2018 |doi=10.1016/j.foar.2018.09.001 |last1=Bahga |first1=Sanyam |last2=Raheja |first2=Gaurav |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=473–496 |s2cid=158725748 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* New Campus, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, 2000<ref>{{Cite news|title=IIM new campus upholds same values|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/IIM-new-campus-upholds-same-values/articleshow/1247035.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indian Institute of Management by HCP Design, Ahmedabad, India|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/today/indian-institute-of-management-by-hcp-design-ahmedabad-india/8604844.article|journal=The Architectural Review|date=23 August 2010 }}</ref>
* Re-development of C.G. Road, Ahmedabad, 1995
* The Gujarat High Court Building, Ahmedabad, 1992<ref>{{Cite web|title=Design versus User Experience - A Case of Gujarat High Court Building|url=https://architecturelive.in/design-versus-user-experience-a-case-of-gujarat-high-court-building/|website=ArchitectureLive!|date=22 June 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
*The Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Ahmedabad, 1985<ref name=":5" />[[File:Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII).jpg|thumb|444x444px|The Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India]]

=== Planning ===
* Transformational Vision Plan for Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar - 2041
* Redevelopment of Mumbai Eastern Waterfront (Mumbai Port Trust), MbPT, 2017 – ongoing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=Eastern waterfront: 'Redevelopment will lead to 62% of open space' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/eastern-waterfront-redevelopment-will-lead-to-62-per-cent-of-open-space-6292007/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Planned Densification of Ahmedabad’s CBD, AUDA, 2015
* Town Planning Schemes, Ahmedabad – Statutory, 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expanding our towns for urban growth - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/expanding-our-towns-for-urban-growth/583596/2 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* Streamlining Urban Planning and Land Management (SUPLM) [[World Bank]] - 2007
* Bhuj Development and (walled city) Town Planning Schemes – Statutory, 2004
* Building Byelaws and Planning Legislation for Delhi (MCD) – Statutory, 2004
* Development Plan for the [[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]] (AUDA) – Statutory, 2002
* Walled City Revitalization Plan, Ahmedabad, 1997

=== Publications ===
* The Realm of the Public – A Conversation with Bimal Patel (2023). Matter. Inside Publication, Volume 3, Issue 1, 88-111.
* Bimal Patel. Central Vista Redevelopment Project (December 2022). NIC, Yojana, Architect’s Reflections, 11-16.
* Bimal Patel. Balkrishna Doshi’s Architectural Practice. (2023) Architecture Time, Space and People. Remembering Doshi: Special Edition, 44-46.
* Bimal Patel. (2021). Improving Indian Urban Planning. In Mumbai Reader 20/21. Urban Design Research Institute.
* Sweta Byahut, Bimal Patel, & Jignesh Mehta. (2020). Emergence of sub-optimal land utilization patterns in Indian cities. Journal of Urban Design, Routledge, 25(6), 758–777.
* Bimal Patel. (2019, September 18). Unfolding the architecture of Hasmukh Patel. STIR.
* Bimal Patel. (2018, March 1). The Architects Regulations of 1989 must evolve to match present realities. IFJ.
* Bimal Patel, Sweta Byahut, & Brijesh Bhatha. (2018). Building regulations are a barrier to affordable housing in Indian cities: The case of Ahmedabad. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Springer Netherlands, 33(1), 175–195.
* Bimal Patel. (2017, April 30). Stepwells to skyscrapers: Building Identity. Ahmedabad Mirror.
* Patricia Clarke Annez, Bijal Bhatt, & Bimal Patel. (2017). What Getting Legal Land Title Really Means: An ‘Anti-commons’ in Ahmedabad, India? Review of Market Integration, SAGE, 9(1–2), 1–26.
* Bimal Patel. (2017). ULTIMATE DESIGN HERO. Elle Decor, 208.
* Bimal Patel & Catherine Desai. (2016). The Architecture of Hasmukh C. Patel, Selected Projects 1963 – 2003. Mapin Publishing.
* Bimal Patel. (2016, January 27). Preservation vs a clean break. Indian Express.
* Bimal Patel. (2015, July 11). City Planning – ‘Vertical growth: Do not limit floor space index to limit congestion’. Indian Express.
* Bimal Patel. (2015, June 6). On land, a new way. Indian Express.
* Bimal Patel. (2015, April 22). Managing politics of urban planning. Mint.
* Bimal Patel. (2015). An Ethical Education for Urban Professionals. In Richard Mahapatra, Archana Yadav, Vibha Varshney, Sunita Narain, Aruna P. Sharma, Kaushik Das Gupta, & Snigdha Das (Eds.), State of India’s Environment 2015. Centre For Science And Environment.
* Bimal Patel & VK Phatak. (2014). Integrating redevelopment of slums in city planning. In Isher Judge Ahluwalia, Ravi Kabur, & P.K. Mohanty (Eds.), Urbanisation in India- Challenges, Opportunities and the Way Forward (pp. 260–296). SAGE India.
* Ballaney, S., Marie-Agnes Bertaud, Patricia Clarke Annez, CK Koshy, Bindu Nair, Bimal Patel, Vidyadhar Phatak, & Vasudha Thawakar. (2013). Inventory of public land in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 6664.
* Bimal Patel. (2013, August 16). Bimal Patel: We Have to Free Our Cities from the State’s Clutches. India Forbes.
* Patricia Clarke Annez, Alain Bertaud, Marie-Agnes Bertaud, Bijal Bhatt, Chirayu Bhatt, Vidyadhar Phatak, & Bimal Patel. (2012). Ahmedabad More but Different Government for “Slum Free” and Livable Cities. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6267.
* Bimal Patel, Rajendra Joshi, Shirley Ballaney, & Matthias Nohn. (2011). Slum Planning Schemes: A Statutory Framework for Establishing Secure Tenure and Improving Living Conditions in Indian Slums. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 2(1), 45–75.
* Bimal Patel. (2011). Riverfront Redevelopment. In Chris Johnson (Ed.), Indian Cities: Managing Urban Growth. METROPOLIS and National Institute of Urban Affairs.
* Patricia Clarke Annez, Alain Bertaud, Bimal Patel, & V. K. Phatak. (2010). Working with the Market: Approach to Reducing Urban Slums in India. World Bank.
* Bimal Patel, Shirley Ballaney, CK Koshy, & Matthias Nohn. (2009). Reforming urban land management in Gujarat. Oxford University Press.
* Shirley Ballaney & Bimal Patel. (2009). Using the ‘Development Plan—Town planning scheme’ mechanism to appropriate land and build urban infrastructure. India Infrastructure Report, 190–204.
* Bimal Patel. (1995). Gujarat High Court, Ahmedabad. Architecture+ Design, 12(3), 65–76.
* Bimal Patel. (1995). The space of property capital: Property development and architecture in Ahmedabad - ProQuest [University of California, Berkeley].
* Bimal Patel. (1988). Form, space and order: Learning from formal structure in Indian Islamic architecture. University of California, Berkeley.

== Research Areas ==

* Land Use Planning
* Real Estate Markets
* Building Regulations
* Land Management
* Architecture and Urban Planning History

== Teaching ==

* Visiting Faculty at School of Architecture and School of Planning, [[CEPT Ahmedabad|CEPT, Ahmedabad]], India
* Guest Lectures: Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; LBSNAA, Mussoorie

==Awards and honors==

* [[Padma Shri]], 2019<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
* Distinguished Alumnus Award, [[UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design|College of Environmental Design]], [[University of California, Berkeley]], 2008
* Prime Ministerʼs National Award for Excellence in Urban Planning and Design, awarded to the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project, 2006
* Emerging Architect Commendation Award, AR+D, 2001
* World Architecture Award, 2001
* Salzburg Seminar Fellowship, 2000
* UNCHS, Best Practices Award, 1998
* The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1992<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
* Research Fellowship, [[American Institute of Indian Studies]], 1990–91
* Newhouse Foundation Grant, 1988–89
* Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor Award, 1987
* College of Environmental Design Council Scholarship, 1985–86<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamart.com/hcp-design-project/aboutus.html |title=HCP Design & Project Managememt PVT. LTD. - Service Provider from Ahmedabad, India | About Us |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040419/http://www.indiamart.com/hcp-design-project/aboutus.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Reviews and Exhibitions of Professional Work ==
=== In Periodicals and Books ===

* Buckley, R. M., Kallergis, A., & Wainer, L. (2016). Addressing the housing challenge: Avoiding the Ozymandias syndrome. ''Environment and Urbanization'', ''28''(1), 119–138. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247815627523</nowiki>
* GICEA. (2015, December). GICEA Quarterly Journal Nirman: Smart Cities 2. ''The Gujarat Institute of Civil Engineers and Architects (Ahmedabad'', ''87''(3).
* Architecture + Design. (2015, August). ''Exposure Media Marketing Pvt. Ltd''.
* Focus Story: Cladding Solutions: Innovations & Experience—Experts views. (2015, July). ''Window & Facade Magazine. F & F Media and Publications (New Delhi)'', ''2''(2), 63–70.
* Architect and Interiors India: May 2015. (2015, May). ''ITP Publishing India'', ''7''(2).
* Goel Sanghi & Preeti. (2015). ''Correa: A Master Renown''. ABEC Exhibitions & Conferences Pvt. Ltd.
* Scriver, P., & Srivastava, A. (2015). ''India: Modern architecture in history''. Reaktion Books.
* Kruti Kothari. (2014, April). Insite: A Walk Through The World of IIID and Beyond. ''Kamal Khokhani (Ahmedabad)'', ''7''(4).
* Imran Ahmad Khan. (2014, January). Construction Architecture Update. ''Era Fame Media Group''.
* GICEA. (2014). GICEA Nirman. ''The Gujarat Institute of Civil Engineers and Architects''.
* ''The Place of Nature in Tomorrow `s City: Proceedings of 8th ISOLA Conference: Bhopal 31 August and 1 September 2012''. (2012). ISOLA Annual Conference, Bhopal 2012 Local Organizing Committee.
* India’s Leading Architects. Architecture: Bimal Patel of HCP. (2011, June). ''Wallpaper: Team Building'', 122–126.
* ''Architectural Work of Bungalows''. (2011). The Gujarat Institute of Civil Engineers & Architects.
* Aruna Rathod. (2011). Architect and Interiors India: March 2011. ''Architect and Interiors India''.
* Chha Gaam Patidar Mandal, Ahmedabad. (2011). ''Kautumbik Mahiti Granth''.
* Mehrotra, R. (2011). ''Architecture in India: Since 1990''. Pictor.
* Mostafavi, M., Asad, M. al-, & Derakhshani, F. (2011). ''Aga Khan Award for Architecture''. Lars Müller Publishing.
* My First Project—Dr. Bimal H. Patel. (2011). ''Elle Decor''.
* Nishith Trivedi, Ashish Bhatia, & Avinash Kumar. (2011). Sabarmati River Front Development. In [[Divya Bhaskar]] (Ed.), ''Vibrant Spaces: Sthapatya Shilpi''.
* Prabhakar B. Bhagwat, Nitin B. Shah, & Seva Vij. (2011). ''Udaan''.
* Smita Dalvi. (2011). Louver as protagonist. ''Domus India'', ''1''(1), 46–59.
* ''The Phaidon atlas of 21st century world architecture.'' (2011). Phaidon.
* Urban Journal: Show Them What You are Making—India Real Time. (2011). ''The Wall Street Journal''.
* Pool Magazine, Oct 2010: An Interview with Dr.Bimal Patel. (2010, October 1). ''Pool Magazine'', ''4'', 18–21.
* Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. (2010). ''IIMA: India’s management athenaeum''. Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.
* R. Gregory. (2010). ʻIndian Institute of Managementʼ, Buildings. ''The Architectural Review'', ''CCXXVIII''(1363), 66–71.
* Rössl, S. (2009). ''Architettura Contemporanea: India''. Motta architettura.
* Himanshu Burte. (2008). Extending an Icon. ''Mint'', ''2''(152), 12–13.
* Neelkanth Chhaya. (2008). Spade: Architecture And Politics: Vol 1. ''SRDA (Mumbai)'', 70–87.
* R. Rajaram. (2008). Sabarmati: India’s First Riverfront Development. ''Architecture Update'', ''1''(22), 9.
* Shah, J. (2008). ''Contemporary Indian architecture''. Lustre Press, Roli Books.
* B. Sheth. (2007). Riverfront redux—More to Sabarmati project than meets the eye. ''Down to Earth'', 7–8.
* Deobhakta, M., & Deobhakta, M. (2007). ''Architectural practice in India'' (2nd ed). [[Council of Architecture]].
* Gast, K.-P. (2007). ''Modern traditions: Contemporary architecture in India''. Birkhäuser ; Springer [distributor].
* Home Review. (2006, January). ''Anish Bajaj (Mumbai)'', ''5''(1).
* A. Pilo. (2006). A Linear Scale. ''Architecture + Design'', ''XXIII''(2), 50–54.
* The [[Indian Institute of Architects]]. (2006). ''Architects Directory & Professional Handbook 2006''. Media Vintage (New York).
* H. Carsten. (2005). Campus Extension of IIMA. ''Bauwelt'', ''6'', 2.
* Yatin Pandya & Trupti Rawal. (2002). ''The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium''. The Vastu Shilpa Foundation.
* Neelkanth Chhaya, Jigar Patel, & Ranjit Wagh. (2002). ''Kurula Varkey Commemorative Monograph''. Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology.
* EPC and AUDA. (2001). ''Planning A Square Mile: Exploring the Potential of Town Planning Scheme Mechanism''. The Indo-Dutch Urban Development Workshop (Ahmedabad).
* P. Davy. (2001). Indian Summary. ''The Architectural Review'', ''CCX''(1258), 74–75.
* N. Jackson. (2001). ''World Architecture Awards 2001: Regional Winner: Education Category – Ahmedabad Management Association''.
* Mehrotra, R. (Ed.). (2000). ''World architecture 1900 - 2000: A critical mosaic'' (Vol. 8). Springer.
* CEPT Ahmedabad. (1997). ''Kagaz: Architecture and Housing Projects''. CEPT Ahmedabad.
* Lang, J. T., Desai, M., & Desai, M. (1997). ''Architecture and independence: The search for identity--India 1880 to 1980''. Oxford University Press.
* P. Wilslocki. (1997). Ahmedabad Authority: The Gujarat High Court Complex. ''World Architecture'', ''58'', 62–63.
* ''581 architects in the world.'' (1995). Toto Shuppan.
* Bahga, S., Bahga, S., & Bahga, Y. (1993). ''Modern architecture in India: Post-independence perspective''. Galgotia Pub. Co.
* Steele, J. & Academy Editions (Eds.). (1992). ''Architecture for a changing world: The Aga Khan award for architecture''. Academy Editions.
* M. Chauhan. (1989). Spatial Experiences. ''Architecture+Design''.
* Ranjit Sabikhi. (1989). Significant for Its Vernacular Sensitivity And Its Simplicity. ''Architecture''.
* ''Contemporary Architecture in India: The emerging generation''. (1987). ''38''.

=== Exhibitions ===

* (2024). ''Ahmedabad Commons''
* (2024). ''Ahmedabad Collective''
* (2024). ''Gandhi Ashram Masterplan Inauguration Exhibition''
* (2022). ''Kartavya Path Inauguration Exhibition''
* (2022). ''Surat Smart Cities Exhibition''.
* (2021). ''Architecture of Hasmukh C. Patel''.
* (2021). ''Ahmedabad Collective.''
* (2021). ''London design Biennale—India Pavilion''.
* (2019). ''Vibrant Gujarat, 2019''
* (2018). ''An exhibition of Hasmukh C. Patel’s works at CEPT University''
* (2018) ''The State of Housing''.
* (2018). ''In Progress—An exhibition of 20 Projects at Paritosh Gallery''
* (2016). ''Venice Biennale 2016''.
* (2016). ''The Architecture of Hasmukh C. Patel’ Book Release Exhibition''.
* (2016). ''The state of architecture: Practices & processes in India : documenting the exhibition and its allied events, 6 January-20 March 2016, National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai.''
* (2015). ''Adorning Waterfronts''
* (2015). ''Special Tribute to India’s Greatest Architect Padma Vibhushan Charles Correa''.
* (2014). ''AUDA - CBD Exhibition''.
* (2013). ''Four Cities, Four Proposals''.
* (2011, April). ''Indian Architectural Design Festival''.
* (2010). ''HCP @50: Envisioning the Sabarmati Riverfront''.
* (2009). ''Aedes Gallery''.
* (2003). ''Aedes Gallery''.
* (1998). ''Mohile Parikh Centre for Visual Arts''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* <nowiki>http://cept.ac.in/staff/bimal-patel</nowiki>
* http://www.hcp.co.in/people-list/78/principals
* http://www.welcometoahmedabad.com/127/modern-architecture.html
* http://ahmedabadinside.blogspot.in/2010/04/culture.html
* http://www.indian-architects.com/en/hcpdpm/source:index_updated_new

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Bimal}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian urban planners]]
[[Category:Urban designers]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Architecture educators]]
[[Category:Artists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Indian architects]]

Dhaka

2026-03-28T20:42:39Z

HarrisonHinson2: general added citations for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Bangladesh}}
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|date=March 2026}}
{{About|the capital city|the division|Dhaka Division|the district|Dhaka District|other uses|Dhaka (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|text=Senegal's capital city [[Dakar]]}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhaka
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
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| native_name = ঢাকা
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name = Dacca
| nicknames = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Imam |first=Shah Husain |date=20 July 2018 |title=Dhaka: Where will it go from here? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/pleasure-all-mine/dhaka-where-will-it-go-here-1607983 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302210152/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/pleasure-all-mine/dhaka-where-will-it-go-here-1607983 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |type=Opinion |quote=Dhaka, once the Venice of the East by virtue of being surrounded by four ebullient rivers, is now an urban behemoth.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2019 |title=The tales of urban street children:Is there anything we could do? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/climate-change/2019/12/10/the-tales-of-urban-street-children-is-there-anything-we-could-do |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801075352/https://www.dhakatribune.com/climate-change/2019/12/10/the-tales-of-urban-street-children-is-there-anything-we-could-do |archive-date=1 August 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2018 |title=Are we willing to know more of Dhaka? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/my-dhaka/are-we-willing-know-more-dhaka-1570981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803010913/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/my-dhaka/are-we-willing-know-more-dhaka-1570981 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> [[City of Mosques]]<ref>The city of mosques <cite>The city of mosques</cite> (https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/heritage/5361/the-city-of-mosques</ref> [[The City That Never Sleeps (nickname)|City That Never Sleeps]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Dhaka: The city that (still) never sleeps |url=https://dhakatribune.com/story/2198647/Dhaka-city-is-still-not-sleeping |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329002727/https://www.dhakatribune.com/story/2198647/Dhaka-city-is-still-not-sleeping |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[City of Rickshaws]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Sanjana |date=27 November 2021 |title=রিকশা বৃত্তান্ত: কবে, কোথা থেকে, কে প্রথম এই বাহনটি বাংলাদেশে আনেন |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-59214407 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=[[BBC]] |language=bn |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327224451/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-59214407 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Venice of the East]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=Depart |issue=10 |url=http://www.departmag.com/archive/10th_issue/proforma3.html |title=Unfinished paradise in an unscheduled Venice: functionality and aesthetics in the expansion of Mughal Dhaka |author=Seema Nusrat Amin |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402184239/http://www.departmag.com/archive/10th_issue/proforma3.html |archive-date=2014-04-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Connectivity Index Development for Khal in Dhaka City: Venice of the East: Amazon.co.uk: Jannatul Mauya: 9783659187278: Books |id={{ASIN|3659187275 |country=uk}}}}</ref>
| image_flag = 
| flag_size = 150px
| image_caption =
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image_style =
|caption_align = center
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|image1 = Drone view from Kamal Atatürk Avenue.jpg
|caption1 = [[Kamal Ataturk Avenue]]
|image2 = Parliament of Bangladesh (5238133496).jpg
|caption2 = [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban|National Parliament House]]
|image3 = Ahsan Manzil (31391134405).jpg
|caption3 = [[Ahsan Manzil]] in [[Old Dhaka]]
|image4 = লাল কেল্লার মায়া.jpg
|caption4 = [[Lalbagh Fort]]
|image5 = Curjon Hall.jpg
|caption5 = [[Curzon Hall]] of the [[University of Dhaka]]
|image6 = 1. স্বাধীনতা স্তম্ভ.jpg
|caption6 = [[Swadhinata Stambha|Independence Monument]] in [[Suhrawardy Udyan]]
}}
| shield_size =
| motto =
| image_seal =
| image_map = Dhaka City Map.svg
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Bangladesh#South Asia#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bangladesh##Location in South Asia##Location in Asia##Location on Earth
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|45|52|N|90|23|20|E|region:BD-13|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Country|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Dhaka Division]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhaka District]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|1608|p=y}}
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body = {{nowrap|[[Dhaka North City Corporation|DNCC]] and [[Dhaka South City Corporation|DSCC]]}}
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title = [[City Administrator|North Administrator]]
| leader_name = Md Shafiqul Islam Khan
| leader_title1 = [[City Administrator|South Administrator]]
| leader_name1 = Md Abdus Salam
| leader_title2 = [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh#City Council|City Council]]
| leader_name2 = [[Dhaka City Corporation#Ward and councillor list|129 constituencies]]
| leader_title3 = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[List of constituencies of the Jatiya Sangsad#Dhaka Division|15 constituencies]]
| area_total_km2 = 306
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 = 2569.55<ref name="wikimapia.org">{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Metropolitan City Area |url=http://wikimapia.org/26768999/Dhaka-Metropolitan-City-Area |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929093019/http://wikimapia.org/26768999/Dhaka-Metropolitan-City-Area |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>
| area_metro_sq_mi = 992.11<ref name="wikimapia.org" />
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last1=Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee |last2=Mahbubur Rahman Khan |date=7 May 2016 |title=Govt to double size of Dhaka city area |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/govt-double-size-dhaka-city-area-1219972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025916/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/govt-double-size-dhaka-city-area-1219972 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2016 |title=Dhaka City expands by more than double after inclusion of 16 union councils |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/05/09/dhaka-city-expands-by-more-than-double-after-inclusion-of-16-union-councils |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025316/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/05/09/dhaka-city-expands-by-more-than-double-after-inclusion-of-16-union-councils |archive-date=2 March 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 32
| elevation_ft = 104.96
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Elevation of Dhaka">{{Cite web |title=Dhaka, Bangladesh Map |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/maps/map_city_dhaka.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107084813/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/maps/map_city_dhaka.html |archive-date=7 January 2010 |access-date=6 September 2009 |website=National Geographic}}</ref>
| population_total = 10,278,882
| population_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Bangladesh|1st]] in Bangladesh
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka (Bangladesh): City Districts and Subdistricts - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/bangladesh/dhaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203120015/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=City Population}}</ref><ref name="dhakapop1">{{Cite web |title=Population & Housing Census-2011 |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044832/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=15 December 2015 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |page=41}}</ref>
| population_blank1_title = City rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of cities and towns in Bangladesh|1st in Bangladesh]]
| population_blank2_title = Metro rank
| population_blank2 = [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh|1st in Bangladesh]]; [[Bengal#Urban Areas|1st in Bengal Region]]; [[South Asia|1st in South Asia]]; [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia|2nd in Asia]]; [[List of largest cities|2nd in the world]]
| population_metro = 36,585,479<ref name=UNpopulation />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_demonym = [[Dhakaiyas|Dhakaiya]], Dhakaites
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Evolving Urban Form: Dhaka |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/003004-evolving-urban-form-dhaka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611103831/http://www.newgeography.com/content/003004-evolving-urban-form-dhaka |archive-date=11 June 2013 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Newgeography.com}}</ref>
| population_blank2_footnotes = <ref name="District Statistics 2011, Dhaka">{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=District Statistics 2011, Dhaka |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233706/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District%20Statistics/Dhaka.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of Bangladesh|Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • English
| utc_offset = +06:00
| timezone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 1000, 1100, 12xx, 13xx
| registration_plate = DHAKA-D-11-9999""111
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|National calling code]]
| area_code = [[List of country calling codes|+880]]
| blank_info =
| blank1_name = [[Telephone numbering plan|Calling code]]
| blank1_info = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880-2]] (for Dhaka City only)
| blank2_name = [[Police]]
| blank2_info = [[Dhaka Metropolitan Police]]
| blank3_name = [[International Airport]]
| blank3_info = [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]]
| blank4_name = [[ISO 3166-2:BD|ISO 3166-2]]
| blank4_info = BD-13
| blank_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Economy of Dhaka|GDP]]}} (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=TelluBase—Dhaka Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series) |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_dhaka.pdf |access-date=2024-10-10 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718175513/https://www.tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_dhaka.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank_info_sec1 = [[GDP (PPP)|PPP]] {{IncreasePositive}} $285.1 billion [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal]] {{IncreasePositive}} $85.5 billion
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.741<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/BGD/?levels=1+4&years=2023&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208072227/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/BGD/?levels=1+4&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en}}</ref> {{color|#093|high}} · [[List of regions of Bangladesh by Human Development Index|1st of 22]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Dhaka Metro Rail]] [[Dhaka BRT]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Metropolitan Planning Authority
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = BD DAC
| blank6_name_sec1 = Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Dhaka WASA]]
| blank7_name_sec1 =
| blank7_info_sec1 =
| website = [https://www.dncc.gov.bd North Dhaka] [https://dscc.gov.bd South Dhaka]
}}
'''Dhaka''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑː|k|ə}} {{respell|DAH|kə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|æ|k|ə}} {{respell|DAK|ə}}; {{langx|bn|ঢাকা|Ḍhākā}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈɖʱaka|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Yahya-ঢাকা.wav}}), formerly known as '''Dacca''',<ref name="Choguill2012">{{Cite book |last=Choguill |first=C.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slvlBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8 |title=New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan That Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4613-1863-7 |page=viii |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605175215/https://books.google.com/books?id=slvlBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> is the [[capital city|capital]] and [[list of cities and towns in Bangladesh|largest city]] of [[Bangladesh]]. With an estimated population of 36.6 million, Dhaka is the [[List of largest cities|second largest city by population]] in the world,<ref name=UNpopulation>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2025_wup2025_summary_of_results.pdf |year=2025 |work=United Nations |location=New York |title=World Urbanization Prospects 2025 |access-date=20 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhaka world's 2nd largest city with 36.6 million: UN|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/dhaka-worlds-2nd-largest-city-366m-people-un-report-4043976|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=26 November 2025}}</ref> and is widely considered to be the most densely populated built-up [[urban area]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite conference |title=Demographia World Urban Areas 17th Annual Edition: 202106 |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |conference=Demographia |publisher=Demographia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2018 |access-date=2 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ferreira 2021">{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Luana |date=3 September 2021 |title=Here's How Many People Live In The Most Densely Populated City On Earth |url=https://www.grunge.com/594981/heres-how-many-people-live-in-the-most-densely-populated-city-on-earth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202931/https://www.grunge.com/594981/heres-how-many-people-live-in-the-most-densely-populated-city-on-earth/ |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=Grunge.com}}</ref> Dhaka is an important cultural, economic, and scientific hub of [[Eastern South Asia]]. Dhaka ranks [[list of cities by GDP|fourth in South Asia and 55th in the world]] in terms of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. Lying on the [[Ganges Delta]], it is bounded by the [[Buriganga River|Buriganga]], [[Turag River|Turag]], [[Dhaleshwari River|Dhaleshwari]] and [[Shitalakshya River|Shitalakshya]] rivers. It is also the largest [[Bengali language|Bengali-speaking]] city in the world.

The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium. An [[early modern period|early modern]] city developed from the 17th century as a provincial capital and commercial centre of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Dhaka was the capital of a [[proto-industrialization|proto-industrialized]] [[Mughal Bengal]] for 75 years (1608–39 and 1660–1704). It was the hub of the [[muslin trade in Bengal]] and one of the most prosperous cities in the world. The Mughal city was named Jahangirnagar (''The City of Jahangir'') in honour of the erstwhile ruling emperor [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174313/https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |magazine=Forum |publisher=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2021 |title=Islam Khan Chisti |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Islam_Khan_Chisti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304054550/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Islam_Khan_Chisti |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khondker |first=Kamrun Nessa |title=Mughal River Forts in Bangladesh (1575-1688): An Archaeological Appraisal |date=December 2012 |access-date=4 March 2022 |degree=PhD |publisher=School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/46748/1/2013khondkerknmphil.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304054600/https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/46748/1/2013khondkerknmphil.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's wealthy Mughal elite included princes and the sons of Mughal emperors. The pre-colonial city's glory peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries, when it was home to merchants from across [[Eurasia]]. The [[Port of Dhaka]] was a major trading hub for both riverine and maritime commerce. The Mughals decorated the city with well-laid gardens, tombs, mosques, palaces, and forts. The city was once called the ''[[Venice of the East]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hough |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pj8cderhbr8C&pg=PA57 |title=Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-29854-4 |edition=2nd |page=57 |access-date=26 August 2017 |orig-year=First published 1995}}</ref>

Under [[British Raj|British rule]], the city saw the introduction of [[electricity]], [[railway]]s, [[Movie theater|cinema]]s, Western-style universities and colleges, and a modern [[water supply]]. It became an important administrative and educational centre in the British Raj, as the capital of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] province after 1905.<ref name="dani">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=Dacca: A record of its changing fortunes |publisher=Mrs. Safiya S. Dani |year=1962 |edition=2nd |pages=98, 118–119, 126 |oclc=987755973 |orig-year=First published 1956}}</ref> In 1947, after the end of British rule, the city became the administrative capital of [[East Pakistan]]. It was declared the legislative capital of Pakistan in 1962. In 1971, following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]], it became the capital of an independent Bangladesh. In 2008, Dhaka celebrated 400 years as a municipal city.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite news |date=1 December 2008 |title=400 years of Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-65599 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218092154/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-65599 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=The Daily Star |type=Editorial}}</ref><ref name="voabangla.com">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2008 |title=Bangladesh CA Inaugurates Three-year Gala Celebrations of 400 Anniversary of Dhaka |url=https://www.voabangla.com/a/a-16-2008-11-28-voa6-94432729/1396287.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218090654/https://www.voabangla.com/a/a-16-2008-11-28-voa6-94432729/1396287.html |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=VOA Bangla}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYchNAEACAAJ |title=400 Years of Capital Dhaka and Beyond: Economy and culture |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |year=2011 |isbn=9789845120128 |volume=2 |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211094349/https://books.google.com/books?id=dYchNAEACAAJ |archive-date=11 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Global city|gamma+ global city]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=GaWC |language=en-US |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107082119/https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dhaka is the centre of political, economic and cultural life in Bangladesh. It is the seat of the [[Government of Bangladesh]], many [[List of companies of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi companies]], and leading Bangladeshi educational, scientific, research, and cultural organizations. Since its establishment as a modern capital city, the population, area, and social and economic diversity of Dhaka have grown tremendously. The city is now one of the most densely industrialized regions in the country. The city accounts for 35% of [[Economy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh's economy]].<ref name="Rezaul Karim" /> The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] has over 750 listed companies. Dhaka hosts over 50 [[List of diplomatic missions in Bangladesh|diplomatic missions]], as well as the headquarters of [[BIMSTEC]], [[CIRDAP]], and the [[International Jute Study Group]]. Dhaka has a renowned culinary heritage. The city's culture is known for its [[rickshaw]]s, Kacchi Biryani, art festivals, street food, and religious diversity. While it has a heritage of 2000 buildings from the Mughal and British periods, Dhaka's most prominent architectural landmark is the modernist [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Living like there is no past |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/living-there-no-past-1758094 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821221037/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/living-there-no-past-1758094 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> The city is associated with two Nobel laureates. Dhaka's annual [[Mangal Shobhajatra|Bengali New Year parade]], its [[Jamdani]] sari, and its [[Rickshaw painting of Bangladesh|rickshaw art]] have been recognized by [[UNESCO]] as the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mangal-shobhajatra-on-pahela-baishakh-01091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508054516/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/mangal-shobhajatra-on-pahela-baishakh-01091 |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref><ref name="unesco_00879">{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Traditional art of Jamdani weaving |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879 |access-date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121184034/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unesco_01589">{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Rickshaws and rickshaw painting in Dhaka |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rickshaws-and-rickshaw-painting-in-dhaka-01589 |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208020946/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rickshaws-and-rickshaw-painting-in-dhaka-01589 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city has produced many writers and poets in several languages, especially in Bengali and English.

== Etymology ==
The origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain. It may derive from the ''[[Butea monosperma|dhak]]'' tree, which was once common in the area, or from [[Dhakeshwari]], the 'patron Hindu goddess' of the region.<ref name="britannicaetymology">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Dhaka |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |access-date=11 February 2018 |date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |archive-date=10 October 2017 |quote=Dhaka's name is said to refer to the dhak tree, once common in the area, or to Dhakeshwari ("The Hidden Goddess"), whose shrine is located in the western part of the city. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dailystaretym">{{Cite news |last=Ayan |first=Anindya J. |date=28 January 2018 |title=History of Dhaka's origin |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/video-stories/watch-glimpse-the-history-dhakas-origin-208639?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415135035/https://www.thedailystar.net/video-stories/watch-glimpse-the-history-dhakas-origin-208639?amp |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |quote=In history, it is often believed that Raja Ballal Sen of the Sen Dynasty of Bengal founded the Dhakeshwari Temple in the 12th century to mark the place of his birth and to pay tribute to the patron goddess of this region. The name Dhaka is believed to have originated from Dhakeshwari in the same way Athens got its name from Athena, the patron goddess of the Greek city.}}</ref> Another popular theory states that Dhaka refers to a [[membranophone]] instrument, ''[[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]],'' which was played by order of [[Subahdar]] [[Islam Khan I]] during the inauguration of the Bengal capital in 1610.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam Khan Chisti |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002132/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=4 February 2013 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref>

Some references also say it was derived from a [[Prakrit]] dialect called [[Dhakaiya Kutti|Dhaka Bhasa]]; or Dhakkaiyya, used in the [[Rajtarangini]], meaning a [[Watchtower|watch station]]; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] pillar inscription of [[Samudragupta]] as an eastern frontier kingdom.<ref name="banglapedia">{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=A.M. |date=23 April 2007 |title=Dhaka |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516050956/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka |archive-date=16 May 2019 |access-date=23 April 2007 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> According to [[Rajatarangini]], written by a Kashmiri Brahman, [[Kalhana]],<ref name="Mamoon 2010">{{Cite book |last=Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author-link=Muntassir Mamoon |title=Dhaka: Smiriti Bismiritir Nogori |publisher=Anannya |year=2010 |page=94 |orig-year=First published 1993}}</ref> the region was originally known as ''Dhakka''. The word ''Dhakka'' means ''watchtower''. [[Bikrampur]] and [[Sonargaon]]—the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers—were situated nearby. So, Dhaka was possibly used as the watchtower for fortification purpose.<ref name="Mamoon 2010" />

==History==
{{main|History of Dhaka}}

{{For timeline}}
[[File:Map of Bengal, Behar, Orissa 1813.jpg|thumb|Dhaka was the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa]]

===Pre-Mughal===
The history of urban settlements in the area of modern-day Dhaka dates to the first millennium.<ref name="Britannica-Dhaka">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Dhaka |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka |access-date=4 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116092341/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The region was part of the ancient district of [[Bikrampur]], which was ruled by the [[Sena dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhaka City Corporation |date=5 September 2006 |title=Pre-Mughal Dhaka (before 1608) |url=http://www.dhakacity.org/his_pre_mughal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410184215/http://www.dhakacity.org/his_pre_mughal.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |url-status=usurped |access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> Under [[Islamic]] rule, it became part of the historic district of [[Sonargaon]], the regional administrative hub of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] and the [[Bengal Sultanate]]s.<ref name="archive.thedailystar.net">{{Cite news |title=From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208123832/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star |department=Forum}}</ref> The [[Grand Trunk Road]] passed through the region, connecting it with [[North India]], Central Asia and the south-eastern port city of [[Chittagong]]. Before Dhaka, the capital of Bengal was [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily Bangladesh |date=5 September 2006 |title=Gaur Nagar: The capital of early Bengal |work=Daily Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/feature/28842 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107065238/https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/feature/28842 |url-status=live }}</ref> Even earlier capitals included [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], [[Bikrampur]] and [[Sonargaon]]. The latter was also the seat of [[Isa Khan]] and his son [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]], who both headed a confederation of twelve chieftains that resisted Mughal expansion in eastern Bengal during the late 16th century. Due to a change in the course of the [[Ganges]], the strategic importance of Gour was lost. Dhaka was viewed with strategic importance due to the Mughal need to consolidate control in eastern Bengal. The Mughals also planned to extend their empire beyond into [[Assam]] and [[Arakan]]. Dhaka and [[Chittagong]] became the eastern frontiers of the Mughal Empire.

===Early period of Mughal Bengal===
[[File:Lalbagh Kella (Lalbagh Fort) Dhaka Bangladesh 2011 54.JPG|thumb|upright|Ruins of [[Lalbagh Fort]]]]
[[File:Asiatic Society Heritage Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Nimtali arch]]]]
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|Woman draped in muslin and holding a [[hookah]] in Dhaka in 1789]]
Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and [[east India|eastern India]], including the modern-day [[Indian state]]s of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]. This province was known as [[Bengal Subah]]. The city was founded during the reign of [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]]. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] visited Dhaka in 1624 and stayed in the city for a week, four years before he became emperor in 1628.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Shah Jahan's Dhaka visit before he became the Mughal emperor |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/shah-jahans-dhaka-visit-he-became-the-mughal-emperor-3413231 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908153928/https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/shah-jahans-dhaka-visit-he-became-the-mughal-emperor-3413231 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref> Dhaka became one of the richest and greatest cities in the world during the early period of [[Bengal Subah]] (1610–1717). The prosperity of Dhaka reached its peak during the administration of governor [[Shaista Khan]] (1644–1677 and 1680–1688). Rice was then sold at eight maunds per rupee. [[Thomas Bowrey]], an English merchant sailor who visited the city between 1669 and 1670, wrote that the city was 40 miles in circuit. He estimated the city to be more populated than [[London]] with 900,000 people.<ref>Historical Background for the Establishment of Naib-Nazimship (Deputy Governorship for the four Divisions of Subah Bangla), ''Asiatic Society of Bangladesh''</ref>

Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka played a key role in the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialization]] of Bengal. It was the centre of the [[muslin trade in Bengal]], leading to muslin being called "Daka" in distant markets as far away as [[Central Asia]].<ref>Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, page 202, University of California Press</ref> Mughal India depended on Bengali products like rice, silk and cotton textiles. European East India Companies from Britain, Holland, France, and Denmark also depended on Bengali products. Bengal accounted for 40% of [[Netherlands|Dutch]] imports from Asia, with many products being sold to Dutch ships in Bengali harbours and then transported to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]]. Bengal accounted for 50% of textiles and 80% of silks in Dutch textile imports from Asia.<ref>Om Prakash, "Empire, Mughal", in [[John J. McCusker]] (ed.), ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, World History in Context. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref> Silk was also exported to premodern [[Japan]].<ref>John F. Richards (1995), The Mughal Empire, page 202, Cambridge University Press</ref> The region had a large [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding industry]] which supplied the [[Mughal Navy]]. The shipbuilding output of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries stood at 223,250 tons annually, compared to 23,061 tons produced by North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref>Indrajit Ray (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857). Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-136-82552-1.</ref> The Mughals decorated the city with well-laid-out gardens. [[Caravanserai]] included the [[Bara Katra]] and [[Choto Katra]]. The architect of the palatial Bara Katra was Abul Qashim Al Hussaini Attabatayi Assemani.<ref name="thedailystar3">{{Cite news |title=A discovery that may save Bara Katra |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/weekend-read/news/discovery-may-save-bara-katra-3132221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001050745/https://www.thedailystar.net/weekend-read/news/discovery-may-save-bara-katra-3132221 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> According to inscriptions in the Bangladesh National Museum, the ownership of Bara Katra was entrusted to an Islamic ''[[waqf]]''.<ref name="thedailystar3" /> The Bara Katra also served as a residence for Mughal governors, including Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] (the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan).<ref name="thedailystar3" /> Dhaka was home to an array of Mughal bureaucrats and military officials, as well as members of the imperial family. The city was guarded by [[Mughal artillery]] like the [[Bibi Mariam Cannon]] (Lady Mary Cannon).

[[Islam Khan I]] was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Megacities: Our Global Urban Future |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-481-3417-5 |editor-last=Kraas |editor-first=Frauke |page=60 |editor-last2=Aggarwal |editor-first2=Surinder |editor-last3=Coy |editor-first3=Martin |editor-last4=Mertins |editor-first4=Günter}}</ref> Khan named it "Jahangirnagar" (''The City of Jahangir'') in honour of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was dropped soon after the English conquered. The main expansion of the city took place under Governor [[Shaista Khan]]. The city then measured {{convert|19|by|13|km}}, with a population of nearly one million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2012 |title=State of Cities: Urban Governance in Dhaka |url=http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/handle/10361/2055/SOC%20Report-%2005-07-12.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216192205/http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/handle/10361/2055/SOC%20Report-%2005-07-12.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |website=BRAC University}}</ref> Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shay |first=Christopher |title=Travel – Saving Dhaka's heritage |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110815-saving-dhakas-heritage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205130440/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110815-saving-dhakas-heritage |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=18 February 2015 |website=BBC}}</ref>
The construction of [[Lalbagh Fort]] was commenced in 1678 by [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Prince Azam Shah]], who was the governor of Bengal, a son of [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] and a future [[Mughal Emperor]] himself. The [[Lalbagh Fort]] was intended to be the viceregal residence of Mughal governors in eastern India. Before the fort's construction could be completed, the prince was recalled by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. The fort's construction was halted by Shaista Khan after the death of his daughter [[Pari Bibi]], who is buried in a tomb in the centre of the unfinished fort. [[Pari Bibi]], whose name means ''Fairy Lady'', was legendary for her beauty, engaged to Prince Azam Shah, and a potential future Mughal empress before her premature death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2015 |title=Legends of Lalbagh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/legends-lalbagh-95554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024144002/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/legends-lalbagh-95554 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Internal conflict in the Mughal court cut short Dhaka's growth as an imperial city. Prince Azam Shah's rivalry with [[Murshid Quli Khan]] resulted in Dhaka losing its status as the provincial capital. In 1717, the provincial capital was shifted to [[Murshidabad]] where Murshid Quli Khan declared himself as the [[Nawab of Bengal]].

===Naib Nizamat===
Under the Nawabs of Bengal, the [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka]] was in charge of the city. The [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka|Naib Nazim]] was the deputy governor of Bengal. He also dealt with the upkeep of the Mughal Navy. The Naib Nazim was in charge of the Dhaka Division, which included Dhaka, [[Comilla]], and Chittagong. Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal. The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries. The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757, who was allied with the French. Due to the defection of Nawab's army chief [[Mir Jafar]] to the British side, the last Nawab lost the [[Battle of Plassey]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

After the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1765, the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] allowed the British East India Company to become the tax collector in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal Emperor in Delhi. The Naib Nazim continued to function until 1793 when all his powers were transferred to the East India Company. The city formally passed to the control of the East India Company in 1793. British military raids damaged a lot of the city's infrastructure.<ref>Lloyd's Evening Post, 16–18 May 1764</ref> The military conflict caused a sharp decline in the urban population.<ref>Historical Background for the Establishment of Naib-Nazimship (Deputy Governorship for the four Divisions of Subah Bangla), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</ref> Dhaka's fortunes received a boost with connections to the mercantile networks of the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Srangio |first=Sebastian |date=1 October 2010 |title=Dhaka: Saving Old Dhaka's Landmarks |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/letters/dhaka-saving-old-dhaka's-landmarks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909110251/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/letters/dhaka-saving-old-dhaka%E2%80%99s-landmarks |archive-date=9 September 2015 |magazine=The Caravan}}</ref> With the dawn of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], Dhaka became a leading centre of the [[jute trade]], as Bengal accounted for the largest share of the world's [[jute]] production.<ref name="worldviewcities.org">{{Cite web |title=Worldview |url=http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/unconcealed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413054048/http://worldviewcities.org/dhaka/unconcealed.html |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>
But the British neglected Dhaka's industrial and urban development until the late 19th century. Income from the pre-colonial, proto-industrialized textile industry dried up. Bengali weavers went out of business after the imposition of a 75% tax on the export of cotton from Bengal,<ref>Taylor, James (1840). A Sketch of the Topography and Statistics of Dacca. Calcutta: G.H. Huttmann, Military Orphan Press. pp. 301–307.</ref> as well as the surge in imports of cheap, British-manufactured fabrics after the advent of the spinning mule and steam power.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The rapid growth of the colonial capital [[Calcutta]] contributed to the decline in Dhaka's population and economy in the early 1800s. In 1824, an Anglican bishop described Dhaka as a "City of magnificent ruins".<ref>Lalbagh Kella (Lalbagh Fort) Dhaka Bangladesh 2011 54.JPG</ref> Evan so, it still had an estimated 90,000 houses and huts and a population of around 300,000 by the 1840s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge |date=1848 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=202, Vol V |edition=First}}</ref>

===Trade and migration===
[[File:19th century porcelain rice dish of Old Dhaka family.jpg|thumb|[[China (porcelain)]] belonging to a family of Old Dhaka in the 1800s.]]
Dhaka hosted factories of the English East India Company, the [[Dutch East India Company]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2018 |title=The rise and fall of the Dutch in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-rise-and-fall-the-dutch-dhaka-1530046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164533/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-rise-and-fall-the-dutch-dhaka-1530046 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> and [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=French, the |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/French,_The |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164533/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/French,_The |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The property of the [[Ahsan Manzil]] was initially bought by the French for their factory and later sold to the Dhaka Nawab Family. The Portuguese were reportedly responsible for introducing [[cheese]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2014 |title=Você fala Bangla? |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/01/24/voce-fala-bangla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164533/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/01/24/voce-fala-bangla |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Portuguese influence in Bengal |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/241706/portuguese-influence-in-bengal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164531/https://dailyasianage.com/news/241706/portuguese-influence-in-bengal |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Asian Age |location=Bangladesh}}</ref> Dhaka saw an influx of migrants during the Mughal Empire. An [[Armenian community of Dhaka|Armenian community]] from the [[Safavid Empire]] settled in Dhaka and was involved in the city's textile trade, paying a 3.5% tax.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Ansar |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |last2=Chaudhury |first2=Sushil |last3=Islam |first3=Sirajul |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Armenians, The |access-date=28 September 2022 |editor-last2=Jamal |editor-first2=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140831/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Armenians were very active in the city's social life. They opened the [[Pogose School]]. [[Marwari people|Marwari]]s were the Hindu trading community. Dhaka also became home to [[History of Jews in Bangladesh|Jews]] and Greeks.<ref name="thejc">{{Cite news |title=The extraordinary story of the Bangladesh Jews |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/features/the-extraordinary-story-of-the-bangladesh-jews-1.58433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/features/the-extraordinary-story-of-the-bangladesh-jews-1.58433 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2021 |title=History of the Greek community in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/history-the-greek-community-dhaka-2025501 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164535/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/history-the-greek-community-dhaka-2025501 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The city has a [[Greek Memorial, Dhaka|Greek memorial]]. Several families of Dhaka's elite spoke [[Dhakaiya Urdu|Urdu]] and included Urdu poets. [[Persian people|Persians]] also settled in the city to serve as administrators and military commanders of the Mughal government in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Iranians, The |access-date=28 September 2022 |editor-last2=Jamal |editor-first2=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011005/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The legacy of cosmopolitan trading communities lives on in the names of neighbourhoods in Old Dhaka, including [[Farashganj]] (French Bazaar), [[Armanitola]] (Armenian Quarter) and Postogola (Portuguese Quarter).

According to those who lived in the historic city, "Dhaka was a courtly, genteel town – the very last flowering, in their telling, of Mughal etiquette and sensibility. It is this history that is today still reflected in the faded grandeur of the old city, now crumbling due to decades of neglect. The narrow, winding, high-walled lanes and alleyways, the old high-ceilinged houses with verandas and balconies, the old neighbourhoods, the graveyards and gardens, the mosques, the grand old mansions – these are all still there if one goes looking".<ref name="himalmag1">{{Cite magazine |date=26 March 2019 |title=Out of place, out of time |url=https://www.himalmag.com/zafar-sobhan-dhaka-bangladesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164534/https://www.himalmag.com/zafar-sobhan-dhaka-bangladesh/ |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |magazine=Himal Southasian}}</ref> Railway stations, postal departments, civil service posts and river port stations were often staffed by [[Anglo-Indians]].<ref>Railways, steamer services, postal departments and lower civil services</ref>

The city's hinterland supplied rice, jute, [[gunny sack]]s, turmeric, ginger, leather hides, silk, rugs, [[saltpeter]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saltpetre |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Saltpetre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024151133/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Saltpetre |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> salt,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salt Industry |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Salt_Industry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024151131/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Salt_Industry |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> sugar, [[indigo]], cotton, and iron.<ref name="bp-americans">{{Cite web |title=Americans, The |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Americans,_The |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024151135/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Americans,_The |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> British opium policy in Bengal contributed to the [[Opium War]]s with [[China]]. American traders collected artwork, handicrafts, terracotta, sculptures, religious and literary texts, manuscripts, and military weapons from Bengal. Some objects from the region are on display in the [[Peabody Essex Museum]].<ref name="bp-americans" /> The increase in international trade led to profits for many families in the city, allowing them to buy imported luxury goods.

===British Raj===
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian mutiny of 1857]], the city witnessed revolts by the [[Bengal Army]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=14 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[British Raj|Direct rule by the British crown]] was established following the successful quelling of the mutiny. It bestowed privileges on the Dhaka Nawab Family, which dominated the city's political and social elite. The [[Dhaka Cantonment]] was established as a base for the [[British Indian Army]]. The British developed the modern city around [[Ramna]], [[Shahbag]] Garden, and [[Bahadur Shah Park|Victoria Park]]. Dhaka got its own version of the [[hansom cab]] as public transport in 1856.<ref name="transport">{{Cite news |date=24 September 2018 |title=From Elephants to Motor Cars |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/elephants-motor-cars-1637557 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609060318/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/elephants-motor-cars-1637557 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The number of carriages increased from 60 in 1867 to 600 in 1889.<ref name=transport/>
[[File:Race-course-dhaka-1890 2.jpg|thumb|A horse racing [[Derby (horse race)|derby]] taking place in Dhaka in 1890.]]
[[File:Lord Curzon at Ramna.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Curzon]] (standing far left) with early automobiles in [[Shahbag]] in 1904]]
A modern civic water system was introduced in 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka WASA |url=http://dwasa.org.bd/index.php/home/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206090551/http://dwasa.org.bd/index.php/home/history/ |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |publisher=Dwasa.org.bd}}</ref> In 1885, the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge (1000 mm) rail line connecting [[Mymensingh]] and the [[Port of Narayanganj]] through Dhaka.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{Cite web |title=Railway |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143242/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The city later became a hub of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway|Eastern Bengal State Railway]].<ref name="en.banglapedia.org" /> The first [[film]] shown in Dhaka was screened on the Riverfront Crown Theatre on 17 April 1898.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Film, Feature |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Film,_Feature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926202745/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Film,_Feature |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The film show was organized by the Bedford Bioscope Company.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The electricity supply began in 1901.<ref name="tusher.kobiraj.com">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=History of Electricity in Bangladesh | Thcapriciousboy |url=http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216195149/http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |publisher=Tusher.kobiraj.com}}</ref>

This period is described as being "the colonial-era part of Dhaka, developed by the British during the early 20th century. Similar to colonial boroughs the length and breadth of the Subcontinent, this development was typified by stately government buildings, spacious tree-lined avenues, and sturdy white-washed bungalows set amidst always overgrown (the British never did manage to fully tame the landscape) gardens. Once upon a time, this was the new city; and even though it is today far from the ritziest part of town, the streets here are still wider and the trees more abundant and the greenery more evident than in any other part".<ref name="himalmag1" />

Some of the early educational institutions established during the period of British rule include the [[Dhaka College]], the [[Sir Salimullah Medical College|Dhaka Medical School]], the [[Eden Mohila College|Eden College]], [[St Gregory's High School|St. Gregory's School]], the [[Kabi Nazrul Government College|Mohsinia Madrasa]], [[Jagannath University|Jagannath College]] and the [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|Ahsanullah School of Engineering]]. [[Horse racing]] was a favourite pastime for elite residents in the city's Ramna Race Course beside the [[Dhaka Club]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramna Racecourse |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Ramna_Racecourse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001145756/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Ramna_Racecourse |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The [[Viceroy of India]] would often dine and entertain with Bengali aristocrats in the city. [[Automobile]]s began appearing after the turn of the century. A 1937 [[Sunbeam-Talbot Ten]] was preserved in the Liberation War Museum. The Nawabs of Dhaka owned [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]s. [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] cars were widely used. [[Beauty Boarding]] was a popular inn and restaurant.

Dhaka's fortunes changed in the early 20th century. British neglect of Dhaka's urban development was overturned with the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] in 1905, which restored Dhaka's status as a regional capital. The city became the seat of government for [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], with a jurisdiction covering most of modern-day Bangladesh and all of what is now [[Northeast India]]. The partition was the brainchild of [[Lord Curzon]], who finally acted on British ideas for partitioning Bengal to improve administration, education, and business. Dhaka became the seat of the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council]]. While Dhaka was the main capital throughout the year, [[Shillong]] acted as the summer retreat of the administration. Lieutenant Governors were in charge of the province. They resided in Dhaka. The Lt Governors included Sir [[Bampfylde Fuller]] (1905–1906), Sir Lancelot Hare (1906–1911), and [[Charles Stuart Bayley|Sir Charles Stuart Bayley]] (1911–1912). Their legacy lives on in the names of three major thoroughfares in modern Dhaka, including Hare Road,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman Chowdhury |first=Abida |date=11 February 2014 |title=Dhaka through its streets |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/dhaka-through-its-streets-10591 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125945/https://www.thedailystar.net/dhaka-through-its-streets-10591 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> [[Bailey Road, Dhaka|Bayley Road]], and Fuller Road.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2018 |title=A Short, Winding and Legendary Dhaka Road |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/short-winding-and-legendary-dhaka-road-1601140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125942/https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/short-winding-and-legendary-dhaka-road-1601140 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> The period saw the construction of stately buildings, including the High Court and Curzon Hall. The city was home to diverse groups of people, including [[Armenians in Dhaka|Armenians]], [[History of the Jews in Bangladesh|Jews]],<ref name="thejc" /> Anglo-Indians and Hindus. The Hindus included both [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] and [[Bengali Hindus]], with a plurality emerging by 1941 and engaged in professions like teaching, medicine, law, and business.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Mohammad Afzalur |date=2 December 2022 |title=Dhaka before and after Partition |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/dhaka-and-after-partition-3185521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416162455/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/dhaka-and-after-partition-3185521 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion}}</ref>
[[File:Panorama of Dacca 19th century 1.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panorama of the Dhaka waterfront in 1847]]
Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions, including the Assam Valley Division, [[Chittagong Division]], [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]], [[Rajshahi Division]], and the Surma Valley Division. There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur and [[Barisal Division|Backergunge]] in Dacca Division; [[Comilla Division|Tippera]], Noakhali, Chittagong and the [[Hill Tracts]] in Chittagong Division; Rajshahi, Dinajpur, [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]], Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna and [[Malda division|Malda]] in Rajshahi Division; Sylhet, [[Barak Valley|Cachar]], the [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]], the [[Nagaland|Naga Hills]] and the [[Mizoram|Lushai Hills]] in Surma Valley Division; and [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]], the [[Meghalaya|Garo Hills]], [[Darrang]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]], [[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]] and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] in Assam Valley Division.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Eastern Bengal and Assam}}</ref> The province was bordered by [[Cooch Behar State]], [[Hill Tipperah]] and the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]].
[[File:Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg|thumb|Dhaka was the capital of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in the [[British Raj]] between 1905 and 1912]] [[File:DG 21 -08 HIGH COURT DHAKA IMG 3402.jpg|thumb|[[Old High Court Building, Dhaka]] ]]
On the political front, partition allowed Dhaka to project itself as the standard-bearer of Muslim communities in [[British Raj|British India]], as opposed to the heavily Hindu-dominated city of Calcutta.<ref name="worldviewcities.org" /> In 1906, the [[All India Muslim League]] was founded in the city during a conference on liberal education hosted by the [[Khwaja Salimullah|Nawab of Dhaka]] and the [[Aga Khan III]]. The Muslim population in Dhaka and eastern Bengal generally favoured partition in the hopes of getting better jobs and educational opportunities. Many Bengalis, however, opposed the bifurcation of the ethnolinguistic region. The partition was annulled by an announcement from King [[George V]] during the [[Delhi Durbar]] in 1911. The British decided to reunite Bengal while the [[capital of India]] was shifted to [[New Delhi]] from Calcutta.

As a "splendid compensation" for the annulment of partition,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2017 |title=University of Dhaka and the partitioning of Bengal |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/dhaka-university-and-the-partitioning-bengal-1453546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125945/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/dhaka-university-and-the-partitioning-bengal-1453546 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> the British gave the city a newly formed university in the 1920s. The [[University of Dhaka]] was initially modelled on the residential style of the [[University of Oxford]]. It became known as the [[Oxford of the East]] because of its residential character. Like Oxford, students in Dhaka were affiliated with their halls of residence instead of their academic departments (this system was dropped after 1947 and students are now affiliated with academic departments).<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2014 |title=Was Dhaka University ever the "Oxford of the East"? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/was-dhaka-university-ever-the-oxford-of-the-east-57343 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125941/https://www.thedailystar.net/was-dhaka-university-ever-the-oxford-of-the-east-57343 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref name="newagebd1">{{Cite news |title='Oxford of the East' or the 'Mecca University'? |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/156210/oxford-of-the-east-or-the-mecca-university |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125943/https://www.newagebd.net/article/156210/oxford-of-the-east-or-the-mecca-university |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=New Age}}</ref> The university's faculty included scientist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] (who is the namesake of the [[Higgs boson]]); linguist [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], [[Ahmad Fazlur Rahman|Sir A F Rahman]] (the first Bengali vice-chancellor of the university); and historian [[R. C. Majumdar]].<ref name="newagebd1" /> The university was established in 1921 by the [[Imperial Legislative Council]]. It started with three faculties and 12 departments, covering the subjects of Sanskrit, Bengali, English, [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]], history, Arabic, Islamic Studies, Persian, Urdu, philosophy, economics, politics, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and law.

The East Bengal Cinematograph Company produced the first full-length [[silent film|silent movies]] in Dhaka during the 1920s, including ''[[Sukumari]]'' and ''[[The Last Kiss (1931 film)|The Last Kiss]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> DEVCO, a subsidiary of the Occtavian Steel Company, began widescale [[Electric power|power]] distribution in 1930.<ref name="tusher.kobiraj.com" /> The [[Tejgaon Airport]] was constructed during [[World War II]] as a base for [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]]. The [[Dhaka Medical College]] was established in 1946.

At the time of the partition of India, many rich Hindu families relocated to West Bengal. Their properties were seized by the state under laws that eventually became known as the [[Vested Property Act (Bangladesh)|Vested Property Act]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Roy |first=Dipanwita |date=21 April 2007 |title=Vested Property Act: A story of deprivation and exploitation |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/law/2007/04/03/rights.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416164939/https://archive.thedailystar.net/law/2007/04/03/rights.htm |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |magazine=Law & Our Rights |publisher=The Daily Star}}</ref>

===Metropolitan Dhaka===
[[File:Time-lapse of the urban growth of Dhaka, Bangladesh as seen from space (1972 to 2001).webm|thumb|NASA animation showing the urban growth of Dhaka from 1972 to 2001.]]
[[File:Motijheel, Dhaka, 1980s.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Dhaka's main CBD in the 1980s]]
[[File:Gulshan, Dhaka, 1980s.jpg|thumb|A suburban residential neighbourhood in the 1980s]]
The development of the "real city" began after the [[partition of India]].<ref name="himalmag1" /> After partition, Dhaka became known as the ''second capital'' of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="himalmag1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2018 |title=How politics and architecture blended in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star |type=Opinion}}</ref> This was formalized in 1962 when [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] declared the city as the legislative capital under the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|1962 constitution]]. New neighbourhoods began to spring up in formerly barren and agrarian areas. These included [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]] (rice granary), Katabon (thorn forest), Kathalbagan (jackfruit garden), [[Kalabagan]] (banana garden), [[Segunbagicha]] (teak garden) and [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] (flower garden).<ref name="himalmag1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=পুরান ঢাকার সাতসতেরো |url=https://www.sonalinews.com/feature/news/114285 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=সোনালী নিউজ |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501132638/https://www.sonalinews.com/feature/news/114285 |url-status=live}}</ref> Living standards rapidly improved from the pre-partition standards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=K. Anis |date=16 August 2017 |title=Opinion | Why do Bangladeshis Seem Indifferent to Partition? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/opinion/bangladesh-bengali-muslims-partition.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829170711/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/opinion/bangladesh-bengali-muslims-partition.html |archive-date=29 August 2017 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The economy began to industrialize. On the outskirts of the city, the [[Adamjee Jute Mills|world's largest jute mill]] was built. The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unthreading Partition: The politics of jute sharing between two Bengals |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106084737/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> People began building duplex houses. In 1961, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip]] witnessed the improved living standards of Dhaka's residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2018 |title=Queen Elizabeth II in Bangladesh (1961) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_sS-WU9yWc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_sS-WU9yWc&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The [[InterContinental Dhaka|Intercontinental hotel]], designed by [[William B. Tabler]], was opened in 1966. Estonian-American architect [[Louis I. Kahn]] was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly, which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh's parliament. The [[East Pakistan Helicopter Service]] connected the city to regional towns.

The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] was opened on 28 April 1954. The first local airline [[Orient Airways]] began flights between Dhaka and [[Karachi]] on 6 June 1954. The [[RAJUK|Dhaka Improvement Trust]] was established in 1956 to coordinate the city's development. The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part II: Formulation of Urban and Transport Plan |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084236/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] established a medical research centre (now called [[ICDDR,B]]) in the city in 1960.

The early period of political turbulence was seen between 1947 and 1952, particularly the [[Bengali language movement]]. From the mid-1960s, the [[Awami League]]'s 6-point autonomy demands began giving rise to pro-independence aspirations across [[East Pakistan]]. In 1969, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was released from prison amid a mass upsurge which led to the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1970. The city had an influential press with prominent newspapers like the ''[[The Bangladesh Observer|Pakistan Observer]]'', ''[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]],'' ''[[Forum (Bangladesh)|Forum]]'', and the ''[[Weekly Holiday]]''. During the political and constitutional crisis in 1971, the [[military junta]] led by [[Yahya Khan]] refused to transfer power to the newly elected National Assembly, causing mass riots, civil disobedience, and a movement for [[self-determination]]. On 7 March 1971, [[Awami League]] leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed a massive public gathering at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Ramna Race Course Maidan]] in Dhaka, in which he warned of an independence struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/culture/people-of-bangladesh/sheikh-mujibur-rahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216193211/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/culture/people-of-bangladesh/sheikh-mujibur-rahman/ |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |publisher=Virtual Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name="Richards2003">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=John |date=July–September 2003 |title=Calcutta and Dhaka: A Tale of Two Cities |url=http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2003/3/3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=49–57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216201250/http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2003/3/3.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, East Pakistan came under a [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-co-operation]] movement against the Pakistani state. On Pakistan's Republic Day (23 March 1971), [[Flag of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi flags]] were hoisted throughout Dhaka in a show of resistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Edgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA125 |title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-317-6190-8 |page=A.125 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102206/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA125&lpg=SL1-PA125&q=23+march+1971+republic+day+east+pakistan |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 March 1971, the [[Pakistan Army]] launched military operations under [[Operation Searchlight]] against the population of East Pakistan.<ref name="books.google.com.bd">{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |author-link=Rounaq Jahan |title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-87191-4 |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |edition=4th |page=254 |chapter=Genocide in Bangladesh |access-date=18 February 2015 |editor-last2=Parsons |editor-first2=William Spencer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XYp-z5aP4MC&pg=PA254}}</ref> Dhaka bore the brunt of the army's atrocities, witnessing a [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide]] and a campaign of wide-scale repression, with the arrest, torture, and murder of the city's civilians, students, [[intelligentsia]], political activists and religious minorities. The army faced [[mutiny|mutinies]] from the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] and the Bengali police.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandi |first=Bibhuti Bhusan |title=Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0851-4 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Jyoti Bhusan Das |page=732 |chapter=Low-Intensity War |access-date=18 February 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJuM4FylchwC&pg=PA732}}</ref> Large parts of the city were burnt and destroyed, including Hindu neighbourhoods.<ref name="books.google.com.bd" /> Much of the city's population was either displaced or forced to flee to the countryside.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2014 |title=Fall of Dhaka: Memories of a bloody December – Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130124156/http://www.dawn.com/news/1151151 |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref> Dhaka was struck with numerous air raids by the [[Indian Air Force]] in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|December]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salik |first=Siddiq |author-link=Siddique Salik |title=Witness to Surrender |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-19-577257-1 |page=195}}</ref> The Pakistan Eastern Command [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|surrendered]] to Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] at the [[Ramna Race Course]] in Dhaka on 16 December 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=J. F. R. |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |title=Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a Nation |publisher=Manohar |year=1997 |isbn=81-7304-189-X |pages=146–147}}</ref>

After independence, Dhaka's population grew from several hundred thousand to several million in five decades. Dhaka was declared the national capital by the [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]] in 1972. The post-independence period witnessed rapid growth as Dhaka attracted migrant workers from across rural [[Bangladesh]]. 60% of population growth has been due to rural migration.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The city endured [[socialist]] unrest in the early 1970s, followed by a few years of [[martial law]]. The stock exchange and [[free market]] were restored in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, Dhaka saw the inauguration of the [[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban|National Parliament House]] (which won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]]), a new [[Dhaka Airport|international airport]] and the [[Bangladesh National Museum]]. Bangladesh pioneered the formation of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) and hosted its first summit in Dhaka in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka Declaration |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/01-Dhaka-1stSummit1985.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607131812/http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/01-Dhaka-1stSummit1985.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> A mass uprising in 1990 led to the return of [[parliamentary democracy]]. Dhaka hosted a trilateral summit between India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh in 1998;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Habib |first=Haroon |date=24 January 1998 |title=An economic initiative |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1502/15020520.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102213/https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol15-02/ |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2018 |magazine=Frontline}}</ref> the summit of the [[D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation]] in 1999 and conferences of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] and [[United Nations]] agencies during various years.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Shahadat |date=January 2008 |title=Rapid Urban Growth and Poverty in Dhaka City |url=http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |url-status=live |journal=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |volume=5 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115752/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6 million to 12 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka: fastest growing megacity in the world |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119194102/https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=The World from PRX |date=2 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> There has been increased [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors. Between 2008 and 2011, the [[government of Bangladesh]] organized three years of celebrations to mark 400 years since Dhaka's founding as an early modern city.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="voabangla.com" /><ref name="ReferenceC" /> But frequent [[hartal]]s by political parties have greatly hampered the city's economy.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.un-bd.org/Docs/Publication/Beyond%20Hartals.pdf |title=Beyond Hartals: Towards Democratic Dialogue in Bangladesh |date=March 2005 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Bangladesh |isbn=984-32-1424-2 |access-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063333/http://www.un-bd.org/Docs/Publication/Beyond%20Hartals.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The hartal rate has declined since 2014. In some years, the city experienced a widespread [[flash flood]] during the monsoon.

Dhaka is one of the fastest-growing megacities in the world.<ref name="content.time.com">{{Cite magazine |last=Carbone |first=Nick |date=26 October 2011 |title=The 10 Fastest-Growing Cities of Tomorrow: 2. Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097713,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708134803/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097713,00.html |archive-date=8 July 2017 |access-date=19 January 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> It is predicted to be one of the world's largest cities by 2025, along with [[Tokyo]], [[Mexico City]], [[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]] and [[New York City]].<ref name="CBSN">{{Cite news |title=Dhaka, Bangladesh: Fastest Growing City in the World |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dhaka-bangladesh-fastest-growing-city-in-the-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105225/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dhaka-bangladesh-fastest-growing-city-in-the-world/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=22 February 2019 |work=CBS News}}</ref> Most of its population are rural migrants, including [[climate refugees]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short City Profile on Dhaka City: Adaptation Issues for Climate Change?? |url=http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/docs/B4-Bonn2010-Hamidul.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211112/http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/docs/B4-Bonn2010-Hamidul.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> [[Traffic congestion|Congestion]] is one of the most prominent features of modern Dhaka. In 2014, it was reported that only 7% of the city was covered by roads.<ref name="TNR">{{Cite magazine |title=Welcome to the Traffic Capital of the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118416/what-dhaka-bangladesh-traffic-capital-world-can-teach-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143131/https://newrepublic.com/article/118416/what-dhaka-bangladesh-traffic-capital-world-can-teach-us |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=22 February 2019 |magazine=The New Republic}}</ref> The first phase of [[Dhaka Metro Rail]] from [[Uttara (town)|Uttara]] to [[Agargaon]] was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] on 28 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-28 |title=PM opens country's first metro rail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/dhaka-metro-rail-opening/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-metro-rail-3207081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230115043453/https://www.thedailystar.net/special-events/dhaka-metro-rail-opening/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-metro-rail-3207081 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |access-date=2023-01-15 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> However, nearly one third of Dhaka's population lives in [[slum]]s, as of 2016.<ref name=":1" /> The city's main river, the [[Buriganga River]], has become one of the most polluted rivers in the country.<ref name="Majumder 2009" /><ref name="the Guardian 2015" />

== Geography ==
{{See also|Geography of Bangladesh}}

===Topography===
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = View of Dhaka from the [[International Space Station]]
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Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at {{Coord|23|42|N|90|22|E|type:city_region:BD|display=inline}}, on the eastern banks of the [[Buriganga River]]. The city lies on the lower reaches of the [[Ganges Delta]] and covers a total area of {{convert|270|km2|sqmi}}. Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterize the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the [[monsoon]] seasons owing to heavy rainfall and [[cyclone]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hough |first=Michael |title=Cities and natural process |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-29855-5 |pages=64–65}}</ref> Due to its location on the lowland plain of the Ganges Delta, the city is fringed by extensive mangroves and tidal flat ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |date=2014 |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=267–272 |bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |doi=10.1890/130260 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207073933/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> Dhaka District is bounded by the districts of [[Gazipur District|Gazipur]], [[Tangail District|Tangail]], [[Munshiganj District|Munshiganj]], [[Rajbari District|Rajbari]], [[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj]], and [[Manikganj District|Manikganj]].

The city of Dhaka is built over a network of rivers. The city’s life is strongly intertwined with the rivers, as they are used for multiple purposes, including transportation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Bussi |first1=Gianbattista |last2=Shawal |first2=Shammi |last3=Hossain |first3=Mohammed Abed |last4=Whitehead |first4=Paul G. |last5=Jin |first5=Li |date=2023 |title=Multibranch Modelling of Flow and Water Quality in the Dhaka River System, Bangladesh: Impacts of Future Development Plans and Climate Change |journal=Water |language=en |volume=15 |issue=17 |pages=3027 |doi=10.3390/w15173027 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Water..15.3027B}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref>

=== Cityscape ===
[[File:Dhaka 14th March (32595709004).jpg|thumb|Cityscape of Dhaka]]
Except [[Old Dhaka]], which is an old [[bazaar]]-style neighbourhood, the layout of the city follows a grid pattern with organic development influenced by traditional South Asian as well as Middle Eastern and Western patterns. Growth of the city is largely unplanned and is focused on the northern regions and around the city centre, where many of the more affluent neighbourhoods may be found.<ref name="Sohn Moudon Lee pp. 115–128">{{Cite journal |last1=Sohn |first1=Dong Wook |last2=Moudon |first2=Anne Vernez |last3=Lee |first3=Jeasun |date=4 April 2012 |title=The economic value of walkable neighborhoods |journal=Urban Design International |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |doi=10.1057/udi.2012.1 |issn=1357-5317 |s2cid=109091026}}</ref> Most of the construction in the city consists of concrete [[high-rise building]]s. Middle-class and upper-class housing, along with commercial and industrial areas, occupy most of the city. However, nearly one third of Dhaka's population lives in [[slum]]s, as of 2016 (see below).<ref name=":1" />

Dhaka does not have a well-defined [[central business district]]. [[Old Dhaka]] is the historic commercial centre, but most development has moved to the north. In 1985, the area around [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]] was considered the "modern" CBD, while by 2005 [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] was considered the "newest" part of the CBD. Many Bangladeshi government institutions can be found in [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]], [[Segunbagicha]], [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]], [[Karwan Bazar]], and [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]].<ref name="Siddiqui2010">{{Cite book |last1=Siddiqui |first1=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqTeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=Social Formation in Dhaka, 1985-2005: A Longitudinal Study of Society in a Third World Megacity |last2=Ahmed |first2=J. |last3=Siddique |first3=K. |last4=Huq |first4=S. |last5=Hossain |first5=A. |last6=Nazimud-Doula |first6=S. |last7=Rezawana |first7=N. |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-317-05400-9 |pages=6, 12 |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

Much activity is centred around a few large roads, where road laws are rarely obeyed and street vendors and beggars are frequently encountered.<ref name="Sohn Moudon Lee pp. 115–128" /><ref name="Kalabamu 1987 pp. 123–131">{{Cite journal |last=Kalabamu |first=Faustin T. |year=1987 |title=Rickshaws and the traffic problems of Dhaka |journal=Habitat International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=123–131 |doi=10.1016/0197-3975(87)90063-4 |issn=0197-3975}}</ref>

For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterized by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seabrook |first=Jeremy |url=https://archive.org/details/incitiesofsouths0004seab/page/221 |title=In the Cities of the South: Scenes from a Developing World |publisher=Verso Books |year=1996 |isbn=1-85984-081-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/incitiesofsouths0004seab/page/221 221]}}</ref> Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World and Its Peoples |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3 |page=489}}</ref> Three of the largest shopping malls in the city and the wider South Asian region are the [[Jamuna Future Park]], [[Centrepoint, Dhaka|Centrepoint]] and [[Bashundhara City]].

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Dhaka}}

Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Dhaka has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''). The city has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of {{convert|26|C|F|abbr=on}} and monthly means varying between {{convert|19|C|F|abbr=on}} in January and {{convert|29|C|F|abbr=on}} in May.<ref name="weather1">{{Cite web |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=032914&refer=/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123042049/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=032914&refer=%2F |archive-date=23 November 2015 |access-date=15 December 2008 |publisher=weatherbase.com}}</ref> Approximately 87% of the average annual rainfall of {{convert|2123|mm|in|abbr=off}} occurs between May and October.<ref name="weather1" />

According to the World Air Quality Report 2024, Dhaka is one of the world's 20 most polluted cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Most Polluted Cities 2024 {{!}} AQI Ranking |url=https://www.aqi.in/world-most-polluted-cities |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.aqi.in |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319161950/https://www.aqi.in/world-most-polluted-cities |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Dhaka weatherbox}}

=== Parks and greenery ===
[[File:Ramna Park, Dhaka , Bangladesh 10.jpg|thumb|[[Ramna Park]] is the largest park in the city]]
There are many parks within Dhaka City, including [[Ramna Park]], [[Suhrawardy Udyan]], [[Shishu Park]], [[National Botanical Garden of Bangladesh|National Botanical Garden]], [[Baldha Garden]], [[Chandrima Uddan]], Gulshan Park and [[Dhaka Zoo]].

=== Rivers and lakes ===
Almost 10% of the city's area consists of water, with 676 ponds and 43 canals.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Buriganga River]] flows past the southwest outskirts of Dhaka. Its average depth is {{convert|25|ft|m|disp=flip}} and its maximum depth is {{convert|58|ft|m|disp=flip}}. It ranks among the most polluted rivers in the country.<ref name="Majumder 2009">{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Azad |date=19 May 2009 |title=Bangladesh river pollution threatens millions |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-rivers-idUSTRE54I04G20090519 |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=Reuters |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151829/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-rivers-idUSTRE54I04G20090519 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="the Guardian 2015">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2015 |title=The river runs black: pollution from Bangladesh's tanneries – in pictures |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/gallery/2015/oct/23/the-river-runs-black-pollution-from-bangladeshs-tanneries-in-pictures |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=the Guardian}}</ref>

The city is surrounded by six interconnected river systems—the Buriganga and [[Dhaleshwari River|Dhaleshwari]] in the southwest, [[Turag River|Turag]] and Tongi Khal in the north, and [[Balu River|Balu]] and [[Sitalakhya river|Shitalakshya]] in the east—which support trade, transport, and stormwater drainage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoque |first1=Sonia Ferdous |last2=Peters |first2=Rebecca |last3=Whitehead |first3=Paul |last4=Hope |first4=Robert |last5=Hossain |first5=Mohammed Abed |date=2021 |title=River pollution and social inequalities in Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8432a5ca-0570-4f93-b082-8d158dc6dc66/files/sws859g42w |journal=Environmental Research Communications |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=095003 |bibcode=2021ERCom...3i5003H |doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac2458 |issn=2515-7620 |doi-access=free |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618165139/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8432a5ca-0570-4f93-b082-8d158dc6dc66/files/sws859g42w |url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2017 }}</ref> However, the current [[water quality|quality]] of the river network is very poor, due to the discharge of untreated [[wastewater]] from households and industries.<ref name=":02" />

There are several lakes within the city, such as Crescent Lake, [[Dhanmondi Lake]], [[Baridhara]]-[[Gulshan Lake]], [[Banani Lake]], [[Uttara Lake]], [[Hatirjheel|Hatirjheel-Begunbari]] Lake, and Ramna Lake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2020 |title=20 Best Places to Visit in Dhaka Division |url=https://mybangla24.com/best-places-to-visit-in-dhaka-division |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029125856/https://mybangla24.com/best-places-to-visit-in-dhaka-division |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Environmental pollution ===
{{See also|Environmental issues in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Pollution by a factory on the bank of the Buriganga near Dhaka 04.jpg|thumb|Pollution by a factory on the bank of the [[Buriganga]] near Dhaka in 2020]]
Increasing air and water pollution affects public health and quality of life in the city.<ref name="Geo2">{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=M. Abdul Latif |date=27 September 2006 |title=Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities28.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302043917/http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities28.htm |archive-date=2 March 2007 |access-date=27 September 2006 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The [[air pollution]] is caused for example by vehicle traffic and congestion. Also, due to the unregulated manufacturing of [[brick]]s and other causes, Dhaka has very high levels of fine particulate matter ([[PM2.5]]) air pollution.<ref name="UD9518">{{Cite news |last=Sohara Mehroze Shachi |date=5 September 2018 |title=Bangladesh's Air Pollution Problem Grows, Brick by Brick |url=https://undark.org/article/air-pollution-dhaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907141106/https://undark.org/article/air-pollution-dhaka/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=Undark |quote=The kiln operations alone – while representing just 1 percent of the country's GDP – generate nearly 60 percent of the particulate pollution in Dhaka, according to Bangladesh's Department of Environment (DOE).}}</ref>

[[Water pollution]] is caused by the discharge of municipal wastewater from households and industry without treatment. As of 2011 only 20% of the city is connected to a [[Sewerage|sewer system]], whereas 80% is not connected.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, the rivers in Dhaka have severe [[pathogen]] pollution, as indicated by the [[fecal coliform]] count that is several hundred times higher than the recommended national and international standards of less than 200 [[Colony-forming unit|cfu]] per litre for bathing and swimming.<ref name=":2" /> Chemical surveys in the rivers near Dhaka show extremely high organic pollution loading, high [[Ammonia pollution|ammonia]], and very low [[dissolved oxygen]] levels, which are close to zero in the dry season.<ref name=":02" />

In addition to the organic and pathogen pollution load from the 1.2 million m3 of untreated sewage, the rivers receive about 60,000 m3 of industrial effluent every day from nine major industrial clusters (as of 2021).<ref name=":2" /> There are an estimated 500–700 wet processing and [[dyeing]] [[Textile factory|textile factories]] releasing a range of chemicals including salts, dyes and bleaches, and 155 [[tanneries]] discharging [[heavy metals]], including [[chromium]].<ref name=":2" />

Four of the rivers surrounding Dhaka—[[Buriganga River|Buriganga]], [[Shitalakshya River|Sitalakhya]], [[Balu River|Balu]] and [[Turag River|Turag]]—are so polluted that they have been declared as ''ecologically critical areas'' in 2009 by the Department of Environment. This makes them unsuitable for any human use.<ref name=":2" /> Nevertheless, people living in low-income and slum areas still have a lot of direct contact with river water, exposing them to health risks. They use river water for dishwashing, laundry, cleaning fish and vegetables, and personal washing, washing and dyeing [[denim]], washing fish baskets or plastic sheets, collecting plastic waste and fishing.<ref name=":2" /> As a result, many of the immediate environmental burdens of river pollution are borne by these low-income residents.<ref name=":2" />

Bodies of water and [[wetland]]s around Dhaka face destruction as they are being filled to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.<ref name="Geo2" />

==Government==

===Capital city===
[[File:1.জাতীয় সংসদ ভবন.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[National Parliament House]] complex is surrounded by 200 acres of gardens in the centre of the city]]
As the capital of the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]], Dhaka is home to numerous state and diplomatic institutions. The [[Bangabhaban]] is the official residence and workplace of the [[President of Bangladesh]], who is the ceremonial head of state under the constitution. The [[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban|National Parliament House]] is located in the modernist capital complex designed by [[Louis Kahn]] in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]], while the [[Ganabhaban]], known for being former prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s official residence, is situated on the north side. The [[Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)|Prime Minister's Office]] is located in Tejgaon. Most ministries of the [[Government of Bangladesh]] are housed in the Bangladesh Secretariat.<ref name="cabinet">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2016 |title=List of Ministries and Divisions |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.bd/site/page/55bcf4d6-dd85-45c1-94b6-bcb06e4b1b12/45/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119141454/http://cabinet.gov.bd/site/page/55bcf4d6-dd85-45c1-94b6-bcb06e4b1b12/45/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=27 November 2016 |publisher=Cabinet Division}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]], the [[Dhaka High Court]] and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Foreign Ministry]] are located in the [[Segunbagicha]]-[[Shahbag]]h area. The [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Defence Ministry]] and the [[Ministry of Planning (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Planning]] are located in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar.<ref name=cabinet/> The [[Armed Forces Division]] of the government of Bangladesh and the army, navy and air force HQs of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] are located in Dhaka Cantonment.<ref name=cabinet/> Several important installations of the [[Bangladesh Army]] are also situated in Dhaka and [[Mirpur Cantonment]]s. The [[Bangladesh Navy]]'s principal administrative and logistics base, [[BNS Haji Mohshin]], is located in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy Bases |url=http://www.navy.mil.bd/bases.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527111317/http://www.navy.mil.bd/bases.php |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=30 January 2017 |publisher=Bangladesh Navy}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Air Force]] maintains the BAF Bangabandhu Air Base and BAF Khademul Bashar Air Base in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Locations of Bangladesh Air Force Bases |url=http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/location_baf?1=1&pagemenu=location_baf&submenu=0&leafsub=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119095215/http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/location_baf?1=1&pagemenu=location_baf&submenu=0&leafsub=0 |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=30 January 2017 |publisher=Join Bangladesh Air Force}}</ref>

Dhaka hosts [[List of diplomatic missions in Bangladesh|54 resident embassies and high commissions]] and numerous international organizations. Most diplomatic missions are located in the [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] and [[Baridhara]] areas of the city. The [[Agargaon]] area near Parliament is home to the country offices of the [[United Nations]], the [[World Bank]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], and the [[Islamic Development Bank]].

===Civic administration===
[[File:DG 81 - 09 NAGAR BHABAN ANCIENT DHAKA IMG 1655.jpg|thumb|[[Nagar Bhaban]] is the seat of the [[Dhaka South City Corporation]]]]

====History====
The municipality of Dhaka was founded on 1 August 1864 and upgraded to "[[municipal corporation|Metropolitan]]" status in 1978. In 1983, the [[Dhaka City Corporation]] was created as a self-governing entity to govern Dhaka.<ref name="star052015">{{Cite news |last=Md Shahnawaz Khan Chandan |date=8 May 2015 |title=Reminiscing Dhaka's Legacy |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/reminiscing-dhakas-legacy-80994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030749/http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/reminiscing-dhakas-legacy-80994 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

Under a new act in 1993, an election was held in 1994 for the first elected Mayor of Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2010 |title=Mayor Hanif's death anniversary today |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=163943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212231852/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=163943 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> The Dhaka City Corporation ran the affairs of the city until November 2011.<ref name="sum">{{Cite news |date=12 November 2011 |title=Don't split Dhaka, Khoka urges govt |url=http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-64245 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405174018/http://www.unbconnect.com/component/news/task-show/id-64245 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=12 September 2012 |work=UNBConnect}}</ref>

====Municipal government====
In 2011, [[Dhaka City Corporation]] was split into two separate corporations – [[Dhaka North City Corporation]] and [[Dhaka South City Corporation]] to ensure better civic facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hasan Jahid Tusher |date=18 October 2011 |title=Dhaka set to split into two |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=206982 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213005705/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=206982 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> These two corporations are headed by two mayors, who are elected by direct vote of the citizen for 5 years. The area within city corporations was divided into several wards, each having an elected commissioner. In total, the city has 130 wards and 725 ''[[mohalla]]s''.
* [[Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha|RAJUK]] is responsible for coordinating [[Urban planning|urban development]] in the [[Greater Dhaka]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Md Asraful |title=Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajdhani_Unnayan_Kartripakkha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507105228/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajdhani_Unnayan_Kartripakkha |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=26 July 2015 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>
* [[Dhaka Metropolitan Police|DMP]] is responsible for maintaining law and order within the metro area. It was established in 1976. DMP has 56 police stations as administrative units.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=History of the DMP |url=http://www.dmp.gov.bd/application/index/page/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123329/http://www.dmp.gov.bd/application/index/page/history |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2013 |publisher=[[Dhaka Metropolitan Police]]}}</ref><ref name="Z">{{Cite web |title=DMP – New Initiatives |url=http://www.dmp.gov.bd/static/new_initiative.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916060427/http://www.dmp.gov.bd/static/new_initiative.php |archive-date=16 September 2010 |access-date=30 September 2008 |publisher=Dhaka Metropolitan Police}}</ref>

===Administrative agencies===
Unlike other megacities worldwide, Dhaka is serviced by over two dozen government organizations under different ministries. Lack of coordination among them and centralization of all powers by the Government of Bangladesh keeps the development and maintenance of the city in a chaotic situation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2016 |title=What should we do for better civic services |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/what-should-we-do-better-civic-services-205963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630121655/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/what-should-we-do-better-civic-services-205963 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Agency!!Service!!Parent agency
|-
|[[Dhaka North City Corporation]] [[Dhaka South City Corporation]]
|[[Public service]]
|[[Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives]]  ∟ Local Government Division
|-
|[[Dhaka Metropolitan Police]]
|[[Law enforcement]]
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]  ∟ [[Bangladesh Police]]
|-
|[[Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha|RAJUK]]
|[[Urban planning]]
|[[Ministry of Housing and Public Works]]
|-
|[[Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited]] [[Dhaka Power Distribution Company Limited]]
|[[Electric power distribution]]
|[[Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources]]  ∟ Power Division
|-
|[[Water Supply and Sewerage Authority|Dhaka WASA]]
|[[Water supply]]
|[[Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives]]  ∟ Local Government Division
|-
|[[Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority]]
|[[Transport]]
|[[Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges]]  ∟Road Transport and Highways Division
|}

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Dhaka}}
[[File:Gulshan one crossing 01.jpg|thumb|Gulshan-1 intersection]]
As the most densely industrialized region of the country, the Greater Dhaka Area accounts for 46% of [[Economy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh's economy]].<ref name="Rezaul Karim">{{Cite news |last=Rezaul Karim |date=24 February 2017 |title=Dhaka's economic activities unplanned: analysts |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/dhakas-economic-activities-unplanned-analysts-1366252 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713203402/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/dhakas-economic-activities-unplanned-analysts-1366252 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] ranks Dhaka as a [[Global city|gamma+ global city]], in other words, one that is instrumental in linking their region into the world economy.<ref name=":8" /> Major industrial areas are [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]], [[Shyampur Thana|Shyampur]] and [[Hazaribagh Thana|Hazaribagh]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Dhaka City State of Environment |url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/reports/soe/dhaka-soe-05/3-4dhaka-noise.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207025410/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/reports/soe/dhaka-soe-05/3-4dhaka-noise.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |publisher=Regional Resource centre for Asia and the Pacific, [[United Nations Environment Programme]]}}</ref> The city has a growing middle class, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.<ref name="banglapedia" /><ref name="CiE" /> Shopping malls serve as vital elements in the city's economy. The city has historically attracted numerous migrant workers.<ref name="EDemo1">{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Terry |date=27 September 2006 |title=Urbanization Takes on New Dimensions in Asia's Population Giants |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2001/UrbanizationTakesonNewDimensionsinAsiasPopulationGiants.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214234539/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2001/UrbanizationTakesonNewDimensionsinAsiasPopulationGiants.aspx |archive-date=14 February 2008 |access-date=27 September 2006 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau}}</ref> [[Hawker centre|Hawkers]], peddlers, small shops, [[Cycle rickshaw|rickshaw]] transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population<ref name="EDemo1" /><ref name="Rick">{{Cite news |date=20 July 1998 |title=Does Dhaka need rickshaws? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/136074.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308190144/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/136074.stm |archive-date=8 March 2008 |access-date=27 September 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref> – rickshaw drivers alone number as many as 400,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Cervero |title=Informal Transport in the Developing World |publisher=UN-HABITAT |year=2000 |isbn=92-1-131453-4 |page=39}}</ref> Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganized labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. The unemployment rate in Dhaka was 23% in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhaka City Corporation |title=Dhaka City at a Glance |url=http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/Search_item_details/Search/Item_id/31/Item/employment/Dhaka_City_At_a_Glance |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115171206/http://www.dhakacity.org/Page/Search_item_details/Search/Item_id/31/Item/employment/Dhaka_City_At_a_Glance |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref>

Almost all large local conglomerates have their corporate offices located in Dhaka. [[Microcredit]] also began here and the offices of the Nobel Prize-winning [[Grameen Bank]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2007 |title=Poverty Alleviation: Yunus calls for major reforms in World Bank |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=10351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305083011/http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=10351 |archive-date=5 March 2008 |access-date=17 December 2008 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> and [[BRAC (organization)|BRAC]] (the largest [[Non-governmental organisation|non-governmental development organization]] in the world) are based in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2007 |title=Blind eye to urban poor to spell social disaster:Conference on the poor told |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/12/05/d61205011711.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723203409/http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/12/05/d61205011711.htm |archive-date=23 July 2008 |access-date=17 December 2008 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom; new high-rise buildings and [[skyscraper]]s have changed the city's landscape.<ref name="CiE" /> Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications, and service sectors, while tourism, hotels, and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy.<ref name="EDemo1" />

Dhaka has rising traffic congestion and inadequate infrastructure; the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapid urbanization of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten-year relief on [[income tax]] for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka.<ref name="townplan">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2008 |title=Town planning for Bangladesh: Vision 2020 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=62337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005519/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=62337 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |access-date=15 December 2008 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

===CBDs===
The Dhaka metropolitan area boasts several [[central business district]]s (CBDs). In the southern part of the city, the riverfront of [[Old Dhaka]] is home to many small businesses, factories, and trading companies. Near Old Dhaka lies [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]], which is the biggest CBD in Bangladesh. The Motijheel area developed in the 1960s. [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]] is home to the [[Bangladesh Bank]], the nation's central bank; as well as the headquarters of the largest state-owned banks, including [[Janata Bank]], [[Pubali Bank]], [[Sonali Bank]] and [[Rupali Bank]]. By the 1990s, the affluent residential neighbourhoods of [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]], [[Banani (town)|Banani]] and [[Uttara Thana|Uttara]] in the northern part of the city became a major business centre and now hosts many international companies operating in Bangladesh. The [[Purbachal New Town Project]] is planned as the city's future CBD.

The following is a list of the main CBDs in Dhaka.
* [[File:Dhaka Mohakhali.jpg|thumb|Mohakhali]][[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]]
* [[Kawran Bazar]]
* [[Paltan]]
* [[Dhanmondi]]
* [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]]
* [[Banani (town)|Banani]]/[[Banani DOHS|DOHS]]
* [[Uttara Thana|Uttara]]

* [[Mirpur DOHS|Mirpur/DOHS]]

* [[File:Dhaka-skyline-aymash.jpg|thumb|The dense skyline of Motijheel]][[Bashundhara Residential Area]]
* [[Panthapath]]
* [[Maghbazar]]
* [[Mohakhali]]/[[Mohakhali DOHS|DOHS]]
* [[Gulistan, Dhaka|Gulistan]]
* [[Jatrabari Thana|Jatrabari]]

===Industrial areas===
* [[Tejgaon Industrial Area Thana|Tejgaon I/A]]
* [[Old Dhaka]]

===Trade associations===
Major trade associations based in the city include:
* [[Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries]] (FBCCI)
* [[Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry]] (DCCI)
* [[Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dhaka|Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (MCCI)
* [[Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association]] (BGMEA)
* [[Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association]] (BKMEA)
* [[Newspaper Owners' Association of Bangladesh]] (NOAB)
* [[Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh]] (REHAB)

===Stock market===
The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] (DSE) had a [[market capitalization]] of BDT 5,136,979.000 million in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Dhaka Stock Exchange: Market Capitalization |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/bangladesh/dhaka-stock-exchange-market-capitalization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303084751/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/bangladesh/dhaka-stock-exchange-market-capitalization |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=CEIC Data}}</ref> Some of the largest companies listed on the DSE include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=DS30 Index |url=https://www.dsebd.org/dse30_share.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102131439/https://www.dsebd.org/dse30_share.php |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Dhaka Stock Exchange}}</ref>
* [[Grameenphone]]
* [[BEXIMCO]]
* [[BSRM]]
* [[Titas Gas]]
* [[Summit Group]]
* [[The City Bank]]
* [[BRAC Bank]]
* [[IDLC Finance Limited]]
* [[Square Pharmaceuticals]]
* [[Eastern Bank Ltd (Bangladesh)|Eastern Bank Limited]]
* [[Orion Group (Bangladesh)|Orion Group]]

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of Bangladesh}}
{{Historical populations
|align=right
|footnote=for Dhaka Agglomeration:{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
|1951|335,760
|1961|507,921
|1971|1,373,718
|1981|3,265,663
|1991|6,620,697
|2001|10,284,947
|2011|14,730,537
|2022|22,478,116
}}

=== Population ===
The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to over 22 million people {{as of|2022|lc=on}}. The population is growing by an estimated 3.3% per year,{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} one of the highest rates among Asian cities.<ref name="EDemo1" /> The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.<ref name="EDemo1" /> According to the ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', Dhaka will be home to 25 million people by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pepe Escobar |author-link=Pepe Escobar |date=20 May 2006 |title=The accumulation of the wretched |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HE20Aa01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031210457/http://atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/HE20Aa01.html |archive-date=31 October 2010 |access-date=8 May 2010 |work=[[Asia Times]] |type=Book review}}</ref>

This rapid population growth makes it difficult for the city government to provide the necessary infrastructure in a timely manner, e.g. for water supply, electricity and waste management.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Brouwer |first1=Roy |last2=Sharmin |first2=Dilruba F. |last3=Elliott |first3=Susan |last4=Liu |first4=Jennifer |last5=Khan |first5=Mizan R. |date=2023 |title=Costs and benefits of improving water and sanitation in slums and non-slum neighborhoods in Dhaka, a fast-growing mega-city |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=207 |article-number=107763 |bibcode=2023EcoEc.20707763B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107763 |doi-access=free |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/16276eec-0223-4f02-a528-c7a842614c34|hdl=1871.1/16276eec-0223-4f02-a528-c7a842614c34 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== Slums ====
{{See also|Squatting in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Karail03.jpg|thumb|The [[Korail slum]] in [[Banani (neighbourhood)|Banani]]]]
About 30% of Dhaka's population lives in [[slum]]s (or unplanned urban settlements), as of 2016.<ref name=":1" /> Estimates from 2011 and 2015 found that there are about "3 to 5 thousand slums and squatter settlements scattered all over the city".<ref name=":1" /> It is often the new arrivals, people [[Rural-urban migration|migrating from rural areas]], who end up living in slums. People only have very limited access to water, [[sanitation]] and other services in those slum areas.

Slums may be found in the outskirts and in less-visible areas such as alleyways.<ref name="Gruebner Sachs Nockert Frings pp. 1–7">{{Cite journal |last1=Gruebner |first1=Oliver |last2=Sachs |first2=Jonathan |last3=Nockert |first3=Anika |last4=Frings |first4=Michael |last5=Khan |first5=Md. Mobarak Hossain |last6=Lakes |first6=Tobia |last7=Hostert |first7=Patrick |date=25 June 2014 |title=Mapping the Slums of Dhaka from 2006 to 2010 |journal=Dataset Papers in Science |publisher=Hindawi Limited |volume=2014 |pages=1–7 |article-number=172182 |doi=10.1155/2014/172182 |issn=2314-8497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2021, the largest slum is in [[Kamrangirchar Thana|Kamrangirchar]], where about 600,000 people live in slum conditions.<ref name=":2" />

===Ethnicity===
The city population is composed of people from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaiya and have a distinctive Bengali dialect and culture. Dhaka is also home to a large number of [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Bihari refugees]], who are descendants of migrant [[Muslims]] from eastern India during 1947 and settled down in East Pakistan. The correct population of [[Biharis]] living in the city is ambiguous, but it is estimated that there are at least 300,000 Urdu-speakers in all of Bangladesh, mostly residing in old Dhaka and in refugee camps in Dhaka, although official figures estimate only 40,000.<ref name="fe">{{Cite news |title=Govt ready to offer nationality to Urdu-speaking people: Moni |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=110539 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104171314/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=110539 |archive-date=4 November 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka}}</ref><ref name="dw">{{Cite web |title=Socio-economic Problems of the Urdu Speaking Residents at Mohammadpur |url=http://www.dwatch-bd.org/ggtp/Research%20Reports/research3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612081936/http://www.dwatch-bd.org/ggtp/Research%20Reports/research3.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Democracy Watch}}</ref><ref name="ju">{{Cite web |last=Tasmia Persoob |title=The Forgotten Community: Camp Based Urdu Speaking People in Bangladesh |url=http://akira-foundation.org/Documents/fellow%20product%20%28Tasmia%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152732/http://akira-foundation.org/Documents/fellow%20product%20%28Tasmia%29.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Jahangirnagar University}}</ref> Between 15,000 and 20,000 of the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]], [[Santals|Santal]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Garo (tribe)|Garo]], [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Mandi State|Mandi]] tribal peoples reside in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities06.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302043551/http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities06.htm |archive-date=2 March 2007 |access-date=8 May 2010 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption=Language in Dhaka (2011)
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1=98 |color1=Blue
|label2=[[Urdu]]|value2=1 |color2=Green
|label3=Others|value3=1 |color3=Orange}}
Most residents of Dhaka speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], the national language. Other than Standard Bengali which is used in business and education, most prominent [[Bengali dialects]] spoken in the city include an ''Urban East Bengal Colloquial'' dialect,<ref>Khaleda Beena (2000). ''Modern Textbook in Bengali as Foreign Language.'' Bengaliska Magasinet; Dhaka : Rabeya Publishers; Göteborg : Internationella Kojan. p. 105.</ref>
and [[Dhakaiya Kutti]] spoken in Old Dhaka.<ref>[https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/sa8i3en9g9 Once a hallmark of heritage, Old Dhaka's distinct dialects are slowly fading away] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109133649/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/sa8i3en9g9 |date=9 November 2024 }} bdnews24.com. 21 Feb 2024. Retrieved on 9 November 2024.</ref> [[Bangladeshi English|English]] is spoken by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. The city has both Bengali and English newspapers. [[Urdu]], including [[Dhakaiya Urdu]], is spoken by members of several non-Bengali communities, including the [[Bihari people|Biharis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanghamitra Saha |title=A Linguist Visits Bangladesh: A Travelogue |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-85692-30-2 |page=8}}</ref>

===Literacy===
{{Update|part=Section|date=October 2025}}
The literacy rate in Dhaka is also increasing quickly. It was estimated at 69.2% in 2001. The literacy rate had gone up to 74.6% by 2011<ref name="District Statistics 2011, Dhaka" /> which is significantly higher than the national average of 72%.<ref name="bangladesh1">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2012, Page 35 |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/SubjectMatterDataIndex/YB-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807103320/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/SubjectMatterDataIndex/YB-2012.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Dhaka City (2011)<ref name="census2011" />
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float = right
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]]|green|94.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]]|darkorange|4.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christianity]]|blue|0.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|gray|0.13}}
}}

[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] is the dominant religion of the city, with 19.3 million of the city's population being Muslim, and a majority belonging to the [[Sunni]] sect. There is also a small [[Shia]] sect, and an [[Ahmadi|Ahmadiy]]ya community. [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] is the second-largest religion numbering around 1.47 million adherents. Smaller segments represent 1% and practise [[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christianity]] and [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]]. In the city proper, over 8.5 million of the 8.9 million residents are Muslims, while 320,000 are Hindu and nearly 50,000 Christian.<ref name="Dhaka - Banglapedia">{{Cite web |title=Dhaka |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Dhaka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200253/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Dhaka |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |last= |title=Population Census 2011: Dhaka Table C-13 |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Census2011/Dhaka/Dhaka/Dhaka_C13.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141113213203/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Census2011/Dhaka/Dhaka/Dhaka_C13.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 July 2014 |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em">
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Dhaka City (1872−2011){{efn|1872–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Dhaka, which included Dhaka Municipality.|name="DhakaCity1872to1941"}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1872<ref name="Census1872">{{Cite book |last=Beverley |first=H. |title=Report of the census of Bengal, 1872 |year=1872 |page=333 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057646 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{Cite web |year=1881 |title=Report on the census of Bengal, 1881. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057660 |access-date=29 September 2024 |page=608 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057660 |last1=(India) |first1=Bengal |volume=2 |publisher=Calcutta, 1883. |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718031701/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057660 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{Cite book |last=Baines |first=Jervoise Athelstane |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |volume=1 |page=68 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Census1891B">{{Cite web |year=1891 |title=Census of India 1891. The lower provinces of Bengal and their feudatories. [4], The Administrative Tables. |volume=4 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318680 |access-date=29 September 2024 |page=25 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318680}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{Cite book |title=Census of India 1901. |year=1901 |volume=1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables |page=44 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{Cite book |last=Edward Albert Gait |title=Census of India, 1911. |publisher=Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913 |year=1911 |volume=1., Pt. 2, Tables |location=Calcutta |page=23 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{Cite book |title=Census of India 1911 |year=1911 |volume=5. Pt. 2, Bengal : tables |page=18 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393766 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{Cite book |title=Census of India 1921 |year=1921 |volume=1, India. Pt. 2, Tables |page=25 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Census1921B">{{Cite book |title=Census of India 1921 |year=1921 |volume=5, Bengal. Pt. 2, Tables |page=18 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394125 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{Cite book |title=Census of India 1931 |year=1931 |volume=1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables |jstor=saoa.crl.25793234 |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Census1931B">{{Cite book |title=Census of India 1931 |year=1931 |volume=5, Bengal & Sikkim. Pt. 2, Imperial and provincial tables |page=16 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797126 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{Cite book |title=Census of India, 1941 |year=1941 |volume=4, Bengal (Tables) |page=26 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215987 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="census2011" />
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 34,433
| {{Percentage |34433 |69212 |2 }}
| 39,635
| {{Percentage |39635 |79076 |2 }}
| 41,566
| {{Percentage |41566 |82321 |2 }}
| 48,668
| {{Percentage |48668 |90542 |2 }}
| 60,235
| {{Percentage |60235 |108551 |2 }}
| 69,330
| {{Percentage |69330 |119450 |2 }}
| 80,024
| {{Percentage |80024 |138518 |2 }}
| 129,233
| {{Percentage |129233 |213218 |2 }}
| 566,368
| {{Percentage |566368 |12043977 |2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 34,275
| {{Percentage |34275 |69212 |2 }}
| 38,918
| {{Percentage |38918 |79076 |2 }}
| 40,183
| {{Percentage |40183 |82321 |2 }}
| 41,361
| {{Percentage |41361 |90542 |2 }}
| 47,295
| {{Percentage |47295 |108551 |2 }}
| 49,325
| {{Percentage |49325 |119450 |2 }}
| 57,764
| {{Percentage |57764 |138518 |2 }}
| 82,683
| {{Percentage |82683 |213218 |2 }}
| 11,400,096
| {{Percentage |11400096 |12043977 |2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 479
| {{Percentage |479 |69212 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 467
| {{Percentage |467 |82321 |2 }}
| 484
| {{Percentage |484 |90542 |2 }}
| 898
| {{Percentage |898 |108551 |2 }}
| 710
| {{Percentage |710 |119450 |2 }}
| 683
| {{Percentage |683 |138518 |2 }}
| 349
| {{Percentage |349 |213218 |2 }}
| 62,064
| {{Percentage |62064 |12043977 |2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 4
| {{Percentage |4 |69212 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 76
| {{Percentage |76 |82321 |2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage |28 |90542 |2 }}
| 85
| {{Percentage |85 |108551 |2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage |12 |119450 |2 }}
| 26
| {{Percentage |26 |138518 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 13,267
| {{Percentage |13267 |12043977 |2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 13
| {{Percentage |13 |82321 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |90542 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |108551 |2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage |5 |119450 |2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage |5 |138518 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |213218 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Tribal
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 9
| {{Percentage |9 |82321 |2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage |1 |90542 |2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage |13 |108551 |2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage |1 |119450 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |138518 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
| {{Percentage |1 |82321 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |90542 |2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage |16 |108551 |2 }}
| 67
| {{Percentage |67 |119450 |2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage |16 |138518 |2 }}
| 53
| {{Percentage |53 |213218 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
| {{Percentage |1 |82321 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |90542 |2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage |8 |108551 |2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage |4 |119450 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |138518 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |82321 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |90542 |2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage |1 |108551 |2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage |6 |119450 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |138518 |2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Others
| 21
| {{Percentage |21 |69212 |2 }}
| 528
| {{Percentage |528 |79076 |2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage |5 |82321 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |90542 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |108551 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |119450 |2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage |0 |138518 |2 }}
| 890
| {{Percentage |890 |213218 |2 }}
| 2,182
| {{Percentage |2182 |12043977 |2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 69,212
! {{Percentage |69212 |69212 |2 }}
! 79,076
! {{Percentage |79076 |79076 |2 }}
! 82,321
! {{Percentage |82321 |82321 |2 }}
! 90,542
! {{Percentage |90542 |90542 |2 }}
! 108,551
! {{Percentage |108551 |108551 |2 }}
! 119,450
! {{Percentage |119450 |119450 |2 }}
! 138,518
! {{Percentage |138518 |138518 |2 }}
! 213,218
! {{Percentage |213218 |213218 |2 }}
! 12,043,977
! {{Percentage |12043977 |12043977 |2 }}
|}
</div>

== Infrastructure ==

=== Transport ===
{{main|Transport in Dhaka}}

Motorcycles comprised half of Dhaka's registered vehicles in 2023,<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Talukder |first=Riyadh |date=26 August 2023 |title=Motorcycles account for half of Dhaka's registered vehicles |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/323588/motorcycles-account-for-half-of-dhaka-s-registered |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527002452/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/323588/motorcycles-account-for-half-of-dhaka-s-registered |url-status=live}}</ref> while car ownership rate is only six per cent.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=27 September 2020 |title=Experts: Too many private cars to fix traffic in Dhaka |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/224625/experts-too-many-private-cars-to-fix-traffic-in |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526193041/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/224625/experts-too-many-private-cars-to-fix-traffic-in |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the world's least motorized cities,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zami |first=Md Tahmid |date=2023-02-17 |title=Congested Dhaka navigates cleaner transport and jobs with first metro rail |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/02/17/asia-pacific/dhaka-metro-clean-transport/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The Japan Times |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616134032/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/02/17/asia-pacific/dhaka-metro-clean-transport/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the three-wheeled [[cycle rickshaw]] is the most popular and ubiquitous mode of transport, which accounted for 54 per cent of vehicle trips in 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Maruf |last2=Susilo |first2=Yusak O. |date=2011 |title=Rickshaw Use and Social Impacts in Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2239-09 |journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board |language=en |volume=2239 |issue=1 |pages=74–83 |doi=10.3141/2239-09 |issn=0361-1981 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524140757/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3141/2239-09 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dhaka is among the most congested cities in the world, and traffic was estimated to cost the local economy {{USD|6.5}}{{nbsp}}billion per year in 2020.<ref name="liaquat2022">{{Cite news |last=Liaquat |first=Zisan Bin |date=16 March 2022 |title=The economic cost of Dhaka's insane traffic |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/265726/the-economic-cost-of-dhaka%E2%80%99s-insane-traffic |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524140755/https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/265726/the-economic-cost-of-dhaka%E2%80%99s-insane-traffic |url-status=live}}</ref> The average speed of a car travelling in the city is less than {{convert|7|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="bird2018">{{Cite book |last1=Bird |first1=Julia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29925 |title=Toward Great Dhaka: A New Urban Development Paradigm Eastward |last2=Li |first2=Yue |last3=Rahman |first3=Hossain Zillur |last4=Rama |first4=Martin |last5=Venables |first5=Anthony J. |date=2018-07-03 |publisher=Washington, DC: World Bank |isbn=978-1-4648-1238-5 |language=en |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1238-5 |hdl=10986/29925 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530214815/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29925 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Auto rickshaw]]s powered by [[compressed natural gas]], often referred to by locals as "CNGs", are also a popular mode of transport.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Samsur |date=2024-01-29 |title=Use of metres in auto-rickshaw fading from public mind |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/city/ak08ei9ita |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Prothom Alo |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616210404/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/city/ak08ei9ita |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Road ====
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Rickshaws Dhaka.jpg
| image2 = Kazi Nazrul Islam Ave Road, Dhaka. .jpg
| image3 = Trust taxi Toyota Axio, Bangladesh. (31932338632).jpg
| image4 = Mirpur-banani flyover.JPG
| footer = Clockwise from top-left: heavy rickshaw traffic in Dhaka, congested main road, Mirpur-Banani flyover and Dhaka yellow taxi.
}}

The city is connected to other parts of the country through highway and railway links. Five of Bangladesh's eight major [[List of roads in Bangladesh#Roads and highways|national highways]] start from the city: [[N1 (Bangladesh)|N1]], [[N2 (Bangladesh)|N2]], [[N3 (Bangladesh)|N3]], [[N5 (Bangladesh)|N5]] and [[N8 (Bangladesh)|N8]]. Dhaka is also directly connected to the two longest routes of the [[Asian Highway Network]]: [[AH1]] and [[AH2]], as well as to the [[AH41]] route. Highway links to the Indian cities of [[Kolkata]], [[Agartala]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]] have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies, which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka.<ref name="BRTC">{{Cite news |last=Lawson |first=Alastair |date=13 October 2003 |title=Passengers shun Dhaka-India bus |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3162854.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308190204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3162854.stm |archive-date=8 March 2008 |access-date=7 September 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of Bus Services |url=https://www.hcidhaka.gov.in/pages.php?id=1244 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202043359/https://www.hcidhaka.gov.in/pages.php?id=1244 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=hcidhaka.gov.in}}</ref>

The [[Dhaka Elevated Expressway]], the first of its kind in the country, improves connectivity between the northern part of the city and the central, southern, and south-eastern parts.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=PM opens country's first elevated expressway |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-elevated-expressway-3409266 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723175646/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/pm-opens-countrys-first-elevated-expressway-3409266 |url-status=live}}</ref> An extension, the [[Dhaka–Ashulia Elevated Expressway]], is expected to open in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2021 |title=Dhaka-Ashulia Elevated Expressway to come into operation in 2026 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/dhaka-ashulia-elevated-expressway-come-operation-2026-2183716 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125090527/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/dhaka-ashulia-elevated-expressway-come-operation-2026-2183716 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

{{Update after|2026|06}}

==== Rickshaws ====
[[Cycle rickshaw]]s and CNG [[Auto rickshaw#Bangladesh|auto-rickshaws]] are the main modes of transport within the metro area, with more than 1.5 million rickshaws running each day:<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Abbas |first=Md |date=2024-05-17 |title=Illegal rickshaws rule Dhaka streets |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/illegal-rickshaws-rule-dhaka-streets-3611731 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620124815/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/illegal-rickshaws-rule-dhaka-streets-3611731 |url-status=live}}</ref> the highest number in any city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molla |first=Mohammad Al-Masum |date=2019-07-07 |title=Ban on rickshaw: How logical is it? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/politics/news/ban-rickshaw-how-logical-it-1767535 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207075113/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/politics/news/ban-rickshaw-how-logical-it-1767535 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, only around 220 thousand rickshaws are licensed by the city government.<ref name=":23" /> Over 15,000 legally registered CNGs serve passengers in Dhaka, with thousands more operating illegally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2024 |title=Auto-rickshaws run in city despite ban |url=https://www.dailypost.net/todays-newspaper/auto-rickshaws-run-in-city-despite-ban/8722 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Daily Post |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531073749/https://www.dailypost.net/todays-newspaper/auto-rickshaws-run-in-city-despite-ban/8722 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Ride sharing ====
Since 2016, [[Uber]] and [[Pathao]] have dominated the ride-sharing market in Dhaka, which offer both car and motorcycle services.<ref name="f452">{{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Ramisa |date=17 April 2018 |title=Bike-sharing services in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/bike-sharing-services-dhaka-1563373 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=The Daily Star |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529100433/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/bike-sharing-services-dhaka-1563373 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Husain |first=Ishtiaq |date=22 November 2016 |title=Uber launches operations in Dhaka |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/10312/uber-launches-operations-in-dhaka |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Ride-sharing services have led to a decline in the use of CNG auto-rickshaws,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Wafiur |date=24 August 2021 |title=The auto-rickshaw market is shrinking as ride-sharing apps become more popular |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/256267/the-auto-rickshaw-market-is-shrinking-as |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151503/https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/256267/the-auto-rickshaw-market-is-shrinking-as |url-status=live}}</ref> although Uber has expanded its services to include CNG auto-rickshaws in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=Uber now includes CNG auto-rickshaws in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/toggle/news/uber-brings-cng-auto-rickshaws-dhaka-2106561 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528151502/https://www.thedailystar.net/toggle/news/uber-brings-cng-auto-rickshaws-dhaka-2106561 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Bus ====
Buses carried about 1.9 million passengers per day in 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jinat Jahan & Syeda Bushra Binte Amin |date=2013 |title=An Approach to Estimate Demand and Supply of Bus Service, in Particular, Road Section of Dhaka |url=https://www.bip.org.bd/admin/uploads/bip-publication/publication-11/paper/20141016160305.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners |volume=6 |pages=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030819/https://www.bip.org.bd/admin/uploads/bip-publication/publication-11/paper/20141016160305.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref> Public buses in Dhaka are primarily operated by numerous private companies, with a minority run by the state-owned [[Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation]] (BRTC).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campos |first1=Jose Edgardo |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/797631467998806501/pdf/693780BRI0P1080Bus0Operations0final.pdf |title=Operationalizing Political Economy: Urban Bus Operations in Dhaka |last2=Akbar |first2=Sameer |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2008 |series=South Asia Political Economy and Governance Issues Note No. 1 |location=Washington, DC |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162252/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/797631467998806501/pdf/693780BRI0P1080Bus0Operations0final.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation|BRTC]] buses are red, based initially on the [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] buses of London. There are three inter-district bus terminals in Dhaka, which are located in the city's [[Mohakhali]], Saidabad, and Gabtoli areas. It is now planned to move three inter-district bus terminals outside the town.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2021 |title=Inter-district bus terminals to be moved outside Dhaka |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2021/09/19/inter-district-bus-terminals-to-be-moved-outside-dhaka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125090528/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2021/09/19/inter-district-bus-terminals-to-be-moved-outside-dhaka |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Highway links to the Indian cities of [[Kolkata]], [[Agartala]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]] have been established by the BRTC and private bus companies, which also run regular international bus services to those cities from Dhaka.<ref name="BRTC" />

Set to open in December 2024,{{Update after|2025}} the {{Convert|20.5|km|adj=on}} [[Dhaka BRT|Dhaka Bus Rapid Transit]] system is expected to reduce travel time from Dhaka to the [[satellite town]] of [[Gazipur]] from as long as four hours to just 35–40 minutes.<ref name="t839">{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Tuhin Shubhra |date=16 October 2023 |title=BRT-3 not this year |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/brt-3-not-year-3444626 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=The Daily Star |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520170618/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/brt-3-not-year-3444626 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Waterways ====
[[File:বুড়িগঙ্গা ৩.jpg|thumb|Some boats and launches on the river Buriganga.]]
The [[Dhaka Sadarghat|Sadarghat River Port]] on the banks of the [[Buriganga River]] serves for the transport of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. |title=Asian Highway Handbook |publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications |year=2005 |isbn=92-1-120170-5 |page=28 |chapter=Dhaka}}</ref> Inter-city and inter-district motor vessels and passenger ferry services are used by many people to travel riverine regions of the country from the city. [[Water taxi|Water bus]] services are available on the Buriganga River and [[Hatirjheel Thana|Hatirjheel]] and Gulshan lakes, providing connectivity via two routes, [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]]–[[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] and Tejgaon–[[Rampura Thana|Rampura]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=Water taxi services on Dhaka's Hatirjheel 'from Victory Day' |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/12/06/water-taxi-services-on-dhakas-hatirjheel-from-victory-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081705/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/12/06/water-taxi-services-on-dhakas-hatirjheel-from-victory-day |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=1 April 2017 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

==== Rail ====
{{Further|Dhaka Metro Rail|Dhaka Circular Railway}}
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width =
| image1 = Bangladesh Railway, Komlapur Railway Station.jpg
| image2 = Agargaon metro station Platform 10.jpg
| image3 = 18Metro at Agargaon metro station Platform.jpg
| image4 = Interior of Uttara North 09.jpg
| footer = Clockwise from top-left: [[Diesel multiple unit|DEMU Train]] at [[Kamalapur railway station|Kamalapur Railway Station]], [[Dhaka Metro Rail|Metro Rail station]] sign in [[Agargaon]], [[Dhaka Metro Rail|Metro train]] interior and exterior.
}}

[[Kamalapur railway station]], situated on the northeast side of [[Motijheel]], is the largest and busiest of the city's railway stations.<ref name="Morshed">{{Cite news |last=Adnan Zillur Morshed |date=24 July 2017 |title=A quiet masterpiece that serves as Dhaka's gateway |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/quiet-masterpiece-serves-dhakas-gateway-1437574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107103550/https://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/quiet-masterpiece-serves-dhakas-gateway-1437574 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> It was designed by American architect [[Robert Boughey]] and was completed in 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Kishwar |title=Asian Cities: Colonial to Global |last2=De Meulder |first2=Bruno |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-485-2824-0 |editor-last=Bracken |editor-first=Gregory |page=230 |chapter=Rallying Towards the Nation Theatre of Nation Building in Post-colonial Dhaka |jstor=j.ctt16d69sf.14}}</ref> The state-owned [[Bangladesh Railway]] provides suburban and national services, with regular express train services connecting Dhaka with other major urban areas, such as [[Chittagong]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Khulna]], [[Sylhet]] and [[Rangpur City|Rangpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marika McAdam |title=Bangladesh |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2004 |isbn=1-74059-280-8 |page=66}}</ref> The [[Maitree Express]] and the [[Mitali Express]] provides connections from Dhaka to [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tuhin Shubhra Adhikary |date=4 September 2019 |title=Maitree to run 6 days a week |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/maitree-express-run-dhaka-to-kolkata-6-days-week-1795198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525115111/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/maitree-express-run-dhaka-to-kolkata-6-days-week-1795198 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Dhaka-Jalpaiguri 'Mitali Express' train starts operation |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/62084 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=[[Jagonews24.com]] |language=en-US |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531223208/https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/62084 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Dhaka Metro Rail is a [[Rapid transit|mass rapid transit]] system serving the city. It is a part of the 20-year-long Strategic Transport Plan (STP) outlined by the [[Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority|Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About MRT Line-6 |url=http://www.dmtc.org.bd/about/about-mrt-line-6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061003/http://www.dmtc.org.bd/about/about-mrt-line-6 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=28 January 2017 |website=DHAKA MASS TRANSIT COMPANY LTD.}}</ref> The first phase of Dhaka Metro's [[MRT Line 6]] was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] and commenced commercial operations on 28 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2022 |title=PM Hasina becomes first passenger to travel on Metro Rail with ticket |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/pm-hasina-becomes-first-passenger-travel-metro-rail-ticket-559082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228140224/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/pm-hasina-becomes-first-passenger-travel-metro-rail-ticket-559082 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=The Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Passengers gather at Dhaka metro stations at first light |url=https://bdnews24.com/metro-rail/o2sjvoesf1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229022955/https://bdnews24.com/metro-rail/o2sjvoesf1 |archive-date=29 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-29 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

The metro network is planned to contain six lines. Before the opening of the Dhaka Metro Rail, Dhaka was the biggest city in the world without a mass rapid transit system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Bangladesh's first metro line opens |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/metros/bangladeshs-first-metro-line-opens/63268.article |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Railway Gazette International |language=en}}</ref> Unrelated to the metro, there is also a proposal to build a [[Dhaka Subway|subway]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saifuddin |first=Saif |date=2022-01-16 |title=Dhaka Subway: Traffic woes to be eased further by 2030 |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/dhaka-subway-traffic-woes-be-eased-further-2030-358018 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125013228/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/dhaka-subway-traffic-woes-be-eased-further-2030-358018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and an [[Dhaka Circular Railway|orbital railway system]].<ref name="a604">{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Tuhin Shubhra |date=17 January 2021 |title=Dhaka Circular Rail: Belated but bold |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/dhaka-circular-rail-belated-bold-2028905 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==== Air ====
{{See also|Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport}}
[[File:Biman Bangladesh Airlines - S2-AJV - The Gaangchil - Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner - 40125 - HSIA.jpg|thumb|Biman Bangladesh in Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]]
[[Shahjalal International Airport|Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]] (formerly Zia International Airport),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History Of Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport |url=http://caab.gov.bd/airports/shahjalal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207091632/http://caab.gov.bd/airports/shahjalal.html |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=caab.gov.bd}}</ref> located {{Convert|15|km}} north of Dhaka city centre, is the largest and busiest international airport in the country.<ref name="Air">{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Jobair Bin |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-984-32-0576-6 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Air Transport |access-date=17 January 2008 |editor-last2=Jamal |editor-first2=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Air_Transport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701035850/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Air_Transport |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref> Although built with an annual passenger-handling capacity of 8 million,<ref name="capacity">{{Cite news |last=Byron |first=Rejaul Karim |date=28 August 2010 |title=New int'l airport to cost Tk 50,000cr |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=152589 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031082713/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=152589 |archive-date=31 October 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> it handled more than 11 million passengers in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=Record 17m air passengers last year propel Dhaka airport to Tk2,400cr revenue |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/aviation/record-17m-air-passengers-last-year-propel-dhaka-airport-tk2400cr-revenue-794054 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Business Standard |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528163703/https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/aviation/record-17m-air-passengers-last-year-propel-dhaka-airport-tk2400cr-revenue-794054 |url-status=live}}</ref> The average aircraft movement per day is around 330 flights.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Kamran |date=2023-05-29 |title=More foreign airlines keen to connect Bangladesh |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/aviation/more-foreign-airlines-keen-connect-bangladesh-639986 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611115249/https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/aviation/more-foreign-airlines-keen-connect-bangladesh-639986 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the hub of most [[List of airlines of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi airlines]]. Domestic service flies to [[Shah Amanat International Airport|Chittagong]], [[Osmani International Airport|Sylhet]], [[Shah Makhdum Airport|Rajshahi]], [[Cox's Bazar Airport|Cox's Bazar]], [[Jessore Airport|Jessore]], [[Barisal Airport|Barisal]], and [[Saidpur Airport|Saidpur]] ([[Rangpur District|Rangpur]]), and international services fly to major cities in Asia, Europe and the Middle East.<ref name="intsched">{{Cite web |title=Biman's Destination: International Destinations |url=http://biman-airlines.com/our-network/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701060706/http://biman-airlines.com/our-network |archive-date=1 July 2013 |website=Biman Bangladesh Airlines}}</ref><ref name="dhkcityguide">{{Cite web |title=Dhaka – Zia International Airport (DAC) |url=http://www.worldexecutive.com/locations/asia_pacific/bangladesh/dhaka/airports.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424120233/http://www.worldexecutive.com/locations/asia_pacific/bangladesh/dhaka/airports.html |archive-date=24 April 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |website=World Executive |publisher=OE Interactive}}</ref> The airport's capacity is expected to more than double to 20 million once the modern [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport#Terminal 3|third terminal]] opens fully in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title=Construction of Dhaka airport's 3rd terminal to be fully completed by April 5 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/340518/construction-of-dhaka-airport%E2%80%99s-3rd-terminal-set |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |agency=[[United News of Bangladesh]] |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529223800/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/340518/construction-of-dhaka-airport%E2%80%99s-3rd-terminal-set |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update after|2024|11}} According to the project design, the third terminal will have 12 boarding bridges and 16 conveyor belts. The terminal will have 115 check-in counters and 128 immigration desks.<ref name="q379">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Dhaka Airport Third Terminal: Promising great travel experiences |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/dhaka-airport-third-terminal-promising-great-travel-experiences-3438391 |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=The Daily Star |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802020139/https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/dhaka-airport-third-terminal-promising-great-travel-experiences-3438391 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Water supply and sanitation===
{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh|Water management in Dhaka}}
[[File:Night view of Hatirjheel.jpg|thumb|[[Hatirjheel]] Lake is a key water reservoir in Dhaka. Its lakefront was transformed from a slum area into a bypass under an [[urban renewal]] project]]
[[Water management in Dhaka]] faces numerous challenges such as [[flood]]ing, poor service quality, [[Overdrafting|groundwater depletion]], inadequate [[sanitation]], [[Water pollution|polluted river water]], unplanned urban development, and the existence of large [[slum]]s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Taqsem |url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf |title=Focusing on performance: Global water summit 2011 |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |year=2011 |location=Berlin |pages=50–52 |chapter=The performance challenges of Dhaka WASA |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226144723/https://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority]] (Dhaka WASA) is "responsible for providing drinking water, sewerage, and storm-water drainage services to the city".<ref name=":1" /> The work of Dhaka WASA is funded by the [[Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives|Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development, and Cooperatives]].

87% of the city's growing water demand is sourced from [[groundwater]] (as of 2021). This is because the extreme contamination of rivers and lakes makes surface water treatment economically and technologically unfeasible.<ref name=":2" /> While around 20% of the daily demand of 2.4 billion litres of water is met with surface water from five [[treatment plant]]s,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Jahidul |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dhaka Wasa looks to more groundwater extraction |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/dhaka-wasa-looks-more-groundwater-extraction-50872 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302144428/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/dhaka-wasa-looks-more-groundwater-extraction-50872 |url-status=live}}</ref> the groundwater table is falling at a rate of two to three metres per year.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" />

The Bangladesh Urban Informal Settlements Survey 2016 included a representative sample of 588 households across small, medium and large [[slum]]s in Dhaka. It showed that 68% of the households accessed [[piped water]] through a shared connection within the slum compound. The poorest households shared a waterpoint with 43 other households on average compared to 23 sharers among the richest households. In terms of [[sanitation]], only 8% of the slum households had access to a [[flush toilet]] connected to a [[septic tank]], while 78% used improved [[pit latrine]]s and the remaining 10% depended on hanging latrines.<ref name=":2" />

=== Sewage treatment plants ===
The [[Sewerage|sewage system]] is inadequate, with 70 per cent of the two million cubic metres of [[sewage]] produced daily being discharged into rivers, according to wastewater management experts.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mithu |first=Ariful Islam |date=2019-10-07 |title=Dhaka's outdated sewage system choking rivers |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/environment/dhakas-outdated-sewage-system-choking-rivers |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201071503/https://www.tbsnews.net/environment/dhakas-outdated-sewage-system-choking-rivers |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to improper maintenance and the age of the system, the majority of the sewerage network is out of operation.<ref name="s372">{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Jubair |date=8 July 2018 |title=Dhaka city exists with no effective sewerage system |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/trade/dhaka-city-exists-with-no-effective-sewerage-system-1531022465 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref name="o611">{{Cite web |last=Mamun |first=Shohel |date=8 October 2022 |title=Lack of drainage network hampers Dasherkandi sewage treatment plant |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/277874/lack-of-drainage-network-hampers-dasherkandi |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Most buildings handle their own sewage by constructing [[soak pit]]s or [[septic tank]]s, often connected to [[storm drain]]s. Consequently, 80 per cent of [[faecal sludge]] ends up in rivers, according to experts.<ref name=":5" />

Dhaka is served by two [[sewage treatment plants]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahidul Islam |first=Md |date=2022-04-03 |title=South Asia's largest STP in Dasherkandi to operate from June |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/south-asias-largest-stp-dasherkandi-operate-june-396166 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522182020/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/south-asias-largest-stp-dasherkandi-operate-june-396166 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Pagla Sewerage Treatment Plant (PSTP) in [[Narayanganj District]] has a capacity of 120 [[megalitres]] per day<ref name=":1" /> but can only utilise one-third of its capacity,<ref name=":5" /> handling just 10 per cent of the city's waste.<ref name="o611" /> The Dasherkandi Sewage Treatment Plant, opened in 2023, is South Asia's largest, with a capacity to treat 500 megalitres, or 20–25% of the city's 2,000 megalitres of sewage generated daily.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=PM inaugurates South Asia's largest sewage treatment plant |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/pm-inaugurates-south-asias-largest-sewage-treatment-plant-3367846 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |agency=[[United News of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> However, it is also hampered by a lack of sewage connections.<ref name="o611" />

As of 2023, the [[Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Government]] and the Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) are implementing an ambitious plan, called ''Dhaka Sewerage Master Plan'', to treat most of the residential and industrial wastewater through the construction of several sewage treatment plants. The Bangladesh Government is planning to install over 12 large new sewage treatment plants over the next 20 years.<ref name=":02" />

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Dhaka}}

===Literature===
Dhaka is a major centre for [[Bengali literature]]. It has been the hub of [[Bengali Muslim]] literature for more than a century. Its heritage also includes historic [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] literary traditions. ''Dark Diamond'' by [[Shazia Omar]] in set in Mughal-era Dhaka during the reign of [[Shaista Khan]], the Mughal viceroy and uncle of Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mughal noir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20161017-dark-diamond-shazia-omar-mughal-era-book-review-829668-2016-10-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928194352/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20161017-dark-diamond-shazia-omar-mughal-era-book-review-829668-2016-10-06 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>''The Soldier in the Attic'' by [[Akhteruzzaman Elias]] is considered to be one of the best depictions of life in [[Old Dhaka]] and is set during Bengali uprisings in 1969. ''[[A Golden Age]]'' by [[Tahmima Anam]] is also set in Dhaka during the Bangladeshi War of Independence and includes references to the [[Dhaka Club]], the [[Dhaka University]] and the [[Dhanmondi]] area.

===Textiles===
[[File:Dhaka Sari Fabric 1.jpg|thumb|Indigenous [[sari]] fabrics, including [[Jamdani]], at a store in Dhaka]]
For centuries, the region around Dhaka has been the centre of production for fine cotton textiles. [[Muslin]] was abundantly produced in the region. The weavers of Dhaka were patronized by the rulers of Bengal and Delhi. They supplied textiles to the Mughal imperial court. The city of Dhaka became one of the most important centres of the cotton textile trade in the 17th century; it was the capital of the [[Muslin trade in Bengal]]. Merchants from around the world came to Dhaka to buy its much sought after cotton fabrics. [[UNESCO]] has recognized [[Jamdani]] muslin as an [[intangible cultural heritage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2013 |title=Unesco declares Jamdani saris intangible cultural heritage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/unesco-declares-jamdani-saris-intangible-cultural-heritage/articleshow/26927845.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> According to UNESCO, "Jamdani is a vividly patterned, sheer cotton fabric, traditionally woven on a handloom by craftspeople and apprentices around Dhaka".<ref name="unesco_00879"/> UNESCO believes "the Jamdani sari is a symbol of identity, dignity and self-recognition and provides wearers with a sense of cultural identity and social cohesion. The weavers develop an occupational identity and take great pride in their heritage; they enjoy social recognition and are highly respected for their skills".<ref name="unesco_00879" />

===Festivals===
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = centre
| image1 = Shaheed Minar.JPG
| image2 = Mangal Shobhajatra in Dhaka.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Central Shaheed Minar]] on [[Language Movement Day]]
| caption2 = Dhaka's annual [[Mangal Shobhajatra]] during the [[Bengali New Year]] is recognized by [[UNESCO]] as an [[intangible cultural heritage]] of humanity
}}

Annual celebrations for [[Language Movement Day|Language Martyrs' Day]] (21 February), [[Bangladeshi Independence Day|Independence Day]] (26 March), and [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] (16 December) are prominently celebrated across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] and the [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]] to remember the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies on public grounds. Many schools and colleges organize fairs, festivals, and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate.<ref name="Cul" />''[[Pohela Baishakh]]'', the Bengali New Year, falls annually on 14 April and is popularly celebrated across the city.<ref name="Cul">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Nizamuddin |date=27 September 2006 |title=Happy 400th anniversary, Dhaka! |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities01.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302091655/http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities01.htm |archive-date=2 March 2007 |access-date=27 September 2006 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Large crowds of people gather on the streets of [[Shahbag]], [[Ramna Park]] and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations. ''[[Pahela Falgun]]'', the first day of spring of the month [[Falgun]] in the [[Bengali calendar]], is also festively celebrated in the city.<ref name="history">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2011 |title=Pohela Falgun celebrated |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=174151/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074436/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=174151%2F |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> This day is marked with colourful celebration and traditionally, women wear yellow saris to celebrate this day. This celebration is also known as ''Basanta Utsab'' (Spring Festival). [[Nabanna]] is a harvest celebration, usually celebrated with food and dance, and music on the 1st day of the month of Agrahayan of the Bengali year. Birthdays of Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam are observed respectively as [[Rabindra Jayanti]] and [[Nazrul Jayanti]]. The [[Ekushey Book Fair]], which is arranged each year by [[Bangla Academy]], takes place for the whole month of February. This event is dedicated to the martyrs who died on 21 February 1952 in a demonstration calling for the establishment of Bengali as one of the state languages of former [[Historical regions of Pakistan|East Pakistan]]. [[Shakrain|Shakrain Festival]] is an annual celebration observed with the flying of kites.<ref name="dstar">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2011 |title=Shakrain festival |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=170574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102208/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-170574 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2019 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> It is usually observed in the old part of the city at the end of Poush, the ninth month of the Bengali calendar (14 or 15 January in the [[Gregorian calendar]]).

==== Religious Festivals ====
The Islamic festivals of [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid ul-Adha]], [[Mawlid|Eid-E-Miladunnabi]] and [[Muharram]]; the Hindu festival of [[Durga Puja]]; the Buddhist festival of [[Buddha Purnima]]; and the [[Christmas|Christian festival of Christmas]] witness widespread celebrations across the city.

=== Music ===

The popularity of music groups and rock bands such as [[Warfaze]], [[Shironamhin]], [[Artcell]] and other solo artists such as Aryan Chowdhary, [[Ayub Bachchu]], and [[Shafin Ahmed]] is growing day by day among the newer generations of Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=The world of underground music |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/the-world-underground-music-1402591 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, traditional [[Music of Bangladesh|folk music]] remains widely popular.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Kamal |title=Mega Cities |publisher=GEOSPACE Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=3-85313-051-8 |editor-last=Lothar Beckel |page=130 |chapter=Dhaka}}</ref> The works of the national poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], national anthem writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and mystic saint songwriter [[Lalon]] have a widespread following across Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Alison |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=0-8240-4946-2 |pages=858–859}}</ref> Bailey Road is known as ''natak para'' (drama neighbourhood) for its two theatre halls.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Bangladesh |encyclopedia=The World of Theatre |publisher=Routledge |last=Hoque |first=Mofidul |author-link=Mofidul Hoque |editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=Ian |edition=2000 |page=12 |isbn=0-415-23866-8 |editor-last2=Leclercq |editor-first2=Nicole}}</ref>[[File:Grave - Kazi Nazrul Islam - University of Dhaka Campus - Dhaka 2015-05-31 2306-2307.tif|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam]]]]
[[File:Ekushey Book Fair 2018 (24).jpg|thumb|A Bengali book stall at the [[Ekushey Book Fair]]]]

===Cultural institutions===
* [[Bengal Foundation]]
* [[Chhayanaut]]
* [[Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka|Institute of Fine Arts]]
* [[Nazrul Institute]]
* [[Samdani Art Foundation]]
* [[Shilpakala Academy]]

===Annual and biennial cultural events===
* [[Bengal Classical Music Festival]]
* [[Chobi Mela International Photography Festival]]
* [[Dhaka Art Summit]]
* [[Dhaka Lit Fest]]
* [[Dhaka World Music Festival]]
* [[Dhaka International Book Fair]]
* [[Dhaka International Trade Fair]]
* [[Ekushey Book Fair]]

===Rickshaws===
[[File:Rickshaw back decoration.jpg|thumb|upright|Rickshaw art]]
[[Rickshaws in Bangladesh|Rickshaws]] have become a symbol of the city. Rickshaws are colourfully painted with floral patterns and depictions of birds, animals, movie stars, religious text, historical events and national heroes. According to [[UNESCO]], "Rickshaws and rickshaw painting are viewed as a key part of the city's cultural tradition and a dynamic form of urban folk art".<ref name="unesco_01589" />

===Cuisine===
{{See also|Biryani|Bangladeshi cuisine}}
[[File:Basmati Kacchi Biryani (2).jpg|thumb|Dhaka has a renowned style of mutton (goat meat) and potato [[biryani]], known as the ''Kacchi Biryani''.]]
[[File:Bakorkhani.jpg|thumb|[[Bakarkhani]] is a snack item mostly eaten in [[old Dhaka]]]]
Historically, Dhaka has been the culinary capital of Bengal for Muslim cuisine, particularly [[Mughlai cuisine]]. Restaurants in the city serve several types of [[biryani]], including Kacchi Biryani ([[goat meat]]), [[Tehri (dish)|Tehari]] ([[beef]]), Murag Pulao ([[chicken]]), and Ilish Pulao ([[ilish]] fish). [[Khichuri|Khichuri rice]] is a popular [[comfort food]]. A distinct variant of Bengali-Mughlai cuisine evolved in the city. Like other Mughal cities, a special tradition exists to eat [[nihari]] beef stew during breakfast. In Dhaka, the nihari stew can be eaten with Bengali breads.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Lifestyle/popular-winter-breakfasts-in-bangladesh/125817 |title=Popular Winter Breakfasts in Bangladesh |website=unb.com.bd}}</ref> Chefs from Dhaka, the former Mughal provincial capital, served in the kitchens of the Nawabs of Dhaka and Murshidabad. They invented the ''Kacchi Biryani'', which is a variant of [[biryani]] with mutton steaks and potatoes. One of the longest surviving outlets serving authentic ''Kacchi Biryani'' is Fakhruddin's.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2021 |title=From a school kitchen to a household name, the history of Fakhruddin Biryani |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/01/26/from-a-school-kitchen-to-a-household-name-the-history-of-fakhruddin-biryani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003020923/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/01/26/from-a-school-kitchen-to-a-household-name-the-history-of-fakhruddin-biryani |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> ''Kacchi Biryani'' is highly popular in Bangladeshi cuisine, with food critic and former [[MasterChef Australia]] judge [[Matt Preston]] praising its use of potatoes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2016 |title=Dhaka's biryani can be UNESCO world heritage, says food critic Matt Preston |url=https://bdnews24.com/lifestyle/2016/03/28/dhakas-biryani-can-be-unesco-world-heritage-says-food-critic-matt-preston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303152250/https://bdnews24.com/lifestyle/2016/03/28/dhakas-biryani-can-be-unesco-world-heritage-says-food-critic-matt-preston |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> [[Borhani]] is served as a drink alongside biryani. The Nawabi cuisine of Dhaka was notable for its ''patishapta'' dessert and the ''Kubali [[pilaf|pulao]]''. The [[korma]] recipe of the Nawab family was included by [[Madhur Jaffrey]] in her cookbook "Madhur Jaffrey's Ultimate Curry Bible".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The official web site of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Things You Should Know... |url=http://www.nawabbari.com/main_food.html?string=food.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608122520/http://nawabbari.com/main_food.html?string=food.html |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=www.nawabbari.com}}</ref> [[Bakarkhani]] breads from Dhaka were served in the courts of Mughal rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofur0000unse/page/147 |title=Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures : Cayenne-Kyoto: Cities and Cultures Around the World |publisher=Grolier |year=2002 |isbn=0-7172-5698-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofur0000unse/page/147 147] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Since 1939, [[Haji biryani]] has been a leading biryani restaurant in the city. Dhaka also has a style of ''Murag Pulao'' (chicken biryani) which uses [[turmeric]] and ''[[malai]]'' (cream of milk) together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2017 |title=Treasures of Bangladeshi cuisine |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/living-and-lifestyle/treasures-bangladeshi-cuisine-1366105 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228153936/http://www.thedailystar.net/living-and-lifestyle/treasures-bangladeshi-cuisine-1366105 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Local [[kebab]]s are widely eaten when dining out. The [[seekh kebab]] and [[chicken tikka]] are the most popular dishes in kebab restaurants, which are eaten with either [[naan]] or [[paratha]]. [[Liver (food)|Liver]] is often eaten with breads, as a stuffing, or as a curry. [[Star Kabab]] is the most popular kebab chain in the city, alongside other chains and gourmet restaurants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2020 |title=5 best Kabab places in Dhaka |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/5-best-kabab-places-dhaka-148747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625205053/https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/5-best-kabab-places-dhaka-148747 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=The Business News}}</ref> Different kinds of [[bhurta]], which refers to mashed vegetables, are widely eaten. Various types of Bengali fish curry are found in the city. Along with [[South Asian cuisine]], a large variety of Western and [[Chinese cuisine]] is served at numerous restaurants and food courts.<ref name="CiE">{{Cite news |last=Lawson |first=Alistair |date=1 June 2002 |title=Good times for bourgeois Bangladeshis |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2018535.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324150041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2018535.stm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=2 October 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Upmarket areas include many Thai, Japanese and Korean restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2014 |title=A World of Inspiration at Bangladesh's 10 Best Restaurants |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/bangladesh-s-10-best-cultural-restaurants-a-world-of-inspiration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930225733/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/bangladesh-s-10-best-cultural-restaurants-a-world-of-inspiration/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] food is also very popular in Dhaka, especially in upmarket areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2021 |title=Top five lasagnas in Dhaka |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/food/top-five-lasagnas-dhaka-328642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703211919/https://www.tbsnews.net/features/food/top-five-lasagnas-dhaka-328642 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=The Business Standard}}</ref>

During [[Ramadan]], [[Chowkbazar Thana|Chowkbazar]] becomes a busy marketplace for ''[[iftar]]'' items. The ''[[Jalebi|jilapi]]'' of Dhaka are much thicker than counterparts in India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2021 |title=OP-ED: 'Jilapi' vs 'Jalebi' |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/04/27/op-ed-jilapi-vs-jalebi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930225733/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2021/04/27/op-ed-jilapi-vs-jalebi |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The [[Shahi jilapi]] (king's jilapi) is one of the thickest jilapi produced. The ''[[panipuri|phuchka]]'' and ''[[jhalmuri]]'' are popular street food. Dhaka hosts an array of Bengali dessert chains that sell a wide variety of [[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts|sweets]]. [[Samosa]]s and ''shingaras'' are also widely eaten traditional snacks. In recent years, the number of Bangladeshi-owned [[Hamburger|burger]] outlets has increased across the city. Notable bakeries include the [[Prince of Wales bakery]] in Old Dhaka and the [[Cooper's (bakery)|Cooper's]] chain.

===Architecture===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Dhaka|Architecture of Dhaka}}
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| image1 = Haturia House - Khanka E Aliya - Dhaka by NKS.jpg
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| caption2 = [[Gulshan Society Mosque]] was built in the modernist style in 2017
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The architectural history of Dhaka can be subdivided into the Mughal, British, and modern periods. As a result, Dhaka has landmarks of [[Mughal architecture]], [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], and [[modernist architecture]]. The oldest brick structure in the city is the [[Binat Bibi Mosque]], which was built in 1454 in the [[Narinda]] area of Dhaka during the reign of the Sultan [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (r. 1435 – 1459) of the Bengal Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Binat Bibi Mosque |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7368 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301041726/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7368 |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=ArchNet Digital Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=''From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka'' by Faruque Hasan in ''The Daily Star'' |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025233001/http://www.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> Old Dhaka is home to over 2000 buildings built between the 16th and 19th centuries, which form an integral part of Dhaka's cultural heritage. Modern Dhaka is often criticized as a concrete jungle.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Greening the concrete jungle |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/editorial/greening-the-concrete-jungle-1578413306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002204203/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/editorial/greening-the-concrete-jungle-1578413306 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka}}</ref>

In the old part of the city, the fading grandeur of the Mughal era is evident in the crumbling, neglected [[caravanserai]] like [[Bara Katra]] and [[Chhota Katra|Choto Katra]]. Some structures like the [[Nimtali arch]] have been restored. The old city features narrow alleyways with high-walled lanes and houses with indoor courtyards.<ref name="himalmag1" /> The early 20th century government quarter in [[Ramna]] includes stately colonial buildings set amidst gardens and parks.<ref name="himalmag1" /> Among colonial buildings, the [[Curzon Hall]] stands out for "synthesizing imperial grandiosity with sporadic Mughal motifs".<ref name="25Buildings">{{Cite news |date=11 June 2018 |title=The story of Dhaka, as told through 25 buildings |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-story-dhaka-told-through-25-buildings-1589212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002204157/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-story-dhaka-told-through-25-buildings-1589212 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

Amongst modernist buildings, the [[Grameenphone]] headquarters is described as "a paradigm setter for corporate Bangladesh".<ref name="25Buildings" /> The Museum of Independence and its attached national monument were inspired by the "land-water mysticism of deltaic Bengal" and the "evocative expansiveness of a Roman forum or the geographical assemblage of an Egyptian ''mastaba'' sanctuary".<ref name="25Buildings" /> Dhaka's Art Institute, designed by [[Muzharul Islam]], was the pioneering building of Bengali regional modernism.<ref name="25Buildings" /> The vast expanse of the national parliament complex was designed by [[Louis Kahn]]. It is celebrated as Dhaka's pre-eminent civic space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is There Good Architecture in Dhaka? |url=https://bengal.institute/news/is-there-good-architecture-in-dhaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119100053/https://bengal.institute/news/is-there-good-architecture-in-dhaka/ |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> The national parliament complex comprises 200 acres (800,000 m2) in the heart of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Meer Mobashsher |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |last2=Rouf |first2=Md Abdur |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban |access-date=27 June 2017 |editor-last2=Jamal |editor-first2=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jatiya_Sangsad_Bhaban |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173557/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jatiya_Sangsad_Bhaban |archive-date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kamalapur railway station]] was designed by American architect [[Robert Boughey]].<ref name="Morshed" /> In the last few decades, Bangladesh's new wave of cultural architecture has been influenced by Bengali aesthetics and the environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=New Bangladesh: How Shatotto is Reimagining Architecture in Dhaka - Architizer Journal |url=https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/new-bangladesh-shatotto/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002204203/https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/new-bangladesh-shatotto/ |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> [[City Centre Bangladesh]] is currently the tallest building in the city.

===Publishing and media===
{{See also|Mass media in Bangladesh}}
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In 1849, the Katra Press became the first printing press in the city. The name alludes to the ''[[Katra (Dhaka)|katra]]'', the Bengali word for caravanserai. In 1856, ''[[Dacca News]]'' became the first English-language newspaper in the city. The Dacca News Press was the first commercial printing press in the city. Books published in Dhaka stirred discourse in the social and literary circles of Bengal. The Bengal Library Catalogue records the expansion of the publishing industry during the 1860s. Between 1877 and 1895, there were 45 printing presses in Dhaka. Between 1863 and 1900, more than a hundred Islamic [[puthi]] were published in Dhaka. Bookshops sprang up in [[Chowkbazar Thana|Chowkbazar]], Islampur, Mughaltuli, and Patuatuli. Albert Library was a den for left-wing activists.<ref name="thedailystar2">{{Cite news |date=19 August 2022 |title=How Partition impacted the Dhaka book trade |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/how-partition-impacted-the-dhaka-book-trade-3098506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831145925/https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/how-partition-impacted-the-dhaka-book-trade-3098506 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> After partition, the number of publishing houses in Dhaka rose from 27 in 1947 to 88 in 1966.<ref name="thedailystar2" /> Prominent bookshops included Wheeler's Bookstall and Presidency Library. Banglabazaar has since become the hub of the book trade.<ref name="thedailystar2" /> Bookworm is a famous local book shop that has been located adjacent to the Prime Minister's Office for three decades until being ordered to relocate in 2022;<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bookworm Bangladesh: Three decades of Dhaka's famous outlet for English books |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/10/27/three-decades-of-dhakas-famous-outlet-for-english-books |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130510/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/10/27/three-decades-of-dhakas-famous-outlet-for-english-books |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bookworm Bangladesh to vacate its home of three decades |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/ywz4iysvqy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130752/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/ywz4iysvqy |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bookworm Bangladesh to vacate shop after 30 years of serving readers |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/bookworm-bangladesh-vacate-shop-after-30-years-serving-readers-3152751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028130753/https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/bookworm-bangladesh-vacate-shop-after-30-years-serving-readers-3152751 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> it is now located in Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed Park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2023 |title=The bookstore in the park: Bookworm opens in Gulshan 2 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/the-bookstore-the-park-bookworm-opens-gulshan-2-3239736}}</ref>

Dhaka is the centre of the national media in Bangladesh. It is home to the state-owned [[Bangladesh Television]] and [[Bangladesh Betar]]. In recent years, the number of privately owned television channels and radio stations has increased greatly. There are over two dozen Bengali language television channels in the private sector, including 24-hour news channels. Radio is also popular across the city. Dhaka is home to national newspapers, including Bengali newspapers like ''[[Prothom Alo]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2020 |title=No arrest of Prothom Alo editor until bail hearing: HC |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/others/news/89438/No-arrest-of-Prothom-Alo-editor-until-bail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930094909/https://en.banglatribune.com/others/news/89438/No-arrest-of-Prothom-Alo-editor-until-bail |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |work=[[Bangla Tribune]]}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]'', ''[[Daily Inqilab|Inqilab]]'', ''[[Janakantha]]'', and ''[[Jugantor]]''; as well as English language newspapers ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Daily Star Conference Hall |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/conference-hall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928194401/https://www.thedailystar.net/conference-hall |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> ''[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]'', ''[[The Business Standard]]'', ''[[Dhaka Tribune]]'', and ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]''. Broadcast media based in Dhaka include [[Channel 24 (Bangladeshi TV channel)|Channel 24]], [[Banglavision]], [[DBC News]], [[Somoy TV]], [[Bangladesh Television|BTV]] and [[Ekattor]].

== Education and research ==
{{See also|Education in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Curzon Hall, University of Dhaka 2023 department.jpg|thumb|[[Curzon Hall]] is the home of the Faculty of Science, Dhaka University]]
Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into five levels: primary (from grades 1 to 5), junior (from grades 6 to 8), secondary (from grades 9 to 10), higher secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.<ref name="CompEd">{{Cite book |last=T. Neville Postlethwaite |title=The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-08-030853-8 |page=130}}</ref> The five years of primary education concludes with a Primary School Completion (PSC) Examination, the three years of junior education concludes with [[Junior School Certificate]] (JSC) Examination. Next, two years of secondary education concludes with a [[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of higher secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] (HSC) Examination.<ref name=CompEd/> Education is mainly offered in Bengali. However, English is also widely taught and used. Many Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education alongside other subjects, which is imparted in Bengali and Arabic in schools, colleges and [[Madrasa#Bangladesh|madrasas]].<ref name=CompEd/>

There are [[List of universities in Bangladesh|52 universities]] in Dhaka. [[Dhaka College]] is the oldest institution for higher education in the city and among the earliest established in British India, founded in 1841. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of numerous public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programs.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} The [[University of Dhaka]] is the oldest public university in the country which has more than 30,000 students and 1,800 faculty staff.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2007 |title=Dhaka teachers on violence charge |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7138123.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214124759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7138123.stm |archive-date=14 December 2007 |access-date=15 May 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref> It was established in 1921 being the first university in the region. The university has 23 research centres and 70 departments, faculties, and institutes.<ref name="DhakaU">{{Cite web |title=Univ. Facts |url=http://www.univdhaka.edu/fastFacts.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904074222/http://www.univdhaka.edu/fastFacts.php |archive-date=4 September 2006 |access-date=10 September 2006 |website=University of Dhaka}}</ref> Eminent seats of higher education include [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]] (BUET), [[Bangladesh Medical University]] (BMU), [[Jagannath University]] and [[Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History & act |url=http://www.sau.edu.bd/about/history-a-act |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035835/http://www.sau.edu.bd/about/history-a-act |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=19 October 2011 |website=Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University}}</ref> [[Bangladesh University of Professionals]] (BUP), situated in [[Mirpur Cantonment]], is the largest public university affiliated with the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2009 |title=Bangladesh University of Professionals Act, 2009 (Act No. 30 of 2009) |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-1016.html?lang=en |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=www.bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003192304/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-1016.html?lang=en |archive-date=2024-10-03}}</ref> [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dhaka Medical College]] is one of the oldest and largest [[Medical Colleges of Bangladesh|medical colleges]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Shamsul Huq |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000075760/PDF/75760eng.pdf.multi |title=Higher Education and Employment in Bangladesh |publisher=UNESCO |year=1983 |isbn=92-803-1102-6 |page=181 |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519032119/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000075760/PDF/75760eng.pdf.multi |archive-date=19 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Founded in 1875, the Dhaka Medical School was the first medical school in British East Bengal, which became [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]] in 1962.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shahida Alam |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |year=2012 |editor-last=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |access-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401071734/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitford_Hospital |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live |chapter=Mitford Hospital |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitford_Hospital |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Other government medical colleges are [[Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College]], [[Mugda Medical College & Hospital|Mugda Medical College]] and [[Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh|Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka]].

Two [[Nobel laureate]]s are prominently associated with the city, including [[Amartya Sen]] who grew up in the city during the 1930s and 1940s, and attended [[St. Gregory's High School and College|St. Gregory's School]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 Feb 2020 |title=Back to the alma mater |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/education/back-to-the-alma-mater-1580929247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821234546/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/education/back-to-the-alma-mater-1580929247 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2022 |title=Expat alumni of St Gregory's High School and College form not-for-profit organisation |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/contribute-nations-development-3076521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821220033/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/contribute-nations-development-3076521 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Saheli |date=12 November 2021 |title=Amartya Sen's nostalgia: Jagat Kutir, his home in Dhaka |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/amartya-sens-nostalgia-jagat-kutir-his-home-in-dhaka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821220034/https://www.getbengal.com/details/amartya-sens-nostalgia-jagat-kutir-his-home-in-dhaka |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Get Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Islam |first=Nazrul |date=4 January 1999 |title=Amartya Sen's Love/Hate for Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/amartya-sens-lovehate-for-dhaka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821220034/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/amartya-sens-lovehate-for-dhaka |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> and [[Muhammad Yunus]], who studied at [[Dhaka University]], founded the [[Grameen Bank]] and lives in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/biographical/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726173150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/biographical/ |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Learned societies and think tanks===
[[File:Bangla Academy Inside 2 by Ashfaq.jpg|thumb|The [[Bangla Academy]]]]
* [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]
* [[Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka]]
* [[Bangla Academy]]
* [[Bangladesh Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Bangladesh Enterprise Institute]]
* [[Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies]]
* [[Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies]]
* [[Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs]]
* [[Bangladesh Institute of Peace & Security Studies]]
* [[Centre for Policy Dialogue]]
* [[Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific]]
* [[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh]]
* [[International Jute Study Group]]
* [[Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization]]
* [[Yunus Centre]]

== Sports ==
[[File:BPL Fire Works.jpg|thumb|Fireworks at the launch of a [[Bangladesh Premier League]] season at the [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]]]]
[[Cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1993 |isbn=0-85229-571-5 |editor-last=MacHenry |editor-first=Robert |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/717 717] |chapter=Bangladesh |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/717 |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref> Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by many schools, colleges and private entities. The [[Dhaka Metropolis cricket team]] represents Dhaka City in the [[National Cricket League]], the oldest domestic [[first-class cricket]] competition in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2021 |title=NCL set to start today |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/news/ncl-set-start-today-2064609 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526090434/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/news/ncl-set-start-today-2064609 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> The [[Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League|Dhaka Premier League]] is the only domestic [[List A cricket]] tournament now in Bangladesh. It gained List A status in [[2013–14 Bangladeshi cricket season|2013–14 season]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isam |first=Mohammad |title=Revamped Dhaka League ready for kick-off |work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/story/669635.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203002509/http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/story/669635.html |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=30 January 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In domestic [[Twenty20]] cricket, Dhaka has a [[Bangladesh Premier League]] franchise known as [[Minister Dhaka|Dhaka Capitals]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2020 |title=Dhaka Platoon sent packing |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/dhaka-platoon-sent-packing-1853842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525115137/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/dhaka-platoon-sent-packing-1853842 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>

Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official [[Test cricket]] match of the [[Pakistan cricket team]] in 1954 against India.<ref name="First test">{{Cite news |date=7 September 2006 |title=Stadium |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/ground/56661.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625130015/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/ground/56661.html |archive-date=25 June 2006 |access-date=26 May 2006 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The [[National Stadium, Dhaka]] was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.<ref name="First test" /> It hosted the opening ceremony of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2011 |title=Cricket World Cup: Grand ceremony launches tournament |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/9400288.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219051338/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/9400288.stm |archive-date=19 February 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> while the [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], exclusively used for cricket, hosted 6 matches of the tournament including two [[2011 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|quarter-final]] matches.<ref name="2011WC">{{Cite news |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2010/11 / Results |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/series/381449.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717161309/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/series/381449.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Dhaka has also hosted the [[South Asian Games]] three times, in [[1985 South Asian Games|1985]], [[1993 South Asian Games|1993]] and [[2010 South Asian Games|2010]]. Dhaka is the first city to host the games three times. The National Stadium was the main venue for all three editions.<ref name="news1">{{Cite news |title=11th South Asian Games to start in January 2010 |url=http://www.china.org.cn/sports/news/2009-02/18/content_17295836.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211214613/http://www.china.org.cn/sports/news/2009-02/18/content_17295836.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2009 |work=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> Dhaka also hosted the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], along with Chittagong and [[Sylhet]], in [[2014 World Twenty20|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2013 |title=2014 T20 WC Fixtures |url=http://www.cricketworld4u.com/series/icc-twenty20-wc-2014/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101223826/http://www.cricketworld4u.com/series/icc-twenty20-wc-2014/index.php |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

In football, the [[Dhaka derby|Dhaka Derby]] between [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]] and [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]] is the biggest sports rivalry in the country. The two clubs have maintained their fierce rivalry over the years in the [[Bangladesh Football League]] and previously in the historic [[Dhaka Football League]], one of the oldest football leagues on the continent, operating since at least 1911.<ref name="starsport">{{Cite news |last=Sadi |first=Al Musabbir |date=17 June 2007 |title=Tasty derby drawn |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/06/17/d70617040133.htm |access-date=21 February 2009 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116191326/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/06/17/d70617040133.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The National Stadium in Dhaka has been the home venue for the [[Bangladesh national football team|national football team]] since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangabandhu National Stadium to be decorated at a cost of Tk 96 cr – The Daily Industry |url=https://dailyindustry.news/bangabandhu-national-stadium-to-be-decorated-at-a-cost-of-tk-96-cr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524004924/https://dailyindustry.news/bangabandhu-national-stadium-to-be-decorated-at-a-cost-of-tk-96-cr/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> It has hosted the [[SAFF Championship]] on three occasions, with the first being the [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003 edition]], which Bangladesh went on to win.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaman|first=Naushad|script-title=bn:ফিরে দেখাঃ সাফ চ্যাম্পিয়নশিপ '০৩|language=bn|url=https://pavilion.com.bd/details/news/20155/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA-%27%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104145721/https://pavilion.com.bd/details/news/20155/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA-%27%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A9 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Pavillion}}</ref> The [[1978 AFC Youth Championship]] was the first major international tournament hosted by the stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:ঢাকার মাঠে সবচেয়ে বড় ফুটবল উৎসব |language=bn|url=https://www.utpalshuvro.com/special-article/news/417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723162135/https://www.utpalshuvro.com/special-article/news/417 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=Utp al Shuvro}}</ref>

The [[National Sports Council]], responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation, is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the [[Bangladesh Army Stadium]], the [[Bir Sherestha Shaheed Shipahi Mostafa Kamal Stadium]], the [[Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium]], the [[Maulana Bhasani Hockey Stadium]] and the [[Outer Stadium Ground]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grounds – Bangladesh: Dhaka |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/town/56660.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006162140/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/town/56660.html |archive-date=6 October 2007 |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The city's colleges and universities are active in intercollegiate athletics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Muhammad Abdur |author-link=Muhammad Abdur Rahim |title=The History of the University of Dacca |publisher=University of Dacca |year=1981 |page=161 |oclc=8765658}}</ref>

There are two [[golf course]]s in Dhaka, [[Army Golf Club]] and [[Kurmitola Golf Club]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Golf Federation Member list |url=http://www.bgf-bd.org/ClubList |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070318/http://www.bgf-bd.org/ClubList |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=30 January 2017 |publisher=Bangladesh Golf Federation}}</ref>

== Twin towns – sister cities ==
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |date=17 November 2013 |title=A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723040319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms |archive-date=23 July 2014 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[United States]]<ref name="worldatlas.com">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=List Of Sister Cities – What Is A Sister City? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-twin-towns-or-sister-cities.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408175608/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-twin-towns-or-sister-cities.html |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], [[China]]<ref name="worldatlas.com" />
* {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Bucharest becomes Dhaka's sister city |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bucharest-becomes-dhakas-sister-city-385370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316082947/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bucharest-becomes-dhakas-sister-city-385370 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=The Business Standard}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], [[Peru]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title=Sister Cities: Similar Customs |url=https://lucidez.pe/ciudades-hermanas-costumbres-similares-por-ines-yabar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408145456/https://lucidez.pe/ciudades-hermanas-costumbres-similares-por-ines-yabar/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]

== See also ==
* [[List of districts and suburbs of Dhaka]]
* [[List of places of worship in Dhaka city]]
* [[List of largest cities]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia]]
* [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees]]
* [[List of urban agglomerations in Asia]]
* [[Mia Shaheb Moidan]]
* ''[[Minervarya dhaka]]''
* [[Districts of Bangladesh]]
* [[Divisions of Bangladesh]]
* [[Upazila]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Dhaka}}
* [http://www.rajukdhaka.gov.bd/ Capital Development Authority] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429215814/http://www.rajukdhaka.gov.bd/ |date=29 April 2017 }}
* [http://www.dncc.gov.bd/ Dhaka North City Corporation]
* [http://dhakasouthcity.gov.bd/ Dhaka South City Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170606045741/http://www.dtcb.gov.bd/ Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority]
* [http://www.dmp.gov.bd/ Dhaka Metropolitan Police website]
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka Dhaka History] (at Britannica website)

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Dhaka City
|North = [[Gazipur City]]
|Northeast = [[Purbachal New Town]]
|East = [[Rupganj Upazila]], [[Narayanganj District]]
|Southeast = [[Narayanganj|Narayanganj City]]
|South = [[Keraniganj Upazila]], [[Dhaka District]]
|Southwest = [[Keraniganj Upazila]], [[Dhaka District]]
|West = [[Savar Upazila]], [[Dhaka District]]
|Northwest = [[Savar Upazila]], [[Dhaka District]]
}}
{{Dhaka}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles Related to Dhaka
|list =
{{Dhakaplaces}}
{{Bangladesh cities}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region|state=collapsed}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
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}}
{{Subject bar |book= |portal2=Geography |portal3=Bangladesh |portal4=Asia |commons=yes |n=yes |n-search=Category:Dhaka |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
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[[Category:Dhaka| ]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Cities in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments]]
[[Category:Capitals of Bengal]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1608]]

My Name Is Khan (soundtrack)

2026-03-27T10:12:40Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = My Name Is Khan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|cover=My Name Is Khan (soundtrack).jpg
| released = 6 January 2010
| recorded = 2009
| studio = SEL Studio, [[Mumbai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:51
| language = {{hlist|Hindi|Urdu}}
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[London Dreams (soundtrack)|London Dreams]]
| prev_year = 2009
| title = My Name Is Khan
| year = 2010
| next_title = [[Karthik Calling Karthik]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
}}
'''''My Name Is Khan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2010 film ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''. The album featured six original songs composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] with lyrics written by [[Niranjan Iyengar]] and [[Javed Akhtar]] (uncredited). The vocals for the songs were performed by [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Adnan Sami]], [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]], [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] and [[Suraj Jagan]]. ''My Name is Khan'' is directed by [[Karan Johar]], produced by Hiroo Yash Johar and [[Gauri Khan]] and starred [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]] in the lead roles.

The soundtrack to ''My Name Is Khan'' was highly anticipated owing to the trio's successive collaboration with [[Image Nation Abu Dhabi]], [[Dune Entertainment]]. Distributed by [[Sony Music]], the album was released on 6 January 2010 and met with positive reviews from critics with praise directed on its melodic nature and [[Sufism|Sufi influences]] in the compositions and lyrics. It was nominated for various accolades, including the [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]], [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] (winning two) and [[Mirchi Music Awards]] (winning two). The trio further won the [[Screen Award for Best Music Director]].

== Development ==
[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] composed the film's music and score to ''My Name Is Khan'', who had previously worked with Johar in ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006) and ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009).<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2010 |title=My Name Is Khan Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/my-name-is-khan/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110233150/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/my-name-is-khan/cast/ |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Ux5ur3enUNj4bIz0xUjR5O/Three-is-company-too.html |title=Three is company too |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=1 February 2010 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411234557/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Ux5ur3enUNj4bIz0xUjR5O/Three-is-company-too.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All the songs are played in the background without [[lip sync]].<ref name="best2">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=14 July 2009 |title=I do my best work with SRK, Kajol: Karan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-do-my-best-work-with-srk-kajol-karan/story-EDkz1OBL2Ju1sxKkFjfUyL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713104957/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-do-my-best-work-with-srk-kajol-karan/story-EDkz1OBL2Ju1sxKkFjfUyL.html |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Pais |first=Arthur |date=10 February 2010 |title=Kajol's only regret in My Name is Khan |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/10/slide-show-1-kajol-on-my-name-is-khan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212080606/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/10/slide-show-1-kajol-on-my-name-is-khan.htm |archive-date=12 February 2010 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> Due to the themes and political issues in the film, Johar decided to avoid party numbers unlike his previous films, adding that "there's guts, soul and heart in the music".<ref name="best2" /><ref name="srkjaved2">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=14 July 2009 |title=Shah Rukh can be an outstanding director |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2009/jul/14/shah-rukh-can-be-an-outstanding-director-63503.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025503/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2009/jul/14/shah-rukh-can-be-an-outstanding-director-63503.html |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Besides writing the dialogues, Iyengar additionally wrote lyrics for two songs: "[[Sajdaa]]" and "Allah Hi Rahem"; Akhtar was approached to write lyrics for the remaining songs but refused them citing his unwillingness to share credits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/my-name-is-javed/story-8vU9QCPTHXfId1mugKMuqI.html |title=My name is Javed |date=7 February 2009 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815222249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/my-name-is-javed/story-8vU9QCPTHXfId1mugKMuqI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> But with Johar's persuasion, Akhtar later agreed to write one song though his name not appeared in the film's credits.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/lyricist-javed-akhtar-will-give-lyrics-to-my-name-is-khan-title-track-34138 |title=Lyricist Javed Akhtar will give lyrics to My Name Is Khan title track |date=25 February 2009 |work=Mid-Day |last=Joshi |first=Tushar |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713221143/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/lyricist-javed-akhtar-will-give-lyrics-to-my-name-is-khan-title-track-34138 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a later interview, Akhtar mentioned on his refusal citing that his involvement would take away the attention of the other deserving lyricist; he added that, he had read the songs written by Iyengar and appreciated it.<ref name=":0" />

On 14 June 2009, a burglary happened at the trio's studio in Mumbai, with the computers consisting of unrecorded tunes were stolen. However, their tunes for the film were left untouched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2009 |title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy's studio burgled, My Name Is Khan's tracks safe though |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shankar-ehsaan-loys-studio-burgled-my-name-is-khans-tracks-safe-though/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221113907/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shankar-ehsaan-loys-studio-burgled-my-name-is-khans-tracks-safe-though/ |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The album was highly anticipated, after Johar's collaboration with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy had provided successive results, with the music of ''Kal Ho Naa Ho'' and ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna''.<ref name="Billboard" /> [[Sony Music India]] acquired the film's music rights for an undisclosed price, as a part of the long-term deal with Dharma Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2009 |title=Actual price of SRK's ''My Name Is Khan'' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/actual-price-of-srk-s-my-name-is-khan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221115857/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/actual-price-of-srk-s-my-name-is-khan/ |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack was released in the overseas markets on 5 January 2010,{{Efn|In the [[United States]], most music albums were released on Tuesdays, in order to get the maximum number of sales covered until the weekend; later in early 2015, due to shift towards [[digital streaming]] and to counter piracy, [[Global Release Day|new albums were released on Fridays]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelley |first=Frannie |date=8 September 2010 |title=Why Albums Are Released On Tuesdays In The U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2010/09/08/129725205/why-albums-are-released-on-tuesdays |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031233742/https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2010/09/08/129725205/why-albums-are-released-on-tuesdays |archive-date=31 October 2015 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=National Public Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McKinney |first=Kelsey |date=26 February 2015 |title=New albums will come out on Fridays instead of Tuesdays now. Blame Beyonce. |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/26/8116201/friday-new-albums-beyonce |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227171825/https://www.vox.com/2015/2/26/8116201/friday-new-albums-beyonce |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref>}} while it was released in India a day later.<ref name="Billboard">{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgHgDgiLzqMC |title=Khan Do |last=Borthakur |first=Ahir Bhairab |date=13 February 2010 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=122 |issue=1 |page=31 |issn=0006-2510 |editor-last=Marks |editor-first=Craig |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213030825/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgHgDgiLzqMC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="iTunes">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2010 |title=My Name Is Khan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/my-name-is-khan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/347295498 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108100025/https://music.apple.com/us/album/my-name-is-khan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/347295498 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>

In [[iTunes]], besides the songs from the film, the album further consisted of four additional songs taken from Karan Johar's previous films.<ref name="iTunes" /> A deluxe edition, which consisted of the [[Lo-fi music|Lo-fi flip]] versions of "[[Sajdaa]]" and "Noor-E-Khuda", produced by Deepanshu Ruhela and Lo-fi 2307 were released on 12 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=My Name Is Khan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6aDVe6uFz5eP1vElmd018I |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221121531/https://open.spotify.com/album/6aDVe6uFz5eP1vElmd018I |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical ===
The soundtrack received positive reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newprocessfromhome.com/movies/bollywood/story/mnik-sets-new-record-in-us-canada-67368-2010-02-15 |title=MNIK sets new record in US, Canada |date=15 February 2010 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411234558/https://newprocessfromhome.com/movies/bollywood/story/mnik-sets-new-record-in-us-canada-67368-2010-02-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''Bollywood Hungama'' wrote ''My Name Is Khan''{{'s}} music does not has the romantic nature that is usual in Karan Johar's films, mainly ''Kuch Kuch Hota Hai'', and gave it a rating of three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/my-name-is-khan/songs/music-critic-review/ |title=Music review of My Name Is Khan by Joginder Tuteja |last=Tetuja |first=Joginder |date=9 January 2010 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025154/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/my-name-is-khan/songs/music-critic-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruchika Kher of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' concluded, "On the whole, every song in the album is above-average. The composers have stuck to the theme of the film and the soundtrack has the potential to rock the charts."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music-review-myname-is-khan/story-GguXWBaNpAm4oV1iMpz9LN.html |title=Music Review: MyName Is Khan |last=Kher |first=Ruchika |date=7 January 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422031037/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music-review-myname-is-khan/story-GguXWBaNpAm4oV1iMpz9LN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Chris Nickson of ''[[AllMusic]]'', "It's Indian music lite, all very classy and polished but ultimately lacking in soul, which is one quality the film appears to possess. More than anything, the ten tracks here function as background music, since they're not especially arresting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nickson |first=Chris |date=2010 |title=My Name is Khan Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-name-is-khan-mw0001958598 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128214857/https://www.allmusic.com/album/my-name-is-khan-mw0001958598 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=AllMusic}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' found the music to have strong [[Sufi music|Sufi feels]], opining that "it's neither fancy nor groundbreaking but warm enough to make us like it".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/07/my-name-is-khan-music-review.htm |title=MNIK music: Not fancy, yet very likable |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=7 January 2010 |website=Rediff.com |author-link=Sukanya Verma |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823054727/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/07/my-name-is-khan-music-review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for the ''[[BBC]]'', Jaspreet Pandohar described the soundtrack as a "mellow, spiritually-uplifting musical experience",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rb6m/ |title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy My Name Is Khan Review |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=2010 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109174443/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rb6m/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while Kumar Saurav of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' noted "the six-track album is worth occasional listening, but certainly not the soul-stirrer you were expecting".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/whatson/2010/jan/200110-Music-Review-My-Name-is-Khan.htm?zcc=rl |title=Crooners and lyrics save MNIK |last=Saurav |first=Kumar |date=20 January 2010 |work=Mid-Day |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731032341/https://www.mid-day.com/whatson/2010/jan/200110-Music-Review-My-Name-is-Khan.htm?zcc=rl |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon revisiting the album in 2023, Saaya Vaidya in her column for ''[[Film Companion]]'' described it as "a masterclass in the art of weaving together songs that explore similar themes. The songs and melodies seem to speak to one another — if one raises a question, another answers it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaidya |first=Saaya |date=12 February 2023 |title=Revisiting My Name is Khan's Soundtrack: An Album of Heartsore |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/revisiting-my-name-is-khans-soundtrack-an-album-of-heartsore-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-shankar-ehsaan-loy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823155751/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/revisiting-my-name-is-khans-soundtrack-an-album-of-heartsore-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-shankar-ehsaan-loy |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref>

=== Commercial ===
The ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine reported that it sold 150,000 units four days after its launch in India only and proved to be a commercial success.<ref name="Billboard" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=8 July 2010 |title=Music Round-up – 2010 first half: Melody on a leash |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/music-roundup--2010-first-half-melody-on-a-leash/643404/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719141912/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/music-roundup--2010-first-half-melody-on-a-leash/643404/0 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' included "Sajda" in their listing of 10 greatest Bollywood songs of 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2010 |title=Top 10 Bollywood songs of 2010 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/93673/top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217161814/http://tribune.com.pk/story/93673/top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2010/ |archive-date=17 December 2015 |access-date=31 July 2022 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''My Name Is Khan'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) {{nobold|— CD}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:51
| title1 = [[Sajdaa]]
| extra1 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| length1 = 06:05
| title2 = Noor-E-Khuda
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Shankar Mahadevan, [[Adnan Sami]]
| length2 = 06:37
| title3 = Tere Naina
| extra3 = [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
| length3 = 04:38
| title4 = Allah Hi Rahem
| extra4 = [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]
| length4 = 04:01
| title5 = Khan Theme
| extra5 = {{mdash}}
| length5 = 02:43
| title6 = Rang De
| extra6 = [[Suraj Jagan]]
| length6 = 03:45
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = ''My Name Is Khan'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) {{nobold|— [[iTunes]]}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title7 = Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
| extra7 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length7 = 04:57
| title8 = Suraj Hua Maddham
| extra8 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Alka Yagnik
| length8 = 07:08
| title9 = Kal Ho Naa Ho
| extra9 = Sonu Nigam
| length9 = 05:21
| title10 = Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
| extra10 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| length10 = 08:03
| total_length = 53:29
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = ''My Name Is Khan'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) {{nobold|— Deluxe edition}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title7 = Sajda
| extra7 = Deepanshu Ruhela, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Shankar Mahadevan, Richa Sharma
| note7 = Lo-fi Flip
| length7 = 02:08
| title8 = Noor-E-Khuda
| extra8 = Lo-fi 2307, Shreya Ghoshal, Shankar Mahadevan, Adnan Sami
| note8 = Lo-fi Flip
| length8 = 03:01
| total_length = 33:01
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |21 December 2010
| Most Entertaining Song
| "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 December 2010|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210091242/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968|title=Dabangg bags five awards at Big Star Entertainment Awards|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=22 December 2010|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416103800/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968|archive-date=16 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Male
| {{sort|Ali|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Female
| {{sort|Sharma|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Music
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |[[56th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2011]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |{{center|<ref name="ff11nom">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/|title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ff11">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|title=All Filmfare Awards Winners|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Sami|[[Adnan Sami]]}}, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ali Khan|[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[12th IIFA Awards|23–25 June 2011]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations – 1|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]]|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155916/http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations – 2|publisher=International Indian Film Academy|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508103106/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations – 3|publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127155033/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2011/|title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2011 : Toronto, Canada|publisher=International Indian Film Academy|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204101051/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="15" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="15" | [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|27 January 2011]]
| Best Programmer and Arranger
| {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{won}}
| rowspan="15" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html|title=Intro Note|publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093229/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|title=Winners|publisher=Radio Mirchi|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093003/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html|title=Listener's Choice|publisher=Radio Mirchi|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092926/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2010 Winners|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2011|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominees|publisher=Radio Mirchi|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>}}
|-
| Best song in Sufi Tradition
| rowspan="2" | "Sajda"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Song of The Year – Listener's Choice
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Album of The Year – Listener's Choice
| {{sort|is Khan|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Best Album of The Year]]
| ''My Name Is Khan''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Shankar Mahadevan for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Richa Sharma for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| Niranjan Iyengar for "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Niranjan Iyengar for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Raag-Inspired Song of the Year
| "Sajdaa"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score of the Year
| Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |12 January 2011
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominees|publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103303/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners|publisher=Producers Guild Film Awards|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103309/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html|title=Salman named best actor, Dabangg best film at Apsara Awards|website=[[Sify]]|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=12 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103254/http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Ali|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Sharma|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |6 January 2011
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Loy|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]}}
| {{won}}
| rowspan="8" |{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|title=Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="SAW">{{cite web|title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/|title=Star Screen Awards: B-Town's Big Night|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141300/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
| {{sort|Sami|[[Adnan Sami]]}}, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ali Khan|[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Ali|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]}} for "Tere Naina"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Noor-E-Khuda"
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Iyengar|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Awards 2011|14 January 2011]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| {{sort|Sharma|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]}} for "Sajda"
| {{won}}
|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=1 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152719/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|title=Hrithik, SRK top Zee Cine Awards|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=15 January 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy}}
[[Category:2010 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]

Hamari Wali Good News

2026-03-23T13:44:04Z

HarrisonHinson2: corrected citations based on references

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date= January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = HamariWaliGoodNews.jpg
| caption =
| creator =
| director = Amit Malik
| creative_director = Harkiran Kaur Ajay Bhardwaj Dhwani Gangdev
| starring = [[Juhi Parmar]]
| theme_music_composer = Vihan-Akash
| open_theme = ''Hamari Wali Good News''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 240
| producer = Mautik Tolia Sukesh Motwani
| cinematography = Ashish Sharma
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Bodhi Tree Multimedia
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|10|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2021|08|14|df=yes}}
| story = Rajesh Saksham Giselle Galbao
| editor = Vijay N Panchal
| executive_producer = Arun Dubey
}}

'''''Hamari Wali Good News''''' ({{Translation|Our Good News}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]] television series that aired from 20 October 2020 to 14 August 2021 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tv to launch new weekday fiction 'Hamari Wali Good News' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-announces-launch-date-of-hamariwali-good-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929185628/https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-announces-launch-date-of-hamariwali-good-news/ |archive-date=2020-09-29 |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=Biz Asia|date=18 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tv revealed launch date of 'Hamari Wali Good News' |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/revealed-launch-date-of-apna-time-bhi-aayega-and-hamari-wali-good-news-200928/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929185627/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/revealed-launch-date-of-apna-time-bhi-aayega-and-hamari-wali-good-news-200928 |archive-date=2020-09-29 |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref> It stars [[Juhi Parmar]], [[Shakti Anand]], Subir Rana, Raghav Tiwari and [[Srishti Jain]]. It is produced by Bodhi Tree Multimedia of Mautik Tolia and Sukesh Motwani. The Serial went Off Air On 14 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Hamari Wali Good News to go off air end of next month |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hamari-wali-good-news-to-go-off-air-end-of-next-month/articleshow/84857149.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|newspaper=The Times of India|date= 29 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> It was later replaced by ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]'' in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2021-08-13 |title=ZEE TV axes 'Hamari Wali Good News' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-axes-hamari-wali-good-news/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=BizAsia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Set in Agra, Renuka Tiwari and Mukund Tiwari eagerly wait for their grandchildren but were devastated to learn that Navya their daughter-in-law can't conceive due to tubal occlusion. Mukund's step-sister diehard wants ''Good News'' from Navya and Aditya, so she forces and badmouths Renuka. Also, Mukund berates her for every attempt.

Devastated by the news her daughter-in-law can't conceive, Renuka tried many things to bring the much-awaited ''Good News'' in the family, but all her efforts went in vain. Later events show a way to Renuka, she decides to bring ''Good News'' in the family herself along with her husband Mukund Tiwari. Mukund's stepsister, on the other hand, tries to create differences between Renuka and Mukund and she was successful in separating the two, Mukund and Renuka because of Sharadh decided to divorce and then the much-awaited ''Good News'' came that Renuka is pregnant. Mukund brings Renuka back home, he initially was hesitant and shocked but later take the full responsibility of the child. Mukund's sister continues to hatch various plans along with Alok Dubey (Tiwari's son-in-law) to create misunderstandings between Renuka and Mukund and create havoc in Tiwari House. Renuka decides to expose Mukund's stepsister and to bring her reality in front of Mukund. With various efforts it is revealed that Mukund's real sister is alive. And its Sumitra who killed Mukund's mother for property.

Mukund supports Renuka and abandons Sumitra. Meanwhile, Adi turns negative and plots with Sumitra and Alok to gain property. As Mukund and Renuka go away from Agra, Adi betrays Navya and is head over heels with Aki, with whom he turned the Tiwari house into bar. Later Sumitra tricks Renuka that she has changed yet Mukund is suspicious. The trio returns to Agra and is devastated to find about Adi. Sumitra uses this opportunity and makes Adi and Aki her ally with Alok.

The baby is born and he is named as Barath. Mukund transfers all the property to Barath. In order to gain property Adi and his team plot and kidnap Navya and Barath. Later Renuka is also kidnapped and all the three are kept in a garage. In order to escape Navya informs everything to Mukund via video call. As Adi finds about Navya's escape plan, he burns the whole garage. Navya, Barath and Adi escape and Renuka dies. To escape from the clutches of evil Navya, Mukund along with Barath go to Delhi.

===One month later ===
In Delhi, Navya owns Barath health center, where she runs juice shop. Ritwik Parmar, a wealthy businessman enters her life. Mukund still believes that Renuka is alive. Meera (Renuka's look-alike), Ritwik's aunt and Ritwik help Navya and Mukund to get rid of Adi and his team. The media mistakes Navya and Ritwik to be in love and spreads fake news which outrageous Devika Ritwik's mother. So, she is in a fix to search alliance for Ritwik. Meanwhile, Mukund realizes Meera is not his wife Renuka and accepts Renuka is dead. Soon, Ritwik and Navya fall in love and marry. Also, Mukund marries Meera. Adi enters into their lives again when he traps Ritwik's sister in love. Adi starts to live with the family.

== Cast ==

* [[Juhi Parmar]] as
** Renuka Tiwari – Mukund's late wife; Aditya, Preeti and Bharat's mother (Dead)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saas Bahu Dynamics Redefined |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/heres-how-hamariwali-good-news-has-redefined-saas-bahu-dynamics/23007268/ |website=Mid Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar makes her comeback with 'Hamari Wali Good News' on Zee Tv |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/hamari-wali-good-news-juhi-parmar-to-play-saas-who-conceives-her-bahu-s-child-1721676-2020-09-14/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915011112/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/hamari-wali-good-news-juhi-parmar-to-play-saas-who-conceives-her-bahu-s-child-1721676-2020-09-14 |archive-date=2020-09-15 |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=India Today|date=14 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar Returns to Tv with 'Hamari Wali Good News' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/juhi-parmar-returns-to-tv-with-hamari-wali-good-news/videoshow/78258783.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar to be seen as a Pregnant Mother-in-law in Zee Tv's Hamari Wali Good News |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/hamari-wali-good-news-kumkums-juhi-parmar-to-be-seen-as-a-pregnant-mother-in-law-and-we-are-getting-major-badhaai-ho-vibes-1685528/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919171329/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/hamari-wali-good-news-kumkums-juhi-parmar-to-be-seen-as-a-pregnant-mother-in-law-and-we-are-getting-major-badhaai-ho-vibes-1685528/ |archive-date=2020-09-19 |access-date=2020-09-28 |website=Bollywood Life|date=13 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Juhi Parmar Stars in Saas Bahu Soap with a Twist |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/juhi-parmar-stars-in-a-saas-bahu-soap-with-a-twist/cid/1793926/ |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
** Meera Parmar Tiwari – Renuka's lookalike; Devika's sister; Mukund's second wife; Aditya, Preeti and Bharat's stepmother
* [[Shakti Anand]] as Mukund Tiwari – Sumitra's stepbrother; Renuka's widower; Meera's husband; Aditya, Preeti and Bharat's father
* [[Srishti Jain]] as Navya Parmar (née: Agnihotri; formerly: Tiwari) – Poonam's daughter; Aditya's ex-wife; Ritwik's wife
* Shabaaz Abdullah Badi / Jatin Shah as Alok Dubey – Preeti's husband: Renuka and Mukund's Son In Law
* Farah Lakhani as Preeti Tiwari Dubey – Renuka and Mukund's daughter; Aditya and Bharat's sister; Alok's wife
* Raghav Tiwari as [[Aditya Tiwari]] – Renuka and Mukund's elder son; Preeti and Bharat's brother; Navya's ex-husband; Akanksha's husband
* Subir Rana as Ritwik Parmar – Devika's son; Akanksha's brother; Navya's husband
* Kinjal Pandya as Akanksha "Akki" Tiwari (née Parmar) – Devika's daughter; Ritwik's sister; Aditya's wife
* Bindiya Kalra as Devika Parmar – Meera's sister; Ritwik and Akanksha's mother
* [[Shweta Gautam]] as Advocate Poonam Agnihotri – Navya's mother
* Kiran Sharma as Sumitra Mishra – Mukund's stepsister
* [[Samiksha Bhatnagar]] as Vrinda
* [[Manish Goel]] as Dr. Raghav Sharma
* Arpana Agarwal as Kusum
* [[Vaishnavi Ganatra]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hamariwali Good News fame Vaishnavi Ganatra: My father makes sure that I can pursue my acting career - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hamariwali-good-news-fame-vaishnavi-ganatra-my-father-makes-sure-that-i-can-pursue-my-acting-career/articleshow/86399882.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as Aanchal Mishra
* Jyoti Tiwari as Indu Mishra
* Anushka Srivastav as Madhu
* Rahul Dwivedi as Ashraf
* Nidhi Mathur as Shilpa

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13149614}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/hamariwali-good-news/0-6-3007 Hamari Wali Good News] on [[Zee5]]

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Ubaid Iqbal Asim

2026-03-15T06:16:37Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made New Page

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and writer (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr., Maulana
| name = Ubaid Iqbal Asim
| honorific_suffix = Qasmi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|07|25}}
| birth_place = [[Deoband]], Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]}}
| other_names = Dr. Obaid Iqbal Asim
| father = Iqbal Ilahi Usmani<ref name="Asim"/>
| relatives = [[Usmani family of Deoband]]
| occupation = Islamic scholar, researcher, writer, journalist
| notable_works = "Ghubar-e-Khatir Aur Uska She'iri Sarmaya", "Ijtimai Nizam-e-Zakat", "Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani Thanvi: Ek Mutala", "Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb Ke Aaine Mein"

}}

'''Ubaid Iqbal Asim''' (born 25 July 1959), also written as '''Obaid Iqbal Asim''', is an Indian Muslim scholar, writer, researcher,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Symposium on classic Urdu literature held |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/685581/community/symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature-held |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Gulf Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-26 |title=Bazm-e-Urdu Qatar holds symposium on classic Urdu literature |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/06/2024/bazm-e-urdu-qatar-holds-symposium-on-classic-urdu-literature |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Peninsula Qatar]] |language=en}}</ref> and biographer, known for his contributions to literature and research. A native of [[Deoband]], Uttar Pradesh, he completed his early and higher education at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and pursued Master of Arts in Arabic from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1996. He later earned his Ph.D. in 2002 from the same university, focusing on the life and contributions of [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]. His works primarily address scholarly and social issues.

== Early life and education ==
Ubaid Iqbal Asim was born on 25 July 1959 (19 Muharram 1379 AH) in [[Deoband]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Hasan">{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Nayab |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ka Sahafati Manzar Nama |publisher=Idara-e-Tahqiq-e-Islami |year=2013 |edition=1st |location=Deoband |pages=275–276 |language=ur |trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband}}</ref><ref name="Fikr-e-Inqilāb">{{Cite journal |date=16–31 January 2017 |editor-last=Mukhtar |editor-first=As'ad |editor2-last=Mehtāb |editor2-first=Ahsan |title=Urdu ke farogh mein Deoband ka deṛh so salah kirdār |trans-title=The 150-year Role of Deoband in the Promotion of Urdu |url=https://archive.org/details/urdu-ke-farogh-mein-deoband-ka-derh-so-salah-kirdar-fikr-e-inqilab |journal=Fortnightly Fikr-e-Inqilāb |edition=2nd |volume=5 |issue=112 |pages=705–706}}</ref>

He began his educational journey at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he completed the Dars-e-Nizami course in 1980. He later pursued an M.A. in Arabic at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1996 and obtained his Ph.D. in Arabic in 2002.<ref name="Hasan"/><ref name="Asim">{{Cite book |last=Asim |first=Ubaid Iqbal |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maulana-zafar-ahmad-usmani-thanvi-ek-mutaala-ubaid-iqbal-aasim-ebooks |title=Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani Thanvi: Ek Mutala |publisher=Hafizi Book Depot |year=2009|edition=1st|location=Deoband |pages=375 |language=ur |chapter=About the Author |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/aalmi-urdu-adab-delhi-volume-021-nand-kishor-vikram-magazines?lang=ur|title=حال ہی میں پی ایچ ڈی سند یافتہ|trans-title=People Recently Awarded Ph.D.|journal=Aalami Urdu Adab |publisher=Publishers and Advertisers |year=2003 |editor-last=Vikram |editor-first=Nand Kishor |location=J-6 Krishna Nagar, Delhi 110051 |volume=21 |page=353 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/>

== Career ==
Asim has played an active role on social and educational fronts. He has served as the General Secretary of the Aligarh Zakat Fund,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2013 |title=Muslim leaders blast UP government over riots |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/muslim-leaders-blast-up-government-over-riots-113091801050_1.html |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> Secretary of the All India Education Movement<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Sameer |date=18 November 2024 |title=Deoband: Marhoom Abdullah Usmani Ki Do Nai Kitabon Ka Ijra, Mashahireen Ki Shirkat |trans-title=Deoband: The Launch of Two New Books by the Late Abdullah Usmani, Participation of Notable Personalities |url=https://roznamakhabrein.com/deoband-release-of-two-new-books-of-late-abdullah-usmani-participation-of-celebrities/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Roznama Khabrein |language=ur}}</ref> and the Uttar Pradesh Rabta Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Seminar on Saiyid Hamid |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/12107-seminar-on-saiyid-hamid/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2014 |title=Muslim organisations meet in Aligarh over agenda for last parliamentary session of UPA Govt |url=https://twocircles.net/2014jan22/representatives_various_muslim_organisations_meet_aligarh_over_agenda_last_parliamentary_s |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=[[TwoCircles]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=100 years have passed since the death of Shaykh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Deobandi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/uttar-pradesh/100-years-have-passed-since-the-death-of-shaykh-ul-hind-maulana-mahmood-hassan-deobandi/na20201201170711973 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-22 |title=Recall ambassador from Egypt; Expel Egyptian ambassador: Aligarh groups demand Govt. |url=https://muslimmirror.com/recall-ambassador-from-egypt-expel-egyptian-ambassador-aligarh-groups-demand-govt/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is also a member of the Central Committee of the All India Majlis-e-Mushawarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2014 |title=Mushawarat Central Committee resolutions |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/10059-mushawarat-central-committee-resolutions/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=The Milli Gazette |language=en}}</ref> and the All India Educational Caravan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2017 |title=AIEM meet focuses education |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/20071 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2021 |title=Teach Urdu to daughters: Dr. Wazahat Hussain Rizvi |url=https://www.instantkhabar.com/item/must-teach-urdu-to-daughters-dr-wazahat-hussain-rizvi.html |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Instant Khabar |language=ur}}</ref>

He has been associated with [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in some capacity.<ref name="Asim"/>

Asim was honored with the ''Sir Syed Awareness Forum Award 2019'' for his outstanding contributions in his field during the 10th National Seminar organized by the Sir Syed Awareness Forum at Aligarh Mahotsav.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2019 |title=Sir Syed Awareness Forum Organises 10th National Seminar at Aligarh Mahotsav |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/16540-sir-syed-awareness-forum-organises-10th-national-seminar-at-aligarh-mahotsav/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Milli Gazette |language=en}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Asim has mastery over Urdu and Arabic languages and has authored numerous books and research articles on academic and scholarly topics. His notable works include ''Ghubar-e-Khatir aur Uska Sha'iri Sarmaya'', ''Ijtimai Nizam-e-Zakat'', and ''Insaaf Ki Dastak''.<ref name="Hasan"/><ref name="Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/> He also authored a book titled ''Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb ke Aaine Mein'', which explores the history and culture of Deoband.<ref name="Tarīkh-o-Tahdhīb">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqi |first=Zafar |date=13 October 2019 |title=Preserving and passing down history to future generations is a sign of living nations! Remarks of Maulana Syed Arshad Madani during the launch of 'Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb ke Aaine Mein' |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/45903 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Millat Times|language=ur}}</ref>

He earned his Ph.D. by writing a thesis on the life and contributions of [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]. His literary journey began with contributions to the wall magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband and later expanded to writing for various journals and magazines.<ref name="Hasan"/> He served as the editor of the fortnightly ''Ijtima'' (Deoband) from 1985 to 1986, and was previously the joint editor of the monthly ''Ilmi Sada'' (Delhi) and the monthly ''Rabta Bulletin'' (Aligarh). Additionally, he regularly contributes to leading newspapers such as ''[[Rashtriya Sahara]]'' (Delhi), ''Azad Hind'' (Kolkata), ''[[The Munsif Daily|Munsif]]'' (Hyderabad), and ''[[The Inquilab|Inquilab]]'' (Delhi).<ref name="Hasan"/><ref name="Asim"/>

=== Books ===
Asim's works include:<ref name="Hasan"/>
* ''Ghubar-e-Khatir aur Uska She'ri Sarmaya'' (a book containing the interpretation of Arabic, Urdu and Persian poems recorded in [[Ghubar-e-Khatir]])
* ''Ijtimai Nizam-e-Zakat'' (Collective [[Zakat]] System)
* ''Insaaf Ki Dastak'' (The knock of justice)
* ''Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani Thanvi: Ek Mutala'' ([[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]: A Study)
* ''Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi ki Quran Fahmi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi ki Quran Fahmi |url=https://quranwahadith.com/product/maulana-ashraf-ali-thanvi-ki-quran-fahmi/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Quran Wa Hadith |language=ur |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124132254/https://quranwahadith.com/product/maulana-ashraf-ali-thanvi-ki-quran-fahmi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (A study of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]'s Quranic scholarship; {{ISBN|978-93-91601-24-9}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=News and Publication - K.A. Nizami Centre for Quranic Studies |trans-title=News and Publications - K.A. Nizami Centre for Quranic Studies |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/department/k-a-nizami-centre-for-quranic-studies/news-publication |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Aligarh Muslim University (Official Website) |language=en}}</ref>)
* ''Deoband: Tareekh-o-Tahzeeb ke Aaine Mein'' ([[Deoband]] – In the Mirror of History and Civilization)<ref name="Tarīkh-o-Tahdhīb"/>
* ''Baatein Mulaqatein'' (Compilation of articles by Shahid Zuberi)<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2023 |title=Launch of Shahid Zuberi's book Baatein Mulaqatein |url=https://www.uniurdu.com/news/national/story/3111373.html |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=[[United News of India]] |language=ur |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101218/https://www.uniurdu.com/news/national/story/3111373.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Para-e-'am ke Mozu'aat wa Mazameen'' (Topics and articles of the 30th [[Juz']] of Quran)
* ''Sawaneh Maulana Mansoor Ansari – Sada Muhajir'' (Biography of [[Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari]], co-authored with Arshad Mansoor Ghazi)
* ''Syed Hamid'' (Biography of [[Syed Hamid]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayyid Hamid / murattib, Dr. Ubaid Iqbal Asim = Syed Hamid / edited by Dr. Ubaid Iqbal Asim |url=https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/hb99156909508803941 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Research Catalog |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Zikr-e-Ghazi'' (Biography of [[Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi]])

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asim, Ubaid Iqbal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:People from Deoband]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Urdu-language writers]]

Thevar Magan

2026-03-15T05:42:25Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made A Article

{{short description|1992 film by directed by Bharathan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thevar Magan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathan]]
| writer = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| producer = Kamal Haasan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Revathi]]
* [[Gautami]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = N. P. Satish
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| released = {{film date|1992|10|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=511}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thevar Magan''''' ({{IPAc-en|ð|eɪ|v|ər}} or {{IPAc-en|θ|eɪ|v|ər}} {{Translation|Son of [[Mukkulathor|Thevar]]}}){{efn|The Mukkulathor people, who are also collectively known as Thevar, are native to the central and southern districts of Tamil Nadu, According to R. Muthulakshmi, Thevar literally means "celestial beings or divine-natured people".{{Sfn |Muthulakshmi |1997 |pages=11–13}}}} is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Bharathan]], and written and produced by [[Kamal Haasan]]. It stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], Haasan, [[Revathi]], [[Gautami]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]; with [[Kallapart Natarajan]], [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]], [[Sangili Murugan]] and [[Vadivelu]] in supporting roles. The film's story involves a respected village chieftain's son who wants to open a business but his father wants him to help the villagers.

The script of ''Thevar Magan'' was completed in seven days; it was written using screenwriting software called ''[[Movie Magic Screenwriter|Movie Magic]]''. Haasan said ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972) and the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]'' (1973) were inspirations for the film. [[P. C. Sreeram]] was the cinematographer and N. P. Satish edited the film, which was mostly made in [[Pollachi]], with a few days' filming at [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Ooty]].

''Thevar Magan'' was released on 25 October 1992 – [[Diwali]] day; it received critical acclaim and completed a 175-day run at the box office. It was chosen as India's entry for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] for the [[65th Academy Awards]] but was not nominated. ''Thevar Magan'' won five [[National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Tamil Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Revathi, and a [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] for Ganesan, which he declined. It was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Thandege Thakka Maga]]'' (2006).

== Plot ==
Sakthivel returns home to his landlord father, Periyasamy Thevar's village in rural [[Theni]] after completing his education in London. To his father's annoyance, he brings with him his westernised girlfriend Bhanumathi, hailing from [[Andhra Pradesh]], to meet his family. Sakthi announces his plan to open a chain of restaurants in [[Chennai|Madras]] and marry Banumathi, which saddens his father, as he wanted his son to help residents with his education. Periyasamy Thevar is a respected village chief whose younger half-brother, Chinnasamy Thevar, and nephew Mayan Thevar hold a grudge against him. Periyasamy's elder son, Muthuvel, though the oldest in his generation, is a drunkard. The entire village suffers from this long-standing family feud. Mayan always tries to outdo Periyasamy Thevar, as he believes Periyasamy to have poisoned Chinnasamy into paralysis.

Sakthi, despite reservations about the barbaric behavior persisting in the village, spends time there with Bhanu. They find an old temple, built by his great-grandfather, that has been closed off due to the feud between Periyasamy and Mayan over the first respect at the temple. Sakthi insists on entering with the help of his friend and servant, Isakki, who breaks open the temple. Mayan hears of this, and a riot erupts between the two village factions. To quell the situation, Periya Thevar contemplates apologizing to his opponents. Sakthi feels he or Isakki should apologize instead. Sakthi goes off to drop Bhanu at the station and, on his return, sees the riot. When Sakthi reaches home and asks for Isakki, he learns that Mayan's men have severed Isakki's left arm as punishment for opening the temple. To prevent further escalation, Sakthi, with his father's permission and with the help of his [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] friends in the government, legally opens the temple for all.

Slighted by this, Mayan hires goons to break a dam protecting a part of the village that supports Periya thevar. The goons use explosives to damage the dam, flooding half of the village and resulting in numerous deaths, including infants. This saddens Sakthi, who spots the goon who placed the explosives and gives chase. After capturing the goon, Sakthi hands him over to the police. The goon does not mention Mayan's involvement for fear of his own family's safety. Seeing the plight of the villagers, Sakthi changes his mind and decides to stay back with Periya Thevar. Weeks later, Mayan uses his clout to force a poor villager to close a portion of his land, preventing the public from easily reaching the main road. Sakthi and his father invite them for talks at the village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] to resolve the standoff.

In the panchayat, both sides repeatedly accuse the other. With no evidence, Mayan accuses Periya of orchestrating attacks on his brother's family and berates him. Disrespected and broken, Periya walks home and dies from a heart attack during sleep. Devastated and shocked about his father’s death and his disobedient behaviour, Sakthi takes over his father's duties as the village chieftain. The villagers express concern to Sakthi about having to daily circumnavigate the piece of land belonging to Mayan's side of the village, which causes a much longer travelling time. Sakthi reasons with the landowner Paramasivam to open it up for all villagers. Although understanding and willing, Paramasivam is Mayan's maternal uncle and is afraid of his nephew's backlash, especially because he has a daughter named Panchavarnam.

Sakthi assuages his fear by arranging the marriage between Panchavarnam and a Engineer from [[Madurai]]. Everybody involved happily agrees, and Paramasivam opens up the land. On the day of the wedding, however, the groom runs away, fearing Mayan. Paramasivam and Panchavarnam are distraught that if someone marries their daughter, they will live in constant fear. With her father's permission, Sakthi marries Panchavarnam, although he still has feelings for Bhanu. Mayan tries to counter Sakthi by getting Muthuvel drunk and obtaining his signature on ridiculous loan papers. The scheme is foiled in the last minute by Sakthi. Bhanu returns to meet Sakthi and learns about Sakthi's marriage. Although saddened, she understands the situation and leaves. Sakthi starts his new life with Panchavarnam. While Sakthi and Panchavaranam are returning from dropping off Banu at the station, a drive-by attempt is made on their life, which they narrowly escape. This brings them closer, and they start their marital intimacy.

A few weeks later, the [[HR&CE]] department plans the long-pending temple celebrations, and a problem arises about the first respect. Muthuvel is ineligible as he is a drunkard, and Mayan argues that he is the next eldest heir of the builder of the temple. Sakthi gives up the first respect for peace, but Mayan rejects it. He publicly taunts Sakthi that he will die soon and leaves. Weeks later, Sakthi is given the first respect, and the event starts. Sakthi's family learns that Panchavarnam is pregnant, and they are ecstatic.

Mayan plants a bomb during the temple chariot festival, causing deaths on both sides of the village. Enraged, both factions go after Mayan and his family. Sakthi protects the innocent family and helps them escape from the villagers. Appreciative of Sakthi's efforts to protect them, they disclose Mayan's hiding place. Sakthi locates Mayan and asks him to surrender to the police lest the villagers kill him, but Mayan refuses. Mayan blames Sakthi for his problems and tries to kill him. In the ensuing struggle, Sakthi accidentally beheads Mayan. The villagers offer to take the blame for Mayan's death, but Sakthi refuses and surrenders to the police. He asks the villagers to maintain peace, promote education for all, and leaves for jail, leaving the control in the hands of his sister-in-law.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Periyasamy Thevar
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Sakthivel Thevar
* [[Revathi]] as Panchavarnam
* [[Gautami]] as Bhanumathi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Maya Thevar (Mayan)
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Chinnasamy Thevar
* [[Vadivelu]] as Isakki
* [[Kallapart Natarajan]] as Paramasivam<ref name="AllMovie" />
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as Subbiah<ref name="AllMovie" />
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Muthuvel Thevar
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Kannatha, Mayan Thevar's mother<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2010 |title=Courage goaded her on ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Courage-goaded-her-on-%E2%80%A6/article15694431.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705053445/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Courage-goaded-her-on-%E2%80%A6/article15694431.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Maragatham<ref name="AllMovie" />
* [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Lakshmi, Sakthivel's sister-in-law<ref name="NST" />
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Lawyer Kesavan<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=The smile, a gift from my dad: Madhan Bob |url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/11/12145105/THE-SMILE-A-GIFT-FROM-MY-DAD-MADHAN-BOB.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175103/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/11/12145105/THE-SMILE-A-GIFT-FROM-MY-DAD-MADHAN-BOB.vpf |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=Iflicks}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as S. Maruthupandi<ref name="AllMovie" />
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Meena, Mayan Thevar's daughter<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=14 June 2017 |title=கமல் சார் கழுத்துல அருவாளை வெச்சப்போ...!{{''}} நீலிமா ராணி ஃப்ளாஷ்பேக் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/92302-tv-actress-neelima-shares-her-memories-of-acting-with-kamal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200704135200/https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/92302-tv-actress-neelima-shares-her-memories-of-acting-with-kamal |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In the 1980s, [[Muktha Srinivasan]] planned to direct a film based on ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972) with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] but the project was abandoned after Haasan's associate [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] felt it would be a Ganesan-focused film rather than a Haasan film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Muktha V. |author-link=Muktha Srinivasan |date=28 October 2012 |title=Living in past glory |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/living-in-past-glory/article4034360.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017104147/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/living-in-past-glory/article4034360.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Haasan later wrote a script, which eventually became ''Thevar Magan'', in seven days, although he said he was challenged to write it in twelve.<ref name="ht" /> The film was initially titled ''Nammavar'' but was later renamed to its final title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2004 |title=Kamal's new ventures |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/03/11/stories/2004031100500200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925070540/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/03/11/stories/2004031100500200.htm |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Haasan also said it was inspired by ''The Godfather'' and the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]'' (1973).<ref name="GodfatherDNA" /><ref name="ht" /> Due to his lack of experience in directing, Haasan approached [[Bharathan]] to direct ''Thevar Magan''.<ref name=":0" />

According to Haasan, ''Thevar Magan'' is the first film that was written using a screenwriting software called "Movie Magic".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=28 May 2009 |title=Writing for celluloid |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/writing-for-celluloid/article647863.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214712/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/writing-for-celluloid/article647863.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[P. C. Sreeram]] was the cinematographer and N. P. Satish edited the film. [[Tirru]] worked as Sreeram's assistant and actor [[Tinku (actor)|Tinku]] worked as assistant photographer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2007 |title=Realistic frames |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/realistic-frames/article2272961.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226102606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/realistic-frames/article2272961.ece |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2007 |title=A "Master" returns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-master-returns/article2256220.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705053047/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-master-returns/article2256220.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Writing disputes ===
A significant controversy arose concerning ''Thevar Magan'', with writer [[Kalaignanam]] alleging that its plot was originally his. According to Kalaignanam, he had previously discussed this very storyline with director [[Gangai Amaran]], envisioning Haasan as the protagonist. However, the initial project was shelved. Later, when ''Thevar Magan'' was produced, Kalaignanam claimed Kamal Haasan appropriated his story and took sole credit for the writer. This contentious issue was first brought before the film council, then became the subject of a legal case. While Haasan reportedly reached an out-of-court settlement, Kalaignanam maintained he was unjustly defrauded, and Haasan ultimately kept the writer's credit for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title='தேவர் மகன்' படத்தின் உண்மையான கதாசிரியர் யார்..? சர்ச்சையில் கலைஞானமும், கமலும்..! |url=https://tamilcinetalk.com/who-is-the-original-story-writer-of-thevarmagan-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250825052923/https://tamilcinetalk.com/who-is-the-original-story-writer-of-thevarmagan-movie/ |archive-date=2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Tamil Cine Talk |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jHQnXK1Bdc |title='தேவர்மகன் என் கதை' ஆதாரத்துடன் விளக்கும் கலைஞானம்! Devarmagan Is My Story - Kalaignanam Explains |date=2019-06-03 |last=Nakkheeran Studio |access-date=2025-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528003106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jHQnXK1Bdc |archive-date=28 May 2020 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In 2016, Gangai Amaran said he was supposed to direct a film titled ''[[Adhi Veerapandian]]'' starring Haasan but Amaran's brother [[Ilaiyaraaja]] advised Haasan against accepting the film, feeling Amaran was "not a good filmmaker", and the film was shelved. Amaran said; "Kamal took the story of ''Adhi Veerapandian'' and remade it as ''Thevar Magan''".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2016 |title=Gangai Amaren lashes out at Ilaiyaraaja and Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230616/gangai-amaren-lashes-out-at-ilaiyaraaja-and-kamal-haasan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623135645/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230616/gangai-amaren-lashes-out-at-ilaiyaraaja-and-kamal-haasan.html |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
According to Haasan, casting was done "against everyone else's suggestion".<ref name="ht" /> In portraying Sakthi, Haasan wore colourful, buttoned-up shirts and jeans, and a medium-size beard and a [[Mullet (haircut)|mullet]] in the first half of the film. He grew a thick [[handlebar moustache]] and wore {{Convert|6|yards|m|abbr=out|spell=in}} of village dhoti for the part of village head.{{Sfn |Southscope |2010 |page=52}} The unit had originally wanted to cast either [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] or [[S. S. Rajendran]] for the character Periya Thevar but Haasan approached Sivaji Ganesan, who completed his scenes within seven days.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=325}} Haasan persuaded Ganesan because it was his long-time desire to act in at least one film with him; Ganesan, who had retired from acting, agreed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2002 |title=Unique memorial for Sivaji Ganesan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/unique-memorial-for-sivaji-ganesan/articleshow/26394726.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506082152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/unique-memorial-for-sivaji-ganesan/articleshow/26394726.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> Haasan described ''Thevar Magan'' as a "love story about Sivaji and me. I wanted to become him and he allowed me to become him".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natarajan |first=Nikhila |date=28 March 2016 |title='I wrote Thevar Magan, that movie is a Sivaji-Kamal love story': The best of Kamal Haasan's 90 minutes with die-hard fans in New York |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/i-wrote-thevar-magan-that-movie-is-a-sivaji-kamal-love-story-the-best-of-kamal-haasans-90-minutes-with-die-hard-fans-in-new-york-2698382.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505230128/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/i-wrote-thevar-magan-that-movie-is-a-sivaji-kamal-love-story-the-best-of-kamal-haasans-90-minutes-with-die-hard-fans-in-new-york-2698382.html |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] was approached to play the character Panchavarnam; she acted for a few days but was soon replaced by [[Revathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2025 |title=தேவர் மகன் ரேவதி கேரக்டர் நான் தான்; ஆனா கமலுக்கு என் நடிப்பு திருப்தியா இல்ல; பிரபல நடிகை உடைத்த உண்மை! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/devar-magan-revathi-character-was-supposed-to-be-done-by-actress-meena-9773721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901122754/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/devar-magan-revathi-character-was-supposed-to-be-done-by-actress-meena-9773721 |archive-date=1 September 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=கதையில் வந்த சந்தேகம், மீனாவுக்கு பதில் ரேவதி: 'தேவர் மகன்' ரகசியங்கள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/553940-devar-magan-flash-back.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174647/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/553940-devar-magan-flash-back.html |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 October 2005 |title=Diva in the drawing room |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/diva-in-the-drawing-room/article28587079.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705055706/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/diva-in-the-drawing-room/article28587079.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Gautami]] played Sakthi's initial lover Bhanu;<ref name="NST" /> her voice was dubbed by K. R. Anuradha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=11 January 2009 |title=They act in front of the mike at work |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/They-act-in-front-of-the-mike-at-work/article16349919.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191017092403/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/They-act-in-front-of-the-mike-at-work/article16349919.ece |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vadivelu]], who played Isakki, said; "While shooting of ''[[Singaravelan]]'', Kamal asked me to go to his [[Raaj Kamal Films International|Raaj Kamal]] office next morning and collect an advance payment for my role in his next film, ''Thevar Magan''. But, I was not ready to wait until the next morning. So I went to his office the same evening after the shoot" and received a cheque for {{INR}}5,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2019 |title=When Vadivelu's overacting caught Sivaji Ganesan and Kamal Haasan off-guard |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vadivelu-sivaji-ganesan-kamal-haasan-6126919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705161147/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vadivelu-sivaji-ganesan-kamal-haasan-6126919/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] was cast as Sakthi's elder brother on Haasan's recommendation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 January 2008 |title=Happy times of a veteran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Happy-times-of-a-veteran/article15397274.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200703155131/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Happy-times-of-a-veteran/article15397274.ece |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Salim Ghouse]] was the initial choice for the role of the antagonist Mayan Thevar which ultimately went to [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை. |date=29 April 2022 |title="தேவர் மகன் படத்தில் நாசர் ரோல் சலீம் கவுஸ்தான் நடிக்கவேண்டியது" - நினைவுகள் பகிரும் விஜய் பாலாஜி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actor-vijay-balaji-shares-about-actor-salim-ghose |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527150556/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actor-vijay-balaji-shares-about-actor-salim-ghose |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Neelima Rani|Neelima]] portrayed Mayan's daughter – it was her feature-film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=7 January 2010 |title=My First Break: Neelima |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Neelima/article16836383.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705053445/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Courage-goaded-her-on-%E2%80%A6/article15694431.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===


''Thevar Magan'' was mostly filmed at [[Pollachi]] in 75 days, and for few days at [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Ooty]].{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=325}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jeshi |first1=K. |last2=Rao |first2=Subha K. |date=6 June 2014 |title=Creating a scene |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/creating-a-scene/article6089611.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627154138/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/creating-a-scene/article6089611.ece |archive-date=27 June 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Some scenes were filmed at a palatial bungalow situated at Singanallur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vanavarayar |first=Shankar |date=30 September 2006 |title=A perfect backdrop |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-perfect-backdrop/article3200520.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703162632/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-perfect-backdrop/article3200520.ece |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Haasan has stated the scene in which a truck with a cargo of steel rods jutting out reverses into a car was initially written for ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) but could not be used there because producer Muktha Srinivasan would not let a car be damaged.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |date=20 October 2012 |title='Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618014621/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Kalaignanam suggested the concept of one temple having two locks, which Haasan liked and added.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=325}} Some scenes were filmed at Mariamman Temple in Sulukkal, Pollachi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sulakkal Mariamman temple |url=http://www.wherewasitshot.com/2015/04/17/sulakkal-mariamman-temple-sulakkal-tamil-nadu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141510/http://www.wherewasitshot.com/2015/04/17/sulakkal-mariamman-temple-sulakkal-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=18 December 2015 |website=Where Was It Shot}}</ref> Nassar filmed only seven scenes, of which two are major.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Actor Naser |url=http://tmcafe.com/interview/naser/nasser_interview.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010702185543/http://tmcafe.com/interview/naser/nasser_interview.htm |archive-date=2 July 2001 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=Tamil Movie Cafe}}</ref> Sreeram revealed, "after I heard the story from Bharatan, I wanted the whole film to have a rustic colour. So I took the extreme step of laying a whole road with coconut husk for a shot of one car going on the road in the beginning of the film". There was a scene where the bund has been breached by some people and in order to have a "wet, messy look", Sreeram and crew for six days had to "water the place before every shot".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2004 |title=Through the eyes of P C Sreeram |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/20sd3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229170255/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/20sd3.htm |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 3}}</ref> The film's end where Haasan gets into the train was shot at a railway station near Pollachi.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=790952067237949440 |user=kamalhaasandatabank |title=#24YearsOfThevarmagan First man @ikamalhaasan to use software Movie Magic for writing screen play during 1992, always stands ahead of times |date=25 October 2016 |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
According to Haasan, ''Thevar Magan'' was inspired by ''The Godfather'' and ''Kaadu'';<ref name="GodfatherDNA" /><ref name="ht" /> journalist S. Shiva Kumar said he re-used ''The Godfather''{{'}}s "crucial emotional core of a reluctant son ascending a throne full of thorns".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=6 March 2014 |title=The age of remakes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-age-of-remakes/article5757338.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127043135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-age-of-remakes/article5757338.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] said Haasan's screenplay "uses small gestures to say a lot between the lines, without explaining everything in tiresome detail", and that Bhanu is frequently shown boarding and alighting from trains, establishing her status as an outsider.<ref name="thenewsminute" />

== Soundtrack ==
Ilaiyaraaja composed the soundtrack of ''Thevar Magan'' and the lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devar Magan (1992) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/devar-magan-t0000038 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825053709/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/devar-magan-t0000038 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> It was released under the label AVM Audio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devar Mahan |url=https://avdigital.in/products/devar-mahan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018102051/https://avdigital.in/products/devar-mahan |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=AV Digital}}</ref> Embar Kannan performed the violin portions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krupa |first=Lakshmi |date=24 March 2013 |title=From kutcheris to recording studios |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/from-kutcheris-to-recording-studios/article4544076.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010050936/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/from-kutcheris-to-recording-studios/article4544076.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The soundtrack has eight tracks with two alternatives. Haasan's six-year-old daughter [[Shruti Haasan|Shruti]] made her singing debut with this film, singing one version of "Potri Paadadi Penne";<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ittyipe |first=Minu |date=7 March 2008 |title=It's the genes at play |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080317-its-the-genes-at-play-735657-2008-03-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816000531/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/It%27s%2Bthe%2Bgenes%2Bat%2Bplay/1/5476.html |archive-date=16 August 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=1 July 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan trolled over daughter Shruti's "I am Iyengar" video; actor asked to start reform at home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-trolled-over-daughter-shrutis-i-am-iyengar-video-actor-asked-to-start-reform-at-home/articleshow/64817994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217074247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-trolled-over-daughter-shrutis-i-am-iyengar-video-actor-asked-to-start-reform-at-home/articleshow/64817994.cms |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Haasan credited Gangai Amaran for the idea of "Sandhu Pottu", which was initially intended for ''Adhi Veerapandian''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2016 |title="Kamal and Illayaraja let me down" - Gangai Amaran |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gangai-amaran-says-illayaraja-and-kamal-haasan-cheated-him-malayalam-news-161513 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606100927/https://www.indiaglitz.com/gangai-amaran-says-illayaraja-and-kamal-haasan-cheated-him-malayalam-news-161513 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> "Manamagale Manamagale" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Shuddha Saveri]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |author-link=Anil Srinivasan |date=1 June 2013 |title=The King and I |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-king-and-i/article4771773.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912055251/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-king-and-i/article4771773.ece |archive-date=12 September 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Maasaru Ponne" is set in [[Mayamalavagowla]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – The magic of Mayamalavagowla |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121083524/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Inji Iduppazhagi" is set in [[Jaunpuri (raga)|Jaunpuri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2012 |title=Jaunty Jonpuri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/jaunty-jonpuri/article3410080.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703164406/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/jaunty-jonpuri/article3410080.ece |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was later remixed by [[Smita]] for her album ''Kalakkal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frederick |first=Prince |date=29 December 2004 |title='Kalakal' remix |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/12/29/stories/2004122900140300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171022155001/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/12/29/stories/2004122900140300.htm |archive-date=22 October 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The original song was re-used in ''[[Size Zero]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=Kamal and Revathy to appear in Arya-Anushka starrer "Inji Idupazhagi" |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/arya-anushka-inji-idupzahagi-to-have-a-remix-of-devar-magan-inji-idupazhagi-song-tamil-news-141112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005200413/http://www.indiaglitz.com/arya-anushka-inji-idupzahagi-to-have-a-remix-of-devar-magan-inji-idupazhagi-song-tamil-news-141112.html |archive-date=5 October 2015 |access-date=29 September 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Potri Paadadi Penne
| note1 = Version 1
| extra1 = T. K. S. Kalaivanan, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Potri Paadadi Penne
| note2 = Version 2
| extra2 = [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
| length2 = 1:26
| title3 = Sandhu Pottu
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
| length3 = 5:10
| title4 = Vaanam Thottu Pona
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 2:26
| title5 = Vettaruva Thangi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 2:38
| title6 = Ada Puthiyathu Piranthadhu
| extra6 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length6 = 4:43
| title7 = Inji Idupazhaga
| extra7 = [[S. Janaki]]
| note7 = Solo
| length7 = 2:16
| title8 = Inji Idupazhagi
| note8 = Duet
| extra8 = S. Janaki, Kamal Haasan, [[Minmini]]
| length8 = 3:29
| title9 = Manamagale Manamagale
| extra9 = [[Swarnalatha]], Minmini, Sindhuja
| length9 = 2:16
| title10 = Masaru Ponnae Varuga
| extra10 = Minmini, Swarnalatha
| length10 = 3:12
| total_length = 32:33
}}

== Release ==
''Thevar Magan'' was released on 25 October 1992, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=நவநீதகிருஷ்ணன் |first=பா ஸ்டாலின் |date=25 October 2022 |title=ABP Nadu Exclusive: இந்த நாள் மறக்கவே கூடாது... 30 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் ஒரே நாளில் மோதிய டாப் ஹீரோக்கள்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/leading-tamil-actors-movies-released-on-1992-25th-october-diwali-80898 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025074012/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/leading-tamil-actors-movies-released-on-1992-25th-october-diwali-80898 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Kshatriya Putrudu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title='Suryavamsam' to "Singam" - five Tamil films that were remade in Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suryavamsam-to-singam-five-tamil-films-that-were-remade-in-bollywood/photostory/73905194.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725194415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suryavamsam-to-singam-five-tamil-films-that-were-remade-in-bollywood/photostory/73905194.cms |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film became controversial for identifying the Thevar community with glorified violence,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nambath |first=Suresh |date=28 December 2003 |title=The politics of art |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-politics-of-art/article27818048.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705062925/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-politics-of-art/article27818048.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2013 |title=Kamal Haasan and controversy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-and-controversies/article4357563.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629154752/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-and-controversy/article4357563.ece |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=4 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and faced competition from other Diwali releases ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandian]]'', ''[[Rasukutty]]'', ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=30 October 1992 |title=Of film gods, devotees and the rage |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RpBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1621%2C3435798 |access-date=17 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kaviya Thalaivan (1992 film)|Kaviya Thalaivan]]'', ''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]'', ''[[Thai Mozhi]]'' and ''Mangala Nayagan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=23 October 1992 |title=Thrilling but lacks punch |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QJBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=947%2C2847338 |access-date=13 September 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Despite these, ''Thevar Magan'' was commercially successful and ran for 175 days, becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=செல்வராஜ் |first=என். |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் – திண்ணை |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref> [[Dilip Kumar]] attended the film's silver-jubilee celebration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Dilip |author-link=Dilip Kumar |title=Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow |title-link=Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow |publisher=Hay House |year=2014 |isbn=978-9381398968 |quote=I also recall his presence at the distribution of the trophies on the silver jubilee run of ''Thevar Magan''.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2015 |title=Romancing to Rajaa's tune |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-12-13/Romancing-to-Rajaas-tune/192795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125104537/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-12-13/Romancing-to-Rajaas-tune/192795 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> No print of ''Thevar Magan'' has survived but the film is available on home video.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2015 |title=Lenin Award for Archivist PK Nair |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Lenin-Award-for-Archivist-PK-Nair/2015/08/17/article2977594.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115212226/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Lenin-Award-for-Archivist-PK-Nair/2015/08/17/article2977594.ece |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
''Thevar Magan'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roychoudhury |first=Shibaji |date=4 December 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan does it again! Announces his retirement from acting for the third time |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/kamal-haasan-does-it-again-announces-his-retirement-from-acting-for-the-third-time-tamil-films/325597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414232456/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/kamal-haasan-does-it-again-announces-his-retirement-from-acting-for-the-third-time-tamil-films/325597 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> On 25 October 1992, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said; "The formidable combination of Kamal Haasan and Sivaji Ganesan, the directorial talent of Bharathan, excellent cinematography of P. C. Sriram and music by the maestro [Ilaiyaraaja], have all gone into producing ''Thevar Magan''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=25 October 1992 |title=Thevars, troubles and truce |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QpBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=835%2C3003840 |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in its review dated 8 November 1992 appreciated the film and said its naturalism is greatly enhanced by the giving of equal opportunity to all actors in the film. It rated the film 60 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 November 1992 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''தேவர் மகன்'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Thevar Magan'' |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]]'' wrote "''Devar Magan'' proved a satisfying experience at the cinema and well worth the wait".<ref name="NST" /> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for perfectly concentrating on character design, natural dialogues and the screenplay that carries these elements.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=8 November 1992 |title=தேவர் மகன் |url=https://ibb.co/tM7s39C |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203061402/https://ibb.co/tM7s39C |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–13 |language=Ta}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
''Thevar Magan'' was chosen as India's entry for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] for the [[65th Academy Awards]] but was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marx |first=Andy |date=2 December 1992 |title=Foreign Oscar entries submitted |url=https://variety.com/1992/film/news/foreign-oscar-entries-submitted-101796/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923010102/http://variety.com/1992/film/news/foreign-oscar-entries-submitted-101796/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain, Ajit |date=16 September 1994 |title=27 Indian Films in Toronto Cinema Gala |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2279105.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225021316/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2279105.html |archive-date=25 February 2016 |access-date=1 June 2012 |work=India Abroad}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja was a strong contender for the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]], which he lost to [[A. R. Rahman]] for ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''; the award was tied with eight votes each for Ilaiyaraaja and Rahman before the chairman of the jury [[Balu Mahendra]] voted in favour of Rahman.{{sfn |Mathai |2009 |pages=99–100}} Ganesan had been awarded the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award – Actor]] in the same ceremony but he refused to accept the award.{{sfn |Baskaran |2015 |p=80}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=7 August 2014 |title=Sivaji Ganesan: Tamil cinema's versatile actor par excellence |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/32315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808173501/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/32315 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=DBSJeyaraj.com}}</ref> Haasan claimed he convinced Ganesan not to accept it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan reveals he convinced Sivaji Ganesan to reject National Award for Thevar Magan. Here's why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-convinced-sivaji-ganesan-to-reject-national-award-for-thevar-magan-8082479/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026085157/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-convinced-sivaji-ganesan-to-reject-national-award-for-thevar-magan-8082479/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}

|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[40th National Film Awards|5 May 1993]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Bharathan]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=40th National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=2 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Revathi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|N. Pandu Rangan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award – Actor]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]] (declined)
|{{won}}

|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |{{circa}} 1994
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]-(Second Prize)
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=325}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1994 |title=Film city to be ready soon: Jaya |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940119&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|[[Raghuram]]
| {{won}}

|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[40th Filmfare Awards South|13 October 1993]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Kajol |date=20 July 2013 |title=Filmfare trivia: Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724234611/http://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-trivia-kamal-haasan-3741.html |archive-date=24 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84FDAAAAYAAJ&q=magan |title=Data India |publisher=[[Press Institute of India]] |year=1993 |pages=864 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419061018/https://books.google.com/books?id=84FDAAAAYAAJ&q=magan |archive-date=19 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Revathi|[[Revathi]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Cinema Express Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 14 June 1993
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 1993 |title=Cinema Express Awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|[[Revathi]]
|{{won}}

|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |Film Fans Association
| rowspan="1" |{{dash}}
|Best Actress
|[[Revathi]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revathy – My Awards |url=http://www.revathy.com/awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002200930/http://www.revathy.com/awards.htm |archive-date=2 October 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011 |website=revathy.com}}</ref>
|}

== Remakes ==
Haasan initially planned to remake ''Thevar Magan'' in Hindi with Dilip Kumar in Ganesan's role but according to Haasan, Kumar found the theme "too violent" and refused the offer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=11 December 2015 |title='Best actor this country has produced': Kamal Haasan remembers Dilip Kumar on his 93th birthday |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/best-actor-this-country-has-produced-kamal-haasan-remembers-dilip-kumar-on-his-93th-birthday-2540288.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213223526/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/best-actor-this-country-has-produced-kamal-haasan-remembers-dilip-kumar-on-his-93th-birthday-2540288.html |archive-date=13 December 2015 |access-date=11 December 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> [[Priyadarshan]] directed the Hindi remake ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panchal |first=Komal RJ |date=28 May 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan says he held Dilip Kumar's hand, "begged" him to work in ''Thevar Magan'' Hindi remake: 'I wanted to but he had decided...' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-held-dilip-kumar-hand-begged-him-to-work-in-thevar-magan-remake-7941517/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528174413/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-held-dilip-kumar-hand-begged-him-to-work-in-thevar-magan-remake-7941517/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan wanted to make Virasat with Dilip Kumar, 'begged' him to work in it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-begged-dilip-kumar-to-work-with-him-in-thevar-magan-hindi-remake-virasat-he-had-decided-not-to-act-101653790440564.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108183746/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-begged-dilip-kumar-to-work-with-him-in-thevar-magan-hindi-remake-virasat-he-had-decided-not-to-act-101653790440564.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> [[S. Mahendar]] remade ''Thevar Magan'' in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Thandege Thakka Maga]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2006 |title=Not a patch on the original |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/not-a-patch-on-the-original/article3141329.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150115092700/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/not-a-patch-on-the-original/article3141329.ece |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Thevar Magan'' attained cult status in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title="Thevar Magan" – "Thevar Magan" to "Paruthiveeran": Six best rural cinema you need to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/thevar-magan-to-paruthiveeran-six-best-rural-cinema-you-need-to-watch/Thevar-Magan/photostory/65387542.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200705070825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/thevar-magan-to-paruthiveeran-six-best-rural-cinema-you-need-to-watch/Thevar-Magan/photostory/65387542.cms |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2018 |title=Kamal announces 'Thevar Magan 2' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-announces-thevar-magan-2/article25226780.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705052501/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-announces-thevar-magan-2/article25226780.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajan Krishnan, a scholar in film studies, said; "it was Kamal Hassan who brought that sickle bearing genre", and that "''Thevar Magan'' ... inaugurated the era of the south being represented as primarily a sickle bearing space".<ref name="Thevar" />{{Sfn |Velayutham |2008 |page=151}} Stalin Rajangam, who has extensively written on the caste component and narrative structures of Tamil films, said; "''Thevar Magan'' was first of its kind with stronger idioms of caste and glorification of caste-based practices".<ref name="Thevar" /> Tamil writer [[S. Ramakrishnan]] said ''Thevar Magan'' captured "the very essence of the south Tamil Nadu's rural culture".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2009 |title=Kamal never gives into mediocrity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoKamal-never-gives-into-mediocrityrdquo/article16505746.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221111/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoKamal-never-gives-into-mediocrityrdquo/article16505746.ece |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vadivelu called the film a "turning point" in his career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=10 November 2005 |title=Devar Magan a turning point in my career |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/10/stories/2005111015330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928022215/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/10/stories/2005111015330200.htm |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Directors [[N. Lingusamy]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=5 June 2013 |title=Life takes a colourful turn |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/life-takes-a-colourful-turn/article4784424.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614031114/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/life-takes-a-colourful-turn/article4784424.ece |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=4 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Mysskin]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2009 |title=Upbeat spirit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Upbeat-spirit/article15939570.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226102603/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Upbeat-spirit/article15939570.ece |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=4 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Gautham |author-link=Gautham Vasudev Menon |date=8 February 2008 |title=Why I like... Nayakan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-nayakan/article3022515.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226102606/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-nayakan/article3022515.ece |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=4 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[S. J. Suryah]] called ''Thevar Magan'' one of their favourite films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2016 |title=My Inspirations: SJ Suryah |url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/sj-suryah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181244/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/sj-suryah/ |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> Gauthami also listed it as her one of her favourite films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2010 |title=Grill mill – Gouthami |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Grill-mill-GOUTHAMI/article15703477.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705052902/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Grill-mill-GOUTHAMI/article15703477.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sify]], in its review of ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' (2005), compared [[Rajkiran]]'s character with Ganesan's character in ''Thevar Magan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2005 |title=Sandakozhi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sandakozhi-review-tamil-pclvOzjeejaji.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200704062427/https://www.sify.com/movies/sandakozhi-review-tamil-pclvOzjeejaji.html |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The July 2010 edition of magazine ''[[South Scope]]'' included Haasan's performance in '''Thevar Magan'' in its list of "Kamal's best performances".{{Sfn |Southscope |2010 |page=52}} Silverscreen in its review of ''[[Vetrivel]]'' (2016) called the film "pretty much an unsophisticated copy of ''Thevar Magan''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=Vetrivel Review: (Melo)dramatic |url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/reviews/vetrivel-review-melodramatic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425021246/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/reviews/vetrivel-review-melodramatic/ |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=30 April 2016 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>

In 2013, ''The Hindu'' listed the song "Potri Paadadi" among lyricist Vaali's songs in the list "Best of Vaali: From 1964 – 2013".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2013 |title=Best of Vaali: From 1964 – 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article4931802.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731125213/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article4931802.ece |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rediff listed the same song alongside "Madhavi Pon Mayilaal" from ''[[Iru Malargal]]'' (1967) and "Andha Naal Gnabagam" from ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]'' (1968).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathiya Moorthy |first=N. |date=22 July 2013 |title=Remembering Vaali |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/remembering-vaali-south/20130722.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517051808/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/remembering-vaali-south/20130722.htm |archive-date=17 May 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

On Haasan's birthday, 7 November 2015, Latha Srinivasan of ''Daily News and Analysis'' considered ''Thevar Magan'' to be one of the "films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=7 November 2015 |title=Birthday special: Films you must watch to grasp Kamal Haasan's repertoire |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111657/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=11 April 2016 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 65th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="AllMovie">{{Cite web |title=Thevar Magan (1992) – Bharathan {{!}} Cast & Crew |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/thevar-magan-v147234/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704065954/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/thevar-magan-v147234/cast-crew |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ht">{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916150418/http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |archive-date=16 September 2017 |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Thevar">{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=2 May 2011 |title='Madurai formula' films and social realities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/madurai-formula-films-and-social-realities/article1984785.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722151102/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/madurai-formula-films-and-social-realities/article1984785.ece |archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NST">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=9 November 1992 |title=Sivaji and Kamal make this movie worth waiting for |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dvYPAAAAIBAJ&pg=7035%2C3401114 |access-date=17 September 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] |pages=29 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="GodfatherDNA">{{Cite news |date=16 November 2013 |title=Was "Nayakan" inspired by 'The Godfather'? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-was-nayakan-inspired-by-the-godfather-1920072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925071946/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-was-nayakan-inspired-by-the-godfather-1920072 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=25 September 2017 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref>
<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Watch: Film critic Baradwaj Rangan on why Kamal's "Thevar Magan" remains a classic 25 yrs later |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-film-critic-baradwaj-rangan-why-kamal-haasan-s-thevar-magan-remains-classic-25-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200728065410/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-dulquer-s-upcoming-kurup-teaser-released-his-birthday-129558 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=காலம் கடந்து நிற்கும் 'தேவர் மகன்' – வெள்ளி விழா ஆண்டு சிறப்பு கட்டுரை |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/celebrating-25-years-of-kamal-haasans-devar-magan-1766670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200704052100/https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/celebrating-25-years-of-kamal-haasans-devar-magan-1766670 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=Sivaji Ganesan: Profile of an Icon |publisher=Wisdom Tree |year=2015 |isbn=9788183281096 |orig-date=2008}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8 |location=India}}
*{{Cite book |last=Muthulakshmi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1Q_TdiGzVIC&pg=PA11 |title=Female Infanticide, Its Causes and Solutions |publisher=Discovery Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=978-8-17141-383-6}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Raj |first=Maya |date=July 2010 |title=Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&pg=PA51 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |ref={{harvid|Southscope|2010}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=tamil+cinema |title=Tamil Cinema:The Cultural Politics of India's other film country |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathan}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Thevar Magan''
|list=
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathan]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Theni]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]

{{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}

Richie Richardson

2026-03-15T02:59:33Z

HarrisonHinson2: quick enhanced page for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|West Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Richie Richardson
| image = File:Priya Lal with West Indies former captain Richie Richardson.jpg
| caption = Richardson (left)
| country = West Indies
| fullname = Sir Richard Benjamin Richardson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|1|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Five Islands, Antigua and Barbuda|Five Islands]], [[Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint John]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
| nickname =
| heightcm = 183
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = Batsman
| family =
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 24 November
| testdebutyear = 1983
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 180
| lasttestdate = 24 August
| lasttestyear = 1995
| lasttestagainst = England
| testshirt =
| odidebutdate = 17 December
| odidebutyear = 1983
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 41
| lastodidate = 14 March
| lastodiyear = 1996
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| club1 = [[Leeward Islands cricket team|Leeward Islands]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1981–1996}}
| club2 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year2 = 1993–1994
| club3 = [[Northerns cricket team|Northern Transvaal]]
| year3 = 1996/97
| club4 = [[Windward Islands cricket team|Windward Islands]]
| year4 = 1997/98
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 86
| runs1 = 5,949
| bat avg1 = 44.39
| 100s/50s1 = 16/27
| top score1 = 194
| deliveries1 = 66
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 90/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 224
| runs2 = 6,248
| bat avg2 = 33.41
| 100s/50s2 = 5/44
| top score2 = 122
| deliveries2 = 58
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 46.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/4
| catches/stumpings2 = 75/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 234
| runs3 = 14,618
| bat avg3 = 40.71
| 100s/50s3 = 37/68
| top score3 = 194
| deliveries3 = 914
| wickets3 = 13
| bowl avg3 = 33.92
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/40
| catches/stumpings3 = 207/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 313
| runs4 = 8,458
| bat avg4 = 31.67
| 100s/50s4 = 6/59
| top score4 = 122
| deliveries4 = 88
| wickets4 = 2
| bowl avg4 = 42.50
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 1/4
| catches/stumpings4 = 94/–
| date = 19 October
| year = 2010
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1743/1743.html CricketArchive
|internationalspan=1983-1996}}

'''Sir Richard Benjamin Richardson''', [[Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)|KCN]] [[Order of Merit (Antigua and Barbuda)|GCM]] (born 12 January 1962) is a former Antiguan international [[cricket]]er and a former [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] cricket team. He was a flamboyant batsman and superb player of [[fast bowling]]. He was named, in 1992, one of [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Wisden's Cricketers of the Year]]. Richardson was famous for his wide-brimmed maroon hat which he wore against even the fastest bowlers, though in his later career, he started wearing a helmet instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richens |first=Matt |date=2013-12-06 |title=Fire still burning for Windies great Richardson |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/9487315/Fire-still-burning-for-Windies-great-Richardson |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CRICKETER OF THE YEAR 1992 Richie Richardson |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154423.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Cricinfo |publisher=[[Wisden]]}}</ref>

Richardson, who skippered the [[Leeward Islands]], also featured for [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] and [[Northern Transvaal (cricket team)|Northern Transvaal]] in his career.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRjVQ9C9YwC&q=Richardson&pg=PA96 |title=The Development of West Indies Cricket, Vol. 2: The Age of Nationalism |author=Hilary Beckles |author-link=Hilary Beckles |year=1998 |page=201|publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=9780745314624 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Richardson assumed the role, in January 2011, of West Indies' manager for an eventual five year period. Since then he has continually worked as an [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] match referee.<ref name="Manager"/>

==Early days==
Richardson was born in [[Five Islands, Antigua and Barbuda|Five Islands Village]], [[Antigua]]. He began his career with the [[Leeward Islands cricket team|Leewards Islands]] in 1982 as an opener.

==International career==
After his second season he was called up by the West Indies to tour India in the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 1983–84|1983–84 season]]. Richardson joined a successful West Indies Test team captained by [[Clive Lloyd]] batting in the middle order. His first tour started inauspiciously when Richardson lost his luggage and was left with few clothes. Veteran fast bowler [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]] felt that Richardson was not getting enough practice as in the nets even bowlers were given a chance to bat ahead of him and by the time Richardson had an opportunity the main bowlers had finished. Roberts went out of his way to bowl at Richardson during the tour to make sure he had some preparation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/576267.html|title=If I write a book, a lot of people will get hurt| publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=9 August 2012| access-date= 11 August 2012}}</ref>

On 24 November 1983, Richardson debuted in the fourth match of the six-Test series, at which point the West Indies had a 2–0 lead, replacing [[Gus Logie]] who had bagged a pair in the previous Test. In his first innings Richardson too failed to score a run when was the victim of a poor umpiring decision. He was given out [[leg before wicket]] off the bowling of off-spinner [[Shivlal Yadav]] though he had hit the ball. He was more successful in the second innings, making 26 before he was bowled, and the match ended in a draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/77221.html|title=Richie Richardson: My First Test | publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=9 October 1988| access-date= 11 August 2012}}</ref>

===1985 World Championship of Cricket===
Australia hosted the [[World Championship of Cricket]] in February and March 1985 to commemorate the founding of Victoria. During the group stages the West Indies faced [[Sri Lankan national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] on a pitch with uneven bounce. Though the West Indies won the match, a delivery from [[Ashantha de Mel]] reared and hit Richardson in the face; with [[Larry Gomes]], he was one of two West Indian batsmen to retire hurt during the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/266958.html|title=The coach who caught Sachin, and a much-travelled man| author=Steven Lynch| publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=5 November 2006| access-date= 12 August 2012}}</ref>

===Captaincy===
Late in 1991, West Indies captain [[Viv Richards]] informed the [[West Indies Cricket Board]] of his intention to relinquish the Test captaincy and retire after the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]]. Though Richards had publicly picked [[Desmond Haynes]] as his successor, the board chose Richardson to take over the captaincy and Richards was dropped from the team. Richardson supported the board dropping his predecessor, which led to ill-feeling towards him in Antigua, the home of both men.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRjVQ9C9YwC&q=Richards+Richardson&pg=PA96 |title=The Development of West Indies Cricket, Vol. 2: The Age of Nationalism |author=Hilary Beckles |author-link=Hilary Beckles |year=1998 |page=96|publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=9780745314624 }}</ref> The West Indies never lost a series under Richards' leadership,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaM8IJYLnTAC&q=%22never+lost%22+%22viv+richards%22 |title=Amazing Cricket Facts |author=Nick Callow |year=2007 |page=22|publisher=Virgin |isbn=9780753510704 }}</ref> so there was a great deal of pressure on Richardson. Under his captaincy, [[Curtly Ambrose]] and [[Courtney Walsh]] led the bowling attack and [[Brian Lara]] emerged as a world-class batsman.<ref name="BBC website 4 April 2012">{{cite web |author=Soni |first=Paresh |date=4 April 2007 |title=Chilled out Richardson |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/west_indies/6524151.stm |access-date=12 August 2012 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In the 4 years of his captaincy, the West Indies only lost one series – versus [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in 1995 which was the West Indies' first series defeat since 1980.

===Trivia===
Richardson played 86 [[Test cricket|Test match]]es until 1995 scoring 5,949 runs and 16 centuries. He was very successful against Australia, hitting 9 centuries against them, and scored his highest score of 194 against [[India national cricket team|India]] in [[Bourda|Guyana]] in 1989. He also played 224 [[One Day International]]s including 3 [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]]s. As well he was named, in 1992, one of [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Wisden's Cricketers of the Year]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richie Richardson |url=https://www.wisden.com/players/richard-richardson-2544 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Wisden |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Image:Richie Richardson graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Richie Richardson's career performance graph.]]

===Late career===
Coming into the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]] Richardson was under pressure as captain, and the tournament would prove to be his last in international cricket. In the group stages the West Indies suffered a shock defeat at the hands of [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]], prompting the Caribbean media to call for Richardson's resignation. Despite the setback, the team progressed to the semi-final where they lost to Australia; it was his last match for the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/505731.html|title=Kenya down the lacklustre legends|author=Martin Williamson| publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=12 March 2012| access-date= 11 August 2012}}</ref>

Reflecting on his decision to retire years later, Richardson remarked "I resigned and retired because I was suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, I was burnt out and it was a struggle to continue playing cricket. Every day was stressful, everybody wanted a piece of you and I had no time for myself. I was training harder and trying hard on the field but I couldn't do what I wanted to do. I felt like I was selling myself and my fans short. They wanted me to continue, but if I had I would have got ill so it was time to move on."<ref name="BBC website 4 April 2012"/>

==Domestic career==
Richardson captained the Leeward Islands, to a [[Red Stripe Cup]] title in 1994. As well he skippered to Leewards, in 1993 and 1994, to consecutive [[Geddes Grant Shield]] titles.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 February 2014 |title=Daren Ganga is the most successful Regional one day captain |url=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/02/23/daren-ganga-is-the-most-successful-regional-one-day-captain/ |website=kaieteurnewsonline.com |publisher=[[Kaieteur News]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Devers |first=Sean |date=5 January 2007 |title=Rich history, Guyana ( British Guiana ) participated in first regional game |url=https://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news701/nk07010511.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.landofsixpeoples.com |publisher=Kaiteur News}}</ref> Richardson also played for English [[County Championship]] side [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] in both of those said seasons. In 2009 he was signed to [[Thames Ditton|Thames Ditton Cricket Club]] in Surrey.

After his retirement from international cricket, Richardson became the first high-profile signing by the English all-star club cricket team [[Lashings World XI]], also going on to captain the side. In 2006 he smashed a double hundred with included four sixes of a hapless Robert Saunders over. Since 2001 he has also played bass guitar in [[reggae]] band Big Bad Dread and The Baldhead, alongside [[Curtly Ambrose]] and the band has released several albums.<ref name="BBC website 4 April 2012"/>

==Cricket administration==
He was bestowed, in 2003, with a [[Order of Merit (Antigua and Barbuda)|Grand Cross of the Most Illustrious Order of Merit]] (GMC) from the State of Antigua and Barbuda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijoux |date=2022-08-31 |title=Antigua's Richie Richardson is among UWI's honorary degrees recipient |url=https://antigua.news/2022/08/31/antiguas-richie-richardson-is-among-uwis-honorary-degrees-recipient/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Antigua and Barbuda News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-30 |title=Sir Richie Richardson to receive UWI honorary degree as 'in-person' graduation ceremonies return |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/sir-richie-richardson-to-receive-uwi-honorary-degrees-as-in-person-graduation-ceremonies-return/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2011, Richardson was appointed the West Indies' team manager, assuming the role until January 2016.<ref name=Manager>{{cite web |date=21 September 2015 |title=Richie Richardson appointed to Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/181952/amp |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=icc-cricket.com |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> He was later awarded a [[Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)|Knight Commander of the Order of the Nation]] (KCN) by the Antigua and Barbuda government on 28 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web| title=Three New Knights| url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/uf/00/09/92/20/00063/01-2014.pdf|publisher=The Antigua and Barbuda High Commission Official News letter |access-date=3 January 2016 |date=28 February 2014}}</ref> On 8 October 2022, Richardson was bestowed with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LLD) from the [[University of the West Indies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 October 2022 |title=West Indies legend Sir Richie Richardson receives honorary doctorate from University of the West Indies |url=https://sportsmax.tv/cricket/cricket-windies/item/107370-west-indies-legend-sir-richie-richardson-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-university-of-the-west-indies |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=sportsmax.tv |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Richardson was appointed to the Elite Panel of Match Referees by the International Cricket Council (ICC) on 21 September 2015.<ref name="Manager"/>

==Political career==
[[Cheryl Mary Clare Hurst]] announced on 21 August 2024 that she would be stepping down from the [[Senate of antigua and barbuda|Senate of Antigua and Barbuda]] for personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=anr_staff |date=2024-08-21 |title=Government Senator Mary-Clare Hurst to Leave Office |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/mary-clare-hurst-set-to-resign-from-government-position/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> Hurst was scheduled to be replaced by Richardson, who was also originally scheduled to be appointed as Minister of Sports, taking the portfolio from [[Daryll Matthew]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=anr_staff |date=2024-08-22 |title=Richie Richardson to Be Appointed Senator and Minister of Sports in Antigua and Barbuda |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/richie-richardson-to-be-appointed-senator-and-minister-of-sports-in-antigua-and-barbuda/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> However, due to commitments with the International Cricket Council, it was decided that Richardson would serve as the Commissioner of Sports instead on 2 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-02 |title=Sir Richie Richardson to Serve as Commissioner of Sports |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/sir-richie-richardson-to-serve-as-commissioner-of-sports/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> On 30 September 2024, a public tribute to Richardson was published by Hon. [[Daryll Matthew]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial Staff |date=2024-09-30 |title=TRIBUTE TO SIR. RICHIE RICHARDSON BY HON. DARYLL S. MATTHEW - Antigua News ! |url=https://antigua.news/2024/09/30/tribute-to-sir-richie-richardson-by-hon-daryll-s-matthew/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |language=en-GB}} [[Antigua.news]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=52810}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Viv Richards]] |
title=[[West Indian national cricket captains#Test match captains|West Indies Test cricket captains]] |
years=1991/92–1995 |
after=[[Courtney Walsh]] |
}}
{{s-end}}
{{West Indies Test Cricket Captains}}
{{West Indies ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= West Indies squads
|bg= #951A42
|fg= #FCED00
|bordercolor=#FCED00
|list1=
{{West Indies Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{West Indies Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{West Indies Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{West Indies Squad 2015 Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{ICC Match Referees}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richardson, Richie}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
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[[Category:People with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]]

Rumeen Farhana

2026-03-14T12:09:06Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician and lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]]
| name = Rumeen Farhana
| native_name = রুমিন ফারহানা
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Rumeen Farhana.jpg
| caption = Farhana in 2018
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026
| constituency = [[Brahmanbaria-2]]
| predecessor= [[Moin Uddin (politician)|Moin Uddin]]
| term_start1 = 28
May 2019<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বিনা প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতায় নির্বাচিত বিএনপির রুমিন ফারহানা |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/election-comission/news/bd/719244.details |work=banglanews24.com |date=28 May 2019 |language=bn |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 11 December 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Khorshed Ara Haque]]
| successor1 = [[Afroza Haque Rina]]
| constituency1 = Reserved Seat 50
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1981|08|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bijoynagar Upazila|Bijoynagar]], [[Brahmanbaria]], Bangladesh
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref name="expulsion">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-31 |title=Rumeen Farhana calls her expulsion on the day of Khaleda Zia’s death ‘significant’ |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/wag92i8gpl |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>
| father = [[Oli Ahad]]
| mother = Rashida Begum<ref name="dw bangla">{{cite news |script-title=bn:রুমিনের প্লট আবেদন এবং মন্ত্রনালয়ের ফাস। |url=https://www.dw.com/bn/রুমিনের-প্লট-ও-ডিসির-খাস-কামরা/a-50165035 |access-date=26 August 2019 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=bn}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of London]]
| otherparty = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] {{small|(2012–2025)}}<ref name="expulsion"/>
}}

'''Rumeen Farhana''' (born 19 August 1981)<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhaka Bar Association |url=http://www.dhakabarassociation.com/view_member_personal_detail.php?detail=8604 |website=dhakabarassociation.com |accessdate=10 June 2019}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi politician, lawyer and member of parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP's Rumeen takes oath |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2019/06/09/bnp-s-rumeen-takes-oath |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of 11th Parliament Members (Bangla) |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/current-mps-bangla/list-of-11th-parliament-members-bangla |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726144746/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/current-mps-bangla/list-of-11th-parliament-members-bangla |archive-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:প্রথম দিনেই সংসদে উত্তাপ ছড়ালেন ব্যারিস্টার রুমিন ফারহানা |url=http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/parliament/416832/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE |work=The Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> She resigned from her position on 11 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-11 |title=Gazette declares 6 seats of BNP MPs vacant |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/gazette-declares-6-seats-bnp-mps-vacant-3193586 |access-date=2022-12-22 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> She was again elected from [[Brahmanbaria-2]] as a independent candidate in the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=উদ্দিন |first=শুভংকর কর্মকার,বদর |date=2026-02-13 |title=চার কারণে রুমিন ফারহানার বড় জয় |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/zigipz13ks |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Farhana was born in Islampur in [[Bijoynagar Upazila]] of [[Brahmanbaria District]]. Her father, [[Oli Ahad]] was a Bangladeshi politician. After completing secondary school from Holy Cross School and Higher Secondary from [[Viqarunnisa Noon School and College]], She completed her graduation in law from [[University of London]]. Later she obtained Bar-at-Law from [[Lincoln's Inn]] of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-13 |script-title=bn:বিএনপির রাজনীতিতে রুমিন ফারহানার উত্থান কীভাবে? Rumin Farhana: How did he rise in BNP politics? |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-58898554 |access-date=2021-10-15 |work=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rumeen Farhana was the central international affairs secretary of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rumeen gets BNP's nomination for reserved seats |url=http://en.samakal.com/politics/article/1905132/%EF%BB%BFrumeen-gets-bnps-nomination-for-reserved-seats |work=Samakal |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> As a barrister, She worked in the legal profession of the High Court of Bangladesh. In the eleventh National parliamentary election, She represented the BNP<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP MP-elect Rumeen to be sworn-in Sunday |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/parliament/2019/06/09/bnp-mp-elect-rumeen-to-be-sworn-in-today |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> as the only female member of parliament of BNP.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP names Barrister Rumeen Farhana for woman's parliamentary seat |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-names-barrister-rumeen-farhana-for-womans-parliamentary-seat |work=bdnews24.com |date=20 May 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BNP names Rumeen Farhana for woman's parliamentary seat |url=https://english.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2019/05/20/22745 |work=Kaler Kantho |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:রুমিন ফারহানার মনোনয়ন বৈধ |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88/ |work=Ajker Patrika |language=bn |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Khaleda eligible for getting bail, BNP MP tells JS |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/khaleda-eligible-getting-bail-bnp-mp-tells-js-1755553 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Due to widespread irregularities in the 2018 Bangladeshi elections,<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/07/the-world-should-be-watching-bangladeshs-election-debacle-sheikh-hasina/ |title=The World Should Be Watching Bangladesh's Election Debacle |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |magazine=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/deeper-bangladesh-election-190101225409342.html |title=A deeper look at the Bangladesh election |last=Rabbee |first=Shafquat |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> Rumeen Farhana was one of only seven members of parliament from BNP, which was the main opposition party of Bangladesh until 2014, and one of two major political parties of Bangladesh from 1991 to 2014,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maniruzzaman |first=Talukder |date=1992 |title=The Fall of the Military Dictator: 1991 Elections and the Prospect of Civilian Rule in Bangladesh |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=203–224 |doi=10.2307/2760169 |jstor=2760169 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/01/violent-bangladesh-poll-not-credible-201417153340105129.html |title=Violent Bangladesh poll 'not credible' |last=Chowdhury |first=Syed Tashfin |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> until the persecution of opposition leaders<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/govt-takes-hardline-5882 |title=Govt takes hardline |date=8 January 2014 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> and incarceration of the former prime minister Begum Khaleda Zia<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/08/bangladesh-opposition-leader-zia-prison-year |title=Bangladesh Opposition Leader Zia in Prison a Year |date=8 February 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> seriously debilitated the party.

Farhana is a member of the Dhaka Lawyers Association.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ব্যারিস্টার রুমিন ফারহানা |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2019/05/20/771538 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> She is also known as a Bangladeshi writer and journalist, law and politics.

In 2019, Farhana sought allotment of a 10 katha plot in Dhaka's [[Purbachal New Town|Purbachal]] from the government. Any member of the parliament can apply for such an allotment, however her application was leaked from the ministry, which Rumeen speculated was deliberately done by the ministry because of her position as a member of the opposition party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2019 |title=Why only me? BNP MP Rumeen asks as her land application goes viral |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/why-only-me-bnp-mp-rumeen-asks-as-her-land-application-goes-viral |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

=== Purbachal plot allotment ===
In August 2019, Farhana became embroiled in controversy after her application to the Ministry of Housing and Public Works for a 10-katha or 7200 square feet plot in the [[Purbachal New Town Project]] was leaked to the public. In the application letter, she wrote, "I do not have any plot of land in Dhaka city. Therefore, I am requesting you to allot a 10-katha plot in [[Purbachal New Town Project|Purbachal]]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Why only me? BNP MP Rumeen asks as her land application goes viral |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/why-only-me-bnp-mp-rumeen-asks-as-her-land-application-goes-viral |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>

This statement was widely criticized as misleading, as it appeared to contradict her 2018 election affidavit, which confirmed her ownership of an 1,850 square-foot flat in Dhaka.<ref name=":0" /> The incident drew accusations of hypocrisy, with critics pointing out the perceived contradiction between her role as a vocal [[Awami League]] government critic and her application for a state-allocated asset.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:পূর্বাচলে ১০ কাঠার প্লট চান বিএনপির রুমিন |url=https://www.jugantor.com/politics/213375 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

In response, Farhana defended her right as a parliamentarian to apply for the plot, stating it was a standard privilege. She attributed the controversial wording to her personal assistant who, she claimed, had drafted the letter. She also argued that the primary ethical breach was the leaking of her official application from a government ministry. Following the public outcry, Farhana ultimately withdrew her application.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-27 |title=BNP MP Rumeen Farhana revokes application for plot |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/BNP-MP-Rumeen-Farhana-revokes-application-for-plot |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025 Election Commission altercation and social media post ===
In August 2025, Farhana became embroiled in a high-profile controversy involving a physical altercation at the [[Bangladesh Election Commission|Election Commission (EC)]] and a subsequent derogatory social media post.

On August 24, 2025, during a public hearing at the EC headquarters in Dhaka on the delimitation of the [[Brahmanbaria-2]] and [[Brahmanbaria-3]] constituencies, a scuffle broke out between supporters of Farhana and members of the [[National Citizen Party|National Citizen's Party (NCP)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |script-title=bn:সীমানা পুনর্নির্ধারণ শুনানিতে ধাক্কাধাক্কি-কিল-ঘুষি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/8icvu7cjs9 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> The altercation occurred in front of the [[Chief Election Commissioner of Bangladesh|Chief Election Commissioner]] and other officials. Farhana, who was present, later told reporters, "What didn't happen in 15 years, happened today—I was almost pushed down. The very [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] leaders and activists for whom I have fought for 15 years, they are the ones who pushed me."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |script-title=bn:১৫ বছরে যেটা হয়নি, আজ সেটাই হলো; আমাকে ধাক্কা দিয়ে ফেলে দেওয়ার চেষ্টা হয়েছে: রুমিন ফারহানা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/g4selelv36 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> In contrast, [[National Citizen Party|NCP]] leaders accused Farhana's followers of initiating the violence, with NCP chief organizer [[Hasnat Abdullah]] alleging it was a "test match" by the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] to demonstrate how they might capture polling centers.

The dispute escalated when Hasnat Abdullah, in media comments following the incident, referred to Rumeen as "BNP's [[Awami League]] affairs secretary," a political jibe implying she was secretly working for the opposition's main rival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |script-title=bn:বিএনপির ‘আওয়ামী লীগবিষয়ক সম্পাদকদের’ মধ্যে অন্যতম রুমিন ফারহানা: হাসনাত আবদুল্লাহ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/ew9lyz0gs0 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

In response, Farhana took to her verified [[Facebook]] page and published a post targeting Abdullah. Sharing images of Abdullah with [[Awami League]] figures, she wrote, "Isn't this that '''''fokinnir baccha''''' (a vulgar Bengali pejorative translating to 'son of a beggar'), who called me the [[Awami League]] affairs secretary?"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-26 |title=Rumeen, Hasnat in bitter Facebook clash after EC scuffle |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/rumin-hasnat-bitter-facebook-clash-after-ec-scuffle-1220801 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

Her use of the term sparked immediate and widespread condemnation across social and mainstream media for its offensive nature. The incident was further amplified by online political commentators. [[Pinaki Bhattacharya]], a France-based Bangladeshi blogger, released a video where he sharply criticized Farhana. In the video, titled "''Munafiq (Hypocrite) Sheikh Ruminur Rahman''," Bhattacharya accused Farhana of hypocrisy and questioned her political integrity in light of the incident and her past statements. In a subsequent development, [[Hasnat Abdullah]] issued a statement decrying the "cyberbullying" and "character assassination" directed at Farhana following her comment, calling for an end to personal attacks in politics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hasnat condemns cyberbullying of Rumeen Farhana |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/541250 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Daily Observer}}</ref> The incident led to protests by both factions in [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]], with Farhana's supporters blocking a highway and NCP members demanding her arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |script-title=bn:রুমিন অনুসারীদের মহাসড়ক অবরোধ, এনসিপির বিক্ষোভ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/6ypudhwsc7 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* Amader Rojanamacha<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:আমাদের রোজনামচা (হার্ডকভার) |url=http://www.rokomari.com/book/158501/amader-rojnamcha |website=rokomari.com |language=bn |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Commons|position=left}}
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Farhana, Rumeen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Brahmanbaria District]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:Viqarunnisa Noon School and College alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women lawyers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi barristers]]

Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute

2026-03-14T03:42:29Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{Short description|Medical school in Hubballi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image =
| name = Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute
| former_name = Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences
| established = {{start date and age|August 1957}}
| type = Public
| director = Dr. Eshwar R. Hosamani
| city = [[Hubballi]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| students = UG–800 PG–103 Nursing–100 Paramedical–100
| faculty = 334
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = 100 Acres
| affiliations = [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
| website = [https://hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in] [https://hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in/english hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in/english]
| logo = 
| endowment =
}}

'''Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute''' ('''KMCRI'''), colloquially known as '''KMC''', is a [[medical school]] in [[Hubballi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]. It is one of the oldest [[tertiary healthcare]] centers and the largest multi-specialty hospital in [[North Karnataka]]. In June 1997, the then Karnataka Medical College was accorded autonomous status and became '''Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences''' (KIMS), it was renamed to Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute in 2024.

==History==
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi (KIMS, Hubballi), formerly known as Karnataka Medical College, Hubballi, was established in August 1957 and is one of Karnataka's oldest government medical colleges.<ref name=KIMS>{{Cite web |url=https://hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in/english |title=KIMS website |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120075144/https://hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in/english |url-status=dead }}</ref> The college was located in a building later known as J. G. Commerce College for the first year. The campus was subsequently shifted to the present location, which is {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of land on the [[National Highway 4 (India)|Pune – Bangalore National Highway]] near [[Vidyanagar]], Hubballi.<ref name=KIMS />

KIMS, Hubballi serves communities by providing tertiary health care services to the needy and developing the resources of health care providers.

The current objectives are:
* 1) providing comprehensive undergraduate and postgraduate medical and [[paramedical]] education and
* 2) developing facilities for:
** research,
** training,
** screening,
** diagnosis,
** treatment,
** rehabilitation,
** [[Palliative care|palliative]] care and
** preventive care
for society at large. It now has well-trained staff.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103085224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-07/hubli/28189361_1_mbbs-seats-kims-forensic-medicine The Times of India: MCI team visits KIMS]</ref>

There has been steady progress in the facilities and the health care services available at the institute. The institute is equipped to provide some specialty services like:
* [[Cardiology]],
* [[Nephrology]],
* [[Endocrinology]],
* [[Neurology]],
* [[Neurosurgery]],
* [[Urology]],
* [[Plastic surgery]] and
* [[Pediatric surgery]].
The [[Management of HIV/AIDS|Anti-Retroviral Treatment]] Center at KIMS, Hubballi, has been recognized and is being developed as the nodal center for North Karnataka and the surrounding region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kimshubli.org/ArtCentre.htm |title=KIMS website: ART Center |access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127041811/http://www.kimshubli.org/ArtCentre.htm |archive-date=27 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of Karnataka has provided the institute with a [[cardiac catheterization]] lab and has pledged to renew it as a Regional Cardiology Center.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224104850/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/08/stories/2007080851930300.htm The Hindu: Chief Minister to inaugurate cath lab facility at KIMS]</ref> The institute has also been accorded the status of Institute of Excellence and recognized as a Training Center for [[WHO]] Fellowship. The addition of new blocks, such as the Trauma Care Center and Maternal & Child Health Center<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202164314/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/16/stories/2006111607070300.htm The Hindu: KIMS to get cath lab, trauma centre by March]</ref> is expected to increase the popularity of the hospital in the region. [[Phototherapy]], [[dermabrasion]], and radio frequency have been newly added to the Department of [[Dermatology]]. The Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences at Hubbali was selected by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR), making the facility the only government-controlled body in Karnataka as a center of clinical trials. The center is among the handful of centers in the country that check the impact of any medicines or vaccines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/kims-is-now-icmr-centre-for-clinical-trials/89300800 |title=Kims Is Now A Designated Icmr Clinical Trial Centre, Health News, ET HealthWorld |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

== Teaching affiliates ==
[[File:KIMS Photo.jpg|thumb|250px|A view of KIMS from the Archana ladies hostel]]
* Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute, Hubballi Hospital, KMCRI Campus, Hubballi
* [[Dharwad Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [[Dharwad]]
* Anti Retroviral Therapy Center, KMCRI Campus, Hubballi
* District Tuberculosis Center, KMCRI Campus, Hubballi
* Urban Leprosy Center, KMCRI Campus, Hubballi
* Urban Health Training Center, Old Hubballi
* Rural Health Training Center, Kundgol
* Primary Health Care Center, Kalghatgi
* Hubli Hospital for the Handicapped, Anandnagar, Hubballi
* KMCRI Life Line Blood Bank, KMCRI Campus, Hubballi
* Jaipur Center for Prosthetics, KMCRI Campus, Hubballi
* Railway Hospital, Hubballi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in/english Official Website of Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120075144/https://hubballikims.karnataka.gov.in/english |date=20 January 2023 }}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|15.361789|75.130715|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnataka Institute Of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

2026-03-10T14:16:19Z

HarrisonHinson2: created new place

{{short description|1984 film by Steven Spielberg}}
{{About|the 1984 film directed by Steven Spielberg}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=August 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
| image = Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom PosterB.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Drew Struzan]]
| director = [[Steven Spielberg]]
| producer = [[Robert Watts]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Willard Huyck]]
* [[Gloria Katz]]
}}
| story = [[George Lucas]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Kate Capshaw]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Roshan Seth]]
* [[Philip Stone]]
* [[Ke Huy Quan]]
}}
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Douglas Slocombe]]
| editing = [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]]
| studio = [[Lucasfilm Ltd.]]
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1984|4|23|[[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]]<ref>{{cite news|title=UA Movies 5 and Mann Theatres print ads|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/925796818/|newspaper=Thousand Oaks Star|date=April 23, 1984|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>|1984|5|23|United States}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref name=bbfc>{{cite web |url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/indiana-jones-and-temple-doom-2 |title=''INDIANA JONES AND THE TEMPLE OF DOOM'' (PG) (CUT) |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=May 31, 1984 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160746/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/indiana-jones-and-temple-doom-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom|website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=14 January 2024|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/67251-INDIANA-JONESANDTHETEMPLEOFDOOM?sid=3d2ee0b9-687d-4335-be2f-05be84fc99e8&sr=17.09763&cp=1&pos=0}}</ref>
| language = English<ref name=bbfc/>
| budget = $28 million<ref name=forward/>
| gross = $333.1 million
}}

'''''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom''''' is a 1984 American [[action-adventure film]] directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] from a script by [[Willard Huyck]] and [[Gloria Katz]], based on a story by [[George Lucas]]. It is the second installment in the [[Indiana Jones|''Indiana Jones'' film series]] and a [[standalone film|standalone]] [[prequel]] to ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''. The film stars [[Harrison Ford]], who reprises his role as [[Indiana Jones (character)|the titular character]]. [[Kate Capshaw]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Roshan Seth]], [[Philip Stone]] and [[Ke Huy Quan]], in his film debut, star in supporting roles. Set in 1935, in the film, after arriving in [[British Raj|British India]], Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a [[Thuggee]] cult to all appearances practicing [[child slavery]], [[black magic]] and ritual [[human sacrifice]] in honor of the demon [[Kali (demon)|Kali]].

Not wishing to feature the [[Nazis]] as the villains again, executive producer and story writer George Lucas decided to regard this film as a prequel. Three [[plot device]]s were rejected before Lucas wrote a [[film treatment]] that resembled the final storyline. As [[Lawrence Kasdan]], Lucas's collaborator on ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', turned down the offer to write the script, [[Willard Huyck]] and [[Gloria Katz]], who had previously worked with Lucas on ''[[American Graffiti]]'' (1973), were hired as his replacements.

''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' was released on May 23, 1984, to financial success, grossing $333.1 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 1984. Initial critical reviews were mixed, with criticism aimed at its strong violence, as well as some of its darker story elements, and controversy over its portrayal of India. Critical opinion has improved since 1984, citing the film's intensity and imagination. In response to some of the more violent sequences in the film, and with similar complaints about the Spielberg-produced ''[[Gremlins]]'' (which released two weeks later), Spielberg suggested that the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA) alter its [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|rating system]], which it did within two months of the film's release, creating a new [[PG-13 (Motion Picture Association)|PG-13]] rating.<ref name="Parker">{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Ryan |date=May 23, 2017 |title=How 'The Temple of Doom' Changed the MPAA Ratings System |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/indiana-jones-temple-doom-changed-mpaa-ratings-system-999618 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713074049/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/indiana-jones-temple-doom-changed-mpaa-ratings-system-999618 |archive-date=July 13, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn1|Contrary to popular belief, ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' and ''Gremlins'' were both released in the US with a PG (not PG-13) rating,<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) |url=https://filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=indiana+jones+and+the+temple+of+doom&x=16&y=11 |website=Filmratings.com |publisher=MPAA |access-date=January 27, 2019 |quote=Rating: PG |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082721/https://filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=indiana+jones+and+the+temple+of+doom&x=16&y=11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gremlins (1984) |url=https://filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=GREMLINS&x=0&y=0 |website=Filmratings.com |publisher=MPAA |access-date=January 27, 2019 |quote=Rating: PG |archive-date=January 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205822/https://filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=GREMLINS&x=0&y=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> although controversy surrounding the two films did lead to the subsequent creation of the PG-13 rating. The first film to be issued the new PG-13 rating was ''[[The Flamingo Kid]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Ratings |url=https://filmratings.com/History |website=Filmratings.com |publisher=MPAA |access-date=January 27, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082720/https://filmratings.com/History |url-status=live }}</ref> although ''[[Red Dawn]]'' was the first to be released theatrically under the new rating.<ref name=Parker/>}} ''Temple of Doom'' was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] and won the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]]. A third film, ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'', followed in 1989.

==Plot==

In 1935, American archeologist [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] survives a murder attempt in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] from [[Shanghai]] [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] crime boss [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Lao Che|Lao Che]], who hired him to retrieve the remains of [[Nurhaci]]. Jones flees from the city accompanied by his young orphan sidekick [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Short Round|Short Round]] and nightclub singer [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Willie Scott|Willie Scott]], unaware that the plane they are traveling on is owned by Lao Che.

The plane's pilots dump the fuel and parachute away, but Jones, Willie and Short Round escape using an inflatable raft before the plane crashes. The trio ride down the slopes of the [[Himalayas]] and fall into a river before arriving at the [[British Raj|Indian]] village of Mayapore.

There, the villagers plead for Jones' aid in retrieving a sacred [[lingam]] stone stolen along with the village's children by evil forces from the nearby Pankot Palace. Jones agrees to do so, hypothesizing that the stone is one of the five [[Adi Shankara|Sankara]] stones given by the [[List of Hindu deities|Hindu gods]] to help humanity fight evil.

Traveling to the palace, the trio are warmly welcomed and allowed to stay for the night as guests, attending a banquet hosted by the palace's young [[maharaja]] Zalim Singh. During the night, Jones is attacked by an assassin, but manages to kill him. He discovers a series of tunnels underneath the palace and explores them with Willie and Short Round.

Finding a temple and a complex of mine tunnels, they observe [[Thuggee]] cultists conducting a [[human sacrifice]]. The cult, which possesses three Sankara stones, is revealed to have brainwashed Singh and abducted the children of Mayapore, using them as slave labor to find the remaining stones.

During Jones' attempt to retrieve the stones, the trio is captured. Thuggee high priest [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Mola Ram|Mola Ram]] forces Jones to drink a potion that places him into a trance-like state, under which he prepares Willie for sacrifice. Short Round is briefly enslaved in the tunnels, but he escapes and interrupts Willie's sacrifice by freeing Jones from his trance, who in turn rescues Willie.

The trio defeat multiple cultists, collect the Sankara stones and free Singh and the children, escaping an attempt by Mola Ram to drown them. When he and his men ambush the trio on a rope bridge, Jones severs it with a sword, causing several cultists to fall into the crocodile-infested river far below. As Jones, Willie, Short Round, and Mola Ram struggle to climb up the broken bridge, Jones invokes the name of [[Shiva]], triggering the stones to burn through his satchel. Two stones fall into the river; Mola Ram catches the third, but it burns his hand and he falls and is devoured by the crocodiles.

Indy catches the stone with no ill effects and climbs up as a regiment of [[British Indian Army]] soldiers arrives, alerted by Singh, to defeat the remaining cultists. Jones, Willie, and Short Round return to Mayapore to hand over the stone, and Jones and Willie embrace as the villagers celebrate its and their children's return.

==Cast==
{{see also|List of Indiana Jones characters}}
* [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]]: An [[archaeology|archaeologist]] adventurer who is asked by a desperate Indian village to retrieve a mysterious stone and rescue the missing village children. Ford undertook a strict physical exercise regimen headed by [[Jake Steinfeld]] to gain a more muscular tone for the part.<ref name="Baxter">{{cite book |title=Mythmaker: The Life and Work of George Lucas |first=John |last=Baxter |publisher=[[Avon (publishers)|Avon Books]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-380-97833-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythmakerlifewor00baxt/page/332 332–341] |chapter=Snake Surprise |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mythmakerlifewor00baxt |url=https://archive.org/details/mythmakerlifewor00baxt/page/332 }}</ref>
* [[Kate Capshaw]] as [[List of characters in the Indiana Jones series#Willie Scott|Wilhelmina "Willie" Scott]]: An American [[nightclub]] singer working in Shanghai. In a nod to the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise, the nightclub is called Club [[Obi-Wan Kenobi|Obi-Wan]]. Willie is unprepared for her adventure with Indy and Short Round, and appears to be a [[damsel in distress]]. She also forms a romantic relationship with Indy. Over 120 actresses auditioned for the role, including [[Sharon Stone]].<ref name=forward/><ref name=almost>{{cite web |url=http://www.empireonline.com/indy/day1/2.asp |title=The People Who Were Almost Cast |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=August 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111945/http://www.empireonline.com/indy/day1/2.asp |archive-date=August 28, 2008}}</ref> To prepare for the role, Capshaw watched ''[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]'' (1951) and ''[[A Guy Named Joe]]'' (1943). Spielberg wanted Willie to be a complete contrast to [[Marion Ravenwood]] from ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', so Capshaw dyed her brown hair blonde for the part. Costume designer [[Anthony Powell (designer)|Anthony Powell]] wanted the character to have red hair.<ref name=complete/>
* [[Ke Huy Quan]] as [[List of characters in the Indiana Jones series#Short Round|Short Round]]: Indy's young Chinese sidekick, who drives the 1936 Auburn Boat Tail [[Auburn Speedster|Speedster]] that allows Indy to escape during the opening sequence. Quan was chosen as part of a [[Casting (performing arts)|casting call]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=complete/> Around 6,000 actors auditioned worldwide for the part, including [[Peter Shinkoda]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/shortdocs/shorts/short-round-up |title=Short Round up | Short Docs |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928194150/https://www.cbc.ca/shortdocs/shorts/short-round-up |url-status=live }}</ref> Quan was cast after his brother auditioned for the role. Spielberg liked his personality, so he and Ford improvised the scene where Short Round accuses Indy of cheating during a card game.<ref name=almost/>
* [[Amrish Puri]] as [[List of characters in the Indiana Jones series#Mola Ram|Mola Ram]]: A [[Thuggee]] priest who performs rites of [[human sacrifice]]s. The character is named after [[Mola Ram|an 18th-century Indian painter]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} Lucas wanted Mola Ram to be terrifying, so the screenwriters added elements of [[Aztecs|Aztec]] and Hawaiian human sacrificers and European [[Theistic Satanism|devil worship]] to the character.<ref name=newname/> To create his headdress, make-up artist [[Tom Smith (make-up artist)|Tom Smith]] based the skull on a cow (as this would be [[sacrilegious]]), and used a latex [[shrunken head]].<ref name=newfaces>{{cite web |title=Scouting for Locations and New Faces |publisher=TheRaider.net |url=http://www.theraider.net/films/todoom/making_2_newfaces.php |access-date=April 23, 2008 |archive-date=March 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324035113/http://www.theraider.net/films/todoom/making_2_newfaces.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Roshan Seth]] as Chattar Lal: The Prime Minister of the Maharaja of Pankot. Chattar, also a Thuggee worshipper, is enchanted by Indy, Willie, and Short Round's arrival, but is offended by Indy's questioning of the palace's history and the archaeologist's own dubious past.
* [[Philip Stone]] as Captain Philip Blumburtt: A [[British Indian Army]] officer on a routine inspection tour of Pankot Palace and the surrounding area. He assists Indiana by fighting off Thuggee cultists at the bridge with his regiment, the 11th Poona Rifles.

Additionally, [[Roy Chiao]] portrays [[List of characters in the Indiana Jones series#Lao Che|Lao Che]], a Shanghai [[crime boss]] who, with his sons Chen (Chua Kah Joo) and Kao Kan ([[Ric Young]]), hires Indy to recover the cremated ashes of one of his ancestors. [[David Yip]] (in his film debut) portrays Wu Han, a friend of Indy, who is killed in Club Obi Wan. Raj Singh portrays Zalim Singh, the adolescent Maharajá of Pankot (his voice is dubbed by [[Katie Leigh]]<ref name="Katie Leigh">{{cite web|title=Katie Leigh - Female Voice Talent|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/katieleighvo|publisher=LinkedIn|access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref><ref name="ADR">{{cite web|title=I'm Katie Leigh and I was the ADR voice for the Young Maharajah in Temple of Doom! Who would have thought that over 30 years later, people still recognize my voice from something like that! It's been an incredible journey as a voice actress, and being able to bring characters to life has always been the ultimate dream come true for me. (January 21, 2016)|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/261013169850744|publisher=Facebook|access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref>), and [[D. R. Nanayakkara]] portrays the village Shaman, the leader of a small village that recruits Indy to retrieve their stolen sacred Shiva lingam stone. [[Denawaka Hamine]] and [[Iranganie Serasinghe]] play two of the village women.

Professional wrestler [[Pat Roach]] plays the Thuggee overseer in the mines whom Indy has a large brawl with; Roach had previously appeared as a German mechanic and a Giant Sherpa who brawls with Indy in ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''. [[Dan Aykroyd]] appears briefly and with a British accent as Earl Weber, who arranges air transport out of Shanghai for Jones, Willie, and Short Round and meets them at the airport.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/indiana-jones-7-memorable-cameos-876870/short-round-in-temple-of-doom-jonathan-ke-quan/ | title='Indiana Jones': 7 Memorable Cameos and Appearances | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=March 19, 2016 | access-date=November 18, 2022 | archive-date=November 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118213330/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/indiana-jones-7-memorable-cameos-876870/short-round-in-temple-of-doom-jonathan-ke-quan/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Steven Spielberg]], [[George Lucas]], [[Frank Marshall (filmmaker)|Frank Marshall]], and [[Kathleen Kennedy (producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] have cameos at the airport.<ref name=Baxter/>

==Production==

===Development===
Spielberg later recalled that when Lucas first approached him for ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', "George said if I directed the first one then I would have to direct a trilogy. He had three stories in mind. It turned out George did *not* have three stories in mind, and we had to make up subsequent stories."<ref name=making>Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy, 2003, [[Paramount Pictures]]</ref> Both men later attributed the film's tone, which was darker than ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', to their personal moods following the breakups of their relationships.<ref name=Empire/> In addition, Lucas felt "it had to have been a dark film. The way ''[[The Empire Strikes Back|Empire Strikes Back]]'' was the dark second act of the [[Star Wars original trilogy|''Star Wars'' trilogy]]."<ref name=complete/> Spielberg had said "The danger in making a sequel is that you can never satisfy everyone. If you give people the same movie with different scenes, they say 'why weren't you more original?'" "But if you give them the same character in another fantastic adventure, but with a different tone, you risk disappointing the other half of the audience who just wanted a carbon copy of the first film with a different girl and a different bad guy. So you win and you lose both ways."<ref name=newname/>

Lucas set the film a year earlier than the first to avoid re-using the Nazis as the villains.<ref name=Empire>{{cite news |title=''Temple of Doom'': An Oral History |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |date=May 1, 2008 |url=http://www.empireonline.com/indy/day10/ |access-date=May 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808115736/http://www.empireonline.com/indy/day10/ |archive-date=August 8, 2008 }}</ref> Spielberg originally wanted to bring [[Marion Ravenwood]] back,<ref name=making/> with [[Abner Ravenwood]] considered as a possible character.<ref name=complete>{{cite book |last1=Rinzler |first1=J. W. |author-link=J. W. Rinzler |last2=Bouzereau |first2=Laurent |author2-link=Laurent Bouzereau |year=2008 |title=The Complete Making of Indiana Jones |publisher=[[Random House]] |pages=129–141 |chapter=Temple of Death: (June 1981 – April 1983) |isbn=978-0-09-192661-8}}</ref> In developing the story, Lucas conceived of an opening chase scene with [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] on a motorcycle on the [[Great Wall of China]], followed by the discovery of a "''[[Lost World (genre)|Lost World]]'' pastiche with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs".<ref name="Baxter" /> Another idea was to feature the [[Monkey King]] as the [[plot device]].<ref name=Empire/> However, Chinese authorities refused permission for them to film in the country, requiring a different setting.<ref name="Baxter" /> Lucas wrote a [[film treatment]] that included a haunted castle in Scotland, but Spielberg felt it was too similar to ''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]'' (1982); so the setting transformed into a [[demon]]ic temple in India.<ref name=complete/>

Lucas came up with ideas that involved a [[Cult (religious practice)|religious cult]] devoted to [[child slavery]], [[black magic]], and ritual [[human sacrifice]]. [[Lawrence Kasdan]] of ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' was asked to write the script. "I didn't want to be associated with ''Temple of Doom''," he reflected. "I just thought it was horrible. It's so mean. There's nothing pleasant about it. I think ''Temple of Doom'' represents a chaotic period in both their [Lucas's and Spielberg's] lives, and the movie is very ugly and mean-spirited."<ref name=Baxter/> Lucas hired [[Willard Huyck]] and [[Gloria Katz]] to write the script because of their knowledge of [[Culture of India|Indian culture]].<ref name=making/> ''[[Gunga Din (film)|Gunga Din]]'' (1939) served as an influence for the film.<ref name=complete/>

Huyck and Katz spent four days at [[Skywalker Ranch]] for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early 1982.<ref name=complete/> They later said the early plot consisted of two notions of Lucas's: that Indy would recover something stolen from a village and decide whether to give it back, and that the picture would start in China and work its way to India. Huyck says Lucas was very single-minded about getting through meetings, while "Steve would always stop and think about visual stuff."<ref name="people">[http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088478,00.html "Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck's Best Defense Against Critics Is Their Screenwriting Track Record" By Donald G. McNeil Jr. August 20, 1984 ''People Magazine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110065556/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088478,00.html |date=January 10, 2011 }} accessed April 22, 2015</ref>

Lucas's initial idea for Indiana's [[sidekick]] was a virginal young princess, but Huyck, Katz, and Spielberg disliked the idea.<ref name=newname>{{cite web |title=Adventure's New Name |publisher=TheRaider.net |url=http://www.theraider.net/films/todoom/making_1_newideas.php |access-date=April 23, 2008 |archive-date=May 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505195315/http://www.theraider.net/films/todoom/making_1_newideas.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Just as Indiana Jones was named after Lucas's [[Alaskan Malamute]], the character of Willie was named after Spielberg's [[American Cocker Spaniel|Cocker Spaniel]], and Short Round was named after Huyck's dog, whose name was derived from ''[[The Steel Helmet]]'' (1951).<ref name=complete/>

Lucas handed Huyck and Katz a 20-page treatment in May 1982 titled ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death'' to adapt into a screenplay.<ref name=complete/> Scenes such as the fight scene in Shanghai, the escape from the airplane, and the mine cart chase came from earlier scripts of ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''.<ref name=faber/><ref name="aint">[http://www.aintitcool.com/node/67450 "FORTUNE AND GLORY: Writers of Doom! Quint interviews Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz!" ''Ain't It Cool New'' 23 May 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908000443/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/67450 |date=September 8, 2015 }} accessed April 23, 2015</ref> In ''Raiders,'' the headpiece for the Staff of Ra was originally conceived to be in two pieces, with the first piece in the museum of General Hok, a Japanese-allied Chinese warlord in Shanghai. Jones was planned to steal that piece, and then use a giant gong as a shield as General Hok fired a submachine gun at him during his escape, much like the final moments in Club Obi-Wan. Kasdan said that was too expensive to produce for the earlier movie. After that, Jones was to fly to [[Nepal]] to find Marion and the second piece. In flight, he fell asleep and all of the other passengers on the plane bailed out and parachuted to safety, leaving him to escape alone using an inflatable raft to slide down a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] slope to Marion's bar. Kasdan said this was cut because it interrupted the story flow and was "too unbelievable,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burns |first=James H. |date=September 1981 |title=Starlog Interview: Lawrence Kasdan Part 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-050/page/n33/mode/1up?view=theater |journal=Starlog |pages=34}}</ref> a complaint leveled by some critics at the finished scene.

Lucas, Huyck, and Katz had been developing ''[[Radioland Murders]]'' (1994) since the early 1970s. The opening music was taken from that script and applied to ''Temple of Doom''.<ref name=faber/> Spielberg reflected, "George's idea was to start the movie with a musical number. He wanted to do a [[Busby Berkeley]] dance number. At all our story meetings he would say, 'Hey, Steven, you always said you wanted to shoot musicals.' I thought, 'Yeah, that could be fun.{{'"}}<ref name=complete/>

Lucas, Spielberg, Katz, and Huyck were concerned how to keep the audience interest while explaining the Thuggee cult. Huyck and Katz proposed a tiger hunt but Spielberg stated, "There's no way I'm going to stay in India long enough to shoot a tiger hunt." They eventually decided on a dinner scene involving eating bugs (which were made of rubber and filled with custard), [[monkey brains]] (raspberry flavored custard), and the like. "Steve and George both still react like children, so their idea was to make it as gross as possible," says Katz.<ref name="people"/>

Lucas sent Huyck and Katz a 500-page transcript of their taped conversations to help them with the script.<ref name="people"/> The first draft was written in six weeks, in early August 1982. "Steve was coming off an enormously successful movie [''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.]]''] and George didn't want to lose him," said Katz. "He desperately wanted him to direct (''Temple of Doom''). We were under a lot of pressure to do it really, really fast so we could hold on to Steve."<ref name="aint"/>

A second draft was finished by September. Captain Blumburtt, Chattar Lal, and the boy [[Maharaja]] originally had more crucial roles. A dogfight scene was deleted, as were scenes where those who drank the [[Kali]] blood turned into [[zombie]]s with physical [[superhuman]] abilities. During [[pre-production]], the ''Temple of Death'' title was replaced with ''Temple of Doom''. From March to April 1983, Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final [[shooting script]].<ref name=complete/> One scene that made it into the script, but was dropped during filming, was about a snake coiling around Willie. As Capshaw has a [[Ophidiophobia|fear of snakes]], Spielberg noticed how difficult it was for her to film the scene, and decided to skip it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-slashfilm-com.translate.goog/1368331/indiana-jones-deleted-scene-kate-capshaw-panic-attack/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=no&_x_tr_hl=no&_x_tr_pto=sc&_x_tr_hist=true|title=The Scrapped Indiana Jones Scene That Had Kate Capshaw In A Full Blown Panic Attack|first=Jeremy|last=Smith|date=August 27, 2023|website=SlashFilm}}</ref>

Huyck and Katz later said Harrison Ford took many of the [[One-line joke|one liners]] originally given to Short Round.<ref name="aint"/>

===Casting===
[[File:Amrish Puri.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amrish Puri]] had been working on 18 films in India upon being cast as the villain Mola Ram. Spielberg later remarked "Amrish is my favorite villain. The best the world has ever produced and ever will."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-steven-spielberg-once-called-bollywood-legend-amrish-puri-world-s-best-villain-indiana-jones-harrison-ford-3048693 | title=Steven Spielberg once called this Bollywood legend 'world's best villain' even after he refused to audition for him }}</ref>]]
Harrison Ford reprised his role of Indiana Jones from ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''. For the role of Willie Scott, more than 100 actresses auditioned. Among the totally unknown actresses auditioning for the role was [[Sharon Stone]]. Finally, Spielberg chose Kate Capshaw after viewing her videotaped test and showing it to Ford.<ref name=forward/> For the role of Short Round, casting director Mike Fenton arranged open calls for East Asian boys to come in to audition in several major cities, including New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Hawaii, Toronto, Chicago, Montreal, Hong Kong, and London. Originally, [[Ke Huy Quan]]'s younger brother went to audition for the role while Quan tagged along. The producers had noticed that Quan was giving his brother directions behind the camera during the audition, so the casting director had asked Quan to give it a shot, and was cast a few days later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://movieweb.com/short-round-actor-recalls-his-strange-indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-audition/ | title=Ke Huy Quan Recalls Landing Short Round Role in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | date=April 2022 }}</ref>

For the various Indian characters in the film, the villagers were played by [[Sri Lanka]]n actors and actresses, while the characters in Pankot Palace were primarily played by Indian actors. For the role of Mola Ram, the arch-villain, they searched through England and the United States to find someone to play the part, as both Lucas and Spielberg were most anxious that they did not cast the principal Indian roles with Western actors darkened down. They couldn't find anybody amongst the resident Indian actors in the United States, and so they got a permit for Amrish Puri, who was working on 18 films in India simultaneously at the time of his casting. Puri had met with Spielberg and initially declined the role, but was convinced after speaking with [[Richard Attenborough]], whom Puri had worked with on a small part in ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Amrish |title=The Act of Life of Amrish Puri: An Autobiography |date=June 18, 2013 |publisher=Stellar Publishers |page=245 |edition=1st}}</ref> Roshan Seth, who played prime minister Chattar Lal, also appeared in ''Gandhi'' alongside Puri.

===Filming===
[[File:Steven Spielberg with Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Steven Spielberg]] and Production Supervisor [[Chandran Rutnam]] on location in [[Kandy]], [[Sri Lanka]], during the filming of ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'']]

The filmmakers were denied permission to film in [[North India]] and [[Amer Fort]], due to the government finding the script offensive.<ref name=Baxter/><ref name=making/><ref name=faber/> Producer [[Frank Marshall (filmmaker)|Frank Marshall]] explained that "originally the scenes were going to be shot in India at a fantastic palace. They required us to give them a script, so we sent it over and we didn't think it was going to be a problem. But because of the voodoo element with Mola Ram and the Thuggees, the Indian government was a little bit hesitant to give us permission. They wanted us to do things like not use the term Maharajah, and they didn't want us to shoot in a particular temple that we had picked. The Indian government wanted changes to the script and [[final cut privilege]]."<ref name=Baxter/><ref name=making/><ref name=faber/><ref name=complete/>

As a result, location work went to [[Kandy]], [[Sri Lanka]], with [[matte painting]]s and [[scale model]]s applied for the village, temple, and Pankot Palace. Budgetary inflation also caused ''Temple of Doom'' to cost $28.17 million, $8 million more than ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''.<ref name="faber" /> [[Principal photography|Filming]] began on April 18, 1983, in Kandy,<ref name="doom">Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 6: "Doomruners (April—August 1983), p. 142—167</ref> and moved to [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] in [[Hertfordshire]], England on May 5. Marshall recalled, "when filming the bug scenes, crew members would go home and find bugs in their hair, clothes and shoes."<ref name="doom" /> Eight out of the nine [[sound stage]]s at Elstree housed the filming of ''Temple of Doom''. Lucas [[list of biographers|biographer]] Marcus Hearn observed, "[[Douglas Slocombe]]'s skillful lighting helped disguise the fact that about 80 percent of the film was shot with sound stages."<ref name="Hearn">{{cite book |first=Marcus |last=Hearn |title=The Cinema of George Lucas |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemageorgeluca00hear |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|Harry N. Abrams Inc]] |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cinemageorgeluca00hear/page/n134 144]–147 |isbn=0-8109-4968-7 }}</ref>
[[File:Harrison Ford and Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Harrison Ford]] with Rutnam on the set of ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' in Sri Lanka in 1983]]
[[Danny Daniels]] choreographed the opening music number "[[Anything Goes (Cole Porter song)|Anything Goes]]". Capshaw learned to sing in [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] and took [[tap dance]] lessons. However the dress was fitted so tightly that Capshaw was not able to dance in it. Made by [[Barbara Matera (costume designer)|Barbara Matera]] out of original 1920s and 1930s beads, the dress was one of a kind. The opening dance number was actually the last scene to be shot, but the dress did feature in some earlier location shots in Sri Lanka, drying on a nearby tree. Unfortunately an elephant had started to eat it, tearing the whole back of the dress. Consequently, some emergency repair work had to be done by Matera with what remained of the original beads, and it was [[costume design]]er [[Anthony Powell (designer)|Anthony Powell]] who had to fill in the insurance forms. As to the reason for damage, he had no option but to put "dress eaten by elephant".<ref name=making/>

In a 2003 documentary on the making of the film (first released when the original trilogy made its debut on DVD), costume designer Anthony Powell stated that only one evening dress was made for Capshaw due to the limited amount of original 1920s and 1930s beads and sequins (story above). However, there have been more than one of Capshaw's evening dresses on display at the same time in different countries during exhibitions – from late 2014, a dress was on display at the Hollywood Costume exhibition in Los Angeles (exhibition ran from October 2, 2014 – March 2, 2015). At the very same time, the traveling "Indiana Jones: Adventure of Archaeology" exhibition was on display in Edmonton in Canada (October 11, 2014 – April 6, 2015) and there featured another of the red and gold dresses.{{original research inline|date=December 2022}}

Production designer [[Norman Reynolds]] could not return for ''Temple of Doom'' because of his commitment to ''[[Return to Oz]]'' (1985). [[Elliot Scott]], Reynolds' mentor, was hired. To build the [[rope bridge]] the filmmakers found a group of British engineers from [[Balfour Beatty]] working on the nearby [[Victoria Dam (Sri Lanka)|Victoria Dam]].<ref name=complete/> Harrison Ford suffered a severe [[spinal disc herniation]] by performing a somersault while filming the scene with the assassin in Jones's bedroom. A hospital bed was brought on set for Ford to rest between [[Take#Film|takes]]. Lucas stated, "He could barely stand up, yet he was there every day so shooting would not stop. He was in incomprehensible pain, but he was still trying to make it happen."<ref name=Baxter/> With no alternatives, Lucas shut down production while Ford was flown to [[Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center, Centinela Campus|Centinela Hospital]] on June 21 for recovery.<ref name=doom/> [[Stunt double]] [[Vic Armstrong]] spent five weeks as a [[stand-in]] for various shots. Wendy Leech, Armstrong's wife, served as Capshaw's stunt double.<ref>The Stunts of Indiana Jones, 2003, [[Paramount Pictures]]</ref>

[[Macau]], then a [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese colony]], was substituted for Shanghai,<ref name=faber/> while cinematographer Douglas Slocombe caught fever from June 24 to July 7 and could not work. Ford returned on August 8. Despite the problems during filming, Spielberg was able to complete ''Temple of Doom'' on schedule and on budget, finishing principal photography on August 26.<ref name=doom/> Various [[pick-up (filmmaking)|pickups]] took place afterwards. This included [[Mammoth Mountain]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[American River]], [[Yosemite National Park]], [[San Joaquin Valley]], [[Hamilton Air Force Base]] (all located in California), [[Snake River Canyon (Idaho)|Snake River Canyon]] in [[Idaho]], and [[Arizona]].<ref name=forward>Rinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 8: "Forward on All Fronts (August 1983 – June 1984)", p. 168—183</ref> Producer Marshall directed a [[second unit]] in [[Florida]] in January 1984, using [[alligator]]s to double as [[crocodile]]s.<ref name=forward/><ref name=Empire/> The mine chase was a combination of a [[roller coaster]] and scale models with dolls [[body double|doubling]] for the actors.<ref name=faber>{{cite book |first=Joseph |last=McBride |author-link=Joseph McBride (writer) |title=Steven Spielberg: A Biography |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |year=1997 |location=New York City |pages=323–358 |isbn=0-571-19177-0 |chapter=Ecstasy and Grief}}</ref> Minor [[stop-motion]] was also used for the sequence. [[Visual effects supervisor]]s [[Dennis Muren]], [[Joe Johnston]] and a crew at [[Industrial Light & Magic]] provided the [[visual effects]] work,<ref>The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones, 2003, [[Paramount Pictures]]</ref> while [[Skywalker Sound]], headed by [[Ben Burtt]], commissioned the [[sound design]]. Burtt recorded roller coasters at [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland Park]] in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] for the mine cart scene.<ref>The Sound of Indiana Jones, 2003, [[Paramount Pictures]]</ref> Marshall recalled that filming the bugs was difficult, more so than the snakes in ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'': "The bugs were much harder to work with than the snakes. You can arrange a pile of snakes. That's impossible with bugs. People were also much more scared of the insects. Every once in a while you'd hear this shriek when the bugs found their way on to the tap-dance rehearsal stage - a bad place for any bug to be."<ref name=EmpireMaking>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Willow |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/indiana-jones-making-temple-doom/ |title=The Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |website=Empire |date=October 9, 2012 |access-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904050535/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/indiana-jones-making-temple-doom/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ke Huy Quan recalled that while filming a scary sequence, he started crying until Ford calmed him down, saying "I will never hurt you!".<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/ke-huy-quan-remembers-harrison-ford-consoling-indiana-jones-action-scene-8787353 | title=Ke Huy Quan recalls Harrison Ford consoling him on 'Indiana Jones' set: 'I was so scared' | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref>

===Editing===
"After I showed the film to George [Lucas], at an hour and 55 minutes, we looked at each other," Spielberg remembered. "The first thing that we said was, 'Too fast'. We needed to decelerate the action. I did a few more [[Matte painting|matte]] shots to slow it down. We made it a little bit slower, by putting breathing room back in so there'd be a two-hour oxygen supply for the audience."<ref name=forward/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Further|Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (soundtrack)}}

==Release==

===Box office===
''Temple of Doom'' was released on May 23, 1984, in the United States, accumulating a record-breaking $45.7 million in its first week.<ref name=Hearn/> The film went on to gross $333.1 million worldwide, with $180 million in North America and $153.1 million in other markets.<ref name=box>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indianajonesandthetempleofdoom.htm |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626041223/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indianajonesandthetempleofdoom.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film had the highest opening weekend of 1984, and was that year's highest-grossing film (third in North America, behind ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' and ''[[Ghostbusters]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1984&p=.htm |title=1984 Domestic Grosses |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103115555/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1984&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the tenth highest-grossing film of all time during its release.<ref name=box/> It sold an estimated 53,532,800 tickets in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indianajonesandthetempleofdoom.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804115924/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indianajonesandthetempleofdoom.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Promotion===
[[Marvel Comics]] published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer [[David Michelinie]] and artists [[Jackson Guice]], [[Ian Akin]], [[Brian Garvey (comics)|Brian Garvey]], and [[Bob Camp]]. It was published as ''[[Marvel Comics Super Special|Marvel Super Special]]'' No. 30<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comics.org/issue/38131/ |title=GCD :: Issue :: Marvel Super Special #30 |work=comics.org |access-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106224907/http://www.comics.org/issue/38131/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and as a three-issue [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]].<ref>[http://www.comics.org/series/2874/ ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626175646/http://www.comics.org/series/2874/ |date=June 26, 2012 }} at the Grand Comics Database</ref>

[[LucasArts]] and [[Atari Games]] promoted the film by releasing an [[arcade game]]. [[Hasbro]] released a toy line based on the film in September 2008.<ref>{{cite news |first=Edward |last=Douglas |title=Hasbro Previews ''G.I. Joe'', ''Hulk'', ''Iron Man'', ''Indy'' & ''Clone Wars'' |work=[[SuperHeroHype]] |date=February 17, 2008 |url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=6807 |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-date=February 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218050323/http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=6807 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===
The video was released at Christmas 1986 with a retail price of $29.95 and sold a record 1.4 million units.<ref name=Takeoff>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title='Top Gun' Cassettes In Record Takeoff: 1,900,000 Units|page=1|last=Bierbaum|first=Tom|date=March 4, 1987}}</ref> A DVD version of the film was released in 2003 together with the two other films in the then Indiana Jones trilogy series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Jones 'raids DVD record' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=October 31, 2003 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819130535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> A Blu-ray version for the film was released in 2012 as part of a box set for the series, which had four films at the time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Jones: How to enjoy the film as an adult |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19704700 |publisher=[[BBC News Online#Magazine|BBC News Magazine, Washington]] |date=October 4, 2012 |access-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701203413/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19704700 |archive-date=July 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, a remastered 4K version of the film was released on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]], produced using scans of the original film negatives. It was released as part of a box set for the then four films in the ''Indiana Jones'' film series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Jones Box Set 4K UHD Blu-Ray Preorders Down to $79.99 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/indiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder |website=[[IGN]] |date=March 16, 2021 |access-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319012737/https://www.ign.com/articles/indiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Television ===
In Japan, the film was aired on [[Nippon TV]] (NTV), on October 16, 1987. It became NTV's most-watched film up until then with a 26.9% [[Audience measurement|audience rating]], surpassing the 25.3% record previously set by ''[[First Blood]]'' (1982) in 1985. In turn, ''Temple of Doom'' was later surpassed by ''[[Tsuribaka Nisshi 4]]'' (1991) in 1994, but remained NTV's most-watched foreign film up until [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'']] (2001) in 2004.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamano |first1=Keiji |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620778/the-japanese-market-for-uk-films-bfi |title=The Japanese Market for UK Films |last2=Kitae |first2=Hiroyuki |last3=Udagawa |first3=Shoji |last4=Watanabe |first4=Yasuko |last5=Uchiyama |first5=Takashi |date=November 2007 |publisher=Cinema Alliance Limited, [[UK Film Council]], [[British Film Institute]] |pages=58–9 |access-date=April 22, 2022 |via=[[Yumpu]] |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923134131/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620778/the-japanese-market-for-uk-films-bfi |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, the film's 2005 airing was watched by {{Nowrap|5 million}} viewers on [[BBC1]], becoming the channel's ninth most-watched film during the first half of 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 2005 |title=4. Film on UK Television in the First Half of 2005 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620776/research-and-statistics-bulletin-september-2005-bfi |journal=Research and Statistics Bulletin |publisher=[[British Film Institute]], [[UK Film Council]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20–34 (24–5) |access-date=April 21, 2022 |via=[[Yumpu]] |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115154720/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620776/research-and-statistics-bulletin-september-2005-bfi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' received mixed reviews upon its release,<ref name=Baxter/> but over the years, the film's critical reception has improved. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The site's critical consensus reads, "It may be too 'dark' for some, but ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' remains an ingenious adventure spectacle that showcases one of Hollywood's finest filmmaking teams in vintage form."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/indiana_jones_and_the_temple_of_doom|title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629063500/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/indiana_jones_and_the_temple_of_doom/|archive-date=June 29, 2015|url-status=live}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]] the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |work=metacritic.com |access-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609095428/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] gave the film a perfect four-star rating, calling it "one of the greatest Bruised Forearm Movies ever made. You know what a Bruised Forearm Movie is. That's the kind of movie where your date is always grabbing your forearm in a viselike grip, as unbearable excitement unfolds on the screen...''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' makes no apologies for being exactly what it is: Exhilarating, manic, wildly imaginative escapism ... This is the most cheerfully exciting, bizarre, goofy, romantic adventure movie since ''Raiders,'' and it is high praise to say that it's not so much a sequel as an equal... You stagger out with a silly grin."<ref>{{cite news |date=May 23, 1984 |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-1984 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708140033/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19840101%2FREVIEWS%2F401010348%2F1023 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vincent Canby]] felt the film was "too shapeless to be the fun that ''Raiders'' is, but shape may be beside the point. Old-time, 15-part [[Serial film|movie serials]] didn't have shape. They just went on and on and on, which is what ''Temple of Doom'' does with humor and technical invention."<ref>{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D06E5DF173BF930A15756C0A962948260 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 23, 1983 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-date=June 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623101025/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D06E5DF173BF930A15756C0A962948260 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Neal Gabler]] commented that "I think in some ways, ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' was better than ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''. In some ways it was less. In sum total, I'd have to say I enjoyed it more. That doesn't mean it's better necessarily, but I got more enjoyment out of it."<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Hagen |date=January 1988 |title=Neal Gabler |work=[[Comics Interview]] |issue=54 |pages=61–63 |publisher=[[Fictioneer Books]]}}</ref>

John Nubbin reviewed ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' for ''[[Different Worlds]]'' magazine and stated that "Spielberg, for better or worse, has gone past the parameters of the first film, doing more with the period he is recreating and the type of film and story he is honoring."<ref name="dw35">{{cite journal | last = Nubbin |first = John | title = Film Reviews | journal = [[Different Worlds]] | issue = 35 | pages =44–45 |date=July–August 1984}}</ref>

Colin Covert of the ''[[Star Tribune]]'' called the film "sillier, darkly violent and a bit dumbed down, but still great fun."<ref>{{cite news |last=Covert |first=Colin |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/indiana_jones_and_the_temple_of_doom/ |work=[[Star Tribune]] |date=May 21, 2008 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216151028/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/mobile/m/indiana_jones_and_the_temple_of_doom/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Pauline Kael]] preferred it to ''Raiders'', writing: "The subject of a movie can be momentum. It has often been the true—even if not fully acknowledged—subject of movies. In ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', it's not just acknowledged, it's gloried in...The whole movie is a shoot-the-chutes, and toward the end, when the heroic trio, having found the sacred stone and freed the stolen children from the maharajah's mines, are trying to escape in a tiny mine car, and a shift in camera angles places us with them on a literal rollercoaster ride, the audience laughs in recognition that that's what we've been on all along...The movie relates to Americans' love of getting in the car and just taking off—it's a breeze."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kael |first=Pauline |title=INDIANA JONES AND THE TEMPLE OF DOOM – REVIEW BY PAULINE KAEL |url=https://scrapsfromtheloft.com/2018/07/09/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-review-by-pauline-kael/ |work=Scraps from the Loft |date=July 9, 2018 |access-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121205958/https://scrapsfromtheloft.com/2018/07/09/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-review-by-pauline-kael/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Dave Kehr]] stated "The film betrays no human impulse higher than that of a ten-year-old boy trying to gross out his baby sister by dangling a dead worm in her face."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Kehr |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom/Film?oid=6470889 |work=[[Chicago Reader]] |date=September 1, 1984 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228003725/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom/Film?oid=6470889 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ralph Novak of ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' complained "The ads that say 'this film may be too intense for younger children' are fraudulent. No parent should allow a young child to see this traumatizing movie; it would be a cinematic form of [[child abuse]]. Even Harrison Ford is required to slap Quan and abuse Capshaw. There are no heroes connected with the film, only two villains; their names are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas."<ref name=faber/><ref name="Novak">{{cite web |title=Picks and Pans Review: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=https://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-vol-21-no-22/ |website=People.com |access-date=April 25, 2022 |language=en |date=June 4, 1984 |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425072451/https://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-vol-21-no-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' described it as "a thin, arch, graceless affair."<ref name="Halliwell's Film Guide">Halliwell's Film Guide</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' summarized it as "a two-hour series of none too carefully linked chase sequences ... sitting on the edge of your seat gives you a sore bum but also a numb brain."<ref name="Halliwell's Film Guide"/> [[Leonard Maltin]] gave the film only two out of four stars, saying that it is "headache inducing" and "never gives us a chance to breathe", and chiding the {{"'}}gross-out' gags."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRGnKhowF4gC&q=leonard+maltin+temple+of+doom&pg=PT1487 |title=Leonard Maltin's 2010 Movie Guide |first=Maltin |last=Leonard |date=September 24, 2010 |publisher=PENGUIN group |access-date=December 22, 2016 |via=Google Books |isbn=9781101108765 |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503011126/https://books.google.com/books?id=WRGnKhowF4gC&q=leonard+maltin+temple+of+doom&pg=PT1487 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Colin Greenland]] reviewed the film for ''[[Imagine (game magazine)|Imagine]]'' magazine, and stated that "''Raiders'' had the wit and lightness of touch not to take itself too seriously. ''Temple'' starts well, but promptly loses itself in clamorous self-importance. I couldn't care less if it outgrosses ''Raiders''. It grossed me out."<ref name="Imagine17">{{cite journal | last = Greenland|first = Colin |author-link=Colin Greenland| title =Fantasy Media | type = review | journal = [[Imagine (AD&D magazine)|Imagine]] | issue = 17| pages =47 | publisher = TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd. |date=August 1984| issn = }}</ref>

In 2014, ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' polled several film critics, directors, actors, and stunt actors to list their top action films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/best-action-movies |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |title=The 100 best action movies |access-date=November 7, 2014 |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106142045/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/best-action-movies |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' was listed at 71st place on this list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-100-best-action-movies-80-71 |work=Time Out |access-date=November 7, 2014 |title=The 100 best action movies: 80–71 |archive-date=November 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107152229/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-100-best-action-movies-80-71 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Director [[Quentin Tarantino]] stated that ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' is his favorite of the series, as well as Spielberg's second-best film behind ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' (1975)''.'' "[Spielberg] pushes the envelope, he creates PG-13, a movie so badass it created a new level in the MPAA," further adding "there is a comedy aspect as gruesome as the cinema is; there is an ultimate comedy aspect that's just not quite there as much in the first one."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/quentin-tarantino-most-least-favourite-indiana-jones-movies/ | title=Quentin Tarantino names his favourite 'Indiana Jones' movie | date=August 19, 2022 }}</ref>

===Reception from the cast and crew===
The character Willie Scott has often been criticized for its shrillness, with Capshaw calling Willie "not much more than a dumb screaming blonde,"<ref name=faber/> further adding that she "was blind-sided" by the reaction to her character. "The thing that surprised me the most was that the critics, women critics in particular, were very critical of Willie Scott, as if we were making a political statement and I was doing nothing for my sisters. I found it odd that it was an action-adventure film and we were meant to be doing message work."<ref name="EmpireMaking"/>

When promoting the sequel ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'' in 1989, Spielberg said "I wasn't happy with ''Temple of Doom'' at all. It was too dark, too subterranean, and much too horrific. I thought it out-poltered ''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]''. There's not an ounce of my own personal feeling in ''Temple of Doom''." He later added during the ''Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' documentary, "''Temple of Doom'' is my least favorite of the trilogy. I look back and I say, 'Well the greatest thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw.' We married years later and that to me was the reason I was fated to make ''Temple of Doom''."<ref name=forward/> Lucas, who had been going through a divorce with [[Marcia Lucas]] during the making of the film, attributed the film's darkness to his relationship problems, but in regard to the film said, "I love the movie, it's just slightly darker in tone and not as fun as the first."<ref name=forward/>

Seth commented "Let me tell you - the first 15 minutes of ''Indiana Jones And The Temple of Doom'' are perhaps the greatest 15 minutes in cinema. They are all about what cinema should be: sitting on the edge of your seat in excitement." Ford remarked "I felt it was funny and explored interesting, dark places. That scene where he takes the heart out, that was a new thing, a dark thing. But I enjoyed that about it. It also possesses some of the craziest action, the most energy. I think it is a good film."<ref name=EmpireMaking/>

=== Depiction of India ===
The depiction of India in ''Temple of Doom'' was criticized, and the film received a temporary ban in India. It was later released in the country when it came out on home video.<ref name="Gogoi, Pallavi">{{cite web |author=Gogoi, Pallavi |date=November 5, 2006 |title=Banned Films Around the World: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/11/1106_banned/source/7.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401050227/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/11/1106_banned/source/7.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2007 |access-date=April 1, 2007 |work=BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="Yvette Rosser">{{cite news |last=Rosser |first=Yvette |title=Teaching South Asia |url=http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/tsa/VIN1/Rosser.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108064134/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/tsa/VIN1/Rosser.htm |archive-date=January 8, 2005 |access-date=August 27, 2008 |work=[[Missouri Southern State University]]}}</ref> A group of 30-50 people in [[Seattle]], Washington, appeared in the local newspapers when they protested the film for depicting Indians as either helpless or evil.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spokesman-Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFhWAAAAIBAJ&dq=temple+of+doom+protest&pg=PA28&article_id=6961,7092722}}</ref>

The depiction of [[Indian cuisine]] was heavily criticized, as dishes such as baby snakes, eyeball soup, beetles, and chilled monkey brains are not Indian foods. Professor Yvette Rosser wrote that "[it] seems to have been taken as a valid portrayal of India by many teachers, since a large number of students surveyed complained that teachers referred to the eating of monkey brains."<ref name="Yvette Rosser" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=March 31, 2016 |title='Temple of Doom' is the Indiana Jones movie that Indians won't forget in a hurry |url=https://scroll.in/reel/805944/temple-of-doom-is-the-indiana-jones-movie-that-indians-wont-forget-in-a-hurry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121221202/https://scroll.in/reel/805944/temple-of-doom-is-the-indiana-jones-movie-that-indians-wont-forget-in-a-hurry |archive-date=November 21, 2020 |access-date=May 30, 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Another heavily criticized aspect was the film's [[white savior]] narrative, with Indiana being depicted as a great white hero upon landing in a remote Indian village, with the villagers unable to help themselves.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 20, 2020 |title=We need to talk about Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=https://lwlies.com/articles/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-racist-indian-characters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213046/https://lwlies.com/articles/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-racist-indian-characters/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2021 |work=Little White Lies}}</ref>

Roshan Seth, who played Chattar Lal, mentioned that the banquet scene was a joke that went wrong, saying, "Steven intended it as a joke, the joke being that Indians were so smart that they knew all Westerners think that Indians eat cockroaches, so they served them what they expected. The joke was too subtle for that film."<ref name="EmpireMaking" /> In his autobiography, Amrish Puri described the controversy around the film as "silly". He wrote that "it's based on an ancient cult that existed in India and was recreated like a fantasy. If you recall those imaginary places like Pankot Palace, starting with Shanghai, where the plane breaks down and the passengers use a raft to jump over it, slide down a hill and reach India, can this ever happen? But fantasies are fantasies, like our ''[[Panchatantra]]'' and folklore. I know we are sensitive about our cultural identity, but we do this to ourselves in our own films. It's only when some foreign directors do it that we start cribbing."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Amrish |title=The Act of Life of Amrish Puri: An Autobiography |date=June 18, 2013 |publisher=Stellar Publishers |edition=1st |page=260}}</ref>

===PG rating===
Many parents who took their children to see the film complained that some sequences in the film were too violent for its PG rating, particularly sequences involving human sacrifice and children being flogged. Spielberg had initially defended the violence, stating "the picture is not called ''Temple of Roses'', it is called ''Temple of Doom''. There are parts of this film that are too intense for younger children, but this is a fantasy adventure. It is the kind of violence that does not really happen and cannot be perpetuated by people leaving the cinema and performing those tricks on their friends at home."<ref>{{cite web |title=TheRaider.net – Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |url=http://www.theraider.net/films/todoom/making_6_therelease.php}}</ref>

In response to some of the more violent sequences in the film, and with similar complaints about ''[[Gremlins]]'' (which released two weeks later), Spielberg suggested that the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA) alter its [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|rating system]] by introducing an intermediary between the PG and R ratings. The MPAA concurred, and a new [[PG-13 (Motion Picture Association)|PG-13]] rating was introduced two months after the film's release.<ref name="Parker" />{{efn|name=fn1}} In the UK, the film was heavily censored for a PG rating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |date=August 3, 2020 |title=Temple of Doom |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/temple-of-doom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112052320/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/temple-of-doom |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> The United Kingdom followed suit five years later, with the [[BBFC]] introducing the 12 rating and ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' (1989) being the first film to receive it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |date=August 14, 2020 |title=Batman |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/batman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112052310/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/batman |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> ''Temple of Doom'' was itself re-rated 12, uncut, in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnze2mdcx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112052039/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/indiana-jones-and-the-temple-of-doom-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnze2mdcx |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{Anchor|Awards|Accolades}}[[Dennis Muren]] and [[Industrial Light & Magic]]'s [[visual effects]] department won the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] at the [[57th Academy Awards]]. [[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (soundtrack)|Soundtrack]] composer [[John Williams]] was, as he had been for his work on ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', again nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Music Score]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1985 |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |title=1985 |date=October 5, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110111200/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1985 |url-status=live }}</ref> The visual effects crew won the same category at the [[38th British Academy Film Awards]]. Cinematographer [[Douglas Slocombe]], editor [[Michael Kahn (film editor)|Michael Kahn]], [[Ben Burtt]] and other [[sound design]]ers at [[Skywalker Sound]] received nominations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Temple+of+Doom |work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |access-date=August 25, 2008 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070803/http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Temple+of+Doom |url-status=live }}</ref> Spielberg, the writers, Harrison Ford, Jonathan Ke Quan, [[Anthony Powell (designer)|Anthony Powell]] and [[prosthetic makeup|makeup designer]] [[Tom Smith (make-up artist)|Tom Smith]] were nominated for their work at the [[Saturn Award]]s. ''Temple of Doom'' was nominated for [[Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film|Best Fantasy Film]] but lost to ''[[Ghostbusters]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |work=[[Saturn Award]]s |title=Past Saturn Awards |access-date=August 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211052459/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archive-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[57th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| John Williams
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]
| Dennis Muren, Michael J. McAlister, Lorne Peterson, George Gibbs
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[38th British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| Douglas Slocombe
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Michael Kahn
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]]
| Ben Burtt, Simon Kaye, Laurel Ladevich
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects|Best Special Visual Effects]]
| Dennis Muren, George Gibbs, Michael J. McAlister, Lorne Peterson
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[12th Saturn Awards|Saturn Awards]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film|Best Fantasy Film]]
| ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| Steven Spielberg
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Harrison Ford
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor|Best Performance by a Younger Actor]]
| Jonathan Ke Quan
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writing]]
| Willard Huyck, Gloria Katz
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| Anthony Powell
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Make-up|Best Make-up]]
| Tom Smith
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first1=Willard |last1=Huyck |author-link=Willard Huyck |first2=Gloria |last2=Katz |author2-link=Gloria Katz |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom: The Illustrated Screenplay |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |date=October 1984 |isbn=0345318781}}
* {{cite book |first=James|last=Kahn|author-link=James Kahn |title=Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |date=May 1984 |others=[[novelization]] of the film |isbn=9780345314574}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rinzler |first1=J. W. |last2=Bouzereau |first2=Laurent |title=The Complete Making of Indiana Jones |publisher=[[Ebury Publishing]] |date=January 1, 2008 |isbn=9780091926618}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{TCMDb title}}
* {{AFI film}}

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Thomas Sebeok

2026-03-03T21:49:51Z

HarrisonHinson2: basic adjusted content additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Hungarian-American polymath (1920–2001)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Eastern name order|Sebők Tamás}}
{{Infobox academic
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| name = Thomas Sebeok
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| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|12|21|1920|11|9}}
| death_place = [[Bloomington, Indiana]], U.S.
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| workplaces = [[Indiana University]]
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| main_interests = {{ubl|[[Semiotics]] ([[biosemiotics]], [[zoosemiotics]])|[[Linguistics]]}}
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[[File:Dezső Sebeok and Vera Perlmann and their son Thomas Albert Sebeok (c1924).jpg|thumb|260px|Dezső Sebeok and Vera Perlmann and their son Thomas ({{c.|1924}})]]
{{Semiotics}}
'''Thomas Albert Sebeok''' ({{langx|hu|Sebők Tamás}}, {{IPA|hu|ˈʃɛbøːk ˈtɒmaːʃ|pron}}; November 9, 1920{{snd}}December 21, 2001) was a Hungarian-born American [[polymath]],<ref name=Cobley>Cobley, Paul; Deely, John; Kull, Kalevi; Petrilli, Susan (eds.) (2011). ''[https://www.academia.edu/31152875/Semiotics_Continues_to_Astonish Semiotics Continues to Astonish: Thomas A. Sebeok and the Doctrine of Signs]''. (Semiotics, Communication and Cognition 7.) Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</ref> [[semiotics|semiotician]], and [[linguistics|linguist]].<ref>[[Jesper Hoffmeyer|Hoffmeyer, Jesper]] (2002). [https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=275596 Obituary: Thomas A. Sebeok.] ''[[Sign Systems Studies]]'' 30(1): 383–385.</ref><ref>McDowell, J. H. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137759 Thomas A. Sebeok (1920-2001)]. ''Journal of American Folklore''.</ref><ref>Marcel Danesi and Albert Valdman (2004). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4489665 Thomas A. Sebeok]. ''Language''. Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 312-317</ref><ref>Brier S. (2003). [https://research.cbs.dk/en/publications/thomas-sebeok-mister-biosemiotics-an-obituary-for-thomas-a-sebeok Thomas Sebeok: Mister (Bio)semiotics. An obituary for Thomas A. Sebeok]. ''Cybernetics & Human Knowing'' 10(1): 102-105(4)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.228 | doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.228 | title=Thomas Albert Sebeok (1920-2001) | year=2003 | last1=Anderson | first1=Myrdene | journal=American Anthropologist | volume=105 | pages=228–231 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> As one of the founders of the [[biosemiotics]] field, he studied non-human and cross-species signaling and communication.<ref>[[Kull, Kalevi]] (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233524594_Thomas_A_Sebeok_and_biology_Building_biosemiotics Thomas A. Sebeok and biology: Building biosemiotics]. ''Cybernetics and Human Knowing'' 10(1): 47–60.</ref> He is also known for his work in the development of [[long-term nuclear waste warning messages]], in which he worked with the [[Human Interference Task Force]] (established 1981) to create methods for keeping the inhabitants of Earth away from buried nuclear waste that will still be hazardous 10,000 or more years in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/01sp200a/students/enricaLovaglio/pandora/Pandora.html|title=Pandora's Box: How and Why to Communicate 10,000 Years into the Future|website=www.mat.ucsb.edu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Thomas Sebeok was born on November 9, 1920, in [[Budapest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]. He attended secondary school at the famous [[Fasori Gimnázium]], which educated notables such as [[John von Neumann]] and [[Eugene Wigner]]. After a brief stint at Cambridge University (Magdalene College) in England, he moved to the United States at the age of 17 and became a [[naturalized citizen]] in 1944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jan-07-me-20890-story.html/|title=Thomas Sebeok, 81; Linguist Debunked Theory About Apes|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=7 January 2002 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
Sebeok earned a bachelor's degree in 1941 at the [[University of Chicago]]. He earned a master's degree in [[anthropological linguistics]], under the external guidance of [[Roman Jakobson]], at [[Princeton University]] in 1943 and, in 1945, a doctorate at [[Princeton University]]; his dissertation was titled ''Finnish and Hungarian case systems: their form and function''.<ref name=IUarchive/>

== Academic work ==
In 1943, Sebeok started work at [[Indiana University]] in [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], assisting the [[Native American studies|Amerindianist]] [[Charles F. Voegelin|Carl Voegelin]] in managing the country's largest Army Specialized Training Program in foreign languages. He then created the university's department of [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] Studies, covering the languages of Eastern Europe, Russia and Asia. He was also the chair of the university's Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies.

As a professor at Indiana University, Sebeok studied both human and non-human systems of signaling and communication, as well as the [[philosophy of mind]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.semioticsocietyofamerica.org/index.php/sebeok-fellow-award/|title=Sebeok Fellow Award – Semiotic Society of America|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref> He was among the founders of [[biosemiotics]], and coined the term "[[zoosemiotics]]" in 1963 to describe the development of signals and signs by non-human animal species.<ref>[[Kalevi Kull|Kull, Kalevi]] 2014. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269759184_Zoosemiotics_is_the_study_of_animal_forms_of_knowing Zoosemiotics is the study of animal forms of knowing]. ''Semiotica'' 198: 47–60.</ref> He also continued his work as a linguist, publishing several articles and books analyzing aspects of the [[Mari language]] (referring to it by the name "Cheremis"). His transdisciplinary work and professional collaborations spanned the fields of anthropology, biology, folklore studies, linguistics, psychology, and semiotics.<ref name=":0" />

Sebeok was the editor-in-chief of the journal ''[[Semiotica]]'', the leading periodical in the field, from its establishing in 1969 until 2001.<ref>Watt, W. (2006). Thomas A. Sebeok: In memoriam Semiotica, Issue, 1-525. Retrieved 2 Mar. 2012, from {{doi|10.1515/semi.2003.091}}</ref> He was also the editor of several book series and encyclopedias, including ''Approaches to Semiotics'' (over 100 volumes), ''Current Trends in Linguistics'', and the ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics''.<ref name=":0" />

In 1980, Sebeok along with Robert Rosenthal participated in a conference named "The [[Clever Hans]] Phenomenon: Communication with Horses, Whales, Apes and People" held by the [[New York Academy of Sciences]] which casts doubt upon the research efforts regarding ape communication, including but not limited to the works of [[Herbert S. Terrace]], Duane Rumbaugh and [[Sue Savage-Rumbaugh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Jonas |first1=Gerald |title=Conference |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1980/05/26/conference-6 |access-date=18 February 2025 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=18 May 1980}}</ref><ref name="science.org">{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Nicholas |title=Does Man Alone Have Language? Apes Reply in Riddles, and a Horse Says Neigh: The communicating apes have a message. But does it refer to them or to us? |journal=Science |date=1980 |issue=208(4450) |pages=1349–1351 |doi=10.1126/science.7375943 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.7375943 |access-date=18 February 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In particular, the conference suggests that the apes could have been cued or their communication had been misinterpretated.<ref name="science.org"/>

Later in the early 1980s, Sebeok composed a report for the US Office of Nuclear Waste Management titled ''Communication Measures To Bridge Ten Millennia'',<ref>{{cite book | author=Thomas A. Sebeok | title=Communication Measures to Bridge Ten Millennia | place=Columbus, Ohio | publisher=Battelle Memorial Institute, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation | year=1984 | doi=10.2172/6705990 | osti=6705990 | url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1199078/ }}</ref> discussing solutions to the problem of [[nuclear semiotics]], a system of signs aimed at warning future civilizations from entering geographic areas contaminated by nuclear waste.<ref>{{cite book | author=Umberto Eco | author-link=Umberto Eco | title=The search for the perfect language | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | year=1995 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/searchforperfect00ecou/page/176 176]–177 | isbn=0-631-17465-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/searchforperfect00ecou | url-access=registration }}</ref> The report proposed a "folkloric relay system" and the establishment of an "atomic priesthood" of physicists, anthropologists, and semioticians to create and preserve a common cultural narrative of the hazardous nature of nuclear waste sites.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2235504/pagenum/all/ | date = 2009-11-16 | last = Lapidos | first = Juliet | title = Atomic priesthoods, thorn landscapes, and Munchian pictograms. | magazine = Slate | access-date = 2009-09-19}}</ref>

In addition to his academic work, Sebeok organized hundreds of international conferences and institutes, held leadership roles in organizations such as the [[Linguistic Society of America]], [[International Association for Semiotic Studies]], [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]], and the [[Semiotic Society of America]], and supported the creation of linguistic and semiotics teaching programs and scholarly associations throughout the world.<ref name=Cobley/>

Sebeok's personal library on semiotics, comprising more than 4,000 volumes of books and 700 journals, is preserved at the Department of Semiotics at the [[University of Tartu]] in Estonia.<ref>[http://www.tartupostimees.ee/592972/semiootikakorufee-kink-rikastab-tartu-ulikooli/ Gift from an illustrious semiotician enriches Tartu University]. ''[[Postimees]]'', 10-10-2011. {{in lang|et}}</ref> His correspondence and research files are held by the Indiana University Archives.<ref name=IUarchive>{{Cite web|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?doc.view=entire_text&docId=InU-Ar-VAE0871|title=Thomas Sebeok papers, 1940-2001 and undated; A Guide to his Papers at the Indiana University Archives|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sebeok married Mary Eleanor Lawton (1912–2005) in 1947. They had one child, Veronica C. Wald, and later divorced. Sebeok married Donna Jean Umiker (born 1946, now D. Jean Umiker-Sebeok), a fellow semiotic scholar and his frequent collaborator and co-author, in 1973, and they had two children, Jessica A. Sebeok and Erica L. Sebeok. Sebeok retired from Indiana University in 1991, but he contributed to the field of semiotics until his death in 2001.<ref name=IUarchive/>

== Sebeok Fellow Award ==
The Sebeok Fellow Award "recognizes outstanding contributions to the development of the doctrine of signs" and is the highest honor given by the [[Semiotic Society of America]]. It is awarded every 2 to 4 years. Recipients have included [[David Savan]] (1992), [[John Deely]] (1993), Paul Bouissac (1996), [[Jesper Hoffmeyer]] (2000), [[Kalevi Kull]] (2003), Floyd Merrell (2005), [[Susan Petrilli]] (2008), [[Irmengard Rauch]] (2011), [[Paul Cobley]] (2014), [[Vincent Colapietro]] (2018), Nathan Houser (2019), [[Marcel Danesi]] (2024), [[Lucia Santaella]] (2025).<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.pdcnet.org/collection/show?id=ajs_2020_0036_0001_0001_0009&file_type=pdf 'Introducing the Tenth and Eleventh SSA Sebeok Fellows: Vincent Colapietro and Nathan Houser'], ''The American Journal of Semiotics'', Volume 36, Issue 1/2, 2020 (Sebeok Fellows Issue: Vincent Colapietro and Nathan Houser).</ref>

==Selected English publications==
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/409554|jstor=409554 |title=An Examination of the Austroasiatic Language Family |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |journal=Language |year=1942 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=206–217 |doi=10.2307/409554 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |jstor=663436 |title=Linguistics and the Age and Area Hypothesis |last1=Bonfante |first1=G. |last2=Sebeok |first2=Thomas A. |journal=American Anthropologist |year=1944 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=382–386 |doi=10.1525/aa.1944.46.3.02a00100 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3628730 |jstor=3628730 |title=Work and Cult among the Hungarian Peasants |last1=Gunda |first1=Béla |last2=Sebeok |first2=Thomas A. |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |year=1947 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=147–163 |doi=10.1086/soutjanth.3.2.3628730 |s2cid=147181353 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27649978 |jstor=27649978 |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Baughman |first2=Ernest W. |title=A New Collection of Hungarian Folktales |journal=Hoosier Folklore |year=1949 |volume=8 |issue=2/3 |pages=50–66 }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4204100 |jstor=4204100 |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Lane |first2=Evelyn |title=The Cheremis Folksong: A Soviet Viewpoint |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |year=1949 |volume=28 |issue=70 |pages=139–151 }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40454330 |jstor=40454330 |title=Folksong Viewed as Code and Message. A Cheremis Sonnet |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |journal=Anthropos |year=1959 |volume=54 |issue=1/2 |pages=141–153 }}
*Sebeok, Thomas A., ed. ''Style in Language.'' New York and London: The Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, 1960. {{ISBN|9780262190077}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1715212 |jstor=1715212 |title=Animal Communication |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |journal=Science |year=1965 |volume=147 |issue=3661 |pages=1006–1014 |doi=10.1126/science.147.3661.1006 |pmid=14245775 |bibcode=1965Sci...147.1006S |s2cid=22727597 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42574310 |jstor=42574310 |title=Aspects of Animal Communication: The Bees and Porpoises |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |journal=Etc: A Review of General Semantics |year=1967 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=59–83 }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/454548 |jstor=454548 |title="Zoosemiotics" |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas A. |journal=American Speech |year=1968 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.2307/454548 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40460295 |jstor=40460295 |title=Clever Hans and Smart Simians: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Kindred Methodological Pitfalls |last1=Umiker-Sebeok |first1=Jean |last2=Sebeok |first2=Thomas A. |journal=Anthropos |year=1981 |volume=76 |issue=1/2 |pages=89–165 }}
*Sebeok, Thomas A, Donna J. Umiker-Sebeok, and Adam Kendon. ''Nonverbal Communication, Interaction, and Gesture: Selections from Semiotica''. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1981.
*{{cite book
| editor-last=Eco
| editor-first=Umberto
| editor-link=Umberto Eco
| editor2-last=Sebeok
| editor2-first=Thomas A.
| editor2-link=Thomas Sebeok
| date=1984
| title=The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce
| publisher=History Workshop, Indiana University Press
| location=Bloomington, IN
| isbn=978-0-253-35235-4
}}, 236 pages. Ten essays on methods of abductive inference in [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]]'s [[C. Auguste Dupin|Dupin]], [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes|Holmes]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]] and many others.
*Sebeok, Thomas A, Marcia E. Erickson, Umberto Eco, V V. Ivanov, and Mônica Rector. ''Carnival!'' Berlin: Mouton Publishers, 1984.
*Sebeok, Thomas A, Donna J. Umiker-Sebeok, and Evan P. Young. ''The Semiotic Web'', 1989. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990.
*Sebeok, Thomas A, and Marcel Danesi. ''The Forms of Meaning: Modeling Systems Theory and Semiotic Analysis'', 2000.
*Sebeok, Thomas A. ''Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics.'' Toronto, Ont: University of Toronto Press, 2001.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/findingaids/archives/InU-Ar-VAE0871 Thomas Sebeok papers, 1940-2001 and undated] at the Indiana University Archives.
*[http://www.slis.indiana.edu/news/story.php?story_id=364 Indiana University School of Library and Information Science Press Release: "Thomas A. Sebeok, Senior Fellow at SLIS, Passes On] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204072242/http://www.slis.indiana.edu/news/story.php?story_id=364 |date=2012-02-04 }}
*[http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss/articles/sebeok_26.htm "The Estonian Connection"] by Thomas A. Sebeok {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610011251/http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss/articles/sebeok_26.htm |date=2007-06-10 }}

{{ethology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sebeok, Thomas}}
[[Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:American semioticians]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category:Linguists of Muskogean languages]]
[[Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Semiotic Society of America]]

Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)

2026-03-03T18:26:51Z

HarrisonHinson2: made initial stub added tags

{{Short description|1990 Telugu film directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Vikramarka
| image = Raja Vikramarka poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| screenplay = Ravi Raja Pinisetty
| story = Ravi Raja Pinisetty [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]]
| producer = P. Amaranatha Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Chiranjeevi]]
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = Vellaiswamy
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| studio = Skhandha Arts
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1990|11|14}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Raja Vikramarka''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] and produced by P. Amaranatha Reddy under the Sandhya Arts banner. It stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateswaran |first=Anand |date=10 February 2013 |title=Rahman versus Ilaiyaraja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article4393281.ece |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Chiranjeevi Zindabad! Happy 63rd Birthday To The Superstar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/chiranjeevi-zindabad-happy-63rd-birthday-to-the-superstar-96294 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> the film features music composed by [[Raj–Koti]], marking their 100th project.<ref name=":1" /> It was dubbed into Tamil as ''Sathiyama Naan Kavalkaran'' and Hindi as ''Daulat Ki Duniya''.

== Plot ==
Raja Vikramarka is the prince of Skanda Dweepam, a small kingdom. As he is a prince, he is not allowed to live his own free life. His father Raja Bhupathi arranges his marriage with another kingdom's princess. She turns out to be nothing more than a sycophant, one without a brain or spine of her own. Vikramarka leaves the kingdom along with his trusted friend, Jockie, to live his own life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=Birthday Special! Brahmanandam: Tracing the journey of the popular comedian in Tollywood so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-brahmanandam-tracing-the-journey-of-the-popular-comedian-in-tollywood-so-far/photostory/67790174.cms |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the modern big city, he finds a friend and works as a mechanic, during which time he saves a woman Rekha from two attempts on her life. Her uncle Vishwanatham hires him as her bodyguard. Viswanatham later reveals to him that he was in fact the assassin trying to kill her for her money. To thwart his plot, Vikramarka agrees to handle the murder attempts, while at the same time trying to save her. After being thrown out of the house, Viswanatham, along with his allies Kanaka Rao and Raja Kotappa join forces to kill Vikramarka and his parents. Vikramarka saves the day and rules as king of his land.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Raja Vikramarka, a prince
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Maya
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Rekha
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Viswanatham, Rekha's uncle and an assassin
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Raja Bhupathi
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Raja Kotappa
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]] as Joginatham
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Janaki / Jockey
* [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Kanaka Rao
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Kireeti
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Tarjan
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Queen
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Savitri
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Mangala
* Srilatha
* Sandhya
* Narayana Rao as Ganapathi
* Hari Prasad as Hari
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Thangavelu
* [[Manik Irani]] as Billa
* [[Nalinikanth]]
* Arun Kumar
* Vijay Kumar
* Jaggarao
* [[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
* Anjaneyulu
* Seshagiri Rao
* Madhava Rao
}}

== Production ==
The production of ''Raja Vikramarka'' began on August 7, 1989, in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]. The film marked the only collaboration between [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], with [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] also playing a lead role. [[Rajinikanth]], who was in Bangalore at the time, attended the launch as the chief guest and gave the inaugural clap for the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=‘రాజా విక్రమార్క’ వెనుక అంత కథుంది! |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2022/oldies/there-is-a-story-behind-raja-vikramarkangtschitrajyothy-32306.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Chitra Jyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te}}</ref>

During the production of ''Raja Vikramarka'', Chiranjeevi committed to his debut Hindi film, ''[[Pratibandh]]'' (1990), leading to overlapping schedules. Producer Amaranatha Reddy reassured him and adjusted the timelines, allowing Chiranjeevi to complete ''Pratibandh'' during the dates originally allocated for ''Raja Vikramarka''. Interestingly, the ''Raja Vikramarka''<nowiki/>'s director, Ravi Raja Pinisetty, also directed ''Pratibandh''.<ref name=":0" />

The production faced further delays due to various factors. Amala traveled to the [[United States]], while Radhika left for [[London]] during the filming. As a result, the film, which began in 1989, took 13 months to complete and release.<ref name=":0" />

A few scenes from the film were reportedly inspired by the 1988 American film ''[[Coming to America]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=Chiranjeevi's hottest romantic scenes on silver screen. See here |url=https://news24online.com/news/entertainment/when-chiranjeevi-set-screen-fire/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040145/https://news24online.com/news/entertainment/when-chiranjeevi-set-screen-fire/|archive-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raja Vikramarka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded = 1990
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Raj–Koti
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Raj–Koti]], their 100th soundtrack as composers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2021 |title=Kartikeya's new film titled Raja Vikramarka |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/kartikeyas-new-film-titled-raja-vikramarka |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref> The album consists of six songs. Lyrics for all songs were penned by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Vikramarka |url=https://gaana.com/album/raja-vikramarka |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:35
| title1 = Erraroi
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Ellelo
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Gagana Kirana
| lyrics3 = Veturi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]], Radhika
| length3 = 6:04
| title4 = Aanatinundi
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 4:52
| title5 = Naginivo
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra,
| length5 = 5:27
| title6 = Bhala Changu Bhala
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 6:35
}}

== Reception ==
Despite its grand scale, innovative backdrop, and significant budget, ''Raja Vikramarka'' did not achieve the anticipated success at the box office.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0246184}}

{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]

Pendren

2026-03-03T07:01:01Z

HarrisonHinson2: made the info needs work

{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pendren
| other_name = Pendraban
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sinapali]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 3.42
| population_total = 723
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 766108
}}
'''Pendren''' (also referred to as '''Pendraban''' in official records) is a village in [[Sinapali]] block of [[Nuapada district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The village covers a geographical area of 342 hectares.<ref name="census" /><ref name="ppms" /><ref name="dfe" />

== Administration ==
Pendren falls under the Khariar Assembly constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly.<ref name="ceo" />

== Education ==
Pendren has a government primary school, which also serves as a polling station as per the electoral rolls of Odisha.<ref name="ceo" />

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Pendren had a population of 723 living in 185 households.<ref name="census" /> Scheduled Castes(SC) constituted 69 residents and Scheduled Tribes(ST) 284 residents of the total population.<ref name="census" /> Children aged 0–6 numbered 97, constituting 13.42% of the total population. The literacy rate of the village was 44.12%.<ref name="census" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="census">{{Cite web
|title=Pendraban (Sinapali), Nuapada
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=5 December 2024
}}</ref>

<ref name="ppms">{{Cite web
|title=Estimation Final DPR - CC Road at Pendren, G.P.- Singjhar
|url=https://ppms.odisha.gov.in/report/estimation-dpr/final+dpr/Y2Q3V2oyTm1ralBQRk41YzdQYlBYdz09
|publisher=Panchayati Raj & Drinking Water Department, Government of Odisha
|access-date=2 March 2026
}}</ref>

<ref name="dfe">{{Cite web
|title=Course Report on Natural Resource Governance (9–10 March 2021)
|url=https://dfe.gov.in/uploads/documents/doc_5971_course-report-of-march-9-10-2021-1812024.pdf
|publisher=Directorate of Forest Education, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
|access-date=2 March 2026
}}</ref>

<ref name="ceo">{{Cite web
|title=List of Polling Stations – AC 072
|url=https://ceoodisha.nic.in/repo/BoothList/AC_072.pdf
|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha
|access-date=2 March 2026
}}</ref>

</references>
{{Nuapada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nuapada district]]

{{Nuapada-geo-stub}}

Darling (2007 Indian film)

2026-03-02T22:20:54Z

HarrisonHinson2: expand page per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2007 Indian Hindi horror film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Darling
| image = Darling_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar Dua]]
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Fardeen Khan]]
*[[Esha Deol]]
*[[Isha Koppikar]]
}}
| writer = [[Prawaal Raman]] [[Kona Venkat]]
| music = [[Pritam]] [[Himesh Reshammiya]] Prasanna Shekhar
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
| distributor = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] (India) [[Eros International]] (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|09|07}}
| runtime = 132 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web |title=Darling |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/darling-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzu0ntk |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>
| cinematography = [[Amit Roy]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|6.5}} [[crore]]<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Darling - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=238 |website=Box Office India |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> {{small|Note: figure contains print and advertising costs}}
| gross = {{INR|4.75}} crore<ref name="BOI"/>
}}

'''''Darling''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film]]<ref name=BBFC/> starring [[Esha Deol]], [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Isha Koppikar]], and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Review: Darling |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-darling/story-qo7u38hPkKqOturht0IijN.html |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2007 |language=en}}</ref> It was shot in [[Bombay|Mumbai]], [[India]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Pritam]].

== Synopsis ==
Aditya is married to a traditional wife, Ashwini, and has a young boy. But he is having an [[Extramarital sex|affair]] with his secretary, Geeta Menon, who has a wild personality. He manages to balance the women with clever lies. He promises Geeta he will marry her after divorcing Ashwini and seems to display fetish behaviours with the two women.

On one of their romantic excursions, Aditya takes Geeta to his friend's bungalow at [[Madh Island]]. All seems fine until Geeta shocks Aditya with news that she is pregnant. Worried, he insists that they cannot have a child together and suggests an [[abortion]]. This attitude enrages Geeta, and they engage in a fight in which he pushes her. She accidentally hits her head against a hard object, the force of which kills her instantly. He disposes of her body and returns home, behaving as if everything is normal.

His former lover returns as a [[vengeful ghost]] who will stop at nothing till she gets her [[revenge]]. She appears often to frighten Aditya. Ashwini notices her husband's fear of a ghost whom she cannot see. To relieve his guilt, Aditya admits his affair with Geeta and her death to Ashwini. His wife's reaction is to leave, but she is then admitted to the hospital due to a major accident. Geeta returns to the frame and gives her forgiveness to Aditya. Ashwini recovers, but Geeta's revengeful soul has transferred into her body.

== Cast ==
* [[Fardeen Khan]] as Aditya "Adit" Soman
* [[Esha Deol]] as Geeta Menon
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Sameer Naghani, Aditya's friend
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Ashwini A. Soman
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Inspector Bhaskar Reddy
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Nisha Kothari]] in a special appearance in the song "Aa Khushi Se Khudkushi"
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Anjan Menon, Geeta's father
* [[Kiku Sharda]] as Doctor
* [[Rasika Joshi]] as Mrs. Shah Rukh Khan, psychiatric patient

== Music ==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Darling
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Pritam]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], Prasanna Shekhar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">15 June 2007 (India)</div>
| recorded = 2007
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]</div>
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Verma]]
| prev_title = [[Naqaab (2007 film)|Naqaab]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The soundtrack was released on 1 August 2007 in many formats including [[music cassette]], [[MP3|MP3 files]], [[Compact Disc|audio CD]], and [[DVD-Audio]]. The music was composed by [[Pritam]] and [[Himesh Reshammiya]] in a guest song. The first reviews of the soundtrack have been positive with indiafm.com rating the music at 3.5 out of 5. Joginder Tuteja of indiafm.com said "''Darling'' is a good album that thoroughly entertains while it is on." SmasHits.com said "Darling is the biggest musical bonanza from Ramu's factory after series of miserable musical releases from bunch of his reliable protégés in last few years."

On 10 September 2007 the film was at number 5 on the charts.

The song "Aa Khushi Se Khudkushi" from this film is a cover of [[Namie Amuro]]'s song "[[Want Me, Want Me]]", which was released on 6 April 2005.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Music !! Duration !! Picturised on
|-
|"Tadap Tadap"
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| Himesh Reshammiya
|
|[[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Esha Deol]]
|-
| "Aa Khushi Se Khudkushi"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| Pritam
|
| Fardeen Khan and [[Nisha Kothari]]
|-
| "Saathiya"
| [[Adnan Sami]] and Tulsi Kumar
| Pritam
|
| Fardeen Khan and [[Isha Koppikar]]
|-
| "Hasaye Bhi"
| Shaan and Tulsi Kumar
| Pritam
|
|
|-
| "Akele Tanha Jiya Na Jaye"
| Tulsi Kumar
| Pritam
|
|
|-
| "Awaaz Koi"
| Priyadarshini
| Prasanna Shekhar
|
|
|-
|"Aa Khushi Se Khudkushi" (Remix by Dj A-Myth)
| Shaan and Sunidhi Chauhan
| Pritam
|
|
|-
| "Hasaye Bhi" (Remix by Dj A-Myth)
| Shaan and Tulsi Kumar
| Pritam
|
|
|-
|"Saathiya" (Remix by Dj A-Myth)
| Adnan Sami and Tulsi Kumar
| Pritam
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=1085806|title=Darling}}
* [http://www.darlingthefilm.com/ Official movie site]

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darling}}
[[Category:2007 horror films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2000s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Amit Roy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:2000s avant-garde and experimental films]]

Mahmudabad, India

2026-02-25T12:33:35Z

HarrisonHinson2: Created initial stub needs work

{{For|other places with similar names|Mahmudabad (disambiguation){{!}}Mahmudabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahmudabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Mahmoodabad
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Qila Mahmudabad.jpg
| image_caption = Mahmudabad Fort
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, United States
| coordinates = {{coord|27.3|N|81.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1762
| founder = Mahmood Khan
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name =Smt. Asha Maurya <ref>[http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=19939 "Mahmoodabad MLA"]</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 50777
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 261203
| registration_plate = UP-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 50/50 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}} {{URL|mahmudabad.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Mahmudabad''', (or '''Mahmoodabad''') also known as '''''Mahmudabad Awadh''''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Sitapur district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Mahmudabad tehsil town is the main town in the mandal which has about 66 villages around, while the main city in the district is Sitapur which is about 70 km away and State Headquarter Lucknow is 52 km away. Mahmudabad is approachable by road from all the cities and towns of Uttar Pradesh, while Lucknow Airport situated about 60 km away is the nearest airport. Mahmudabad having a railway station, besides Munda Gopal Ash, Sidhauli and Ataria Railway stations are the nearest rail stations which are around 3 to 32 km distance, and some trains heading to Bihar from Delhi stop at these stations.

==History==
[[Mahmudabad Estate]] was one of the largest [[feudal estate]]s in the erstwhile [[Oudh State|kingdom of Awadh]]. Mahmudabad is the part of [[Oudh State]] (अवध रियासत) during British India. Its Raja [[Mohammad Amir Ahmad Khan]], during the freedom struggle, had been an important member of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and a close friend of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]. In 1962, he migrated to Pakistan, leaving his young son and heir behind in [[Lucknow]]. The vast Mahmudabad properties in UP were then seized as "[[Enemy Property Act, 1968|enemy property]]" under defence rules. When the old raja died in London in 1974, his son Raja Mohammad Amir Khan began a long legal battle to get back his inheritance. In a landmark judgement in Sep 2005, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the Government of India to release the Mahmudabad properties and restore them to the present raja. But with the issuance of a new ordinance on enemy property in 2016, his properties in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra and Delhi again came under the control of the Government of India.

The novel “The Vanishing Indian Upper Class:Life History of Reza Mohammed Khan” was written by Raja Mohammad Amir Khan’s cousin Rajkumar Mohammad Amir Kazim Khan. A critique on how the upper class of India has transformed since independence of India (4).

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mahmudabad<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahmudabad|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800912-mahmudabad-uttar-pradesh.html|website=Census 2011|accessdate=1 July 2017}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|41.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|57.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|1.02}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.21}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.1%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}
{{As of|2001|alt=As of the [[2001 Census of India]]}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mahmudabad had a population of 41,911. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Mahmudabad has an average literacy rate of 49%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 54%, and female literacy is 43%. In Mahmudabad, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Educational Institutes ==
*Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Kanya Siksha Sansthan
*Prakash Vidya Mandir Inter College
*BabuRam Savitri Devi Inter College Shekhpur
* United Avadh Inter College
* Adarsh Bal Vidya Mandir
* Seth M.R. Jaipuria School, Mahmudabad Campus
* Sardar Singh Convent Inter College
* Sita Inter College
* Maulana Azad Institute of Humanities Science and Technology
* Jawahar Lal Nehru Polytechnic
* Moulana Azad Law College
* Seth Ram Gulam Inter and Degree College
* Don Bosco High School
* Calvin College Inter college
* [http://faagovtpgcollege.org/ FAA Government Degree College Mahmudabad]
* I T I College
* Mahmoodabad Law College
* [http://www.mcmt.org/ Mahmoodabad College of Management & Technology]
* Indian Institute of Computer Education
* Universal Computer Education Centre
* Krishna Institute of Computer Education

==References==
{{Reflist}}
4. The Vanishing Indian Upper Class, https://anthempress.com/the-vanishing-indian-upper-class-hb

==External links==
*{{cite web|last=Naqvi |first=Saba |title=Suleiman, After Vanvas |url=http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=230545 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130719112132/http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=230545 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2013 |publisher=Outlook India |accessdate=19 July 2013 |date=13 March 2006 }}
*{{cite web|last=Contractor|first=Farzana Behram|title=The Riyasat Of Raja Mehmoodabad|url=http://www.uppercrustindia.com/posts/52/The-Riyasat-Of-Raja-Mehmoodabad.html|accessdate=19 July 2013|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102174919/http://www.uppercrustindia.com/posts/52/The-Riyasat-Of-Raja-Mehmoodabad.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news|last=Zabeeh|first=Zia-ur-Rahman|title=Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/raja_sahib_of_mahmudabad.html|accessdate=19 July 2013}}

{{Sitapur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitapur district]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khanapara

2026-02-22T19:28:04Z

HarrisonHinson2: cleaned up structure further

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Tattvaṃ Pūṣanapāvṛṇu {{Langx|sa|तत्त्वं पूषनपावृणु}}
| motto_translation = "The face of Truth is covered by a golden vessel, Remove Thou, O Sun, that covering, for the law of Truth to behold."
| location = [[Khanapara]]
| city = [[Guwahati]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| postal_code = 781022
| country = India
| coordinates =
| type = Government
Under the Ministry of Education, Government of India
| established = {{Start date|1966}}
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| oversight = [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]]
| chairman = Shri Sumit Sattawan, IAS
District Commissioner
Kamrup Metropolitan District
| principal = Shri Purushottam Sinha
| enrollment = 2600 (approx.)
| grades = 1-12 and Pre Primary (Balvatika-3)
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]]
| language = [[English-medium education|English]] and [[Hindi]]
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| houses = Raman Lachit Tagore Shivaji
| colors = Red, blue, yellow, green

{{color box|red}}{{color box|blue}}{{color box|yellow}}{{color box|green}}
| website = {{URL|https://khanapara.kvs.ac.in}}
}}
[[File:PM Shree Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara, Guwahati (front side view).jpg|thumb|'''PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara, Guwahati (Main Entry view)'''|265x265px]]

PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khanapara (informally K.V. Khanapara or K.V.K) is a co-educational school in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is part of the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] (KVS) and affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE). It is the oldest Kendriya Vidyalaya in the North-Eastern region of India.

The institute began in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home | PM Shree KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA KHANAPARA |url=https://khanapara.kvs.ac.in/about-us/about-kvs |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020172832/https://khanapara.kvs.ac.in/about-us/about-kvs |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:PM Shree Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara, Guwahati (Inside view).jpg|thumb|261x261px|PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara, Guwahati (inside view)]]
PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara is among the PM SHRI (Schools Of Rising India) Schools in India, an initiative aiming for transforming the education system in the country.

== Academics ==
For the Senior Secondary Education, the school offers three Science, Commerce and Humanities with a number of optional subjects as per KVS guidelines.

There was a pass percentage of 100% AISSE 2023 and 98.29% in AISSCE 2023 respectively.
[[File:PM Shree Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara.jpg|thumb|530x530px|PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara Balvatika -3 children after school]]

== Notable alumni ==
The alumni of PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya Khanapara are called KVians. Notable alumni include:

* [[Mayukh Hazarika]], musician
* [[Angaraag Mahanta]], musician

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Government schools in India]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-school-stub}}

St. Joseph's Model Higher Secondary School, Kuriachira

2026-02-22T11:57:32Z

HarrisonHinson2: brief fixed details after review and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph's Model Higher Secondary School, Kuriachira, Thrissur
| image = St.joseph.kuriachira.jpg
| established = 1961
| coordinates = {{coord|10.4999|76.225|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private School
| affiliation = [[Kerala State Education Board]]
| district = [[Thrissur]]
| grades =
| principal = Fr.John Paul
Chemmanoor
| head_of_school =
| dean =
| staff = 30
| enrollment = 1,526
| founder = J.C Chiramel (Chakkoru master)
| athletics =
| athletic_conference =
| colors =
| mascot =
| motto = Sanctify the Children, Sanctify the World
| sports =
| location = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| information =
| website =
| logo = St.joseps logo.png
}}

'''St. Joseph's Model Higher Secondary School''' is a private (unaided) [[Christianity|Christian]] [[mixed-sex education|mixed-sex]] English-medium boarding school run by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur]], located in [[Kuriachira]], [[Thrissur]]. It is situated at Kuriachira near Canal Stop, about half a kilometer south of Kuriachira centre.

St. Joseph's follows the Kerala State Syllabus. It has 1,526 students from kindergarten to higher secondary school in both ICSE and Kerala State Syllabus and also a Teacher Training Institute.

The school was founded in 1961 by Acharya J.C. Chiramel (Chakkoru Master), as per Kerala G.O. (MS) No.422/Edn dated Trivandrum 24.7.1961. Sri.V.V. Giri, former [[President of India]], inaugurated the institution. It was originally established to serve the Catholic minority community, as per the provision of the Article 30(1) of the Indian constitution. It was later directed by Chiramel's son Fr. Antony Jees. After the demise of Jees, the school was entrusted to the Archdiocese of Thrissur.

Kindergarten and Lower Primary sections were added in 1993 and 1995 respectively. The high school was upgraded to Higher Secondary School in 2002. The Teacher Training Institute was inaugurated in 2005, and in 2010, the school established an ICSE wing.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://thrissureducation.com/22038/index.htm
|title=St. Joseph's Model Higher Secondary School
|publisher=Thrissur Education
|accessdate=2011-11-05}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Rajan Pallan]], Ex Mayor Corporation of Thrissur City

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Model Higher Secondary School}}
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

Narganjo Halt railway station

2026-02-17T02:36:51Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = NARGANJO HALT
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|150px]]
| caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = Tola Narganjo, [[Jamui district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.74394|N|86.45757|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 2
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NRGO
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''HG-2'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Narganjo Halt railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Narganjo Halt railway station''' (station code: '''NRGO''') is a railway station on [[Howrah–New Delhi main line]] operated by [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] under [[Asansol railway division|Asansol Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Railway Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240918055842/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashish |title=Narganjo Halt Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/narganjo-halt-nrgo/8804 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is situated in Tola Narganjo in [[Jamui district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Eastern Railway System Map (District-wise)
|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/2025/ER%20System%20Map%20DIstrict%20Wise_2025.pdf
|publisher=Indian Railways (Eastern Railway)
|date=2025
|access-date=2 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narganjo Halt (NRGO) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/narganjo-halt-nrgo |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=NRGO / Narganjo Halt Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Narganjo Halt |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/nrgo/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref> The station is known for its scenic hilly surroundings and forested landscape. The area was previously heavily affected by [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist insurgency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-31 |title=Maoists take over railway station in Bihar for 2 hrs, disrupt rail services |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maoists-take-control-of-railway-station-in-bihar-for-2-hrs-disrupt-rail-services-101627706894940.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-08 |title=Maoists blow up tracks, kill police informer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/maoists-blow-up-tracks-kill-police-informer/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-21 |title=Maoists storm Narganjo flag station in Bihar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maoists-storm-narganjo-flag-station-in-bihar/story-Epx6S4oaSVKt37BgxhuuhM.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ऐसा स्टेशन जहां ट्रेन रुकते ही यात्री बंद कर लेते थे दरवाजे और खिड़की, प्लेटफार्म पर उतरने के नाम से कांपते थे हाथ-पांव |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/jamui/narganjo-railway-station-train-stopped-passengers-would-close-doors-and-windows/articleshow/112814285.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The station has two platforms, multiple waiting sheds, a ticket counter and a foot overbridge.<ref name=":0" /> Only MEMU and passenger trains have scheduled halts at the station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trains from NARGANJO H (NRGO) to JAMUI (JMU) Railway Station with Availability, Wailtlist Confirmation Chances and Fare Calculator : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/trains/Narganjo-H-NRGO-to-Jamui-JMU |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narganjo H to Narganjo H Trains |url=https://erail.in/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=erail.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jamui district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Kashmiri diaspora

2026-02-14T02:44:31Z

HarrisonHinson2: updated structure for consistency

{{Short description|Kashmiris and their descendants living outside of Kashmir}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Kashmiri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| langs = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| religions = Predominately: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]

Minority: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]], [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related_groups =
}}

The '''Kashmiri diaspora''' refers to [[Kashmiris]] who have migrated out of the [[Kashmir]] into other areas and countries, and their descendants.

==India==
{{Further|Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus}}

===Punjab===
Estimated, 1,000-1,200 Kashmiri Hindus live in [[Pathankot]], [[Gurdaspur]] and the Cities of [[Doaba]] region and Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/news-detail-758543|title=Kashmiri Pandits aren't a vote bank anywhere in country'|date=15 April 2019|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

===Gujarat===
10,000 Kashmiri Hindus live in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/news-detail-758543|title=Kashmiri Pandits aren't a vote bank anywhere in country'|date=15 April 2019|work=The Tribune}}</ref> They settled here after the 1990 exodus.

===Himachal Pradesh===
The state of Himachal Pradesh in India has the second-largest Kashmiri language speakers after Kashmir Valley and adjoining areas. [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]]s migrated to this region over centuries and including from 1947–48 to 1989–91. Large number of Kashmiri Pandits also came here after the eruption of militancy in the valley.

==Pakistan==

===Punjab===
{{main|Kashmiris of Punjab}}

Heavy taxes under the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] rule, coupled with famine and starvation, caused many Kashmiri villagers to migrate to the plains of Punjab.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA40|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850656944|pages=40|quote=Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for the common Kashmiri during Sikh rule. According to these, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of the Punjab reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ&q=In+1819%2C+the+%27Lion+of+the+Punjab%27%2C+as+Ranjit+Singh+became+known%2C+finally+succeeded+in+taking+Kashmir%2C+initially+to+the+relief+of+the+local+people+who+had+suffered+under+the+Afghans.&pg=PT18|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=9780857730787|quote=The picture painted by the Europeans who began to visit the valley more frequently was one of deprivation and starvation...Everywhere the people were in the most abject condition, exorbitantly taxed by the Sikh Government and subjected to every kind of extortion and oppression by its officers...Moorcroft estimated that no more than one-sixteenth of the cultivable land surface was under cultivation; as a result, the starving people had fled in great numbers to India.}}</ref> These claims, made in Kashmiri histories, were corroborated by European travelers.<ref name=":10" /> When one such European traveler, Moorcroft, left the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]] in 1823, about 500 emigrants accompanied him across the [[Pir Panjal Pass]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&q=kashmiris+punjab+1833&pg=PA4|title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia|last=Parashar|first=Parmanand|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2004|isbn=9788176255189|pages=4|quote=What with the political disturbances and the numerous tyrannies suffered by the peasants, the latter found it very hard to live in Kashmir and many people migrated to the Punjab and India. When Moorcroft left the Valley in 1823, about 500 emigrants accompanied him across the Pir Panjal Pass.}}</ref> The 1833 famine resulted in many people leaving the [[Kashmir Valley]] and migrating to the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]], with the majority of weavers leaving Kashmir. Weavers settled down for generations in the cities of Punjab such as [[Jammu]] and Nurpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC&q=kashmiris+punjab+1833&pg=PA20|title=Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=1984|isbn=9788171560943|pages=20|quote=In the beginning, it was only the excess of population that was increasing rapidly, that started migrating into Punjab, where in the hilly cities of Nurpur and Jammu, that remained under the rule of Hindu prince the weavers had settled down for generations...As such, even at that time, a great majority of the weavers have migrated out from Kashmir. The great famine conditions and starvation three years earlier, have forced a considerable number of people to move out of the valley and the greater security of their possessions and property in Punjab has also facilitated this outward migration...The distress and misery experienced by the population during the years 1833 and 1834, must not be forgotten by the current generation living there.}}</ref> The 1833 famine led to a large influx of Kashmiris into [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=1833+amritsar+influx+kashmiris|title=Punjab revisited: an anthology of 70 research documents on the history and culture of undivided Punjab|publisher=Gautam Publishers|year=1995|pages=576|quote=Owing to a large influx of Kashmiris into Amritsar during the great famine which occurred in Kashmir in the year 1833 A.D., the number of shops increased in Amritsar to 2,000 and the yearly out-turn of pashmina work to four lacs of rupees.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0idOAgAAQBAJ&q=1833+amritsar+influx+kashmiris&pg=PA648|title=A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2|last=Watt|first=George|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781108068796|pages=648|quote=In the year 1833 A.D. owing to a great famine in Kashmir, there was a large influx of Kashmiris into Amritsar.}}</ref> Kashmir's Muslims in particular suffered and had to leave Kashmir in large numbers, while Hindus were not much affected.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&q=kashmiris+punjab+1833&pg=PA4|title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia|last=Parashar|first=Parmanand|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2004|isbn=9788176255189|pages=4–5|quote=Moreover, in 1832 a severe famine caused the death of thousands of people...Thus emigration, coupled with the famine, had reduced the population to one-fourth by 1836...But still the proportion of Muslims and Hindus was different from what it is as the present time inasmuch as while the Hindus were not much affected among the Muslims; and the latter alone left the country in large numbers during the Sikh period.}}</ref> Sikh rule in Kashmir ended in 1846 and was followed by the rule of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] Hindu maharajahs who ruled Kashmir as part of their princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&q=sikh+rule+in+kashmir&pg=PT65|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220}}</ref>

Many [[Muslim Kashmiris]] migrated from the [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref name=":032">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YeGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP211|title=Transforming India|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780674728202|page=211|quote=From the late nineteenth century, conditions in the princely state led to a significant migration of people from the Kashmir Valley to the neighboring Punjab province of ''British''-as distinct from ''princely''-India.}}</ref> to the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] due to conditions in the princely state<ref name=":032"/> such as famine, extreme poverty<ref name="Jalal22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|pages=352|quote=Extreme poverty, exacerbated by a series of famines in the second half of the nineteenth century, had seen many Kashmiris fleeing to neighbouring Punjab.}}</ref> and harsh treatment of Kashmiri Muslims by the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] Hindu regime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ&q=muslims+faced+harsh+treatment+only+because+they+were+muslims+bazaz&pg=PA8|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism|last=Chowdhary|first=Rekha|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317414056|pages=8|quote=Prem Nath Bazaz, for instance, noted that 'the Dogra rule has been Hindu. Muslims have not been treated fairly, by which I mean as fairly as Hindus'. In his opinion, the Muslims faced harsh treatment 'only because they were Muslims' (Bazaz, 1941: 250).}}</ref> The Punjab Census Report, in 1891, enumerated 111,775 Muslims born in Kashmir who settled in Punjab, which was also equivalent to the entire population of [[Srinagar]], back then standing at 118,960.<ref>Khalid Bashir Ahmad, ''Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative'', pp. 79-80</ref> According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 [[Kashmiri Muslims]] in the Punjab. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in NWFP this figure rose to 206,180.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az6CAgAAQBAJ&q=1911+census+punjab+kashmiris&pg=PA352|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599387|quote=According to the 1911 census there were 177, 549 Kashmiri Muslims in the Punjab; the figure went up to 206, 180 with the inclusion of settlements in the NWFP.}}</ref>

Scholar [[Ayesha Jalal]] states that Kashmiris faced discrimination in the Punjab as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134599370|pages=352|quote=...Kashmiris engaged in agriculture were disqualified from taking advantage of the Punjab Land Alienation Act...Yet Kashmiris settled in the Punjab for centuries faced discrimination.}}</ref> Kashmiris settled for generations in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] were unable to own land,<ref name=":0" /> including the family of [[Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref name=":522">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=kashmir+muslims+famine+punjab&pg=PA16|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|last=Sevea|first=Iqbal Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9781139536394|pages=16|quote=Like most Kashmiri families in Punjab, Iqbal's family did not own land.}}</ref> Scholar Chitralekha Zutshi states that Kashmiri Muslims settled in the Punjab retained emotional and familial links to Kashmir and felt obliged to struggle for the freedom of their brethren in the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&q=Kashmiri+Muslim+expatriates+in+the+Punjab+had+retained+emotional+and+familial+ties+to+their+soil+and+felt+compelled+to+raise+the+banner+of+freedom+for+Kashmir+and+their+brethren+in+the+Valley%2C+thus+launching+bitter+critiques+of+the+Dogra+administration.&pg=PA191|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2004|isbn=9781850656944|pages=191–192|quote=Kashmiri Muslim expatriates in the Punjab had retained emotional and familial ties to their soil and felt compelled to raise the banner of freedom for Kashmir and their brethren in the Valley, thus launching bitter critiques of the Dogra administration.}}</ref>

According to the 1921 Census the total Kashmiri population in Punjab was 169,761. However, the Census report stated that only 3% of Kashmiris settled in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] retained their [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] language. The number of people speaking [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in 1901 was 8,523 but had decreased to 7,190 in 1911. By 1921 the number of people speaking [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in Punjab had fallen to 4,690. The 1921 Census report stated that this fact showed that the Kashmiris who had settled in Punjab had adopted the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language of their neighbours.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18931|title=Census of India, 1921.|volume=15|pages=309|chapter=Chapter IX-Language|quote=The only language belonging to the non-sanskritic sub-branch of the Indian branch of the Aryan sub-family spoken in the provinces is Kashmiri. The number of persons speaking this language was 8,523 in 1901 and 7,190 in 1911; but has now fallen to 4,690, a fact which shows that Kashmiris who have settled in these provinces have adopted the Punjabi language of their neighbours. This is amply proved if we compare the strength of Kashmiris returned in the caste Table XIII with that shown by the language table. Kashmiri now appears in the return as the language of 4,690 persons though Kashmiris themselves have a strength of 169, 761; in other words only about 3 out of every 100 Kashmiris still retain their own language.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In contrast, the 1881 Census of Punjab showed that there were 49,534 speakers of the [[Kashmiri language]] in the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=14653&page=167&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881|year=1883|pages=163|quote=Kashmiri is the language of the valley of Srinagar in Kashmir which nowhere touches our border. But famine and other causes, already fully discussed in the chapter on the Fluctuations of Famination, have driven a considerable number of immigrants at one time or another from Kashmir into the Panjab; and the language is now spoken by no fewer than 49,534 inhabitants of the Province.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The 1881 Census recorded the number of Kashmiris in the Punjab as 179,020<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18838|title=Census of India, 1901. Vol. XVII: Punjab, its Feudatories, and the North West Frontier Province. Part I: The Report on the Census|last=Rose|first=H A|year=1902|pages=347|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> while the 1891 Census recorded the Kashmiri population as 225,307<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=1933&page=336&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Census Of India - The Punjab And Its Feudatories, Volume xx, Part 2|year=1891|pages=324|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> but the number of Kashmiri speakers recorded in the 1891 Census was 28,415.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=1933&page=132&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Census Of India - The Punjab And Its Feudatories, Volume xx, Part 2|year=1891|pages=120|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Common ''krams'' (surnames) found amongst the Kashmiri Muslims who migrated from the [[Kashmir Valley|Valley]]<ref name=":032"/> to the Punjab include [[Bhat|Butt]] (Bhat),<ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|isbn=9780963479860|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52|year=2003|publisher=The Survey|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="P. K. Kaul">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKFjAAAAMAAJ&q=butt+pahari|title=Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|author=P.K. Kaul|year=2006|isbn=9788178541013|access-date=2010-12-02}}</ref> [[Dhar (surname)|Dar]] (Dhar),<ref name="Bansi Pandit" /> [[Lone (surname)|Lun]] (Lone), [[Wani (surname)|Wain]] (Wani), [[Mir (clan)|Mir]] and Shaikh.<ref name="H.A. Rose - 22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&q=malik+kashmir+caste&pg=PA479|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province|publisher=Nirmal Publishers and Distributors|year=1997|isbn=9788185297699|access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name=":182">{{Cite book|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=14653&page=307&CategoryID=1&pagetype=1&Searched=W3GX|title=Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881|year=1883|pages=303|quote=The Kashmiris have returned numerous sub-divisions of which the few largest are shown in the margin.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> The 1881 Census of the Punjab recorded these major Kashmiri sub-divisions in the Punjab along with their population. The [[Bhat|Butt]] (Bhat) tribe numbered 24,463, the [[Dhar (surname)|Dar]] (Dhar) tribe numbered 16,215, the Lun (Lone) tribe numbered 4,848, the [[Wani (surname)|Wain]] (Wani) tribe numbered 7,419, the Mir numbered 19,855 and the Sheikhs numbered 14,902.<ref name=":182" /> Watorfield also noted the presence of the Butt (Bhatt) and Dar (Dhar) castes amongst the Kashmiris of the town of [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]] in Punjab.<ref name="H.A. Rose - 22" />

=== Azad Jammu and Kashmir ===
{{Main|Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir}}
In 1961, there were 10,000 refugees of Kashmiri origin in Pakistan, who had voting rights in elections of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]. They were given an equal amount of representation in the election as the 109,000 Jammu refugees.<ref>
{{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |chapter=Azad Kashmir: Integral to India, Integral to Pakistan, Lacking Integrity as an Autonomous Entity |editor=Chitralekha Zutshi |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-22612-7 |page=124}}
</ref><ref name=UnwrittenHistory>
{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |pages=134–136}}
</ref>
In 1990, there were 400,000 refugee voters, compared to 1.2 million Azad Kashmir residents. The refugees continued to receive higher representation in the legislatures compared to the residents, Kashmiris being favoured more. This was justified on the grounds of showing "solidary with the Kashmiris in the Indian-administered Kashmir". Scholar [[Christopher Snedden]] remarks that the higher representation given to refugees endows opportunities to the central government of Pakistan to influence the election results.<ref name=UnwrittenHistory/>

During the 1990s around 50,000 Kashmiris fled from Indian administered Kashmir to Pakistan, which as of 2010 had not granted citizenship to up to 40 per cent of the refugees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/1013/Thousands-fled-India-controlled-Kashmir.-Are-they-better-off-in-Pakistan|title=Thousands fled India-controlled Kashmir. Are they better off in Pakistan?|last=Ahmed|first=Issam|date=13 October 2010|work=The Christian Science Monitor|quote=Some 35,000 Kashmiris fled from Indian-controlled Kashmir during the 1990s to settle in Pakistan, a country that has not yet granted citizenship to up to 40 per cent of the migrants....migrants speak the Kashmiri language whereas many of the locals speak a dialect of Punjabi.|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Ms Lucas suggests that the Pakistani government has been slow in providing citizenship to the refugees because doing so might nullify their right to [[self-determination]].{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===Sindh===
The city of [[Karachi]] is home to a significant diaspora of [[Kashmiris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/136350-Kashmiris-in-Sindh-to-vote-for-two-AJK-seats-today|title=Kashmiris in Sindh to vote for two AJK seats today|work=The News|date=21 July 2016|access-date=22 May 2017|first=Zia Ur|last=Rehman}}</ref> According to the [[2017 Pakistan Census]], 63,784 people in Karachi reported Kashmiri as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/362998-karachi-sees-decline-in-ratio-of-urdu-speakers-census-results|title=Karachi sees decline in ratio of Urdu speakers: census results|work=Geo News|date=2 August 2021|accessdate=3 August 2021|first=Zia Ur|last=Rehman}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
Around 70% of all [[British Pakistanis]] in [[England]] trace their origins to the administrative territory of [[Azad Kashmir]] in northeastern Pakistan, mainly from the [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]], [[Kotli District|Kotli]] and [[Bhimber District|Bhimber]] districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Balcerowicz |first1=Piotr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTlvEAAAQBAJ&dq=british+pakistanis&pg=PT134 |title=Kashmir in India and Pakistan Policies |last2=Kuszewska |first2=Agnieszka |date=2022-05-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-06372-2 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Sökefeld |first=Martin |title=Migration - Networks - Skills |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783839433645-002/html |chapter=The Kashmiri Diaspora in Britain and the Limits of Political Mobilisation |date=2016-06-06 |pages=23–46 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-3364-5 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783839433645-002 |url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-41164-5 |quote=Individual migration from what later became AJK started already before the Subcontinent’s partition and independence. From the 1950s, chain migration developed, transferring large portions of the population of southern AJK (today’s districts of Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber), resulting in quite concentrated settlements of Kashmiris in Britain, especially in Birmingham, Bradford, different towns in Lancashire and around London.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalia |first=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPBWCgAAQBAJ&dq=british+pakistanis+kotli&pg=PA183 |title=Pakistan's Political Labyrinths: Military, society and terror |date=2015-08-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-40544-3 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref> Many of them migrated to the United Kingdom in the 1960s to work as labourers after the construction of the [[Mangla Dam]] by the Pakistani government.<ref name="Modi2009">{{cite book |last1=Modi |first1=Renu |title=Beyond Relocation: The Imperative of Sustainable Resettlement |date=2009 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=9789352802111 |language=en |quote=Migration from AJK in search of greener pastures dates back to the early 1920s when many people shifted to Bombay for jobs on merchant ships. The second wave of migration was induced by the Mangla dam construction in the 1960s. The difference between the two waves of migration is that while the first one was voluntary, the second one was forced. The construction of the Mangla dam had led to the submergence of vast chunk of fertile land and triggered migration as agro-based activities had collapsed. ... Since the construction work of the dam was with a British company, as per an understanding between the company and the government of Pakistan, 300 displaced persons from Mirpur were given work permits in Britain. After settling in the UK, these people sponsored their relatives living in AJK to immigrate.}}</ref> Large Azad Kashmiri communities can be found in [[Birmingham]], [[Bradford]], [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]], [[Luton]] and the surrounding towns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&dq=kashmiris+luton+bradford+birmingham&pg=PA694 |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |pages=694 |language=en |quote=Kashmiris from Azad Kashmir (the Mirpur and Kotli districts) relocated to Britain in the 1950s, especially to the towns of Bradford, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, and Luton, on account of the availability of unskilled work.}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

The Valley Kashmiris in the UK maintain that they are "Kashmiris" and the Azad Kashmiris are "''nouveaux'' Kashmiris".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Evans |first=Alexander |year=2005 |title=Kashmir: a tale of two valleys |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=36 |pages=35–47 |doi=10.1080/03068370500038989 |number=1 |s2cid=162215852}}</ref>

==United States==
Approximately 40,000-45,000 members of the Kashmiri diaspora live in the United States.{{Cn|date=May 2025}}

==Canada==
In the 2016 Canadian census, approximately 6145 people reported being of Kashmiri descent.<ref name="Canada 2016 census">{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | title=Data Tables, 2016 Census | publisher=Statistics Canada | work=www12.statcan.gc.ca/ | date=2018-02-14 | access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Kashmiri Canadian demography by religion
! rowspan="2" |Religious group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2023-05-10 |title= Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=9810034101 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{efn|name=Religion2021|Religious breakdown proportions based on "Kashmiri" ethnic or cultural origin response on the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]].<ref name="religion2021"/>}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Islam]]
| 5,000
| {{Percentage | 5000 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]]
| 560
| {{Percentage | 560 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Irreligion]]
| 305
| {{Percentage | 305 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]]
| 225
| {{Percentage | 225 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]]
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous spirituality]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Major religious groups|Other]]
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 6160 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Kashmiri Canadian population
! 6,160
! {{Percentage | 6160 | 6160 | 2 }}
|}

== Singapore ==
A community of approximately 250 Kashmiri Pandits lives in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Vandana|date=14 December 2018|title=Home away from home: Minority Indian communities in Singapore|work=Tabla!|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings|url=https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/131218full/epage007/TA20181214-TAB-007-00.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921003302/https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/131218full/epage007/TA20181214-TAB-007-00.html|archive-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

==Overseas organisations==
* [https://standwithkashmir.org// Stand With Kashmir]
* [https://kashmircivitas.com/ Kashmir Civitas]
* [http://www.kashmirhindufoundation.com/index.html Kashmir Hindu Foundation (KHF)]
* [https://kashmirglobalcouncil.com/ Kashmir Global Council]
* [https://m.facebook.com/austkashmiriofficial/ Australian forum for Kashmir]
* [https://bkwc.wordpress.com/British Kashmiri Womens council]
* [https://m.facebook.com/DaughtersOfKashmir/ Daughters of Kashmir]
* [https://m.facebook.com/FreeKashmirOrganisation/ Free Kashmir Organisation Germany]
* [https://www.friendsofkashmir.net/ Friends of Kashmir Canada]
* [https://www.friendsofkashmir.net/ Friends of Kashmir Dallas Texas USA]
* [https://ikpfs.com/ International Kashmir Peace Forum Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819153841/https://ikpfs.com/ |date=19 August 2021 }}
* [http://jkchr.com/ Jammu and Kashmir Council on Human Rights UK]
* Jammu and Kashmir Overseas Community Saudi Arabia
Indo-Canadian Kashmiri Forum
* [https://m.facebook.com/Jammu-Kashmir-forum-France-102784747848345/ Jammu Kashmir Forum France]
* [https://www.kclsu.org/organisation/10869/ Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Movement UK]
* [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front London UK]]
* [https://jammukashmir.co.uk/ The Jammu Kashmir Self Determination Movement International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819153843/https://jammukashmir.co.uk/ |date=19 August 2021 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130415043317/http://www.jkdfp.org/ Justice and Freedom Party]}}
* [https://j4k.info/ Justice For Kashmir Los Angeles]
* [https://www.justice-foundation.org/ Justice Foundation UK]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://m.facebook.com/welfare4Kashmiries/ Kashmir American Welfare Association]
* Kashmir awami Society Kuwait
* [https://kashmirawareness.org/ Kashmir Awareness Forum of Canada]
* Indo-European Kashmiri Forum
* Kashmiri Overseas Organisations
* [https://m.facebook.com/OneVoiceOneKashmir/1 Million Voices for Kashmiri Unity]

== See also ==
* [[Mirpuri diaspora]]
* [[Kashmiris]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[List of Kashmiri people]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://koausa.org Kashmiri Overseas Association]

{{Overseas Asians}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Pakistani diaspora}}

[[Category:Kashmiri diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]

Syed Zillur Rahman

2026-02-12T03:09:28Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made A Details

{{Short description|Indian scholar of Unani medicine (born 1940)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Hakim S. Zillur Rahman.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1940|07|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Bhopal State]], [[British India]] (now in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])
|citizenship = Indian
| parents =
| relatives =
| spouse = Ahmadi Begum (1940–2022)
| children =
| awards =
|known_for = [[Unani medicine]] & [[History of medicine]]
|alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
}}

'''Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman''' is an Indian scholar of [[Unani medicine]]. He founded [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] in 2000. He had earlier served as Professor and chairman, Department of Ilmul Advia at the Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU), [[Aligarh]], for over 40 years before retiring as Dean Faculty of Unani Medicine. After his retirement, he began serving the AMU as honorary treasurer.<ref name="Honorary Treasurer">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/amu-court-elects-chancellor-pro-chancellor-and-treasurer/articleshow/66910186.cms|title=Honorary Treasurer |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|date=2018 |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> In 2006, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to Unani medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rahman started his career in 1961 as a Demonstrator at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He then became a Lecturer at Jamia Tibbiya, [[Delhi]], where he became a Reader in 1973 and a Professor in 1983. He remained Chairman of the Department of Ilmul Advia for 18 years and Dean of the Faculty of Unani Medicine, [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.culturelife.de/html/referenten/Rahman_bio_d.html
| title = Brief Biography
| publisher = Germany
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.iiim.org/Files/Advisors%20of%20IIIM/Dr.Hakim_Syed_Bio.pdf
| title = Biography
| publisher = International Institute of Islamic Medicine, USA.
}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Author of 72 books, some of them are listed below:
His books include:'''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://openlibrary.org/a/OL11697A/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman | title = List of Books| publisher = Open Library}}</ref>'''

* ''Daur Jadeed Aur Tibb'', 1963.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Tibbi Academy, India |location = Bhopal, India |author = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman |title = Daur-e Jadeed aur Tib |date = 1962|ol = 25279210M }}</ref> (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Modern history|Modern times]] and [[Unani medicine]])
* ''Tarikh llm Tashrih'', 1967. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[History of anatomy]])
* ''Ilmul Amraz'', 1969. (Based on [[Avicenna]]'s tract on [[Pathology]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Resalah Judia'', 1971. (Based on [[Avicenna]]'s tested [[Linguistic prescription|Prescription]]s in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Tajdeed Tibb'', 1972. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Unani medicine]])
* ''Bayaz Waheedi'', 1974. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Linguistic prescription|Prescription]]s and [[formulations]] by Hakim Abdul Waheed)
* ''Matab Murtaish'', 1976. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Unani]] [[Formulary (model documents)|Formularies]] used by [[Hakim Abdul Aziz|Azizi Family]] of [[Lucknow]])
* ''Tazkerah Khandan Azizi'', 1978. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on History of Azizi Family of [[Unani medicine]])
* ''Kitabul Murakkabat'', 1980. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Pharmaceutical formulation]] of [[Unani medicine]])
* ''Safvi Ahad Main Ilm Tashreeh Ka Mutala'', 1983. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on Studies of [[History of anatomy]] during [[Safavid dynasty]])
* ''Hayat Karam Hussain'', 1983.<ref>{{Citation|publisher = [s.n.]|location = ʻAlīgaṛh| author = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|title = Ḥayāt-i Karam Ḥusain |orig-year = 1983|edition= revised second |year= 2008|ol = 3006896M}}</ref> (Biography of [[Hakim Syed Karam Husain]] in [[Urdu]])
* ''The Azizi Family of Physicians'', 1983. (Book in English on Azizi Family of [[Unani medicine]])
* ''Aligarh Key Tibbi Makhtootat'', 1984. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on Manuscripts of [[Unani medicine]] extant in [[Aligarh]])
* ''Qanoon lbn Sina Aur Uskey Shareheen wa Mutarjemeen'', 1986.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://openlibrary.org/b/OL1374509M/Qānūn-i_ibn-i_Sīnā_aur_us_ke_shārḥīn_va_mutarajimīn | title = Commentaries, Sources and Editions of The Canon of Medicine | year = 1986 | publisher = Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences| ol = 1374509M }}</ref> (Based on references and translations of the works of [[Ibn Sina]] in [[Urdu]])
* ''Risalah Nabidh'' (Edited with Facsimile), 1986. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] on [[Nabidh]] by [[Qusta ibn Luqa]])
* ''Tibb Firoz Shahi'', 1990. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Unani medicine]] during [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]])
* ''Research in Ilmul Advia'', 1990. (Book in English on Research in [[Unani]] [[Pharmacology]])
* ''Risalah Atrilal'', 1993. (Book in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] on Treatise on [[Ammi majus]] Linn)
* ''Studies in Ilmul Advia'', 1994. (Book in English on Studies on [[Unani]] [[Pharmacology]])
* ''Dilli aur Tibb Unani'', 1995.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_art/Art+Culture+and+Language/Home/Urdu+Academy/Publication | title = Dilli aur Tibb-e Unani | publisher = Urdu Academy, Govt. of NCT, Delhi | access-date = 17 March 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216184140/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_art/Art+Culture+and+Language/Home/Urdu+Academy/Publication | archive-date = 16 February 2010 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on History of [[Unani medicine]] in [[Delhi]])
* ''AI-Advia al-Qalbia'', 1996. (Book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on [[Avicenna]]'s treatise on [[Cardiac]] [[drugs]])
* ''Iran Nama'', 1998. ([[Iran]] [[Travel literature|Travelogue]] / [[Travel journal]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Tibbi Taqdame'', 2001. (Based on [[Prefaces]] written for many books of other [[Unani]] scholars in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Aina-e Tarikh Tibb'', 2001. (Based on chapters written on History of [[Unani medicine]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Asmaul Advia'', 2002 (Based on Names of [[Pharmaceutics]] in [[Unani medicine]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Maqalat Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif'', 2002 (Based on [[Unani]] [[Article (publishing)|articles]] written by Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Hakim Ajmal Khan'', 2004 (Biography of [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]])
* ''Persian Translation of Qanun Ibn Sina aur uskey Shirehin wa Mutarjamin'', 2004 (Based on references and translations of the works of [[Ibn Sina]] in [[Persian language|Persian]])
* ''Safar Nama Bangladesh'', 2006 ([[Bangladesh]] [[Travel literature|Travelogue]] / [[Travel journal]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
* ''Jawami Kitab Al-Nabd Al-Saghir by Galen'', 2007 (Based on [[Galen]]'s treatise on arterial and venous pulse in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Risalah Fi Auja Al Niqris by Qusta Ibn Luqa'', 2007 (Based on Al Niqris by [[Qusta ibn Luqa]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Ainul Hayat by Mohammad Ibn Yusuf Harawi'', 2007 (Based on [[Ageing]] and [[senile]] problems by [[Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Rislah fil Nabidh'', 2007 (Based on Arabic translation by [[Qusta ibn Luqa]] on Treatise of [[Nabidh]] by [[Rufus of Ephesus]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Kitab al Anasir by Galen'', 2008 (Based on al Anasir by [[Galen]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Kitab Al Mizaj by Galen'', 2008 (Based on Theory of [[temperament]] and [[Four humours]] by [[Galen]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Kitab fi Firaq al Tibb by Galen'', 2008 (Based on a book fi al Firaq by [[Galen]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]])
* ''Tazkira Atibba-e-Asr'', 2010 (Biographies of [[Unani]] [[scholars]] of contemporary age in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Post Graduate Education, Research Methodology and Manuscript Studies in Unani Medicine'', 2011 (Edited Book in English on [[Research methodology]] in [[Unani medicine]])
* ''Ross Masud'', 2011 (Book on the Biography of [[Ross Masood]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]])
* ''Mîzân-i Harf'', 2012 (Book based on essays and chapters on the life of [[Syed Amin Ashraf]])
* ''Risala Khizab'', 2013 (Book based on [[Hair coloring]])
* ''Manzoom Tibbi Rasail'', 2013
* ''Shifaul Amraz'', 2015
* ''Dewan-e Ghalib'' (Based on [[Ghalib]]'s Poetry collection printed in 1863)
* Mujarrbat-e Karam Hussain, 2015 (Based on prescription of [[Hakim Syed Karam Husain]])
* ''Ibn Sina Yadgari Khutbat'', 2016
* ''Hakim Ahsanullah Khan'', 2017 (Book based on biography; prime minister of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]])
* ''English Translation of Qanun Ibn Sina aur uskey Shirehin wa Mutarjamin'', 2012 Translator Zakaria Virk, Toronto, Canada
* ''English translation of Dilli aur Tibbey Unani - History of Greek Medicine in Dehli '', 2021 Translator Zakaria Virk, Toronto, Canada
* ''English translation of Hakim Ajmal Khan - Biography of Hakim Ajmal Khan'', 2023 translator Zakaria Virk, Toronto, Canada

==Library==

* He established a library and archive in the 1960s, which became part of the Shifa-al Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif Memorial Committee in 1970. After the establishment of [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/ibnsinaacademy/views-articles/moinalvi.pdf | title = Visit of Ibn Sina Academy | publisher = S. Moinuddin Alvi, Aligarh}}{{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=AnomieBOT}}</ref> in 2000, this library (Hakim Zillur Rahman Library)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov/hmddirectory/directory/locations.cfm#CIndia | title = Zillur Rahman Library, India | publisher = [[United States National Library of Medicine]], [[National Institute of Health]] | access-date = 3 May 2010 | archive-date = 3 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703100327/http://wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov/hmddirectory/directory/locations.cfm#CIndia | url-status = dead }}</ref> and museum (Hakim Karam Hussain Museum on History of Medicine & Science and Hakim Fazlur Rahman Museum on Arts, Culture & Orientalism) have now become a part of the academy. The library at present houses a collection of 35,000 printed books, 1500 [[manuscripts]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.noormicrofilmindia.com/zillure11.htm | title = Manuscripts Catalogues at Zillur Rahman Library | publisher = Microfilm Centre of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714192945/http://www.noormicrofilmindia.com/zillure11.htm | archive-date = 14 July 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.noormicrofilmindia.com/cata.htm | title = Manuscripts Libraries | publisher = Microfilm Centre of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100219192026/http://www.noormicrofilmindia.com/cata.htm | archive-date = 19 February 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Abdur Rahman was appointed honorary visiting professor at [[Hamdard University]] in 1997 and have further been awarded the honorary degree of [[Doctor of Letters]] at a graduation ceremony in 2013.

* Ayurvedic and Tibbi Academy Award, [[Government of UP]], [[Lucknow]], 1968.
* [[Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh|Urdu Academy]] Award, [[Government of UP]], [[Lucknow]], 1974.
* Urdu Academy Award, [[Government of UP]], [[Lucknow]], 1978.
* Urdu Academy Award, [[Government of UP]], [[Lucknow]], 1993.
* Certificate of honours for outstanding contribution to Persian Language, ([[President of India]] Award on Independence day, 15 August 1995).
* Short-term Consultant, [[World Health Organization]] to the South East Asia Region for development of [[Unani]] Medicine in Bangladesh, 1996.
* Shifaul Mulk [[Hakim Habibur Rahman]] Memorial Foundation Shield, [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], 1996.
* Visiting Professor, [[Hamdard University]], [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], 1997.
* lmtiaz-e Mir Award, All India Mir Academy, [[Lucknow]], 1997.
* Pakistan Tibbi Pharmaceutical Manufacture's Council, [[Pakistan]], 1997.
* Conferment of title: Reflective thinker and Researcher, ldara Sada-e-Qasmi, [[Karachi]], Pakistan, 1997.
* Urdu Academy Award, [[Government of UP]], [[Lucknow]], 1998.
* [[Hakim Said]] Memorial Lecture, Hamdard Foundation, [[Hamdard University]], [[Karachi]], 2004
* Institute of Alternative Medicine, [[Karachi]], Pakistan, 2004
* [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]], 2006.
* [[Ibn Sina]] Award, All India Unani Tibbi Congress, 2009
* [[Maulana Azad]] National Award, Milli Educational Foundation & All India Urdu Educational Committee, 2009
* Felicitated by Azam Tibbia College, [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], 2004; Punjab Tibbia College, [[Jhang]], [[Pakistan]], 1997; Ajmal Tibbia College, Rawalpindi, [[Pakistan]], 1997; AR Memorial Tibbia College, [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], 1997; Anjuman Himayat Islam Tibbia College, [[Lahore]] 1997, 2004 and 2008
* Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial Global Award – Awarded in 2009, by Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial Society (Regd.), [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].
* D.Litt. (honoris causa) Awarded by [[Hamdard University]], Karachi, Pakistan, 2013.
* [[Yash Bharti Award]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], 2015
* Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial lifetime achievement award,by Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial society (Govt.Regd.)in 2016, Hyderabad Telangana.
*
*
* Nawab [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]] Award, Madhya Pradesh Urdu Academy, [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], 2018
* First Sheikh Zayed International Award for TCAM 2020 in the category of Unani Medicine<ref>https://m.facebook.com/IAMMS.Aligarh/posts/2957303840973225 {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Galen#Sources|Sources of Galen' works]]
* [[Qusta ibn Luqa#Writings|Writings of Qusta ibn Luqa]]
* [[Avicennism#References|Works on Ibn Sina]]
* [[Rufus of Ephesus#Works|Works on Rufus of Ephesus]]
* [[Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi|Ain al-Hayat by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi]]
* [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences#Zillur Rahman Library|Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Library]]
* [[Hakim Ajmal Khan#Further reading|Hakim Ajmal Khan]]
* [[Hakim Habibur Rahman#Hakim Habibur Rahman Foundation|Hakim Habibur Rahman Foundation]]
* [[Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz]]
* [[Hakim Abdul Aziz]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], son
* [[Hakim Syed Karam Husain]], grandfather

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bhopal ka Maya-i naz Sapoot: Padma Shri Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, by Kausar Siddiqi (Bhopal), Karwan-e Adab, January – March 2011, p. 10 – 16.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Hayat wa Khidmat, Aik Jaiza, Swad-e Harf (First edition 2011), Authored by Dr. Mukhtar Shamim, Bhopal, p. 112 – 127.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Eik Mut'ala (A monograph) by Dr. Fakhre Alam, Ibn Sina Academy, Aligarh, 2010; {{ISBN|978-93-8061-003-0}}.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Hayat wa Khidmat (A voluminous biography), Ed. Dr. Hasan Abbas (Banaras Hindu University) & Dr. A. Latif (Aligarh Muslim University), Markaz Tahqiqat Farsi wa Urdu, Siwan (Bihar), 2005, page 604.
* Muslims in India, Ed. Ratna Sahai, Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
* Investiture Ceremony Brochure, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Education, New Delhi, 10 August 1996.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Ek Mumtaz aur Yagana Sifat Tibbi Shakhsiyat by Basheer Zafar, Asrar-i Hikmat, Special Number, Lahore, 1970.
* Professor Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, by Dr. Rais Ahmad Naumani, Qaumi Awaz, 4 December 1995, New Delhi and Rehnumi Sehat, Faisalabad, Pakistan, April 1998, pp. 9 – 15.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Shakhsiyat aur Fan by Hakim Shafqat Azmi, Rahnuma-i Sehat, Faisalabad, Pakistan, January 1998.
* Mufakir wa Mohaqiq Tibb-i Unani – Professor Zillur Rahman ka Tarikhi Taruf by Hakim Mohd. Qasim Siddiqui, Sada-i Qasmi Procedures, Karachi, 1997.
* My Days at Aligarh, Autobiography by Prof. M. N. Farooqui, Former vice-chancellor, AMU, Aligarh, 1995.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman ke Azeem Ilmi Karname by Mr. Farooq Nafey of Qaide Azam University, Islamabad, Tahzibul Akhlaq, Lahore, Pakistan, April 1997.
* Special Brochure on the Title Ceremony, Sada-i Qasmi, Karachi, Pakistan, July 1997.
* Souvenir, Hindustan Mein Tibbi Unani (Past, Present, Future), All India Unani Tibbi Conference, New Delhi, 1993.
* Dastawaiz, Urdu Academy, Govt. of U.P., Lucknow, 1983.
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Aik Ilmi Shakhsiyat by Prof. Nisar Ahmad Faruqui, Idrak, Gopalpur, Bakarganj, Siwan (Bihar), 213–216: No. 3, 2003
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Aik Maya’ naz Shakhsiyat by Dr. Abdul Latif, Idrak, Gopalpur, Bakarganj, Siwan (Bihar), 217–222: No. 3, 2003
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Number, Idrak (5), Gopalpur, Bakarganj, Siwan (Bihar), 2005.
* First "Professor Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Oration" Delivered by Prof. Hakim Abdul Hannan, Dean, Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, at International Integrative Medicine Conference, Karachi, Pakistan, 24–26 Nov. 2008
* Tibb-e Unani main Urdu tarjume ki rawayat aur Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – aik tanqeedi aur tajziati muttala by Hakim Fakhre Alam, Uni-Med – Kulliyat 2007, Vol 3, No. 1: 2–11
* Aks Khama Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman by Hakim Fakhre Alam, Aligarh, 2008

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Medicine|Literature}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Hakim}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bhopal]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Founders of academic institutions]]
[[Category:Indian medical historians]]
[[Category:History of medieval medicine]]
[[Category:Unani practitioners]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian genealogists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian orientalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Gardēzī Sadaat]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Linguists of Urdu]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Hamdard University]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Writers from Bhopal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]

Ashok Khemka

2026-02-04T20:48:10Z

HarrisonHinson2: update structure to improve readability and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.)
| name = Ashok Khemka
| image = Ashok Khemka - Kolkata 2016-10-07 8206.JPG
| caption = Ashok Khemka at a public event in Kolkata, 2016
| known_for = IAS officer who cancelled the mutation of the Robert Vadra–DLF land deal
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[IIT Kharagpur]] (B.Tech)<ref name="Qualification">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Ashok Khemka retires: Flagged Vadra land deal, IAS career marked by 57 transfers | website=Moneycontrol | date=30 April 2025 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/ashok-khemka-retires-today-ias-career-marked-by-57-transfers-in-34-years-flagged-vadra-dlf-land-deal-prize-of-honesty-is-article-13008849.html | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (Ph.D)<ref name="Qualification"/>
* MBA<ref name="ERG" />
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (MA)<ref name="Qualification"/>
}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|4|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organisation = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| years_active = 1991–2025
}}

'''Ashok Khemka''' (born 30 April 1965) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1991 batch from [[Haryana]] cadre who formerly served as Additional Chief Secretary in the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref name="IT Khemka">{{Cite news|title=Senior IAS officer Ashok Khemka, transferred 57 times in 34 years, retires today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ashok-khemka-ias-officer-haryana-retires-robert-vadra-land-deal-57-transfers-2717215-2025-04-30 |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> During his career of more than three decades, he worked solely for the state of [[Haryana]]. without a single deputation to the Central Government.<ref name="Empanelment Center Khemka">{{Cite news|title=DoPT turns down Khemka request for empanelment, cites 'nil central experience'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dopt-turns-down-khemka-request-for-empanelment-cites-nil-central-experience-7557070/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724023948/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dopt-turns-down-khemka-request-for-empanelment-cites-nil-central-experience-7557070/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2025-07-24|access-date=2025-07-22 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He has been transferred 66 times during his career,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS officer Ashok Khemka transferred for 52nd time in 27-year career |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ashok-khemka-transfer-52nd-time-haryana-1469613-2019-03-03 |website=[[India Today]]|date=3 March 2019 }}</ref> making him the second-most transferred bureaucrat in [[Haryana]], surpassed only by retired IAS officer Pradeep Kasni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/kasni-retires-today-after-71-transfers-in-35-years/articleshow/63102124.cms |title=kasni retires today after 71 transfers in 35 years |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=[[Times of India]] |date=28 February 2018}}</ref> Regarded as a [[Whistleblowing|whistleblower]], Khemka is known for reporting irregularities and corruption in various departments where he served, including investigations into land deals during the tenure of former [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Haryana Chief Minister]] [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda|Bhupinder Hooda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Krar |first=Prashant |date=2013-04-05 |title=Whistle blower Ashok Khemka in Robert Vadra-DLF land deal transferred for 44th time |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/whistle-blower-ashok-khemka-in-robert-vadra-dlf-land-deal-transferred-for-44th-time/articleshow/19386465.cms |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He has been associated with inquiries into cases such as the [[DLF land grab case]], the [[Sonipat-Kharkhoda IMT land case]], and the [[Garhi Sampla Uddar Gagan land case]].

==Early life and education==
Ashok Khemka was born in [[Kolkata]], India. He earned a [[B.Tech|Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Computer Science]] and [[Engineering]] from [[IIT Kharagpur]] in 1988, followed by a [[Ph.D.]] in [[Computer Science]] from the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and an [[MBA]] specialising in [[Business Administration]] and [[Finance]].<ref name="KhemkaTOI">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=IAS Ashok Khemka: Officer With 57 Transfers Bids Adieu to Public Service | website=The Times of India | date=30 April 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/ias-officer-ashok-khemka-who-saw-57-transfers-bids-adieu-to-public-service-today/articleshow/120747492.cms | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> He also holds an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Economics from the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU).<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2016-07-15 |title=Khemka wants to be lawyer, tops entrance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/khemka-wants-to-be-lawyer-tops-entrance/articleshow/53219058.cms |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2016, he expressed interest in becoming a lawyer and later earned [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from [[Panjab University]].<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==Career==
===Civil service===
After clearing the [[Civil Services Examination]], Khemka joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) and was placed into the Haryana cadre<ref name="KhemkaMint">{{cite web | last=Jeelani | first=Gulam | title=Ashok Khemka, IAS officer who flagged Robert Vadra land deal, retires today after 57 transfers. All you need to know | website=mint | date=30 April 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ashok-khemka-ias-officer-who-flagged-robert-vadra-land-deal-retires-today-after-57-transfers-all-you-need-to-know-11745978781333.html | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> of the 1991 batch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Who-is-Ashok-Khemka/Article1-945730.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018172617/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/India/Who-is-Ashok-Khemka/Article1-945730.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2012|title=Whistleblower Khemka shifted 40 times in 21 years|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He has been transferred repeatedly by various state governments in Haryana after he exposed alleged corruption in the departments he was posted to.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/time-to-check-the-khemka-syndrome/article4782066.ece|title=Time to check the Khemka syndrome |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/i-am-not-a-quitter-will-stay-in-the-system-ashok-khemka-352878|title=I am not a quitter, will stay in the system: Ashok Khemka|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|access-date= 11 April 2013|date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, Khemka came under limelight he canceled a land deal worth {{INRConvert|57|m}} crore between [[DLF (company)|DLF Universal]], a major real estate player. Khemka cited corrupt practices as the reason for halting the deal.<ref name="Khemka_2012">{{cite web | last=Dey | first=Soumik | title=Rocking chair man | website=theweek.in | date=19 July 2015 | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/rocking-chair-man.html | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> This led to backlash, and in 2013, the Haryana government, under then chief minister [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]], filed a charge-sheet accusing him of overstepping his authority.<ref name="Khemka_2012"/> The charge-sheet was leaked to the media before Khemka even received it, with a Hindi newspaper publishing it ahead of time. As a result, Khemka was transferred from his position overseeing land acquisitions to a less influential role in the archives and archaeology department.<ref name="HT">{{cite web | last=Dhankhar | first=Leena | title=After 57 transfers over 33 years, senior IAS officer Khemka retires | website=Hindustan Times | date=1 May 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-57-transfers-over-33-years-senior-ias-officer-khemka-retires-101746039137282.html | access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

Khemka was posted as Secretary to the Govt. of [[Haryana]], Department of Archives and Archaeology on 4 April 2013 and was also given the charge of DG Archives and Archaeology on 26 April 2013.<ref name=TR>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ias-officer-ashok-khemka-transferred-again/article4580639.ece |title=Khemka shifted again as he exposes seedy deal|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=ERG>{{cite web|title=Executive Record of Ashok Khemka|url=http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01HY020600|publisher=GOI|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191841/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01HY020600|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was his 45th posting in his 20-year career, excluding his 2-year training period.<ref name=ERG /> He also reported a deal that he considered irregular and requested an inquiry by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. The government of Haryana refused to investigate{{clarify|reason=CBI is a national body - I do not understand why the govt of Haryana had a say in the matter|date=August 2013}} and a Bhiwani-based [[NGO]] filed [[Public-interest litigation (India)|PIL]] on the matter.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} On 18 October 2013, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] registered a preliminary enquiry into alleged irregularities in the purchase of wheat seeds in [[Haryana Seeds Development Corporation]], seeking registration of a case against officials of the National Cooperative Consumers Federation and the National Agriculture Cooperative Marketing Federation for allegedly selling seeds at inflated prices to [[Haryana Seeds Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cbi-begins-inquiry-into-ashok-khemkas-complaint/articleshow/24362108.cms|title=CBI begins inquiry into Ashok Khemka's complaint|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date= 19 October 2013|date=19 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsx.com/national/top-stories/itemlist/tag/Haryana%20Seed%20Development%20Corporation|title=CBI begins inquiry into Khemka's complaint on seed supply|newspaper=NewsX|access-date=18 October 2013|date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020083850/http://www.newsx.com/national/top-stories/itemlist/tag/Haryana%20Seed%20Development%20Corporation|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Khemka was previously the [[Managing Director]] in [[Haryana Seeds Development Corporation]].<ref name="TR" />

===Chargesheets filed against Khemka===
In October 2013, two chargesheets<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/ashok-khemka-to-be-chargesheeted-haryana-govt_879610.html|title=Haryana approves Khemka chargesheet, major penalty in offing|publisher=Zeenews|date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/new-delhi/sonia-gandhi-son-in-law-robert-vadra-back-khemka-chargesheeted-again-1325624.html|title=Robert Vadra back to haunt Ashok Khemka, chargesheeted again|publisher=One India Portal|date=17 October 2013}}</ref> were filed against Khemka, one of which accused him of failing his responsibilities at the Haryana Seed Development Corporation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/haryana-government-gives-approval-for-another-chargesheet-against-ashok-khemka/428847-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020133158/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/haryana-government-gives-approval-for-another-chargesheet-against-ashok-khemka/428847-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Haryana govt gives the go ahead for charging Khemka in a case of seeds sales|publisher=IBN Live|date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/10-chargesheets-will-be-filed-against-me-ias-officer-ashok-khemka-to-ndtv-434205|title='10 chargesheets will be filed against me,' IAS officer Ashok Khemka to NDTV|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

===Transfers under Khattar regime===
The transfers continued under the [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]-led government, after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election|Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|came to power in 2014]]. Khemka was made the transport commissioner in November 2014, truck owners went on strike after he launched a drive against overloading, oversized goods vehicles and irregularities in the [[Transport Ministry (Haryana)|state's transport]] licensing system. In April 2015, he was once again moved to the [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|archaeology department]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20150427-ashok-khemka-bjp-emulates-congress-transport-lobby-mining-mafias-818181-2015-04-16 |title=BJP emulates Congress, transfers Ashok Khemka again under pressure from transport lobby, mining mafias |website=[[India Today]]|date=16 April 2015 }}</ref>

In October 2017, Khemka, as the principal secretary of the [https://socialjustice.gov.in/ Department of Social Justice and Women Empowerment], reportedly disagreed with Minister Krishna Bedi over the latter allegedly misusing a department vehicle for over a year. He also reportedly objected to special treatment given to Khattar's staff on the eve of Diwali. In November, he was transferred as the principal secretary in the youth affairs and sports department.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ashok-khemka-transferred-51st-time-1084959-2017-11-12 |title=Deja vu, Ashok Khemka tweets after Haryana IAS officer gets transferred 51st time |website=[[India Today]]|date=12 November 2017 }}</ref> In March 2019, he was transferred, for the 52nd time, to the Science and Technology Department.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ashok-khemka-transfer-52nd-time-haryana-1469613-2019-03-03 |title=IAS officer Ashok Khemka transferred for 52nd time in 27-year career |website=[[India Today]]|date=3 March 2019 }}</ref>

===Posting detail===
As of March 2019, Khemka had been posted in 51 departments and was DG of Archives & Archaeology in [[Haryana state]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01HY020600|title=Complete Bio-Data Ashok Khemka|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India Portal|access-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191841/http://persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01HY020600|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Breach of trust allegations===
In May 2022, former Haryana IAS officer Roshan Lal, former chairman of a committee for selecting candidates in the Haryana State Warehousing Corporation (HSWC) during Ashok Khemka's tenure as managing director, accused Khemka of appointing ineligible candidates as managers (Grade-I) based on dubious considerations, causing a breach of trust. When asked, Khemka declined to comment on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khemka twisting facts, presented ineligible persons before us, says former IAS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/khemka-twisting-facts-presented-ineligible-persons-before-us-says-former-ias-101652815010810.html |date=18 May 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Highlighted land deal corruption==
Khemka highlighted land deal corruption in and around [[Gurgaon]], India for conversion of commercial land, reportedly between {{INRConvert|20000|c|0}} to {{INRConvert|350000|c|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/the-buck-stops-here/ias-officer-ashok-khemka-on-his-report-on-robert-vadra-land-deals/287016?h_also_see|title=IAS officer Ashok Khemka on his report on Robert Vadra land deals|publisher=NDTV News}}</ref> Khemka was most recently Haryana's Director-General of Land Consolidation and Land Records-cum-Inspector-General of Registration. During his 80-day stint in the department, Khemka detected irregularities in land transactions involving the transfer of panchayat land worth several hundred crores of rupees to newly created real estate companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/haryana-ias-officer-probing-vadra-dlf-deal-transferred_805878.html |title=Haryana IAS officer probing Vadra-DLF deal transferred|date=16 October 2012|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> Khemka was transferred on 11 October 2012 and took action on the matter after his transfer. He claims to have been harassed and transferred 40 times in the last 21 years for doing his job.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Officer-transferred-40-times-in-21-years/articleshow/4412515.cms |title=Haryana IAS officer transferred|work=Times of India}}</ref> As the managing director of [[Haryana Seeds Development Corporation]] Limited, Khemka exposed its irregularities, following which he was transferred on 4 April 2013 and was replaced by B. S. Duggal, a Deputy Secretary five ranks below him.<ref name=TR /> Khemka is often regarded as a whistleblower.<ref name=":0" />

===Vadra land deal===
The State Government constituted an Inquiry Committee of three senior IAS officers to investigate Khemka's cancellation of Vadra's land deal in the village [[Sikhohpur]] ([[Gurgaon]]). Khemka responded to the report of the Inquiry Committee in his comments to the State Government, which is divided into 8 Chapters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-06 |title=Haryana govt chargesheets Ashok Khemka for nixing Robert Vadra-DLF land deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-govt-chargesheets-ashok-khemka-for-nixing-robert-vadra-dlf-land-deal/articleshow/26925301.cms |access-date=2025-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The specific land deal of Robert Vadra is detailed in the 6th Chapter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/khemka-stands-ground-over-report-against-vadra-183000076.html|title=Khemka stands his ground over report against Vadra|publisher=Yahoo with Hindustan Times News}}</ref>

[[Rao Inderjit Singh]], a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from Gurgaon, has said that a detailed inquiry must be conducted to "substantiate or refute" the charges against Robert Vadra, whose business deals with real estate major [[DLF Limited|DLF]] have been questioned by Ashok Khemka. He said that Vadra's land dealings should be part of a larger investigation into alleged irregular practices in the government's appropriation and sale of nearly 1200 acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/robert-vadra-s-land-deal-must-be-probed-congress-mp-from-haryana-404602?pfrom=home-lateststories |title=Robert Vadra's land deal must be probed: Congress MP from Haryana|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

=== Khemka′s Death Threat ===
Following his expression of apprehensions regarding the appropriation of land by Robert Vadra, (Priyanka Gandhi's spouse), Khemka claimed that he had been subjected to threats on his life. A concern was raised regarding land transactions involving Robert Vadra, the son-in-law of Congress president Sonia Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/whistleblower-ashok-khemka-sonia-gandhi-robert-vadra-dlf-120236-2012-10-31|title=Whistleblower Ashok Khemka gets fresh death threats, FIR lodged|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In November 2023, the Haryana Government designated TVSN Prasad, the Financial Commissioner of Revenue, to address a series of grievances lodged by Ashok Khemka concerning the conduct of another official, Sajeev Verma.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ias-officers-at-loggerheads-haryana-orders-fact-finding-probe-into-crosscomplaints-101700680190866.html | title=IAS officers at loggerheads: Haryana orders fact-finding probe into cross-complaints | date=23 November 2023 }}</ref>

In March 2024, the Supreme Court annulled the High Court's decision regarding the elevated ACR grade awarded to Officer Ashok Khemka.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-sets-aside-hc-order-on-higher-acr-grade-to-ias-officer-ashok-khemka-9208717/ | title=Supreme Court sets aside HC order on higher ACR grade to IAS officer Ashok Khemka | date=12 March 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anil Swarup]]
* [[Rajni Sekhri Sibal]]
* [[Sanjiv Chaturvedi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.twitter.com/AshokKhemka_IAS Official Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khemka, Ashok}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi National Open University alumni]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]

Jochona O Jononir Golpo

2026-01-29T03:13:06Z

HarrisonHinson2: quick refined details to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Novel by Humayun Ahmed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Jochona O Jononir Golpo জোছনা ও জননীর গল্প
| image =
| image_size = 316×475
| alt =
| caption = Book Cover
| author = [[Humayun Ahmed]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Masum Rahman
| country = Bangladesh
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Liberation war of Bangladesh]]
| genre = [[Novel]]
| set_in =
| published = February 2004
| publisher = Anyaprakash
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = printed ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 527 (first published)
| awards =
| isbn = 9-848-68276-7
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
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}}

'''''Jochna O Jononir Golpo''''' ({{langx|bn|জোছনা ও জননীর গল্প}}, {{Translation|A tale of moonlight and mother}}) is a novel by [[Humayun Ahmed]]. The novel was published in February, 2004.<ref name="pablog">[http://www.amarboi.com/2011/12/jochna-o-jononir-golpo-by-humayun-ahmed.html জোছনা ও জননীর গল্প - হুমায়ূন আহমেদ] Prothom Alo Blog via amarboi.com</ref> The novel is based on the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]]. In the novel, by means of an engrossing fictional story which skilfully incorporates various historical figures and many true incidents as well as the author's own personal experiences. The novel was translated into English as ''Liberation: Josna O Jononir Golpo'' by [[Roger Gwynn]].<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-1499508529|title=Liberation: Josna O Jononir Golpo|last1=Ahmed|first1=Humayun|date=9 May 2014}}</ref> In this fiction, Humayun Ahmed used data from 93 referencial books.

==Plot==
The story of the novel starts in month of February 1971, when the [[Arabic]] teacher of Nilgonj High School, Mawlana Irtazuddin Kashempuri visits his younger brother Shahed and his family in [[Dhaka]]. Then the writer describes various stories of the characters. He describes how Mawlana Irtazuddin became a contradictor. How he swore not to perform Jummah Salat until [[Bangladesh]] become independent, for which he was shot by [[Pakistani Military]]. The writer describes how Shahed searched for his lost wife and daughter. He described the time as "The day and night of uncertainty".<ref name="pablog" />

==Characters==
===Characters taken from real life===
*[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] {{ndash}} Father of the nation of Bangladesh
** Family of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
*[[Ziaur Rahman]] {{ndash}} Chief of the Z Force
** Family of Ziaur Rahman
*[[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani]]{{ndash}} One of the grassroots politicians of twentieth century British India
*[[Ayub Khan]] {{ndash}} Pakistani army ruler
*[[Yahya Khan]] {{ndash}} Pakistani army ruler
*[[Tikka Khan]] {{ndash}} Member of Pakistan Army
*[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] {{ndash}} Pakistani politician
*[[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] {{ndash}} poet
*[[Abdul Kader Siddique]] {{ndash}} is the head of the Kaderia force (Kadeia Bahini)
*[[Humayun Ahmed]] {{ndash}} The author and narrate his own wartime events in the novel
**[[Faizur Rahman (police officer)|Faizur Rahman Ahmed]] {{ndash}} Sub-divisional police chief and father of Humayun Ahmed
**Ayesha Begum {{ndash}} Wife of Sub-Divisional Police Chief Faizur Rahman and mother of Humayun Ahmed
**[[Muhammad Zafar Iqbal]] {{ndash}} Professor, Novelist; the second son of Faizur Rahman and brother of Humayun Ahmed
**Humayun Ahmed's family
**Rashid {{ndash}} Faizur Rahman's handfan puller
**Anis Sabet {{ndash}} Friend of Humayun Ahmed
*And others.

===Fictional characters===
* Shahed {{ndash}} is also a real character but in the novel the writer adds imagination to the truth
* Irtazuddin {{ndash}} Shahed's elder brother
* Asmani {{ndash}} Shahed's wife
* Runi {{ndash}} Shahed's daughter
* Gouranga {{ndash}} Shahed's friend
* Mubarak Hossain {{ndash}} Naimul's father-in-law and police inspector
* Naimul {{ndash}} Shahid's friend and freedom fighter
* Maryam {{ndash}} Naimul's wife and daughter of Mubarak Hossain
* Kalimullah {{ndash}} poet and collaborator for the Pakistani Military
* And others.

==See also==
* [[Deyal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |author=Jawad Mahmud |date=26 March 2009 |title=On the fight for freedom of Bangladesh |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/rising/2009/03/04/scr01.htm |work=Rising Stars |publisher=The Daily Star}}
* {{cite news |date=9 October 2010 |script-title=bn:আবার ‘জোছনা ও জননীর গল্প’ |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2011-08-24/news/99790 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=2019-08-01 |archive-date=2019-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801053251/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2011-08-24/news/99790 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |author=Shekhar Deb |date=19 July 2017 |script-title=bn:হুমায়ূন আহমেদ : জোছনা ও জননীর গল্প |trans-title=Humayun Ahmed: Story of Jochana and Janani |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/art-literature/news/bd/588592.details |work=Banglanews24.com |language=bn}}

{{Humayun Ahmed}}
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
{{Ziaur Rahman}}
{{Bhuttoism}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2004 novels]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi fiction]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War fiction]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War books]]
[[Category:Novels by Humayun Ahmed]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]

Urdu literature

2026-01-23T18:27:35Z

HarrisonHinson2: Made New Info

{{short description|Literary works written in Urdu language}}
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{{Urdu literature}}
{{Islamic culture}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

'''Urdu literature''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|ادبیاتِ اُردُو}}}}, {{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''“Adbiyāt-i Urdū”''}}) comprises the literary works, written in the [[Urdu language]]. While it tends to be dominated by [[Urdu poetry|poetry]], especially the verse forms of the ''[[Urdu Ghazal|ghazal]]'' ({{Nastaliq|غزل}}) and ''[[nazm]]'' ({{Nastaliq|نظم}}), it has expanded into other styles of writing, including the short story, or ''afsana'' ({{Nastaliq|افسانہ}}). Urdu literature is popular mostly in [[Pakistan]], where Urdu is the [[Languages of Pakistan|national language]], and in [[India]], where it is an [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule language]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Origin==
{{Main|Urdu}}
{{Indian literature}}
Urdu developed during the 12th to 13th centuries, although the name "Urdu" did not exist at the time for the language. [[Amir Khusrau]], who lived in the thirteenth century, wrote and gave shape to the [[Rekhta]] dialect (the Persianized combination of Hindavi), which was the early form of Modern Standard Urdu. He was thus called, the "father of Urdu literature".<ref name=sages>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages|last=Bhattacharya|first=Vivek Ranjan|date=1982|publisher=Sagar Publications|language=en|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180320/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2024}} The continuing traditions of [[Islam]] and patronizations of foreign culture centuries earlier by Muslim rulers, usually of Turkic or Afghan descent, marked their influence on the Urdu language given that both cultural heritages were strongly present throughout Urdu territory. The Urdu language, with a vocabulary almost evenly split between [[Sanskrit]]-derived [[Prakrit]] and [[Arabic language|Arabo]]-[[Persian language|Persian]] words, was a reflection of this cultural amalgamation.

==Religious period (1350–1590)==
Literary composition in Urdu first started in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in the 14th century. An early form of Urdu was first introduced in the Deccan by the soldiers of [[Alauddin Khalji]] who raided the Deccan from 1294 to 1311. In 1326, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] shifted his capital from Delhi to the Deccan and in 1347 Zafar Khan, his governor in the Deccan, declared independence, establishing the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], and took the title of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]].{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=14}} The Bahmani sultans cultivated the use of Urdu in the kingdom as opposed to Persian which was the court language of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. This dialect, which up to 1375 had no difference with Delhi Urdu, was influenced by local languages like [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and came to be known as [[Dakhini]]. The works composed during this period are mostly Dakhini prose and poetry on religious themes.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=15, 16}}

Important writers of this period include [[Bande Nawaz]] whose ''Miraj ul Asiquin'', a Sufi tract, is one of the earliest Urdu prose.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=15}} Other important writers included Shah Miranji and his son Shah Buran.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=17}}

==Urdu in the Deccan (1590–1730)==
{{See also|Deccani language}}

===Qutub Shahi poets (1590–1687)===
[[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golkonda and founder of the city of Hyderabad, was a royal poet and prolific writer in Persian and Dakhini.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=20}} Other poets included Wajhi and Gavvasi. In 1655, Ibn e Nishati wrote ''Phul ban'', a romance in 1300 lines.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=22-25}} ''Qissa o bairam e Gul andman'' written by Tab’i is an important work of the period. Written in 1670, it is nearly 2700 lines long.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=26}}

===Adil Shahi poets (1590–1688)===
[[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] was another royal poet who was also a patron of art and literature.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=27}} His Kitab-e-Navras (Book of Nine Rasas) in Dakhani is a collection of 59 poems and 17 couplets. Other important poets included Rustami, Nusrati, and Mirza.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=28-29}}

===Urdu in Deccan under Mughal Rule (1687–1730)===
The most important Urdu writer of this period was [[Wali Mohammed Wali]].{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=33}}

==18th century==
===First Urdu period in Delhi (1730–1830)===
[[File:Mushafi-ghulam-hamdani.png|thumb|250px|Ghulam Hamdani Mas'hafi, the poet first believed to have coined the name "''Urdu''" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.<ref>Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.</ref>]]
In the 18th century, the three most important forms of Urdu poetry were ''[[ghazal]]'', the ''[[qasida]],'' and the ''[[Masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]]''.{{sfn|Russell|Islam|1968|p=7}} [[Shaikh Zahuruddin Hatim]] was an important poet in Delhi during this period. His major works include two volumes of poetry, ''Diwan'' and ''Diwanzada''.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=33}} Urdu poetry was dominated by [[Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan|Mazhar]], [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda|Sauda]], [[Mir Taqi Mir|Mir]], and [[Khwaja Mir Dard|Dard]], who later came to be known as “the Four Pillars of Urdu Poetry”.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=46}} Another major figure was [[Mir Hasan (poet)|Mir Hasan]], known for his ''masnavis'', the most famous being ''Sihar-ul-Bayan,'' often referred to as ''Masnavi e Mir Hasan''.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=52}}

Other important poets of this period include [[Mas'hafi]], [[Insha Allah Khan|Insha]] and [[Nazeer Akbarabadi|Nazeer]].{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=53-59}}

==19th century==
===Poetry===

====Urdu poetry in Lucknow====
During the nineteenth century, the centre of Urdu literature shifted from Delhi as most literary men migrated to other parts of India like [[Hyderabad]], [[Patna]], and [[Lucknow]]. The Lucknow court emerged as the centre of Urdu poetry as it received poets from Delhi with much enthusiasm.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=60}} Chief among these poets were Khaliq, Zamir, [[Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish|Aatish]], and [[Baksh Nasikh|Nasikh]].{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=61-63}} Other poets included Anis and Dabir.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=67}}

====Second Urdu period in Delhi====
The second quarter of the nineteenth century saw the revival of Urdu poetry in Delhi in the Mughal court. [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], the last Mughal Emperor, was himself a poet and a patron of poetry.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|p=70}} Chief poets who flourished under his patronage includes [[Zauq]], [[Ghalib]], Azurda, and [[Momin Khan Momin|Momin]].{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=70-74}}

Some of Momin's pupils in poetry such as [[Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta|Shefta]] and Mir Hussain Taskin became distinguished poets themselves.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=150}}

==== New movement ====
The fall of the Mughal empire and kingdom of Awadh after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]] and the contact with English language started a new movement in Urdu literature. The flag bearers of this new movement were [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], [[Muhammad Husain Azad]], and [[Altaf Hussain Hali]].{{sfn|Saksena|1927|pp=205-206}} This period saw the rise of prose, criticism, and drama in Urdu literature. Writers and poets began to explore new subjects and themes and experiment with new forms.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|pp=208}}

Altaf Hussain Hali was a prolific poet who left a vast amount of work behind. His major poetic works include ''Masnavis'', ''Musaddas e Hali'', ''Shikwa e Hind,'' and ''Qasida e Ghyasia''. He also wrote ''marsias'' or elegies on the deaths of Ghalib, Hakim Mahmud Khan, and Sir Syed.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=214}}

[[Suroor Jahanabadi]] was another exponent of the new movement in Urdu poetry. He wrote patriotic poems like ''Khak-i-Watan'' (The Dust of the Motherland), ''Urus-i-Hubbi-Watan'' (The Bride of the Love of the Country), and ''Madar-i-Hind'' (Mother India).{{sfn|Saksena|1927|pp=223-225}} His historical and religious poems include ''Padmani'', ''Padmani-ki-Chita'' (Funeral Pyre of Padmani), and ''Sitaji-ki-Giria-o-Zari'' (The Laments of Sita).{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=225}}

===Prose===
[[Ghalib]], better known for his poetry, also wrote a considerable amount of Urdu prose during his lifetime which includes his collection of letters and three short pamphlets entitled ''Lataif-i-Ghalib'', ''Tegh-i-Tez,'' and ''Nama-i-Ghalib''. His letters, autobiographical in nature, were collected and published in two volumes as ''Urdu-i-Mualla'' (the Royal Urdu) and ''Ud-i-Hindi'' (Fragrant Stick of the Indus).{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=263}}

====Fort William College writers====
Until the nineteenth century, [[Persian language|Persian]] was the official language of the court and culture and all correspondence was carried out in Persian.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=239}} The development of Urdu prose for practical purposes can be traced back to the establishment of the [[Fort William College]] in [[Calcutta]] in 1800 which was founded to instruct British officers of the [[East India Company]] in Indian vernacular languages.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|pp=242, 243}} [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]], the head of the college, was author of many Hindustani works such as ''Oriental Linguist, an Introduction to the Language of Hindustani'' and ''Hindustani Grammar''. He gathered a group of Indian scholars at the college who went on to write books for the use of fresh officers and also created a standard prose for Urdu and Hindi.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=243}} The chief among these scholars were Mir Amman Dehelvi, Mir Sher Ali Jaafri, Mir Bahadur Ali Husaini, Sayid Haidar Bakhsh, Kazim Ali Jawan, Nihalchand, Hafizuddin Ahmad, Ikram Ali Khan, Lallujilal, Beni Narayan, and Mirza Ali Lutf.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=243}}

====Aligarh movement====
{{see also|Aligarh Movement}}
[[Syed Ahmad Khan|Syed Ahmed Khan]], the leading figure of the [[Aligarh Movement]], was also a voracious writer and journalist who wrote various books from theological to historical subjects. His major theological work, ''Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiya'' (A Series of Essays on the Life of [[Muhammad]] and Subjects Subsidiary Therein), was published in 1876. He made significant contributions to Urdu journalism through his journals and periodicals, ''[[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]'' and the ''[[Aligarh Institute Gazette]]''.{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|p=333}}

The Aligarh movement produced a band of literary enthusiasts who had a far-reaching influence on Urdu literature. The chief among them were [[Shibli Nomani]] and [[Zakaullah Dehlvi]] who wrote on history, [[Chiragh Ali]], [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], and [[Waqar-ul-Mulk]] who wrote on literature.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|p=272}}

[[Shibli Nomani]] is regarded as the father of modern history in Urdu.{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|p=361}} He wrote several biographical and historical books such as ''[[Sirat-un-Nabi]]'', Sirat an-Nu'man, [[Al-Farooq (book)|Al-Farooq]], Al-Ma'mun, Al-Ghazali, (a biography of Imam [[Al-Ghazali]]), Mawlana Rumi (a biography of [[Mawlana Rumi]]), and Aurangzeb Alamgir Par Ek Nazar, a book on the life of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=123}} He also wrote the first travelogue in Urdu, ''Safar Nama e Rome-o-Misr-o-Sham,'' which is an account of his travels abroad.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=123}}

''Tarikh-e-Hindustan'', a fourteen-volume compilation of Indian history in Urdu written by [[Zakaullah Dehlvi]], was a monumental achievement of this period.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=123}}

Apart from poetry, [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] also made significant contributions to Urdu prose. ''Hayat-i Saadi'', a biography of [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]], ''Hayat-i Javed'', a biography of Syed Ahmad Khan, and ''[[Yadgar-e-Ghalib]]'', a biography and criticism on [[Ghalib]], are some of his most important works in prose.{{sfn|Saksena|1927|pp=279-281}}

====Urdu novel====
In 1869, [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]] published ''[[Mirat-ul-Uroos]]'', the first original novel in Urdu. It served as Nazir's form of [[Conduct book|conduct literature]] about marriage. He also wrote ''Binat-un-Nash'' and ''Toba tun Nasoh'' during this period, both of which are conduct books designed to instill moral virtues.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=123}}

[[Muhammad Husain Azad]] laid the foundation of historical novels in Urdu with ''Qisas ul-hind'' and ''Darbār-e akbarī''.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=123}} His'' [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e hayat]],'' which is a history of Urdu poetry from Wali to Ghalib, is regarded as the first chronological history of Urdu poetry.{{sfn|Ahmad|1969|p=110}}{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=123}}

[[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]] introduced proper fiction and touch of realism in Urdu novels with his serialised novel ''[[Fasana-e-Azad]]'' which was influenced by [[Don Quixote]]. His other notable novels are ''Sair-i-Kohsar'' and ''Jam-i-Sarshar''. He also wrote articles and short stories for the humorous journal, [[Awadh Punch]].{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=124}}

Influenced by the historical romances of [[Walter Scott]], [[Abdul Halim Sharar]] introduced historical elements in his own works such as ''Malikul Azia Vārjina''.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=125}}

[[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]] was a poet and writer, best remembered for his novel [[Umrao Jaan Ada]], published at the end of the nineteenth century.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=125}}

===Drama===
Drama in Urdu was introduced in the 19th century through the production of ''[[Inder Sabha]]'' written by [[Agha Hasan Amanat]], and first staged in 1853. It was a musical comedy with a thin plot line and was modelled after the European [[opera]].{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|pp=606, 607}}

==20th century==
===Prose===
====Age of Premchand====
[[Premchand]] emerged on the literary scene in the early 1890s and soon became probably the most significant writer and novelist in the history of Urdu literature.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} He also wrote in Hindi.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=126}} He wrote on the themes of religious and social reforms in ''Isare-e-Muabid'' and ''Hum Khurma-O Hum Swab'', on the predicament of a prostitute in ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn]]'', the problems of the farmers in ''Gosha-e Aafiat,'' and the problems of the middle class and women in ''[[Nirmala (novel)|Nirmala]]''.{{sfn|Komal|2002|pp=160, 161}} Premchand was also the first writer to introduce European-style short stories in Urdu.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=23}} His first collection of short stories, ''Soz-e- Watan'', published in 1907, was banned by the British government.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=125}}

Other major writers during this period include Sudarshan, Mohammad Mehdi Taskeen, Qazi Abdul Gaffar, [[Majnun Gorakhpuri]], [[Niaz Fatehpuri]], Krishan Prasad Kaul, and L.M. Ahmed.{{sfn|Komal|2002|p=161}}

====Progressive Writers’ Movement====
{{see also|Progressive Writers' Movement}}

In the 1930s, the short story(afsana) became the leading prose genre in Urdu due to the influx of western influences especially the English, French, and Russian.{{sfn|Narang|1973|p=115}} The publication of ''[[Angarey]]'', a short story collection by [[Sajjad Zaheer]], [[Rashid Jahan]], Mahmud-uz-Zafar, and [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]] in 1932 marked the beginning of the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]] that went on to substantially influence the content of Urdu literature for the next two decades.{{sfn|Flemming|1985|p=24}}

[[Ismat Chughtai]] was an important progressive novelist and short story writer who wrote extensively on femininity. Her major works include the collection of short stories ''Kaliyan'' and ''Chotein''. She is best remembered for her short story ''[[Lihaaf]]'' published in 1942.{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|pp=584, 585}}

[[Krishan Chander]] realistically portrayed life in his novels and stories such as ''Ek Gadhe ki Sargushisht'', ''Shikast'', ''Zindagi ke Mor Par'', ''Hum Waishi Hain'', ''Anna Datta'', ''Kalu Bhangi'', and ''Paude''.{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=127}}

Another leading writer of this period was [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] who wrote elaborately drawn stories like ''Khol do'', ''[[Toba Tek Singh (short story)|Toba Tek Singh]]'', ''Mozelle'', and ''[[Thanda Gosht]]''.{{sfn|Narang|1973|p=120}}

==Special contributors==
[[Amir Khusrau]] exercised great influence on the initial growth of not only Urdu literature, but the language itself (which only truly took shape as distinguished from both Persian and [[Old Hindi]] during the late 13th century). He is credited with the systematization of northern [[Indian classical music]], including [[Hindustani music]], and he wrote works both in Persian and [[History of the Hindi language|Hindavi]]. While the couplets that come down from him are representative of a latter-[[Prakrit]] Hindi bereft of Arabo-Persian vocabulary, his influence on court viziers and writers must have been transcendental, for a century after his death [[Quli Qutub Shah]] was speaking a language that might be considered to be Urdu. Sultan Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah was a scholar in Persian and Arabic. He also wrote poetry in Telugu language, Persian language and Urdu language. His poetry has been compiled into Dewan or volume entitled "Kulliyat-e-Quli Qutub Shah." Muhammed Quli Qutub Shah had the distinction of being the first Saheb-e-dewan Urdu poet and is credited with introducing a new sensibility into prevailing genres of Persian/Urdu poetry. It is said that the Urdu language acquired the status of a literary language due to his contributions. He died in the year 1611.<ref>{{cite news|title=Solemnity envelops Qutb Shahi tombs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/solemnity-envelops-qutb-shahi-tombs/article2793649.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=January 12, 2012|author=J. S. Ifthekhar}}</ref>

[[Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri]] is considered as the first researcher of Deccaniyat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usindh.edu.pk/tahqiq/articles/18.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928025011/http://www.usindh.edu.pk/tahqiq/articles/18.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the works of Allama Hakeem Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri are Salateen-e-Muabber 1929,<ref>{{cite web|title=Salateen E Muabber|date=4 August 2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/SalateenEMuabber|publisher=Muslim University Press Aligarh|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> Urdu-e-Qadeem 1930,<ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu-i-qadim|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=512864|work=Urdu literature - History and criticism|publisher=Lucknow : [s.n.], 1930.}}</ref> Tareekh-e-Maleebaar,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tareekh - Malabaar|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Malibaar&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Tareekh%20-%20Malyabaar%20%20Malabaar%20-%20Tareekh%20%20Tareekh%20-%20Hindustan%20-%20Malabaar&year=1930%20&language1=urdu&pages=98&barcode=99999990806831&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Muslim%20University%28Aligarh%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data53/upload/0039/516|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927191617/http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Malibaar&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Tareekh%20-%20Malyabaar%20%20Malabaar%20-%20Tareekh%20%20Tareekh%20-%20Hindustan%20-%20Malabaar&year=1930%20&language1=urdu&pages=98&barcode=99999990806831&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Muslim%20University%28Aligarh%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data53/upload/0039/516|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|work=Hindustan - Malabaar|publisher=Muslim University Press|author=Sayyed ShamsUllah Qadri|location=Aligarh|pages=98|language=ur|year=1930}}</ref> Mowarrikheen-e-Hind,<ref>{{cite web|title=Moorrakheen-E-Hind|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Moorrakheen-E-Hind%28Bibliographical%20Studies%20In%20Indo_muslim%20History_&author1=Syed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=HISTORY&year=1933%20&language1=urdu&pages=139&barcode=2990110004996&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=O/O%20THE%20MAGAZINE%20TAREEKH,%20HYDERABAD%20DECCAN&contributor1=SCL,%20HYD&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=scl,%20hyderabad&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=BIS/CHIEF%20LIBRARIAN,SCL,HYD&digitalpublicationdate1=0000-00-00&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=BOOK%20&url=/data/upload/0004/999|work=Bibliographical Studies In Indo-Muslim History|publisher=THE MAGAZINE TAREEKH|author=Syed Shams Ullah Qadri|location=HYDERABAD DECCAN|pages=139|language=ur|year=1933|access-date=2015-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018121518/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Moorrakheen-E-Hind%28Bibliographical%20Studies%20In%20Indo_muslim%20History_&author1=Syed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=HISTORY&year=1933%20&language1=urdu&pages=139&barcode=2990110004996&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=O%2FO%20THE%20MAGAZINE%20TAREEKH%2C%20HYDERABAD%20DECCAN&contributor1=SCL%2C%20HYD&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=scl%2C%20hyderabad&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=BIS%2FCHIEF%20LIBRARIAN%2CSCL%2CHYD&digitalpublicationdate1=0000-00-00&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=BOOK%20&url=%2Fdata%2Fupload%2F0004%2F999|archive-date=2014-10-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tahfat al Mujahidin 1931,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tuhfat al-mujahidin|isbn = 9004061177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&q=tuhfat+al-mujahidin+1931&pg=PA64|last1 = Schimmel|first1 = Annemarie|year = 1980| publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Imadiya,<ref>{{cite web|title=Imadia|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Imadia&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Imad-Ul-Mulk%20-%20Sawaneh%20%20Tazkira%20-%20Nawabeen%20Awadh%20-%20Imad-Ul-Mulk&year=1344%20&language1=urdu&pages=330&barcode=99999990826781&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Tareekh%20Office%20%28Hyderabad%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0005/383|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927191432/http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Imadia&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Imad-Ul-Mulk%20-%20Sawaneh%20%20Tazkira%20-%20Nawabeen%20Awadh%20-%20Imad-Ul-Mulk&year=1344%20&language1=urdu&pages=330&barcode=99999990826781&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Tareekh%20Office%20%28Hyderabad%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0005/383|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|work=Imad-Ul-Mulk - Sawaneh Tazkira - Nawabeen Awadh - Imad-Ul-Mulk|publisher=Tarikh office|author=Sayyed Shams Ullah Qadri|location=Hyderabad|pages=330|language=ur|year=1925}}</ref> Nizam Ut Tawareekh,<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizam Ut Tawareekh|url=http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Nizam%20Ut%20Tawareekh&author1=Hakeem%20Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=GENERALITIES&year=1930%20&language1=urdu&pages=158&barcode=99999990800858&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Tareekh%20Press%20%28Hyderabad%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library%20Aligarh%20Muslim%20University&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data53/upload/0033/543|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927080206/http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Nizam%20Ut%20Tawareekh&author1=Hakeem%20Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=GENERALITIES&year=1930%20&language1=urdu&pages=158&barcode=99999990800858&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Tareekh%20Press%20%28Hyderabad%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library%20Aligarh%20Muslim%20University&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data53/upload/0033/543|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|work=GENERALITIES|publisher=Tareekh Press|author=Sayyed ShamsUllah Qadri|location=Hyderabad|pages=158|language=ur|year=1930}}</ref> Tareekh Zuban Urdu-Urdu-e-Qadeem,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tareekh Zuban Urdu - Urdu-E-Qadeem|url=http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Tareekh%20Zuban%20Urdu%20%20Urdu-E-Qadeem&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Urdu%20Zuban%20-%20Tareekh%20&year=0%20&language1=urdu&pages=134&barcode=99999990826510&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Taj%20Press%20&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0005/112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927080209/http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Tareekh%20Zuban%20Urdu%20%20Urdu-E-Qadeem&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Urdu%20Zuban%20-%20Tareekh%20&year=0%20&language1=urdu&pages=134&barcode=99999990826510&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Taj%20Press%20&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0005/112|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|work=Urdu Zuban - Tareekh|publisher=Taj Press|author=Sayyed Shams Ullah Qadri|pages=134|language=ur}}</ref> Tareekh Zuban Urdu Al Musamma Ba Urdu-e-Qadeem,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tareekh Zuban Urdu Al Musamma Ba - Urdu-E-Qadeem|url=http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Tareekh%20Zuban%20Urdu%20Al%20Musamma%20Ba%20Urdu-E-Qadeem&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Urdu%20Adab%20-%20Tareekh%20&year=1967%20&language1=urdu&pages=228&barcode=99999990826298&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Munshi%20Nawal%20Kishore%20%28Lucknow%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0004/900|work=Urdu Adab - Tareekh|author=Sayyed Shams Ullah Qadri|pages=228|language=ur|year=1967|access-date=2015-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230532/http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Tareekh%20Zuban%20Urdu%20Al%20Musamma%20Ba%20Urdu-E-Qadeem&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Urdu%20Adab%20-%20Tareekh%20&year=1967%20&language1=urdu&pages=228&barcode=99999990826298&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Munshi%20Nawal%20Kishore%20%28Lucknow%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac%2Cnoida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library%2C%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=%2Fdata51%2Fupload%2F0004%2F900|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu-i-qadim|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=512734|work=Urdu language - History.|publisher=Matba naval Kishore|author=Shamsullah Quadri|location=Lucknow|year=1967}}</ref> Tareekh Zuban Urdu Yaani Urdu-e-Qadeem,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tareekh Zuban Urdu Yaani - Urdu-E-Qadeem|url=http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Tareekh%20Zuban%20Urdu%20Yaani%20Urdu-E-Qadeem&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Urdu%20Adab%20-%20Tareekh%20%20Urdu-E-Qadeem%20-%20Tareekh&year=1925%20&language1=urdu&pages=236&barcode=99999990826473&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Matba%20Munshi%20Nawal%20Kishore%20%28Lucknow%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0005/075|work=Urdu Adab - Tareekh Urdu-E-Qadeem - Tareekh|author=Sayyed ShamsUllah Qadri|language=ur|year=1925|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230819/http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Tareekh|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tarikh Vol III,<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarikh Vol III|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=2020050089006|work=GEOGRAPHY. BIOGRAPHY. HISTORY|author=Sayyid ShamsUllah Qadri|language=ur|year=1931}}</ref> Asaarul Karaam,<ref>{{cite web|title=Asaarul Karaam|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Asaarul%20Karaam&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Tareekh%20Taleem%20-%20Auhad%20Sultanat%20%20Uloom-O-Fanoon%20-%20Tareekh%20%20Hindustani%20Musalman%20-%20Auhad%20Sultanat%20-%20Taleem&year=0%20&language1=urdu&pages=156&barcode=99999990825589&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Anjuman%20Imdaad%20Bahami%20Maktaba%20Abr%20Aheemiya%20%28Hyderabad%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0004/191|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927191519/http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Asaarul%20Karaam&author1=Sayyed%20Shams%20Ullah%20Qadri&subject1=Tareekh%20Taleem%20-%20Auhad%20Sultanat%20%20Uloom-O-Fanoon%20-%20Tareekh%20%20Hindustani%20Musalman%20-%20Auhad%20Sultanat%20-%20Taleem&year=0%20&language1=urdu&pages=156&barcode=99999990825589&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=Anjuman%20Imdaad%20Bahami%20Maktaba%20Abr%20Aheemiya%20%28Hyderabad%29&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=Maulana%20Azad%20Library,%20A.M.U&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=&digitalpublicationdate1=&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=Not%20Available&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=%20&url=/data51/upload/0004/191|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|work=Tareekh Hindustani Musalman|publisher=Anjuman Imdaad Bahami Maktaba Abr Aheemiya|author=Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri|location=Hyderabad|pages=156}}</ref> Tarikh<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarikh|url=http://202.41.82.144/cgi-bin/DBscripts/allmetainfo.cgi?barcode=2020050055634|work=Geography. Biography. History|publisher=Tarikh Press Hyderabad|author=Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri|page=1|language=ur|year=1930}}</ref> Shijrah Asifiya,<ref>{{cite web|title=Shijrah Asifiya|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/|publisher=Tareekh Asifiya Hyderabad|author=Murattib Shams Ullah Qadri|pages=120|year=1938|access-date=2013-09-05|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417113943/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ahleyaar,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahleyaar|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=336555|work=Urdu poetry|author=Shamsullah Quadri|language=ur|year=1930}}</ref> and Pracina Malabar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pracina malabar|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=440404|work=Pakistan - History|publisher=Bushra Pub. House|author=Hakim sayyid Shamsullah Qadri|others=V. Abdul Qaiyyum (trans.)|location=Kazhikode|page=1|year=1954}}</ref>

== Dāstāngoi (epics) ==
{{main|Dastangoi}}
Urdu literature was generally composed more of poetry than of prose. The prose component of Urdu literature was mainly restricted to the ancient form of epic stories called dāstān ({{Nastaliq|داستان}}). These long stories have complicated plots that deal with magical and otherwise fantastic creatures and events.

The genre originated in the Middle East and was disseminated by folk storytellers. It was assimilated by individual authors. Dastan plots are based both on folklore and classical literary subjects. Dastan was particularly popular in Urdu literature, typologically close to other narrative genres in Eastern literatures, such as Persian masnawi, Punjabi qissa, Sindhi waqayati bait, etc., and also reminiscent of the European novel. The oldest known Urdu dastans are ''[[Hamzanama|Dastan-i-Amir Hamza]]'', recorded in the early seventeenth century, and ''Bustan-i Khayal'' (''The Garden of Imagination'' or ''The Garden of Khayal'') by Mir Taqi Khayal (d. 1760). Most of the narrative dastans were recorded in the early nineteenth century, representing the inclusion of 'wandering' motifs borrowed from the folklore of the Middle East, central Asia and northern India. These include ''Bagh-o-Bahar'' (''The Garden and Spring'') by Mir Amman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagh-o-Bahar |trans-title=باغ و بہار |url=https://xn--mgbqf7g.com/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8/%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%af%db%81%d9%84%d9%88%db%8c/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%ba-%d9%88-%d8%a8%db%81%d8%a7%d8%b1 |website=Urdu Gah}}</ref> ''Mazhab-i-Ishq'' (''The Religion of Love'') by Nihalchand Lahori,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhab-i-Ishq (Gul-e-Bakawli) |trans-title=مذہبِ عشق معروف بہ گلِ بکاؤلی |url=https://xn--mgbqf7g.com/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8/%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b4%db%8c-%d9%86%db%81%d8%a7%d9%84-%da%86%d9%86%d8%af-%d9%84%d8%a7%db%81%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c/%d9%85%d8%b0%db%81%d8%a8%d9%90-%d8%b9%d8%b4%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a8%db%81-%da%af%d9%84%d9%90-%d8%a8%da%a9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%db%8c |website=Urdu Gah}}</ref> ''Araish-i-Mahfil'' (''The Adornment of the Assembly'') by Hyderbakhsh Hyderi, and ''Gulzar-i-Chin'' (''The Flower Bed of Chin'') by Khalil Ali Khan Ashq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forumpakistan.net/dastan-t144.html|title=Welcome forumpakistan.net - BlueHost.com}}</ref>
Other famous Urdu dastans include ''Nau Tarz-i Murassa‘'' by Husain ‘Atā Khān Tahsīn,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nau Tarz-i Murassa |trans-title=نو طرزِ مرصع |url=https://xn--mgbqf7g.com/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8/%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%ad%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%b7%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d8%a7%da%ba-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%86%d8%94/%d9%86%d9%88-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%90-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b5%d8%b9 |website=Urdu Gah}}</ref> ''Nau Ā'īn-i Hindī'' (''Qissa-i Malik Mahmūd Gīti-Afroz'') by Mihr Chand Khatrī, ''Jazb-i ‘ishq'' by Shāh Husain Haqīqat, ''Nau Tarz-i Murassa‘'' by Muhammad Hādī (a.k.a. Mirzā Mughal Ghāfil), and ''Talism Hoshruba'' by Muhammad Husain Azad.

== Tazkiras (narrations) ==
Tazkiras (تذکیرہ) are compilations of literary memoirs that include verses and maxims of the great poets along with biographical information and commentaries on their styles. They are often a collection of names with a line or two of information about each poet, followed by specifics about his composition. Some of these tazkiras give biographical details, and a little idea of the style or poetical power is transmitted. Even the large anthologies do not systematically review an author's work. Most of them have the names in alphabetical order, but one or two are ordered by historical chronology. The majority quote only lyrics, and the quotations are usually chosen randomly.

== Poetry ==
{{Main|Urdu poetry}}
[[File:Amir Khusro.jpg|thumb|[[Amir Khusrau]], a 13th-century Urdu poet.]]

Urdu poetry ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|شاعری}}}}), reached its peak in the 19th century. The most well-developed form of poetry is the [[ghazal]], known for its quality and quantity within the Urdu tradition.

===Sonnets===
Urdu poets influenced by English and other European-language poetry began writing [[sonnet]]s in Urdu in the early 20th century.<ref>Encyclopedic dictionary of Urdu literature p.565 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8182201918</ref> Azmatullah Khan (1887-1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu poetry.<ref>The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five) p.4146 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8126012218</ref> Other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets are Akhtar Junagarhi, [[Akhtar Sheerani]], [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi]], [[Salaam Machhalishahari]] and [[Wazir Agha]].

==Novels==
Initially, Urdu novels focused on urban social life, eventually widening in scope to include rural social life. They also covered the changing times under the progressive writing movement inspired by Sajjad Zaheer. However, the [[partition of India]] had a great impact on the novel, bringing up questions of identity and migration as can be seen in the major works of Abdullah Hussain and Quratul Ain Haider. Towards the end of the last century the novel took a serious turn towards the contemporary life and realities of the young generations of India. The most significant novels of the current generation of Indian novelists in Urdu, which demonstrate a new confidence in contemporary life, are ''[[Makaan]]'' by [[Paigham Afaqui]], ''Do Gaz Zameen'' by Abdus Samad, and ''Pani'' by Ghazanfer. These works, especially ''Makaan'', brought the Urdu novel out of the prevailing themes of partition and identity issues and took it into the realm of modern-day realities and issues of life in India. ''Makaan'' had an impact on many English writers such as [[Vikram Seth]], who turned to novel writing. These Urdu novels further impacted significant works such as ''Andhere Pag'' by Sarwat Khan, ''Numberdar Ka Neela'' by S M Ashraf and ''Fire Area'' by Ilyas Ahmed Gaddi. Paigham Afaqui's second major novel, ''Paleeta'', was published in 2011 and depicts the tension of the political sickening of a common Indian citizen in the six decades after India's independence. Bewildered by the disappointing state of democracy and the transformation of Indian society into a mental desert the central character dies after leaving behind his writings which catch fire.

===Famous novels===
*''[[Mirat-ul-Uroos]]'' (''The Bride's Mirror''; 1868–1869) by Deputy Nazeer Ahmed is regarded as the first novel in Urdu. Within twenty years of publication over 100,000 copies had been printed; and was also translated into Bengali, Braj, Kashmiri, Punjabi, and Gujarati. It has never been out of print in Urdu. In 1903 an English translation was published in London by G. E. Ward.
*''[[Umrao Jaan Ada]]'' by Mirza Hadi Ruswa is considered the first Urdu novel by many critics.<ref name=Umraosasw>[http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/humrao.htm Umrao Jaan Ada by Mirza Hadi Ruswa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609144838/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/humrao.htm |date=2009-06-09 }} Umrao Jaan at sasw.chass.ncsu.edu</ref>
*''Binat-ul-Nash'' (''The Daughters of the Bier'', a name for the constellation Ursa Major) is another novel by Deputy Nazeer Ahmed. It was his 2nd novel after ''Mirat-tul-uroos''. Like ''Mira-tul-Uroos'', this novel is also on the education of women and their character building.
*''[[Zindagi (novel)|Zindagi]]'' (''Everything Happens in Life''; 1933–1934) by [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]] describes the ups and downs of life for developing moral values and guidance of young people. His entire work is full of the teaching of moral values.
*''Taubat-un-Nasuh'' (''Repentance of Nasuh''; 1873–1874) by [[Deputy Nazeer Ahmed]] also focused on moral lessons for youth.
*''Fasaana-e-Mubtalaa'' (1885) was another novel for developing moral values and guidance for youth.
*''[[Jasoosi Dunya]]'' and [[Imran series|''Imran'' series]] by [[Ibn-e-Safi]]
*''[[Aag Ka Darya]]'' by [[Quratulain Haider]]
*''[[Chalta Musafir]]'' by [[Altaf Fatima]]
*''[[Aangan (novel)|Aangan]]'' by [[Khadija Mastoor]]
*''[[Udaas Naslain]]'' by Abdullah Hussain
*''[[Jangloos]]'' by Shaukat Siddiqui
*''Daira'' by [[Muhammad Asim Butt]]
*''[[Pir-e-Kamil]]'' by [[Umera Ahmad]]
*''[[Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi]]'' by [[Rahman Abbas]]
*''[[Ek Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani]]'' by Rahman Abbas
*''[[Rohzin]]'' by Rahman Abbas

In the first decade of twenty first century, Rahman Abbas has emerged as most influential Urdu fiction writer. ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes about work of Rahman Abbas, "With his uncanny ability to subvert what people believe, Rehman Abbas raises the art of story-telling to a new level."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-journey-within/article8418331.ece|title=The journey within|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Short stories (afsanah nigari)===
Urdu literature has included the short story form for slightly more than one hundred years. During this period it has passed through some major phases including the early romantic period, progressive writings, modernist writings, and the current phase. Although a number of male and female writers wrote short stories during the first phase(including both romantic stories and social criticisms), the short story crystallized as a regular part of Urdu literature in the growth of the writings of [[Munshi Premchand]]. His notable short stories include "Kafan" and "Poos Ki Raat". The Urdu short story gained momentum with the phenomenal publication of ''[[Angare]]'', a collection of many writers towards the end of the life of Premchand. Writers like [[Ghulam Abbas (writer)|Ghulam Abbas]], [[Saadat Hasan Manto|Manto]], [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]], [[Krishan Chander]] and [[Ismat Chughtai]], to name but a few, turned the short story into a major genre of Urdu literature.

The next generation of Urdu short story writers included [[Qurratulain Hyder]], [[Qazi Abdul Sattar]] and [[Joginder Paul]]. The short story tradition continues with younger generation writers like [[Zahida Hina]], [[Paigham Afaqui]], [[Syed Muhammad Ashraf]], [[Salam Bin Razzaq]], [[Naeem Baig]], [[Akhlaq Ahmed Khan]], [[Moinuddin Jinabade]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Moinuddin+Jinabade&pg=PA520|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|first=Kartik Chandra|last=Dutt|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126008735|via=Google Books}}</ref> as well as notable women writers like [[Afra Bukhari]] and [[Wajida Tabassum]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naeem|first=Raza|title=Afra Bukhari (1938-2022): The short story writer from Pakistan was among the last of a generation|url=https://scroll.in/article/1015660/afra-bukhari-1938-2022-the-short-story-writer-from-pakistan-was-among-the-last-of-a-generation|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Scroll.in|date=23 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Urdu short stories have dealt with a wide range of the dimensions of life, but the most famous stories concern the trauma of [[Partition of India|the partition of the sub-continent]] and the violence generated out of it. Towards the end of the last century, short stories became grounded in the complexity of daily life which can be seen in the unique collection of short stories in [[Paigham Afaqui]]'s ''Mafia''. An entirely different approach is seen in the collection of short stories ''T'abir'' by [[Moinuddin Jinabade]] and ''Taus Chaman Ka Maina'' by [[Nayyer Masood]].

==Drama==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
Urdu drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]] of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous [[Inder Sabha]] of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of [[Parsi theatre|Parsi Theatre]]. [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri|Agha Hashr Kashmiri]] is the culmination of this tradition.

Urdu theater traditions have greatly influenced modern [[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]]. Among all the languages, Urdu (which was called Hindi "meaning:Language of the Hind" by some early writers), along with Gujarati, Marathi, and Bengali theatres have remained popular. Many Urdu dramas have also been made into films.

Classic playwrights include Prof Hasan, Ghulam Jeelani, J. N. Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi and Jameel Shaidayi. Danish Iqbal, Sayeed Alam, Shahid Anwar, Iqbal Niyazi and Anwar are a few of the post-modern playwrights actively contributing to Urdu drama.

Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humour in plays like ''[[Ghalib]] in New Delhi'', ''Maulana Azad'' and ''Big B''.

Danish Iqbal's ''[[Dara Shikoh]]'', directed by M S Sathyu, is considered a modern classic for its use of newer theatre techniques and a contemporary perspective. His other plays are ''Sahir'', on the famous lyricist and revolutionary poet; ''Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam'', a Celebration of the Faiz's poetry, featuring events from the early part of his life, particularly the events and incidents of pre-partition days which shaped his life and ideals; and ''Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan'', another play inspired from Faiz's letters written from various jails during the Rawalpindi Conspiracy days. He has written 14 other plays including ''Dilli Jo Ek Shehr Thaa'' and ''Main Gaya Waqt Nahin hoon''.

Shahid's ''Three B'' is also a significant play. He has been associated with many groups including 'Natwa'. Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Urdu Theatre flying in [[Kolkata]]. Unlike the writers of the previous generation, Sayeed, Shahid, Iqbal, and Zaheer do not write bookish plays but rather their work is a product of a vigorous performing tradition. Iqbal Niyazi of Mumbai has written several plays in Urdu. His play ''Aur Kitne Jalyanwala Baugh??'' won several awards. Hence this is the only generation after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually write for the stage and not for libraries.

==Literary movements==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}

===Progressive Writers Movement===
According to The Dawn, the [[Progressive Writers Movement]] in Urdu literature was the strongest movement after Sir Syed's education movement.

===Modernism===
The modernist movement started in Urdu literature around 1960. This movement laid more stress on symbolic and other indirect expressions as opposed to direct and clear expressions. The most well-known names in this movement included Shamsur Rehman Farooqui and Gopichand Narang and the poets Noon Meem Rashid and Meeraji. Apart from them, a number of other poets like Zafer Iqbal, Nasir Kazmi, Bashir Bader and Shahryar are related to this movement.

===Halqa e Arbab e Zauq===
Halqa e Arbab e Zauq was a literary movement begun in Lahore, British Raj in 1939. Early members included poets Noon Meem Rashid, Zia Jallandhari, Muhtar Siddiqui, Hafeez Hoshiarpuri and Meeraji, brought to the meeting by his friend, Qayyum Nazar, an active member of the group. The Halqa was the second modern literary movement in Urdu poetry in the 20th century, founded just a couple of years after the leftist Progressive Writers' Movement, and is considered to be the most influential group on modern poetry in the Urdu Language.

===Post-modernism===
Post-modernism was introduced to Urdu literature by [[Gopi Chand Narang]]. Many other critics in Urdu literature are also attached to this approach to criticism. Post-modernism does not claim to be a movement and does not demand any writer to adopt a particular style of writing. It generally concentrates on a method of understanding contemporary literature in the light of its content—mostly examining features like feminism, Dalit, regional and other types of literature as opposed to seeking uniformity in the global literature on the basis of internationally established trends.

===Independent writers===
By the end of the 1980s the atmosphere in Urdu literature became very depressing. The progressive movement was almost dead and the modernist movement had started running out of ideas. But this was also the time for an upsurge of new creative forces rooted in the new life that was metamorphosing the socio-economic and political climate in the sub-continent. It was under this climate that a new era of fiction started with the publication of Paigham Afaqui's novel ''Makaan''. Afaqui and other writers refused to be identified by any movement and displayed complete independence in using personally developed styles and techniques for writing novels and explored their own philosophy and vision of life. It was a serious departure from the theme of partition which dominated writers like Qurtul Ain haider and Abdullah Hussain and the theme of existentialism which was the benchmark of modernism. Writers like Ghazanfer and Musharraf Alam Zauqi have further widened the horizons of new themes and concerns.

===Theatre of the Absurd===
[[Theatre of the Absurd]] is a new and somewhat rare genre in the history of Urdu literature. The first play of the genre was written and published by the Pakistan research-writer, poet, lawyer and columnist Mujtaba Haider Zaidi in December 2008 under the title ''[[Mazaron Ke Phool]]'' (i.e. ''Graveyard Flowers'').

==Classical literature vs. popular literature==
There is an old distinction of classical literature ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|ادبِ عالیہ}}|label=none}}) and popular literature ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|مقبولِ عام ادب}}|label=none}}) in Urdu language, where the popular writers of digests/magazines are discriminated somewhat as a "lower caste". While the literary critics are still reluctant to acknowledge the popular writers,<ref>{{cite web |title=The problem of popular literature |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/610329-the-problem-of-popular-literature |website=The News on Sunday |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> nevertheless, the contributions of [[Ibn-e-Safi]] and other writers like [[Mohiuddin Nawab]], [[Ilyas Sitapuri]], [[MA Rahat]], [[Ishtiaq Ahmad (fiction writer)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]], and many others, to Urdu literature cannot be ignored.<ref>{{cite web |title=ابنِ صفی کا ادبی مقام و مرتبہ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/entertainment/2012/09/120915_book_review_ibn_e_safi_tim |website=BBC Urdu |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ادبی شہرت یا عوامی مقبولیت؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/columns/2011/07/110723_ibn-e-safi_tf |website=BBC News Urdu |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Urdu poetry]]
*[[List of Urdu language poets]]
*[[List of Urdu writers]]
*[[Pakistani literature]]
*[[Progressive Writers' Movement]]
*[[List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language]]
*[[Hindustani orthography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Thomas Grahame|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfUrduLiterature/page/n25/mode/2up|title=A History of Urdu Literature|date=1932|publisher=Association Press (Y.M.C.A.)|isbn=978-81-7000-080-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Russell|first1=Ralph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_6AAAAAIAAJ&q=mir+sauda+hasan+three+mughal+poets|title=Three Mughal Poets: Mir, Sauda, Mir Hasan|last2=Islam|first2=Khurshidul|date=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-88980-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Saksena|first=Ram Babu|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38539/page/n163/mode/1up|title=A History of Urdu Literature|date=1927|publisher=Ram Narain Lal|isbn=978-81-7435-161-6|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Sud|first=K.N.|date=1977|title=Urdu Fiction and Krishan Chandar|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24158701|journal=Indian Literature|volume=20|issue=4|pages=122–127|jstor=24158701|issn=0019-5804}}
* {{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|title=An Intellectual History of Islam in India|url=https://archive.org/details/intellectualhist0007aziz/page/110|year=1969|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-85224-057-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/intellectualhist0007aziz/page/110 110]|via=}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Komal|first=Balraj|date=2002|title=Twentieth Century Urdu Novel|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23345740|journal=Indian Literature|volume=46|issue=2 (208)|pages=157–167|jstor=23345740|issn=0019-5804}}
* {{Cite book|last=Flemming|first=Leslie A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM9jAAAAMAAJ&q=another+lonely+voice+manto|title=Another Lonely Voice: The Life and Works of Saadat Hassan Manto|date=1985|publisher=Vanguard Books|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Narang|first=G.C.|date=1973|title=Major Trends in the Urdu Short Story|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24157434|journal=Indian Literature|volume=16|issue=1/2|pages=113–132|jstor=24157434|issn=0019-5804}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sadiq|first=Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit00sad_eg9|title=A history of Urdu literature|date=1995|publisher=Delhi; Oxford : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-563145-6}}

==Further reading==
* Muhammad Husain Azad: ''Ab-e hayat'' (Lahore: Naval Kishor Gais Printing Wrks) 1907 [in Urdu]; (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001 [In English translation]
* Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: ''Early Urdu Literary Culture and History'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001
* M.A.R. Habib: ''An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry'' in English translation with Urdu text. Modern Language Association (2003). {{ISBN|0-87352-797-6}}
*Alamgir Hashmi, ''The Worlds of Muslim Imagination'' (1986) {{ISBN|0-00-500407-1}}.
*Muhammad Sadiq, ''A History of Urdu Literature'' (1984).
*Alamgir Hashmi, ed. Rafey Habib, Faruq Hassan, and David Matthews, tr., ''Your Essence, Martyr: Pakistani Elegies'' Plainview (2011). {{ISBN|9789699670008}}
*''The Annual of Urdu Studies'', 1981-.
*“Urdu Afsana : Soorat o Ma'na” (Urdu) by M. Hameed Shahid National Book Foundation Islamabad Pakistan 2006–1.an eminent poet of moder age akhlaque bandvi.
*Noorul Hasnain- 'Naya Afsana-Naye Naam.{{ISBN|978-93-81029-29-9}}. Published by Arshia publication Delhi 110095. Edition 2012 (Article o n EK Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani page 316 to 321)
*EK Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani-by Rahman Abbas, Published by Educational Publishing House, Delhi-6 {{ISBN|978-81-8223-491-8}}

===Examples===
{{expand section|date=December 2025}}
*[https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/20200531_20200531_1008/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%20_%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A1.pdf اورنگزیب عالمگیر]
*[https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/7977-urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk/7977_urdu-lashkari-zuban-bookspk.pdf رتبیتوڈزیاگننئامییپاخؿ]

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Shaheena ki parwaz}}
{{EB1911 poster|Hindōstānī Literature}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/hu_urdu_learning.html Columbia University: Urdu Language Sources]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432899d/f20.zoom Maḫzan al-asrār. Niżāmī raqm-i Muḥammad. Dessinateur 1538 AD]

{{Urdu topics}}
{{Pakistani literature}}
{{Uttar Pradesh topics}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urdu Literature}}
[[Category:Urdu-language literature| ]]
[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Arts in India]]

Advocate-General of Madras

2026-01-23T04:21:51Z

HarrisonHinson2: new some entry v1

{{Short description|Government advisory to the Madras presidency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The '''Advocate-General of Madras''' was charged with advising the Government of the British-administered [[Madras Presidency]] on legal matters. The Presidency existed from 1652 to 1950. Prior to 1858, when it was administered by the [[East India Company]], the Advocate-General was the senior law officer of that company and also the Attorney-General of the Sovereign of Great Britain and an ''ex-officio'' member of the Madras Legislative Council.

==List of Advocates-General==

=== Madras Presidency ===

*[[Alexander Anstruther (judge)|Alexander Anstruther]] 1803–?1812
*Sir [[Samuel Toller]] 1812–1821
*[[Herbert Abingdon Draper Compton]] 1822–1828 <ref>{{cite book|title= Asiatic Journal, Volume 14|page= 92}}</ref>
*George Norton 1828–1839 <ref>{{cite book|title=The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume |page= 62}}</ref>
*W. Bathie 1833–1834 (acting)
*[[Thomas Sydney Smith]] 1861–1863
*[[John Bruce Norton]] 1863–1868 <ref>{{cite web|url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/9be6116c-8af9-4246-81e4-ec6ff78006b8|title= Miscellaneous papers of John Bruce Norton, (1815-83), barrister, Advocate General of Madras|publisher= National Archives|accessdate= 30 October 2015}}</ref>
*[[John D. Mayne|John Dawson Mayne]] 1868–1872 (acting)
*[[H. S. Cunningham|Henry Stewart Cunningham]] 1872–1877
*[[Patrick O'Sullivan (lawyer)|Patrick O'Sullivan]] 1877–1882
*[[Hale Horatio Shephard]] 1885–1887
*[[James Spring Branson]] 1887–1897
*[[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] 1897–1898 (acting)
*[[C. A. White|Charles Arnold White]] 1898–1899 (afterwards [[High Court of Madras|Chief Justice of Madras]], 1899)
*V. Bhashyam Aiyangar 1899–1900 (acting)
*[[J. E. P. Wallis|John Edward Power Wallis]] 1900–1906 (later [[High Court of Madras|Chief Justice of Madras]], 1914)
*[[C. Sankaran Nair]] 1906–1907
*[[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]] 1907–1912
*[[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] 1912–1920
*[[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] 1920–1923
*[[C. Madhavan Nair]] 1923–1924
*[[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]] 1924–1928
*[[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]] 1929–1944
*[[P. V. Rajamannar]] 1944–1945 (later [[High Court of Madras|Chief Justice of Madras]], 1948)
*[[K. Rajah Iyer]] 1945–1950
* K.Kuttikrishna Menon 1950-1951 <ref>https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19500726-1.2.41</ref>

=== Madras State ===
* [[V. K. Thiruvenkatachari]] 1951–1964
* [[N. Krishnaswami Reddy]] 1964–1966
* [[Mohan Kumaramangalam]] 1966–1967
*[[P.L.Narayanan viluthugal]]1000-10000

=== Tamil Nadu===
* [[Govind Swaminadhan]] 1967–1976
* [[K. Parasaran]] 1976–1977
* [[V. P. Raman]] 1977–1979
* [[R. Krishnamoorthy]] 1980–1989
* [[K. Subramaniam (lawyer)|K. Subramaniam]] 1991–1994
* R. Krishnamoorthy 1994–1996
* K.V.Venkatapathi 1996–2001
* [[N. R. Chandran]] 2001–2006
* [[R. Viduthalai]] 2006–2007
* [[G. Masilamani]] 2007–2009
* [[P. S. Raman]] 2009–2011
* [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]] 2011–2013
* [[A. L. Somayaji]] 2013–2016
* [[R. Muthukumarasamy]] 2016–2017
* [[Vijay Narayan]] 2017–2021
* [[R. Shunmugasundaram]] 2021–2023
* [[P.S.Raman]]2024-

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Attorneys General of British overseas territories}}

[[Category:British colonial attorneys general in Asia|Madras]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]

Bharauli, Saharsa

2026-01-20T21:13:43Z

HarrisonHinson2: new the page v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bharauli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India.
| coordinates = {{coord|25.81207|86.57481|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| established_title = 
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1905
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
{{For|other towns with the same name|Bharauli (disambiguation)}}
'''Bharauli''' is a village in [[Saharsa district]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saharsa District Census Handbook 2011 – Part B |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38eefcfdf5990e441f0fb6f3fad709e21/uploads/2018/03/2018031129.pdf |publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Saharsa district}}
[[Category:Villages in Saharsa district]]

{{Saharsa-geo-stub}}

Saki Naka metro station

2025-12-29T04:47:58Z

HarrisonHinson2:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Blue Line 1 metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Saki Naka
| native_name = {{nobold|साकी नाका}}
| style = Mumbai Metro One
| image = Saki Naka metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Exterior view of the mezzanine level at Saki Naka station
| address = Andheri – Ghatkopar Road, [[Saki Naka]], [[Andheri]] (East), Mumbai
| coordinates = {{coord|19.103528|N|72.887962|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 1|croute}}
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| operator = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|22px|link=Mumbai_Metro_One]] [[Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd]]
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|June|8|df=yes}}
| accessible = Yes<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=Saki Naka metro station layout |website=reliancemumbaimetro.com |access-date=17 January 2024 |url=https://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/images/station-layout/saki%20naka.jpg}}</ref>
| code = SAN
| zone =
| former =
| passengers = 43,915 daily<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro 1 ridership touches 90cr in 9 yrs of operation|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 December 2023 |first=Manthank |last=Mehta |access-date=20 January 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-1-ridership-touches-90cr-in-9-yrs-of-operation/articleshow/105740127.cms}}</ref>
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2023
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = 3 out of 12
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Metro One|line=1|left=Marol Naka |right=Asalpha}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 1}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Saki Naka''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] serving the [[Saki Naka]] neighbourhood of [[Andheri]] in [[Mumbai]], India. It was opened to the public on 8 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-metro-hits-tracks-and-handful-of-speed-bumps/15363181| title=Mumbai Metro hits tracks, and handful of speed bumps| work=Mid-Day| date=9 June 2014| author=Ranjeet Jadhav }}</ref>

[[File:Sakinaka Metro Station.jpg|thumb|Sakinaka Metro Station]]

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Right}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Left}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==

List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] near Saki Naka metro station are

* Axis Bank
* Bank of India
* ICICI Bank
* IndusInd Bank
* Punjab National Bank

==Connections==

==Entrances and exits==
There are 4 exits to Saki Naka metro station. Gates 5 and 6 are towards Andheri Kurla road, gates 1 and 3 are towards [[Powai]], while the rest are towards 90 feet road and [[Ghatkopar]].

*'''1''' - Toward Sakinaka junction, Near Bluestar {{Access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/>
*'''2''' - Toward Gane<ref name=map/>
*'''3''' - Near Maharashtra Weighing Scale<ref name=map/>
*'''4''' - Towards 90 Fee<ref name=map/>
*'''5''' - Near [[Holiday Inn]] {{Access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/>
*'''6''' - Near Holiday Inn, Toward Sagar Tech Plaza<ref name=map/>

==See also==
*[[Public transport in Mumbai]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[List of Metro Systems]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Train|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Mumbai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}
*[http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 1=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Andheri]]

Remembrance Day

2025-12-28T11:16:36Z

HarrisonHinson2: add content additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Day honouring military casualties of war}}
{{Distinguish|Remembrance Sunday|Armistice Day}}
{{About|the military memorial day on 11 November||Day of Remembrance (disambiguation){{!}}Day of Remembrance}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Remembrance Day
|official_name = Remembrance Day
|image = Royal British Legion's Paper Poppy - white background.jpg
|caption = The poppy is worn around the time of Poppy Day, traditionally from All Souls' Day (2 November) until Remembrance Day (11 November) or if later until Remembrance Sunday in the United Kingdom.
|nickname = Poppy Day
|observedby = Primarily countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|date = 11 November
|scheduling = same day each year
|observances = [[Parade]]s, [[moment of silence|silences]]
|type = international
|significance = Commemorates war dead
|relatedto = [[Armistice Day]], [[Anzac Day]], [[Memorial Day]], [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]], [[Veterans Day]], [[Remembrance Sunday]]
}}

'''Remembrance Day''' (also known as '''Poppy Day''' owing to the tradition of wearing a [[remembrance poppy]]) is a memorial day observed in former countries of the [[British Empire]], and current [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] member states since the end of the [[First World War]] to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty.<ref name="lRSA">{{cite web |title=The Remembrance Ceremony |url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604230050/http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_ceremony.html |archive-date=4 June 2010 |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=Returned Services Association}}</ref> The day is also marked by war remembrances in several other non-Commonwealth countries. In most countries, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November to recall the end of First World War hostilities. Hostilities ended "at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month" of 1918, in accordance with [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|the armistice]] signed by representatives of Germany and the Entente between 5:12 and 5:20 that morning. ("At the 11th hour" refers to the ''passing'' of the 11th hour, or 11:00 am.) The First World War formally ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on 28 June 1919.<ref>{{cite web |title=World War I Ended With the Treaty of Versailles |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_ww1_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624193218/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_ww1_1.html |archive-date=24 June 2016 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

The tradition of Remembrance Day evolved out of [[Armistice Day]]. The initial Armistice Day was observed at [[Buckingham Palace]], commencing with [[King George V]] hosting a "Banquet in Honour of the President of the French Republic"<ref>{{Royal Collection|1000799|Banquet in honour of The President of the French Republic, Monday 10 November 1919}}</ref> during the evening hours of 10 November 1919. The first official Armistice Day was subsequently held on the grounds of Buckingham Palace the following morning. During the Second World War, many countries changed the name of the holiday. Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopted Remembrance Day, while the US chose [[Veterans Day]].<ref name=vet>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/armistice-day-remembrance-day-and-veterans-day-whats-the-difference-a6730081.html|title=Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?|first=Samuel|last=Osborne|date=11 November 2015|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118032603/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/armistice-day-remembrance-day-and-veterans-day-whats-the-difference-a6730081.html|archive-date=18 November 2018|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>

==Observance in the Commonwealth==
The common British, Canadian, South African, and [[Anzac Day|ANZAC]] tradition includes a one or [[two-minute silence]] at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month (11:00 am, 11 November), as that marks the time (in the United Kingdom) when the armistice became effective.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/15492752 |title=Remembrance Day: What is it and how will 2020 be different? |publisher=BBC |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

The Service of Remembrance in many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries generally includes the sounding of the "[[Last Post]]", followed by the period of silence, followed by the sounding of "[[Reveille]]" or sometimes just "[[The Rouse]]". The Service of Remembrance is finished by a recitation of the "[[Ode of Remembrance]]". The "[[Flowers of the Forest]]", "[[O Valiant Hearts]]", "[[I Vow to Thee, My Country]]" and "[[And did those feet in ancient time|Jerusalem]]" are often played during the service. Services also include wreaths laid to honour the fallen, blessings, and national anthems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vetweek/comm_guide |title=A Guide to Commemorative Services – Veterans Affairs Canada |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=1 October 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121347/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vetweek/comm_guide |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The central ritual at [[cenotaph]]s throughout the Commonwealth is a stylised night vigil. "[[The Last Post]]" was the common bugle call at the close of the military day, and "The Rouse" was the first call of the morning. For military purposes, the traditional night vigil over the slain was not just to ensure they were indeed dead and not unconscious or in a coma, but also to guard them from being mutilated or despoiled by the enemy, or dragged off by scavengers. This makes the ritual more than just an act of remembrance but also a pledge to guard the honour of war dead. The act is enhanced by the use of dedicated cenotaphs (literally Greek for "empty tomb") and the laying of wreaths—the traditional means of signalling high honours in ancient Greece and Rome.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs-and-ceremony/wreaths |title=Laying of wreaths |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Australia===
[[File:11 Nov gnangarra-15.jpg|thumb|left|The Australian Minister of Defence, [[Stephen Smith (Australian politician)|Stephen Smith]], lays a wreath at the Eternal flame in [[Kings Park, Western Australia]] on Remembrance Day, 2011]]
[[File:Sydney Opera House Remembrance Day 2025-11-11.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sydney Opera House]] shells were illuminated with poppies on Remembrance Day]]
In Australia, Remembrance Day is always observed on 11 November, regardless of the day of the week, and is not a public holiday; it is a time when people can pay their respects to the substantial number of soldiers who died in battle. Some institutions observe two-minutes' silence at 11 am through a program named Read 2 Remember,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.read2remember.org.au/ |title=Read 2 Remember |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113165704/http://www.read2remember.org.au/ |archive-date=13 November 2011 }}</ref> children read the ''Pledge of Remembrance'' by Rupert McCall, and teachers deliver specially developed resources to help children understand the significance of the day and the resilience of those who have fought for their country and call on children to also be resilient when facing difficult times. Services are held at 11 am at [[war memorial]]s and schools in suburbs and cities across the country, at which the "Last Post" is sounded by a bugler and a one-minute silence is observed. When Remembrance Day falls on a normal working day in Melbourne and other major cities, buglers from the [[Australian Defence Force]] often play the "Last Post" at major street corners in the CBD. While this occurs, the majority of passers-by stop and observe a moment of silence while waiting for the bugler to finish the recital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.3aw.com.au/cbd-intersections-come-to-a-standstill-for-remembrance-day/ |title=CBD intersections come to a standstill for Remembrance Day |publisher=3AW |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

====History in Australia====
[[File:Flag bearers assembled on the stage at City Hall during an Armistice Day service, Brisbane, ca. 1940 (4441874571).jpg|thumb|An Armistice Day service at Brisbane City Hall, 1940]]
In interwar Australia, Remembrance Day (then often referred to as Armistice Day) was a popular public commemoration. But from 1946 to the 1970s, Australians observed Remembrance Sunday following the British pattern.<ref>Minutes of meeting of Full Cabinet held at 2.30 pm, Monday, 25 March 1946, at Parliament House, Canberra, NAA A2703, 124, p. 3</ref> It is only in the 1980s and 1990s that Remembrance Day was once again systematically observed on 11 November. The resurgence of Remembrance Day became official on 30 October 1997, when the Governor-General, under the Howard government, proclaimed that "(a) 11 November in each year shall be known and observed as Remembrance Day; and (b) all Australians are urged to observe, unless impractical, a minute's silence at 11:00 on Remembrance Day each year".<ref>William Patrick Deane, Governor-General of Australia, [https://www.legislation.gov.au/file/1997GN44 Proclamation, no. S 437], Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, Thursday 30 October 1997. Accessed 11 November 2020. Page 117 of 124.</ref>

In recent decades, Remembrance Day has been largely eclipsed as the national day of war commemoration by [[ANZAC Day]] (25 April), which is a public holiday in all states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337199887 |title="Remembrance Day: The Poor Cousin of Australian War Commemoration". In Carolyn Holbrook and Keir Reeves, ed. The Great War: Aftermath and Commemoration.|last=Fathi|first=Romain|publisher=NewSouth|year=2019|pages=218–220}}</ref> Attendance at Anzac Day services boomed, while that of Remembrance Day services continued to decline. Historian Romain Fathi explains, "In Australia, ANZAC Day has addressed the question of the meaning of the war far better than Remembrance Day or Remembrance Sunday. It can acknowledge loss and suffering with a nod to the sacred, while simultaneously representing imagined distinct national values such as mateship, laconic humour and stoicism. This capacity to connect the national community to the numinous explains Anzac Day's primacy over Remembrance Day."<ref name=":0" />

===Barbados===
[[File:Barbados Remembrance Day.jpg|thumb|A Remembrance Day parade and service in [[Bridgetown, Barbados]], 2019]]
In Barbados, Remembrance Day is not a [[Public holidays in Barbados|public holiday]]. It is recognised as 11 November, but the parade and ceremonial events are carried out on Remembrance Sunday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembrance Day Parade |author=Staff writer |url=http://www.cbc.bb/index.pl/article?id=5297144 |agency=[[Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=CBC |id=5297144 |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=10 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230714/http://www.cbc.bb/index.pl/article?id=5297144 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The day is commemorated to recognise the Barbadian soldiers who died fighting in the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]]. The parade is held at [[National Heroes Square|National Heroes' Square]], where an interdenominational service is held.<ref>{{cite news|first=Donna |last=Sealy |title=Salute to war dead |url=http://www.nationnews.com/news/local/remembrance-day-FRONT-PAGE-OTHER |newspaper=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=10 November 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[Governor-General of Barbados|Governor-General]] and Barbadian [[Prime Minister of Barbados|Prime Minister]] are among those who attend, along with other government dignitaries and the heads of the [[Royal Barbados Police Force|police]] and [[Barbados Defence Force|military]] forces. During the main ceremony a [[Gun salute#Heavy arms: gun salutes|gun salute]], wreaths, and prayers are also performed at the war memorial Cenotaph at the heart of Heroes' Square in [[Bridgetown]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Sherrylyn |last=Clarke |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2020/10/31/remembrance-day-parade-november-8/ |title=Remembrance Day Parade on November 8 |publisher=Nation News |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Belize===
In Belize, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Trujillo|first1=Renee|title=Remembrance Day Observed in Belize|url=http://lovefm.com/2015/11/11/remembrance-day-observed-in-belize/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114014940/http://lovefm.com/2015/11/11/remembrance-day-observed-in-belize/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2015|access-date=12 November 2015|work=LoveFM|date=11 November 2015}}</ref> It is not a [[public holidays in Belize|public holiday]].

===Bermuda===
[[File:Rembrance Day Parade Bermuda.jpg|thumb|Remembrance Day Parade, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1991]]
[[File:Remembrance Day ceremony at HMS Jervis Bay memorial at Hamilton, Bermuda.jpg|thumb|Remembrance Day ceremony at [[HMS Jervis Bay]] memorial in [[Bermuda]]]]
In the [[British Overseas Territory]] and former [[Imperial fortress]] of [[Bermuda]], which sent the first colonial volunteer unit to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in 1915, and which had more people per capita in uniform during the [[Second World War]] than any other part of the Empire, Remembrance Day is still an important holiday. The parade in [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] had historically been a large and colourful one, as contingents from the Royal Navy, British Regular Army and Territorial Army units of the [[Bermuda Garrison]], the Canadian Forces, the US Army, Air Force, and Navy, and various cadet corps and other services all at one time or another marched with the veterans. Since the closing of British, Canadian, and American bases in 1995, the parade has barely grown smaller. In addition to the ceremony held in the City of Hamilton on Remembrance Day itself, marching to the Cenotaph (a smaller replica of the one in London), where wreaths are laid and orations made, the Royal Navy and the [[Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps]] held a parade the same day at the {{HMS|Jervis Bay}} memorial in Hamilton, and a smaller military parade is also held in [[St. George, Bermuda|St. George's]] on the nearest Sunday to Remembrance Day before the [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] memorial in the King's Square.<ref>[http://www.bermuda-online.org/warveterans.htm "Bermuda Online honors Bermuda's war veterans"].</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:Lest we forget.jpg|thumb|A remembrance poppy distributed by the [[Royal Canadian Legion]] worn on a lapel]]

[[Veterans Affairs Canada]] states that Remembrance Day ({{lang|fr|Jour du Souvenir}}) is intended for "remembrance for the men and women who have served, and continue to serve our country during times of war, conflict and peace"; particularly the First and Second World Wars, the [[Korean War]], and all conflicts since then in which members of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] have participated.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/a-day-of-remembrance/r_intro| last=Veterans Affairs Canada| author-link=Veterans Affairs Canada| title=Remembrance – History – A Day of Remembrance – Introduction| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=23 October 2014| access-date=13 October 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062455/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/a-day-of-remembrance/r_intro| archive-date=14 October 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref> The department runs a program called Canada Remembers, with the mission of helping young and new Canadians, most of whom have never known war, "come to understand and appreciate what those who have served Canada in times of war, armed conflict, and peace stand for and what they have sacrificed for their country."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/canrem| last=Veterans Affairs Canada| author-link=Veterans Affairs Canada| title=Canada Remembers > About Canada Remembers| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=11 November 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119065820/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/canrem| archive-date=19 January 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Remembrance Day is a [[Public holidays in Canada#Federal statutory holidays, also observed in some provinces|statutory holiday for federally regulated employees]] and a provincial and territorial statutory holiday in six of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and all three territories]]. [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] recognize the day under separate legislation.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =Remembrance Day Act|abbr =R.S.N.S.|year =1989|chapter =396|link=https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/legc/statutes/remembrance%20day.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =AN ACT RESPECTING THE OBSERVANCE OF REMEMBRANCE DAY|abbr =RSNL|year =1990|chapter =R-12|link=https://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/statutes/r12.htm}}</ref> [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]] are the only three provinces where the day is not a statutory holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/lae/employmentrights/remembrance.asp| last=Ministry of Labour and Advanced Education| title=Remembrance Day Holiday in Nova Scotia| date=September 2005| publisher=Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia| access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/ontario.php| title=Statutory holidays in Ontario| publisher=Statutory Holidays Canada| access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/standards/doc,remembrance-day,factsheet.html| last=Office of Employment Standards| title=Remembrance Day in Manitoba| publisher=Queen's Printer for Manitoba| access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php| title=Public Holidays in Canada| publisher=Statutory Holidays Canada| access-date=11 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110358/http://www.statutoryholidays.com/index.php| archive-date=10 November 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Legion]] is officially against making the day a national statutory holiday, in part because its leadership believes the time free from work or school would eventually overtake the memorial purpose of the occasion, whereas, having schools in regular session on that day would be an opportunity for children to be taught the day's true significance in a mandatory fashion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembrance Day should be a national holiday |url=https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/why-remembrance-day-should-be-a-national-holiday/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Maclean's |date=5 November 2019}}</ref> In a more informal manner, there has been opinion voiced against the trend of [[Christmas creep]], so that the conclusion of Remembrance Day should be the earliest acceptable time in which to mark the beginning of the Christmas holidays.<ref>{{cite news |title='Christmas creep': Is it too soon for holiday decorations? |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/christmas-creep-is-it-too-soon-for-holiday-decorations/ |access-date=1 November 2019 |agency=CTV News |date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quinn |first1=Mark |title=Poppy dresses fight Christmas creep, honour Remembrance Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/stjohns-stores-make-poppy-dresses-whink-bridal-boutique-honour-veterans-1.3843939 |access-date=1 November 2019 |agency=CBC News |date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

====History in Canada====
Canadians began to commemorate their veterans and war dead as early as 1890, when [[Decoration Day (Canada)|Decoration Day]] began to be observed on 2 June, the anniversary of the [[Battle of Ridgeway]] against the [[Fenian]]s in 1866.<ref name=RemDayCE/><ref name=vr>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/canadas-forgotten-first-remembrance-day/article5176843/| last=Vronsky| first=Peter| title=Canada's forgotten first remembrance day| date=10 November 2012| newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> A further observance was, from 1900 to 1918, held on 27 February to mark the Canadian victory over the [[Boer]]s at the [[Battle of Paardeberg]].<ref name=RemDayCE/><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/canadas-first-remembrance-day/article21525359/| last=Martin| first=Lawrence| title=Canada's first remembrance day| date=11 November 2014| newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref>
[[File:WLMK laying wreath.jpg|thumb|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] lays a wreath at the future location of the [[National War Memorial (Canada)|National War Memorial]] in [[Ottawa]], 1937]]

The first Armistice Day commemoration was in 1919, when King [[George V]] called on all countries in the [[British Empire]] to observe it.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/5-things/flashback-friday-king-george-lays-foundation-for-remembrance-day-1.2640451| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010318/https://www.ctvnews.ca/5-things/flashback-friday-king-george-lays-foundation-for-remembrance-day-1.2640451| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 November 2020| author=| title=King George lays foundation for Remembrance Day| date=6 November 2015| publisher=[[CTV News]]}}</ref> It was later placed on a statutory footing in 1921, after the [[Parliament of Canada]] provided that [[Thanksgiving (Canada)|Thanksgiving]] and Armistice Day would both be held on the Monday of the week in which 11 November fell.<ref>{{Cite canlaw| link=https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1921v01cana/page/50/mode/2up?view=theater| short title=Armistice Day Act| abbr=S.C.| year=1921| chapter=16}}</ref> [[Charles Dickie]], the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Nanaimo (electoral district)|Nanaimo]], campaigned to change the name from Armistice Day to Remembrance Day,<ref name=RemDayCE>{{Cite web| url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/remembrance-day| title=Remembrance Day in Canada| publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> which was approved in 1931, when Parliament accordingly amended the act, with its observance fixed on 11 November.<ref>{{Cite canlaw| short title=An Act to amend the Armistice Day Act| abbr =S.C.| year=1931| chapter=4| link=https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1931v01cana/page/24/mode/2up}}</ref>

Several other days of remembrance for veterans were also created, including the [[National Aboriginal Veterans Day]], inaugurated in 1994 to recognise the contribution of [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal]] soldiers.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/indigenous-canadians-remember-ancestors-who-fought-died-in-war/article32725644/| last=Berthiaume| first=Lee| title=Indigenous Canadians remember ancestors who fought, died in war| date=8 November 2016| newspaper=The Globe & Mail}}</ref> In 2001, Merchant Navy Remembrance Day was created by the Canadian Parliament, designating 3 September as a day to recognise the contributions and sacrifice of [[Canadian merchant mariners]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mastermariners-capital.ca/resolutions.htm| title=R-03-2001: A Resolution to designate the 3rd of September each year as "Merchant Navy Day"| publisher=Company of Master Mariners of Canada| accessdate=7 August 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414112616/http://www.mastermariners-capital.ca/resolutions.htm|archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref>

====Ceremonies====
{{Annotated image 4
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The national ceremonies organized by the federal government are held at the [[National War Memorial (Canada)|National War Memorial]] in Ottawa. These are presided over by the [[governor general of Canada]] (who acts as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces|commander-in-chief]] in [[Monarchy of Canada|the monarch]]'s name) and attended by the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], other dignitaries, the [[Silver Cross Mother|Silver Cross mother]], and public observers. Occasionally, a member of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Royal family and house|Canadian royal family]] may also be present (such as [[Charles III|Prince Charles]] in 2009<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1294862464851/1294862464853 | title=Government of Canada Announces the Itinerary for the 2009 Visit of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall | date=30 October 2009 | access-date=11 November 2011 | archive-date=30 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430092210/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1294862464851/1294862464853 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] in 2014<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/11/11/canada_remembers_national_war_memorial_rededicated.html| author=The Canadian Press| title=Canada remembers: Governor General rededicates National War Memorial| date=11 November 2014| newspaper=Toronto Star| access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>).

English and French languages were used throughout the ceremony because Ottawa is officially bilingual, and the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area is a mix of anglophones and francophones.

The Ottawa Children's Choir serves as the official choir of the ceremony while the [[Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces]] serves as the official band of the ceremony.

Before the start of the event, four sentries and three sentinels (two flag sentinels and one nursing sister) are posted at the foot of the cenotaph. The commemoration then typically begins with the tolling of the [[carillon]] in the [[Peace Tower]], during which current members of the Armed Forces arrive at [[Confederation Square]], followed by the Ottawa [[diplomatic corps]], [[ministers of the Crown]], special guests, the RCL, the royal party (if present), and the viceregal party. The arrival of the governor general is announced by a trumpeter sounding the "Alert", whereupon the viceroy is met by the dominion president of the RCL and escorted to a dais to receive the "[[Vice Regal Salute]]", after which the [[national anthem]], "[[O Canada]]", is played and sung in English and French.

[[File:Remembrance Day Trumpeter Ottawa 2010.jpg|thumb|The moment of silence in Canada is preceded by the bugling of "[[Last Post]]" immediately before 11 am]]

The moment of remembrance begins with the bugling of "Last Post", immediately before 11:00 am, when the [[21-gun salute#Canada|21-gun salute]] fires and the bells of the Peace Tower toll the hour. Two minutes pass between the first and second volleys of the gun salute to maintain silence for that period, as instituted across the Commonwealth by King George V.<ref>{{citation| url=http://crht.ca/royal-birthday-salute/| last=Toporoski| first=Richard| title=Royal Birthday Salute| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=18 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515074921/http://crht.ca/royal-birthday-salute/|archive-date=15 May 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref> The cessation of the two minutes of silence is cued by the playing of a [[lament]], the bugling of "The Rouse", and the reading of the ''[[Act of Remembrance]]''. A [[flypast]] of [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] craft then occurs, upon the completion of which a choir sings "[[In Flanders Fields]]".<ref name=can>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/remembranceday/we-remember-canadians-mark-remembrance-day-at-ottawa-ceremony-1.2652974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111163519/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/remembranceday/we-remember-canadians-mark-remembrance-day-at-ottawa-ceremony-1.2652974 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2015 |title='We remember': Canadians mark Remembrance Day at Ottawa ceremony |publisher=CTV News |date=11 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2020 }}</ref>
[[File:Remembrance Day 2017 in Ottawa Canada 47.jpg|thumb|Remembrance poppies atop the [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]]]

The various parties then lay their wreaths at the base of the memorial. By tradition, the Governor General always lays the first wreath followed by the Silver Cross mother (a recent recipient of the [[Memorial Cross]]) on behalf of all mothers whose children died in conflicts in which Canada participated. The viceregal and royal group return to the dais to receive the playing of the Canadian royal anthem, "[[God Save the King]]", sung in French and English, prior to the assembled armed forces personnel and veterans performing a [[march past]] in front of the viceroy and any royal guest, bringing about the end of the official ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.legion.ca/asp/docs/feature/RemDay_e.asp| title=National Remembrance Day Ceremony 2007| publisher=Royal Canadian Legion| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525114057/http://www.legion.ca/asp/docs/feature/RemDay_e.asp| archive-date=25 May 2008|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> A tradition of paying a more personal tribute has emerged since the [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] was installed at the [[Canadian National War Memorial]] in 2000: after the official ceremony, the general public place their poppies atop the tomb.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/known-unto-god-the-story-of-canadas-unknown-soldier |title=Known unto God: How Canadians embraced their Unknown Soldier |publisher=Ottawa Citizen |date=10 November 2018 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

Similar ceremonies take place in provincial capitals across the country, officiated by the relevant [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]], as well as in other cities, towns, and even hotels or corporate headquarters. Schools will usually hold special assemblies for the first half of the day or on the school day prior, with various presentations concerning the remembrance of the war dead. The ceremony participants include veterans, current members of the Canadian forces, and sea, army, and air cadet units.<ref name=can/>

===India===
[[File:The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal N.A.K. Browne leads ‘Remembrance Day’ tribute, in Delhi on November 13, 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], Air Chief Marshal [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne|N. A. K. Browne]] leads a Remembrance Day tribute in [[New Delhi]], 13 November 2011.]]
In India, the day is usually marked by tributes and ceremonies in army cantonments. There are memorial services in some churches such as St. Mark's Cathedral and St. John's Church in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-remembrance-day-commemorated-in-bangalore-1763661 |title=Remembrance day commemorated in Bangalore | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=12 November 2012 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> At [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] in the remote hillsides of [[Northeast India]], services of remembrance supported by the [[Indian Army]] are observed at [[Kohima War Cemetery|Kohima]] and [[Imphal War Cemetery|Imphal War Cemeteries]] (maintained by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]). The day is also marked at the [[Delhi War Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Centenary Digital |url=http://www.centenarynews.com/article/?id=1227 |title=Delhi War Cemetery marks Remembrance Day 2013 |publisher=Centenarynews.com |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032049/http://www.centenarynews.com/article/?id=1227 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, [[Prince Charles]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], marked the day in [[Mumbai]]'s St. John the Evangelist Church.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Dean|title=Prince of Wales commemorates Remembrance Sunday in India|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10438991/Prince-of-Wales-commemorates-Remembrance-Sunday-in-India.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10438991/Prince-of-Wales-commemorates-Remembrance-Sunday-in-India.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Kenya===
In Kenya, the Kenya Armed Forces Old Comrades Association (KAFOCA) was established in Kenya immediately in 1945 to cater for the welfare of the ex-servicemen of the First and Second World Wars. The KAFOCA and [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan Government]] recognise Remembrance Day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/kenya/article/2001302344/kenya-joins-in-commemorating-world-war-veterans |title=Kenya joins in commemorating Remembrance Day of World War veterans |publisher=Standard Media |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
[[File:Shane Reti lays wreath 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Shane Reti]] lays a wreath at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Warrior (New Zealand)|New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] on behalf of the [[Official Opposition (New Zealand)|Official Opposition]] to commemorate Armistice Day, 2021]]
Armistice Day was observed in New Zealand between the World Wars, although it was always secondary to Anzac Day. As in other countries, New Zealand's Armistice Day was converted to Remembrance Day after World War II. However, by the mid-1950s, the day was virtually ignored, even by churches and veterans' organisations.<ref>Helen Robinson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150127094606/http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/2010/NZJH_44_1_05.pdf 'Lest we Forget? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations, 1946–1966'], ''New Zealand Journal of History'', 44, 1 (2010) p. 76-91 .</ref>

As a result, New Zealand's national day of remembrance is Anzac Day, 25 April.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage |title=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage: Anzac Day |publisher=Mch.govt.nz |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305030644/https://mch.govt.nz/nz-identity-heritage |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poppy Day" usually occurs on the Friday before Anzac Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/poppy_intro.html |title=NZ Returned Services Association: Poppy Day |publisher=Rsa.org.nz |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019191349/http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/poppy_intro.html |archive-date=19 October 2011 }}</ref> The reason for New Zealand having their remembrance on Anzac Day happened in 1921. The paper Poppies for Armistice that year arrived by ship too late for 11 November 1921, so an RSA branch distributed them at the next commemoration date (25 April 1922, which happened to be Anzac Day) and that date stuck as the new Poppy Day in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/new-zealands-first-poppy-day-held |title=New Zealand's first poppy day |publisher=Government of New Zealand |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Saint Lucia===
[[File:Governor-General's Remembrance Day Address 2018.jpg|thumb|Saint Lucian Governor General [[Neville Cenac]] during his Remembrance Day address, 2018]]
Like Barbados, [[Saint Lucia]] does not recognise Remembrance Day as a public holiday. Instead, ceremonial events such as parades and other activities are held on Remembrance Sunday. The parade is held at the central square, namely the [[Derek Walcott Square]], where the Cenotaph is located. There, members of the [[Law enforcement in Saint Lucia|Royal St Lucia Police Force]] and other uniformed groups such as the St Lucia Cadet Corps pay tribute through commemoration of St. Lucian men and women who fought in the war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/st-lucia-observes-rememberance-day/ |title=St. Lucia observes Remembrance Day |publisher=St. Lucia News Online |date=10 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110202922/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/st-lucia-observes-rememberance-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===South Africa===
In South Africa, Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. Commemoration ceremonies are usually held on the nearest Sunday, at which the "Last Post" is played by a bugler followed by the observation of a two-minute silence. Ceremonies to mark the event in South Africa are held at the [[The Cenotaph, Cape Town|Cenotaph]] in [[Cape Town]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cenotaph war memorial restored in time for Remembrance Day |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CenotaphwarmemorialrestoredRemembranceDay.aspx |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=[[City of Cape Town]] |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040342/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CenotaphwarmemorialrestoredRemembranceDay.aspx |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in [[Pretoria]] at the [[Voortrekker Monument]] cenotaph and the War Memorial at the [[Union Buildings]]. Many high schools hold Remembrance Day services to honour the past pupils who died in the two World Wars and the [[South African Border War|Border War]]. In addition, the [[South African Legion of Military Veterans]] holds a street collection on the nearest Saturday to gather funds to assist in welfare work among military veterans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salegion.co.za/about-the-sa-legion.html |title=About the South African Legion |publisher=SA Legion |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Remembrance Day 2020 (50589809201).jpg|thumb|A two-minute silence held by First Minister of Scotland, [[Nicola Sturgeon]], and members of the British Armed Forces on Remembrance Day]]
[[File:Remembrance Sunday in Whitehall 2024-11-10-10-57-C.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Keir Starmer]] and Opposition Leader [[Kemi Badenoch]] were seen together at the Remembrance Day event on November 10, 2024.]]
Wreath-laying ceremonies, usually organised by local branches of the [[Royal British Legion]], are observed on Remembrance Day at most war memorials across the UK at 11 am on 11 November, with two minutes of silence observed; a custom which had lapsed before a campaign for its revival began in the early 1990s.<ref name="Hall">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm|title=UK War dead remembered |last=Hall|first=Robert|date=11 November 1999|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> The silence is also broadcast as a special programme on BBC with a voice over usually saying "This is BBC One. Now on the 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month. The traditional two-minute silence for Armistice Day." The programme starts with a close up of the Big Ben clock chiming 11 and then the programme shows different parts of the world observing the silence. The programme ends with a bugler sounding "[[The Rouse]]" and then normal programming is resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07ksvfg|title= Two Minutes Silence – Remembrance Day|website=BBC One|language=en-GB|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>

Many employers and businesses invite their staff and customers to observe the two minutes' silence at 11:00 am.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | publisher=BBC | title=War dead remembered | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/515640.stm |date=11 November 1999 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> The beginning and end of the two minutes' silence is often marked in large towns and cities by the firing of field artillery gun, often provided by the local [[Royal Artillery]] battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_20713_remembrance_arrangements.htm|title=The Royal Borough remembers – Remembrance Day and Armistice Day arrangements|last=Anon|publisher=The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207012511/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/web/news_20713_remembrance_arrangements.htm|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
[[File:HMS Forward officers marching in Birmingham, 2010.jpg|thumb|Officers of the Royal Navy on parade on Remembrance Day, 2010]]
The first two-minute silence held in London (11 November 1919) was reported in ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' on 12 November 1919:

<blockquote>The first stroke of eleven produced a magical effect.

The tram cars glided into stillness, motors ceased to cough and fume, and stopped dead, and the mighty-limbed dray horses hunched back upon their loads and stopped also, seeming to do it of their own volition.

Someone took off his hat, and with a nervous hesitancy the rest of the men bowed their heads also. Here and there an old soldier could be detected slipping unconsciously into the posture of 'attention'. An elderly woman, not far away, wiped her eyes, and the man beside her looked white and stern. Everyone stood very still ... The hush deepened. It had spread over the whole city and become so pronounced as to impress one with a sense of audibility. It was a silence which was almost pain ... And the spirit of memory brooded over it all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/CUSTOMS/Remembrance.html|title=Remembrance Day in Britain|last=Barrow|first=Mandy|publisher=[[Woodlands Junior School]]|access-date=11 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110170814/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/Remembrance.html|archive-date=10 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref></blockquote>

====Remembrance Sunday====
{{main|Remembrance Sunday}}
[[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|Wreath laying ceremony during the [[National Service of Remembrance]], 2010]]
In the United Kingdom, the main observance is [[Remembrance Sunday]], held on the Sunday nearest to 11 November. There is a [[National Service of Remembrance]] in London, as well as other services and ceremonies in the regions. Typically, poppy wreaths are laid by representatives of the Crown, the armed forces, and local civic leaders, as well as by local organisations including ex-servicemen organisations, [[Cadets|cadet forces]], the [[The Scout Association|Scouts]], [[Girlguiding UK|Guides]], [[Boys' Brigade]], [[St John Ambulance]] and the [[Salvation Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds turn out for Remembrance Day parade in Rugby |newspaper=[[The Rugby Advertiser]] |date=12 November 2012 |url=http://www.rugbyadvertiser.co.uk/news/hundreds-turn-out-for-remembrance-day-parade-in-rugby-1-4468602 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205556/http://www.rugbyadvertiser.co.uk/news/hundreds-turn-out-for-remembrance-day-parade-in-rugby-1-4468602 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{cite news |title=Remembrance Sunday: Services honour war dead |date=13 November 2016 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37965546 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> A minute's or two minutes' silence is also frequently incorporated into church services.<ref name="Telegraph2017">{{cite news |date=11 November 2017 |title=Armistice Day, poppies and why the act of remembrance matters |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/what-is-armistice-day-why-do-we-wear-poppies-and-when-is-remembr/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/what-is-armistice-day-why-do-we-wear-poppies-and-when-is-remembr/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

British diplomatic missions also organise services on Remembrance Sunday. Services organised by British missions in Israel include one at the [[Jerusalem British War Cemetery]], organised by the British Consul in Jerusalem; and another at [[Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery]], organised by the British embassy in [[Tel Aviv]]. The Ramleh ceremony is the larger and is also attended by veterans of the Second World War.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4931260 |title=Jewish veterans gather to mark Remembrance Sunday at Ramleh War Cemetery |publisher=Haaretz |date=11 November 2006 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

====Commemorative coins and exhibitions====
In 2014, the [[Royal Mint]] issued a colour-printed [[Alderney]] [[Five pounds (British coin)|£5 coin]], designed by engraver Laura Clancy, to commemorate Remembrance Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/shop/The_Remembrance_Day_2014_Alderney_5_pound_Brilliant_Uncirculated_Coin|title=The Remembrance Day 2014 Alderney £5 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin|author=Darrell|work=The Royal Mint|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402041927/http://www.royalmint.com/shop/The_Remembrance_Day_2014_Alderney_5_pound_Brilliant_Uncirculated_Coin|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Also in 2014, to commemorate the outbreak of World War I a huge display called [[Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red]], consisting of 888,246 ceramic poppies was installed in the moat of the [[Tower of London]], each poppy representing a British Empire fatality.<ref>{{cite news |title=WW1 centenary poppies 'planted' in Tower of London moat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-28294770 |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=BBC News |date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

On 5 November 2018 and set to continue for 4 months, about 10,000 torches were lit at the foot of the Tower's walls, in its dry [[moat]] to mark the [[centenary]] of the end of the World War I.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/05/tower-of-london-lights-up-in-stunning-armistice-memorial|title=Tower of London lights up in stunning Armistice memorial|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=5 November 2018|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
[[File:Remembrance Day Parade, Omagh - geograph.org.uk - 609465.jpg|thumb|A Remembrance Day parade taking place in [[Omagh]], 2007]]
Remembrance Day is officially observed in [[Northern Ireland]] in the same way as in the rest of United Kingdom, although it tends to be associated more with the [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] community. Most [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalists]] and [[Irish republicanism|republicans]] do not take part in the public commemoration of British soldiers organised by the Royal British Legion. This is mainly due to the [[Operation Banner#Controversies|actions of the British Army]] during [[The Troubles]]. However, some moderate nationalists began to attend Remembrance Day events as a way to connect with the unionist community. In 1987 a [[Remembrance Day bombing|bomb was detonated]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) just before a Remembrance Sunday ceremony in [[Enniskillen]], killing eleven people. The bombing was widely condemned and attendance at Remembrance events, by both nationalists and unionists, rose in the following years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Helen |title=Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles |journal=Twentieth Century British History |date=1 December 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=80–101 |doi=10.1093/tcbh/hwp047}}</ref> The [[Republic of Ireland]] has a [[National Day of Commemoration]] in July for all [[Irish people]] who have died in war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/commemoration/leonard/leonard97.htm |title=Memorials to the Casualties of Conflict: Northern Ireland 1969 to 1997 |last=Leonard |first=Jane |year=1997 |publisher=University of Ulster |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024208/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/commemoration/leonard/leonard97.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Related observances elsewhere==
Alongside Commonwealth countries, several other countries also commemorate their war dead on 11 November, the anniversary of the [[Armistice of Compiègne]]. Several other countries observe the anniversary of other notable events in World War I to commemorate the war dead from that conflict, such as the date of the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]], which went into effect on 4 November.

===Belgium and France===
[[File:Bleuet de France circa 1950.jpg|thumb|''Bleuet de France'', circa 1950]]
Remembrance Day (11 November) is a national holiday in France and Belgium. It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front, which took effect at 11:00 am—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month." Armistice Day is one of the most important military commemorations in France, since it was a major French victory, and the French paid a heavy price in blood to achieve it. The First World War was considered in France as the "Great Patriotic War".<ref>Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, ''La Grande Guerre des Français 1914–1918'' (''The Great War of the French 1914–1918''), Perrin, 2002</ref> Almost all French villages feature memorials dedicated to those fallen during the conflict.<ref>''Les lieux de mémoire'' (''Places of Memory''), under the direction of Pierre Nora, Gallimard, Paris, 1997, 3 volumes</ref> In France the blue [[cornflower]] ''([[Bleuet de France]])'' is used symbolically rather than the poppy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/Archive/Bleuet-is-France-s-remembrance-flower |title=Cornflower is France's remembrance flower |publisher=The Connexion |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131525/https://www.connexionfrance.com/Archive/Bleuet-is-France-s-remembrance-flower |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Hong Kong===
{{Main|Remembrance Day (Hong Kong)}}
[[File:Remembrance Day in Hong Kong 1.JPG|thumb|The [[Hong Kong Police Force Pipe Band|Hong Kong Police Band]] at the memorial service by [[The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|the Cenotaph]] in [[Central, Hong Kong]]]]
Remembrance Day was formerly observed in [[British Hong Kong]], although it has not been a [[Public holidays in Hong Kong|public holiday]] since the [[handover of Hong Kong]] from the UK to China in July 1997.

However, members of the Hong Kong Ex-Servicemen's Association continue to organise a Remembrance Sunday multi-faith memorial service at [[The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|the Cenotaph]] in [[Central, Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkesa.com.hk/Events%20&%20Activities.php|title=REMEMBRANCE SUNDAY|publisher=The Hong Kong Ex-Servicemen's Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage Appraisal of the Cenotaph |url=http://www.aab.gov.hk/form/160meeting/AAB%2046%202011-12%20(Annex%20A).pdf |publisher=Antiquities Advisory Board |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113201149/http://www.aab.gov.hk/form/160meeting/AAB%2046%202011-12%20(Annex%20A).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service has been attended by various government officials and the representatives of religious groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Club Chairman participates in Remembrance Day ceremony |url=https://www.hkjc.com/english/corporate/racing_news_item.asp?in_file=/english/news/2012-11/news_2012111201511.html |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=The Hong Kong Jockey Club |date=12 November 2012}}</ref> The memorial service resembles the services performed in other Commonwealth countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harper honours Canadian war dead in Hong Kong on Remembrance Day |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/harper-honours-canadian-war-dead-in-hong-kong-on-remembrance-day/article5182285/ |access-date=20 November 2018 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> The service includes the sounding of "Last Post", two minutes of silence, the sounding of "Reveille", the laying of wreaths, and prayers, and ends with a recitation of the "Ode of Remembrance". The [[Hong Kong Police Band]] continues to perform their ceremonial duty at the service. Members of the [[Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps]] (including the [[Ceremonial Squadron]]), [[Hong Kong Adventure Corps]], [[Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps]] and scouting organisations are also in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coconuts.co/hongkong/news/remembrance-sunday-service-held-near-cenotaph-commemorate-war-dead/ |title=Remembrance Sunday service held near Cenotaph |publisher=Coconuts |date=9 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Italy===
[[File:Giornata dell'Unità Nazionale e delle Forze Armate 2022 (9).jpg|thumb|Italian president [[Sergio Mattarella]] at a [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] ceremony. The holiday takes place on 4 November, the anniversary of the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]] in 1918.]]
In Italy, the [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] is observed on 4 November to commemorate the country's victory in World War I, and the completion of the [[unification of Italy]]. The date is the anniversary of the Armistice of Villa Giusti, which effectively ended combat between the [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1918.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/4_novembre_2010/celebrazioni.html |title=4 novembre 2010 – Giorno dell'Unità Nazionale Giornata delle Forze Armate |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=16 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116022411/http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/4_novembre_2010/celebrazioni.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Since 1977, this day has not been a public holiday; now, many services are held on the first Sunday in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/cerimoniale/varie/legge_260.pdf |title=From the Italian government website |publisher=Governo.it |access-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095202/http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/cerimoniale/varie/legge_260.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }}</ref>

===Russia===
In Russia, the Russian Day of Remembrance of Victims of World War I is observed on 1 August to honour [[Imperial Russian Army]] soldiers from that conflict. The date is the anniversary of the German declaration of war on the [[Russian Empire]] in 1914, resulting in the [[Russian entry into World War I]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Day of Remembrance of Victims of World War I |url=https://tass.com/society/1071219 |access-date=10 November 2020 |agency=TASS |date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

===Serbia===
Serbia has observed Armistice Day on 11 November since 2012. The statutory holiday was created to commemorate the victims of World War I. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear [[Ramonda nathaliae|Natalie's ramonda]] as a symbol of remembrance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=09&nav_id=83083|title=Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday|date=9 November 2012|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:211111-D-XI929-1056 (51673615024).jpg|thumb|A [[Veterans Day]] service at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)|American Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]], 2021]]
[[Veterans Day]] is observed in the United States on 11 November and is both a federal holiday and a state holiday in all states. In the United States, and some other allied nations, 11 November was formerly known as Armistice Day; in the United States it was given its new name in 1954 at the end of the Korean War to honour all veterans. Veterans Day is observed with memorial ceremonies, salutes at military cemeteries, and parades.<ref name=vet /> However, the function of the observance elsewhere is more closely matched by [[Memorial Day]], another commemorative holiday held in May.

==Similar holidays commemorating veterans==
===Croatia===
{{Main|Remembrance Day (Croatia)}}
In Croatia, Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the Homeland War and Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Vukovar and Škabrnja is a national public holiday and a non-working day in memory of all victims of the [[Croatian war of independence|Homeland War]] in Croatia. The holiday is celebrated on November 18, the day of the fall of the city of Vukovar in the 1991 Homeland War,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tens of thousands flock to Vukovar for Remembrance Day|url=http://www.sabor.hr/en/press/news/tens-thousands-flock-vukovar-remembrance-day|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Croatian Parliament|date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> when the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitaries committed the two most massive crimes in Croatia during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] in two Croatian towns, [[Vukovar]] and [[Škabrnja]]. These events are known as [[Vukovar massacre]] and [[Škabrnja massacre]]. In memory of these events, the Croatian Parliament in 2019 adopted a new law which introduced a new holiday, a day of remembrance for all victims of the Croatian War of Independence.

=== Denmark ===
In 2009 the Danish government established Veterans' Day with early events on 5 September where past and present members of the armed forces, who have done service in armed conflict, are remembered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arbejderen.dk/indland/anerkendelse-er-mere-end-en-flagdag |title=Anerkendelse er mere end en flagdag | Arbejderen |language=da |publisher=Arbejderen.dk |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417123926/http://arbejderen.dk/indland/anerkendelse-er-mere-end-en-flagdag |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Germany===
The German national day of mourning is the secular public holiday of [[Volkstrauertag]],<ref name="bbc_schroeder">{{cite news |work=BBC News |date=4 November 1998 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/206760.stm |title=Germany declines armistice day invite |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> which since 1952 has been observed two Sundays before the first Sunday of [[Advent]];<ref name="regenburg_speech">{{cite web |url=http://www.regensburg.de/rathaus/aktuelles/ansprachen-und-reden/archiv-2008/ob-hans-schaidinger-2008/volkstrauertag/9910 |publisher=Website of the [[Regensburg]] Rathauser |title=Address by Mayor Hans Schaidinger for Volkstrauertag 2008 |date=16 November 2008 |access-date=11 November 2011}} Unter den Linden Memorial, Regensburg city park, 11.45], "Seit genau 56 Jahren begehen die Menschen in Deutschland nun schon, immer am vorletzten Sonntag des Kirchenjahres – zwei Sonntage vor dem 1. Advent – den Volkstrauertag."</ref> in practice this is the Sunday closest to 16 November. The anniversary of the Armistice itself is not observed in Germany.<ref name="nytimes_merkel">{{cite news |first1=Alan|last1=Cowell|first2=Steven|last2=Erlanger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/world/europe/12france.html |title=France and Germany Use the Remembrance of a War to Promote Reconciliation |newspaper=New York Times |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
[[File:National Day of Commemoration 2010 (4782310857).jpg|thumb|Irish President [[Mary McAleese]] with a wreath during the [[National Day of Commemoration]] ceremony. The national day occurs in July and commemorates all Irish people who died in conflicts.]]
The Republic of Ireland holds a National Day of Commemoration in July for Irish men and women who have died in war. The national day is typically held close to the anniversary date of when the truce for the [[Irish War of Independence]] went into effect in 1921.

Remembrance Sunday itself is marked by a ceremony in [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]], which the [[President of Ireland]] attends, although it is not a recognised holiday in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1650036.stm | work=BBC News | title=Northern Ireland honours war dead | date=11 November 2001 | access-date=10 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=9 November 2003 – 11:09:32 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/kfcwauqlaukf/ |title=President to attend Remembrance Day ceremony in Dublin |publisher=BreakingNews.ie |date=18 February 2008 |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614134911/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/kfcwauqlaukf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/1111/6news_av.html?2307800,null,230] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108071008/http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/1111/6news_av.html?2307800%2Cnull%2C230|date=8 January 2009}}</ref> It is estimated that some 200,000 Irish soldiers fought on the British side in the [[First World War]] with up to 35,000 killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/irelands-role-in-the-first-world-war|title=Ireland's Role in The First World War|work=Imperial War Museums|accessdate=2 Oct 2021}}</ref> Additionally, some 70,000 citizens of the then independent state of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] served in the British armed services during the Second World War and the Roll of Honour in [[Trinity College Dublin]] lists 3617 of those who died on active service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20350818.html|title=In service to their country : moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII| work=Irish Examiner|first=Geoffrey|last=Roberts|date=29 August 2015|accessdate=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/roll-of-honour-acknowledging-irelands-contribution-in-world-war-ii-presented-to-tcd-library/ |title=Roll of Honour Acknowledging Ireland's Contribution in World War II Presented to TCD Library |author= |date=16 June 2009 |website=Trinity College Dublin News and Events |publisher=Trinity College Dublin |access-date= 4 Aug 2021|quote=The list details the 3,617 people from the Republic of Ireland and the 3,890 from Northern Ireland who died on active service during the Second World War.}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
{{main|Remembrance of the Dead}}
[[File:Amsterdam, dodenherdenking 4 mei 2019 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Remembrance of the Dead]] ceremony in [[Amsterdam]]. The date of remembrance takes place in May.]]
In the Netherlands, [[Remembrance of the Dead]] is commemorated annually on 4 May. It is not a public holiday. Throughout the country, military personnel and civilians fallen in various conflicts since World War II are remembered. The main ceremonies are at the [[Waalsdorpervlakte]] near [[The Hague]], the [[Grebbeberg]] near [[Wageningen]] and [[Dam Square]] in Amsterdam. Two minutes of silence are observed at 8:00 pm. Remembrance Day is followed by [[Liberation Day (The Netherlands)|Liberation Day]] on 5 May.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Committee for 4 and 5 May |url=https://www.4en5mei.nl/english |website=www.4en5mei.nl |access-date=10 November 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>

===Norway===
{{main|Veterans Day (Norway)}}
In Norway the [[Norwegian Armed Forces]] commemorate Veteran's Day. The Norwegian Parliament, the [[Storting]], decreed that Veteran's Day would be observed on the same day as [[Victory in Europe Day]], in Norway known as "Frigjøringsdagen", or Liberation Day. The ceremonies are held annually in [[Akershus Fortress]], with the [[King of Norway]], [[Harald V]], present. The first of such ceremonies was held on 8 May 2011, with two [[Forsvarets Spesialkommando|Norwegian Special Forces Operators]] being awarded the [[War Cross (Norway)|War Cross]] for deployments in the recent [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. The ceremonies are observed with memorials and military salutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/nationaalcomite4en5mei/docs/after_the_war_-_total |title=After the War |date=13 January 2015 |page=29 |publisher=Issuu |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

===Poland===
{{main|Polish Independence Day}}
Polish Independence Day is celebrated on 11 November, and is a public holiday. Although the holiday occurs on the same day as Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth, the holiday is intended to celebrate the independence of Poland and the regaining of freedom and unity for the Polish people after 123 years of [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning]].

However, some commemorations for war dead do occur on Polish Independence Day, as the independence of Poland was caused by the end of the First World War. Major events include laying flowers on the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Warsaw)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] by members of the government and highest authorities, other public ceremonies and church services and school commemorations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTYpswEACAAJ&q=editions:sVVNaqWT21cC|title=Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland|last=Davies|first=Norman|date=1984|publisher=Clarendon Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niedziela.pl/artykul/46862|title=W całym kraju obchody 101. rocznicy odzyskania niepodległości|website=niedziela.pl|language=pl|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

===Romania===
[[File:Bucharest – The Veterans’ Day.jpg|thumb|Romanian Veterans' Day on 11 November 2019]]
Since 2007, the War Veterans Day is commemorated on 29 April in Romania. The date was chosen as 29 April 1902 was the date when [[Carol I of Romania|King Carol I]] established the title of "war veteran" for soldiers that fought in the [[Romanian War of Independence|War of Independence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/04/29/29-aprilie-ziua-veteranilor-de-razboi--908935|title=29 aprilie - Ziua veteranilor de război|language=ro|work=[[Agerpres]]|date=2022-04-29|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527050522/https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/04/29/29-aprilie-ziua-veteranilor-de-razboi--908935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2014, Romania also commemorates Veterans' Day on 11 November, known as the Combat Theatre Veterans Day, marking both the armistice of [[Compiègne]] and the end of World War I, as well as the day when the first Romanian soldier was killed during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]] – 11 November 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.ro/11-noiembrie-ziua-veteranilor-din-teatrele-de-operatii|title=11 noiembrie - Ziua Veteranilor din Teatrele de Operații|language=ro|work=defense.ro|date=2023-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/documentare/2023/11/11/11-noiembrie-ziua-veteranilor--1201195|title=11 noiembrie - Ziua Veteranilor|language=ro|work=Agerpres|date=2023-11-11}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since 2015, the [[Paeonia peregrina|Romanian peony]] is worn on both occasions similarly to the remembrance poppy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rri.ro/en_gb/the_romanian_peony-2662607|title=The Romanian peony|work=[[Radio Romania International]]|author=Ana-Maria Cononovici|date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110849/https://www.rri.ro/en_gb/the_romanian_peony-2662607|archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
The "Turn to [[Busan]]" remembrance ceremony has occurred at the [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]] on 11 November annually since 2007. The ceremony commemorates veterans and war dead from 22 countries that fought under the [[United Nations Command]] during the [[Korean War]]. The ceremony was conceived by Vincent Courtenay, a Canadian veteran of the conflict. At [[Seoul Anglican Cathedral]] and Busan Anglican Cathedtal, the [[Eucharist]] to honour Korean War Veterans are held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211110000158|title=S. Korea to honor fallen UN Korean War veterans in 'Turn toward Busan' event|date=10 November 2021|author=Yonhap|website=www.koreaherald.com|publisher=Herald Corporation|access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/11/281_339670.html|title='Turn Toward Busan' remembers Korean War veterans|website=[[The Korea Times]]|publisher=The Korea Times|access-date=18 November 2022|date=11 November 2022|last=Dong-hwan|first=Ko}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{main article|Remembrance Day (Sri Lanka)}}
Remembrance Day in Sri Lanka, also known as the National War heroes commemoration day, marks the capitulation of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) and the end to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] on 18 May 2009. The day is a war heroes commemoration day as well as a remembrance day for civilians who died in the war from both sides. The celebrations are marked by speeches and a moment of silence. From its inception, under [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], in 2010 the day was known as Victory Day and originally included a military parade, but in 2015 the day was renamed Remembrance Day by President [[Maithripala Sirisena]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka shift on civil war anniversary|work=BBC News|date=19 May 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32805544|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=May 19th – No more Victory Day, Only 'Remembrance Day'|url=http://asiantribune.com/node/86989|publisher=Asian Tribune|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717165824/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/86989|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jayasekera|first1=Sandun|title=May 19 is Remembrance Day: Rajitha|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/72667/may-19-is-remembrance-day-rajitha|publisher=dailymirror.lk|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

==Similarly named holidays==
===Marshall Islands===
{{main article|Remembrance Day (Marshall Islands)}}
In the Marshall Islands, Nuclear Victims' Day and Nuclear Survivors' Day occurs on March 1 and is a national holiday. The day honours the victims and survivors of nuclear testing done in the area in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Losinio |first1=Louella |title=RMI marks Nuclear Victims Remembrance Day |url=https://www.pncguam.com/rmi-marks-nuclear-victims-remembrance-day/ |access-date=February 7, 2021 |work=PNC News First |date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627221117/https://www.pncguam.com/rmi-marks-nuclear-victims-remembrance-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Holidays|British Empire|United Kingdom|Canada|Military of Australia}}
* {{annotated link|American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants}}
* {{annotated link|Armed Forces Day}}
* {{annotated link|Armistice Day}}
* {{annotated link|Haig Fund|Earl Haig Fund}}
* {{annotated link|For the Fallen|''For the Fallen'' (poem)}}
* {{annotated link|Heroes' Day}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance Day bombing}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance of the Dead|Remembrance of the Dead (The Netherlands)}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance Poppy}}
* {{annotated link|Remembrance Sunday}}
* {{annotated link|Returned and Services League of Australia}}
* {{annotated link|Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association}}
* {{annotated link|The Soldier (poem)|''The Soldier'' (poem)}}
* {{annotated link|The Unknown Warrior}}
* {{annotated link|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier}}
* {{annotated link|Two-minute silence}}
* {{annotated link|Veterans' Bill of Rights}}
* {{annotated link|Victory Day}}
* {{annotated link|Victory Day (Eastern Front)}}
* {{annotated link|Volkstrauertag|''Volkstrauertag''}}
* {{annotated link|White poppy (symbol)}}
* [[Mission Marigold|Marigold (symbol)]] – Flower used to commemorate Indian military personnel who have died during war

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General references ==
* [https://www.rsa.org.nz/ Royal New Zealand Returned and Services Association]
* [https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs-and-ceremony/poppies Commemoration – Red poppies] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205054348/http://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs/poppies.htm Archived]
* [https://www.legion.ca/ Royal Canadian Legion]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051107221649/http://www.rsl.org.au/ Returned & Services League of Australia]
* [https://www.salegion.co.za/about-the-sa-legion.html South African Legion]
* [https://archive.today/20130115133418/http://www.mint.ca/store/campaign/poppy_tab1.jsp Canadian Poppy Coin]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Remembrance Day}}
* [http://www.sikhmuseum.com/remember/ Annual Sikh Remembrance Day Service]
* [http://www.remember-poppy-day.com/ Remembrance Day Single] Remember Poppy Day by Olly Wedgwood
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425115635/http://remembrancedayforall.ca/ Remembrance Day For All – Towards discussion that includes everyone in our Remembrance of Canada's wars.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161106135153/http://poppy.org.uk/ The Poppy Appeal] (Royal British Legion)
* [https://www.moth.org.za/ Memorable Order of Tin Hats (South Africa)]
* [http://readingandremembrance.ca/ Free On-line Remembrance Day and Remembrance Week Lessons for Canadian Educators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105043035/http://readingandremembrance.ca/ |date=5 November 2011 }} (Reading and Remembrance)
* Jonathan F. Vance: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/commemoration_and_cult_of_the_fallen_canada/ Commemoration and Cult of the Fallen (Canada)], in: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080030/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].

{{Canada Holidays}}
{{Hong Kong Holidays}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1919 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Armistice Day]]
[[Category:Holidays related to World War I]]
[[Category:November 1919]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Observances honoring victims of war]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Canada]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1919]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in Australia]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in Canada]]
[[Category:Veterans' affairs in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Veterans days]]

Ayyavu Swamikal

2025-12-15T00:19:35Z

HarrisonHinson2: rework structure and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian spiritualist and social reformer}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ayyavu Swamikal (Thykkadu Ayya)
| image =
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 1814
| birth_place = Nakalapuram, of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| father = Muthukumaran
| mother = Rugmini Ammal
| death_date = 20 July 1909 (aged 94-95)
| death_place = [[Trivandrum]]
| order =
| philosophy = Siva Raja Yoga
| disciples = Spiritual masters and reformers disciples like [[Chattampi Swami]], [[Narayana Guru]], Makkidi Labba, Peermuhammed, Pett Fernadaz, social reformers like [[Ayyankali]], men of Letters like Kerala Varma Valia Koil Tampuran, A R Rajaraja Varma, Painters like [[Raja Ravi Varma]], Musicians like Padmanabhan Vaidyan.
| honours =
| founder =
| literary_works = [[Raja Yoga]], [[Karma Yoga]], [[Bhakti Yoga]] and [[Jnana Yoga]]
| influenced =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thycaud Ayyavu Swamikal''' (1814 – 20 July 1909) was a spiritualist and social reformer. He was the first to challenge caste customs in Kerala during a time when caste restrictions and untouchability were at their peak.

==Biography==

Ayyavu Swamikal was born in 1814 in Nakalapuram, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Brahmasree">Brahmasree Thycaud Ayyavu Swami. Trivandrum, Ayyavu Mission, 1997</ref> His original name was Subharayan. His parents were Mutthukumaran and Rugmini Ammal. His father and grandfather, Sri Hrishikesan, were scholars and experts in yoga and spiritual sciences. (Ayyaavu means "Father.")

At the age of twelve, Subharayan received spiritual initiation from two Tamil saints, Sachidananda Maharaj and Sri Chitti Paradeshi, who used to visit his father. They informed his family that he had a special assignment in life: he was destined to serve humanity in another place, and when the time was right, they would come to take him and prepare him to fulfill his duty. These avadhutas were said to be connected to great siddhas from Tamil Nadu living in the [[Himalayas]] who knew the science of immortality.

When he was sixteen, the two siddhas took him with them to Palani, where he learned advanced yoga. He traveled with them to Burma, Singapore, Penang, and Africa, meeting teachers of various religions and saints along the way. During his travels, Subharayan mastered English and acquired proficiency in [[Siddha medicine]] and alchemy.

At the age of nineteen, he was sent back home with instructions to look after his parents and family. At home, he continued his worship of the Goddess and yogic practices, often entering a state of Samadhi. His biographers and disciples state that by this time, he had acquired the Ashtasiddhis, or divine powers, including the ability of astral travel. Occasionally, he visited Pazhani, Chennai, and other religious sites as part of pilgrimages and to participate in scholarly discussions.

He also began writing and composed ''Brahmothara Khandam'' and ''Pazhani Vaibhavam''. At the age of twenty-seven, following the advice of his gurus, he visited the Kodungalloor Devi Temple in Kerala. It is said that his devotion was so profound and his prayers so powerful that when he recited the keerthans, the temple bells rang by themselves, and the doors opened to give him darshan.

In a dream, the Goddess told him that she would appear before him in Trivandrum, so he traveled there during the reign of Swathi Tirunal Maharaja. The king learned of his scholarship and expertise in Sivaraja Yoga and invited him to the palace, from which he taught the king many things.<ref>Marthanda Varma, Sri Padmanabhadasa. Swathithirunalum Thycaud Ayyavu Swamium. In Thycaud Ayyavu Guru Mahasamadhi Sathavarshika Smaranika, 2010</ref>

One day, while a family gathering related to a marriage was taking place at the house where he was staying, a very old, lean woman told him that someone from his village would come to meet him and advised him to go to the nearby traveler’s shed that night. The Goddess gave him darshan at that traveler’s shed that evening. Later, the Thycaud Devi Temple was constructed at this site. Before long, he returned to Tamil Nadu.

Within a few months, his father left for Kasi, and the entire responsibility for the family fell on his shoulders. He started a business to support them and, following his guru's advice, Subbarayan got married. He delivered spiritual discourses in Chennai and, as part of his business, supplied goods to a military camp in Chennai. There, he came into contact with a British official, Mr. McGregor. McGregor, who was interested in Indian religion, language, and culture, became fond of the English-speaking Tamil villager and established a friendship with him, eventually becoming his student.

During the reign of Maharaja Ayillyam Thirunal, McGregor was appointed as the Resident of Travancore. When the position of Manager for the Residency was available, he appointed Subbarayan as the Manager of the Residency in Thycaud in 1873. This post was one of the highest-ranking positions that the British allowed natives to hold, and people respectfully called him "Superintend Ayyavu." The term "Ayyavu" means a respectable or venerable person. As people came to recognize his yogic powers and scholarship, the name evolved from Superintend Ayyavu to Ayyavu Swami. Swami maintained strict discipline and was extremely punctual in his work.

Ayyavu used to deliver lectures on Bhakthi, Yoga and Vedanta in Jnanaprjagaram; where the leading literary, social and spiritual personalities in and around Trivandrum used assemble discuss and deliver lectures and discourses. He in association with [[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai]], founded the Saiva Prakasha Sabha of Trivandrum.

He already knew that he had to permanently withdraw from the material world and enter into Samadhi on that day. When the King learned about his impending Samadhi, he wanted to provide a place for it near the palace and construct a temple there. However, Ayyavu insisted that his Samadhi should be at the Thycaud cremation ground and that it should be a very simple and small structure. Ayyavu Swami attained Samadhi on 20 July 1909. In 1943, a Shivalinga was installed over the Samadhi site of Ayyavu Swami in Thycaud. The temple was later improved under the patronage of Sri Chithira Thirunal Maharaja, the last king of Travancore. It is now known as Thycaud Siva Temple.

==Works==

Ayyavu wrote several books on Bhakti, Jnana, and Yoga in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Malayalam. Some of these works were later published by his disciples. The works that are identified as his include:

*''Brahmotharakandom''
*''Pazhanidaivam''
*''Ramayanam Pattu''
*''Utjaini Mahakali Pancharatnam''
*''Thiruvarur Murukan''
*''Kumara Kovil Kuravan''
*''Ulloor Amarntha Guhan''
*''Ramayanam Sundarkandom''
*''Hanuman Paamalai''
*''Ente Kasiyathra''
*Pazhani vaibhavam

==Disciples==

Ayyavu Swamikal played a crucial role in shaping the personalities of many spiritual, cultural, and social leaders in erstwhile Travancore during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He demonstrated through his own life that the realization of the Supreme Self is achievable even for ordinary people by practicing Siva Raja Yoga. The significance of his teachings lies in the fact that realization is possible while leading a family life and fulfilling worldly duties.

Among his disciples were notable figures such as [[Chattampi Swami]]<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K-JRfipEdV0C|title= Raman Nair, R and Sulochana Devi, L. Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography. Trivandrum, CSIS, 2010. )|publisher= Centre for South Indian Studies, Trivandrum|access-date=14 January 2013|isbn= 9788190592826|year= 2010}}</ref> and [[Narayana Guru]],<ref>Sanu, M K. Narayana Guru: A biography. Trivandrum, Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1998.</ref> who contributed significantly to the modernization of Kerala. Ayyavu Swami had about fifty disciples from diverse fields and castes, ranging from palace residents to those living in huts, including Nambuthiries, Nairs, Ezhavas, Nadars, princesses, administrators, doctors, engineers, Muslims, Christians, and Hindus. The following are some of his important disciples:

*''Spiritual Masters and Reformers- Hindu: [[Chattampi Swami]], [[Narayana Guru]], Swayamprakasa Yogini Amma (Kulathoor), Kollathamma. Muslim: Makkadi Labba, Thakkala Peermuhammad. Christian: Petta Fernandez.<ref name="Brahmasree" />''
*''Social and Political Leaders: [[Ayyankali]].<ref name="Brahmasree"/>''
*''Kings, Administrators: Swathi Tirunal Maharaja, Mc Gregor (British Resident), Surya Narayana Iyer, Muthukumara Swami Pillai, Vailur Rayasam Madhavan Pillai and Periya Perumal Pillai, Sundaram Iyyenkar (Peshkars/administrators).<ref name="Brahmasree" />''
*''Artists and men of Letters: Raja Ravi Varma (Painter), Kerala Varma Koithampuran, and A.R. Rajaraja Varma (Literature),<ref name="Brahmasree" />''
*''Padmanbhan Vaidyan (Musician).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/csdarchive/csd/padma|title=Santhiprasad, Swami. Padmanabha Bhagavathar: A biography. |publisher=School of Santhi, Trivandrum |access-date=14 January 2013 }}</ref>''

==Predictions==

Ayyguru Swamikal was an accomplished astrologer and possessed the siddhi to predict future events. His predictions included that the younger Maharani's son would become the last Maharaja, North India would eventually separate, Ayyankali would be appointed to a participative administrative body to help the downtrodden, and the date of his own Samadhi. All these predictions came true.

Ayyankali was nominated to the Sri Moolam Assembly and honored by the rulers, and his statue was later unveiled by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. Maharaja Chithira Tirunal became the last King of Travancore, as predicted. Swami also attained Samadhi on the date he had forecasted. Additionally, India was divided into India and Pakistan about fifty years after his prediction.

==Philosophy==

Ayyavu Swamikal was an adept in 'Siva Raja Yoga,' an ancient technique practiced by Tamil Saiva Yogis such as Agasthyar, Bhogar, and their lineage. He was one of the great teachers of Siva Raja Yoga in modern times and belonged to the line of Tamil Siddhas, including Agasthyar, Bogar, [[Tirumular]], Tirujnana Sambhandhar, and Manikka Vachakar.<ref>Ravikumar, G. Sivarajayogam. In. Thaikkatt Ayyavu Guru Mahasamadhi Sathavarshika Smaranika. Trivandrum, Ayyavu Mission Trust, 2010.</ref> His disciples, including Chattampi Swami, Narayana Guru, Swayam Prakasini Amma, and others, continued this lineage.

He taught his disciples the principles of Advaita and emphasized the practice of one God, one religion, and one caste. He proclaimed, "Intha Ulakathile Ore Oru Matham, Ore Oru Jathy, Ore Oru Kadavul Than" (One caste, one religion, one God in this world). This teaching influenced Chattampi Swami and Narayana Guru. Guru translated this doctrine into Malayalam as "Oru jathy, oru matham, oru daivam manushyanu," which gained widespread appeal and helped to reduce caste differences in the minds of the people of Kerala.

The movements initiated by Ayyavu Swami and his disciples were grounded in Humanism, Rationalism, and Democracy based on universal love, rather than following the European models of Renaissance or Reformation.

== See also (Social reformers of Kerala) ==

* [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr. Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranasan]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Rao Sahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Vagbhatananda|Vaghbhatananda]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]

* [[Ayyankali]]
* [[Chattampi Swamikal]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Pandit Karuppan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamikal, Ayyavu}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Malayali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Prophets]]
[[Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]

Dhinakaran

2025-12-11T14:14:43Z

HarrisonHinson2: Starting new info

'''Dhinakaran''' or '''Dinakaran''' is a given name or surname, which may refer to:

* [[D. G. S. Dhinakaran]], Indian evangelical preacher
*[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], Indian politician
*[[Dinakaran]], Tamil newspaper
*[[Dinakaran attack]], the attack on the newspaper
*[[Vaishali Dinakaran]] (born 1987) an Indian writer
*[[P. D. Dinakaran]] (born 1950) Indian Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court
*[[Thinakaran]], daily Tamil newspaper in Sri Lanka

{{given name|type=both}}

[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]

Kakori railway station

2025-11-16T14:05:02Z

HarrisonHinson2: rework page for accuracy per sources

{{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2019}}
{{third-party|date=February 2019}}
{{Notability|1=Geographic|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Kakori railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| address = [[State Highway 25 (Uttar Pradesh)|State Highway 25]], [[Kakori]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|130|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|2016}}
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KKJ
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Active
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
}}
'''Kakori railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Lucknow district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Its code is '''KKJ'''. It serves [[Kakori]] village.

== History ==
On 9 August 1925, the station came into light of the world history when Indian revolutionary [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan]], [[Rajendra Lahiri]], [[Chandra Shekhar Azad|Chandrashekhar Azad]], [[Sachindra Bakshi]], [[Keshab Chakravarthy|Keshab Chakravarty]], [[Manmath Nath Gupta|Manmathnath Gupta]], Murari Lal Gupta (fake name of Murari Lal Khanna), [[Mukundi Lal]] (Mukundi Lal Gupta) and Banwari Lal snatched the government's treasury from a train. The incident is called as Kakori train robbery or the [[Kakori conspiracy]] case of British period.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Arunav |date=9 August 2011 |title=Tourist spot tag may uplift Kakori |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/lucknow/29868140_1_kakori-shaheed-smarak-memorial-ram-prasad-bismil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916130548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-09/lucknow/29868140_1_kakori-shaheed-smarak-memorial-ram-prasad-bismil |archive-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[Times News Network]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|2552}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2016]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Raminder Jassal

2025-10-29T07:19:04Z

HarrisonHinson2: slightly enhanced formatting based on references also and added references

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (died 2011)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

[[File:Raminder Jassal.jpg|thumb|285px|President Bush shakes hands with Ambassador Jassal after the signing of the [[United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act]], Dec. 18, 2006]]'''Raminder Singh Jassal''' was an Indian diplomat who served as India's Ambassador to Israel, the United States, and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaabroad-digital.com/indiaabroad/20110410?pg=60#pg60 |title=India Abroad - April 10, 2011 |publisher=Indiaabroad-digital.com |date=2011-04-10 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref> He also served as India's spokesman during the 1999 [[Kargil War]] between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Dikshit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1529783.ece |title=News / National : Ambassador to Turkey passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2011-03-12 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref>

==Early career==
Jassal joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1976 after graduating from [[Delhi University]]. His first assignment was at the [[Embassy of India in Moscow]] where he learned and became fluent in Russian. He was First Secretary at Warsaw between 1981 and 1984 serving for a period as [[Charge d’affaires]].

He served in various roles such as Deputy Secretary in the Americas Division in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] between 1985 and 1988, Political Counselor at the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]] and between 1991 and 1995 he served as Political Counselor at the Embassy of India in Moscow. In 1995 he served briefly as Director (West Africa, North Africa) in the Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi and later as Joint Secretary (Central Asia) during 1996–1997, and later Joint Secretary (Planning & Coordination) in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] where he served between 1997 and 1999.

==Spokesperson and ambassador==
He was then named to be the official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs where he served with distinction from 1999 to 2001. In that capacity he also handled media arrangements for all official foreign visits of the [[Prime Minister of India]] and all incoming state and official visits including those of [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]] to India in March 2000 and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Prime Minister Vajpayee]] to Washington D.C. in September, 2000.

He served as India's Ambassador to Israel from 2001 to 2004. During this period relations between India and Israel progressed.{{vague|date=December 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=2818289&ct=9283515&notoc=1 |title=recalls the remarkable contributions Ambassador Raminder Singh Jassal made to India's relations with Israel and the U.S. - AJC: Global Jewish Advocacy |publisher=AJC |date=2011-03-27 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref> As Deputy Chief of Mission and Charge d'affaires in Washington, D.C., Jassal was one of the lead negotiators of the civil nuclear deal between the United States<ref>{{cite web|author=bineareastpolicy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgaxT9KlRVM |title=Condoleezza Rice, Ambassador Raminder Jassal on US - India Nuclear Deal |publisher=YouTube |date=2011-07-17 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref> and India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Giacomo |first=Carol |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-india-usa-idUKN2040684720061221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202121515/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-nuclear-india-usa-idUKN2040684720061221 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2016 |title=Bush India statement raises Congress concerns |publisher=Uk.reuters.com |date=2006-12-21 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref> He took up his position as India's Ambassador in Ankara in 2008.

In 2009, he was diagnosed with a [[lymphoma]]. On 11 March 2011, while undergoing treatment in a Turkish hospital in Ankara, he died of complications from a round of [[chemotherapy]]. The Turkish government flew Jassal's remains in a military aircraft back to New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/turkey-flying-in-indian-envoys-body_100513038.html |title=Turkey flying in Indian envoy's body - Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=2011-03-12 |accessdate=2012-11-22}}</ref>

Ambassador Jassal was married to Professor Smita Tewari Jassal, a professor at [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sais-jhu.edu/academics/regional-studies/southasia/faculty/jassal.htm | title=South Asia Studies - Faculty - Smita Jassal |accessdate=25 August 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410072711/http://www.sais-jhu.edu/academics/regional-studies/southasia/faculty/jassal.htm |archivedate=10 April 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jassal, Raminder}}
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Israel]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Turkey]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]

Pooja Sharma (social worker)

2025-10-19T20:01:01Z

HarrisonHinson2: made new bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian social worker (born 1996)}}{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|7|7}}
| birth_place = [[Shahdara district]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 2022–present
| known_for = Cremating unclaimed bodies in Delhi
}}
'''Pooja Sharma''' (born 7 July 1996) is an Indian social worker who since 2022 has performed [[Funeral|funeral rites]] for unclaimed bodies in [[Delhi]], for which she was named one of the [[BBC]]'s [[100 Women (BBC)|100 Women]] of 2024.

== Biography ==
Sharma was born into a middle class [[Hindus|Hindu]] family in [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]], Delhi, [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-04 |title=Who Is Pooja Sharma, Indian On BBC's 100 Most Inspiring Women List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-100-women-2024-list-meet-pooja-sharma-who-has-performed-last-rites-for-over-4-000-people-7167905 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701152846/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-100-women-2024-list-meet-pooja-sharma-who-has-performed-last-rites-for-over-4-000-people-7167905 |archive-date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2024-02-13 |title=Last rites for Delhi’s forgotten: the woman who cremates strangers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/feb/13/delhi-india-unclaimed-bodies-last-rites-woman-cremations-for-strangers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329065902/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/feb/13/delhi-india-unclaimed-bodies-last-rites-woman-cremations-for-strangers |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> She obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] and then a [[master's degree]] in [[social work]], and worked as a [[HIV]] counsellor at a government hospital.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Ridhima |date=2024-02-05 |title=Delhi Woman Ensures Final Rites for Unclaimed Bodies - Pooja Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-woman-ensures-final-rites-for-unclaimed-bodies-pooja-sharma/articleshow/107394292.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212025800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-woman-ensures-final-rites-for-unclaimed-bodies-pooja-sharma/articleshow/107394292.cms |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-27 |title=Delhi Woman, 26, Has Performed Last Rites Of 4,000 Unclaimed Bodies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-woman-26-has-performed-last-rites-of-4-000-unclaimed-bodies-4941183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311000917/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-woman-26-has-performed-last-rites-of-4-000-unclaimed-bodies-4941183 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma performed her first funeral rites following the death of her brother Rameshwar, who was shot and murdered on 12 March 2022. Following his death, Sharma's father fell into a coma, and there were no other male family members to perform funeral rites, prompting Sharma to do it herself. Following this, Sharma decided to leave her job and to perform funerals for unclaimed bodies of her home city of Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-4f79d09b-655a-42f8-82b4-9b2ecebab611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811225656/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-4f79d09b-655a-42f8-82b4-9b2ecebab611 |archive-date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=BBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=2024-12-17 |title=Serving the forgotten: Delhi woman performs last rites for city’s abandoned dead |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2583404/world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225030710/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2583404/world |archive-date=2024-12-25 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

By 2024, Sharma had performed over 4000 funerals, primarily of migrant workers from other parts of India who have died in Delhi and whose next of kin are unknown.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> She collects unclaimed bodies from mortuaries and hospitals around Delhi and performs last rites for them including making a shroud and performing prayers. Sharma performs primarily Hindu funeral services but will do rites from other religions if the religion of the deceased person is known, including burying [[Muslims]] at Islamic cemeteries.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Akhtar |first=Shakeel |date=2024-12-16 |title=पूजा शर्मा : हजारो बेवारस मृतदेहांवर अंत्यसंस्कार, कोणत्या घटनेमुळे झाली सुरुवात? |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/articles/clyk2ggrj2yo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701144459/https://www.bbc.com/marathi/articles/clyk2ggrj2yo |archive-date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=BBC News Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> Sharma performs an average of eight funerals a day.<ref name=":4" /> Monthly, Sharma collects the ashes of cremated bodies and transport them to [[Haridwar]] to scatter them in the [[Ganges]] during [[Amavasya|Amasvasya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=Delhi’s Pooja Sharma Crowdfunds Farewells for Abandoned Souls Via True Hope Foundation |url=https://therajasthanreport.com/delhis-pooja-sharma-crowdfunds-farewells-for-abandoned-souls-via-true-hope-foundation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906211004/https://therajasthanreport.com/delhis-pooja-sharma-crowdfunds-farewells-for-abandoned-souls-via-true-hope-foundation/ |archive-date=2025-09-06 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Rajasthan Report |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma is not paid for performing funerals and estimated that it cost around 120, 000 [[Indian rupee|INR]] a month; she received financial support from her grandmother and her father in addition to using her savings and selling her jewellery. In 2023, Sharma established a non-governmental organisation, Bright the Soul Foundation, that in addition to performing funeral rites for unclaimed bodies provides support to marginalised communities including abandoned children, the elderly, and the destitute.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-04 |title=Aruna Roy, Vinesh Phogat, and Pooja Sharma among BBC's 100 most inspiring women of 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Dec/04/aruna-roy-vinesh-phogat-and-pooja-sharma-among-bbcs-100-most-inspiring-women-of-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205034723/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Dec/04/aruna-roy-vinesh-phogat-and-pooja-sharma-among-bbcs-100-most-inspiring-women-of-2024 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarice |first=Melita |date=2024-12-04 |title=Pooja Sharma: The Indian Changemaker on BBC’s 100 Women List |url=https://wepro.digital/article/bbcwomen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906203819/https://wepro.digital/article/bbcwomen |archive-date=2025-09-06 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=WePro Digital |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma has received resistance from priests and the community due to the taboo around women performing funeral rites; she reported being considered to be an [[aghori]] by some people, and her fiancé ended their engagement due to his family accusing Sharma of being a [[chandala]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Neeraj |date=2024-03-27 |title=खुद्दार कहानी- लावारिस शवों का अंतिम संस्कार करती हूं: शादी टूट गई, ससुराल वाले बोले- ये चांडाल है; इसके साथ आत्माएं चलती हैं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bhaskar-khaas/positive-story/news/delhi-pooja-sharma-struggle-story-unclaimed-bodies-antim-sanskar-132778479.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701145930/https://www.bhaskar.com/bhaskar-khaas/positive-story/news/delhi-pooja-sharma-struggle-story-unclaimed-bodies-antim-sanskar-132778479.html |archive-date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Sharma stated her interpretation of the [[Vedas]] did not prohibit women from performing funeral rites.<ref name=":6" />

Sharma has 350, 000 followers on [[Instagram]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2024, Sharma was named as one of the BBC's 100 Women for that year.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Pooja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

P. Thankappan Nair

2025-09-09T13:50:04Z

HarrisonHinson2: made some info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian historian (1933–2024)}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = P. Thankappan Nair
| birth_name = Parameswaren Thankappan Nair
| birth_place = [[Kalady]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British Raj|India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|4|30|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/recording-angel-of-the-city-p-t-nair-completes-50-years-in-calcutta/cid/1278023|title=Recording angel of the city - P.T. Nair completes 50 years in calcutta|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513095503/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/recording-angel-of-the-city-p-t-nair-completes-50-years-in-calcutta/cid/1278023|url-status=live}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|6|18|1933|4|30|df=y}}
| death_place =
| education = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Author, historian, researcher
| spouse = Sita Devi<ref>{{cite web |title=PT Nair, Kolkata’s famed chronicler |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/p-thankappan-nair-kolkatas-barefoot-historian-passes-away-at-91/articleshow/111097670.cms |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619125700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/p-thankappan-nair-kolkatas-barefoot-historian-passes-away-at-91/articleshow/111097670.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Parameswaran Thankappan Nair''' (30 April 1933 – 18 June 2024) was an Indian writer, independent researcher, historian and [[Malayali]] author based in [[Kolkata]], who wrote extensively on the [[history of Calcutta]] in the English language.<ref name= TNN>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/This-Calcuttas-storyteller-arrived-in-1995/articleshow/18312790.cms
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216101934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-03/kolkata/36720950_1_howrah-bridge-tram-calcutta
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 2013-02-16
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| title = This Calcutta's storyteller ... | access-date = 2013-02-03 }}</ref> Fondly referred to as the "Barefoot Historian",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-09 |title=The 'barefoot historian' of Calcutta from Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/in-a-land-far-from-home-parameswaran-thankappan-nair-5483563/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324111931/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/in-a-land-far-from-home-parameswaran-thankappan-nair-5483563/ |url-status=live }}</ref> he published 61 books, with the latest titled "Gandhiji in Kolkata".<ref name=PT_Nair>{{Cite web|url=http://micheleelliot.blogspot.com/2009/11/p-thankappan-nair.html|title=thinking and making : kolkata: P. Thankappan Nair|first=Michele|last=Elliot|date=16 November 2009|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124110137/https://micheleelliot.blogspot.com/2009/11/p-thankappan-nair.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= TT>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050922/asp/calcutta/story_5267150.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060511025400/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050922/asp/calcutta/story_5267150.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 May 2006
| title = Recording angel of the city - P.T. Nair completes 50 years in calcutta | access-date = 2013-02-04 | last = Das| first = Soumitra| work = The Telegraph | publisher = telegraphindia.com, 22 September 2005 | location=Calcutta, India | date=22 September 2005}}</ref>

==Personal life==
P. T. Nair was born at [[Manjapra]] near [[Kalady]], in the Changanattuveettil family. {{as of|2023|post=,}} he relocated to Chendamangalam, a small town in [[Ernakulam district]] of Kerala, following his family's concerns about him.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-25 |title=What makes Kolkata a great city in the words of its prolific chronicler |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/what-makes-kolkata-a-great-city-in-the-words-of-its-prolific-chronicler/story-LnLBYzrnY5VlU5stliRI2O.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618103539/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/what-makes-kolkata-a-great-city-in-the-words-of-its-prolific-chronicler/story-LnLBYzrnY5VlU5stliRI2O.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=জহর সরকার |title=খালি পায়ের ইতিহাসবিদ |url=https://epaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_77977_4423974_4_71_21-06-2024_4_i_1_sf.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621053006/https://epaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_77977_4423974_4_71_21-06-2024_4_i_1_sf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nair died on 18 June 2024, at the age of 91.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/noted-kolkata-chronicler-p-thankappan-nair-passes-away-at-91/ |title=Noted Kolkata chronicler P. Thankappan Nair passes away at 91 |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620055009/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/noted-kolkata-chronicler-p-thankappan-nair-passes-away-at-91/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career and research==
After passing his matriculation from [[Alwaye]], [[Kerala]], he arrived in [[Kolkata]] (the then Calcutta) in September 1955 in the [[Howrah–Chennai Mail|Madras Mail]].<ref name= TT/><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2018-11-26 |title=Adieu P Thankappan Nair! The Kolkata chronicler calls it a day |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kolkata-chronicler-p-thankappan-nair-leaves-for-home-state-kerala-1502711461.html |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619153806/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kolkata-chronicler-p-thankappan-nair-leaves-for-home-state-kerala-1502711461.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He earned a B.A and [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] at the [[University of Calcutta]], and had started out as a typist at a salary of Rs 125. As the subject of the city was largely unexplored, he chose to write on the city, and spent the next five decades researching and writing on it as a hobby.<ref name= TNN/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata’s barefoot historian P.T. Nair behind the lens |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/kolkata-s-barefoot-historian-p-t-nair-behind-the-lens |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Get Bengal |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619032038/https://www.getbengal.com/details/kolkata-s-barefoot-historian-p-t-nair-behind-the-lens |url-status=live }}</ref>

As an outsider, his work dealt extensively with perspectives overlooked by institutional, and nationalist historians in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=দত্তগুপ্ত |first=সুমি |date=2021-10-26 |title=৮২, সি কাঁসারী পাড়া রোড : পাদপ্রদীপের আলোয় এক কলকাতাপ্রেমিকের ঠিকানা |url=https://nagorik.net/society/kolkata-and-pt-nayar/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Nagorik.net |language=en-US |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135623/https://nagorik.net/society/kolkata-and-pt-nayar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In so doing he extensively examined British social life in Calcutta, the history of [[Calcutta High Court]], the city's taverns and hotels, and the city's south Indian diaspora.<ref name= TNN/>

Nair was the owner of large collection of rare books. It was told that the [[Oxford Library]] at the [[University of Oxford]] sent him a blank cheque for buying those books on behalf of the library. But he chose to donate it to the Calcutta Town Hall Society.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=নায়ারের ৭০০ বই কবে নেবে পুরসভা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/is-kmc-interested-in-keeping-p-t-nair-s-personal-book-collection-1.902438 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618125418/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/is-kmc-interested-in-keeping-p-t-nair-s-personal-book-collection-1.902438 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was honoured by Burdwan University{{when|date=May 2022}} with a D.Litt. degree.<ref name="bagchee.com">{{Cite web |title=Calcutta in the 19th Century: Company's Days, P. Thankappan Nair, Firma KLM Private Ltd. |url=https://www.bagchee.com/books/BB11547/calcutta-in-the-19th-century-companys-days |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.bagchee.com |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109053913/https://www.bagchee.com/books/BB11547/calcutta-in-the-19th-century-companys-days |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991 he announced the 300th anniversary of Calcutta city through his research.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Noted historian P. Thankappan Nair passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/p-thankappan-nair-passes-away-1.9649503 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053404/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/p-thankappan-nair-passes-away-1.9649503 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Often known as the ''barefoot historian of Calcutta'',<ref name= TT/> or popularly known as Nair Babu,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=When Nair babu called it a day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parameswaran-thankappan-nair-author-kolkata-history-5461248/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619032045/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parameswaran-thankappan-nair-author-kolkata-history-5461248/ |url-status=live }}</ref> he used his 1964 Remington typewriter and lived at 82C, Kansaripara Road, [[Bhowanipore]], [[South Kolkata]] prior to return to Kerala.<ref name= TNN/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding P.T. Nair among his old books in Kolkata - Civil Society Magazine |url=https://www-civilsocietyonline-com.translate.goog/books-authors/finding-p-t-nair-kolkatas-barefoot-historian/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=bn&_x_tr_hl=bn&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www-civilsocietyonline-com.translate.goog |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618140815/https://www-civilsocietyonline-com.translate.goog/books-authors/finding-p-t-nair-kolkatas-barefoot-historian/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=bn&_x_tr_hl=bn&_x_tr_pto=tc |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
* Honorary D.Litt. from the [[University of Burdwan]]<ref name="bagchee.com"/>
* Senior research professor at the [[Asiatic Society]].<ref name= TNN/>

==Selected books==
*''First Circulating and College Libraries of Calcutta'' (2012)
*''Kalakātā āche kalakātātei'' (in Bengali) (2009)
*''Origin of the Kolkata Police'' (2007)<ref name="Nair 1985">{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fw62AAAAIAAJ |title=Calcutta: Origin of the Name |date=1985 |publisher=Subarnarekha |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620054612/https://books.google.com/books?id=fw62AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''B.S. Kesavan: First National Librarian of India'' (2005)
*''South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ |title=South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta |date=2004 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-50-9 |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620054446/https://books.google.com/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''John Alexander Chapman: Selections from the Works of a Lover of India'' (2004)
*''Echoes from Belvedere: Home of National Library, Kolkata'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Echoes from Belvedere: Home of National Library, Kolkata |date=2004 |publisher=Associated Book Agency |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104164246/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRJuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Hicky and his Gazette'' (2001)
*''The Mango in Indian Life and Culture'' (1995)
*''Calcutta Tercentenary Bibliography Volumes 1 & 2'' (1993)
*''British Beginnings in Bengal, 1600-1660'' (1991)
*''James Prinsep: Life and Work'' - Volume 1 (1991)
*''Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta: an Anthology'' (1990)
*''Calcutta Bevy: A Collection of Rare Poems'' (1989)
*''Calcutta Municipal Corporation at a Glance'' (1989)
*''Indian National Songs and Symbols'' (1987)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJMaAAAAYAAJ |title=Indian National Songs and Symbols |date=1987 |publisher=South Asia Books |isbn=978-0-8364-2128-6 |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620054620/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJMaAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''A History of Calcutta's Streets'' (1987)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o40cAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Calcutta's Streets |date=1987 |publisher=Firma KLM |language=en}}</ref>
*''A History of the Calcutta Press, the Beginnings'' (1987)
*''Rainey's a Historical and Topographical Sketch of Calcutta'' (edited work of H. James Rainey) (1986)
*''Calcutta in the Seventeenth Century'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BApuAAAAMAAJ |title=Calcutta in the 17th Century |date=1986 |publisher=Firma KLM |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620054440/https://books.google.com/books?id=BApuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Calcutta: Origin of the Name'' (1985)<ref name="Nair 1985"/>
* ''Bruton's Visit to Lord Jagannatha 350 years ago'' (edited work of William Bruton) (1985)
*''Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh'' (1985)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YAiAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh |date=1985 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620054931/https://books.google.com/books?id=4YAiAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Calcutta in the 18th Century'' (1984)
*''British Social Life in Ancient Calcutta: 1750 to 1850'' (1983)
*''Marriage and Dowry in India'' (1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marriage and dowry in India / P. T. Nair - Catalogue {{!}} National Library of Australia |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2619221 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=catalogue.nla.gov.au |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619053646/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2619221 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''The Peacock: The National Bird of India'' (1977)<ref name=Abebooks>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/p-thankappan-nair/|title=P Thankappan Nair - AbeBooks|website=www.abebooks.com|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091251/http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/author/p-thankappan-nair/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, P. Thankappan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station

2025-08-28T05:29:16Z

HarrisonHinson2: refine details per sources

{{Short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sant Hirdaram Nagar
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]], [[Suburban train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Sant Hirdaram Nagar Railway Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 86 (India)|NH 86]], Sant Hirdaram Nagar, [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.2738077|N|77.3336668|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type =
| line =
| other = Auto stand, BRTS.
| elevation = {{convert|524|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SHRN
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhopal}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Western Railway zone |left=Bhopal Junction|right=Bakanian Bhaunri|type=[[Ujjain-Sehore-Bhopal section]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}

}}
'''Sant Hirdaram Nagar''' (Station Code: SHRN) is a railway station in [[Bhopal]], the capital of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is operated by [[West Central Railway]] from February 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/1521?&s0=3&sr=0| title=SHRN/SANT HIRDRAM NAGAR RAILWAY STATION| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Previously the station was named '''"Bairagarh(BIH)"''' and was operated under [[Ratlam railway division|Ratlam Division]] of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/sant-hirdaram-nagar-shrn| title=SHRN/Sant Hirdaram Nagar:Timetable| website=Railyatri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/bairagarh-rly-station-is-now-sant-hirdaram-nagar-railway-station.html| title=Bairagarh rly station is now Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station| website=Centralchronicle| access-date=2 March 2019| archive-date=2 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210353/http://www.centralchronicle.com/bairagarh-rly-station-is-now-sant-hirdaram-nagar-railway-station.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Development==
The renovation of Sant Hirdaram Nagar station was completed in 2021 by the [[West Central Railway zone]] of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renovated Sant Hirdaram Nagar Railway Station all set to serve passengers |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/5/21/Renovated-Sant-Hirdaram-Nagar-Railway-Station-all-set-to-serve-passengers.html |access-date=12 September 2022 |work=The Hitavada |date=21 May 2021}}</ref> In the same year, coach guidance systems which display the code and coach number of an oncoming train were installed on the station, thus upgrading facilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=WCR installs coach guidance system at 33 railway stations |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/7/28/WCR-installs-coach-guidance-system-at-33-railway-stations.html |access-date=12 September 2022 |work=The Hitavada |date=28 Jul 2021}}</ref>
Recently, a proposal to upgrade the waiting hall for passengers, due to the increased footfall was made.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhopal Railway News: New look to be given to the passenger waiting hall at Sant Hirdaram Nagar |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-bhopal-railway-news-modern-look-will-be-given-to-the-passenger-waiting-room-at-sant-hirdaram-nagar-station-7691937 |access-date=12 September 2022 |work=Naidunia |date=23 Jul 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Bhopal district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Bhopal railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Daklane Ward

2025-07-23T02:33:27Z

HarrisonHinson2: Starting new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Daklane Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.672028|N|94.107171|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Daklane Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 7 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Daklane Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%207%20-%20Daklane%20Ward|title=Schools in Ward 7|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Colleges ===
* [[Mount Olive College]]

=== Schools ===
* Charity School
* Daklane Government Middle School

== Notable residents ==
* [[Vizol Angami]] (1914–2008), fourth [[List of Chief Ministers of Nagaland|Chief Minister of Nagaland]]

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map7.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 7]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]