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Amdanga

2026-05-06T00:10:57Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: rework layout and fixed typos for accuracy

{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India||Amdanga, North 24 Parganas|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amdanga
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Amdanga in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|48|20|N|88|30|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 139.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 191,673
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 136,350 (80.69%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743221 (Arkhali Amdanga)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 3216
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Amdanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amdanga]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/index.php}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes = CD Block
}}
'''Amdanga''' is a Town [[Town|in]] [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Amdanga, the eponymous CD Block headquarters, is located at {{coord|22|48|20|N|88|30|30|E}}.

Amdanga CD Block is bounded by [[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]] CD Block in Nadia district in the north, [[Habra II]] CD Block in the east, [[Barasat I]] CD Block in the south, and [[Barrackpore I]] and [[Barrackpore II]] CD Blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Amdanga CD Block is part of the North Hooghly Flat, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It is a raised [[alluvium]] area along the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], which forms the western boundary of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Amdanga CD Block has an area of 139.27 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 117 gram sansads, 81 [[mouza]]s, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. [[Amdanga, North 24 Parganas#Police station|Amdanga]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Amdanga.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

[[panchayats]] in Amdanga CD Block are: Adhata, Bodai, Maricha, Amdanga, Chandigarh, Sadhanpur, Beraberia and Taraberia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Amdanga CD Block had a total population of 191,673, of which 185,054 were rural and 6,659 were urban. There were 98,618 (51%) males and 93,055 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 19,756. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 34,810 (18.16%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,876 (1.50%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

Amdanga (village) had a population of 3,855 in 2011.<ref name=census2011/>

In the 2001 census, Amdanga [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] had a total population of 165, 771, out of which 85, 826 were males and 79,943 were females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2010-10-25}}</ref>

There is only one [[census town]] in Amdanga CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Dhania, West Bengal|Dhania]] (6,659).<ref name=census2011/>

Large Town in Amdanga CD Block were (2011 census figures in brackets): Adhata (4,883), Sikra (4,194), Dariapur (5,748), Dangatanga Tangi (5,657), Bodai (6,971), Arkhali (4,033) and Beraberia (8,969).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, “High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0,0,19.28,15.61
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Amdanga CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Amdanga CD Block in 2001-2011 was 15.61%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Amdanga CD Block in 1991-2001 was 19.28%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension| first = Abhinandan|last= Mishra | date = 8 July 2017| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Amdanga CD Block was 136,350 (80.69% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 73,244 (84.09% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 63,106 (77.07% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 7.02%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Amdanga CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|58.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|41.30}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.22}}
}}

In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 112,093 and formed 58.48% of the population in Amdanga CD Block. Hindus numbered 79,159 and formed 41.30% of the population. Others numbered 421 and formed 0.22% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Muslims numbered 54,630 and formed 51.69% of the population and Hindus numbered 51,050 and formed 48.20% of the population. In 1991 Muslims numbered 75,360 and formed 54.21% of the population and Hindus numbered 63,545 and formed 45.72% of the population in Amdanga CD Block. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001, Hindus numbered 72,687 (43.84%) and Muslims 92,837 (56.00%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.94% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
33.05% of households in Amdanga CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Amdanga CD Block'''
|value1 = 19.42
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 35.59
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.74
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 42.24
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Amdanga CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 13,543 and formed 19.42% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 24,815 and formed 35.59%, household industry workers numbered 1,910 and formed 2.74% and other workers numbered 29,453 and formed 42.24%. Total workers numbered 69,721 and formed 36.37% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 121,952 and formed 63.63% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27-28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 79 inhabited villages in Amdanga CD Block, as per the District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 16 villages (20.25%) have post offices. 79 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 52 villages (65.82%) have a pucca approach road and 38 villages (48.10%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (10.13%) have agricultural credit societies and 10 villages (12.66 ) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nort 24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103-104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010-11, persons engaged in agriculture in Amdanga CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 1,872 (4.77%), patta (document) holders 2,270 (5.78%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,960 (4.99%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 17,080 (43.49%) and agricultural labourers 16,093 (40.98%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Amdanga CD Block had 228 fertiliser depots, 129 seed stores and 33 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2010-11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, Amdanga CD Block produced 17,609 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 7,286 hectares, 20,993 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 6,605 hectares, 2,582 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 1,193 hectares, 60,159 tonnes of jute from 3,992 hectares, 10,876 tonnes of potatoes from 370 hectares and 18,511 tonnes of sugar cane from 228 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, the total area irrigated in Amdanga CD Block was 536 hectares, all of which were irrigated by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010-11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Amdanga CD Block was 909.79 hectares. 17,430 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 27,293.7 quintals.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010-11, Amdanga CD Block had offices of 10 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
The nearest railway station is 11 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old numbering NH 34) passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Amdanga CD Block, Page 339 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2010-11, Amdanga CD Block had 82 primary schools with 11,407 students, 3 middle schools with 561 students, 5 high schools with 4,149 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 17,724 students. Amdanga CD Block had 1 general college with 247 students and 246 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,126 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Amdanga CD Block, amongst the 79 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 25 villages had more than 1 primary school, 24 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

Amdanga Jugal Kishore Mahavidyalaya was established at Sadhanpur in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://amdangajkmahavidyalaya.com/final-web/ | title = Amdanga Jugal Kishore Mahavidyalaya | publisher = AJKM | access-date = 8 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180509221128/http://amdangajkmahavidyalaya.com/final-web/ | archive-date = 9 May 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Amdanga CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 15 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 25 family welfare subcentres. 1,814 patients were treated indoors and 72,521 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Amdanga Rural Hospital at [[Amdanga, North 24 Parganas|Amdanga]] with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility in Amdanga CD Block. There are primary health centres at Adhata (Adhata-Joypur PHC with 6 beds), Masunda (Marich PHC with 10 beds) and Baraberia (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 24 May 2018}}</ref>

Amdanga is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study ) | access-date = 2007-08-24 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

R. Sreelekha

2026-04-27T15:02:28Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{short description|First female IPS officer from Kerala}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = R. Sreelekha
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = Dr. S. Sethunath
| alma_mater = [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| occupation = Police officer, politician
| political_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024–present)
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| department = [[Kerala Police]]
| country = {{IND}}
| allegiance = [[Indian Police Service]] (Kerala Cadre)
| service_years = 1987–2020
| rank = [[Director General of Police]] (Retired)
| cadre = Kerala
| batch = 1987
| awards = {{Unbulleted list
| Police Medal for Meritorious Service
| [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
}}
| status = Retired DGP
}}
}}

'''R. Sreelekha''' (born 25 December 1960) is an Indian politician and retired police officer in the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS), who was the first woman IPS officer as well as the first woman [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) from [[Keralam]].<ref name="Pres Medal">{{cite news|date=26 January 2013|title=President's medal for R.Sreelekha|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/presidents-medal-for-r-sreelekha/article4347063.ece|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> She retired from service as the [[Director general|Director General]] of [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services|Fire and Rescue Services]], [[Civil defense|Civil Defence]], and [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-14 |title=Who is R Sreelekha? Kerala’s first woman IPS officer, BJP’s frontrunner for Thiruvananthapuram mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/who-is-r-sreelekha-keralas-first-woman-ips-bjps-frontrunner-for-thiruvananthapuram-mayor/articleshow/125957709.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is the current [[councillor]] for the [[Sasthamangalam]] ward of the [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]].

Sreelekha is also an author and now running a successful YouTube channel- “''Sasneham Sreelekha''” ''(With Love, Sreelekha)'' to share her experiences as a police officer. She has also served as managing director for public sector organisations in Kerala. During her tenure in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], she earned the nickname of 'Raid Sreelekha'.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ullas|first=A S|title=Sreelekha IPS @ 25|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/gulfContentView.do?contentId=15605895&programId=11565535&BV_ID=@@@&|access-date=28 February 2014|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==

Sreelekha was born on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] of 1960<ref>{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=From our online |title=Kerala’s first woman IPS officer Sreelekha now becomes first woman DGP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/Sep/21/keralas-first-woman-ips-officer-sreelekha-now-becomes-first-woman-dgp-1660341.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Keralam]], as the daughter of Prof. N. Velayudhan Nair and B. Radhamma.<ref name=KCadre>{{cite web|title=IPS (Kerala Cadre) Civil List as on 01-01-2012|url=http://www.gadsplais.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/ips_01-01-2012.pdf|publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="kerala">{{cite web|title=R.Sreelekha, IPS|url=http://www.kerala.com/kerala_Celebrities/celebrity.php?recid=134|publisher=Kerala.com|accessdate=26 February 2014|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104117/http://www.kerala.com/kerala_Celebrities/celebrity.php?recid=134|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her father had fought in the [[World War II]] as a soldier in the Indian Army for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]].

Sreelekha is married to Dr. Sethunath, a professor of pediatric surgery at [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram]]. The couple has a son, Gokul.

== Education ==

Sreelekha completed her schooling from [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Cotton Hill]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Back to school|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/11/stories/2010021151340100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140324154747/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/11/stories/2010021151340100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-02-11|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> where she was involved in various activities like music, drama, [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] and [[National Service Scheme|NSS]].

She then went on to complete her bachelor's degree in English Literature at the [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]]. She then did her master's<ref name="Pres Medal" /> at the Institute of English in the [[University of Kerala]].<ref name=kerala /> In 2005, while in service, she obtained an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in [[Human resource management|Human Resource Management]] from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNOU]].<ref name=kerala />

She was awarded the prestigious [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening Fellowship]] by the [[Government of the United Kingdom]] and she undertook the fellowship studies in [[King's College London]], [[Sciences Po|Sciences Po Paris]], [[University of Edinburgh]], [[United Nations]] offices in [[United Nations Office at Geneva|Geneva]] and [[Oxford]] from September to December 2015.

She also attended the Mid-Career Training Program at the [[London Business School]] and [[Metropolitan Police]] (Scotland Yard) in 2013.

== Career ==

'''<big>Early career</big>'''

Prior to joining the police service, Sreelekha, worked as a lecturer at the Shree Vidyadhiraja College. She also worked for the [[Reserve Bank of India]], as a Grade B Officer and was posted as a Statistical Officer in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Blog">{{cite web|title=Sreelekha IPS|url=http://sreelekhaips.blogspot.com/|work=Who am I?|publisher=Sreelekha R|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref>

'''<big>Indian Police Service</big>'''

In January 1987, at the age of 26, Sreelekha became the first woman IPS officer in Kerala Cadre.

After joining the police service, she has served as [[Superintendent of police (India)|District Superintendent of Police]] in 3 districts, [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<ref>{{cite web|title=An officer and a writer|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/01/stories/2003050100740200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324185639/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/05/01/stories/2003050100740200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-05-01|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> and [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]. Sreelekha also worked with the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] for 4 years as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] in Kerala and [[Deputy inspector general of police#India|DIG]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Failure to curb abkari-official nexus|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/08/stories/0408211v.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190617/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/08/stories/0408211v.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2014|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 November 2000}}</ref> She was promoted to Deputy Inspector General of the [[Ernakulam]] Range.<ref>{{cite news|title=New appointments in Police force soon|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092802530300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014021858/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092802530300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2004|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2004}}</ref>

In 2005, Sreelekha was posted as the Managing Director of the Kerala State Co-operative Rubber Marketing Federation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Monitoring System to strengthen policing|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817700300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205103613/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817700300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2007|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2005}}</ref> In June 2007,<ref name=kerala /> she was posted as the Managing Director of the Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Information Officers|url=http://rti.kerala.gov.in/rrti.php?slno=391|publisher=Right to Information, Kerala Government|accessdate=26 February 2014|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324185230/http://rti.kerala.gov.in/rrti.php?slno=391|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Later on, she also served as the [[Inspector general#India|Inspector General]], [[Criminal Investigation Department#India|CID]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Conference of Directors General of Police of Southern States(press)|url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/news_archive.html|publisher=Kerala Police|accessdate=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304101207/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/news_archive.html|archive-date=4 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Promotions in Police force|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/promotions-in-police-force/article315198.ece|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2009}}</ref>
She also served as Addl. DGP, Armed Police Battalions<ref>{{cite web|title=IPS officers working as head of departments/offices|url=http://www.gadsplais.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/ips_head.pdf|publisher=General Administration Dept. Government of Kerala|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> with additional charge for Training.<ref name=KCadre />
From her posting as [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] Vigilance,<ref>{{cite news|title=Perverts rule streets|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121105/news-current-affairs/article/perverts-rule-streets|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326105016/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121105/news-current-affairs/article/perverts-rule-streets|archive-date=26 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> on 15 February 2014, she has been posted as ADGP (Police Home Guards, Community Policing, Gender Justice and Nodal Officer for Nirbhaya).<ref>{{cite news|title=Top cops shifted ahead of elections|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Top-cops-shifted-ahead-of-elections/articleshow/30481464.cms|work=Times of India|date=16 February 2014 |accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Reshuffle in Top Cop Echelons|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Reshuffle-in-Top-Cop-Echelons/2014/02/16/article2059731.ece#.Uw5MFPk1eSo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326111808/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Reshuffle-in-Top-Cop-Echelons/2014/02/16/article2059731.ece#.Uw5MFPk1eSo|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2014|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=16 February 2014}}</ref>

She was the Organising Secretary of the 5th National Conference of Women in Police, organised by the Bureau of Police Research & Development in July 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=National meet of women in police|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/national-meet-of-women-in-police/article3656109.ece|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 July 2012}}</ref> and is also a strong advocate of gender parity in the Kerala Police force.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala police not women-friendly?|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130128/news-current-affairs/article/kerala-police-not-women-friendly|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817110933/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130128/news-current-affairs/article/kerala-police-not-women-friendly|archive-date=17 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> As ADGP, Sreelekha was asked by [[Kerala]] Home Minister, [[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]] to conduct an inquiry into the involvement of Kerala Information Commissioner K. Natarajan, who had allegedly persuaded a Dy.S.P of Police to leave out the name of [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] from the list of accused in a land scam case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala information commissioner suspended|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/kerala-information-commissioner-suspended/254/43339/|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=The Sunday Indian|date=12 November 2012|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204195011/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/kerala-information-commissioner-suspended/254/43339/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After completion of investigations, Sreelekha recommended the suspension of the Information Commissioner, upon finding that the official had misused his office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Information Commissioner suspended for 'meddling' with police investigation|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main54.asp?filename=Ws121112Kerala.asp|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=Tehelka|date=12 November 2012}}</ref>
R. Sreelekha as ADGP Vigilance & anti-corruption Bureau, chargesheeted the Disproportionate Asset case against [[Inspector general#India|IG]] Tomin J. Thachankary, accused also in several other cases. As retaliation, Thachankary accused Sreelekha for violating norms in visiting [[Thailand]] prior to Government Permission.<ref>{{cite news|title=Many went on such trips, only I got the stick: Thachankary plea to CAT|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/many-went-on-such-trips-only-i-got-the-stick-thachankary-plea-to-cat/610112/|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express.|date=23 April 2010}}</ref>

Sreelekha sought permission from the government to file a defamation suit against Tomin J. Thachankary, and obtained the same.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt for Reviewing Thachankary's Service Records|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Govt-for-Reviewing-Thachankarys-Service-Records/2014/01/18/article2005660.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205133625/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Govt-for-Reviewing-Thachankarys-Service-Records/2014/01/18/article2005660.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2015|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=18 January 2014}}</ref> As the Transport Commissioner in Kerala, she reduced the road accidents and fatalities substantially through inclusive road safety measures and in 2014, there were 292 less fatalities in Kerala against the statistics in 2013, which was a record achievement in India. The revenue from taxes and penalties reached an all-time high of Rs 3000 crore during her tenure. [[Kerala Motor Vehicles Department|Motor Vehicles Department]] became successful in e-governance, Vahan-Sarathy was completed and an android app called 'Smart trace' was made to detect vehicle duplications and digital record of around 98 lakh vehicles in the state. She also conducted Asia's first ever Road Hackathon with assistance from the World Bank, at Technopark where over 300 participants showcased their technological innovations to better road safety in the State.

For detecting Praveen Murder case in Kottayam and arresting the then - DySP R Shaji and also for getting lifetime imprisonment for him and his accomplices within 90 days of chargesheeting the case, she was awarded the Government's Meritorious Service Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/top-police-officer-arrested-in-praveen-murder-case-1.278607|title = Top police officer arrested in Praveen murder case| date=25 February 2005 }}</ref>

She was the officer investigating the Kiliroor sex scandal case, and reported to the CBI court that there was no VIP involved. [[Thomas Chandy]], an MLA and K. P. Mohanan was accused of being linked to the case. However, Sreelekha's deposition to the court was on the basis of the statement from the victim which absolved the two.<ref>{{cite news|title=No VIP involved in Kiliroor case, IG clarifies|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-vip-involved-in-kiliroor-case-ig-clarifies/211869-60-116.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010852/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-vip-involved-in-kiliroor-case-ig-clarifies/211869-60-116.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2014|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=IBN|date=14 December 2011}}</ref> R.Sreelekha investigated the irregularities in Consumerfed in procuring rice above the market price and for irregularities found in various godowns in [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramesh: No Bid to Derail Consumerfed Case Probe|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Ramesh-No-Bid-to-Derail-Consumerfed-Case-Probe/2014/01/12/article1996272.ece#.UxCl8vk1eSo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112052246/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Ramesh-No-Bid-to-Derail-Consumerfed-Case-Probe/2014/01/12/article1996272.ece#.UxCl8vk1eSo|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2014|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=12 January 2014}}</ref> She was the Transport Commissioner of Kerala from July 2013 to September 2015, during which time, road accidents and fatalities were at an all-time low. Asia's first ever road safety Hackathon conducted by her with assistance from World Bank at Technopark Trivandrum was a huge success.

As ADGP Crime Records Bureau, she completed the Crime & Criminal Tracking networking system and started an interactive website "THUNA" (The Hand U Need for Assistance) for a public interface with police. As Additional DGP, Intelligence, Kerala from June 2016 to January 2017, her proposal to start a counseling center HATS (Help and Assistance to Tackle Stress) for police officers who are suffering from mental stress, to help those who have personal problems such as addiction, issues with senior officers, family problems, financial problems, suicide tendencies etc. has been approved by the Department.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/tomin-thachankary-troubling-me-29-years-sreelekha-cops-vigilance.html|title = Home}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kerala-woman-ips-officer-says-fellow-adgp-harassing-her-for-29-years/|title = Kerala: Woman IPS officer says fellow ADGP harassing her for 29 years|date = February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/kerala-ips-officer-alleges-harassment-by-colleague-1.1662525|title=Kerala IPS officer alleges harassment by colleague|date=30 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>
[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/010216/kerala-woman-ips-officer-accuses-colleague-of-harassment-for-29]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} years.html</ref>

She got promoted to the rank of Director General of Police in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/sep/21/keralas-first-woman-ips-officer-sreelekha-now-becomes-first-woman-dgp-1660341.html|title = Kerala's first woman IPS officer Sreelekha now becomes first woman DGP| date=21 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/many-tried-to-prove-that-ips-is-not-for-a-woman/articleshow/60840755.cms|title = R Sreelekha IPS officer: 'Many tried to prove that IPS is not for a woman' | Kochi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=27 September 2017 }}</ref> From January 2017 to June 2019, she worked as the Director General of [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]. She had introduced several positive changes in the 54 prisons in the State which are now referred to as Correctional Centers. From June 2017 to 1 June 2020, she was the head of a newly created post, "Social Policing & Traffic" in Kerala and was stationed at the Kerala State Police Headquarters.

She took charge as the [[Director general (police)|Director General]] heading the [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services|Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]] on 1 June 2020, becoming the first 'Woman DGP' of independent charge in Kerala.

She retired on 31 December 2020, as the Director General of the [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services|Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]], after completing 33 years and 5 months in the service.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/r-sreelekha-first-woman-ips-officer-in-kerala-retires/80050773|title=R Sreelekha, First woman IPS officer in Kerala retires - ET Government}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/r-sreelekha-first-woman-dgp-in-kerala-retires-from-service-1.5322974|title = R Sreelekha, first woman DGP in Kerala, retires from service| date=January 2021 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=463755&u=keralas-first-woman-ips-officer-sreelekha-retires-after-33-years-of-service | title=Kerala's first woman IPS officer Sreelekha retires after 33 years of service }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sreelekha-set-to-be-first-woman-dgp/article31689117.ece|title = R. Sreelekha, the first woman IPS officer in Kerala, set to be the State's first woman DGP|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 27 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Police career ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''In Kerala Police Department'''
! Post
! Term
! Rank Insignia
|-
|Assistant Superintendent of Police
|1987
|
|-
| Superintendent of Police (Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Thrissur Districts)
| c. 1987–1990s
| [[File:IPS SP.png|thumb|127x127px|SP]]
|-
| Deputy Inspector General of Police (Ernakulam Range)
| c. 2000s
| [[File:IPS DIG.png|thumb|127x127px|DIG]]
|-
| Inspector General of Police, Crime Branch
| c. 2000s
| [[File:IPS IG.png|thumb|127x127px|IGP]]
|-
| Additional Director General of Police, Armed Police Battalions (Training)
| c. 2010–2014
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|ADGP Grade]]
|-
| ADGP (Police Home Guards, Community Policing, Gender Justice, Nirbhaya)
| 2014–2016
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|ADGP Grade]]
|-
| Additional Director General of Police, Intelligence
| 2016–2017
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|ADGP Grade]]
|-
| Director (Social Policing & Traffic), Kerala Police Headquarters
| 2017–2020
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|DGP Grade]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Offices held on deputation'''
! Post
! Term
! Rank Insignia
|-
| Superintendent of Police, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
| c. 1990s
| [[File:IPS SP.png|thumb|127x127px|SP]]
|-
|Deputy inspector general of police, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
|
|
|-
| Additional Director General of Police, Vigilance
([[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau|Kerala Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau]])
| 2014
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|ADGP Grade]]
|-
| Director General of Prisons and Correctional Services
([[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services|Kerala Prisons & Correctional Services]])
| 2017–2019
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|ADGP Grade]]
|-
| Director General, Fire and Rescue Services, Civil defence, Homeguards
([[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]])
| 2020
| [[File:IPS DG+ADG.png|thumb|127x127px|DGP Grade ]]
|-
|}

== Political career ==

After her retirement, Sreelekha became a candidate for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for the 2025 [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] elections.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bjps-sreelekha-and-cpims-v-joy-in-a-political-tit-for-tat-over-the-former-dgps-suitability-as-a-councillor-candidate/article70266326.ece</ref> She was elected as a councillor from Ward No. 41, [[Sasthamangalam]], of the [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]], as BJP candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-14 |title=Who is R Sreelekha? Kerala’s first woman IPS officer, BJP’s frontrunner for Thiruvananthapuram mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/who-is-r-sreelekha-keralas-first-woman-ips-bjps-frontrunner-for-thiruvananthapuram-mayor/articleshow/125957709.cms |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She is contesting the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Assembly elections]] from the [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=R. SREELEKHA |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=293 |work=myneta.info |access-date=8 April 2026 }}</ref>

== Medals and recognition ==

* In 2004, as DIG Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Sreelekha was awarded the President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic Day Police Medals, 2004 announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=809|work=POLICE MEDALS TO 627 PERSONNEL|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref>
* In 2013, as ADGP Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Sreelekha was awarded the President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Force Wise/State Wise list of medal awardees to the Police personnel on the occasion of Republic Day 2013|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/jan/d2013012501.pdf|work=President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service 2013|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President's police medal for ADGP R Sreelekha IPS|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/8488|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=Madhyamam|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>
* In 2006, during her stint as managing director, the Rubber Board won the Thailand Government's Best Exporter of Rubber in Asia award.<ref name="Pres Medal" />
* Sreelekha was selected for the prestigious Chevening Fellowship by the Government of United Kingdom and she attended the fellowship in London at King's College from September to December 2015. She also attended specialised training at Scotland Yard/metropolitan police of UK.
* She won the Indian Overseas Award for Public Service in 2006.
* FOKANA award for literary contributions was given to her in 2005.
* In 2007, she received the Kerala Government's Meritorious Services Award for detecting the sensational case of the murder of a civilian named Praveen by the then-Deputy Superintendent of Police R Shaji. After the investigation, Shaji was found guilty by the court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/top-police-officer-arrested-in-praveen-murder-case-1.278607|title = Top police officer arrested in Praveen murder case| date=25 February 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/08/18/kerala-road-safety-authority-and-world-bank-group-organize-hackathon-on-road-safety|title=Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA) and World Bank Group Organize a Hackathon on Road Safety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Two-day-Kerala-Road-Safety-Hackathon-Comes-to-an-End/2015/08/24/article2990067.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826222932/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Two-day-Kerala-Road-Safety-Hackathon-Comes-to-an-End/2015/08/24/article2990067.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2015|title = Two-day Kerala Road Safety Hackathon Comes to an End}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/hackathon-for-road-safety-solutions/article7506313.ece|title = Hackathon for road safety solutions|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 August 2015}}</ref>

== Selected works ==

Sreelekha has penned and published 9 books.

* Cheru marmarangal (2005)<ref>{{cite web|title=IPS officer authors third book|url=http://www.sureshmehrotra.com/archive/2005/May/14-5-2005.html|publisher=Whispers in the corridors|accessdate=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190357/http://www.sureshmehrotra.com/archive/2005/May/14-5-2005.html|archive-date=24 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Neerazhikapuram (2006)<ref>{{cite web|title=Neerazhikapuram|url=https://www.amazon.com/nirazhikkapuram-R-Sreelekha-I-P-S/dp/B007E4WRXI/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1393451352&sr=1-4|publisher=Amazon|accessdate=27 February 2014}}</ref>
* Maranna Doothan (2008)<ref>{{cite book|title=Maranna Doothan|isbn = 978-8126419647|last1 = Śr̲Īlēkha|first1 = Ār|date = January 2008| publisher=Ḍi. Si. Buks }}</ref>
* Kuzhaloothukaran (2009)<ref name=DCBooks>{{cite web|title=Sreelekha IPS|url=http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/author/sreelekha-r--i-p-s-|publisher=DC Books|accessdate=27 February 2014|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324185657/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/author/sreelekha-r--i-p-s-|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lottos Theenikal (2009)<ref name=DCBooks />
* Mansile Mazhavillu (2011)<ref>{{cite web|title=Chakshumathi's Cochin Centre opened|url=http://www.chakshumathi.org/ChakshumathisCochinCentreopened.html|publisher=Chakshumathi|accessdate=27 February 2014|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324185531/http://www.chakshumathi.org/ChakshumathisCochinCentreopened.html|archivedate=24 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Niyama samrakshanam Streekalkku- a book on legal awareness to women
* Kuttikalum Policum- a book for the children about Police and their activities
* Jaagarookan (2013)- Detective novel Publisher DC Books
* Thamasoma- Detective series in Kerala Koumudi magazine
* "Balipatham", her latest novel depicts the true story of Mahabali, believed to have ruled Kerala eons back & whose return from the netherworld, Onam, the famous state festival is celebrated every year. This nook is published by Mathrubhumi Books on 2.10.2024

She writes regular columns in periodicals and magazines. Her column in Vanitha Magazine, "Marupuram, the Other Side" which is being published now is well appreciated by the readers.

Sasneham Sreelekha- YouTube Channel

https://youtube.com/channel/UCup0QqQP2A95jqYkzJuuU9w

==See also==
*[[Kappazhom Raman Pillai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Interview on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNdtt-GMUNk Asianet On Record]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213053/http://www.dcbooks.com/jagarookan-released.html
* https://www.amazon.in/Books-R-Sreelekha/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3AR%20Sreelekha
* http://www.bharatchannels.com/asianet-news-shows-watch-online/sreelekha-ips-transport-commissioner-detective-fiction-released-video_7cf630261.html
* http://malayalam.tv.cybernewsblog.com/interview-r-sreelekha-ips-transport-commissioner-in-varthaprabhatham {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213000745/http://malayalam.tv.cybernewsblog.com/interview-r-sreelekha-ips-transport-commissioner-in-varthaprabhatham |date=13 February 2015 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreelekha, R.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Women in Kerala politics]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:10Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: details.

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahalakshmi Layout Mahalakshmipuram
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 156
| map_image = 156-Mahalakshmi Layout constituency.svg
| preceded_by = N. L. Narendra Babu
| established = 2008
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| reservation = None
|electors = {{formatnum:292040}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[K. Gopalaiah]]<ref name="gopalaiah bjp"/>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}

'''Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly Constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Vidhan Sabha|legislative assembly]] segments of the state of [[Karnataka]]. It is a part of [[Bangalore Urban district]] and comes under [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]].

The constituency was formed in the year 2008, carved out of portions of Rajajinagar, Yelahanka and the erstwhile Uttarahalli Assembly constituencies.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-your-constituency-mahalakshmi-layout/articleshow/63408643.cms Know your constituency: Mahalakshmi Layout]</ref> The constituency is predominantly urban in nature with a mix of old residential areas, industrial areas and slums. It comprises the northern parts of West Bengaluru such as [[Mahalakshmi Layout]], [[Nandini Layout]], [[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwanthapur]] [[Agricultural produce market committee|APMC]] Yard, Goraguntepalya, Kanteerava Nagar, Shankar Nagar, Saraswathipura, Nagapura, Kurubarahalli, [[Kamala Nagar, Bangalore|Kamalanagar]], Vrishabhavathi Nagar and also parts of [[Basaveshwaranagar]] and [[Kamakshipalya]].

The [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for Mahalakshmi Layout as of [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] is [[K. Gopalaiah]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="gopalaiah bjp">[https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-karnataka-assembly-by-election-2019-mahalakshmi-layout-constituency-result-569828 Mahalakshmi Layout Constituency Result: BJP' K. Gopalaiah wins by 54,386 votes]</ref>

==Wards==
Mahalakshmi Layout Assembly constituency includes the following 7 wards of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP):

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ward No.
! Ward Name
! Corporator
|-
!43
| Nandini Layout<ref name="nandini layout">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/nandini-layout Ward #43, Nandini Layout]</ref>
| K. V. Rajendra Kumar<ref name="nandini layout"/>
|-
!44
| Marappanapalya<ref name="marappanapalya">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/marappana-palya Ward #44, Marappana Palya]</ref>
| Mahadev M.<ref name="marappanapalya"/>
|-
!67
| Nagapura<ref name="nagapura">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/nagapura Ward #67, Nagapura]</ref>
| Badregowda B.<ref name="nagapura"/>
|-
!68
| Mahalakshmipura<ref name="mahalakshmipura">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/mahalakshimpuram Ward #68, Mahalakshimpuram]</ref>
| S. Keshavamurthy<ref name="mahalakshmipura"/>
|-
!74
| Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar<ref name="sgnagar">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/shakthi-ganapathi-nagar Ward #74, Shakthi Ganapathi Nagar ]</ref>
| Gangamma Rajanna<ref name="sgnagar"/>
|-
!75
| Shankar Mutt<ref name="shankarmutt">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/shankar-matt Ward #75, Shankar Matt]</ref>
| M. Shivaraju<ref name="shankarmutt"/>
|-
!102
| Vrishabhavathi Nagar<ref name="vsbvnagar">[https://www.ichangemycity.com/wards/vrushabhavathi-nagar Ward #102, Vrushabhavathi Nagar]</ref>
| Hemalatha Gopalaiah<ref name="vsbvnagar"/>
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || N. L. Narendra Babu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="4" | [[K. Gopalaiah]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahalakshmi Layout }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Gopalaiah]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,424 |percentage = 60.60% |change = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavamurthy. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,259 |percentage = 28.45% |change = {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Rajanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,241 |percentage = 5.81% |change = {{decrease}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshminarayana. M. R |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 2,853 |percentage = 1.79% |change = {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,286 |percentage = 1.44% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthala Damle |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,600 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,165 |percentage = 32.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,167 |percentage = 54.50% |change = {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,103}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,040 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Mahalakshmi Layout <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Gopalaiah]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,889 |percentage = 59.47% |change = {{increase}}30.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shivaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,503 |percentage = 21.81% |change = {{increase}}8.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Girish K. Nashi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,516 |percentage = 16.28% |change = {{decrease}}38.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,035 |percentage = 1.41% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Asha Rani .V |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,386 |percentage = 37.66% |change = {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,400 |percentage = 51.21% |change = {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,420}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,897 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahalakshmi Layout <ref name="mlo2018">[http://164.100.80.163/ceo2/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF CANDIDATE WISE VOTES DETAILS]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Gopalaiah]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 88,218 |percentage = 55.18% |change = {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Narendra Babu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,118 |percentage = 29.47% |change = {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. H. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,496 |percentage = 12.82% |change = {{decrease}}34.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,739 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,100 |percentage = 25.71% |change = {{increase}}11.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,881 |percentage = 54.69% |change = {{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,880}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,364 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahalakshmi Layout <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Gopalaiah]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 66,127 |percentage = 61.06% |change = {{increase}}36.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Narendra Babu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,757 |percentage = 46.87% |change = {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Harish |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,545 |percentage = 21.74% |change = {{decrease}}13.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veeresh Kumar. T |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,936 |percentage = 2.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajshree Muralidhar |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 1,168 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Sridhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 967 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,370 |percentage = 14.19% |change = {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,061 |percentage = 60.28% |change = {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,299}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,603 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahalakshmi Layout <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Narendra Babu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,652 |percentage = 37.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Hareesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,427 |percentage = 34.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Gopalaiah]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 28,097 |percentage = 24.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Harish |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 708 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,225 |percentage = 2.84% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,404 |percentage = 51.50% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,386}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,222 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Government of Karnataka]]
* [[Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Mahalakshmi Layout]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.oneindia.com/mahalakshmi-layout-assembly-elections-156/ Mahalakshmi Layout (156) ASSEMBLY ELECTION 2018]

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coords|13.014|77.549|display=title}}

Fateh Pur Tal Naraja

2026-04-17T06:33:25Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started new stub v1

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fatehpur Tal Narja
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purvanchal]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mau]]
| subdivision_type4 = Division
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kopaganj]]
| subdivision_type5 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ghosi]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 275302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = NA
| registration_plate = UP
}}

Fatehpur Tal Narja is a village in the [[Mau district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It falls under the [[Ghosi]] tehsil and is part of the [[Kopaganj division]] in the Purvanchal region. The village is served by the Fateh Pur Tal Narja Branch Post Office, under the Mau Head Office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fateh Pur Tal Naraja Pin Code |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/uttar-pradesh/mau/fateh-pur-tal-naraja |website=[[India TV News]] |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>
It is believed by the residents of the village, that they are descender of Kunwar Singh who later converted to Islam.

== Postal administration ==
Fateh Pur Tal Naraja is served by a Branch Office (B.O.) of [[India Post]] with the [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] ''275302''. The post office functions under Bhopaura Sub Office and [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] Head Office. Administratively, the village is located in the [[Ghosi]] postal taluk, within [[Mau district]], and falls under the [[Gorakhpur]] postal region and [[Azamgarh]] postal division of the Uttar Pradesh Postal Circle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fateh Pur Tal Naraja BO Pin Code |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/uttar-pradesh/mau/fateh-pur-tal-naraja-bo |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="pincode">{{cite web |title=Fateh Pur Tal Naraja, Mau |url=https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/MAU/F/FATEH_PUR_TAL_NARAJA |website=pincode.net.in |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]]

== Residing Families ==
- Meraj Khan

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Mau district]]
[[Category:Villages in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Mau-geo-stub}}

M. A. Aleem

2026-04-16T05:45:59Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: new.

{{short description|Indian neurologist}}
{{Notability|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox medical person
|image =
|name = M.A. Aleem
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
|birth_place = Thuvarankurichi, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|profession = Doctor of [[Neurology]]
|specialism =
|research_field =
|known_for =
|years_active = 1986-present
|education = [[Thanjavur Medical College]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|relations =
|website = {{url|drmaaleem.com}}
}}

'''M. A. Aleem''' (M. Abdul Aleem) is an Indian neurologist who is heading [[K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College]], also a former vice-principal of the government medical college [[Tiruchirappalli]](Trichy). Aleem has served more than 28 years in the field of neurology. He was a president of Tiruchi Neuro Association.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lifetime-achievement-award-presented-to-city-doctors/article4142553.ece |title=The Hindu : NATIONAL / TAMIL NADU : Lifetime achievement award presented to city doctors |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229050041/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lifetime-achievement-award-presented-to-city-doctors/article4142553.ece |archive-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aleem served as executive committee member of Indian Academy of neurology and [[Neurological Society of India]]. Dr.MA.Aleem was the vice-principal of [[K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Trichy-doctors-to-operate-on-parasitic-twins/articleshow/27928693.cms|title=Trichy doctors to operate on parasitic twins | Trichy News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He is also a Consultant Neurologist and Epileptologist ABC Hospital, Trichy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogger.com/profile/08689990031665777759|title=Blogger: User Profile: M.A.Aleem|website=www.blogger.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{unreferencedsect|date=April 2026}}
Aleem was born in Thuvarankurichi did his M.B.B.S. with CRRI from in at Thanjavur Medical College, India. He did his M.D. (Gen. Med.) in 1986 at Thanjavur Medical College. Later, he did his D.M. Neurology at [[Madurai]] [[Madurai Medical College]].

== Current Positions ==
Aleem is the Vice Principal, HOD & Professor of Neurology Dept. of Neurology [[K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College]] & MGM Govt. Hospital, [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/human-chain-for-voter-awareness/article5936397.ece|title=Human chain for voter awareness|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 April 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He is also a visiting consultant Neurologist & Epileptologist at ABC Hospital [[Tiruchirappalli]].

Aleem was Nominated as Brand Ambassador for Swachh Bharat Mission by The Tiruchirappalli City Corporation on 26 January 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gaiety-marks-70th-republic-day/article26103170.ece|title=Gaiety marks 70th Republic Day|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Experience ==
Aleem has a vast experience in the department of Neurology. Started his career as Assistant surgeon in Government of Tamil Nadu Medical services. He worked as a Senior Civil Asst. Surgeon at Thuvarankurichi, Tamil Nadu Medical services. And as a Visiting consultant physician at K.M. Crescent Hospital for more than 11 years. He working as a visiting consultant neurologist & epileptologist at ABC Hospital Trichy. As president of the Tiruchi Neuro Association, he has served as executive committee member in the Indian Academy of neurology and Neurological Society of India.<ref name="auto"/>

== Family ==

Aleem's father Mohamed Ibrahim is a business man from [[Singapore]]. Aleem's wife Fathima Aleem who is an ex-Chairman of ponnampatti panchayat - thuvarankurichi. They have 2 daughters Jasmine and Salma who have completed their engineering and one Son [[A.Mohamed Hakkim]] who is also a doctor by profession.

== Awards ==
# Lifetime Achievement Award’ by [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]].<ref name="auto"/>
# Commendation Certificate from district Collector 1989.
# Junior traveling fellowship award by WFN 2001.
# Congress attendance award by ILEA Dublin Ireland 2003 to Attend 25th IEA, Lisbon.
# Travelling Bursary Award ILEA to attend 6th AOCA, Kolalambur - 16.11.2006.
# Commendation Certificate from district collector 2005.
# Certificate of Appreciated from district collector 2006.
# Dr. Banumathy murugananthan award for excellence in medical Publication in Tamil Nadu state IMA Award 2008.
# Distinguished Alumni Award, Jamal Mohammed College, 2008
# Republic day award by [[Tiruchirappalli]] District Collector - 26.01.2010.
# Humanitarian Doctor Award by TNMB - 21.01.2010.
# Dr.Meena Life Time Achievement award by the Global Human Rights Organization 19.02.2011.
# Lifetime Achievement award by Tiruchirappalli District Minority forum 07.01.2012
# Certificate of appreciation by Tiruchirappalli Collector – 05.06.2012
# The man of the year 2012 Award by sanjeevi nagar welfare association Tiruchirappalli on 15.01.2013

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aleem, M. A.}}
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian epileptologists]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

Byculla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:14Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started a page needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Byculla
| constituency_no = 184
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| map_image = 184-Byculla.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| district = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Manoj Jamsutkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 258,880
}}
'''Byculla Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=11 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Byculla (constituency number 184) is one of the 10 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai City district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=267}}</ref> Number of electorates in 2009 was 271,507 (male 153,641, female 117,866) 137,820 are minority voters present in large numbers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=11 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Byculla is part of the [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in Mumbai City district, namely [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]], [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]], [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]], [[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]] and [[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan=2| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Jagtap Bapurao Dhondiba || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Boricha Paljibhai Hamabhai (Sc) || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Qamar Nayar Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| G. B. Ganacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vasant Hoshing
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1977-2008: See [[Chinchpokli Assembly constituency|Chinchpokli]] & [[Nagpada Assembly constituency|Nagpada]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Madhukar Chavan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Waris Pathan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Yamini Jadhav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Manoj Jamsutkar]]
|style="background-color :{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Byculla">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Byculla |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13184.htm |accessdate=31 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231152642/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13184.htm |archivedate=31 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece|title=Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs|last1=The Hindu|date=29 November 2024|accessdate=29 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece|archivedate=29 November 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manoj Jamsutkar]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 80,133 |percentage = 58.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yamini Jadhav|Yamini Yashwant Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,772 |percentage = 35.77% |change={{decrease}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Faiyaz Ahmed |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 5,531 |percentage = 4.06% |change={{decrease}}21.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 1.16% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,361 |percentage = 23.00% |change= {{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,37,947 |percentage = 53.29% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,36,366}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,58,880|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yamini Jadhav|Yamini Yashwant Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 51,180 |percentage = 41.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Waris Pathan]] |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 31,157 |percentage = 25.55% |change={{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Madhu Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,139 |percentage = 19.80% |change={{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Geeta Ajay Gawli |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 10,493 |percentage = 8.61% |change={{decrease}}8.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,791 |percentage = 2.29% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajaz Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,174 |percentage = 1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Francis Sabastian D’Souza |party=Independent politician |votes = 929 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,023 |percentage = 16.42% |change= {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,24,771 |percentage = 50.74% |change= {{decrease}}4.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,21,932}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,923|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |swing= {{increase}}21.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Waris Pathan]] |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 25,314 |percentage = 20.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhu (Dada) Chavan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,957 |percentage = 19.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Alias Madhu Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,021 |percentage = 17.91% |change={{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Geeta Ajay Gawli |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 20,895 |percentage = 17.00% |change={{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Gopal Naik |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 19,762 |percentage = 16.08% |change={{decrease}}7.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Rohidas Madhukar |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,865 |percentage = 6.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Shivram Pawar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,341 |percentage = 1.09% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,357 |percentage = 1.10% |change= {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,24,547 |percentage = 54.83% |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,22,924}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,143|ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Madhukar Balkrishna Alias Anna |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,302 |percentage = 31.22% |change={{decrease}}14.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Gopal Naik |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 27,198 |percentage = 23.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arun Gawli|Arun Gulab Gawli]] |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 25,703 |percentage = 22.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yashwant Jadhav]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,692 |percentage = 17.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarfaraz Aarju |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,708 |percentage = 3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tambe Bhagwan Ramdas |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 832 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,104 |percentage = 7.83% |change= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,16,272 |percentage = 42.82% |change= {{decrease}}17.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,16,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,71,507|ref = |change= {{increase}}200.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hoshing Vasant Rangnath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,049 |percentage = 45.97% |change={{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganacharya G. Bhaurao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 22,159 |percentage = 40.67% |change={{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindranath N. Kulkarni |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,874 |percentage = 8.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Md. M. Bashir |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,408 |percentage = 4.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,890 |percentage = 5.30% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,349 |percentage = 61.22% |change= {{decrease}}2.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,490}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,407|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=G. B. Ganacharaya |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 23,168 |percentage = 44.18% |change={{increase}}13.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. G. Faki |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,844 |percentage = 39.75% |change={{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. J. Fernandes |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 4,553 |percentage = 8.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. A. Mishra |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,704 |percentage = 7.06% |change={{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,324 |percentage = 4.43% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,985 |percentage = 65.04% |change= {{increase}}4.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,436}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,005|ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Qamar Nayer Ahmed |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,409 |percentage = 35.15% |change={{increase}}17.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapurao Dhondiba Jagtap |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 16,713 |percentage = 30.27% |change={{decrease}}3.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shabbir Amed A. Kadir Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,900 |percentage = 16.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karbhari Pandurang Barawkar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,587 |percentage = 11.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnakant Balkrishna Pandare |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,808 |percentage = 5.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayed Mohammed Akram Noghamed Afzal |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes = 648 |percentage = 1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,696 |percentage = 4.88% |change= {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,724 |percentage = 60.67% |change= {{decrease}}77.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,217}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,494|ref = |change= {{decrease}}34.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Byculla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Bapurao Dhondiba |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 65,165 |percentage = 33.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Boricha Paljibhai Hamabhai (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 62,884 |percentage = 32.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaire Ramchandra Annaji (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,268 |percentage = 17.65% |change={{decrease}}30.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sardar Pratapsingh Laxmidas |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,870 |percentage = 16.41% |change={{decrease}}32.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 1.17% |change= {{decrease}}20.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,187 |percentage = 136.66% |change= {{increase}}79.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,187}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,092|ref = |change= {{increase}}169.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tank Pakhadi Byculla West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Silam, Sayaji Lakshman |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,714 |percentage = 48.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahajani, Damodar Ganesh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,103 |percentage = 26.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap, Bapurao Dhondiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,968 |percentage = 22.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandray, Rajaram Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 567 |percentage = 1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,611 |percentage = 21.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,352 |percentage = 57.47% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,352}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,817|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Byculla]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai City district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.98|72.83|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byculla (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Goukhothang

2026-04-15T03:14:13Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{Short description|Zomi prince}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Goukhothang''' ({{circa|1821}}–1872), spelled '''Go kho thang''' or '''Go Khaw Thang''', in the [[Tedim language]], was a [[Guite people|Guite]] chief of the [[Paite people|Paite people]] based at {{ill|Mualpi|qid=Q135394465}} in the present-day [[Chin State]] of Myanmar. He was known as the then leader of all [[Zo people]]. He was later captured by the [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipuri]] troops of Raja [[Chandrakirti Singh|Chandrakirti]] and died in an Imphal jail.<ref> Bertram S. Carey and Henry N. Tuck, ''Chin Hills'', Vol 1 (1896), page 141.</ref> According to his documentary video presentation released in 2006,<ref>For a preview of the video, please, check this out here at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7ulGJXu1ao&app=desktop Zogam Salpha].</ref> he was born in [[Tedim]]-Lamzang area of present-day [[Chin State]] (Myanmar-Burma), one of the then political centers of the Guite clan. He succeeded his father, Mang Suum II, in 1855, and moved the capital to fortified village of Mualpi in present-day [[Tonzang]] township. In commemoration of Goukhothang, a football tournament is bi-annually held in [[Churachandpur]] in [[Manipur]], India, by Ropiang Foundation Trust.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=The Sangai Express | via=E-Pao | title=Raja Goukhothang Guite Football Memoriam 2020 to begin today | date=8 January 2020 | url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport8..090120.jan20 | accessdate=26 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://thewire.in/politics/maharaja-chandrakriti-memorial-park-manipur | title=Why the Manipur Govt Should Rethink the Maharaja Chandrakriti Memorial Park | date=20 May 2020 | first=Golan Suanzamung | last=Naulak | publisher=The Wire | accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sialkal.com/sspp_home.htm SSPP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214055934/http://sialkal.com/sspp_home.htm |date=14 December 2007 }}
*[http://www.laizoms.com/musika/movies.html Laizoms Musika]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

V. C. Kabeer

2026-04-13T00:29:08Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating initial post first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. C. Kabeer
| image = VC kabeer.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|05|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India
| office1 = [[Third Nayanar ministry|Minister for Health and Sports]], [[Kerala]]
| term_start1 = 19 January 2000
| term_end1 = 13 May 2001
| predecessor1 = [[A. C. Shanmughadas]]
| successor1 = [[P Sankaran]]
| office2 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1991
| term_end2 = 2005
| constituency2 = [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottappalam]]
| predecessor2 = [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| successor2 = [[M. Hamsa]]
| term_start3 = 1980
| term_end3 = 1987
| predecessor3 = P. Balan
| successor3 = [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| constituency3 = [[Ottapalam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] ''(before 1980, 2005 - present)''
| other_party = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] ''(till 2005)'' [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]] [[Indian National Congress (U)]]}}
| spouse = A. A. Beepathu
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter.
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''V. C. Kabeer'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.C.KABEER|first=KERALA NIYAMASABHA|title=KERALA NIYAMASABHA V.C.KABEER|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/v_c_kabeer.php|access-date=14 May 2021|website=stateofkerala.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician, Gandhian<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kabeer|first=Stop coveting wealth of others|date=9 December 2020|title=Stop coveting wealth of others: Kabeer|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/stop-coveting-wealth-of-others-kabeer/article33292694.ece|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> and current president of Gandhi Darshan Samithi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frontal Organisations|first=Presidents|title=Presidents of Frontal Organisations|url=https://www.kpcc.org.in/uploads/file/President_of_Frontal_Organizations%20and_Cells.pdf|access-date=22 May 2021|website=kpcc.org.in}}</ref> He served as a minister in [[Third Nayanar ministry]] from 2000-2001. He is a member of Kerala Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabeer|first=V. C.|title=V. C. Kabeer|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m267.htm|access-date=14 May 2021|website=niyamasabha.org}}</ref> for several years representing [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottappalam constituency]].

==Early life==
V. C. Kabeer was born as the son of Shri. Cheku Haji and Smt. Sulekha Umma on 10 May 1943. A teacher by profession, he came to active politics through the students' wing of the Congress and Youth Congress. He had also been jailed for twenty days, in connection with the [[Vimochana Samaram]].

==Political career==
V. C. Kabeer became elected to the [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|6th]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]], from [[Ottappalam]] constituency, as an [[Indian National Congress (U)|INC(U)]] Member. He represented the same constituency subsequently as [[Congress (Secular)|Congress(S)]] Member in the [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|7th]], [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|9th]] and [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|10th]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He continued to represent [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottappalam constituency]] in the [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|11th]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]], as a Member of [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]. But he resigned his membership in the 11th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] on 11 August 2005 to rejoin [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=5416496|title=V.C Kabeer Resigned his position as MLA|date=11 August 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In the Ministry headed by Shri. [[E. K. Nayanar]], Shri V.C. Kabeer was the Minister for Health and Sports from 19 January 2000 to 13 May 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COUNCIL OF MINISTERS SINCE 1957 - TENTH KLA|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_6_10.htm|access-date=14 May 2021|website=niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He contested in the subsequent [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] as an [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate from his long-term fortress Ottapalam constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Profile|first=V.C. KABEER MASTER|title=V.C. KABEER MASTER|url=https://myneta.info/ker2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=98|access-date=14 May 2021|website=myneta.info}}</ref> However, he failed to gain the upper hand and eventually lost.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020 |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 2006|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|access-date=14 May 2021|website=elections.in}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* President Gandhi Darshan Samithi
* Member KPCC
* Secretary, District Youth Congress (1964–68)
* President, District Youth Congress Committee (1970–78)
* Secretary, Palakkad DCC (1977–80)
* President, DCC (S) (1982–92)
* Secretary KPCC(S) (1992-2000)

==See also==
* [[A. C. Shanmughadas]]
* [[A. K. Saseendran]]
* [[A. A. Rahim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabeer, V.C}}
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Anurag Kashyap filmography

2026-04-12T11:45:14Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating new stub needs work

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
[[File:anurag kashyap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Anurag Kashyap is looking away from the camera.|Kashyap attending the [[Rome Film Festival]] in 2007.]]
[[Anurag Kashyap]] is an Indian filmmaker and actor, known for his work in Hindi cinema. After writing a television series ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' (1997), Kashyap co-wrote [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s crime drama ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998).<ref name="ak">{{cite web|title=Four Anurag Kashyap films that have changed the Indian cinemascape forever |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/four-anurag-kashyap-films-that-have-changed-the-indian-cinemascape-forever-712802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042049/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/four-anurag-kashyap-films-that-have-changed-the-indian-cinemascape-forever-712802.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |last=Sen |first=Shomini |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> He later wrote and directed a short television film, ''[[Last Train to Mahakali]]'' (1999), and made his feature film debut with the yet-unreleased film ''[[Paanch]]''.<ref name="myth">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-myth-of-paanch-is-bigger-than-the-film-/847510/ |title=The myth of Paanch is bigger than the film |work=[[The Indian Express]] |last=Nagpaul D'souza |first=Dipti |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121944/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-myth-of-paanch-is-bigger-than-the-film-/847510/ |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="paanch">{{cite news|title=Bollywood films that never released |url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/bollywood-films-that-never-released/4737/41963 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092341/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/bollywood-films-that-never-released/4737/41963 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> He next directed ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2007), a film on the [[1993 Bombay bombings]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/05anurag.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603110641/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/05anurag.htm/ |archive-date= 3 June 2015 |title=Black Friday is based on facts! |work=[[Rediff.com]] |last=N |first=Patcy |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its release was barred by India's [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] for two years,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/31black.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207031233/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/31black.htm |archive-date= 7 December 2008 |title=No Black Friday till blasts case verdict |work=Rediff.com |last=N |first=Patcy |date=31 March 2005 |access-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> but was eventually released in 2007 to positive reviews.<ref name="godfather">{{Cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap, the Godfather |last=Khanna |first=Parul |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/anurag-kashyap-the-godfather/article1-1087684.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125083625/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/anurag-kashyap-the-godfather/article1-1087684.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, he directed the critical and commercial failure ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''.<ref name="godfather"/><ref>{{cite web|title=No Smoking box-office report |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/no_smoking#.VUcAqY6qqko |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084902/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/no_smoking |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Return of Hanuman]]'' (2007), an animated film, was Kashyap's next directorial venture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-anurag-kashyap-is-jinxed-no-more-1226649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512063416/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-anurag-kashyap-is-jinxed-no-more-1226649 |archive-date=12 May 2015 |title=Anurag Kashyap is jinxed no more |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |date=1 February 2009 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, he directed ''[[Dev.D]]'', a modern-day take on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s [[Bengali novels|Bengali]] novel ''[[Devdas]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Dev.D Overview |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/451513/Dev-D/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701192139/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/451513/Dev-D/overview |archive-date= 1 July 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Jason Buchanan |date=2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> along with the political drama'' [[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/13review-gulaal.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415015248/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/13review-gulaal.htm |archive-date=15 April 2009 |title=Gulaal is a compelling watch |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=13 March 2009 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2 December 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite positive reviews, the latter was a box-office failure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Weekly-Box-Office-Report-Gulaal-and-Zizou-find-little-colour-at-BO/articleshow/4275905.cms|title=Weekly Box-Office Report: "Gulaal" and "Zizou" find little colour at BO|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2009|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112031504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Weekly-Box-Office-Report-Gulaal-and-Zizou-find-little-colour-at-BO/articleshow/4275905.cms|archive-date=12 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Kashyap's production company [[Anurag Kashyap Films]] released its first film ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' (2010)—a critical success that earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Walia |first=Shelly |title=Q&A: Anurag Kashyap, director |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/q-a-anurag-kashyap-director-110062700036_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621101927/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/q-a-anurag-kashyap-director-110062700036_1.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=27 June 2010 |access-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ghosh |first=Pratik |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-looking-to-soar-1855017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621102030/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-looking-to-soar-1855017 |archive-date=21 June 2015 |title=Looking to soar |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 56th Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/winners-of-56th-filmfare-awards-2011-news-bollywood-lb4j5zjacfesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911132242/http://www.sify.com/movies/winners-of-56th-filmfare-awards-2011-news-bollywood-lb4j5zjacfesi.html |archive-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 January 2011 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He then directed one of the short films in the [[anthology film]] ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumbai/20080411.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092041/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumbai/20080411.htm |archive-date=18 May 2015 |title=Fine directors get together in Mumbai Cutting |work=Rediff.com |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> After directing the thriller ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'' (2011),<ref>{{cite news|title=The Girl In Yellow Boots my first worldwide release: Anurag Kashyap|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/That-Girl-in-Yellow-Boots-my-first-worldwide-release-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/9540717.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 August 2011|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/That-Girl-in-Yellow-Boots-my-first-worldwide-release-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/9540717.cms|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the two-part crime film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (2012) was his next release, which garnered him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee |first=Maggie |title=Gangs of Wasseypur Review |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/gangs-of-wasseypur-1117947719/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092502/http://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/gangs-of-wasseypur-1117947719/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hungama">{{cite web|title=Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123055038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> In 2013, he directed a short film on [[eve teasing]] titled ''[[That Day After Everyday]]'', and directed one segment of the anthology film ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]'' (2013).<ref name="short">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-s-that-day-after-everyday-gets-over-4-lakh-hits-in-2-days/article1-1146141.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217070547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-s-that-day-after-everyday-gets-over-4-lakh-hits-in-2-days/article1-1146141.aspx |archive-date=17 February 2015 |title=Anurag Kashyap's That Day After Everyday gets over 4 lakh hits in 2 days |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Join>{{cite news|title=Bollywood directors join hands to pay homage to Indian cinema|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-directors-join-hands-to-pay-homage-to-Indian-cinema/articleshow/13020569.cms?|work=The Times of India|date=7 May 2012|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128114256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-directors-join-hands-to-pay-homage-to-Indian-cinema/articleshow/13020569.cms|archive-date=28 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, he co-produced ''[[The Lunchbox]]'', a film that was nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]],<ref name="bafta">{{cite web|title=BAFTA: 'Boyhood' wins top honours, 'The Lunchbox' misses award |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-boyhood-wins-top-honours-the-lunchbox-misses-award_1543627.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235117/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-boyhood-wins-top-honours-the-lunchbox-misses-award_1543627.html |archive-date= 9 February 2015 |publisher=Zee News |date=9 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the biographical drama ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''.<ref name="shahid">{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap's film at Toronto Film Festival|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/aug/020812-Anurag-Kashyaps-film-at-Toronto-Film-Festival.htm|work=[[Mid-Day]]|last=M Shah|first=Kunal|date=2 August 2012|access-date=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929192514/https://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/aug/020812-Anurag-Kashyaps-film-at-Toronto-Film-Festival.htm|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2011, Kashyap started another production company [[Phantom Films]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screendaily.com/kashyap-conjures-up-phantom-films/5034959.article |title=Kashyap conjures up Phantom Films |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |work=Screen Daily |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527125039/http://www.screendaily.com/kashyap-conjures-up-phantom-films/5034959.article |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref> whose first feature was the period drama ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013).

Kashyap co-produced and co-edited the comedy-drama ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014), which earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]]; the film also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. His next directorial ventures were the thriller ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2014) and the period film ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite news|title=Ugly is a commercial film: Anurag Kashyap |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ugly-is-a-commercial-film-anurag-kashyap-114122000294_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322002011/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ugly-is-a-commercial-film-anurag-kashyap-114122000294_1.html |archive-date=22 March 2015 |work=Business Standard |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=27 December 2014 |access-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bombay Velvet to release on May 15 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bombay-velvet-not-postponed-releases-on-may-15/ |date=23 January 2015 |access-date=26 March 2015 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401080736/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bombay-velvet-not-postponed-releases-on-may-15/ |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref> The latter opened to mixed reviews from critics and failed to recover its {{INRConvert|1.2|b}} investment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/886941/critics-report-bombay-velvet-opens-to-mixed-response/ |title=Critics' Report: Bombay Velvet opens to mixed response |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=15 May 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612211608/http://tribune.com.pk/story/886941/critics-report-bombay-velvet-opens-to-mixed-response/ |archive-date=12 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Malvania |first=Urvi |title=Rough start to Bombay Velvet at the box office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |date=16 May 2015 |work=Business Standard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020825/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rough-start-to-bombay-velvet-at-box-office-115051600797_1.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bombay-velvet-fades-against-piku/article7224212.ece?w=ma446|title='Bombay Velvet' fades against 'Piku'|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2015|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928205305/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bombay-velvet-fades-against-piku/article7224212.ece?w=ma446|archive-date=28 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2015, he co-produced two commercially successful films, ''[[Hunterrr]]'', ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' and the critically acclaimed ''[[Fly Away Solo|Masaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |title=Hunterrr and NH10 score well |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518104025/http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/masaan-movie-review-roundup-must-watch-film-640285 |title='Masaan' Movie Review Roundup: A Must Watch Film |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=23 July 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901004101/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/masaan-movie-review-roundup-must-watch-film-640285 |archive-date= 1 September 2015 }}</ref> Kashyap went on to direct ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' (2016), based on the serial killer [[Raman Raghav]], the sports drama ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' (2018) and co-directed India's first [[Netflix#Original programming|Netflix Original series]], the crime thriller ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''. In 2019, he co-founded another production company, Good Bad Films, whose first film was ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' (2020).<ref name=choked>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/anurag-kashyap-examines-balance-between-truth-power-and-money/22792242|title=Anurag Kashyap: Examines Balance Between Truth, Power And Money|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=19 May 2020|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525181129/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/anurag-kashyap-examines-balance-between-truth-power-and-money/22792242|url-status=live}}</ref>

==As a director, producer, and writer==

===Feature films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! Director
! Producer
! Screenwriter
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1997
!scope="row"| '' ...Jayate''
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Unreleased
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Not all those who wander are lost: A filmmaker's conviction is vindicated |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/not-all-those-who-wander-are-lost-a-filmmakers-conviction-is-vindicated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191637/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/not-all-those-who-wander-are-lost-a-filmmakers-conviction-is-vindicated |archive-date= 2 June 2015 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |last=Thakur |first=Tanul |date=10 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
!scope="row"| ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|Along with Saurabh Shukla
|align="center"| <ref name="ak"/>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1999
!scope="row"| ''[[Shool]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shool (1999) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54585/Shool |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Kaun (film)|Kaun]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kaun (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534479 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084230/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534479 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
!scope="row"| ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Jung (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539607 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906173404/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539607 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
!scope="row"| ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]''
|
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nayak (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55960 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303201026/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55960 |archive-date= 3 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
!scope="row"| ''[[Paanch]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align="center"| <ref name="paanch"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |2004
!scope="row"| ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Paisa Vasool (2004) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603210608/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201596/Paisa%20Vasool |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Yuva]]''
|
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yuva (2004) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 November 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510616 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901005452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510616 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center" | <ref name="ak" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2005
!scope="row"| ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]''
|
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/surabhi-surendra/10-must-watch-movies-made_b_6822098.html |title=10 Must Watch Movies Made By Indian Women Directors |work=The Huffington Post |last=Surendra |first=Surabhi |date=8 March 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504233016/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/surabhi-surendra/10-must-watch-movies-made_b_6822098.html |archive-date= 4 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Main Aisa Hi Hoon]]''
|
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Main Aisa Hi Hoon (2005) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603210754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54549/Main%20Aisa%20Hi%20Hoon |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2006
!scope="row"| ''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]''
|
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Mixed Doubles (2006) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603190654/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508074/Mixed%20Doubles |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''Shoonya''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Girl, uninterrupted|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/girl-uninterrupted/article2241363.ece|work=The Hindu|date=27 February 2007|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/girl-uninterrupted/article2241363.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007
! scope="row" | ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center" | <ref name="L">{{cite news|title=Where there's smoke... |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DEg7B1uJxO1iQMNFmJ9qSM/Where-there8217s-smoke.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |last=Sara Rajan |first=Manju |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808135353/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DEg7B1uJxO1iQMNFmJ9qSM/Where-there8217s-smoke.html |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. (2007) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202123245/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514805/Honeymoon%20Travels%20Pvt%20Ltd. |archive-date= 2 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal (2007) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603210757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508842/Dhan%20Dhana%20Dhan%20Goal |archive-date= 3 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Return of Hanuman]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Return of Hanuman (2007) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508592/Return%20of%20Hanuman |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Fool & Final]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Fool n Final (2007) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082439/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57129/Fool%20n%20Final |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shakalaka Boom Boom (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55701 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329101204/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55701 |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| Creative producer
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Aamir (2008) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082636/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/513198/Aamir |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Directed the segment "Pramod Bhai 23"
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ode-to-mumbai/article1434140.ece|title=Ode to Mumbai|work=The Hindu|last=Pradeep|first=K|date=9 May 2008|access-date=19 May 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011120920/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Ode-to-Mumbai/article15398546.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|2009
!scope="row"| ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kurbaan (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539747 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231327/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539747 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dev.D]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]
| align="center"| <ref name="D">{{cite news|title=Filmfare 2009 nominations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-2009-nominations/articleshow/5575557.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225035625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-2009-nominations/articleshow/5575557.cms |archive-date=25 February 2016 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Story]]
| align="center"| <ref name="G">{{cite news|title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/725/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020180943/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/725/ |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]]{{efn|name=shared|Shared the award with [[Vikramaditya Motwane]].}} [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]]{{efn|name=shared|Shared the award with [[Vikramaditya Motwane]].}} Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Udaan, Dabangg top winners at Fimfare Awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201015334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms |archive-date= 1 February 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 January 2011 |date=29 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Muskurake Dekh Zara]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Muskurake Dekh Zara (2010) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/530579 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331160907/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/530579 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2011
!scope="row"| ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-2011 |title=That Girl in Yellow Boots review |publisher=rogerebert.com |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020102756/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/that-girl-in-yellow-boots-2011 |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Michael (2011 Indian film)|Michael]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyaps-Michael-goes-to-Toronto/articleshow/9910401.cms|title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Michael' goes to Toronto|last=K. Olivera|first=Roshni|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2011|access-date=11 May 2015|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyaps-Michael-goes-to-Toronto/articleshow/9910401.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/producing-a-demon/article2114203.ece|title=Producing a demon|work=The Hindu|last=Parekh|first=Ishita|date=18 June 2011|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/producing-a-demon/article2114203.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]''
|
| {{partial|Co-producer}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref name ="T">{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Bruce|title=The Cinema of Michael Winterbottom: Borders, Intimacy, Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl2rAgAAQBAJ&q=anurag+kashyap+to+produce+winterbottom&pg=PA219|pages=219|publisher=Wallflower|isbn=978-0-231-16737-6|date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"|2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]]{{efn|name=gow|Shared the award with [[Zeishan Quadri]], Akhilesh Jaiswal, and Sachin K Ladia.}} Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Director
| align="center"| <ref name="hungama"/> <ref name=filmfare>{{cite web|title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here! |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |work=Filmfare |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227075057/http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref name="hungama"/> <ref name="filmfare"/>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Aiyyaa]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Aiyyaa (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549597 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226124900/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549597 |archive-date=26 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bedabrata-pain-sacrificed-a-lot-for-chittagong-anurag-kashyap/1013670/ |title=Bedabrata Pain sacrificed a lot for 'Chittagong': Anurag Kashyap |work=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621062842/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bedabrata-pain-sacrificed-a-lot-for-chittagong-anurag-kashyap/1013670 |archive-date=21 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/luv-shuv-tey-chicken-khurana-is-a-light-comedy-anurag-kashyap-628962 |title=Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana is light comedy: Anurag Kashyap |publisher=NDTV |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914162509/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/luv-shuv-tey-chicken-khurana-is-a-light-comedy-anurag-kashyap-628962 |archive-date=14 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''
|
|
| {{Partial|Additional dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902131241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[The Last Act (film)|The Last Act]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-kashyaps-the-last-act-tries-to-be-more-than-some-of-its-parts-558558.html |title=Movie Review: Kashyap's 'The Last Act' tries to be more than some of its parts |work=[[Firstpost]] |author=Trisha |date=15 December 2012 |access-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116112507/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-kashyaps-the-last-act-tries-to-be-more-than-some-of-its-parts-558558.html |archive-date=16 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tasher Desh]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|title='Tasher Desh' to have world premier at Rome film fest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Tasher-Desh-to-have-world-premier-at-Rome-film-fest/articleshow/17113818.cms?|work=The Times of India|date=6 November 2012|access-date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606214252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Tasher-Desh-to-have-world-premier-at-Rome-film-fest/articleshow/17113818.cms|archive-date=6 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref name="shahid"/>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/peddlers-cannes-review-327285 |title=Peddlers: Cannes Review |first=Deborah |last=Young |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103224323/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/peddlers-cannes-review-327285 |archive-date= 3 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|2013
!scope="row"| ''[[The Lunchbox]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| Critics Week Viewers Choice Award ([[Cannes Film Festival]]) Nominated—[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a484616/the-lunchbox-wins-critics-week-viewers-choice-award-at-cannes-2013.html#~peyFo7xATcP8LI |title='The Lunchbox' wins 'Critics Week Viewers Choice Award' at Cannes 2013 |last=Joshi |first=Priya |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |date=25 May 2013 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610105806/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a484616/the-lunchbox-wins-critics-week-viewers-choice-award-at-cannes-2013.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> <ref name="bafta"/>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/may/19/cannes-2013-monsoon-shootout-review |title=Cannes 2013: Monsoon Shootout first look review |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 May 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005054223/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/may/19/cannes-2013-monsoon-shootout-review |archive-date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Directed the segment "Murabba"
| align="center"| <ref name=Join/>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Lootera]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |title=Lootera (2013) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=17 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019012657/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548841/Lootera |archive-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Shorts (2013 film)|Shorts]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/we-havent-made-shorts-for-the-box-office-huma-qureshi-618810.html |title=We haven't made 'Shorts' for the box office: Huma Qureshi |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=1 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921213935/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/we-havent-made-shorts-for-the-box-office-huma-qureshi-618810.html |archive-date=21 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Hasee Toh Phasee (2014) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/580749 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104193419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/580749 |archive-date= 4 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]]{{efn|name=edit|Shared the award with [[Abhijit Kokate]].}} [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Queen (2014) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=13 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107180351/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/563941/Queen |archive-date= 7 January 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203081332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |archive-date= 3 February 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |title=62nd National Film Awards' winners: 'Haider' wins five, Kangana Ranaut's 'Queen' two |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062007/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |archive-date=25 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Tigers (2014 film)|Tigers]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|title= Emraan Hashmi signs Danis Tanovic's next, Anurag Kashyap to co-produce|work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/emraan-hashmi-signs-danis-tanovic-s-next-anurag-kashyap-to-co-produce/article1-953148.aspx|last=Singh|first=Prashant|date=1 November 2012|access-date=17 August 2013}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Director
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/movie-review-ugly-is-lovely/articleshow/45639176.cms |title=Movie Review: 'Ugly' is lovely |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 December 2014 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217235227/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/movie-review-ugly-is-lovely/articleshow/45639176.cms |archive-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |work=Filmfare |date=19 January 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110120443/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |archive-date=10 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"|2015
!scope="row"| ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-producer-with-nh-10-1204737.html |title=Anushka Sharma turns producer with NH10 |work=Firstpost |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=13 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103304/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-producer-with-nh-10-1204737.html |archive-date= 5 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Hunterrr]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Radhika-Apte-in-Anurag-Kashyap-and-Phantom-films-Hunterrr/articleshow/46094623.cms|title=Radhika Apte in Anurag Kashyap and Phantom films' Hunterrr|work=The Times of India|date=2 February 2015|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Radhika-Apte-in-Anurag-Kashyap-and-Phantom-films-Hunterrr/articleshow/46094623.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/it-was-my-most-challenging-film-creatively-anurag-kashyap-on-bombay-velvet-2244566.html |title=It was my most challenging film creatively: Anurag Kashyap on Bombay Velvet |work=Firstpost |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616222538/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/it-was-my-most-challenging-film-creatively-anurag-kashyap-on-bombay-velvet-2244566.html |archive-date=16 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Masaan]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| [[International Federation of Film Critics#FIPRESCI Award|FIPRESCI Award]] ([[Cannes Film Festival]]) Promising Future award ([[Cannes Film Festival]])
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/masaan-to-release-in-india-on-july-24/article7255001.ece|title='Masaan' to release in India on July 24|work=The Hindu|date=28 May 2015|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052746/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/masaan-to-release-in-india-on-july-24/article7255001.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Meeruthiya Gangster]]''
|
|
|
| Co-editor
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/anurag-kashyap-turns-editor-for-meeruthiya-gangsters/16427190 |title=Anurag Kashyap turns editor for 'Meeruthiya Gangsters' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010830/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/anurag-kashyap-turns-editor-for-meeruthiya-gangsters/16427190 |archive-date= 8 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Vakratunda Mahakaaya]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Anurag-Kashyap-Vakratunda-Mahakaaya-marathi/articleshow/48774367.cms |title=WATCH: Trailer of Anurag Kashyap's next film |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905053723/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Anurag-Kashyap-Vakratunda-Mahakaaya-marathi/articleshow/48774367.cms |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shahid-kapoor-alia-bhatt-s-shaandar-finds-a-release-date-2052501 |title=Shahid-Alia's Shaandaar finds a release date |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012912/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shahid-kapoor-alia-bhatt-s-shaandar-finds-a-release-date-2052501 |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Udta Punjab]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/udta-punjabs-co-producer-anurag-kashyap-slams-palhaj-nihalani-12902-2016-06-07 |title=Udta Punjab's co-producer Anurag Kashyap slams Pahlaj Nihalani |last=Singh |first=Harmeet Shah |work=India Today |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221246/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/udta-punjabs-co-producer-anurag-kashyap-slams-palhaj-nihalani/1/686685.html |archive-date= 9 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/raman-raghav-20-review-clearcut-uncomplicated-a-taut-thriller/article8768411.ece |title='Raman Raghav 2.0': A clear-cut, uncomplicated, thriller |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |work=The Hindu |date=24 June 2016 |access-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624060112/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/raman-raghav-20-review-clearcut-uncomplicated-a-taut-thriller/article8768411.ece |archive-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Madly (2016 film)|Madly]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Directed the segment "Clean Shaven"
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madly-to-screen-at-2016-tribeca-film-festival-116030300423_1.html |title='Madly' to screen at 2016 Tribeca Film Festival |work=Business Standard |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326143736/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madly-to-screen-at-2016-tribeca-film-festival-116030300423_1.html |archive-date=26 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Wrong Side Raju]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| Gujarati film
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anurag-kashyap-backs-gujarati-movie-wrong-side-raju/article9085109.ece|title=Pleasure to back a good script: Anurag Kashyap|work=The Hindu|date=8 September 2016|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Haraamkhor]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/nawazuddin-siddiqui-fees-for-haramkhor-a-token-amount-of-one-rupee/964419 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui Fees For Haramkhor: A Token Amount Of One Rupee! |work=Outlook |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=23 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122100244/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/nawazuddin-siddiqui-fees-for-haramkhor-a-token-amount-of-one-rupee/964419 |archive-date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/trapped-movie-review-by-audience-live-update-719750 |title=Trapped movie review by audience: Live updates |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H |work=International Business Times |date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317022840/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/trapped-movie-review-by-audience-live-update-719750 |archive-date=17 March 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2018
!scope="row" | ''[[Mukkabaaz]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukkabaaz-premieres-at-toronto-anurag-kashyap-s-new-film-tackles-cow-vigilantism-provokes-reaction/story-HhLrnpF4LhiLyJmXTib5TM.html|title=Mukkabaaz premieres at Toronto: Anurag Kashyap's new film tackles cow vigilantism, provokes reaction|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 September 2017|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121020145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukkabaaz-premieres-at-toronto-anurag-kashyap-s-new-film-tackles-cow-vigilantism-provokes-reaction/story-HhLrnpF4LhiLyJmXTib5TM.html|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bhavesh-joshi-superhero-review-vikramaditya-motwane-reminds-you-that-heroes-are-only-human/articleshow/64410350.cms|title='Bhavesh Joshi Superhero' review: Vikramaditya Motwane reminds you that heroes are only human|work=The Economic Times|date=4 June 2018|access-date=10 June 2018|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145931/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bhavesh-joshi-superhero-review-vikramaditya-motwane-reminds-you-that-heroes-are-only-human/articleshow/64410350.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Lust Stories]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lust-stories-movie-review-netflix-anthology-is-another-step-forward-in-bollywoods-sexual-awakening-4510967.html|title=Lust Stories movie review: Netflix anthology is another step forward in Bollywood's sexual awakening|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Swetha|publisher=Firstpost|date=15 June 2018|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113233/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lust-stories-movie-review-netflix-anthology-is-another-step-forward-in-bollywoods-sexual-awakening-4510967.html|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manmarziyaan-movie-review--are-these-actors-for-real/19799165|title=Manmarziyaan Movie Review - Are These Actors For Real?|last=Shekhar|first=Mayank|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=13 September 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913063413/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manmarziyaan-movie-review--are-these-actors-for-real/19799165|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|2019
!scope="row" | ''[[Moothon]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{Partial|Hindi dialogues}}
|[[Malayalam]] film
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-interview-on-where-bollywood-is-heading-4486190/ |title=Anurag Kashyap says he doesn't think of where Bollywood is going |work=The Indian Express |date=22 January 2017 |access-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064658/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-interview-on-where-bollywood-is-heading-4486190/ |archive-date=18 February 2017 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Cargo (Hindi film)|Cargo]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cargo-teaser-vikrant-massey-plays-prahastha-a-demon-in-sci-fi-film-produced-by-anurag-kashyap-7501391.html|title=Cargo teaser: Vikrant Massey plays Prahastha, a demon, in sci-fi film produced by Anurag Kashyap|publisher=Firstpost|date=15 October 2019|access-date=20 October 2019|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020003446/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cargo-teaser-vikrant-massey-plays-prahastha-a-demon-in-sci-fi-film-produced-by-anurag-kashyap-7501391.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-saand-ki-aankh-teaser-taapsee-pannu-and-bhumi-pednekar-as-shooter-daadis-are-set-to-fire-guns-this-diwali-2770781|title='Saand Ki Aankh' teaser: Taapsee Pannu and Bhumi Pednekar as Shooter Daadis are set to fire guns this Diwali!|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=11 July 2019|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711064644/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-saand-ki-aankh-teaser-taapsee-pannu-and-bhumi-pednekar-as-shooter-daadis-are-set-to-fire-guns-this-diwali-2770781|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|2020
!scope="row" | ''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/anurag-kashyap-starts-shooting-for-ghost-stories-1595767-2019-09-05|title=Anurag Kashyap starts shooting for Ghost Stories|work=India Today|date=5 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085727/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/anurag-kashyap-starts-shooting-for-ghost-stories-1595767-2019-09-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"|<ref name=choked/>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[AK vs AK]]''
|
| {{Partial|Executive producer}}
| {{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
| align="center"|<ref name="A">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ak-vs-ak-trailer-launched/article33277445.ece|title=Star wars: Anurag Kashyap and Anil Kapoor battle it out in 'AK vs AK'|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2020|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081927/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ak-vs-ak-trailer-launched/article33277445.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2021
!scope="row" | ''[[Paka (River of Blood)]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|Producer; Malayalam film
| align="center"|<ref name="Sangbad Pratidin"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|2022
!scope="row"|''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''
|
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/features/anil-kapoor-harsh-varrdhan-kapoor-team-up-for-netflixs-film-thar/840243/|title=Anil Kapoor, Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor team up for Netflix's film 'Thar'|publisher=The Print|date=21 February 2022|accessdate=18 April 2022|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418075429/https://theprint.in/features/anil-kapoor-harsh-varrdhan-kapoor-team-up-for-netflixs-film-thar/840243/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Dobaaraa]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-taapsee-pannu-reunite-dobaaraa-produced-ekta-kapoors-cult-movies/|title=Anurag Kashyap and Taapsee Pannu reunite for Dobaaraa, to be produced by Ekta Kapoor's Cult Movies|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 February 2021|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222005130/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-taapsee-pannu-reunite-dobaaraa-produced-ekta-kapoors-cult-movies/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Two Sisters and a Husband''
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Two Sisters and a Husband Official Teaser |date=3 May 2022 |publisher=Fundamental Pictures |place=India |work=YouTube |medium=Motion picture}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2023
!scope="row" | ''[[Almost Pyaar with DJ Mohabbat]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Almost Pyaar With DJ Mohabbat teaser: Anurag Kashyap brings a musical love story with Amit Trivedi. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/almost-pyaar-with-dj-mohabbat-teaser-anurag-kashyap-brings-a-musical-love-story-with-amit-trivedi-watch-101671698956859-amp.html |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227142647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/almost-pyaar-with-dj-mohabbat-teaser-anurag-kashyap-brings-a-musical-love-story-with-amit-trivedi-watch-101671698956859-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap Serves a Slice of Indian Noir in 'Kennedy' Trailer |url=https://collider.com/kennedy-trailer-anurag-kashyap/ |date=11 May 2023 |website=Collider |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512163030/https://collider.com/kennedy-trailer-anurag-kashyap/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Nishaanchi]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap Crime Drama 'Nishaanchi' Set for Theatrical Release With Amazon MGM Studios (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/anurag-kashyap-nishaanchi-theatrical-release-amazon-mgm-studios-1236417637/|date=16 June 2025 |website=Variety|access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Bad Girl (2025 film)|Bad Girl]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nishaanchi Part 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
| align="center" |
|-
|2026
! scope="row" {{Pending film|[[Bandar (film)|Bandar]]}}
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anurag Kashyap's 'Bandar' to premiere at Toronto International Film Festival|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-kashyap-bandar-toronto-international-film-festival-premiere/article69842068.ece|date=22 July 2025 |website=The Hindu|access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2026
! scope="row" {{Pending film|Vaghachipani}}
|
| {{Yes}}
|
|[[Kannada]] film
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Natesh Hegde's 'Vaghachipani' first Kannada film to be screened at Berlin international film festival |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//india/karnataka/natesh-hegde-s-vaghachipani-first-kannada-film-to-be-screened-at-berlin-international-film-festival-3362298 |date=19 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald|access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== As an actor ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
!Role(s)
!Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2000
!scope="row"| ''[[Gang (film)|Gang]]''
|Police Officer
|rowspan="15"|[[Hindi]]
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/gang/EROSNOW_MOVIE_1000208|title=Gang|website=Airtel xstream|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926203611/https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/gang/EROSNOW_MOVIE_1000208|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]''
|ISI agent at landing boat
| Also director; [[cameo appearance]]
| align="center" | <ref name="ak" />
|-
| 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''
|Man in the elevator
|
| align="center" | <ref name="L"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009
!scope="row"| ''[[Luck by Chance]]''
|Himself
| Cameo appearance
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Luck by Chance (2009) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201796 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901203137/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201796 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dev.D]]''
|Chanda's customer
| rowspan="2" | Also director; cameo appearance
| align="center"| <ref name="D"/>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]''
|Man at the party
| align="center"| <ref name="G"/>
|-
| 2010
!scope="row"| ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]''
|Vinay
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/onir-raises-funds-through-facebook/article1-540900.aspx |title=Onir raises funds through Facebook |date=5 August 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |last=Shah |first=Manali |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408101042/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/onir-raises-funds-through-facebook/article1-540900.aspx |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2011
!scope="row"| ''[[Soundtrack (film)|Soundtrack]]''
|Himself
| Cameo appearance
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |title=Soundtrack (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083753/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538587/Soundtrack |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Shagird (2011 film)|Shagird]]''
|Bunty Bhaiya
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-involved-in-an-encounter/articleshow/8160087.cms|title=Anurag Kashyap involved in an encounter|work=The Times of India|date=4 May 2011|access-date=9 June 2015|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-Kashyap-involved-in-an-encounter/articleshow/8160087.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Johnny]]''
|Kashyap
| Cameo appearance
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535423 |title=Tera Kya Hoga Johnny (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080626/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535423 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
| Also co-producer
| align="center"| <ref name="T"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]''
| rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|title=Anurag Kashyap to act in Bhootnath Returns |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2222890/Anurag-Kashyap-to-act-in-Bhoothnath-Returns |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=13 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145522/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2222890/Anurag-Kashyap-to-act-in-Bhoothnath-Returns |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|Selection Judge of World Dance Championship Auditions
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/anurag-kashyap-vishal-dadlani-expose-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-happy-new-year-601975 |title=Anurag Kashyap, Vishal Dadlani to 'Expose' in Shah Rukh Khan Starrer 'Happy New Year' |work=International Business Times |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=10 June 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052019/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/anurag-kashyap-vishal-dadlani-expose-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-happy-new-year-601975 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
!scope="row"| ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]''
|[[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Govind Rane
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anurag-kashyap-injures-himself-during-akira-shoot-115062000540_1.html |title=Anurag Kashyap injures himself during 'Akira' shoot |work=Business Standard |date=20 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621170108/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anurag-kashyap-injures-himself-during-akira-shoot-115062000540_1.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
!scope="row" | ''[[Daas Dev]]''
|Vishambhar Pratap Chauhan
| Guest appearance
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-is-back-in-front-of-the-camera-with-sudhir-mishra-s-daasdev-film-to-release-on-march-9/story-IswkBHmS4CE9EtECKLBv4I.html|title=Anurag Kashyap is back in front of the camera with Sudhir Mishra's Daasdev, film to release on March 9|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 February 2018|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202063824/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-is-back-in-front-of-the-camera-with-sudhir-mishra-s-daasdev-film-to-release-on-march-9/story-IswkBHmS4CE9EtECKLBv4I.html|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]''
|ACP Martin Roy (Rudhra)
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/imaikka-nodigal-reviewthe-film-benefits-from-actors-who-play-the-lead-roles-review-tamil-si4pfgbihdadc.html|title=Imaikka Nodigal review:The film benefits from the exceptional actors who play the lead roles|website=[[Sify]]|date=30 August 2018|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142301/http://www.sify.com/movies/imaikka-nodigal-reviewthe-film-benefits-from-actors-who-play-the-lead-roles-review-tamil-si4pfgbihdadc.html|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2019
!scope="row" | ''[[Bombay Rose]]''
|Raja Khan (voice)
| rowspan="6"|Hindi
|
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gitanjali-rao-s-animation-film-bombay-rose-to-open-venice-international-film-critics-week-1571763-2019-07-21|title=Gitanjali Rao's animation film Bombay Rose to open Venice International Film Critics' Week|work=India Today|date=21 July 2019|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816173315/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gitanjali-rao-s-animation-film-bombay-rose-to-open-venice-international-film-critics-week-1571763-2019-07-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
!scope="row" | ''[[Ghoomketu]]''
|[[Inspector]] Badlani Jr., Raja Badlani, and Sr. Badlani{{efn|Anurag Kashyap performances in a triple role films.}}
| [[dual role|Triple role]]; also producer
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-am-a-reluctant-actor-so-playing-lazy-came-easily-anurag-kashyap-on-playing-laidback-inspector-in-ghoomketu-2825535|title='I am a reluctant actor so playing lazy came easily': Anurag Kashyap on playing laidback inspector in 'Ghoomketu'|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=21 May 2020|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527084130/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-am-a-reluctant-actor-so-playing-lazy-came-easily-anurag-kashyap-on-playing-laidback-inspector-in-ghoomketu-2825535|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[AK vs AK]]''
| Himself
| Also executive producer and dialogue writer
| align="center"|<ref name="A"/>
|-
| 2021
!scope="row" | ''[[Bansuri: The Flute]]''
|Sadashiv
|
| align="center"|<ref name="Sangbad Pratidin">{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=অনুরাগ কাশ্যপের বিপরীতে ঋতুপর্ণা, লকডাউনের মাঝেই প্রকাশ্যে 'বাঁশুরি' ছবির প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anurag-kashyap-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-bansuri-first-look-out/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |publisher=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929020844/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anurag-kashyap-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-bansuri-first-look-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2023
!scope="row"|''[[Kuttey]]''
| Politician
| Cameo appearance
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/kuttey-anurag-kashyap-konkana-sen-arjun-kapoor-shares-first-look-of-kuttey/2315923/|title=Kuttey: Anurag Kashyap, Konkana Sen, Arjun Kapoor shares first look of 'Kuttey'|website=Financial Express|date=23 August 2021|accessdate=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204145709/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/kuttey-anurag-kashyap-konkana-sen-arjun-kapoor-shares-first-look-of-kuttey/2315923/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

!scope="row" | ''[[Haddi]]''
| Pramod Ahlawat
| [[ZEE5]] movie
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title= Haddi motion poster: Nawazuddin Siddiqui transforms into a femme fatale. Watch |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/haddi-motion-poster-nawazuddin-siddiqui-transforms-femme-fatale-watch-8106766/ |work= The Indian Express |date= 23 August 2022 |access-date= 28 May 2023 |archive-date= 28 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230528174841/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/haddi-motion-poster-nawazuddin-siddiqui-transforms-femme-fatale-watch-8106766/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
|Daniel
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|Cameo appearance
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Leo: Director Anurag Kashyap Joins Thalapathy Vijay's Highly Anticipated Film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijays-leo-cast-gets-bigger-after-sanjay-dutt-anurag-kashyap-joins-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-8700193/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708031728/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijays-leo-cast-gets-bigger-after-sanjay-dutt-anurag-kashyap-joins-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-8700193/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
!scope="row"|''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''
|Selvam
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maharaja-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-and-anurag-kashyap-in-a-revenge-saga-5783835|title=Maharaja Trailer: Vijay Sethupathi And Anurag Kashyap In A Revenge Saga|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Bad Cop (TV series)|Bad Cop]]''
| Kazbe
|Hindi
|TV series on [[Disney+Hotstar]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bad-cop-series-review-gulshan-devaiah-anurag-kashyap-rub-along-in-generic-thriller/article68308767.ece|title='Bad Cop' series review: Gulshan Devaiah, Anurag Kashyap rub along in generic thriller|website=The Hindu|date=20 June 2024 |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]''
|Naxal Radical
|rowspan="1" |Tamil
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''
|Dayanand Bare
|rowspan="1" |Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/first-look-poster-of-anurag-kashyap-unveiled-for-rifle-club-article-113257821 | title=First-Look Poster Of Anurag Kashyap Unveiled For 'Rifle Club' | publisher=[[Times Now]] | work=Shashiprasad SM | date=11 September 2024 | accessdate=2 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
!scope="row"|''[[Saali Mohabbat]]''
|Gajendra Bhaiya
|Hindi
|[[ZEE5]] film
|
|-
|2026
!scope="row"|''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]''
|CI Rambabu alias Swamy
|rowspan="1" |Telugu Hindi
| Bilingual film
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
!scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''One 2 One'' {{Dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}
|{{TBA}}
|rowspan="1" |Tamil
| Filming
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anurag Kashyap plays the antagonist in Sundar C's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anurag-kashyap-plays-the-antagonist-in-sundar-cs-next/articleshow/90850223.cms |accessdate=20 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415010515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anurag-kashyap-plays-the-antagonist-in-sundar-cs-next/articleshow/90850223.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Short films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col"| Title
! Director
! Producer
! Screenwriter
! Actor
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1999
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Last Train to Mahakali]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|align="center"|<ref name="myth"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| ''Tubelight ka Chaand ''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Showcase-of-short-films-on-small-screen/articleshow/38987327.cms |title=Showcase of short films on small screen |work=The Times of India |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305094956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Showcase-of-short-films-on-small-screen/articleshow/38987327.cms |archive-date= 5 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''The Joy of Giving''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pocket-films-ndtv-prime-to-promote-indie-films/ |title=Pocket Films, NDTV Prime to promote indie films |work=The Indian Express |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519051722/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pocket-films-ndtv-prime-to-promote-indie-films/ |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Encounter''
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite video|url=https://vimeo.com/13727100 |title=Encounter (excerpt) |publisher=[[Vimeo]] |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082123/https://vimeo.com/13727100 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Moi Marjaani''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref name="visual">{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap co-produces short film project on Youtube |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indian-director-anurag-kashyap-produces-562450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184837/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indian-director-anurag-kashyap-produces-562450 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Geek Out''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref name="geek">{{cite news|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/060613-anurag-kashyap-to-mentor-and-co-produce-another-string-of-short-films.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/060613-anurag-kashyap-to-mentor-and-co-produce-another-string-of-short-films.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2019|title=Anurag Kashyap to mentor and co-produce another string of short films|work=[[Mid-Day]]|last=Shetty|first=Shakti|date=6 June 2013|access-date=14 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''The Epiphany''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref name="visual"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Chai''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref name="geek"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Hidden Cricket''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref name="visual"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''[[That Day After Everyday]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref name="short"/>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Kali-Katha''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kali-katha-ugly-anurag-kashyap-ronit-roy-rahul-bhat-tejaswini-kolhapure-psychological-thriller-kidnap-drama-232681-2014-12-24 |title=Watch Kali-Katha, a disturbing prologue to Anurag Kashyap's Ugly |work=[[India Today]] |date=24 December 2014 |access-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527143322/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kali-katha-ugly-anurag-kashyap-ronit-roy-rahul-bhat-tejaswini-kolhapure-psychological-thriller-kidnap-drama/1/408636.html |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Chhuri''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/chhuri-twitter-loves-this-short-film-starring-anurag-kashyap-tisca-chopra-1790039|title='Chhuri': Twitter Loves This Short Film Starring Anurag Kashyap, Tisca Chopra|publisher=NDTV|date=20 December 2017|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220143935/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/chhuri-twitter-loves-this-short-film-starring-anurag-kashyap-tisca-chopra-1790039|archive-date=20 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Beautiful World''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/beautiful-world-short-film-shlok-sharma-anurag-kashyap-swanand-kirkire-shweta-prasad|title=Watch: 'Beautiful World', a Silent Scream In the Dark|publisher=[[The Quint]]|date=27 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212901/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/beautiful-world-short-film-shlok-sharma-anurag-kashyap-swanand-kirkire-shweta-prasad|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Bebaak''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-bebaak-dropped-from-mami-film-festival-shazia-iqbal-5411208/|title=Anurag Kashyap-produced Bebaak dropped from MAMI film festival|work=The Indian Express|date=24 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015324/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-bebaak-dropped-from-mami-film-festival-shazia-iqbal-5411208/|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Fool for Love''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/fool-for-love-an-ever-relevant-story-of-illusions-of-love/articleshow/67944297.cms|title='Fool For Love': An ever relevant story of illusions of love|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2019|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316053704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/fool-for-love-an-ever-relevant-story-of-illusions-of-love/articleshow/67944297.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Yaad''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-yaad-a-memory-short-film-movie-online-b7701ff98a418b3f31084ceb04b31e49|title=Yaad: a memory (short film)|website=[[MX Player]]|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702103631/https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-yaad-a-memory-short-film-movie-online-b7701ff98a418b3f31084ceb04b31e49|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Clean''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/how-a-loreto-house-student-went-from-working-as-assistant-director-on-raees-gully-boy-sacred-games-and-ghost-stories-to-directing-her-own-short-film-on-amazon-minitv/cid/1851667|title=Call Sheet to Cut: A Loreto House girl goes from the logistics of Sacred Games to the creation of her first short film|last=Sen|first=Ramona|work=The Telegraph|date=12 February 2022|accessdate=18 May 2022|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164218/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/how-a-loreto-house-student-went-from-working-as-assistant-director-on-raees-gully-boy-sacred-games-and-ghost-stories-to-directing-her-own-short-film-on-amazon-minitv/cid/1851667|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Chaar Chappalein''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|}

==Documentary films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 3em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" class="unsortable"| Role
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2012
!scope="row"| ''[[The World Before Her]]''
| Presenter
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-the-world-before-her-is-not-about-rss-anurag-kashyap_155490.html |title=The world before her is not about RSS: Anurag Kashyap |publisher=Zee News |date=23 May 2014 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414221109/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-the-world-before-her-is-not-about-rss-anurag-kashyap_155490.html |archive-date=14 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Katiyabaaz]]''
| Presenter
| align="center"|<ref name="katiya">{{cite news|title='Katiyabaaz': A documentary maker challenges mainstream space |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katiyabaaz-A-documentary-maker-challenges-mainstream-space/articleshow/40768405.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826170221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katiyabaaz-A-documentary-maker-challenges-mainstream-space/articleshow/40768405.cms |archive-date=26 August 2014 |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"| ''India In A Day ''
| Executive producer
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/ridley-scott-google-richie-mehta-anurag-kashyap-india-in-a-day-1201563394/ |title=Ridley Scott And Google Team Up With Richie Mehta And Anurag Kashyap For 'India In A Day' |last=Jaafar |first=Ali |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=1 October 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004040310/http://deadline.com/2015/10/ridley-scott-google-richie-mehta-anurag-kashyap-india-in-a-day-1201563394/ |archive-date= 4 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"| ''Raghu Rai: An Unframed Portrait''
| Producer
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/888435/in-film-on-raghu-rai-a-daughter-looks-up-to-the-light-and-tries-to-emerge-from-under-the-shadow|title=In film on Raghu Rai, a daughter looks up to the light and tries to emerge from under the shadow|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|publisher=Scroll.in|date=30 July 2018|access-date=20 September 2019|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004020731/https://scroll.in/reel/888435/in-film-on-raghu-rai-a-daughter-looks-up-to-the-light-and-tries-to-emerge-from-under-the-shadow|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"| ''Lords of Lockdown''
| Producer
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anurag-kashyap-navin-shetty-s-lords-of-lockdown-premiers-at-new-york-indian-film-festival-2022-1946586-2022-05-07|title=Anurag Kashyap, Navin Shetty's Lords of Lockdown premiers at New York Indian Film Festival 2022|last=Roy|first=Tanushree|work=India Today|date=7 May 2022|accessdate=18 May 2022|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518164130/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anurag-kashyap-navin-shetty-s-lords-of-lockdown-premiers-at-new-york-indian-film-festival-2022-1946586-2022-05-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1997
!scope="row"| ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]''
| Writer
|
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/why-director-filmmaker-anurag-kashyap-is-important-the-last-act-150734-2013-01-04|title=Why Anurag Kashyap is important|last=Ghosh|first=Biswadeep|work=India Today|date=4 January 2013|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202090720/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/why-director-filmmaker-anurag-kashyap-is-important-the-last-act-150734-2013-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
!scope="row"|''[[MTV EXIT#Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special|Traffic: An MTV EXIT Special]]''
| Anchor, Producer
|
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/traffic-will-show-true-human-trafficking-114022501247_1.html|title="Traffic" will show true human trafficking|website=Business Standard|date=25 February 2014|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042516/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/traffic-will-show-true-human-trafficking-114022501247_1.html|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
!scope="row"|''[[Yudh (TV series)|Yudh]]''
| Creative director
|
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/watch-amitabh-bachchan-battles-world-himself-in-tv-show-yudh/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan battles world, himself in TV show 'Yudh' |date=2 May 2014 |work=The Indian Express |last=Goyal |first=Divya |access-date=13 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701063027/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/watch-amitabh-bachchan-battles-world-himself-in-tv-show-yudh/ |archive-date= 1 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2018
! scope="row" |''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]''
| Producer
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ghoul-trailer-radhika-aptes-film-will-scare-the-living-daylights-out-of-you-1881309|title=Ghoul Trailer: Radhika Apte's Film Will Scare The Living Daylights Out Of You|last=Goyal|first=Divya|publisher=NDTV|date=11 July 2018|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711084111/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ghoul-trailer-radhika-aptes-film-will-scare-the-living-daylights-out-of-you-1881309|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019
!scope="row"|''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''
| Director, co-producer
|
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/too-many-expectations-kill-me-says-anurag-kashyap/1197009|title=Too many expectations kill me, says Anurag Kashyap|last=Wadhawan|first=Nikita|work=The Free Press Journal|date=1 January 2018|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101155342/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/too-many-expectations-kill-me-says-anurag-kashyap/1197009|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2019
! scope="row" | ''Thriller Factory''
| Director, voice actor
|Audio series
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-ropes-in-tabu-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-for-thriller-factory-38000-1.html|title=Anurag Kashyap ropes in Tabu and Nawazuddin Siddiqui for Thriller Factory|last=Deshmukh|first=Ashwini|work=Filmfare|date=13 December 2019|access-date=15 December 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213812/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-ropes-in-tabu-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-for-thriller-factory-38000-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol"> {{cite news |first=Maryam |last=Farooqui |title=Anurag Kashyap's Thriller Factory looks to set the pace for audio shows |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/anurag-kashyaps-thriller-factory-looks-to-set-the-pace-for-audio-shows-4864351.html |website=Moneycontrol.com |accessdate=13 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0440604|Anurag Kashyap}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|anurag_kashyap|Anurag Kashyap}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Anurag}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Director filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Anurag Kashyap]]

Chaitram Atami

2026-04-04T04:05:17Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started first stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaitram Atami
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place = Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, India
| office = Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
| constituency = Dantewada
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = Devati Karma
| party = {{nowrap|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| father = Bosa Atami
| education = Chhattisgarh State Open School, Raipur (Class 12)
| profession = Politician
| known_for = Association with Salwa Judum, anti-Naxalite activities
}}

'''Chaitram Atami''' (born 1976)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Dantewara Assembly constituency|Dantewada Assembly constituency]], which is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Dantewada district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Dantewara Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Chaitram Atami Wins From Dantewara |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dantewara-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647424 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Dantewada assembly election result 2023: BJP's Chaitram Atami defeats Congress's Chhavindra Karma and CPI's Bhimsen Mandavi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/dantewada-assembly-election-result-2023-bjps-chaitram-atami-defeats-congresss-chhavindra-karma-and-cpis-bhimsen-mandavi/articleshow/105707190.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Atami is from [[Dantewada]], Chhattisgarh. His father, Bosa Atami, is a farmer. He passed Class 12 through open school stream in 2013 at Chhattisgarh State Open School, Raipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chaitram Atami(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DANTEWADA (ST)(DAKSHIN BASTAR DANTEWADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=24 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Atami won from Dantewada Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 57,739 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. Chavindra Mahendra Karma of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 16,803 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitram Atami, BJP Candidate from Dantewada Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/chaitram-atami-s26aed2008a088e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dantewara (ST) assembly election results 2023: Dantewara (ST) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/dantewara-st-assembly-result-26088 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitram Atami, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Chaitram Atami, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/chaitram-atami-50088-1 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was part of the [[Salwa Judum]], an armed anti insurgency militia created by the local leaders as a resistance force against the Naxalites in the affected Bastar region. After the Supreme Court of India declared Salwa Judum (Peace March) as unconstitutional, many of these leaders joined political parties. Atami too joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can't End Naxal Menace But…': What's the Game plan of Salwa Judum Leaders in the Fray in Chhattisgarh? |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/cant-end-naxal-menace-but-whats-the-game-plan-of-salwa-judum-leaders-in-the-fray-in-chhattisgarh-8641580.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atami, Chaitram}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Dantewada district]]

Kishan Swaroop Chaudhari

2026-03-24T01:48:24Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started first data added tags!

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox judge
|honorific_prefix = Justice
|name = Kishan Swaroop Chaudhari
|honorific_suffix =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|office = Justice of Rajasthan High Court
|term_start = 2008
|term_end = 2010
|nominator = 
|appointer = 
|predecessor = 
|successor = 
}}

'''Kishan Swaroop Chaudhari''' was a former [[judge|Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]] of India, serving from 2008 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/rajasthan-hc-gets-3-additional-judges/
|title=Rajasthan HC gets 3 Additional Judges
|work=iGovernment – Governance
|publisher=Mediaworx
|date=15 April 2008
|accessdate=20 February 2011
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162307/http://www.igovernment.in/site/rajasthan-hc-gets-3-additional-judges/
|archivedate=21 July 2011
}}</ref>

Coming from a family of lawyers, both Chaudhari's father and grandfather were also advocates in the Indian legal system.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} Chaudhari studied at [[Kishangarh]] and [[Ajmer]]. He was awarded a [[university medal|gold medal]] for first standing in [[Bachelor of Laws|Law]]. He served the subordinate courts for a period of 37 years before being elevated as a High Court Judge on 15 April 2008. He retired from High Court on 29 June 2010.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}

==Publications==
Chaudhari has published widely and his publications include:{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}
*Stay Orders and Temporary Injunctions
*Punishment to Criminals and Contemnors
*Benefit of Delay to Criminals (awarded Cash prize and Merit Certificate by the State Government of Rajasthan)
*Land Dispute and Criminal Law; and
*Right of Private Defence.
*Amendment in Motor Accident Claims – Laws and Flaws (AIR 1996 Journal 01)
*Limitations of Suits in Curfew (AIR1998 Journal 193)

==Role as special investigator==
Chaudhari was appointed as chairman of a special team to investigate illegal mining in the State of Rajasthan. He submitted a detailed report before the Rajasthan High Court in May 2012.

==Current role==
Chaudhari has been appointed as a member of the [[National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]], New Delhi for a period of five years. He is the first judge from the State of Rajasthan who has been appointed as a member of the commission.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhari, Justice Kishan Swaroop}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Rajasthan High Court]]

Bajinder Singh

2026-03-18T19:29:39Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating initial bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian Christian pastor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Bajinder Singh
| image = Pastor_Bajinder_Singh.jpg
| caption = Bajinder Singh preaching at his church
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|9|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Yamunanagar]], [[Haryana]], India
| criminal_charge = [[Rape]]<ref name="jail"/>
| criminal_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]] under [[Indian penal code|IPC]] sections 376 (rape), 323 (voluntarily causing hurt), and 506 (criminal intimidation)<ref name="fraud">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/badnaam-hue-to-kia-hua-naam-to-hai-rape-convict-pastor-bajinder-singh-converted-to-christianity-during-jail-term-in-murder-case/articleshow/119892881.cms|title="Badnaam hue to kia hua, naam to hai": Rape convict pastor Bajinder Singh converted to Christianity during jail term in murder case|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|author=TOI service desk|date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
| conviction_status = Incarcerated
| imprisoned = Central Jail, Patiala<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pentecostal-pastor-bajinder-singh-to-spend-life-in-prison-for-rape/articleshow/119884872.cms|title=Pentecostal pastor Bajinder Singh to spend life in prison for rape|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Barinderjit Saluja|date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
| website = [https://prophetbajindersinghministry.com/ Official website]
| organization = Church of Glory and Wisdom
| victims = 1 (unnamed woman)
}}
'''Bajinder Singh''' (born 10 September 1982) is an Indian [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Christian [[pastor]] and a convicted rapist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pastor Bajinder embraced Christianity while in jail in murder case |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bajinder-embraced-christianity-while-in-jail-in-murder-case-475418 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=2025-04-01 |title=Pastor Bajinder Singh sentenced to life for repeated rape in Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/controversial-preacher-bajinder-singh-sentenced-to-life-for-repeated-rape/article69399299.ece |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nitin |date=28 March 2025 |title=Bajinder, self-proclaimed pastor, convicted in 2018 rape case, sentencing on April 1 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bajinder-convicted-in-2018-rape-case-sentencing-on-april-1-prophet-2025-03-28-982778 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> He gained popularity for his claimed miracle healings and for attracting a considerable following through his ministry, the Church of Glory and Wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Surinder |date=2025-04-25 |title=India Celebrity Pastor Faces Life in Prison for Rape |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2025/04/india-punjab-megachurch-bajinder-singh-healing-rape/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Christianity Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

His ministry operates several branches in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and other locations, and he is known for holding large prayer meetings that are often accompanied by public performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Bajinder Singh: Christian preacher in India gets life in jail for raping woman |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgq3760q12o |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was sentenced to life imprisonment on 1 April 2025.

== Background ==
Baljinder was born in [[Yamunanagar]], [[Haryana]] , into a Hindu family and holds a degree in mechanical engineering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=11 January 2022 |title=Cure cancer, undo death: Punjab's Christian 'prophet, pastors' offer miracles, compete with deras |url=https://theprint.in/india/cure-cancer-undo-death-punjabs-christian-prophet-pastors-offer-miracles-compete-with-deras/793074/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=The Tribune |quote=Bajinder Singh has revealed little about himself on his social media accounts, but according to a Punjab Police intelligence report, he comes from a Hindu Jat family from Yamunanagar, Haryana, and has a degree in mechanical engineering.}}</ref> He was jailed for murder during the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How did Bajinder Singh, who was once jailed for murder case, become hugely popular Christian religious leader? |url=https://www.india.com/viral/how-did-bajinder-who-was-once-jailed-for-murder-case-become-hugely-popular-christian-religious-leader-7495974/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 July 2018 |title=A self-styled faith healer held for raping Zirakpur woman |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/priest-from-punjab-arrested-in-delhi-after-rape-complaint/story-N8bfCMrxfnXLydTGY2zfuO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923172306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/priest-from-punjab-arrested-in-delhi-after-rape-complaint/story-N8bfCMrxfnXLydTGY2zfuO.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

After his release, he began conducting prayer meetings in 2012. His ministry claims to offer miraculous healings and solutions to various health ailments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=11 January 2022 |title=Cure cancer, undo death: Punjab's Christian 'prophet, pastors' offer miracles, compete with deras |url=https://theprint.in/india/cure-cancer-undo-death-punjabs-christian-prophet-pastors-offer-miracles-compete-with-deras/793074/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early incidents ==

* In 2006, Singh was reported to have been charged with assault and [[intimidation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=2025-03-03 |title=Controversies, cases, viral clips: All about self-styled Punjab pastor Bajinder Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pastor-bajinder-singh-punjab-church-of-glory-and-wisdom-sexual-harassment-case-network-2688454-2025-03-03 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

* In 2014, he faced charges under [[Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code]] in [[Karnal]] for allegedly inciting religious tension.<ref name=":1" />

== Controversy ==
In 2018, he was arrested in connection with a rape case involving a woman from [[Zirakpur]], [[Punjab]].<ref name=":0" /> It was alleged that he sexually assaulted the victim under the pretext of offering her travel opportunities abroad. Various families have also accused him of exploiting vulnerable members of the community through financial fraud, including demanding large sums of money for healing services that alleged did not produce results.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pastors amassed huge wealth in 4 years, links with cops under lens |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pastors-amassed-huge-wealth-in-4-years-links-with-cops-under-lens-475417/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Bajinder was arrested by Punjab police on accusations of rape and sexual abuse by a woman who attended the church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Case against 'yeshu yeshu' pastor Bajinder for sex harassment, mental torture,rape |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/case-against-yeshu-yeshu-pastor-bajinder-for-sex-harassment-mental-torture-101741328134486-amp.html |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kissu |first=Sagrika |date=6 March 2025 |title=Pastor Bajinder Singh is Baba Ram Rahim of Punjab Christians. Now, 'Papa' is in trouble |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/pastor-bajinder-singh-is-baba-ram-rahim-of-punjab-christians-now-papa-is-in-trouble/2536352/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2025, at the same time as the sexual abuse case, a video went viral showing Bajinder assaulting a man and a woman in his office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/fir-punjab-pastor-bajinder-thrashes-man-and-woman-viral-video-2698984-2025-03-25 | title=Another case against 'Yashu Yashu' pastor, this time over thrashing man, woman | date=25 March 2025 }}</ref> On 28 March 2025, he was found guilty in the 2018 rape case by a local court in [[Mohali|Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]], and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name="jail">{{Cite web |title='Yeshu Yeshu Prophet' Bajinder Singh Found Guilty In 2018 Rape Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yeshu-yeshu-prophet-bajinder-singh-found-guilty-in-2018-sexual-harassment-case-news-agency-ani-8031473 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2025 |title=Pastor Bajinder Singh found guilty in 2018 sexual harassment case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pastor-bajinder-singh-found-guilty-in-2018-sexual-harassment-case-101743155745191.html }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian preacher in India gets life in jail for raping woman |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgq3760q12o |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |date=April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Investigations ===

==== 2023 ====
Between 31 January and 1 February 2023, the [[Income Tax Department]] carried out simultaneous raids on about 50 officials in different cities including [[Jalandhar]], [[Kapurthala]], [[Amritsar]], [[New Chandigarh]], [[Mohali]], and [[Kurali]], and on the premises of some churches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 2 crore seized in raids on pastors Bajinder Singh, Harpreet Deol in Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/rs-2-cr-seized-in-raids-on-pastors-475721/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=I-T dept raids premises linked to 2 Punjab pastors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/it-raids-premises-two-pastors-punjab-8415415/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The 16-hour raids are stated to have led to the seizure of approximately ₹2 crore in un Accounted money and documentation concerning properties, assets, foreign donations, application of donations, and establishment of overseas centres in cities including [[Dubai]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=I-T dept raids premises linked to 2 Punjab pastors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/it-raids-premises-two-pastors-punjab-8415415/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2025 ====
In August 2025, Singh, lodged in a life sentence on the earlier encounter, was produced before [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] under a production warrant. He was involved in an investigation related to a racket of [[religious conversion]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Pastor brought to Bharatpur from Punjab jail for probe into alleged religious conversion racket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/pastor-brought-to-bharatpur-from-punjab-jail-for-probe-into-alleged-religious-conversion-racket/articleshow/123477321.cms? |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was probed for the mass conversion in February 2024 held at Sonar Haveli in Atal Bandh, Bharatpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatpur : धर्मांतरण मामले के मास्टरमाइंड प्रोफेट बजिंदर सिंह पंजाब के मानसा जेल से गिरफ्तार, कोर्ट ने 15 दिन के लिए भेजा जेल |url=https://www.patrika.com/bharatpur-news/prophet-bajinder-singh-mansa-jail-in-punjab-arrested-on-production-warrant-in-conversion-case-court-sent-him-to-sever-jail-bharatpur-for-15-days-19888769 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> The incident was a case of vulnerable persons being hired guaranteed, children and women, also sickly young men, with promises of food, drinks & money gift.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Funding worth crores was coming from abroad, Prophet Bajinder Singh was brought from Punjab to Rajasthan in the conversion case |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/crime/rajasthan-conversion-prophet-bajinder-singh-brought-from-punjab-court-sent-him-to-15-days-judicial-custody-9146071 |website=NDTV}}</ref> Images of politicians were displayed on large television screens and audio players played videos of them, while audience members were invited to step on pictures of [[Hindu deities]], according to reports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Already in Mansa jail for rape, pastor now faces probe in Bharatpur conversion case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mansa-jail-rape-pastor-probe-bharatpur-conversion-case-10211763/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Religious literature was seized from the premises and 3 individuals were detained as part of the investigation. Officials also uncovered money transactions associated with his accounts, including international funds that had allegedly been siphoned off. He was presented in Bharatpur court on August 23, 2025, and remanded to 15 days [[Detention (confinement)|judicial custody]] at Sewar Prison. The next day [[Rajasthan Police]] handed him back to the Mansa Prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-25 |title=धर्म परिवर्तन कराने वाले पादरी को मनसा जेल भेजा: 1 दिन भरतपुर की सेवर जेल में रहा, पुलिस प्रोडक्शन वारंट पर गिरफ्तार कर लाई थी - Bharatpur News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bharatpur/news/prophet-bajinder-singh-spent-1-day-in-sewar-jailbharatpurchandigadhmansa-jailprofet-bajinder-singhdharmantaranatal-band-police-station-135759328.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250831110638/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bharatpur/news/prophet-bajinder-singh-spent-1-day-in-sewar-jailbharatpurchandigadhmansa-jailprofet-bajinder-singhdharmantaranatal-band-police-station-135759328.html |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रेप के आरोपी धर्मांतरण गैंग के सरगना पादरी को राजस्थान पुलिस ने चंडीगढ़ जेल से किया गिरफ्तार, जानें वजह, |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/bharatpur/bharatpur-conversion-case-prophet-bajinder-sent-to-sevar-jail-for-15-days/articleshow/123474810.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Influence ==
Bajinder has gained influence in Punjab through his engagement with celebrities and politicians.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Call of faith: Promising pull of Punjabi pastors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/call-of-faith-promising-pull-of-punjabi-pastors-101676746862341.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121182014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/call-of-faith-promising-pull-of-punjabi-pastors-101676746862341.html |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He invites celebrities from the entertainment industry and local politicians to participate in his church prayer meetings and functions, which often leads to increased attendance and awareness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2024 |title=Pastor makes rival villain with GulshanGrover over star-lit Christmas parties |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pastor-makes-rival-villain-with-gulshan-grover-over-star-lit-christmas-parties/articleshow/106430680.cms |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Many people have publicly supported his events which has led to allegations of promoting celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tajpur's star studded Christmas event triggers controversy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/tajpurs-star-studded-christmas-event-triggers-controversy-577471/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Amid hustle-bustle, BJP quietly reaches out to 'miracle performing' pastors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-lok-sabha-elections-bjp-miracle-performing-pastors-9362910/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chunky Panday, Aditya Pancholi and Sunil Pal Trolled For Attending Pastor Bajinder Singh's Event |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chunky-panday-aditya-pancholi-and-sunil-pal-trolled-for-attending-pastor-bajinder-event-9057840.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bajinder}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Faith healers]]
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of rape]]
[[Category:People from Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from Hinduism]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian former Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Indian rapists]]

Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express

2026-03-13T01:17:19Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{Short description|Train in the East Central Railway zone, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kamakhya - Ara Capital Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
| stops = 28
| end = {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}
| distance = {{convert|949|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22h 45m
| frequency = Four days {{efn|Runs four days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| line_used = *[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
*[[Katihar–Siliguri line]]
*[[Barauni–Guwahati line]]
*[[Barauni–Katihar section|Barauni–Katihar line]]
*[[New Delhi–Howrah main line]]
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| other facilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 13247/13248
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Kamakhya–Ara Junction Capital Express''' is an [[Capital Express (India)|Capital Express]] set of train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}, [[Assam]] and {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}, [[Bihar]] in India. It is currently operated with 13247/13248 train numbers four days per week.<ref>[http://m.indiatoday.in/story/patna-guwahati-capital-express-derailment-railways-probe-ordered/1/829098.html Railway orders probe into Patna-Guwahati Capital Express derailment, 3 suspended]</ref><ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1071&did=1479802660807167884452DF1FC266FE0305BDA8D6459.web107 Railway stops train movement over Dooars section to save elephant]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=feb2516%2Fcity057 |title=NFR train services resume |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223240/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=feb2516%2Fcity057 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==

The 13247/Capital Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 949 km in 22h 45m. The 13248/Capital Express has an average speed of 40 km/h and covers 949 km in 24h.

==Routes and halts==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ Routes and halts of Kamakhya - Arrah Capital Express :
|-
! 13247 KYQ → ARA
! 13248 ARA → KYQ
|-
| '''{{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}''' || '''{{rws|Arrah Junction}}'''
|-
| [[Goalpara]] || {{rws|Danapur}}
|-
| {{rws|New Bongaigaon}} || '''{{rws|Patna Junction}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}} || {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}
|-
| {{rws|Hasimara}} || {{rws|Patna Sahib}}
|-
| {{rws|Binnaguri}} || [[Banka district|Banka Ghat]]
|-
| {{rws|New Mal Junction}} || {{rws|Fatuha Junction}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''|| {{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Bagdogra}} || {{rws|Barh}}
|-
| [[Galgalia]]|| {{rws|Barauni Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Thakurganj}} || '''{{rws|Begusarai}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Kishanganj}} || {{rws|Mansi Junction}}
|-
| {{rws|Barsoi Junction}} || {{rws|Naugachia}}
|-
| {{rws|Dalkhola}}|| '''{{rws|Katihar}}'''
|-
| '''{{rws|Katihar}}''' || {{rws|Dalkhola}}
|-
| {{rws|Naugachia}}|| {{rws|Kishanganj}}
|-
| {{rws|Mansi Junction}} || [[Aluabari Road Junction railway station|Aluabari Road]]
|-
| '''{{rws|Begusarai}}'''|| {{rws|Thakurganj}}
|-
| {{rws|Barauni Junction}}|| [[Galgalia]]
|-
| {{rws|Barh}} || {{rws|Bagdogra}}
|-
| {{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}} || '''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}'''
|-
| {{rws|Fatuha Junction}} || {{rws|New Mal Junction}}
|-
| [[Banka district|Banka Ghat]]|| {{rws|Binnaguri}}
|-
| {{rws|Patna Sahib}} || {{rws|Hasimara}}
|-
| {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}} || {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}}
|-
| '''{{rws|Patna Junction}}''' || {{rws|New Bongaigaon}}
|-
| {{rws|Danapur}}|| [[Goalpara]]
|-
| '''{{rws|Arrah Junction}}'''|| '''{{rws|Kamakhya Junction}}'''
|}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC First-class
* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

From Kamakhya to Arrah Junction, the train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Loco Shed]] -based [[WAP-7]] locomotive and vice versa.

==Reversal==
The train reverses direction in [[Siliguri Junction]].

==Rake sharing==

Train shares its rake with 13245/13246 [[New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express]].

== See also ==
* [[New Jalpaiguri-Rajendra Nagar Capital Express]]
* [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal railway station]]
* [[Guwahati Junction railway station]]
* [[Indore–Guwahati Weekly Express]]
* [[Capital Express (India)|Capital Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/246 13247/Capital Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/247 13248/Capital Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guwahati-Rajendra Nagar Capital Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Nashik valley wine

2026-03-11T13:33:43Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: done

{{Short description|Indian wine area}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Nashik valley wine
| image = Wines-sold-in-sula.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| alt
| caption = Wines made in Nashik
| alternative names =
| description =
| type = Red and white wines
| area = [[Nashik district]]
| country = India
| registered = Application 123
| material = Wine variety grapes grown in Nashik district
| official website =
}}

'''Nashik valley wines''' are specially protected under the patent of the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication in India]] for the region of [[Nashik district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. [[Wine]] in the area is produced from several [[Vineyard|vineyards]], with [[Sula Vineyards]] being one of the major producers of wine in Nashik.<ref name=Geo>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_32.pdf|title=Geographical Indiactions Journal No. 32|date=30 March 2010|accessdate=22 February 2016|publisher=Government of India|pages=14–20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809191952/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_32.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wine is produced in two types: red and white. The district has 52 [[Winery|wineries]] in operation and consequently, [[Nashik]] is occasionally known by the epithet "The Wine Capital of India".<ref name=Chandra>{{cite news |last=Chandra |first=Alok |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/on-a-wine-trail-in-nashik-115012301431_1.html |title=On a wine trail in Nashik |date=24 January 2015 |accessdate=22 February 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref>

The product is protected under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the [[Government of India]]. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under the title "Nashik Valley Wine" and listed at GI Application number 123 under Class 33 as an alcoholic beverage.<ref name=Geo/> Under the protection stipulations, at least 80% of the grapes used for making wine are to be grown in the Nashik district, and the wines are to be produced, bottled, and labelled within the district.<ref name=Geo/>

==Geography==
[[File:Grape_vineyards_Viticulture_Farming_Sula_winery_Nasik_Maharashtra_India.jpg|right|thumb|Vineyards]]
The product is made by societies and several farmers in the Nashik district, which lie within the geographical coordinates of {{coord|19|10|00|N|73|16|00|E}} and {{coord|20|53|00|N|75|06|00|E}}. The terrain is hilly with elevation range of {{Convert|2000|-|2400|ft}} with an inverse climatic condition with warm average day temperature of {{Convert|26|C}} and night cold temperature of {{Convert|7|-|8|C}}, which are ideal conditions for the growth of grapes used for making wine with characteristic flavor of the Nashik valley. The soil condition consists of red [[laterite]] with good drainage conditions and generally with chemical properties suitable for growing wine grapes. The water quality is also stated to be ideal for growth of quality wine grapes.<ref name=Geo/>

The Nashik district has 52 wineries in operation and consequently Nashik is occasionally known by the epithet "The Wine Capital of India.<ref name=Chandra/> In Nashik, about {{Convert|8000|acre}} are under grape wine plantation out of a total area of about {{Convert|180000|acre}} under various types of grape cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kasabe|first1=Nanda|title=India's grape growers expect record exports this season|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/markets/commodities/indias-grape-growers-expect-record-exports-this-season/177186/|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=22 February 2016|date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pawar|first1=Tushar|title=Grape-growers' body imports five varieties of table grapes in Nashik|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Grape-growers-body-imports-five-varieties-of-table-grapes-in-Nashik/articleshow/48997093.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=22 February 2016|date=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kasabe|first1=Nanda|title=Nashik grape exports set to increase as farmers go after juicier returns|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/nashik-grape-exports-set-to-increase-as-farmers-go-after-juicier-returns/1219930/0|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=26 January 2016|date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

==History==
According to the Nashik district Gazetteer grapes have existed as a horticultural crop in Nashik from 1950s. However, it was only in 1987 that Madhavrao More established a Co-operative Winery known as Pimpane Co-operative Ltd in collaboration with M/s Harbault & Fils Epernary France to produce wine from table grade grapes. [[Chardonnay]] and [[Pinot noir]] were planted and the Co-operative produced 500,000 bottles out of which 35,000 bottles were exported to France and to some other countries in Europe. But due to problems in harvesting this export was discontinued in 2003.<ref name=Geo/>

In 1996, Rajeev Samant, a Stanford graduate who returned to Nashik to farm imported grape varieties [[Chenin blanc]], [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[Zinfandel]] planted them in the land owned by his family. In 1997, Kerry Damskey, a leading wine maker from California's [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma Valley]] (the largest wine producer in the Wine Country region<ref name=Rajmohan>{{Cite news|last= Rajmohan|first=Sooraj |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/wandering-through-wine-country/article8008139.ece|title=Wandering through wine country|date=20 December 2015|accessdate=22 February 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>) provided the expertise for vinification of wine grapes. The first wine came to be marketed in March 2000 under the trade name "[[Sula Vineyards|Sula]]". Several other farmers joined him in propagation of this effort. The wine magazine ''Sommeliar India'', reported that Nashik Valley Wine was first marketed by Sula in 2000.<ref name=Geo/><ref name=Rajmohan/>

==Production method==
The grape varieties grown in the Nashik valley are: Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc, Zinfandel, [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Shiraz wine|Shiraz]], [[Chardonnay]], [[Merlot]], [[Riesling]], [[Viognier]], [[Tempranillo]], [[Malbec]], and so forth, and also [[Sultana (grape)|Thompson Seedless grapes]].<ref name=Geo/>

===Plantation===
Grape vines (own rooted saplings) used for making wines are normally planted on hill slopes with good drainage conditions at a vine spacing of {{Convert|8.5|x|4.5|ft}} or {{Convert|9|x|5|ft}}, with a planting density of 2,000 to 3,000 plants per ha. Other methods of planting practices are to adopt "in-situ grafting on dog ridge" or from other root stocks. Planting is done from middle of December to end of January. Harvesting is done from January end to middle of April. Vineyards are protected by [[trellising]]. Irrigation is an essential requirement except during the rainy season. Harvesting is done by manual labour. Fertilizers such as [[Nitrogen]], [[Phosphate]], and [[Potash]] of appropriate dosages are added as nutrients at specified intervals. Intercultural operations such as rising green manure crops to control soil erosion, conserve moisture by organic mulching and clearing grasses by [[mowing]] on the borders at regular intervals are also essentially practised. Pesticides or insecticides are not to be applied; however, fungicides are sprayed and the last such spraying is to be done 45 days before harvesting. Pruning, training the plants to maintain appropriate positions are essential. Harvesting is done during the winter months when the temperature is below {{Convert|20|C}}. Harvesting is done by manual labour by collecting best bunches of grapes for crushing.<ref name=Geo/>

===Processing===
White wines are generally pressed prior to fermentation using a pneumatic press, whereas red wines are usually crushed using a crusher-destemmer prior to fermentation, and then pressed at the end of the ferment. [[Enzymes]] are added to facilitate colour separation and decantation. The extracted grape juice ([[must]]) is collected in cooling tanks to avoid bacterial contamination and for solid matter to settle at the bottom; cooling is done to reduce the temperature to about {{Convert|7|-|10|C}}.<ref name=Geo/>

The must is then transferred to another cooling tank where it is retained for about 24 to 26 hours with temperature maintained at about {{Convert|20|C}}. Then the must is transferred to stainless steel tanks for the first stage of fermentation and then to oak wood barrels for the malolactic fermentation process. This process takes a minimum of 6 months for red wine. Fermentation is facilitated by adding [[yeast]] (usually ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' and ''[[Saccharomyces bayanus]]'' in suitable proportion to the fluid being fermented. The fermentation process is done at a controlled temperature of {{Convert|13|-|15|C}} for a period of 15–20 days for white wine and at {{Convert|25|-|28|C}} for 8–10 days for red wine. By this process sugar gets converted to alcohol and the wine is ready for distillation and filtration depending on the status of fomented wine;filtration is done with use of 0.45 micron filter and the wine is filled in bottles. The bottled wine is kept for aging for a minimum of 3 months in the case of red wine and 1–2 months in the case of white wine. It is only after this ageing that the wines are marketed.<ref name=Geo/>

==Quality==
The Nashik valley wine's quality is due to the high altitude at which the grapes are grown and is marked by distinct high acidity with "specific acid-sugar balance." [[Steven Spurrier (wine merchant)|Steven Spurrier]], a wine taster, has rated this wine to be between 13 and 17 of ‘Acceptable’ to ‘Very Good’ grade on a 20-point grading system.<ref name=Geo/>

==See also==
[[Indian wine]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Kansara |first1=Surendra |title=Exploring the wine sector in the Nashik district of India |journal=International Journal of Wine Business Research |year=2019 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=203–217 |doi=10.1108/IJWBR-10-2018-0058 |s2cid=211736416 }}
[[Category:Wineries of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian wine]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nashik district]]

Betta Naan Stop

2026-03-10T05:05:43Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating first entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian Drag Queen}}
{{Multiple issues|{{unreliable sources|date=October 2022}}{{tone|date=October 2022}}}}

{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = 
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Betta Naan Stip Sachdeva.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Prateek Sachdeva
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|4|9}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for = Drag queen, Model, Dancer
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| awards = 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Prateek Sachdeva''', better known as '''Betta Naan Stop''', is an Indian [[drag queen]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Bold and Beautiful: from Mumbai to Hyderabad, these drag queens are setting the stage ablaze |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/from-mumbai-to-hyderabad-these-drag-queens-are-setting-the-stage-ablaze/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Model (person)|model]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Drag Queens Have Been Managing During The Lockdown {{!}} Bingedaily |url=http://bingedaily.in/article/how-drag-queens-have-been-managing-during-the-lockdown |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=bingedaily.in |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921181039/https://www.bingedaily.in/article/how-drag-queens-have-been-managing-during-the-lockdown |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[dance]]r from [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-15 |title=6 Gorgeous Indian Drag Queens To Follow Now, Cos It Is Pride Month |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/arts-culture/indian-drag-queens/18021121 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}</ref> Betta is the mainstream drag artist in the Indian [[LGBT]] Community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Meet Betta Naan Stop, the Indian drag queen with the best dance moves |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/betta-naan-stop-indian-drag-queen-interview |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> Prateek is one of the headliner performers at Lalit Group's Queer nightlife club chain, Kittysu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lalit Suri Hospitality Group and The Keshav Suri Foundation mark Pride Month |url=http://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/The-Lalit-Suri-Hospitality-Group-and-The-Keshav-Suri-Foundation-mark-Pride-Month/24-06-2022-433991 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=BW Hotelier |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Prateek started his career as a dancer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance away your pandemic blues with dance/movement therapy (DMT) |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/dance/2021/jun/11/danceaway-yourpandemic-blueswith-dancemovement-therapy-dmt-34121.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> with [[Ashley Lobo]]’s DanceWorx. He got a scholarship in Melbourne, and he was trained further in musical theater<ref>{{Cite web |title=betta naan stop {{!}} Radioandmusic.com |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/keyword/betta-naan-stop |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www.radioandmusic.com}}</ref> before returning home to Delhi. When [[Violet Chachki]] performed at Kitty Su Delhi’s sixth anniversary, Prateek decided to attend in drag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Prateek Sachdeva to Betta Naan Stop: How this Indian drag queen takes 'pride' in her own identity {{!}} Indian With Pride |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/from-prateek-sachdeva-to-betta-naan-stop-how-this-indian-drag-queen-takes-pride-in-her-own-identity-indian-with-pride-2399820-2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=India Today |date=29 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> That's when he realized he wanted to be a drag queen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Men, too, wore heels throughout history. So what changed along the way? |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/men-too-wore-heels-throughout-history-so-what-changed-along-the-way |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> Sachdeva started working on and experimenting more with drag after a series of make-up sessions with his flight-attendant sister and after watching ''[[Paris Is Burning (film)|Paris Is Burning]]'' and several seasons of ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=Don't be a drag, be a queen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/dont-be-a-drag-be-a-queen-23183110 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> His first performance was as part of a sex-education workshop at St. Columbus School in the capital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why drag queens are reading stories to kids - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/why-drag-queens-are-reading-stories-to-kids/articleshow/69924910.cms |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The Times of India |date=24 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Youngest Performing Drag Queen Has a Betta Who Is Her Mama |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/like-mother-like-daughter-for-indias-youngest-performing-drag-queen/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Vice.com |date=27 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It wasn’t planned, but soon he was up on stage breaking out his best moves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=Drag queen Betta Naan Stop rules the roost at her workplace |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//relationships/it-s-complicated/drag-queen-betta-naan-stop-rules-the-roost-at-her-workplace-111682137267578.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

In one of the interviews, Prateek said "I think anyone who has any kind of following and influence<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aich |first=Anindita |date=2021-07-21 |title=Some Indian Drag Queens You Should Follow Right Away!! - |url=https://ent.womansera.com/some-indian-drag-queens-you-should-follow-right-away/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> should use their platforms for betterment of the society. Sometimes you being your authentic self is a big move in itself!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=People |first=Dear Straight |title=Betta Naan Stop |url=https://dearstraightpeople.com/tag/betta-naan-stop/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Dear Straight People |date=29 January 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> In case, there is someone who wants to be like you, can see for themselves your journey and your achievements, your challenges and tribulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisht |first=Radhika |date=2019-04-02 |title=Embracing drag |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/fashion/010419/embracing-drag.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

In 2023, Betta Naan Stop was featured as a Judge in a reality show Make Me Up Season 1.<ref>{{Citation |title=Make Me Up |date=2021-12-10 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16370000/ |type=Drama |access-date=2023-08-31 |others=Aayush Kumar, Harshdeep Kaur, Samarth Saini}}</ref> Prateek has also been listed under [[Forbes]] 30 under 30, one of the only drag queens to make it to the list after [[Sushant Divgikar]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prateek Sachdeva |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/prateek-sachdeva/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}} 

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian drag queens]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

South Indian diaspora

2026-03-08T09:41:31Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating some post v1

{{Short description|South Indian emigrants and their descendants}}
[[File:South Indian territories 2014-fr.svg|thumb|A map of the territories and five states in South India.]]
The '''South Indian diaspora''' ({{langx|ta|அயலகத் தென்னிந்தியர்}}; {{langx|ml|തെന്നിന്ത്യൻ പ്രവാസികൾ}}; {{langx|kn|ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಲಸೆಗಾರ}}; {{langx|te|దక్షిణ భారత వలసలు}}) comprises [[Dravidian people|people]] who have emigrated from [[South India|South Indian states]] to other Indian states and other countries, and people of South Indian descent born or residing in other Indian states and other countries.

==Tamil emigration==
{{Main|Tamil diaspora}}

===Early migrations (before 1800s)===

Many Tamil [[emigrants]] who left the shores of [[Tamil Nadu]] before the 18th Century mixed with countless other ethnicities. In the medieval period, Tamilians emigrated as soldiers, traders and labourers settled in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Réunion]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indonesia]], [[Myanmar]] and intermixed well with local population, while few communities still maintain their language and culture. Many groups still claim descent from [[medieval]]-era Tamil emigrants such as the [[Kaikadi people|Kaikadis]] of Maharashtra, [[Chitty]]s of [[Malaysia]], and the [[Sri Lankan Chetties]], [[Bharatha people]].

===European Colonial period (1684–1947)===

{{Main|Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Tamil Malaysians|Tamil South Africans|Tamil Mauritian}}

During this period British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Danish colony administrators recruited a lot of local Tamilians and took them to their overseas colonies to work as laborers, petty administration officers, clerical and military duties.

In the 19th century, [[Madras Presidency]] (of which the Tamil Nadu region was a core part of) faced brutal famines. Great Famine of 1876–78. [[Tamil Nadu]] was both politically and economically weak. Britishers thus made use of hungry Tamil workers for their plantations all over the world – [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Myanmar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Tamil South Africans|South Africa]], [[Fiji]] and also Sri Lanka (distinct from the Tamils who migrated to [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] before 18th century). Some of the Tamil groups (especially Chettiyars, Pillais, Muslims) emigrated as commercial migrants. These groups then dominated the trade and finance in Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, South Africa and other places. The first Indian to own a merchant ship during the British times comes from this group.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raghuram|first1=Parvati|last2=Sahoo|first2=Ajaya Kumar|last3=Maharaj|first3=Brij|last4=Sangha|first4=Dave|title=Tracing an Indian Diaspora: Contexts, Memories, Representations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fraGAwAAQBAJ&q=Madrasi+diaspora&pg=PA35|publisher=SAGE Publications India|language=en|date=16 September 2008|isbn=9788132100393}}</ref>

These Tamilians well integrated, assimilated with their adopted countries, and became part and parcel of local populations in Réunion, Mauritius, South Africa, Guyana, and Fiji. Where as [[Tamil people|Indian Tamils]] and [[Tamil Malaysians]] of Malaysia were evolved into distinct communities of their own with multilingual and unique sub-culture identity.

=== Modern migration (1950–present) ===
{{Main|Tamil Nadu diaspora}}
In the second half of the 20th century, around 2 million Tamils from India migrated as skilled professionals to various parts of India and countries like UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UK, USA, Germany, France, Singapore and so on. Some of them got citizenship of respective countries but still having strong family and cultural ties with Tamil Nadu, than those who migrated before 1950, who lost touch with their ancestral links in Tamil Nadu. In USA, more Tamilians were living and most of them are being an entrepreneurs and employees then some of them were politicians also.

== Telugu emigration ==
{{Main|Telugu diaspora}}
The ''Telugu Boom'' refers to the migration of a large number of Telugu speaking people from the [[India]]n states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] to the [[United States of America]] and [[Canada]] from late 80s largely consisting of the migration of [[student]]s and [[Information Technology]] workers which continues to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|author=A. Srivathsan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/hyderabad-a-us-visa-fraud-hub/article1712443.ece |title=News / The India Cables : Hyderabad a U.S. visa fraud hub |work=The Hindu |date=2011-04-21 |accessdate=2012-12-31}}</ref>

== Malayali diaspora ==
{{Excerpt|Malayali diaspora|templates=0|references=0}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Overseas Asians}}{{Indian diaspora}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Diaspora}}
[[Category:South Indian diaspora|*]]

Manimekalai (1940 film)

2026-03-06T03:39:29Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: new

{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manimekalai
| image = Manimekalai (1940).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bomman Irani
| producer = T. Krishnachand
| screenplay = A. M. Somarajulu S. Ramaiah
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Manimekalai]]''|[[Chithalai Chathanar]]}}
| starring = [[K. B. Sundarambal]]
| music = [[Papanasam Sivan]] Papanasam Rajagoplan
| cinematography = Bomman Irani
| editing =
| studio = T. K. Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1940|11|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manimekalai''''' (also known as '''''Balasanyasini''''') is a 1940 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed and photographed by Bomman Irani. It is based on the epic [[Manimekalai|of the same name]] by [[Chithalai Chathanar]]. The film stars [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as the title character. It was released on 23 November 1940, and failed commercially.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2020}}

== Cast ==
* [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as Manimekalai<ref name="IE review" />
* Kothamangalam Seenu as Udayakumaran<ref name="IE review" />
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as the sari vendor<ref name="RandorGuy" />
* A. Sundaram as Madavi<ref name="IE review" />
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Kunchalam<ref name="IE review" />

== Production ==
''Manimekalai'' is the first film based on the [[Chithalai Chathanar]]-written epic [[Manimekalai|of the same name]], one of the [[Five Great Epics]] of Tamil literature.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> It was directed and photographed by Bomman Irani, and produced by T. Krishnachand under T. K. Productions while the screenplay was written by A. M. Somarajulu and S. Ramaiah. The final length of the film was {{Convert|17500|feet|metres|abbr=}}.<ref name="Anandan" /> The film was launched in 1938, but took a long time to complete due to various reasons, mainly financial. Additionally, distributors were reluctant to pick the film up even after its completion.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed and written by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and his brother Papanasam Rajagopalan.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref name="Anandan" /> The songs were released via [[Columbia Records]].<ref name="poster" /> Songs such as "Aanandamey Yaarukku", "Niddhiraiyilum Bhayamundo", "Buddhabhiraaney", "Namakini Yethu Sogamey" and "Siraichaalai Enna Seyyum" attained popularity. Sundarambal would later sing "Siraichaalai Enna Seyyum" at various [[Indian National Congress]] party meetings.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== Release and reception ==
''Manimekalai'' was released on 23 November 1940, and had an alternate title: ''Balasanyasini''.<ref name="poster" /> N. R. B. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Few of our Tamil films which deal with Classical or Historical themes achieve in any marked measure sch fine blending of soulful acting, soul-stirring music and sublime philosophy. The producers of this film ought to be congratulated on their admirable choice of the film as well as the actress providing a second opportunity for K. B. Sundarambal, the queen of the Tamil stage to appear on the screen."<ref name="IE review" /> However, the film was not commercially successful.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/manimekalai-1940/article3022633.ece |title=Manimekalai 1940 |date=7 March 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200210055728/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/manimekalai-1940/article3022633.ece |archive-date=10 February 2020 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>
<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1940-cinedetails25.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200210091948/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1940-cinedetails25.asp |archive-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19401123&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Balasanyasini or Manimekhalai |date=23 November 1940 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=9}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=N. R. B. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9ZI-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=3UsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1944%2C7932227 |title=K. B. Sundarambal back on the screen |date=23 November 1940 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1940 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Praptham

2026-03-04T04:55:17Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: correct citations for consistency and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Praptham
| image = Praptham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| story = [[Acharya Aatreya]] [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| producer = Savitri
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] Savitri
| cinematography = Sekar–Singh
| editing = A. Dhandapani
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sri Savithri Productions
| released = {{Film date|1971|04|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Praptham''''' ({{translation|Destiny}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed and produced by [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and Savitri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=141-150 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp15.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808164517/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp15.htm |archive-date=8 August 2008 |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1964 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D.B.S. |date=4 August 2018 |title=The sweet and sour real-life romance of reel actors Savitri and Gemini |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/The-sweet-and-sour-real-life-romance-of-reel-actors-Savitri-and-Gemini/4-660242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218133339/http://www.ft.lk/columns/The-sweet-and-sour-real-life-romance-of-reel-actors-Savitri-and-Gemini/4-660242 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Daily FT]]}}</ref> The film was released on 14 July 1971, and became a [[box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=July 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Kannan
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Radha
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Zamindar
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Raju
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Ramu/Thiyagarajan
*[[Chandrakala]] as Gowri
*[[Nagesh]] as Ponnan
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Rama
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Church father
*S.R. Janaki as Aaya
}}

== Production ==
After watching ''Mooga Manasulu'', Savitri wanted to remake it in Tamil, produce it and direct it. [[Gemini Ganesan]], then romantically linked to her, warned her against doing so, describing it as an acid test, but Savitri refused to comply.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dineshkumar |first=P. |date=22 March 2018 |title=ஜெமினியின் வாடகை வீடு... ஜெயலலிதாவின் உத்தரவு..! - ஜெமினி கணேசனின் நினைவு தினப் பகிர்வு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/119900-remembering-gemini-on-his-thirteenth-year-commemoration.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508121618/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/119900-remembering-gemini-on-his-thirteenth-year-commemoration.html |archive-date=8 May 2018 |access-date=8 May 2018 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Besides directing and producing, Savitri also was the lead actress, over Ganesan's objections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=துரோகத்தால் துன்பத்தில் துவண்ட சாவித்திரி |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/01/11180133/Savitri-in-Treachery-and--Trouble-in-trouble.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127160456/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/01/11180133/Savitri-in-Treachery-and--Trouble-in-trouble.vpf |archive-date=27 January 2019 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was mostly shot on an island between Kakinada and Amalapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி - 15. காயகல்பம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/aug/15/15.-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-1166832.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728113645/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/aug/15/15.-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-1166832.html |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bale Pandiya – Praptham Tamil Film Hits Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/bale-pandiya-praptham-tamil-film-hits-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728111633/https://mossymart.com/product/bale-pandiya-praptham-tamil-film-hits-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Sandhanathil Nalla" is set in [[Madhyamavati]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஜி. |date=8 June 2018 |title=ராக யாத்திரை 08: முத்துக்களோ ராகம்; தித்திப்பதோ பாடல்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/132652-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624063812/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/132652-08.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Sondam Eppodum" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 05:10
|-
| "Sala Sala Aathottam" ||[[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:25
|-
| "Sandanathil Nalla Vasam" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:30
|-
| "Nethu Paricha roja" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:25
|-
| "Idhu Margazhi Madham" || L. R. Eswari || 05:30
|-
| "Thalattu Padi" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:25
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Praptham'' was released on 14 April 1971, [[Puthandu]] and became a [[box-office bomb]], partly due to releasing on the same day as another Sivaji Ganesan film, ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆர், சிவாஜி இரண்டாம் இடம்; ஆதிபராசக்திதான் முதலிடம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/525353-mgr-sivaji.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116093509/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/525353-mgr-sivaji.html |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2015 |title=17. டைரக்டர் சாவித்ரி! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/aug/29/17.-டைரக்டர்-சாவித்ரி-1175070.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922060811/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/aug/29/17.-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-1175070.html |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> It caused a massive impediment in Savitri's career and led to her downfall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி - 23. நித்திரை! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/oct/10/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF---23.-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-1201625.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728113648/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/oct/10/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF---23.-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-1201625.html |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Despite this, Viswanathan won the Chennai Film Fans' Association Award for Best Music Composer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2000 |title=அன்றிலிருந்து இன்றுவரை சினிமா |url=http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/January%2015,%2000.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523074038/http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/January%2015,%2000.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=Vlambaram |pages=7 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

National Scholarship Portal

2026-02-18T19:20:52Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: stub

{{Short description|Online portal by the Government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox website
| name = National Scholarship Portal
| logo = [[File:National Scholarship Portal logo.svg|200px|alt=National Scholarship Portal logo]]
| logo_caption = NSP logo
| type = Public
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| country_of_origin = [[India]]
| area_served = Pan India
| owner = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]
| services = Scholarship and fee reimbursement
| url = {{URL|scholarships.gov.in}}
| registration = Required
| launch_date = 2016
| current_status = Active
}}
The '''National Scholarship Portal''' (NSP) is an online portal by the [[Government of India]] for applying, processing, verifying and sanction of Government scholarships to students. It aims to reduce discrepancies and provide a common, effective and transparent way to disburse scholarships to students. It aims to be a "one stop" portal for Indian students applying for scholarships by bringing together hundreds of scholarships run by both states and the central government.<ref name="financial">{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Amitava |title=Funding education through scholarship: How to avail it in India? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/funding-education-through-scholarship-how-to-avail-it-in-india/2514414/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Financialexpress |date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The portal is a part of the government's [[Digital India]] initiative<ref>{{cite news |title=Digital India is a global success story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/thedanispost/digital-india-is-a-global-success-story/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Times of India Blog |date=24 September 2022}}</ref> and the [[National e-Governance Plan]].<ref name="gov.in">{{cite web |title=About Us - National Scholarship Portal |url=https://scholarships.gov.in/aboutUs |website=scholarships.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

==History==
In 2016<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Aman |title=PMO steps in as Modi government's scholarship portal faces glitch |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pmo-steps-in-as-modi-governments-scholarship-portal-faces-glitch/articleshow/51676478.cms |access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref> Government of India launched National Scholarship portal.

and in 2018, the Indian government launched the National Scholarship Portal mobile app to allow poor and rural students to access the portal.<ref name="tehelka">{{cite news |title=Union Minister Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi launches National Scholarship Portal Mobile App {{!}} Tehelka |url=http://tehelka.com/union-minister-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-launches-national-scholarship-portal-mobile-app/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=tehelka.com |date=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Country's first National Scholarship Portal Mobile app and its benefits for students |url=https://www.latestgkgs.com/government-of-india-4339-a |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=www.latestgkgs.com}}</ref> It was developed by the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Naqvi launches National Scholarship Portal mobile app |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/naqvi-launches-national-scholarship-portal-mobile-app-118091300646_1.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

The full web-based portal launched in 2020.<ref name="financial" />

In 2022, the portal was criticized for failing to verify the scholarship applications of over 1,000 girls from [[Gujarat]], leading to them being denied a scholarship.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |last1=Raja |first1=Aditi |title=Applications of students from minority community: 'Pending verification', over 1,000 girls miss scholarship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/baroda/applications-of-students-from-minority-community-pending-verification-over-1000-girls-miss-scholarship-8001941/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Funding==
The portal distributes funds through the [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] system.<ref name="tehelka" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Digital India initiatives]]
[[Category:Government services web portals in India]]
[[Category:Higher education in India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2016]]

Pangwala people

2026-02-11T17:30:36Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: created - done

{{Short description|Khas Tribal Community in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

The '''Pangwala''' is a tribal community predominant in the [[Pangi valley]] of [[Chamba district]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{cn|date=July 2020}}

==Social status==
{{As of|2001}}, the Pangwalas were classified as a [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] under the [[Reservation in India|Indian government's reservation program]] of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |accessdate=27 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042409/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |archivedate= 5 June 2010 }}</ref>

== Language ==
The native language of Pangwalas is [[Pangwali]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh]]

== Further reading ==

*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303303118_Customary_Law_and_Gender_Inequality_A_Case_Study_of_Pangwala_Tribal_Community_of_Western_Himalaya Customary Law and Gender Inequality: A Case Study of Pangwala Tribal Community of Western Himalaya]
*
* {{Cite journal |last=Agnihotri |first=Prof Simmi |last2=Singh |first2=Dr Vijay |date=2020-06-26 |title=VOLUNTARY TRIBAL MIGRANTS AND THEIR ROLE IN ORIGIN PLACE: A STUDY OF THE PANGWALA TRIBE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH (INDIA) |url=https://www.iejrd.com/index.php/%20/article/view/976 |journal=International Engineering Journal For Research & Development |language=en |volume=5 |issue=ICIPPS |pages=10–10 |doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/MXTUH |issn=2349-0721}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Janam Singh |date=2019-05-25 |title=Fairs and Festival of Pangi Tribal Tehsil |url=http://ijssei.in/index.php/ijssei/article/view/116 |journal=International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention |volume=5 |issue=05 |doi=10.23958/ijssei/vol05-i04/116 |issn=2455-6289}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kapoor |first=Karan |last2=Mehta |first2=Jagriti |last3=Sinha |first3=A. K. |last4=Sahani |first4=Ramesh |date=2020-06-01 |title=PRAJA: A Customary Village Council of the Pangwala of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/2277436X20920979 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |language=EN |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=82–92 |doi=10.1177/2277436X20920979 |issn=2277-436X}}
{{india-ethno-stub}}

Shihori railway station

2026-02-01T13:24:40Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating initial info v1

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Station
| name = Shihori
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Umbri, Shihori [[Banaskantha]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.0706|71.9807|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = Mahesana-Patan-Bhildi line
| other =
| structure = Standard (On Ground)
| platform = 1
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SIHI
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ahmedabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| mapframe =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Shihori railway station''' is a station in [[Banaskantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India, in the [[Ahmedabad railway division|Ahmedabad division]] of the [[Western Railway zone]].

Shihori station is 33 km from [[Patan railway station]]. One passenger, two express, and two superfast trains halt at the station.<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Yash|title=Shihori Railway Station Map/Atlas WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/shihori-sihi/12792|access-date=2021-02-03|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Gulamur Rahman

2026-01-31T12:03:01Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{Short description|Bengali scholar and Sufi saint (1865–1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = [[Sayyid|Syed]]
| name = Gulamur Rahman
| honorific_suffix = Maizbhandari
| image =
| birth_name = Syed Gulamur Rahman
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1865}}
| birth_place = [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Maizbhandar]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1937|1865}}
| death_place = [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Maizbhandar]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| body_discovered =
| resting_place = Shrine of Syed Gulamur Rahman Maizbhandari, Maizbhandar, Bangladesh
| known_for = 2nd leader of the Maizbhandari Sufi Order
| religion=Islam|denomination=[[Sunni]]|Sufi_order=[[Maizbhandari]]|jurisprudence=[[Hanafi]]
| children =
| relatives = [[Syed Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari]] (grandson) [[Syed Ahmad Ullah]] (uncle) [[Sayed Ziaul Haq|Ziaul Haq]] (grandson)
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
| ism = Ghulām ar-Raḥmān غلام الرحمن
| nasab = ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Muṭīʿ Ullāh ibn Ṭayyab Ullāh ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Ḥamīd ad-Dīn بن عبد الكريم بن مطيع الله بن طيب الله بن عبد القادر بن حميد الدين
| laqab = Bābā Bhandārī بابا بهنداري
| nisba = al-Māʾijbhandārī المائجبهنداري as-Sayyid السيد}}
}}
{{Sufism}}

'''Gulamur Rahman Maizbhandari''' ({{langx|bn|গোলামুর রহমান মাইজভাণ্ডারী}}; 1865–1937), also known by his [[sobriquet]] '''Baba Bhandari''' ({{langx|bn|বাবা ভাণ্ডারী}}), was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Sufis|Sufi]] preacher who succeeded his uncle, [[Syed Ahmad Ullah]], as the head of the [[Maizbhandari|Maizbhandari Sufi Order]], the first such Sufi order in [[Bengal]].<ref name=Harder22>{{Citation | last = Harder | first = Hans | title = Sufism and Saint Veneration in Contemporary Bangladesh: The Maijbhandaris of Chittagong | date = 4 March 2011 | publication-date = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | pages = 25, 26 | isbn = 978-1-136-83189-8}}</ref>

==Background and ancestry==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2016}}
Gulamur Rahman's father was Abdul Karim Shah, younger brother of [[Syed Ahmad Ullah]], and his mother was Musharaf Jaan. His paternal ancestors were Syeds and originally migrated from [[Madinah]] to [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], the former capital of medieval Bengal, via Baghdad and Delhi. His ancestor, Hamid ad-Din, was the appointed [[Imam]] and [[Qadi]] of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], but due to a sudden epidemic in the city, Hamid later migrated to [[Patiya Upazila|Patiya]] in [[Chittagong District]].<ref name=Harder>{{Citation | last = Harder | first = Hans | title = Sufism and Saint Veneration in Contemporary Bangladesh: The Maijbhandaris of Chittagong | date = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | pages= 15–22 | isbn = 978-1-136-83189-8}}</ref> Hamid's son, Syed Abdul Qadir, was made the ''imam'' of Azimnagar in modern-day [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Fatikchhari]]. He had two sons; Syed Ataullah and Syed Tayyab Ullah. The latter had three sons; Syed Ahmad, Syed Matiullah and Syed Abdul Karim, and the youngest son was the father of Gulamur Rahman.

== Early life and education ==
Rahman was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of Maizbhandar in [[Fatikchhari Upazila|Fatikchhari, Chittagong]] on 14 October 1865. His uncle, who called him "the rose of my garden", entrusted him with the teaching of students, particularly adepts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bertocci |first=Peter J. |date=February 2006 |title=A Sufi movement in Bangladesh: The Maijbhandari Tariqa and its Followers |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=9|doi=10.1177/006996670504000101 |s2cid=144167466 }}</ref> He spent time wandering alone in the woods as part of his spiritual studies.<ref name=Harder22/> Around 1914, he entered a state of meditation and stopped speaking except on rare occasions, thus becoming known as a magdub [[pir (Sufism)|pir]]. In 1928, he moved out of his father's house into his own, where disciples and his four sons took over responsibility for the order's administration.<ref name=Harder22/>

== Succession from Syed Ahmad Ullah ==
According to German scholar Hans Harder, there is disagreement over the type of spiritual mandate Gholam Rahman received from [[Syed Ahmad Ullah]] and his status as a saint. Writers from Rahmaniyya Manzil, the house of the descendants of Gholam Rahman, class him as a ''ġawṯ al-aʿẓam'', the highest category of ''walī Allāh'', alongside Ahmadullah, and sometimes claim that he was installed by Ahmadullah as his spiritual successor (''sağğādanašīn''). The descendants of Syed Ahmad Ullah, however, insist that he was Ahmadullah's main delegate (''pradhān khaliphā''), and object to him receiving the title of ''ġawṯ al-aʿẓam'', though it does appear in one of Delawar Hosain's writings.<ref name=Harder22/>
[[File:Hand Writing of Baba Bhandari.jpg|alt=Hand Writing of Baba Bhandari|thumb|Hand Writing of Baba Bhandari]]

==See also==
* [[List of Sufi Saints of South Asia]]
* [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |last=Bertocci |first=Peter J. |date=February 2006 |title=A Sufi movement in Bangladesh: The Maijbhandari Tariqa and its Followers |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1177/006996670504000101|s2cid=144167466 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maizbhandari, Gulamur Rahman}}
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Maizbhandar]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]

Hamzanama

2026-01-26T02:49:19Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: reworked formatting per sources and fixed typos

{{short description|Islamic narrative legend}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:The Spy Zanbur Bringing Mahiyya to the City of Tawariq, Folio from a Hamzanama ca. 1570 (74x57.2 cm) Metmuseum N-Y.jpg|thumb|"The Spy Zanbur Bringing Mahiyya to the City of Tawariq", from the ''[[Akbar Hamzanama]]'']]

The '''''Hamzanama''''' ([[Persian Language|Persian]]/[[Urdu]]: {{lang|fa|حمزه‌نامه|italic=yes}} ''Hamzenâme'', {{lit|Epic of Hamza}}) or '''''Dastan-e-Amir Hamza''''' (Persian/Urdu: {{lang|fa|داستان امیر حمزه|italic=yes}}, ''Dâstân-e Amir Hamze'', {{lit|Adventures of Amir Hamza}}) narrates the [[legend]]ary exploits of [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]], an uncle of [[Muhammad]]. Most of the stories are extremely fanciful, "a continuous series of romantic interludes, threatening events, narrow escapes, and violent acts".<ref>Beach, 61.</ref> The ''Hamzanama'' chronicles the fantastic adventures of Hamza as he and his band of heroes fight the enemies.

The stories, from a long-established oral tradition, were written down in Persian, the language of the courts of [[Persianate society|Persianate societies]], in multiple volumes, presumably in the era of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (r. 998–1030). In the West, the work is best known for the enormous illustrated manuscript, the ''[[Akbar Hamzanama]]'', commissioned by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] about 1562. The written text augmented the story as traditionally told orally in [[dastangoi|dastan performances]]. The dastan (storytelling tradition) about Amir Hamza persists far and wide up to [[Bengal]] and [[Arakan]], as the [[Mughal Empire]] controlled those territories.<ref>

Although nominal similarities, they story is not about the famous Hamza, prophet Muhammad's uncle.

{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714135221/http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=1824 The Bustan of Amir Hamzah (the Malay version of Dastan-e-Amir Hamza); Farooque Ahmed, ''The Sangai Express''-Imphal, May 25, 2006 Amir Hamza-book review]}}</ref> The longest version of the ''Hamzanama'' exists in Urdu and contains 46 volumes comprising over 45,000 pages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=داستان امیر حمزہ {{!}} ریختہ |url=https://www.rekhta.org/dastan-e-amir-hamza?lang=ur |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Rekhta |language=ur}}</ref>
[[File:Mir Sayyid Ali Ilia prorok.jpg|thumb|[[Mir Sayyid Ali]], the prophet Elias ([[Elijah]]) rescuing Prince Nur ad-Dahr from drowning in a river, from the ''[[Akbar Hamzanama]]'']]

==History: versions and translations==
===Iranian origins===
In Persian and Arabic, ''dastan'' and ''[[Wiktionary:قصة|qissa]]'' both mean "story," and the narrative genre they refer to goes back to medieval Iran. [[William L. Hanaway]],<ref>Hanaway, William L. Classical Persian Literature. Iranian studies: Vol 31(1998). 3-4. Google Book Search. Web 16 Sep, 2014</ref> who has made a close study of Persian dastans, describes them as "popular romances" that were "created, elaborated, and transmitted" by professional storytellers. At least as early as the ninth century, the dastan was a widely popular form of story-telling. Dastan-narrators told tales of heroic romance and adventure—stories about gallant princes and their encounters with evil kings, enemy champions, demons, magicians, ''[[Jinn|jinns]]'', divine emissaries, tricky secret agents called ''[[ayyār|ayyar]]s'', and beautiful princesses who might be human or of the ''[[Parī|pari]]'' ("fairy") race. Their ultimate subject matter was always simple: "''razm o bazm''," the battlefield and the elegant courtly life, war and love. Hanaway mentions five principal dastans surviving from the pre-Safavid period (that is, from the 15th-century and earlier): those that grew up around the adventures of the world-conqueror [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] (''[[Alexander Romance]]''), the great Persian king [[Darius III|Darius]], the Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s uncle [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]], the legendary king Firoz Shah, and a trickster-hero named [[Samak-e Ayyar|Samak the Ayyar]]. Of all the early dastans, the Hamza romance is thought to be the oldest.

The romance of Hamza claims to go back to the life of its hero, [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]], the paternal uncle of the Prophet, who was slain in the [[Battle of Uhud]] (625 CE) by a slave instigated by a noblewoman named [[Hind bint Utbah]], whose relatives Hamza had killed at [[Battle of Badr|Badr]]. Hind bint Utbah then went to the battlefield and mutilated the dead Hamza's body, cutting off his ears and nose, [[Liver (food)|cutting out his liver and chewing it]] to fulfill the vow of vengeance she had made. Later, when the Prophet conquered [[Mecca]], Hind bint Utbah accepted Islam, and was pardoned.
[[File:The battle of Mazandaran.jpg|thumb|Battle of [[Mazandaran]], number 38 in the 7th volume of the ''Hamzanama'', as inscribed between the legs of the man in the bottom center. The protagonists Khwajah '[[Umro Ayyar|Umar]] and [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamzah]] and their armies engage in fierce battle. Originally, the faces were depicted; these were subsequently erased by iconoclasts, and repainted in more recent times, from the ''[[Akbar Hamzanama]]'']]

It has been argued that the romance of Hamza may actually have begun with the adventures of a Persian namesake of the original Hamza: Hamza ibn Abdullah, a member of a radical Islamic sect called the [[Kharijites]], who was the leader of a rebel movement against the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] and his successors. This Persian Hamzah lived in the early 9th-century, and seems to have been a dashing rebel whose colorful exploits gave rise to many stories. He was known to have fought against the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Caliphate|caliph-monarch]], and the local warriors from [[Sistan]], [[Makran]], [[Sindh]] and [[Khurasan|Khorasan]] are said to have joined him in the battle, which lasted until the Caliph died. After the battle, Hamza left, inexplicably, for [[Names of Sri Lanka|Sarandip]] ([[Ceylon]]) and [[China]], leaving behind 5000 warriors to protect the powerless against the powerful. His disciples wrote the account of his travels and expeditions in a book ''Maghazi-e-Amir Hamza'', which was the original source of ''Dastan-e-Amir Hamza''.<ref>[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/561080-hamzas-stories Hamza's Stories]. [[The News International]].</ref> As these stories circulated, they eventually transferred to the earlier Hamza, who was an orthodox Muslim champion acceptable to all.<ref name=LangMeredith>D. M. Lang and G. M. Meredith-Owens (1959), "''Amiran-Darejaniani'': A Georgian Romance and its English Rendering", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' '''22'''(3): 454–490. {{doi|10.1017/S0041977X00065538}}</ref>

The seventeenth-century ''Zubdat ur-Rumuz'' actually gives two conflicting origin-stories for the ''Hamzanama''. The first is that after Hamza's death, ladies living near the Prophet's house told praising anecdotes to get the Prophet's attention; one Masud [[Mecca|Makki]] then produced the first written version of these stories to divert the Meccans from their hostility to the Prophet. The second is that wise courtiers devised the romance to cure a brain fever suffered by one of the Abbasid caliphs. The 1909 [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] version also gives two conflicting sources. The first is that the dastan was invented by [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]], who used to tell it to the Prophet, his nephew, to cheer him up with stories of his other uncle's glory. The second is that the dastan was invented during the reign of [[Muawiyah I]] (661–79) to keep loyalty to the Prophet's family alive among the people, despite official hostility and vilification.

In his study of the Arabian epic, Malcolm Lyons<ref>Lyons, Malcom. The Arabian Epic: Heroic and oral story-telling. Vol 1. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.</ref> discusses ''[[Sīrah|Sirat]] Hamzat al-[[wikt:pahlawan|Pahlawan]]'', which is a parallel cycle of tales about Amir Hamza in Arabic, with similarities of names and places to the ''Hamzanama'': thus [[Khosrow I|Anushirwan]] corresponds to Nausheravan, the vizier Buzurjmihr is synonymous to [[Bozorgmehr|Buzurjmehr]], and there are parallels for the Persian capital [[Al-Mada'in|Midan]] and also jinn of [[Mount Qaf|Jabal Qaf]]. But it is difficult to prove who has borrowed from whom.

===Spread down to the 15th century===
The Hamza story soon grew, ramified, traveled and gradually spread over immense areas of the Muslim world. It was translated into [[Arabic]] (''Sīrat Amīr Ḥamza'');<ref>{{EI2 |first=Peter |last=Heath |title=Sīra shaʿbiyya |volume=9 |page3=664–665 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7058}}</ref> there is a twelfth-century [[Georgian language|Georgian]] version,<ref name=LangMeredith/> and a fifteenth-century [[Turkish language|Turkish]] version twenty-four volumes long. Moreover, even in Iran the story continued to develop over time: by the mid-nineteenth century the Hamza romance had grown to such an extent that it was printed in an edition comprising about twelve hundred very large pages. By this time the dastan was often called ''Rumuz-e Hamza'' (The Subtleties of Hamza), and had also made itself conspicuously at home in [[India]].

===Evolving Indian versions===
====Persian====
[[File:Hamzanama.jpg|thumb|This illustration shows the witch Anqarut in the guise of a beautiful young woman, who hopes to seduce the handsome king [[Malik]] [[Iraj]], whom she has captured and tied to a tree, from the ''[[Akbar Hamzanama]]'']]

[[Annemarie Schimmel]] judges that the Hamza story must have been popular in the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the days of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]<ref>Annemarie Schimmel, Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbal, p. 204.</ref> in the early eleventh century. The earliest solid evidence, however, seems to be a late-fifteenth-century set of paintings that illustrate the story; these were crudely executed, possibly in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], perhaps for a not-too-affluent patron.<ref>Karl Khandalavala and Moti Chandra, New Documents of Indian Painting--a Reappraisal (Bombay: Board of Trustees of the Prince of Wales Museum, 1969), pp. 50-55, plates 117-126.</ref>

In 1555, [[Babur]] noted with disapproval that the leading literary figure of Khurasan had recently "wasted his time" in composing an imitation of the cycle.<ref>Annette S. Beveridge, trans., The Baburnāma in English (London: Luzac and Co., 1969), p. 280.</ref> The great emperor [[Akbar]] (1556–1605), far from sharing his grandfather's attitude, conceived and supervised the immense task of illustrating the whole romance, producing a manuscript now known as the [[Akbar Hamzanama|Akbar ''Hamzanama'']]. As Akbar's court chronicler tells us, Hamza's adventures were "represented in twelve volumes, and clever painters made the most astonishing illustrations for no less than one thousand and four hundred passages of the story."<ref>H. Blochmann, trans., Ain-i Akbari (Lahore: Qausain, 1975; 2nd ed.), p. 115.</ref> The illustrated manuscript thus created became the supreme achievement of [[Mughal art]]: "of all the loot carried off from Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739 (including the Peacock Throne), it was only the ''Hamza-nama'', 'painted with images that defy the imagination,' that Emperor Muhammad Shah pleaded to have returned."<ref>Stuart Cary Welch, Imperial Mughal Painting (New York: George Braziller, 1978), p. 44.</ref>

The Hamza story left traces in the [[Deccan]] as well. One Persian romance-narrator, [[Hajji|Haji]] Qissah-Khvan Hamadani, records his arrival in 1612 at [[Hyderabad]], at the court of [[Sultan]] [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] (1611-72) of [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda]]. The Haji writes, "I had brought with me a number of manuscripts of the ''Rumuz-e Hamza''. When I presented them in the king's service, I was ordered, 'Prepare a summary of them.' In obedience to this order this book ''Zubdat ur-Rumuz'' (The Cream of the Rumuz) has been prepared."<ref>Gyān Chand Jain, Urdū kī nasrī dāstāneñ, p. 106.</ref> At least two other seventeenth-century Indo-Persian Hamza manuscripts survive, dated 1096 AH [1684–85 CE] and 1099 AH [1687–88 CE], as well as various undated and later ones.<ref>Hājī Qissah Khvān Hamadānī, Zubdat ur-rumūz, p. 2.</ref>

In the course of countless retellings before faithful audiences, the Indo-Persian Hamza story seems to have grown generally longer and more elaborate throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the eighteenth century, the Hamza story was so well-known in India that it inspired an indigenous Indo-Persian imitation, the massive ''Bostan-e Khiyal'' (Garden of "[[wikt:khayal|Khiyal]]") by Mir Muhammad Taqi. By the nineteenth century, however, [[Persian language in India|Persian was in a slow decline as an Indian language]], for its political and cultural place was being taken by [[Pashto]] and the Indic languages. It is in these languages that the dastan found a hospitable environment to survive and flourish.

====Urdu====
[[File:"Assad Ibn Kariba Launches a Night Attack on the Camp of Malik Iraj", Folio from a Hamzanama (The Adventures of Hamza) MET CAT 10r1 89A.jpg|thumb|"Assad Ibn Kariba Launches a Night Attack on the Camp of [[Malik]] [[Iraj]]"]]
The Hamza romance spread gradually, usually in its briefer and less elaborate forms, into a number of the modern languages of South Asia. [[Pashto]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] were particularly hospitable to the Hamza story, and at least in Pashto it continues to flourish today, with printed pamphlet versions being produced. In [[Bengali language|Bengali]] it was popular among Muslims as early as the 18th-century, in a long verse romance called ''Amirhamjar [[puthi]]'', which its authors, Fakir Garibullah and Saiyad Hamja, described as a translation from the Persian. This romance was printed repeatedly in pamphlet form in the nineteenth century, and even occasionally in the twentieth. Various [[Hindi]] versions were produced too—but above all, the story of Hamza flourished in [[Urdu]].

The earliest Hamza retelling in Urdu exists in a late [[Deccani language|Dakhani]] prose version called ''Qissa-e Jang-e Amir Hamza'' (Qissa of the War of Amir Hamza) (1784). Very little is known about this work's background. It was probably translated from a Persian text. In 1801, Khalil Ali Khan Ashk, a member of the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] department of the famous [[Fort William College]] in Calcutta, composed the earliest printed version of the dastan in Urdu: the 500-page ''Dastan-e Amir Hamza'', consisting of twenty-two dastans, or chapters, grouped into four "volumes."

Ashk claims that the story he is telling goes back to the time of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], in the early eleventh century; he implies that his present text is a translation, or at least a rendering, of the written, presumably Persian text that the distinguished [[Dastangoi|dastan-narrators]] of Mahmud's court first set down. Ashk also claims that his sources, the narrators of Mahmud's court, compiled fourteen volumes of Hamza's adventures. However, we have no evidence that Mahmud of Ghazni ever sponsored the production of such a work. [[Gyan Chand Jain]] thinks that in fact Ashk based his version on the Dakhani ''Qissa-e jang-e amir Hamza'' because his plot agrees in many important particulars with the early Persian ''Qissa-e Hamza'', though it disagrees in many others.<ref>Gian Chand Jain (1969). "Urdū kī nas̲rī dāstānen̲". Anjaman Tarraqi-i-Urdu.</ref>

However, the most popular version of the dastan in Urdu was that of Aman Ali Khan Bahadur Ghalib [[Lucknawi|Lakhnavi]] published by Hakim Mohtasham Elaih Press, [[Calcutta]] in 1855. In the 1860s, one of the early publications of [[Munshi Nawal Kishore]], the legendary publisher from [[Lucknow]], was Ashk's ''Dastan-e Amir Hamza''. Nawal Kishore eventually replaced Ashk's version with a revised and improved ''Dastan-e amir Hamza'' (1871), explaining to the public that the Ashk version was marred by its "archaic idioms and convoluted style." Munshi Nawal Kishore commissioned Maulvi Syed Abdullah [[Sadaat-e-Bilgram|Bilgrami]] to revise Ali Khan Bahadur Ghalib's translation and published it in 1871. This version proved extraordinarily successful. The Bilgrami version has almost certainly been more often reprinted, and more widely read, than any other in Urdu. In 1887 Syed Tasadduq Husain, a proofreader at Nawal Kishore Press, revised and embellished this edition. In the twentieth century, Abdul Bari Aasi adapted this version by removing all the couplets from it and toning down the melodramatic scenes.

Owing to the popularity of the Ashk and Bilgrami versions in Urdu, Nawal Kishore also brought out in 1879 a counterpart work in Hindi called ''Amir Hamza Ki Dastan'', by [[Pandit|Pandits]] Kalicharan and Maheshdatt. This work was quite an undertaking in its own right: 520 large pages of typeset [[Devanagari]] script, in a prose adorned not with elegant Persian expressions but with exactly comparable [[Sanskritism|Sanskritisms]], and interspersed not with Persian verse forms but with [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic]] ones like ''kavitt'', ''soratha'', and ''[[Chaupai (poetry)|chaupai]]''. The ''Amir Hamza Ki Dastan'', with its assimilation of a highly Islamic content into a self-consciously [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritized]] form, offers a fascinating early glimpse of the development of Hindi. The heirs of Nawal Kishore apparently published a 662-page Hindi version of the dastan as late as 1939.

During this same period Nawal Kishore added a third version of the Hamza story: a verse rendering of the [[Romance (prose fiction)|romance]], a new [[Mathnawi|masnavi]] by Tota Ram Shayan called ''Tilism-e Shayan Ma ruf Bah Dastan-e Amir Hamza'' published in 1862. At 30,000 lines, it was the longest Urdu masnavi ever written in [[North India]], with the exception of versions of the [[Arabian Nights]]. Yet Shayan is said to have composed it in only six months. This version too apparently found a good sale, for by 1893 Nawal Kishore was printing it for the sixth time.

==== 1881–1905 Kishore ''Dastan-e Amir Hamza'' ====
In 1881, Nawal Kishore finally began publishing his own elaborate multi-volume Hamza series. He hired Muhammad Husain Jah, Ahmad Husain Qamar, and Tasadduq Husain, the most famous Lucknow dastan-narrators, to compose the stories. This version of the ''Dastan-e Amir Hamza'' was an extraordinary achievement: not only the crowning glory of the Urdu dastan tradition, but also surely the longest single romance cycle in world literature, since the forty-six volumes average 900 pages each. Publication of the cycle began with the first four volumes of ''Tilism-e Hoshruba'' ("The Stunning Tilism") by Muhammad Husain Jah; these volumes were published between 1883 and 1890, after which Jah had differences with Nawal Kishore and left the Press. These four volumes by Jah proved immensely popular, and are still considered the heart of the cycle. After Jah, the two main architects of the cycle, Ahmad Husain Qamar (nineteen volumes) and Tasadduq Husain (nineteen volumes) took over the work from 1892 to its completion around 1905.

These writers were not the original creators of the tales and by the time the Nawal Kishore Press began publishing them, they had already evolved in their form and structure. As these dastans were mainly meant for [[Oral storytelling|oral rendition]], the storytellers added local colour to these tales. Storytelling had become a popular craft in India by nineteenth century. The storytellers narrated their long winding tales of [[Thriller (genre)|suspense]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], [[Adventure fiction|adventure]], [[Magic (supernatural)|magic]], [[fantasy]], and the marvellous rolled into one to their inquisitive audiences. Each day, the session would end at a point where the curious public would be left to wonder as to what happened next. Some of the most famous storytellers of Hamza dastan were Mir Ahmad Ali (who belonged to Lucknow but later moved to [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]), [[Mir (title)|Mir]] Qasim Ali, [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]] Sayed Asghar Ali Khan (who came to Rampur during the tenure of Nawab Mohammad Saeed Khan i.e. 1840–1855), Zamin Ali Jalal [[Lucknawi|Lucknowi]], [[Munshi]] Amba Prasad Rasa Lucknowi (a disciple of Mir Ahmad Ali who later [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]] and was rechristened Abdur Rahman), his son Ghulam Raza, Haider Mirza Tasawwur Lucknowi (a disciple of Asghar Ali), [[Hajji|Haji]] Ali Ibn Mirza Makkhoo Beg, his son Syed Husain Zaidi and Murtuza Husain Visaal.<ref>[https://thebookreviewindia.org/an-epic-fantasy/ An Epic Fantasy]. thebookreviewindia.org.</ref>

The final arrangement of the cycle was into eight ''[[Defter|daftars]]'' or sections. The first four ''daftars''—the two-volume ''Naushervan-nama'' (The Book of [[Khosrow I|Naushervan]]); the one-volume ''Kochak Bakhtar'' (The Lesser West); the one-volume ''Bala bakhtar'' (The Upper West); and the two-volume ''Iraj-nama'' (The Book of [[Iraj]])—were closer to the Persian romance, and were linked more directly to Hamza's own adventures, especially those of the earlier part of his life. Then came the fifth ''daftar'', the ''Tilism-e Hoshruba'' itself, begun by Jah (four volumes) and completed by Qamar (three volumes). The remaining three ''daftars'', though they make up the bulk of the cycle in quantity, emphasize the adventures of Hamza's sons and grandsons, and are generally of less literary excellence. Though no library in the world has a full set of the forty-six volumes, a microfilm set at the Center for Research Libraries in Chicago is on the verge of completion.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} This immense cycle claims to be a translation of a (mythical) Persian original written by [[Faizi]], one of the great literary figures of Akbar's court; this claim is made repeatedly on frontispieces, and here and there within the text. Like this purported Persian original, the Urdu version thus contains exactly eight ''daftars''—even though, as the Urdu cycle grew, the eighth ''daftar'' had to become longer and longer until it comprised twenty-seven volumes.

This astonishing treasure-house of romance, which at its best contains some of the finest [[narrative]] [[prose]] ever written in Urdu, is considered the delight of its age; many of its volumes were reprinted again and again, well into the twentieth century. Although towards the end of the nineteenth century dastans had reached an extraordinary peak of popularity, the fate of dastan literature was sealed by the first quarter of the twentieth century. By the time of the great dastan-narrator Mir Baqir Ali's death in 1928, dastan volumes were being rejected by the educated elite in favor of [[List of Urdu novelists|Urdu]] and Hindi novels—many of which were in fact very dastan-like.

===Indonesian versions===
{{main|Hikayat Amir Hamzah}}
The ''[[Hikayat Amir Hamzah]]'' is the classical [[Malay language|Malay]] version translated directly from the Persian originally written on traditional paper in old [[Jawi script]]. Versions are also found in other languages of Indonesia, including [[Javanese language|Javanese]] (''Serat Menak''), [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] (''Amir Hamjah''), [[Bugis language|Bugis]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]] and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]].

==Modern translations==

Two English-language translations have been published based on the 1871 Ghalib Lakhnavi and Abdullah Bilgrami version published by Munshi Nawal Kishore press. The first is an abridged translation called ''The Romance Tradition in Urdu'' by Frances Pritchett of Columbia University. It is available in an expanded version on the website of the translator.<ref>Pritchett, Frances W. (1991). ''The Romance Tradition in Urdu: Adventures from the Dastan of Amir Hamzah''. Columbia University Press.</ref> In 2008 Musharraf Ali Farooqi, a Pakistani-Canadian author, translated the Lakhnavi/Bilgrami version into English as ''The Adventures of Amir Hamza: Lord of the Auspicious Planetary Conjunction''. He took seven years to translate this thousand-page adventure, producing a very close translation, without abridging the ornate passages.<ref>Farooqi, Musharraf Ali (2008). ''The Adventures of Amir Hamza: Lord of the Auspicious Planetary Conjunction''. Random House.</ref>

A Pakistani author, Maqbool Jahangir, wrote ''Dastan-e-Amir Hamza'' for children in the Urdu language. His version contains 10 volumes and was published by Ferozsons (also Ferozsons Publishers).<ref>{{cite web |title=Dastan-e-Amir Hamza (10 Volumes) |url=https://ferozsons.com.pk/product/dastan-e-amir-hamza/ |website=Ferozsons Publishers |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

More recently, fantasy author '''Haala Humayun''' has undertaken a new English retelling of the epic under the series title ''The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba''. The series is planned as a ten-volume work. The first volume was released in 2024, followed by the second in 2025, and the third in 2025, with further installments in progress.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chronicles of Tilsim Hoshruba, Book 1–3 |url=https://www.overdrive.com/publishers/haala-humayun |website=OverDrive |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba: The Tilsim Quest |url=https://www.amazon.com/Legend-Tilsim-Hoshruba-Haala-Humayun/dp/B0D2DQ99KP |website=Amazon |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

===Works by Haala Humayun===
* ''The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba: The Tilsim Quest'' (Vol. 1, 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba: The Tilsim Quest |url=https://www.amazon.com/Legend-Tilsim-Hoshruba-Haala-Humayun/dp/B0D2DQ99KP |website=Amazon |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba'' (Vol. 2, 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba, Vol. 2 |url=https://www.overdrive.com/publishers/haala-humayun |website=OverDrive |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba'' (Vol. 3, 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legend of Tilsim Hoshruba, Vol. 3 |url=https://www.overdrive.com/publishers/haala-humayun |website=OverDrive |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
* Further volumes (Vols. 4–10) forthcoming

==Synopsis==
===Dastan-e-Amir Hamza===
The collection of Hamza stories begins with a short section describing events that set the stage for the appearance of the central hero. In this case, the place is [[Ctesiphon]] ([[Al-Mada'in|Madain]]) in Iraq, and the initial protagonist is [[Bozorgmehr|Buzurjmehr]], a child of humble parentage who displays both a remarkable ability to decipher ancient scripts and great acumen in political affairs. By luck and calculated design, Buzurjmehr displaces the current vizier, and attaches himself first to the reigning king, [[Qubad Kamran|Kobad]], and then to his successor, [[Khosrow I|Naushervan]].
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 40%; height: 14em;"
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Characters of ''Hamzanama''
|-
! Character !! Description
|-
| [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Amir Hamza]] || Paternal uncle of [[Muhammad]].
|-
| [[Qubad Kamran]] || The king of [[Iran]].
|-
| Alqash || Grand Minister of Qubad Kamran and an [[Astrology in the medieval Islamic world|astrologer]]
|-
| Khawaja Bakht Jamal || A descendant of [[Prophet Daniel]] (not in reality) who knows of astrology and became teacher and friend of Alqash.
|-
| [[Bozorgmehr]] || Son of Khawaja Bakht Jamal; a very wise, noble and talented astrologer who became [[Grand vizier|Grand Minister]] of Qubad Kamran.
|}

Nonetheless, a bitter rivalry has been seeded, for the widow of the wicked dead [[Grand vizier|vizier]] bears a son she names Bakhtak Bakhtyar, and he in turn becomes a lifelong nemesis of both Hamza and Buzurjmehr. The latter soon relates a vision to Naushervan that a child still in embryo in [[Arabia]] will eventually bring about his downfall; Naushervan responds in [[Massacre of the Innocents|Herod-like fashion]], dispatching Buzurjmehr to Arabia with an order to kill all [[Pregnancy|pregnant women]]. Emerging unscathed by this terrible threat are [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] and [[Umro Ayyar|Amar Umayya]], who is destined to be Hamza's faithful companion.

Unlike most Persian heroes, Hamza is not born to royalty, but is nonetheless of high birth, the son of the chief of [[Mecca]]. An auspicious [[horoscope]] prophesies an illustrious future for him. Hamza shows an early aversion to [[Idolatry|idol-worship]], and with the aid of a supernatural instructor, develops a precocious mastery of various [[martial arts]]. He soon puts these skills to good use, defeating upstart warriors in individual combat, preventing the [[Yemen|Yemeni]] army from interdicting tribute to Naushervan, and defending Mecca from predatory – but not religious – foes. Naushervan learns of these sundry exploits, and invites Hamza to his court, where he promises him his daughter Mihr Nigar in marriage. The girl is thrilled at this match, for she has long yearned for Hamza, and has had one soulful but chaste evening with him.

First, however, Naushervan sends Hamza to [[Ceylon]] to fend off a threat from Landhaur, and thence onto [[Greece]], where Bakhtak Bakhtyar has insidiously poisoned the kings against him. Hamza, of course, proves his mettle in these and other tests, but his marriage to Mihr Nigar is forestalled by the treacherous [[Gostaham]], who arranges her nuptials with another. Hamza is seriously wounded in battle with Zubin, Mihr Nigar's prospective groom, and is rescued by the [[Vizier|vazir]] of the [[Parī|pari]] king Shahpal, ruler of the realm of [[Mount Qaf|Qaf]]. In return for this act of kindness, Hamza gallantly agrees to subdue the rebellious elephant-eared [[Div (mythology)|Devs]] who have seized Shahpal's kingdom. The whole expedition to Qaf is to take eighteen days, and Hamza insists on fulfilling this debt of honor before his wedding. However, he is destined to be detained in Qaf not for eighteen days, but for eighteen years.

At this point, the shape of the story radically changes: adventures take place simultaneously in Qaf and on earth, and the [[Dastangoi|dastan]] moves back and forth in reporting them. While Hamza in Qaf is killing Devs, trying to deal with Shahpal's powerful daughter [[Asman]] Pari whom he has been forced to marry, and looking desperately for ways to get home, Amar in the (human) World is holding Hamza's forces together, moving from fort to fort, and trying to defend Mihr Nigar from Naushervan's efforts to recapture her.

While Hamza and his allies navigate various shoals of courtly intrigue, they also wage a prolonged war against [[Infidel|infidels]]. Although the ostensible goal of these conflicts is to eradicate idolatry and [[Conversion to Islam|convert opponents to Islam]], the latter is usually related with little fanfare at the end of the episode. Champions often proclaim their faith in [[Allah]] as they take to the battlefield, and sometimes reproach unbelievers for failing to grasp that the Muslims' past military success is prima facie evidence of the righteousness of their cause.

After eighteen years, much suffering, and more [[divine intervention]], Hamza does finally escape from Qaf; he makes his way home, and is reunited with his loyal companions. In the longest and most elaborate scene in the dastan, he marries the faithful Mihr Nigar. But by this time, the story is nearing its end. About two-fifths of the text deals with Hamza's early years, about two-fifths with the years in Qaf, and only one-fifth with the time after his return. The remaining years of Hamza's long life are filled with activity; some of it is fruitful, but usually in a kind of equivocal way. Hamza and Mihr Nigar have one son, Qubad, who is killed at an early age; soon afterwards, Mihr Nigar herself is killed.

Hamza, distraught, vows to spend the rest of his life tending her tomb. But his enemies pursue him there, kidnap him, and torment him; his old companions rally round to rescue him, and his old life reclaims him. He fights against Naushervan and others, travels, has adventures, marries a series of wives. His sons and grandsons by various wives appear one by one, perform heroic feats, and frequently die young. He and Amar have a brief but traumatic quarrel. Toward the very end of his life he must enter the Dark Regions, pursuing a series of frightful [[Cannibalism in literature|cannibal kings]]; while their incursions are directly incited by Naushervan, Amar's own act of vicarious cannibalism seems somehow implicated as well.

Almost all Hamza's army is lost in the Dark Regions, and he returns in a state of grief and desolation. Finally, he is summoned by the [[Muhammad|Prophet]], his nephew, back to Mecca to beat off an attack by the massed infidel armies of the world. He succeeds, losing all his companions except Amar in the process, but dies at the hands of the woman [[Hind bint Utba|Hindah]], whose son he had killed. She [[Liver (food)|devours his liver]], [[Dismemberment|cuts his body into seventy pieces]], then hastily accepts Islam to save herself. The Prophet and the [[Angels in Islam|angels]] pray over every piece of the body, and Hamzah is rewarded with the high celestial rank of [[Amir al-Mu'minin|Commander of the Faithful]].

===Tilism-e Hoshruba===
[[File:"'Umar Walks around Fulad Castle, Meets a Foot Soldier and Kicks Him to the Ground", Folio from a Hamzanama (The Adventures of Hamza) MET DP235937.jpg|thumb|The painting depicts a devoted spy named [[Umro Ayyar|Umar]] hired by [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]], who discovers a hidden pathway to the Castle of Furad.]]

In this new tale, Amir Hamza's adventures bring him to Hoshruba, a magical world or "[[Talisman|tilism]]". The tilism of Hoshruba was conjured by sorcerers in defiance of Allah and the laws of the physical world. However, being a creation of magic, Hoshruba is not a permanent world. At the moment of its creation a person was named who would unravel this magical world at an appointed time using the tilism key.

With the passage of time, the whereabouts of the tilism key were forgotten, and the usurper [[Afrasiab|Afrasiyab]] became the Master of the Tilism and Emperor of Sorcerers. Afrasiyab and his sorceress Empress Heyrat ruled over Hoshruba's three regions named [[Zahir (Islam)|Zahir]] the Manifest, [[Batin (Islam)|Batin]] the Hidden, and [[Zulm|Zulmat]] the Dark, which contained countless dominions and smaller tilisms governed by sorcerer kings and sorceress queens, and where the dreaded Seven Monsters of the [[Grotto]] lurked.

Emperor Afrasiyab was among the seven immortal sorcerers of Hoshruba who could not be killed while their counterparts lived. His fortune came to reveal itself on the [[Palmistry|palms of his hands]]. His left hand warned him of inauspicious moments and the right hand revealed auspicious ones. Whenever anyone called out his name in the tilism, Afrasiyab's magic alerted him to the call. He possessed the Book of Sameri that contained an account of every event inside and outside the tilism. Afrasiyab used a [[Catoptromancy|magic mirror]] that [[Telepresence|projected his body]] into his court during his absence, and many [[Double (occupation)|magic doubles]] who replaced him when he was in imminent danger. Besides sorcerers and sorceresses, the emperor also commanded magic [[Slavery|slaves]] and magic slave girls who fought at his command and performed any and all tasks assigned them.

As Hoshruba's time neared its end, Emperor Afrasiyab resolved to defend his empire and tilism, and foil the conqueror of the tilism when he appeared. The story of Hoshruba opens where the false god Laqa—an eighty-five-foot-tall, pitch-black giant – and one of Amir Hamza's foremost enemies – is in flight after suffering a fresh defeat at Amir Hamza's hands. He and his supporters arrive near Hoshruba and solicit the aid of the Emperor of Sorcerers.

Before long, Amir Hamza's armies pursuing Laqa find themselves at war with Afrasiyab and his army of sorcerers. When hostilities break out Amir Hamza's grandson, Prince Asad, is the designated conqueror of the tilism of Hoshruba. Prince Asad sets out at the head of a magnificent army to conquer Hoshruba. With him are five matchless tricksters headed by the prince of tricksters, the incomparable [[Umro Ayyar|Amar Ayyar]], whose native wit, and wondrous talents are a match for the most powerful sorcerer's spells.

Upon learning of Prince Asad's entry into the tilism with his army, Afrasiyab dispatches a number of sorcerers and five beautiful [[trickster]] girls to foil his mission. When the trickster girls kidnap the prince, Amar Ayyar and his band of misfits continue the mission of the conqueror of the tilism with the help of Heyrat's sister, Bahar Jadu, a powerful sorceress of the tilism, who Afrasiyab had banished from his court to please his wife.

==Cultural influence==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop Amir Hamza alias Menak alias Jayengrana voorstellend TMnr 6148-5-4a.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An [[wayang|Indonesian wayang puppet]] of Amir Hamzah, also known as Wong Agung Jayeng Rana]]
The immense popularity of the [[Dastangoi|dastan]] had a long-lasting effect on other forms of [[Narrative|fictional narratives]]. The earliest [[List of Urdu novelists|novels in Urdu]] as well as [[Hindi]] often seem nothing more than simplified or [[bowdlerized]] forms of Dastans. Babu [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]'s ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''[[Chandrakanta Santati]]'' and [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]]'s ''[[Fasana-e-Azad]]'' are only the two most stellar examples of this genre.<ref>[http://dastangoi.blogspot.com/2006/03/introduction-to-dastangoi.html Introduction to Dastangoi]. dastangoi.blogspot.com.</ref> Chandrakanta bears the direct influence of dastans as witnessed in the case of eponymous protagonist Chandrakanta who is trapped in a [[Talisman|tilism]] and the presence of notable [[Ayyār|ayyars]]. The dastan also influenced Munshi [[Premchand]] (1880-1936) who was fascinated and later on inspired by the stories of ''Tilism-e Hoshruba'' that he heard at the [[tobacconist]] shop in his childhood days. The conventions of the dastan narrative also conditioned Urdu theatre: the trickster [[Umro Ayyar|Ayyar]], permanent friend of Hamza provided the convention of the hero's [comic] [[sidekick]] that achieved culmination in the [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] of [[List of Hindi films of the 1960s|the sixties]].

The story is also performed in [[wayang|Indonesian puppet theatre]], where it is called ''Wayang Menak''. Here, Hamza is also known as Wong Agung Jayeng Rana or Amir Ambyah.

Frances Pritchett's former student at [[Columbia University]], Pasha Mohamad Khan, who currently teaches at [[McGill University]], researches [[Punjabi Qisse|qissa]]/dastan (romances) and the art of [[Dastangoi|dastan-goi]] (storytelling), including the ''Hamzanama''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/islamicstudies/people/tenure-stream-professors/pasha-m-khan|title=Pasha M. Khan {{!}} Institute of Islamic Studies - McGill University|website=www.mcgill.ca|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Beach, Milo Cleveland, ''Early Mughal painting'', Harvard University Press, 1987, {{ISBN|0-674-22185-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-674-22185-7}}
* "Grove", [[Oxford Art Online]], "Indian sub., §VI, 4(i): Mughal ptg styles, 16th–19th centuries", restricted access.
* Titley, Norah M., ''Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India'', 1983, University of Texas Press, 0292764847
* Farooqi, Musharraf Ali (2007), ''The Adventures of Amir Hamza'' (New York: Random House Modern Library).
* ''[[Hikayat Amir Hamzah|The Bustan of Amir Hamzah]]'' (the Malay version of the story)
* Musharraf Farooqi (2009), (transl.''Tilism-e hoshruba'', vol. 1 of Jah): Hoshruba, Book One: The Land and the Tilism, by Muhammad Husain Jah.
* Seyller, John (2002), ''The Adventures of Hamza, Painting and Storytelling in Mughal India'', [[Freer Gallery of Art]] and [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, DC, in association with Azimuth Editions Limited, London, {{ISBN|1-898592-23-3}} (contains the most complete set of reproductions of Hamzanama paintings and text translations); [https://archive.org/details/adventuresofhamz00seyl online]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=978-0870997839 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148-152; plate 7–8)
*{{EI3|title=Ḥamza, Romance of |first=Ulrich |last=Marzolph |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EI3O/COM-30284.xml}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Pasha M. |first2=Ulrich |last2=Marzolph |first3=Frank J. |last3=Korom |title=The Broken Spell: Indian Storytelling and the Romance Genre in Persian and Urdu |location=Detroit |publisher=Wayne State University Press |date=2019 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/66468}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.mafarooqi.com/translations/the-adventures-of-amir-hamza ''The Adventures of Amir Hamza'' - the first complete and unabridged translation of the ''Dastan-e Amir Hamza'']
* [http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/hamza/default.htm Online exhibit of ''The Adventures of Hamza'' at the Smithsonian Institution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418004456/http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/hamza/default.htm |date=2016-04-18 }}
* [http://www.galbithink.org/sense-s3.htm ''A Masterpiece of Sensuous Communication: The Hamzanama of Akbar''] (images in [http://www.galbithink.org/sense1.pdf pdf file], Section II )
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060825073945/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/hamzanama/index.html Hamzanama] at the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]], London
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/hamzah/index.html Frances Pritchett's website for 'The Romance Tradition in Urdu: The Adventures from the Dastan-e Amir Hamza]
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Islamic illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Asian objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Persian]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
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2026-01-18T08:08:28Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started new stub first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Amba''
|namesake= [[Mango]]<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amba#:~:text=Noun,-amba%20(uncountable)&text=A%20tangy%20mango%20pickle%20used%20as%20a%20condiment%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.</ref>
|ordered=
|builder= [[Mykolaiv|Nikolayev]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 28 December 1968
|decommissioned= July 2006
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|type= [[Submarine tender]]
|displacement=*{{convert|6750|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|9650|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} full load
|length= {{convert|141|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|17.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion= Diesel-electric, 2 shafts, {{convert|8000|shp|0|abbr=on}}
|speed= {{convert|17|kn|lk=in}}
|range= {{convert|21000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement=400
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=4 × 76 mm guns
|armour=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=Helicopter landing pad
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Amba'' (A54)''' was the only [[submarine tender]] ship in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. It is a modified [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] {{sclass2|Ugra|submarine tender|0}} design built to Indian specifications in Nikolayev (the present-day [[Mykolaiv]] in [[Ukraine]]) in 1968. Deviations from the standard Ugra design include four 76 mm guns instead of the 57 mm ones mounted on Soviet units.

On 26 May 2001 a fire broke out in the laundry section of ''Amba'' during a routine refit at the [[Cochin Shipyard]], suffocating two washermen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/27/stories/0127000d.htm|date=27 May 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=2 die in ship fire|author=Our Staff}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''Amba'' was decommissioned from service in July 2006.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amba (A54)}}
[[Category:Ugra-class submarine tenders of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Ships built in Mykolaiv]]
[[Category:1968 ships]]

Jaggery

2026-01-12T04:54:09Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: content update

{{Short description|Unrefined cane sugar}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox food
| name = Jaggery
| image = Sa-indian-gud.jpg
| caption = A block of jaggery with a [[US penny]] for size comparison
| main_ingredient = Sugarcane juice, boiled and concentrated.
| similar_dish = [[Muscovado]], [[panela]], [[palm sugar]]
| other =
}}

'''Jaggery''' is a [[List of unrefined sweeteners|traditional]] [[non-centrifugal cane sugar]]<ref name=Jaggery>{{cite web|title=New improvements in jaggery manufacturing process and new product type of jaggery|url=http://www.panelamonitor.org/documents/616/new-improvements-jaggery-manufacturing-process-and/|website=Panela Monitor|access-date=2014-08-30|archive-date=2014-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112451/http://www.panelamonitor.org/documents/616/new-improvements-jaggery-manufacturing-process-and/}}</ref> consumed in the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[North America]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn How Piloncillo Is Used in Authentic Mexican Recipes |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-use-piloncillo-2343039 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref> [[Central America]], [[Brazil]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="itdg">{{cite web |url=http://itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/brown_sugar.pdf |title=Media | Practical Action |publisher=Itdg.org |access-date=2011-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107182133/http://itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/brown_sugar.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-07 }}</ref> It is a concentrated product of [[Sugarcane juice|cane juice]] and often [[Date (fruit)|date]] or [[Arecaceae|palm]] [[plant sap|sap]] without separation of the [[molasses]] and crystals, and can vary from golden brown to dark brown in colour. It contains up to 50% [[sucrose]], up to 20% [[invert sugar]]s, and up to 20% moisture, with the remainder made up of other insoluble matter, such as [[wood ash]], [[protein]]s, and [[bagasse]] fibres.<ref name="itdg" /> Jaggery is very similar to [[muscovado]], an important sweetener in [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]], [[British cuisine|British]] and [[French cuisine]].

==Etymology==
Jaggery comes from Portuguese terms {{lang|pt|[[wikt:jágara#Indo-Portuguese|jágara]]}}, {{lang|pt|[[wikt:jagra#Portuguese|jagra]]}}, borrowed from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta|[[wikt:சக்கரை|சக்கரை]]}} ({{Transliteration|ta|cakkarai}}) or [[Malayalam]] {{lang|ml|[[wikt:ശർക്കര|ശർക്കര]]}} ({{Transliteration|ml|cakkara}}), which is borrowed from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|[[wikt:शर्करा|शर्करा]]}} ({{Transliteration|sa|śarkarā}}). It is a [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#doublet|doublet]] of [[wikt:sugar#English|sugar]].<ref>[[wikt:jaggery]]</ref>

==Origins and production==
{{More citations needed| section|date=September 2024}}
[[File:MyanmarJaggery.webm|thumb|[[Non-centrifugal cane sugar]] (jaggery) production near [[Inle Lake]] ([[Myanmar]]). Crushing and boiling stage.]]
[[File:Process of Making Granular Jaggery.webm|thumb|The process of making granular jaggery]]

Jaggery is made of the products of [[sugarcane]] and the [[toddy palm]] tree.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz |first=Aysha |date=31 March 2021 |title=Jaggery: South Asia's sweet, sentimental cure-all |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210330-jaggery-south-asias-sweet-sentimental-cure-all |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=[[BBC Travel]]}}</ref> The sugar made from the sap of the date palm is more prized and less commonly available outside of the regions where it is made.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} The toddy palm is tapped for producing jaggery in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Sri Lanka]].

In Sri Lanka, syrup extracts from ''kithul'' (''[[Caryota urens]]'') trees are widely used for jaggery production.<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Balachander |first1=Vidya |title=Sri Lanka's 'Kithul' Palm Syrup: An Ancient Sweetener In Need Of Saving |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/01/26/510610923/sri-lankas-kithul-palm-syrup-an-ancient-sweetener-in-need-of-saving |website=[[NPR]] |date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

All types of the sugar come in blocks or pastes of solidified concentrated sugar syrup heated to {{convert|200|C|F}}. Traditionally, the syrup is made by boiling raw sugarcane juice or palm sap in large, shallow, round-bottomed vessels.

===Preparation===
[[File:Harvestor cutting sugarcane.jpg|thumb|right|Harvesting sugar cane without pre-burn – the abundant waste on the ground will be irrigated to release nutrients for the next crop]]

Historically, the sugarcane cultivators used crushers that were powered by oxen, but all modern crushers are power-driven. These crushers are placed in fields near the sugarcane plants. The cut and cleaned sugarcane is crushed and the extracted cane juice is collected in a large vessel. A quantity of the juice is transferred to a smaller vessel for heating in a furnace.

The vessel is heated for about an hour. Dried wood pulp from the crushed sugarcane is traditionally used as fuel for the furnace. While boiling the juice, [[Calcium hydroxide|lime]] is added to it so that all the wood particles rise to the top of the juice in a froth, which is skimmed off. Finally, the juice is thickened. The resulting thick liquid is about one-third of the original volume.

This hot liquid is golden in colour. It is stirred continuously and lifted with a spatula to observe whether it forms a thread or drips while falling. If it forms many threads, it has completely thickened. It is poured into a shallow flat-bottomed pan to cool and solidify. The pan is extremely large to allow only a thin coat of this hot liquid to form at its bottom, so as to increase the surface area for quick evaporation and cooling. After cooling, the jaggery becomes a soft solid that is then molded into the desired shape.

The quality of jaggery is judged by its colour; dark brown means it was not clarified during the making, or the sugarcane juice was boiled with full nutrients intact. Some people misinterpret this as impure and clarify the juice to improve colour while taking out the nutrients to make golden-yellow jaggery, which is nothing but refined sugar. Due to this grading scale, coloured adulterants, which may be toxic, are sometimes added to jaggery to simulate the golden hue.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Natural dark brown jaggery is derived from whole sugarcane juice, by means of boiling at nearly 200 °C in a large cast iron pan. Food-grade mustard or castor oil (having a high smoke point) is usually used in such pans in negligible quantity (approximately 2 teaspoons per 100 kg) so that the very hot juice froth does not come out of the pan during boiling. Mustard or castor oil is present in whole jaggery in traces, and the qualities of such oils (laxative) coincide and support this quality of whole jaggery.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Uses==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2020}}

===South Asia===
Jaggery is used as an ingredient in sweet and savoury dishes in the cuisines of India, [[Pakistan]], Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, [[Afghan cuisine|Afghanistan]] and [[Iranian cuisine|Iran]]. For example, a pinch of it is sometimes added to ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]'' and other common dishes in [[Udupi cuisine]]. Jaggery is added to lentil soups (''[[dal|dāl]]'') to add sweetness to balance the spicy, salty, and sour components, particularly in [[Gujarati cuisine]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

In Sri Lanka, jaggery is usually made using the syrup of the [[Caryota urens|kithul]] palm tree, or from [[coconut]] syrup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop Eating Jaggery for Weight Loss Now - Side-Effects, Benefits|url=https://rebootwithnature.in/nutrition/stop-eating-jaggery-for-weight-loss-now-side-effects-benefits/|access-date=2021-08-28|language=en-US|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404035404/https://rebootwithnature.in/nutrition/stop-eating-jaggery-for-weight-loss-now-side-effects-benefits/}}</ref> The respective names in Sinhalese are ''kitul hakuru'' (කිතුල් හකුරු) and ''pol hakuru'' (පොල් හකුරු). Jaggery from the syrup of the [[palmyrah]] palm is more prominent in the northern part of the country; this is referred to as palmyrah jaggery or ''panangkaruppatti'' (பனங்கருப்பட்டி) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Jaggery made from sugarcane syrup is considered inferior to palm syrup-based jaggery varieties, and the term jaggery (கருப்பட்டி) is generally understood in the country to refer to the latter.<ref name="NPR"/>

[[Maharashtra]] in India is the largest producer and consumer of jaggery known as "gul" (गुळ) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Marwari language|Marwadi]], "gur" (گڑ) in [[Urdu]], "bellaṁ" (బెల్లం) in Telugu, bella (ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in Kannada, "vellam"(வெல்லம்) or "Sarkarai" (சர்க்கரை) in Tamil, "sharkara" (ശർക്കര) in Malayalam , "gōḷa" (ગોળ) in Gujarati , "miṣṭa" (मिष्ट) in Sanskrit, "guṛa" (ଗୁଡ଼) in Odia, ''gur'' (गुड़) in [[Hindi]] and "guṛ" (গুড়) in Bengali.

[[Kolhapur]] is one of the largest producers of jaggery in India and has a [[List of Geographical Indications in India|GI Tag]] for [[Kolhapur jaggery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i2/IRJET-V3I2101.pdf |title=Kolhapur: Second Largest market of gur|publisher=IRJET|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref> Most vegetable dishes, [[curry|curries]], and ''dals'', and many desserts, contain it. Jaggery is especially used during [[Makar Sankranti]] for making a dessert called ''[[tilgul]]''. In [[Gujarat]], a similar preparation known called ''tal na ladu'' or ''tal sankli'' is made. In rural Maharashtra and Karnataka, water and a piece of jaggery are given to a person arriving home from working under the hot sun. In Andhra, Telangana and Karnataka, on [[Ugadi]] festival day (New Year), Ugadi pachadi is made from jaggery and five other ingredients (shad ruchulu- sweet, sour, salt, tangy, spice and bitter) and is consumed symbolizing life is a mixture of happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, anger and sadness.

Molasses (काकवी), a byproduct of the production of jaggery, is used in rural Maharashtra and Karnataka as a sweetener. It contains many minerals not found in ordinary sugar and is considered beneficial to health in traditional [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaggery and Confectionary |url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Jaggery_and_Confectionary.htm |website=APEDA, Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority |publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India |access-date=2009-06-19}}</ref> It is an ingredient of many sweet delicacies, such as ''gur ke chawal''/''chol'' ("jaggery rice"), a traditional [[Rajasthani-Marwari|Rajasthani]] or [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] dish.

[[File:Jaggery.jpg|thumb|left|Jaggery preparation by heating juice in the vessel on furnace]]

In Gujarat, ''[[laddu]]s'' are made from wheat flour and jaggery. A well-known Maharashtrian recipe, ''[[puran poli]]'', uses it as a sweetener apart from sugar. Jaggery is considered an easily available sweet which is shared on any good occasion. In [[engagement]] ceremonies, small particles of it are mixed with [[Coriander#Uses|coriander seeds]] (ધાણા). Hence, in many Gujarati communities, engagement is commonly known by the [[metonymy|metonym]] ''gol-dhana'' (ગોળ-ધાણા), literally "jaggery and coriander seeds".

Jaggery is used extensively in South India to balance the pungency of spicy foods. In [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] it is used for sweets such as ''chakkara pongal'' and milk ''pongal'', which are prepared with rice, milk, and jaggery. During [[Sankranti]], ''[[ariselu]]'', an authentic Andhra Pradesh dish, is prepared. In Tamil Nadu, ''[[Thala Guli|ellurundai]]'' (sesame balls), [[adhirasam]] and ''pori vilangu urundai'' (puffed rice balls) are prepared as an offering, called ''[[prasada]]m'', to god during Puja and festivals such as [[Diwali]], [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]].

A sweet liquid called ''[[Panakam|paanakam]]'', made of water, jaggery and peppercorns, is prepared as the favorite offering to Lord Rama during [[Rama Navami]] festival. In [[Kerala]], it is considered auspicious and is widely used in cooking. It is a vital ingredient in many varieties of ''[[payasam]]'', a sweet dish. The state of Kerala as 2 GI tagged jaggeries by the name of [[Central Travancore jaggery]] and [[Marayoor jaggery]]

In [[Tamil Nadu]], jaggery is used exclusively as a sweetener. It is used in a dish called ''chakkarai pongal''. It is prepared during the festival of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] (Thai Pongal), which is held when the harvesting season begins. It is used to make [[Ragi mudde|kali]], to sweeten fruit salads and ''payasam'' that are offered to the gods. Jaggery is used in religious rituals. In rural areas, cane jaggery and palm jaggery are used to sweeten beverages, whereas refined sugar has replaced it in urban areas.<ref>{{cite news |title=In frames {{!}} Sweet sorrow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-frames-sweet-sorrow/article69915856.ece |access-date=10 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810121230/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-frames-sweet-sorrow/article69915856.ece |archive-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Bellam pakam.JPG|thumb|right|Semisolid sugarcane juice drying in another pan for preparation of jaggery]]

In [[Oriya people|Odia]] cuisine, cakes or ''[[piṭha]]s'' contain jaggery. Pithas like Arisa pitha are made out of jaggery called guda in Odia. Kakara pitha contains coconut filings which are caramelized using jaggery. Guda is also added to rice flakes known as ''chuda'' and eaten for breakfast. Some marmalade made of mango and ''[[dillenia]]'' contain the ingredient.

In [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] cuisine, it is commonly used in making sweet dishes, some of which mix jaggery with milk and coconut. Popular sweet dishes such as ''laḍḍu''/''laṛu'' or ''paṭishapta [[pitha|piṭha]]'' mix it with coconut shreds. Jaggery is molded into novel shapes as a type of candy. The same preparation of sweets have been made in the neighbouring state of [[Assam]]. Some of the popular sweet dishes of Assam such as ''til-pitha'' (made of rice powder, sesame and jaggery), other rice-based ''pitha'', and ''payas'' are made of jaggery. In some villages of Assam, people drink salty red tea with a cube of ''gurd'' (jaggery), which is popularly called ''cheleka-chah'' (licking tea).

Traditional [[Karnataka]] sweets, such as ''paayasa'', ''obbattu'' (''holige'') and ''unday'' use different kinds of jaggery. A pinch is commonly added to ''sambar'' (also known as ''huli saaru'') and ''rasam'' (also known as ''saaru''). Karnataka produces sugar and palm-based jaggery.

[[Muzaffarnagar]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] has the largest jaggery market in the world along with having a GI Tag for [[Muzaffarnagar jaggery]], followed by [[Anakapalle]] in the Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh. The [[Kolhapur District]] in western Maharashtra is famous for its jaggery, which is yellow and much sought after in Maharashtra and Gujarat. [[Mandya]] in Karnataka is known for its jaggery production.

===Southeast Asia===
In Myanmar, jaggery, called ''htanyet'' ({{linktext|ထန်းလျက်}}) in [[Burmese language|Burmese]], is harvested from [[Borassus flabellifer|toddy palm]] syrup. In central Myanmar and around [[Bagan]] (Pagan), toddy syrup is collected solely for making jaggery. The translucent white syrup is boiled until it becomes golden brown and then made into bite-size pieces. It is considered a sweet and is eaten by children and adults alike, usually in the afternoon with a pot of [[green tea]]. It has been referred to locally as Burmese chocolate. Toddy palm jaggery is sometimes mixed with coconut shreds, [[jujube]] puree or [[sesame]], depending on the area. This type of jaggery is used in [[Cuisine of Myanmar|Burmese]] cooking, usually to add colour and enrich the food.

===Other uses===
Other uses include jaggery toffees and jaggery cake made with pumpkin preserve, cashew nuts, peanuts and spices. Jaggery may be used in the creation of alcoholic beverages such as [[palm wine]].

Besides being a food, jaggery may be used (mixed in an emulsion with buttermilk and mustard oil) to season the inside of [[tandoor]] ovens.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Prashad Cooking with Indian Masters|author1=Kalra, J.I.S.|author2=Das Gupta, P.|date=1986|publisher=Allied Publishers Private, Limited|isbn=978-81-7023-006-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UFwsluKqM8C&pg=PA10|page=10|access-date=2015-09-13}}</ref>

Jaggery is used in natural dyeing of fabric. It is also used in [[hookah]]s in rural areas of Pakistan and India.
==Nutrition==
{{see also|Sugar#Nutrition and flavor}}
In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, jaggery from [[palm syrup]] contains 2.5 mg of [[Zinc in biology|zinc]], 11.4 mg of [[Iron in biology|iron]], and 1050 mg of [[Potassium in biology|potassium]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=C. Agritha|display-authors=et al.|date=6 January 2026|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13197-025-06523-5|title=Traditional production, grading, nutritional value, packaging and value addition of palmyra, date, and coconut palm jaggery: Abstract|journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]]|doi=10.1007/s13197-025-06523-5|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{better source|date=January 2026}}

==Nomenclature==
===In the Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Making Jaggery (Gur) in Punjab.jpg|thumb|Making jaggery (gur) in Punjab]]

* From ''guḍa'' in [[Sanskrit]] ({{langx|sa|गुड|lit=ball|label=none}}):
** ''guṛ'' [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ({{langx|bn|গুড়|label=none}}), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ({{langx|bh|गुड़|label=none}}), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ({{langx|pa|ਗੁੜ|label=none}}), [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] ({{langx|hi|गुड़|label=none}}), [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ({{langx|hi|गुड़|label=none}})
** ''gur'' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ({{langx|as|গুৰ|label=none}}) and [[Nagamese]] ({{langx|as|গুৰ|label=none}})
** ''ɠuṛ'' in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ({{langx|sd|ڳُڙ|label=none}}) and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] ({{langx|ur|گڑ|label=none}})
** ''guṛô'' ({{langx|or|ଗୁଡ଼|label=none}}) in [[Odia language|Odia]]
** ''goḍ'' (Romanized ''godd'') in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ({{langx|kok|गोड|label=none}})
** ''guḷ'' ({{langx|mr|गूळ|label=none}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
** ''gôḷ'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ({{langx|gu|ગોળ|label=none}}) and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] ({{langx|raj|गुळ|label=none}})
** ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%DA%93%D9%87 gwëṛa]'' in [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ({{langx|pa|ګوړه|label=none}})
* From Proto-Dravidian ''*vell-am'':
** ''vellam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ({{lang|ta|வெல்லம்}}) and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] ({{lang|ml|വെല്ലം}}), or longer form ''panai vellam'' in Tamil ({{lang|ta|பனை வெல்லம்}})
** ''bellam'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ({{lang|te|బెల్లం}})
** ''bella'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] ({{lang|kn|ಬೆಲ್ಲ}}) and [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
* From Sanskrit ''śarkarā'' ({{langx|sa|शर्करा|lit=gravel, grit, candied sugar|label=none}}):
** ''śarkkara'' or ''cakkara'' in Malayalam ({{lang|ml|ശർക്കര}} or {{lang|ml|ചക്കര}})
** ''sakkarai'' in Tamil ({{lang|ta|சக்கரை}})
** ''sakkhar'' in [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ({{lang|ne|सक्खर}})
** ''hakuru'' in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] ({{lang|si|හකුරු}}) and [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]] ({{lang|dv|ހަކުރު}})
* From Sanskrit ''miṣṭa'' ({{langx|sa|मिष्ट|lit=sweet, tasty|label=none}}):
** ''mitha'' in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
** ''mithoi'' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ({{lang|as|মিঠৈ}})
* Other terms:
** ''kawltu tuikang'' in [[Paite language|Paite]]
** ''kurtai'' in [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
** ''bheli'' in Nepali
** ''karuppaṭṭi'', ''karippaṭṭi'', or ''karipeṭṭi'' in Malayalam ({{lang|ml|കരിപെട്ടി}}) is jaggery made from palm juice, and ''panam kalkaṇḍam'' ({{lang|ml|പനം കല്കണ്ടം}}) is rock candy made from palm juice.
** ''karupaṭṭi'' ({{lang|ta|கருப்பட்டி}}) or ''panam kalkaṇḍu'' ({{lang|ta|பனம் கற்கண்டு}}) in Tamil

===In Southeast Asia===
====Cambodia====
[[File:Cambodia-Palm sugar-14-2007-gje.jpg|thumb|The production of palm jaggery in [[Cambodia]]]]

* ''Skor tnaot'' ({{lang|km|ស្ករត្នោត}}) in [[Khmer language|Khmer]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacob Jacobs |first=Judith |year=2001 |title=A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XkQtge1z3EC&pg=PA206 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=206 |isbn=978-0197-1357-4-7}}</ref>

====Myanmar (Burma)====
[[File:Burmese jaggery.JPG|thumb|right|Burmese jaggery at a market in [[Mandalay]]]]
[[File:JaggeryMyanmar1.jpg|thumb|Sugarcane jaggery in Myanmar]]

* ''Htanyet'' ({{lang|my|ထန်းလျက်}}) [Toddy Palm Jaggery] ({{IPA|my|tʰəɲeʔ|pron}}) in [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
* ''Kyan Tha Kar'' ({{lang|my|ကြံသကာ}}) [Sugarcane Jaggery] in Burmese

====Malaysia====
* ''Gula melaka'' or ''Gula merah'' in [[Malay language|Malay]]
* ''Gula nisan/nise'' in [[Kelantanese Malay]]
* ''Gula apong'' in [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]] is a variant of the jaggery, which is made from the sap of the nipah palm or [[Nypa fruticans]].

====Indonesia====
* ''Gula jawa'' in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
* ''Gula merah'' in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malay]]
* ''Gula aren'' in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
* ''Gula kawung'' in [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]

====Philippines====
[[File:06893jfCuisine Foods Landmarks Baliuag Bulacanfvf 41.jpg|thumb|[[Cuisine of the Philippines|Philippine]] ''sangkaka'' or ''panutsá'' are disc-shaped as these are traditionally made in dried coconut shell halves.]]

* ''Koya-Koya'' ([[Ilocano language|Ilocano]])
* ''Tagapulot'' ([[Ilocano language|Ilocano]])
* ''Pakombuk'' ([[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]])
* ''Panocha'' ([[Philippine Spanish]])
* ''Bagkat Bao'' - possibly regional to [[Bulacan]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]])
* ''Pakaskás'' - [[Cavite]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]])
* ''Panutsá -'' from the Spanish above ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]])
* ''[[Sangkaka]]'' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]])
* ''Calamay'' - [[Leyte]], [[Samar]] ([[Waray-waray language|Waray]])

====Thailand====
* Palm jaggery: {{langx|th|น้ำตาลโตนด|namtan tanot|label=none}}, {{IPA|th|nám.tāːn tā.nòːt|pron}}
* Coconut jaggery: {{langx|th|น้ำตาลมะพร้าว|namtan maphrao|label=none}}, {{IPA|th|nám.tāːn mā.pʰráːw|pron}}
* Cane sugar: {{langx|th|น้ำตาลอ้อย (งบน้ำอ้อย)|namtan oi (Ngob Nam Oi)|label=none}}, {{IPA|th|nám.tāːn ʔɔ̂j|pron}}
* Granulated brown cane sugar: {{langx|th|น้ำตาลทรายแดง|namtan sai daeng|label=none}}, {{IPA|th|nám.tāːn sāːj dɛ̄ːŋ|pron}}
* Granulated white cane sugar: {{langx|th|น้ำตาลทราย|namtan sai|label=none}}, {{IPA|th|nám.tāːn sāːj|pron}}; or {{langx|th|น้ำตาลทรายขาว|namtan sai khao|label=none}}, {{IPA|th|nám.tāːn sāːj kʰǎːw|pron}}

====Vietnam====
* ''Đường thốt nốt'' in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]

===Elsewhere===
* ''[[Rapadura|Raspadura]]'' in Cuba and Panama
* ''[[Rapadura]]'' in Brazil
* ''[[Panela]]'' in Central America and parts of South America
* ''[[Piloncillo]]'' in Mexico
* ''[[Tapa de dulce]]'' in Costa Rica
* ''[[Chancaca]]'' in Peru
* ''[[Papelón]]'', ''panela'' or ''miel de panela'' in Venezuela
* ''Sukari nguuru'' in [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
* {{nihongo|''Kokuto''|黒糖|Kokutō}} in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name="artofeating">{{cite web|url=http://www.artofeating.com/tt/brownsugar.htm|title=Brown Sugar from Okinawa | Art of Eating|publisher=artofeating.com|access-date=2015-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422120414/http://www.artofeating.com/tt/brownsugar.htm|archive-date=2013-04-22}}</ref>
* {{lang-zh|c=紅糖|labels=no}} (''Hóng táng'') or {{lang-zh|c=黑糖|labels=no}} (''hēi táng'') in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the latter used by the Chinese community in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]]
* ''Guṛ'' ({{lang|ps|ګړ}}) in Afghanistan
* ''Jājiriyy'' ({{lang|ar|جاجري}}) in [[Arabic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ما هو الجاجري( jaggery الجاكري) وما فوائد وأضرار هذا السكر الهندي للصحة {{!}} أعشاب الهيرب ALHERB |url=https://alherb.com/jaggery/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=أعشاب الهيرب ALHERB {{!}} فوائد وأضرار الأعشاب و النباتات والزيوت العطرية |language=ar}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Jaggery_cubes.jpg|Jaggery cubes
File:Gur making.15.jpg|Jaggery (gur) making at small scale near sugarcane farm in [[Pakistan]]
File:Jaggery preparation0.jpg|Boiling the sugarcane juice in large-scale jaggery (gur) making in India
File:Jaggery preparation5.jpg|Transferring boiled [[sugarcane juice]] into vessel to dry
File:(1) Jaggery Gud Punjab India.jpg|Gud or jaggery: Sugarcane-derived raw sugar crystallised cubes or blocks
File:A Jaggery.JPG|Jaggery blocks, also known as ''gud''
File:Poriurundai.JPG|''Gur mamra'' [[laddu]] sweets made from jaggery and [[Muri (food)|puffed rice]]
File:Indian Jaggery.jpg|Indian jaggery
File:Indein, Sugar cane juice, Shan State, Myanmar.jpg|Boiling, Myanmar
File:Indein, Sugarcane, Cane sugar, Shan State, Myanmar.jpg|Jaggery, Myanmar
</gallery>

==See also==
* {{Annotated link|Brown sugar}}
* {{Annotated link|Caramelization}}
* {{Annotated link|Muscovado}}
* {{Annotated link|Palm sugar}}
* {{Annotated link|Panela}}
* {{Annotated link|Peen tong}}
* {{Annotated link|Piloncillo}}
* {{Annotated link|Sugarloaf}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline}}

{{Sugar}}
{{Filipino cuisine}}
{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan desserts and sweets]]
[[Category:Sugar foods]]

INS Kozhikode

2025-12-16T17:23:36Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started the stub with sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image= INS Kozhikode.jpg
|image_caption= INS ''Kozhikode''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Kozhikode''
|namesake=[[Kozhikode]]
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned=19 December 1988
|decommissioned=13 April 2019<ref name="decom"/>
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
| identification=M71
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=''Karwar''-class minesweeper
|displacement= {{convert|877|LT|t}} full load
|length= {{convert|61|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|10.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft= {{convert|2.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|propulsion= 2 × M-503B diesels, 2 shafts, {{convert|5000|bhp|kW|-2|abbr=on}}
|speed={{convert|16|kn|km/h mph|lk=in}}
|range=*{{convert|4000|nmi|km|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h mph}}
*{{convert|3000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h mph}}
|endurance=
|complement= 10 officers, 72 enlisted
|capacity=
|sensors=*Sonar:
*MG-69/79 High frequency, hull mounted, active mine detection
*Radar:
*Don 2 I-band air/surface
*2 × Square Head - High Pole B IFF
*MR-104 Drum Tilt H/I-band fire control
|EW=*Minesweeping:
*AT-2 acoustic sweep
*GKT-2 contact sweep
*TEM-3 magnetic sweep
|armament=*4 × 30 mm (2×2) guns
*4 × 25 mm (2×2) AA
*2 × RBU 1200 5-tubed ASW rocket
*10 [[Naval mine|mines]]
*2 × 16 [[Strela 2|SA-N-5 SAM]] Grail missiles
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Kozhikode'' (M71)''' was a [[minesweeper]] of the ''Karwar'' class, of similar design to the {{sclass|Pondicherry|minesweeper|0}} ships that were in service with the [[Indian Navy]] till 2012. Built by the [[Sredne-Nevskiy Shipyard]] at [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia. Except for the addition of [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/GSL-gets-defence-ministrys-nod-to-build-12-minesweepers/articleshow/46415463.cms|title=GSL gets defence ministry’s nod to build 12 minesweepers|date=1 March 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Seagoing Minesweepers|url=http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_266m.htm|publisher=Russian Ships|accessdate=31 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403234401/http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_266m.htm|archivedate=3 April 2013}}</ref> ''Kozhikode'' is a modified {{sclass2|Natya|minesweeper|1}}. The ship took part in the [[International Fleet Review 2016]] that was held off the coast of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=INS KOZHIKODE M 71|url=http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=2429315}}</ref>

The ship was decommissioned from the fleet on 13 April 2019.<ref name="decom">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140419/grand-send-off-to-indian-naval-ship-kozhikode.html|title=Grand ‘send-off’ to Indian Naval Ship Kozhikode|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pondicherry class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozhikode (M71), INS}}
[[Category:Pondicherry-class minesweepers]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:1988 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built at Sredne-Nevskiy Shipyard]]

Sudesh Mahto

2025-12-15T14:27:43Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudesh Mahto
| image = File:Sudesh Kumar Mahto 9117.JPG
| office = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Arjun Munda]]
| term_start = 11 September 2010
| term_end = 18 January 2013
| alongside = [[Hemant Soren]]
| predecessor = [[President's rule (India)|President's rule]]
| successor = President's rule
| term_start1 = 30 December 2009
| term_end1 = 29 May 2010
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| alongside1 = [[Raghubar Das]]
| predecessor1 = President's rule
| successor1 = President's rule
| office2 = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silli]]
| term_start2 = 23 December 2019
| term_end2 = 23 November 2024
| predecessor2 = Seema Devi
| term_start3 = 15 November 2000
| term_end3 = 23 December 2014
| constituency3 = Silli
| predecessor3 = [[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]]
| successor3 = Amit Mahato
| successor2 = Amit Mahato
| office4 = President of [[AJSU Party]]
| term_start4 = 2007
| predecessor4 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|06|21}}
| birth_place = [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Bihar]] (present–day [[Jharkhand]]), [[India]]
| residence = [[Ranchi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[AJSU Party]]
| spouse = Neha Mahto
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
| caption = Mahto in 2010
}}

'''Sudesh Mahto''' is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He has served twice as the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jharkhand|Deputy Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]. He has also held several key portfolios, including that of the Home Minister of Jharkhand. He is considered a popular youth icon in India.

== Political career ==
He played a decisive role in Jharkhand statehood movement. He notably declined an offer of ministry from [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं आजसू चीफ सुदेश महतो, जिन्होंने ठुकराया था लालू के मंत्री पद का ऑफर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/jharkhand-election-result-live-who-is-sudesh-mahto-profile-ajsu-party-history-bjp-connection |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> and instead demanded a separate state of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=f16aMyETQ9x6eFPz&v=98yKnxnsnPQ&feature=youtu.be |title=When AJSU President Sudesh Mahto declined Lalu Yadav's offer for Jharkhand |date=2024-11-20 |last=Organiser Weekly |access-date=2025-03-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

He is the President of [[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU Party]] and is popularly regarded as “Boss" by followers & “King Maker" by political pundits. His close associates include - [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]], Deosharan Bhagat, Praveen Prabhakar, Ram Chandra Sahis, Lambodar Mahto and Tiwari Mahto.

Sudesh Mahto has close ties with [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=नरेंद्र मोदी, अमित शाह और जेपी नड्डा से मिले आजसू सुप्रीमो सुदेश महतो |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/ajsu-supremo-sudesh-mahato-meets-narendra-modi-amit-shah-and-jp-nadda-in-delhi-mtj |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> and [[Amit Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अमित शाह-सुदेश महतो की मुलाकात से क्यों बदली झारखंड की पॉलिटिक्स? जानें सियासी सच |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/ranchi/why-did-jharkhand-politics-change-after-amit-shah-sudesh-mahato-meeting-know-political-truth/1474752 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> He is also friends with [[MS Dhoni]] and is often seen on shared platforms<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoni Retirement: माही संग क्रिकेट खेलने वाले पूर्व उपमुख्यमंत्री सुदेश महतो बोले, अगला धौनी कभी नहीं मिलेगा - Dhoni Retirement News: Jharkhand Former Deputy Chief Minister Sudesh Mahto Said Next MS Dhoni will Never be Found |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-dhoni-retirement-news-jharkhand-former-deputy-chief-minister-sudesh-mahto-said-next-ms-dhoni-will-never-be-found-20630683.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> playing cricket and football matches.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=K6GvQ5ZQ7Pnmuj7r&v=Tr0KbQZEdjo&feature=youtu.be |title=Dhoni And Sudesh Mahto Playing Football |date=2016-08-28 |last=Mahendra Sharma |access-date=2025-03-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=sudesh mahto and dhoni playing football - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-oppo-rvo3&sca_esv=cd968c0da757ee90&sxsrf=AHTn8zomkr0HwQrwMlvxnKt_bbT5UyQdPw:1742479559363&q=sudesh+mahto+and+dhoni+playing+football&udm=2&fbs=ABzOT_AnTKjm8AsviXK_Zi7xykdS-H-kXO3AkxSU-rxROvofL8SbMHB8BP3aODdDrYoLESsk9NQmEisF8kRgH0BDr2y8vKmbClnjGe_RH2FT7culVoQjKDZDBh6B7XnsCvVDdNVukF-nrR-IsxQKHa9TjgDi0poOCHzZbGH35QRkJ91kFS1PHyp49uqG-yw5oODI2MKJBQFatSn1f2TDAW59Ba3SFUwqWYytWqeAHC_8nV21mrArvOU&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjB7KeZ6piMAxXOTGwGHQ9JKYIQtKgLegQIGxAB&biw=360&bih=664&dpr=3#sv=CAMS0AQaogQK-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-dwHMAE |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>

Mahto has four times represented [[Silli]] constituency in Jharkhand Legislative Assembly. He is famous for his Silli Model of development. He is also known for his women centric development at grassroot level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudesh Mahto borrows Nitish, Mamata's slogans to woo women electorate in Jharkhand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sudesh-mahto-jharkhand-women-electorate-mahila-panchayat-all-women-rally-157194-2013-03-28}}</ref>

To preserve the identity and history of Jharkhand, Mahto had announced to build a statue of [[Birsa Munda]], known as the ''[[Statue of Ulgulan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statueofulgulan.org/|title=Statue Of Ulgulan|website=Statue Of Ulgulan|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and a statue of Jharkhand movement leader [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], known as the ''Statue of Revolution''. However, both projects are yet to be finalized.<ref>{{Cite news |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722065220/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20161215/281668254616662 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-ranchi/20161215/281668254616662 |title=150ft 'Statue of Revolution' in Dhanbad soon |date=15 Dec 2016 |author=Sharad Chandra |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=22 July 2023 |via=[[PressReader]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

He runs the Birsa Munda Archery Academy in Silli, which received the President's Award in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/national-award-for-silli-academy/cid/1316162|title=National award for Silli academy|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> The academy has produced accomplished archers, including [[Madhumita Kumari]], who won a silver medal for India at the Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/well-done-silver-star-madhumita/cid/1654775|title=Well done, silver star Madhumita|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
=== Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan=7|[[Silli Assembly constituency|Silli]]
| {{party name with colour|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|40,322
|44.69
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union|rowspan=6}}
|39,281
|27.71
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|45,673
|38.99
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|50,007
|34.92
|{{Lost}}
|-
| [[2018 elections in India#Jharkhand|2018]]^
|63,619
|43.13
|{{Lost}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|83,700
|52.74
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|49,302
|28.24
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}
^by-election

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahto, Sudesh}}
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:All Jharkhand Students Union politicians]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Malviya Nagar (Delhi)

2025-11-25T06:43:52Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malviya Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.534|N|77.211|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| Company Headquarters =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = South Delhi Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110017
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|SDMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malviya Nagar''' is a residential locality in [[South Delhi]]. Situated between [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]] and [[Hauz Khas]], its namesake is the freedom fighter [[Madan Mohan Malviya]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vidyarthi|first=Sanjeev|title="Inappropriate" appropriations of planning ideas|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest LLC|pages=200|isbn=9780549820512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMVWnlBUlUkC&q=Malviya+Nagar+named+after+freedom+fighter+Madan+Mohan+Malviya.&pg=PA200}}</ref>

Malviya Nagar was initially a part of the Shahpur Jat village<ref>{{Cite news |title=How freedom fighters lent name to post-Partition refugee settlements |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/how-freedom-fighters-lent-name-to-post-partition-refugee-settlements-5627174/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Feminist Politics, Intersectionality and Social Justice |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Feminist_Politics_Intersectionality_and/SlY3EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA4-PT17 |publisher=Google Books |page=RA4–PT17 |access-date=8 November 2025 |quote=(restricted preview)}}</ref> in which after partition was populated in the 1950s by [[refugee]]s from [[Pakistan]], after the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jha|first=Gangadhar|title=Local finance in metropolitan cities : a study of Delhi|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi, India|isbn=81-7099-075-0|pages=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIq4DYkWDbYC&q=Malviya+Nagar++initially+populated++by+refugees+from+Pakistan&pg=PA44|edition=1st}}</ref> A large portion of the population were ethnic [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]], [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] and [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], as well as [[Afghan refugees]] who were displaced during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Aafaq2021">{{cite web |last1=Aafaq |first1=Zafar |title='Our future unknown': Afghan nationals in India wary of Taliban |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/afghanistan-nationals-india-taliban-new-delhi |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=English |date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

Today, Malviya Nagar is bounded by Panchsheel Enclave in the north, Sheikh Sarai in the east, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]] in the south and Hauz Khas in the west. Sub localities that are part of Malviya Nagar include [[Geetanjali Enclave]], Navjeevan Vihar, Bhavishya Nidhi Enclave, Shivalik colony, Begumpur, [[Sarvodaya Enclave]] and MMTC Colony.

It is serviced by the [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Metro)|Malviya Nagar]] station located on the Yellow Line of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Metro Map|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/delhi/delhi-metro-stations-map.html|work=Maps of India|accessdate=14 February 2012}}</ref> Malviya Nagar is also home to [[Delhi Police]]'s Training School.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=N.R. Madhava |title=Criminal justice India series |year=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences |location=Ahmedabad |isbn=81-7764-488-2}}</ref>

==Major sites==
[[File:Lal Gumbad Malviya Nagar.JPG|right|thumb|Lal Gumbad, Tomb of Shaikh Kaliruuddin, built in 1397, Malviya Nagar.]]Malviya Nagar has two major commercial shopping areas and markets and a speciality [[hospital]]. Two of India's biggest and posh malls — [[Select Citywalk]] and DLF Avenue (Known as DLF Place earlier) — are located in the neighbourhood. There are several neighbourhood parks that are popular jogging and running areas. A number of monuments from the era of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] are located in Malviya Nagar. This includes the tomb of Sufi saint Sheikh Yusuf Qattal who lived during the reign of [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] and died in 1526-27.<ref>{{cite web | title = Heritage agency breathes new life into Lodhi-era tomb|newspaper=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Heritage-agency-breathes-new-life-into-Lodhi-era-tomb/Article1-1059200.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930005546/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Heritage-agency-breathes-new-life-into-Lodhi-era-tomb/Article1-1059200.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-date = 30 September 2013|date=12 May 2013| accessdate = 2013-09-23 }}</ref>
[[File:Tomb of Usuf-Quttal 4.jpg|thumb|200px|16th-century Tomb of Sufi saint Sheikh Yusuf Qattal near Khirkee.]]

==Transportation==
Malviya Nagar is bordered by two major [[New Delhi]] thoroughfares; [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]], which is a primary route connecting [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and [[Central Delhi]] to [[Gurgaon]], and the [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]]. Malviya Nagar is connected by other parts of New Delhi by [[Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System]] bus lines. The bus fare ranges from {{INR}} 5.00 to {{INR}} 15.00. The buses connecting Malviya Nagar are:
*Route 413: [[Mehrauli]] to [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Nizamuddin]], via Khel Gaon and Kranti Marg.
*Route 500: Saket to [[Shivaji Stadium]].
*Route 501: Saket to [[Mori Gate]] in [[North Delhi]], via Hauz Khas, [[Yusuf Sarai]] and [[AIIMS]].
*Route 503: Malviya Nagar to [[Mori Gate]] in [[North Delhi]], via the Main Market and Corner Market, Hauz Khas, [[Yusuf Sarai]] and [[AIIMS]].
*Route 512: [[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] via Malviya Nagar, Hauz Khas, etc.
*Route 520: Malviya Nagar to Connaught Place, also via the Main Market and Corner Market, Hauz Khas, Yusuf Sarai, and AIIMS.
*Routes 503 and 520 terminate at Malviya Nagar.

[[Autorickshaw]]s and [[taxicab|taxis]] are also available for public transportation. There is an auto-rickshaw stand is at the Main Market and the roundabout near Shivalik Gate (which is also the Bus Depot). [[Saket]] is a nearby neighbourhood.

The [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Metro Yellow Line]] to Gurgaon is functional and has a station at [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Metro)|Malviya Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro station Malviya Nagar, metro station Hauz Khas, Delhi|url=http://www.ssf-ing.de/en/projects/tunnels0/metro-station-malviya-nagar-metro-station-hauz-khas-delhi/|publisher=SSF Ingenieure AG|accessdate=14 February 2012}}</ref>

==Politics==

In the SDMC, Malviya Nagar (ward 63S) is represented by BJP's Nandani Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-26|title=MCD Election Results 2017: Ward-wise list of winners |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mcd-election-results-2017-ward-wise-list-of-winners-3405502.html|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

[[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]] is a constituency of the [[Delhi Assembly]]. Since 2025, the sitting Member of the Assembly has been [[Satish Upadhyay]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Assembly List of Members|url=http://www.delhiassembly.nic.in/aspFile/listmembers.htm}}</ref>

Malviya Nagar is part of the [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] currently represented by Member of Parliament [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] of BJP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha MP Profile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4075}}</ref>

Malviya Nagar is also the former residence of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] separatist leader [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], where he lives for 3 months each year during winter in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Syed Ali Shah Geelani: The Man who Hates India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101108-syed-ali-shah-geelani-the-man-who-hates-india-744614-2010-10-29|access-date=9 May 2015|magazine=India Today|date=30 October 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412224422/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/21/stories/2008112151060200.htm "Development issues to the fore in Malviya Nagar"] ''The Hindu''', Friday 21 November 2008.

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Madan Mohan Malaviya]]

Nahar Singh of Sikar

2025-11-13T21:38:09Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: new.

{{Short description|Rao of Sikar from 1754 to 1756}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{About|the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]|other people|Nahar Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Nahar Singh
| succession = [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| reign = 1754 – 1756
| predecessor = [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]]
| successor = [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]]
| father = [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]]
| house = [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| dynasty = [[Shekhawat]]
}}
'''Nahar Singh''' was [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] (in [[Rajputana]]) from 1754 until his death in 1756.
==Biography==
Upon the death of his father, [[Samrath Singh of Sikar|Samrath Singh]], in 1754, he succeeded him as the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> He was disliked by the people due to his ineffectiveness as a ruler.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=693 |language=en}}</ref> This allowed his uncles, [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]] and Budh Singh, to occupy [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] in 1756 and depose him as its ruler.<ref name=":0" /> Later, Nahar Singh attempted to reclaim [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]], but he was defeated by his uncles.<ref name=":0" /> A compromise was reached between him and his uncle, through which certain estates were granted in perpetuity to him and his brothers, thereby resolving the feud.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He himself received [[Balaran, Sikar|Balaran]] for his maintenance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundlod |first=Harnath Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T1XAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sheikhawats & Their Lands |date=1970 |publisher=Raj Educational Printers |pages=67–69 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Sikar]]

[[Category:People from Rajputana]]

Prithu

2025-10-27T09:38:42Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{short description|Hindu mythological king}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Prithu - Crop.jpg
| caption = Prithu chasing [[Prithvi]], who is in the form of a cow
| name = Prithu
| Devanagari = पृथु
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti]] sovereign
| weapon = Bow and arrow
| consort = [[Archi (Hindu goddess)|Archi]]
| children = Vijitsatva
| parents = [[Vena (Hindu King)|Vena]] (father) }}

'''Prithu''' ([[Sanskrit]]: पृथु, ''Pṛthu'', lit. "large, great, important, abundant")<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0646-pRthakparNI.jpg Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision)]</ref> is a sovereign ([[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|chakravarti]]), featured in the [[Puranas]]. According to [[Hinduism]], he is an [[avatar]] (incarnation) of the preserver god—[[Vishnu]]. He is also called '''Prithu''', '''Prithi''' and '''Prithvi Vainya''', literally, "Prithu — the son of [[Vena (Hindu King)|Vena]]".

Prithu is "celebrated as the first consecrated king, from whom the earth received her ([[Sanskrit]]) name, [[Prithvi]]."<ref>Singh p.1712</ref> He is mainly associated with the legend of his chasing the earth goddess, Prithvi, who fled in the form of a cow and eventually agreed to yield her milk as the world's grain and vegetation.<ref>The [[Vedas]] use the [[Sanskrit]] word ''annam'' meaning generic "food-stuffs". {{Cite web|title=Annam|publisher=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network|url=http://vedabase.net/a/annam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624072524/http://vedabase.net/a/annam|archive-date=24 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The epic [[Mahabharata]], [[Vishnu Purana]], and the [[Bhagavata Purana]] describe him as a part-avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu.<ref name="Singh p.1713">Singh p.1713</ref>

== Legends ==

Prithu was born without female intervention(without a womb), thus being a ''ayonija'' ("born without (the participation) of the [[yoni]]"), Prithu is untouched by desire and ego and can thus control his senses to rule with [[dharma]].<ref>
{{cite book |title= The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore|last= Pattnaik |first= Devdutt |year= 2001 |publisher= Haworth Press|isbn=978-1-56023-181-3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&dq=prithu&pg=PA55 |page= 55}}</ref>

The legend of Prithu is found in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and most [[Puranas]]; the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' are the most detailed.<ref>Wilson p. 191</ref><ref name="bp">For Bhagavata Purana, see
* Tagare pp. 510-
* O'Flaherty pp. 90, 184
* {{cite book|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine |last=Pattnaik |first=Devdutt |date=2000 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company |isbn=978-0-89281-807-5 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&dq=prithu&pg=PA43}}</ref>

The ''Vishnu Purana'', the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and the ''[[Harivamsha]]'' state that King [[Vena (Hindu King)|Vena]] was the son of King Anga, from the lineage of the pious [[Dhruva]], though the scriptures differ in the number and names of the generations between Dhruva and Anga. The ''Padma Purana'' however states that Anga descends from the sage [[Atri]].<ref>Wilson pp. 178-9</ref>

The ''Vishnu Purana'' states that Vena's mother was Sunitha, the daughter of [[Mrityu]]. Vena was an evil king, who neglected Vedic rituals. Thus the [[rishi]]s (sages) killed him, leaving the kingdom without an heir and in famine due to the anarchy of Vena. So to create a son, the sages rubbed Vena's thigh, out of which first appeared a dark dwarf hunter, a symbol of Vena's evil. The dwarf was known as [[Nishadas|Nishada]], the originator of his namesake race. Since the sins of Vena had gone away as the dwarf, the body was now pure. On further churning, Prithu emerged from right arm of the corpse.<ref>Wilson pp. 179-83</ref> The ''Bhagavata Purana'' adds that when the sage churned the arms of Prithu, a couple emerges: Prithu and Archi, who will be his wife.<ref name="tagare56">Tarage p. 516</ref>

The ''Vishnu Purana'' continues: Prithu had the sign of Vishnu's [[chakra]] (discus) on his right hand. The creator-god [[Brahma]] recognized Prithu as an avatar of Vishnu, owing to this. His power is said to superior to the gods.<ref name = "Oldham"/> The text states the ''chakra'' is the sign of an universal emperor (''[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|chakravarti]]'', lit. "in whom the chakra abides").<ref name="Wilson183"/> However according to Oldham, the title ''chakravarti'' may be derived from the birthmark, and may not be indicative of universal dominion.<ref name = "Oldham">
{{cite book |title= The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship|last= Oldham |first= C.F. |year= 1988 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0416-2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pmXS7puep4cC&dq=prithu&pg=PA74|page= 74}}</ref> In the ''Bhagavata Purana'' specifics that the ''chakra'' mark is on Prithu's right palm and a lotus mark on the soles of his feet.<ref name="tagare56"/>

In the ''Vishnu Purana'', a celestial bow called Ajagava and arrows etc. were gifted by the heavens to Prithu.<ref name="Wilson183">Wilson pp. 183</ref> The ''Bhagavata Purana'' describes several gifts like throne, ornaments, royal umbrella, crown, sceptre, sword, shield, bow and arrows, horses, cows and other royal signina as gifts from various deities.<ref>Tarage p. 517</ref>

The birth of Prithu is treated as a ''[[yajna]]'' (sacrifice) by Brahma. Prithu was crowned ''[[Raja]]''. ''[[Sūta]]s'' and ''magadhas'', royal heralds and bards, were produced from the sacrifice, and sang the king's glories. Implored by his subjects to end the famine by slaying the earth and getting her vegetation, Prithu chased the earth ([[Prithvi]]) who fled as a cow. Finally cornered by Prithu, the earth pleads Prithu to spare her life and in turn she will grant her vegetation. So Prithu lowered his weapons and reasoned with the earth and promised her to be her guardian. Before Prithu's reign, there was "no cultivation, no pasture, no agriculture, no highway for merchants", all civilization emerged in Prithu's rule. Prithu levelled the mountains and established villages, which were settled by his subjects. Prithu milked her using [[Swayambhuva Manu]] (the first man) as the calf, and received all vegetation and grain as her milk, in his hands for welfare of humanity. By granting life to the earth and being her protector, Prithu became the earth's father and she accepted the [[patronymic]] name "Prithvi".<ref>Wilson pp. 184-8</ref>

Various beings emulate Prithu by milking the earth-cow with a distinct calf, using various vessels and acquires different gifts as milk from the earth. While the ''Vishnu Purana'' does not provide the details, the ''Matsya Purana'' states as follows:<ref>Wilson pp. 188-90</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Beings
!Milker
!Calf
!Milk
!Vessel
|-
|Rishis (sages)
|[[Brihaspati]]
|[[Chandra]] (Soma), the moon
|Devotion
|[[Vedas]]
|-
|[[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods)
|[[Indra]], the king of gods
|[[Surya]] ([[Mitra]]), the Sun
|"superhuman" Power
|Gold
|-
|[[Pitrs|Pitris]] (ancestors)
|Antaka (death)
|[[Yama]], the god of death
|[[Svadha]] (the food or oblations offered to Pitrs)
|silver
|-
|[[Nāga|Nagas]] (serpent)
|[[Takshaka]], a snake
|Dhritarashtra, a snake
|poison
|Gourd
|-
|[[Asura|Asuras]] (demons)
|[[Virochana]], the king of asuras
|Dwimurdhan
|[[Maya (religion)|Maya]] (illusion)
|iron
|-
|[[Yakshas]]
|[[Kubera]], the king of yakshas
|
|ability to disappear
|unbaked
|-
|[[Rakshasa|Rakshasas]]
|[[Sumali]]
|Raupyanabha
|blood
|
|-
|[[Gandharvas]] and [[Apsaras]]
|Vasuruchi
|Chitraratha
|Perfumes
|of lotus-leaves
|-
|Mountains
|[[Mount Meru|Meru]] (Sumeru)
|[[Himavat]] ([[Himalaya]])
|herbs and jewels
|crystal
|-
|Trees
|Plaksha ([[white fig]])
|Sala (''[[Shorea robusta]])''
|Sap
|[[Butea monosperma|Palash]]
|}

The ''Bhagavata Purana'', the ''Padma Purana'' and the ''Brahma Purana'' provide the list with some variation.<ref>Wilson p. 189</ref>

The ''[[Manu Smriti]]'' considers Prithvi as Prithu's wife and not his daughter,<ref>Singh p.1716</ref> and thus suggests the name "Prithvi" is named after her husband, Prithu.<ref name="asiatic">{{cite book |title= The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|last= Pattnaik |first= Devdutt |year= 1807 |publisher= Asiatic Society of Bengal (Original from Oxford University)|location = India|isbn=978-0-89281-807-5|pages= 253–5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hSYJAAAAQAAJ&dq=prithu&pg=PA254}}</ref>

The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' records that when born, Prithu stood with a bow, arrows and an armour, ready to destroy the earth, which was devoid of [[Vedic]] rituals. Terrified, the earth fled in form of a cow and finally submitted to Prithu's demands, earning him the title ''[[chakravartin]]'' (sovereign). Prithu is the first king, recorded to earn the title.<ref name=" Singh p.1713"/> The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' (Verse 3.5.4.) calls him the first anointed king and Vayu Purana calls him ''Adiraja'' ("first king").<ref name="Singh p.1713"/>

The epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' states that Vishnu crowned Prithu as the sovereign and entered the latter's body so that everyone bows to the king as to the god Vishnu. Now, the king was "endowed with Vishnu's greatness on earth". Further, [[Dharma]] (righteousness), [[Shri]] (goddess of wealth, beauty and good fortune) and [[Artha]] (purpose, material prosperity) established themselves in Prithu.<ref>{{cite book |title= Aspects of Early Visnuism|last= Gonda |first= Jan |year= 1993|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=978-81-208-1087-7|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC&dq=prthu&pg=PA164|page= 164 }}</ref>

The ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' credits Prithu of the invention of [[ploughing]] and thus, [[agriculture]]. He is also described as one who flattened the Earth's rocky surface, thus encouraging agriculture, [[cattle]]-breeding, commerce and development of new cities on earth.<ref name="Singh p.1713"/> In a hymn in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', Prithu is described as a [[rishi]] (seer). D. R. Patil suggests that the Rigvedic Prithu was a vegetarian deity, associated with Greek god [[Dionysus]] and another Vedic god [[Soma (deity)|Soma]].<ref>Singh p.1714</ref>

[[File: Indra seized the Yaga Horse in the sacrifice conducted by Emperor Prathu.jpg|thumb|Indra seized the yajna Horse in the sacrifice conducted by Emperor Prithu]]
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' further states that Prithu performed ninety-nine [[ashwamedha|ashvamedha]] [[yajna]]s (horse-sacrifices), but [[Indra]], kings of the demi-gods, disturbed Prithu's hundredth one. The yajna was abandoned, Vishnu gave Prithu his blessings and Prithu forgave Indra for the latter's theft of the ritual-horse. It also states that the [[Four Kumaras]], the four sage-avatars of Vishnu, preached Prithu about devotion to Vishnu. After governing his kingdom for a long time, Prithu left with his wife [[Archi (Hindu goddess)|Archi]], to perform penance in the forest in his last days. He experienced Samadhi and voluntarily gave up his body in the forest, and Archi went [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] on his funeral pyre.<ref name = "crest">{{cite book |title= The Crest Jewel: srimadbhagwata Mahapuran with Mahabharata|author = Srikrishna Prapnnachari|publisher= Srikrishna Prapnnachari|isbn=978-81-7525-855-6|pages= 94–100|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TT7AGZ3cBaUC&dq=Prithu+Indra&pg=PA98 }}</ref>

===Wives and children===
The ''Vishnu Purana'' states that Prithu has two sons: Antardhi (Antardhana) and Palin (Pali). The family of Prithu continues through his eldest son Antardhi. Prithu's great grandsons were the [[Prachetas]].<ref>Wilson pp. 192-5</ref> The ''Vayu Purana'', the ''Brahma Purana'' and the ''Harivamsa'' replicate the list of lineal descendants. However, the ''Bhagavata Purana'' disagrees.<ref>Wilson p. 192</ref> Apart from Prithvi who is sometimes considered the daughter or wife of Prithu, Prithu has a wife called [[Archi (Hindu goddess)|Archi]] and five sons. Archi, emerged from Vena's body, along with Prithu and is considered as an avatar of the goddess [[Lakshmi]], the wife of Vishnu. Prithu's son Vijitsva, became the sovereign and controlled the middle of the kingdom. Prithu's other sons, Haryarksha, Dhumrakesha, Vrika and Dravina ruled the east, south, west and north of the kingdom respectively.<ref name="asiatic"/><ref name = "crest"/><ref>Tagare pp. 516, </ref>

==Symbolism==
O'Flaherty interprets the myth of Prithu – his transformation from a hunter who chased the earth-cow to the herdsman-farmer as a transition in Vedic or Hindu people from eating [[beef]] to having cow's milk and cultivated vegetables and grain instead of beef.<ref>O'Flaherty pp. 89–90</ref> David Shulman compares Prithu with the Vedic deity [[Rudra]]-[[Shiva]]. Prithu, like Rudra, is an ideal king, but with a violent side. Prithu's actions of chasing the earth-cow as a hunter and finally milking her, display this terrifying side of the king. Both, Prithu and Rudra, are closely associated with sacrifice.<ref>O'Flaherty p. 91</ref>

==Remembrance==
Chinese scholar [[Xuanzang|Hiuen Tsang]] (c. 640 AD) records the existence of the town [[Pehowa]], named after Prithu, "who is said to be the first person that obtained the title [[Raja]] (king)". Another place associated with Prithu is ''Prithudaka'' (lit. "Prithu's pool"), a town on the banks of [[Sarasvati river]], where Prithu is believed to have performed the [[Shraaddha|Shraddha]] of his father. The town is referred to as the boundary between Northern and central India and referred to by [[Patanjali]] as the modern Pehowa.<ref>Singh pp.1713–4</ref>

[[Shriman Narayan]], one of the protagonists of Indian [[Panchayati Raj]] movement, tracing its origin, writes: "It is believed that the system was first introduced by King Prithu while colonizing the Doab between the Ganga and Jamuna."<ref>P. 14 ''Panchayati Raj'' By Pratap Chandra Swain</ref>


== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism |author=Nagendra Kumar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnw5ioTJ6QcC&dq=prithu&pg=PA1718 |year=1997 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7488-168-7 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |title=Other Peoples' Myths: The Cave of Echoes |author=Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty |year=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-61857-9}}
* {{cite book|title= The Bhāgavata Purāṇa|last1= Shastri|first1=J. L.|last2= Tagare|first2=G. V.|url = https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/mode/2up|year = 1999|orig-date= 1950|publisher = Motilal Banarsidas}}
* {{Cite book|series=Works by the late Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purána : a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|volume=VI|last=Wilson|first=H. H. (Horace Hayman)|year=1862|publisher=London : Trübner|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library|isbn=|location=}}

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Mythological kings]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

National Highway 31 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T06:10:44Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 17 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Tere Bin

2025-09-14T03:32:45Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating initial stub with sources

'''Tere Bin''' ({{lit|Without You}}) may refer to:

== Songs ==
* "Tere Bin", a song by Atif Aslam from the film ''[[Bas Ek Pal]]'', 2006
* "Tere Bin", a song by [[Rabbi Shergill]]
* "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda", a song by [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], 1996
** "Tere Bin", a cover version of the song in film ''[[Simmba]]'', 2018

== Television series ==
* [[Tere Bin (2016 TV series)|''Tere Bin'' (2016 TV series)]], an Indian Hindi-language drama series
* [[Tere Bin (2022 TV series)|''Tere Bin'' (2022 TV series)]], a Pakistani romantic drama series

== See also ==
* [[Tere Bina (disambiguation)]]
* [[Without You (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Electrical Ward

2025-09-13T21:28:58Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started a data first draft

{{one source|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Electrical Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.659680|N|94.091770|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Electrical Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 17 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120056/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html |date=1 December 2021 }}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Chengalpattu Junction railway station

2025-08-24T19:48:26Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chengalpattu Junction
| native_name = <hr/>Chingalput Junction
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Chengalpet Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Chengalpattu Junction railway station entrance
| address = SH 58, [[Chengalpattu]], [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|41|35|N|79|58|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|41|m}}
| line = [[Main Line, Tamil Nadu|Chennai Egmore–Kumbakonam–Thanjavur line]]
| connections = [[TNSTC]], [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 8
| tracks = 9
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CGL
| zone = [[Southern Railway Zone]]
| division = [[Chennai railway division|Chennai]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=South|left1=Paranur|to-left=Tambaram or Chennai Beach|right1=Tirumani|to-right1=Villupuram Junction}}
| pass_system =
| route_map = {{Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line}} {{South Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #16A117
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Chengalpattu Junction railway station''' (station code: CGL<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=5 |format=PDF |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is an NSG–2 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |format=PDF |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a [[railway junction]] of the southern section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]] situated in the town of [[Chengalpattu]], {{convert|56|km}} south-west of {{stnlnk|Chennai Beach}}.

==History==
{{stack|
[[File:Chengalpet Railway Station 1.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Chengalpattu Junction.jpg|thumb|right]]
}}
The lines at the station were electrified on 9 January 1965, with the electrification of the Tambaram—Chengalpattu section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web | title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004 | work = History of Electrification | publisher = IRFCA.org | url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==Location and layout==
The Chengalpattu train station is located at the heart of the Chengalpattu city, on the banks of the Kolavai Lake. It is situated on the SH-58, and opposite to its main entrance lies the TNSTC and Mofussil bus terminals. There is also a statue in the memory of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] outside the train station.

The station is a part of the [[Chennai]]–[[Villupuram]] line and another line, the [[Arakkonam]]–Chengalpattu line.

The nearest airport from the station is the [[Chennai International Airport]] located at a distance of nearly 42 kilometres from the city.

==Traffic==
The Chengalpattu Junction being a focal point on the [[Chennai]]–[[Villupuram]] line, inevitably means that every south-bound train from Chennai has to operate via the junction thus making it one of the most crowded railway stations of the Indian Railways.

There also several suburban trains operating from and through the station towards Chennai and the station holds prime importance in the South and South-west lines of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]].

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South West|Chengalpattu|Paranur|Villambakkam|29|59.84}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South|Chengalpattu|Paranur|Tirumani|29|59.84}}

[[Category:Chennai railway division]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chengalpattu district]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Dhurkot, Faridkot

2025-08-17T01:54:37Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started new details needs work

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhulkot
| other_name = Dhurkot
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.719|74.890|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3673
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151213
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Dhurkot''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਧੂਰਕੋਟ) sometimes spelled as '''dhulkot''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 3673 of which 1939 are males while 1734 are females as per the population census of 2011 with total 672 no. of houses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhulkot Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35571-dhulkot-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151213.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Dhurkot Pin Code - 151213, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search faridkot Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/dhurkot-pincode-151213.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 971 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=67 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Gyanendra Pandey (cricketer)

2025-07-06T19:44:58Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started new post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1972)}}
{{About|the cricketer|the historian|Gyanendra Pandey (historian)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gyanendra Pandey
| image =
| fullname = Gyanendrakumar Kedarnath Pandey
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|8|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| country = India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Slow left-arm orthodox
| role =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1999
| odidebutdate = 24 March
| odidebutyear = 1999
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 120
| lastodidate = 1 April
| lastodiyear = 1999
| lastodiagainst = Pakistan
| odishirt =

| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = 1988/89–2006

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 4
| bat avg1 = 4.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 4[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 78
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 117
| runs2 = 5,348
| bat avg2 = 36.38
| 100s/50s2 = 9/30
| top score2 = 178
| deliveries2 = 15,199
| wickets2 = 165
| bowl avg2 = 35.89
| fivefor2 = 5
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 7/167
| catches/stumpings2 = 57/–

| column3 =[[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 82
| runs3 = 1,781
| bat avg3 = 37.10
| 100s/50s3 = 0/12
| top score3 = 93[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 4,064
| wickets3 = 89
| bowl avg3 = 33.78
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/44
| catches/stumpings3 = 29/–
| date = 21 April
| year = 2007
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/32168.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Gyanendrakumar Kedarnath Pandey''' {{Audio|Gyanendra_Pandey.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 12 August 1972) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left-arm bowler.<ref>''ESPNcricinfo.com''. [http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/player/32168.html "Gyanendra Pandey"]. Retrieved on 13 June 2013.</ref>

Pandey made his debut in the Pepsi Cup in 1998–99, but he had a much longer association with the game, having played from 1989. He had been playing steadily for Uttar Pradesh's Ranji Trophy team, but only began to make his mark around 1996–97 where two consecutive seasons having scored more than 400 runs brought him into national reckoning.

Pandey retired from first-class cricket in 2006.<ref>''[[Hindustan Times]]''. [https://archive.today/20130706205457/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM20/Gyanendra-Pandey-quits-from-cricket/Article1-179028.aspx "Gyanendra Pandey quits from cricket"]. 29 November 2006. Retrieved on 13 June 2013.</ref> He was awarded Maati Ratan Samman by Shaheed Shodha Sansthan for his contribution in cricket in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-15081093.html| website=Dainik Jagran| title=क्रिकेटर ज्ञानेंद्र पांडेय समेत तीन को माटी रतन| access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Gyanendra}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Lucknow]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Nyāya Sūtras

2025-06-10T22:12:00Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: update formatting as per guidelines

{{redirect|Gotama||Gautama Buddha}}
{{short description|Sanskrit text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

[[File:4 Pramanas, epistemology according to ancient Nyayasutras.svg|thumb|260px|The means to correct knowledge, according to ancient Nyayasutras]]
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Hindu scriptures and texts|Other}}

The '''''Nyāya Sūtras''''' is an ancient Indian [[Sanskrit]] text composed by '''{{IAST|Akṣapāda Gautama}}''', and the foundational text of the [[Nyaya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref>Klaus K Klostermaier (1998), A concise encyclopedia of Hinduism, Oneworld, {{ISBN|978-1851681754}}, page 129</ref><ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages vii, 33, 129</ref> The date when the text was composed, and the biography of its author is unknown, but variously estimated between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE.<ref name=jfowlerpor129>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 129</ref><ref>B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. xiv.</ref> The text may have been composed by more than one author, over a period of time.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> The text consists of five books, with two chapters in each book, with a cumulative total of 528 [[aphoristic]] sutras, about rules of reason, logic, epistemology and metaphysics.<ref name=jfowlerpor130>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 127–136</ref><ref>Ganganatha Jha (1999 Reprint), ''Nyaya-Sutras of Gautama'' (4 vols.), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1264-2}}</ref><ref>SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}</ref>

The Nyāya Sūtras is a Hindu text,{{refn|group=note|[[Francis Xavier Clooney|Francis Clooney]] states, "Nyaya is the traditional school of Hindu logic. In the early centuries BCE the Nyaya logicians undertook the project of describing the world in a coherent rational fashion and without reliance on revelation or a commitment to any particular deity. Nyaya's primary text, the Nyaya Sutras of Gautama, can be read as a neutral analysis neither favoring nor opposing the idea of God".<ref>Francis X Clooney (2001), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738724}}, page 18</ref>}} notable for focusing on knowledge and logic, and making no mention of Vedic rituals.<ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 129; Quote: "In focusing on knowledge and logic, Gautama's Sutras made no mention of Vedic ritual".</ref> The first book is structured as a general introduction and table of contents of sixteen categories of knowledge.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> Book two is about ''[[pramana]]'' (epistemology), book three is about ''prameya'' or the objects of knowledge, and the text discusses the nature of knowledge in remaining books.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> It set the foundation for Nyaya tradition of the empirical theory of validity and truth, opposing uncritical appeals to intuition or scriptural authority.<ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 3, 1–12</ref>

The Nyaya sutras cover a wide range of topics, including Tarka-Vidyā, the science of debate or Vāda-Vidyā, the science of discussion.<ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 191–199, 207–208</ref> The ''Nyāya Sutras'' are related to but extend the [[Vaisheshika|{{IAST|Vaiśeṣika}}]] [[Epistemology|epistemological]] and [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] system.<ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 98, 103–104, 128</ref> Later commentaries expanded, expounded and discussed Nyaya sutras, the earlier surviving commentaries being by [[Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana]] (5th–6th century CE), followed by the ''Nyāyavārttika'' of [[Uddyotakāra]] (6th–7th century CE), [[Vācaspati Miśra]]'s ''Tātparyatīkā'' (9th century CE), [[Udayana]]'s ''Tātparyapariśuddhi'' (10th century CE), and [[Jayanta Bhatta|Jayanta]]'s ''Nyāyamañjarī'' (10th century CE).<ref name=chakrabartinyaya14/><ref name=potterteip8/><ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 239</ref>

==Author and chronology==
{{Asian philosophy sidebar}}
The ''Nyaya-sutras'' is attributed to Gautama, who was at least the principal author.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> According to Karl Potter, this name has been a very common Indian name,<ref name=potterteoip221/> and the author is also reverentially referred to as Gotama, Dirghatapas and Aksapada Gautama.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> Little is known about Gautama, or which century he lived in. Scholarly estimates, based on textual analysis, vary from the 6th century BCE, making him a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha]] (Siddhartha Gautama) and Mahavira, to as late as the 2nd century CE.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> Some scholars favor the theory that the cryptic text Nyaya-sutras was expanded over time by multiple authors,<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> with the earliest layer from about mid-first millennium BCE that was composed by Gautama.<ref name=potterteoip221/> The earliest layer is likely to be Book 1 and 5 of the text, while Book 3 and 4 may have been added last, but this is not certain.<ref name=potterteoip221/>

{{Quote|
One may sum up the situation pretty safely by saying that we have not the vaguest idea who wrote the Nyayasutras or when he lived.|Karl Potter|The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies<ref name=potterteoip221>Karl Potter (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0FeYVcOmUC The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology], Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 220–221</ref>}}

It is likely, states Jeaneane Fowler, that Nyaya and the science of reason stretch back into the Vedic era; it developed in the ancient Indian tradition that involved "dialectical tournaments, in the halls of kings and schools of Vedic philosophers", and Gautama was the one who distilled and systematized this pre-existing knowledge into [[sutra]]s, or aphoristic compilations called ''nyayasutras''.<ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 128–129</ref>

The Nyaya school of Hinduism influenced all other schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], as well as Buddhism. Despite their differences, these scholars studied with each other and debated ideas, with Tibetan records suggesting that Buddhist scholars spent years residing with Hindu Nyaya scholars to master the art of reasoning and logic.<ref name=jfowlerpor130/> This cooperation has enabled scholars to place the currently surviving version of the ''Nyayasutras'', to a [[terminus ante quem]] (completed before) date of about the 2nd century CE, because one of the most famous and established Buddhist scholars of that era, [[Nagarjuna]], explicitly states, "sutra 4.2.25 is addressed against the Madhyamika system" of Buddhism.<ref name=potterteoip221/> Other ancient Buddhist texts confirm that Nyayasutras existed before them, and the text is considered the primary text of old Nyaya school of Hinduism.<ref name=potterteoip222>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 221–223</ref>

==Structure==
{{Quote box |width=22em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|quote=
<poem>
Reality is truth (''prāma''),
and what is true is so,
irrespective of whether we know it is,
or are aware of that truth.
</poem>
|source =— Akṣapada Gautama in ''[[Nyaya]] Sutra''<ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 130</ref>}}
The text is written in ''sutra'' genre. A ''sutra'' is a Sanskrit word that means "string, thread", and represents a condensed manual of knowledge of a specific field or school.<ref name=monierwilliamssutra>Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1200/mw__1274.html ''Sutra''], page 1241</ref><ref name=gavinfloodaith54>Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521438780}}, pages 54–55</ref> Each ''sutra'' is any short rule, like a theorem distilled into few words or syllables, around which "teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar or any field of knowledge" can be woven.<ref name=monierwilliamssutra/><ref name=winternitz249>M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802643}}, pages 249</ref> Sutras were compiled to be remembered, used as reference and to help teach and transmit ideas from one generation to the next.<ref name=gavinfloodaith54/><ref>{{cite book | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2014 | title =The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography | publisher =Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0691143774|pages=194–195}}</ref>

The Nyayasutra is divided into five books, each book subdivided into two chapters each. The structure of the text is, states Potter, a layout of ''ahnikas'' or lessons served into daily portions, each portion consisting of a number of ''sutras'' or [[aphorism]]s.<ref name=potterteoip222/> The architecture of the text is also split and collated into ''prakaranas'' or topics, which later commentators such as Vatsyayana and Vacaspati Misra used to compose their [[bhasya]], ancient texts that have survived into the modern era.<ref name=potterteoip222/> There are several surviving manuscripts of the Nyayasutras, with a slight difference in number of sutras, of which the ''Chowkhamba'' edition is often studied.<ref name=potterteoip222/>

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ The structure of Nyayasutra
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Book
| width=80px | Chapter
| width=80px | Number of sutras
| width= 450px | Topics<ref name=potterteoipnyayafull>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 222–238</ref><ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n3/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages i–v</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan=2 style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1
| width=80px | 1
| width=80px | 41
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | Subject matter and statement of purpose of the text. Four reliable instruments of correct knowledge. Definitions. Nature of argument and nature of the process of valid proof.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px | 2
| width=80px | 20
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | How to analyze opposing views, presents its theory of five-membered arguments, correct conclusions are those where contradictions do not exist, theory of reasoning methods that are flawed, what is a quibble and how to avoid it.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan=2 style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2
| width=80px | 1
| width=80px | 69
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | Presents its theory of Doubt. Discusses epistemology, when perception, inference and comparison is unreliable and reliable. Theory that the reliability of testimony depends on the reliability of the source. Theory that the testimony in the Vedas are a source of knowledge and inconsistencies are either defects or choices in the text, the best way to understand the Vedas is to divide it into three: injunction, descriptions and reinculcations.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px | 2
| width=80px | 71
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | Instruments of knowledge are fourfold, Confusion caused by presumption and prejudice, Sound is noneternal theory, Theory of three meaning of words (vyakti, akrti and jati)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan=2 style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3
| width=80px | 1
| width=80px | 73
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | presents its theory of body, followed by theory of sensory organs and their role in correct and incorrect knowledge, states that the soul is not a sense organ nor an internal organ.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px | 2
| width=80px | 72
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | presents its theory of soul (self, atman), that the essence of a person and source of judgments is the soul, states its "judgment is non-eternal" theory, presents theory of [[Karma]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan=2 style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4
| width=80px | 1
| width=80px | 68
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | Presents its theory of defects, then its theory that "everything has cause, and consequences", and its "some things are eternal, some non-eternal" theory. Defines and describes Fruits, Pain, Release.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px | 2
| width=80px | 50
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | Presents correct knowledge is necessary and sufficient to destroy defects. Both whole and part must be known. Establishes external world exists, and phenomenon are as real as objects. Refutes the "everything is false" theory. Presents ways to produce and maintain correct knowledge, Need to seek and converse with those with knowledge.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan=2 style="background: #ffdd66;" | 5
| width=80px | 1
| width=80px | 43
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | 24 futile rejoinders, how to avoid errors and present relevant rejoinders
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px | 2
| width=80px | 24
| width= 450px style="text-align: left;" | 22 ways of losing an argument
|}

==Content==
[[File:Ancient Nyayasutras first ten sutras in Sanskrit.jpg|thumb|The first ten sutras of the text in [[Sanskrit]]|upright=1.3]]

The first sutra 1.1.1 of the text asserts its scope and the following sixteen categories of knowledge as a means to gain competence in any field of interest:<ref name=potterteoip222/>
{{Quote|
Perfection is attained by the correct knowledge about true nature of sixteen categories: means of right knowledge ([[pramāṇa]]); object of right knowledge (''prameya''); doubt (''samsaya''); purpose (''prayojana''); familiar instance (''dṛṣṭānta''); established tenet (''siddhānta''); members of an inference (''avayava''); reasoning (''tarka''); ascertainment or results (''nirṇaya''); discussion (''vāda''); sophistic disputations (''jalpa''); cavil (''vitaṇḍa''); fallacies (''hetvābhāsa''); quibbles ([[fraud|chala]]); futile rejoinders (''jāti''); and methods of losing an argument (''nigrahasthāna'').
|Nyayasutra|1.1.1<ref name=potterteoip222/><ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n27/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, page 1</ref><ref>Nandalal Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}, page 1</ref>}}

These sixteen categories cover many sections of the text. The verse 1.1.2 of the ''Nyāya Sūtra'' declares the text's goal is to study and describe the attainment of liberation of soul from wrong knowledge, faults and sorrow, through the application of above sixteen categories of perfecting knowledge.<ref name=potterteoip222/><ref>Chattopadhyaya, D. (1986). ''Indian Philosophy: A popular Introduction'', New Delhi: People's Publishing House, {{ISBN|81-7007-023-6}}, p.163</ref><ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n25/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, page 2</ref>

===Means of attaining valid knowledge===
The Nyaya-sutras assert the premise that "all knowledge is not intrinsically valid", that "most knowledge is not valid unless proven" and "truth exists whether we human beings know it or not".<ref name=jfowlerpor134>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 134-138</ref> However, states Fowler, the text accepts the foundation that "some knowledge is self evident" and axiomatic in every field of knowledge, which can neither be proven nor needs proof, such as "I am conscious", "I think" and "soul exists".<ref name=jfowlerpor134/><ref>S Dasgupta (1996), ''Yoga Philosophy: In Relation to Other Systems of Indian Thought'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120809093}}, pages 142–148</ref> Furthermore, the text presents its thesis that knowledge is not self-revealing, one must make effort to gain knowledge and this is a systematic process that empowers one to learn correct knowledge, and abandon incorrect knowledge.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/><ref name=phillipsnyaya1>Stephen Phillips (2014), Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138008816}}, Chapter 1</ref>

The [[Nyāya]] sutras asserts and then discusses four reliable means of obtaining knowledge (''[[Pramana|pramāṇa]]''), viz., Perception, Inference, Comparison and Reliable Testimony.<ref name=jag>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238</ref><ref name=potterteoipnyayafull/>

====Pratyaksha: Perception====
The Nyayasutras assert that perception is the primary proper means of gaining true knowledge.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/> All other epistemic methods are directly or indirectly based on perception, according to the text, and anything that is claimed to be "true knowledge" must be confirmed or confirmable by perception.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/> This it terms as the doctrine of convergence, and this doctrine includes direct or implied perception.<ref name=phillipsnyaya1/> Gautama defines perception as the knowledge that arises by the contact of one or more senses with an object or phenomenon.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/><ref name=potterteoip223>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 223–224</ref> Gautama dedicates many sutras to discuss both the object and subject in the process of perception, and when senses may be unreliable. Erratic eyesight or other senses (''Avyabhicara'') can be a source of doubt or false knowledge, as can prejudgmental or prejudicial state of mind, states the Nyayasutras.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/><ref name=potterteoip223/><ref name=phillipsnyaya1/>

The text asserts ''Pratyaksa'' leads to ''Laukika'' or ordinary knowledge, where the five senses directly and clearly apprehend a reality, and this is true definite knowledge according to the text.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/><ref name=phillipsnyaya1/> It defines indefinite knowledge as one where there is doubt, and the text gives an example of seeing a distant stationary object in the evening and wondering whether it is a post or a man standing in the distance. In some of these cases, states Nyayasutras, correct knowledge is formulated by the principle of cumulative evidence.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/> ''Manas'' (mind) is considered an internal sense, in the text, and it can either lead to correct or incorrect knowledge depending on how it includes, excludes or integrates information.<ref name=jfowlerpor134/> These ideas are compiled, in later chapters of the text, into its treatise on ''Aprama'' (Theory on Errors).<ref name=jfowlerpor134/><ref name=phillipsnyaya1/>

====Anumana: Inference====
{{Quote box |width=25em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|quote=
<poem>
Inference is knowledge which is preceded by perception,
and is of three kinds:
a priori, a posteriori and commonly seen.
</poem>
|source =— ''Nyayasutras'' 1.1.5<ref>SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}, page 4</ref>}}
The epistemic rationale for inference as a reliable source of knowledge, and Nyaya's theory has been a major contribution to the diverse schools of Indian Darshanaparampara, and other schools looked up to Nyaya scholars for insights on correct knowledge and incorrect knowledge through inference.<ref name=jfowlerpor139/> The sections in Nyayasutras on inference blossomed into a treatise on [[syllogism]] over time.<ref name=jfowlerpor139/>

Nyayasutras defines inference as the knowledge that follows or derives from other knowledge. It always follows perception, states the text, and is a universal relation or essential principle. One form of inference is a ''Purvavat'', or as Fowler translates, "from cause to effect or a priori".<ref name=jfowlerpor139/> Thus, if a path or road is wet or river is swollen, states the text, then "it has rained" is a valid knowledge.<ref name=jfowlerpor139/> The sutras assert that the "universal relationship" between the two is necessary for correct, reliable knowledge, that is "if in all cases of A, B is true, then one may correctly infer B whenever A is perceived".<ref name=jfowlerpor139/> Further, there is a causal relation between the two, whether one knows or not of that cause, but inferred knowledge does not require one to know the cause for it to be valid knowledge, states Nyayasutra.<ref name=jfowlerpor139/><ref>SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}, pages 55–70</ref> The text states one must not confuse coexistence as a universal relation, and that while deduction and induction both are useful and valid means for gaining true knowledge, it lists rules when this method can lead to false knowledge.<ref>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Indian Darshanaparampara, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 142–144</ref>

====Upamana: Comparison and analogy====
The word ''upamana'', states Fowler, is a compound of ''upa'' (similarity) and ''mana'' (knowledge).<ref name=jflowerpor144>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), ''Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism'', Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 144–145</ref> It is a means of gaining knowledge based on "similarity, comparison, analogy", and considered reliable in Nyaya and many schools of Indian Darshanaparampara (but not in Vaisheshika and Charvaka, or Buddhism).<ref>John A. Grimes (2006), ''A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238</ref><ref>Wilhelm Halbfass (1985), India and the Comparative Method, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1, pages 3–15; For history see: VS Sowani and VV Sowani (1920), Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 87–98</ref>

The Nyayasutras define ''upamana'' as the knowledge of a thing based on "its likeness to another thing which is familiar".<ref name=jflowerpor144/><ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n27/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 3–4</ref> It differs from ''Anumana'' (inference) in lacking a direct or immediate causal relation. It differs from ''Pratyaksha'' (perception), states the text, in using a linguistic referent and the foundation of pre-existing knowledge within the individual and what he learnt from his teachers, friends, family and past knowledge inherited from the wise, through a process of social cooperation.<ref name=jflowerpor144/><ref name=kpotterteip406>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 222–227, 406–408</ref> The ''Upamana'' method is secondary, it relies on perception, combined with linguistic referent and context.<ref name=jflowerpor144/><ref name=kpotterteip406/> Comparison is not isolated ''pramana'' means, and sometimes works together with the ''Anumana'' and ''Sabda'' epistemic methods.<ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n59/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 35–43</ref> Comparison is, in Nyayasutras, the process of permeating or infusing hypothesis, examples and tests, thus leading to objectivity and correct knowledge about something new and what one already presumes to know.<ref>Stephen Phillips (2014), ''Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138008816}}, Chapter 5</ref><ref>S Dasgupta (2004), ''A History of Indian Philosophy'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120804128}}, pages 354–360</ref>

====Shabda: Testimony and reliable sources====
''Śabda'' ({{Langx|sa|शब्द}}, Word), in ''Nyayasutras'', means relying on word, testimony of a reliable source.<ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n29/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 4–5</ref><ref name=eliottjag>
*Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pages 245–248;
*John A. Grimes (2006), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238</ref> ''Sabda-pramana'' has been an accepted and reliable method to knowledge by all orthodox schools of Hinduism including [[Nyaya]], asserting that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.<ref name=mhir>M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813304}}, page 43</ref><ref name=jflowerpor145>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 145–146</ref> He must rely on others, his parents, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining correct knowledge is either spoken or written, but it is through ''Sabda'' (words).<ref name=mhir/><ref name=jflowerpor145/> In addition to words, state the Nyayasutras, ''Shabda'' as a means of true knowledge depends on an agreed convention on what words mean, the structure of sentences, establishing context and their import.<ref name=jflowerpor145/> The source must be reliable and comprehensible, and the receiver of knowledge must be able to understand the knowledge therefrom.<ref name=jflowerpor145/><ref>JL Shaw (2000), Conditions for Understanding the Meaning of a Sentence: The Nyāya and the Advaita Vedānta, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 28, Issue 3, pages 273–293</ref>

The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the ''Sabda'' of reliable sources.<ref name=mhir/><ref name=eliottjag/> The schools of Indian Darshanaparampara have debated if, how and when reliability of source can be objectively established. Gautama, in the Nyayasutras, offers a description for a reliable source.<ref name=jflowerpor145/><ref>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheNyayaSutrasOfGotama/Vidyabhusana_Nyaya-Sutras_1913#page/n29/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 4–5, 37–39, 59–61</ref> Some schools, such as [[Charvaka]], state that this is never possible, and therefore ''Sabda'' in the [[Vedas]] or anyone else, can never be a proper ''pramana''. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.<ref>P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-7810-8}}, pages 1–30</ref>

===Theory of proper argument===
The text, in sutras 1.1.32 and 1.1.39, presents its theory of proper arguments, stating that a proper argument must include five components:<ref name=potterteip224>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, page 224</ref><ref>SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}, pages 13–16</ref>
# ''pratijna'' – the proposition or hypothesis (that which needs to be proved or decided)
# ''hetu'' – the reason (can be positive or negative)
# ''udaharana'' – the general rule (that which is independently confirmed or confirmable)
# ''upanaya'' – the application of the rule (validity test, or example to the instance)
# ''nigamana'' – the conclusion (the hypothesis is either true or false or in doubt)

The text defines and aphoristically discusses each of these.<ref name=potterteip224/>

An example of a proper argument is: <ref> Julian Baggini (2018), How the World Thinks</ref>

#There is a fire on the hill
#Because there is smoke on the hill
#Whenever there is smoke, there is a fire
#The hill is smoky
#Therefore, there is a fire on the hill

===Theory of doubt as incomplete knowledge===
The Nyayasutras define and discuss ''Samsaya'' ({{Langx|sa|संशय|links=no}}, doubt) in sutras 1.1.23, 2.1.1 to 2.1.7, 3.2.1, 4.2.4 among others.<ref>SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}, pages 10, 29–32, 105, 158</ref> This discussion is similar to those found in other schools of Hindu philosophy, expands on the theory of doubt presented by Kanada in the [[Vaisheshika]] school, but disagrees with the [[Charvaka]] school's theory of doubt and consequent "there is no empirical knowledge ever".<ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 170–172</ref><ref name=mohantydoubt198/>

The theory of doubt, according to the Nyayasutras, starts with the premise that doubt is part of the human learning process and occurs when conflicting possibilities exist with regard to a cognized object.<ref name=jfowlerpor132/> Doubt is neither error nor absence of knowledge, but a form of uncertainty and human struggle with probability when it faces incomplete or inconsistent information.<ref name=jfowlerpor132/> It is a knowledge that is possibly partially valid and partially invalid, but doubt is a form of knowledge that has positive value.<ref name=jfowlerpor132/> Doubt is an invitation to "proceed to further investigation", asserts the text. All four means of knowledge discovery (perception, inference, comparison and testimony) may be useful in this investigation, but doubt is both a psychological state and a means to knowledge, not in itself a valid knowledge, according to the sutras.<ref name=jfowlerpor132>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 132-134</ref><ref name=mohantydoubt198>JN Mohanty (1970), Nyāya Theory of Doubt, Phenomenology and Ontology, Volume 37, {{ISBN|978-9401032544}}, pages 198–219</ref>

===Hetvabhasa, theory of errors===
The Nyayasutra defines error as knowledge, an opinion or a conclusion about something that is different from what it really is.<ref name=jfowlerpor139/> Gautama states in the text that the error is always in the process of cognition itself, or the "subjective self", and not in the object.<ref name=jfowlerpor139/><ref name=srao59/> It is the duty of the knowledge-seeker to "test the validity of his knowledge", both in assumptions or through practice (experience), but neither the object of knowledge nor the knowledge itself is responsible for errors; only the knowledge-seeker and his process of cognition is.<ref name=jfowlerpor139>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 139-140</ref><ref name=srao59>S Rao (1998), Perceptual Error: The Indian Theories, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824819583}}, pages 59–72</ref> The Nyaya theory shares ideas on the theory of errors with [[Advaita Vedanta]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Mimamsa]] schools of Indian philosophies, states Rao, and these schools likely influenced each other.<ref>S Rao (1998), Perceptual Error: The Indian Theories, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824819583}}, pages 22–23, 21–44</ref>

The text identifies and cautions against five kinds of fallacious reasoning (''hetvabhasa'') in sutra 1.2.4, discussing each in the sutras that follow, stating that these lead to false knowledge, in contrast to proper reasoning (''hetu''), which leads to true knowledge.<ref name=perrettiplpxiv/> The five fallacies or errors, according to Nyayasutras, are to be avoided, in addition to watching for debating tricks (''chala'') used by those whose aim is not true knowledge.<ref name=perrettiplpxiv>Roy Perrett (2001), Indian Philosophy: Logic and philosophy of language, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336105}}, page xiv</ref> The five forms of bogus reasoning identified by the text, states Ganeri, are:<ref>J Ganeri (2003), Philosophy in Classical India: An Introduction and Analysis, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415240352}}, pages 33–40</ref><ref>K Ramasubramanian (2011), The Concept of Hetvābhāsa in Nyāya-śāstra, in ''Proof, Computation and Agency'', Volume 352, Springer Netherlands, {{ISBN|978-9400700796}}, pages 355–371</ref>
# the wandering or erratic (Nyayasutra 1.2.5)<ref name=sinhansg21>SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807488}}, pages 21–23</ref>
# the contradictory (Nyayasutra 1.2.6)<ref name=sinhansg21/>
# the unproven (Nyayasutra 1.2.8)<ref name=sinhansg21/>
# the counterbalanced (Nyayasutra 1.2.7)<ref name=sinhansg21/>
# the untimely (overgeneralization across time, or sublated, Nyayasutra 1.2.9)<ref name=sinhansg21/><ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 198–199</ref>

===Theory of causality===
The Nyayasutras dedicate many sections on causality and causal relations (''Karana'', {{Langx|sa|कारण|links=no}}), particularly Book 4.<ref>Bimal Krishna Matilal (1975), Causality in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika School, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 42–44</ref><ref>S Dasgupta (2004), A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120804128}}, pages 319–326</ref> Causes, in Nyaya view states Fowler, are "antecedents of their effects invariably and unconditionally".<ref name=jflowerpor150>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, pages 150–152</ref> A specific effect is produced by a specific cause (plurality in causes is accepted). A specific cause produces a specific effect and no other (plurality in effect, or contradictory effect is not accepted). There cannot be reciprocity to a cause; either we misunderstand the cause or misapprehend the effect.<ref name=jflowerpor150/> The text rejects remote or supernatural causes, and rejects that qualities are causes. Causes are immediately antecedent, causes exist before an effect in time, and to know something is to understand the effect and the specific cause(s).<ref name=jflowerpor150/><ref>Bimal Krishna Matilal (1975), Causality in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika School, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 41–48</ref>

The text identifies three types of causes – inherent or [[Four causes|material cause]] (''Samavayi-karana''), non-inherent cause (''Asamavayi-karana''), and [[efficient cause]] (''Nimitta-karana'').<ref>John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Patristic-Sutra period, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805507}}, pages 66–67</ref> These, it states, arise from ''Dravya'' (substance), ''[[Guṇa|Guna]]'' (quality) and ''Karma'' (action).<ref name=jflowerpor150/><ref>JL Shaw (2002), Causality: Sāmkhya, Bauddha and Nyāya, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pages 213–270</ref>

===Theory of negatives===
The text seeds the theory of negative entities, where both being and non-being, presence and absence of something is considered correct and useful knowledge.<ref name=chakrabartitne129>KK Chakrabarti (1978), The Nyaya-Vaisesika theory of negative entities, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 6, No. 2, pages 129–144</ref> Absence of a book on a table or absence of particular color in a painting has a place in its epistemic process, in addition to positively verifiable characteristics of the table or a painting.<ref name=chakrabartitne129/>

===God in Nyayasutras===
Early [[Nyaya]] school scholars considered the hypothesis of [[Ishvara]] as a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons and fruits.<ref>John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521126274}}, page 150</ref><ref>G Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der Indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1–34</ref>

In Nyayasutra's Book 4, Chapter 1 examines what causes production and destruction of entities (life, matter) in the universe. It considers many hypotheses, including ''Ishvara''. Verses 19–21 postulate that Ishvara exists and is the cause, states a consequence of the postulate, then presents contrary evidence, and from contradiction concludes that the postulate must be invalid.<ref name=fxc2/>

{{Quote|
<poem>
सिद्धान्तसूत्र : '''ईश्वरः''' कारणम्, पुरुषकर्माफल्यदर्शनात्
पूर्वपक्षसूत्र : न, पुरुषकर्माभावे फ्लानिष्पत्तेः
सिद्धान्तसूत्र : तत्कारितत्वादहेतुः

Proposition sutra: '''Ishvara''' is the cause, since we see sometimes human action lacks fruits (results).
Prima facie objection sutra: This is not so since, as a matter of fact, no fruit is accomplished without human action.
Conclusion sutra: Not so, since it is influenced by him.
</poem>
|Nyaya Sutra|4.1.19 – 4.1.21<ref name=fxc2>Original Sanskrit: [https://archive.org/details/Anandashram_Samskrita_Granthavali_Anandashram_Sanskrit_Series Nyayasutra] Anand Ashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 290–292; [http://www.sanskritworld.in/public/mpdf/downloadpdf.php?filename=book_50f6f8075590b.txt Alternate Archive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181842/http://www.sanskritworld.in/public/mpdf/downloadpdf.php?filename=book_50f6f8075590b.txt |date=7 November 2016 }} English translation: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738724}}, page 37</ref>}}

Other scholars of Nyaya school reconsidered this question and offered arguments for what is God ([[Ishvara]]) and various arguments to prove the existence of ''Ishvara''.<ref name=fxc>Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199738724}}, pages 18–19, 35–39</ref> The 5th century CE Nyaya school scholar Prastapada, for example, revisited the premise of God. He was followed by [[Udayana]], who in his text ''[[Nyayakusumanjali]]'', interpreted "it" in verse 4.1.21 of Nyaya Sutra above, as "human action" and "him" as "Ishvara", then he developed counter arguments to prove the existence of Ishvara, a reasoning that fueled the debate and disagreements on God in Neo-Nyaya and other Hindu traditions of 2nd millennium CE.<ref name=fxc2/><ref name=csharma>Sharma, C. (1997). ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, pp. 209–10</ref><ref>VR Rao (1987), Selected Doctrines from Indian Philosophy, {{ISBN|81-70990009}}, pages 11–12</ref>

===Soul, self exists, inner freedom===
{{Quote box |width=28em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|quote=
<poem>
The Soul is the perceiver of all that brings pain and pleasure,
the experiencer of all pains and pleasures,
the knower of all pains, pleasures and their causes,
the ground of consciousness, knowledge and cognitions.
The Soul (self) can be known.
</poem>
|source =— ''Nyayasutras'', interpreted by Jeaneane Fowler, Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism<ref name=fowleriph147>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 147, with 148–150</ref>}}
A large part of the third book of the Nyayasutras is dedicated to the premise and the nature of a Self (soul, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]) and its relation to knowledge, liberation from sorrow and inner freedom (moksha).<ref name=fowleriph147/><ref>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 31–37, 95–96, 228–233</ref>

===Philosophy: a form of Yoga===
The sutras 4.2.42 to 4.2.48 of Nyayasutras, states Stephen Phillips, state that "philosophy is a form of [[yoga]]".<ref>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144841}}, page 281 footnote 40</ref>

The text recommends [[Dhyana in Hinduism|yogic meditation]] in quiet places such as a forest, cave or sandy beach in sutra 4.2.42, that the knowledge seeker should purify one's soul by [[Yamas]], [[Niyama]]s and spiritualism of yoga in sutra 4.2.46.<ref name=vidyabhushana137/><ref name=potterteip237/> Meditation is a treasured and recommended practice in the text, and extensively discussed by Nyaya scholars that followed Aksyapada Gautama.<ref name=fowleriph157>Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723943}}, page 157</ref> Vatsyayana wrote in his commentary on Nyayasutras, for example, that meditation is that which enables the mind to contact one's soul, which is accompanied by a conscious eagerness to get at the truth, and such meditation is an essential practice to gain true knowledge.<ref name=fowleriph157/>

The Nyayasutras state that one must study the means of correct knowledge and hold discussions with the learned, sincere and unenvious fellow seekers of knowledge state sutras 4.2.47 and 4.2.48.<ref name=vidyabhushana137/><ref name=potterteip237/> One must, translates Phillips, take into account "consideration of personal character as well as the nature of beliefs held by the opponent", in deciding the nature of one's discussions, according to Nyayasutras.<ref>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144841}}, pages 65–66</ref> In some cases, asserts the text, it is better to avoid arguing with hostile opponents and use methods of knowledge like "a fence is used to safeguard the growth of seeds".<ref name=vidyabhushana137>SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/NyayaSutra/nyaya_sutras_of_gautama#page/n161/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras], The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 137–139</ref><ref name=potterteip237>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, page 237</ref>

==Commentaries==
The earliest surviving complete [[bhasya]] (review and commentary) on Nyaya Sutras is by Vatsyayana.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> This commentary itself inspired many secondary and tertiary ''bhasya''. Vatsyayana's commentary has been variously dated to be from the 5th century CE,<ref name=jfowlerpor129/> or much earlier around 2nd century BCE.<ref name=chakrabartinyaya14>KK Chakrabarti (1999), Classical Indian Philosophy of Mind: The Nyaya Dualist Tradition, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791441718}}, pages 14–15</ref> Another often studied surviving commentary on the text is credited to Vacaspati Mishra from about 9th century CE.<ref name=jfowlerpor129/>

{{Quote box |width=28em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|quote=
<poem>
Liberation is impossible without knowledge of the real nature of the world. To achieve liberation and to know the soul, one must take shelter of [[yoga]] practices, because without this knowledge, knowledge of Reality is not obtained.
</poem>
|source =— Akṣapada Gautama in ''Nyayasutra''<ref name="fowleriph157"/>}}
Other historical Indian commentaries and works inspired by Nyayasutras and which have survived into the modern era, include ''Nyaya-varttika'' by 6th-century Uddyotakara, ''Nyaya-bhasyatika'' by 6th-century Bhavivikta, another ''Nyaya-bhasyatika'' by 7th-century Aviddhakarna, ''Nyaya-bhusana'' by 9th-century Bhasarvajana, ''Nyaya-manjari'' by 9th-century [[Kashmir]] scholar Jayanta Bhatta, ''Nyaya-prakirnaka'' by 10th-century [[Vijayanagara Empire|Karnata]] scholar Trilocana, and ''Nyaya-kandali'' by 10th-century [[Bengal]] scholar Sridhara.<ref name=chakrabartinyaya14/><ref name=potterteip8>Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803091}}, pages 8–10</ref>

Numerous other commentaries are referenced in other Indian historical texts, but these manuscripts are either lost or yet to be found. Starting around 11th- to 12th century CE, Udayana wrote a primary work, that built upon and expanded the theories on reason found in Nyayasutras. Udayana's work created the foundation for Navya-Nyaya (new Nyaya) school.<ref name=jfowlerpor130/> The Hindu scholar Gangesa of 13th- or 14th-century, integrated the Gautama's Nyayasutras and Udayana's Navya-Nyaya work, to create the influential ''[[Tattvacintāmaṇi]]'' text considered a masterpiece by scholars.<ref name=jfowlerpor130/><ref>Stephen Phillips (1992), Review: Gadadhara's Theory of Objectivity, Philosophy East and West, Volume 42, Issue 4, page 669</ref>

==Influence==
===On Hinduism's soul, Buddhism's no-soul debate===
The Nyaya-sutras have been one of the foundations for the historic debate between Hinduism's premise that [[Purusha|purusa]] (spirit, ultimate reality) and atman (selfhood, soul) exists, and Buddhism's premise that there is voidness and anatta (no-soul).<ref>P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195662078}}, pages i–ix with Introduction and Chapter 3</ref><ref>J Ganeri (2012), The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199652365}}, pages 162–169</ref><ref>Ganganatha Jha (1999 Reprint), Nyaya-Sutras of Gautama, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812642}}, pages 198–199</ref> In Nyaya-sutra, the Buddhist premises and arguments to refute those premise are found in many chapters,{{refn|group=note|Nyayasutras' 3.2.10–17 present its argument against Buddhist "momentariness of everything", while sutras 4.1.37–40 challenge the "voidness of everything" premise of Buddhism, sutras 4.2.6–4.2.11 question its "whole is not separate from parts" premise, and sutras 4.2.26–37 present its refutation of Buddhism's "denial of objects and observed reality" premises.<ref name=sadhukhan39/>}} such as sutras of chapters 3.2, 4.1 and 4.2.<ref name=sadhukhan39/> The text has been influential in this debate, with the 2nd-century Buddhist scholar [[Nagarjuna]] states that the Nyaya school and Buddhism differ on their conception of Self (Atman) and their views on the [[Vedas]], and the sutra 4.2.25 of Nyayasutra is addressed against the Madhyamika system of Buddhism.<ref name=potterteoip221/>{{refn|group=note|Like other schools of Hinduism, the Nyaya school holds the premise, "Soul exists, and Soul (or self, Atman) is a self evident truth". Buddhism, in contrast, holds the premise, "Atman does not exist, and An-atman (or ''Anatta'', non-self)<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta], Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self")."</ref> is self evident".<ref name=johnplott3>John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref> Buddhists do not believe that at the core of all human beings and living creatures, there is any "eternal, essential and absolute something called a soul, self or atman".<ref name=4sources>'''[a]''' KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-8120806191}}, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards; '''[b]''' Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791422175}}, page 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; '''[c]''' Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|page=2}} to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'', pages 2–4; '''[d]''' Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now</ref>}}

Nagarjuna's ''Madhyamika-karika'' targets Nyaya-sutra, among other Hindu texts, for his critique and to establish his doctrine of [[Anatta|no self]] and [[Shunya|voidness]]. In this text, and Vigrahavya-vartani, he presents his proof of voidness by challenging the ''Pramanas'' at the foundation of Nyaya-sutras.<ref name=sadhukhan39/><ref>John Kelley (1997), in Bhartrhari: Philosopher and Grammarian (Editors: Saroja Bhate, [[Johannes Bronkhorst]]), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120811980}}, pages 179–188</ref><ref>P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195662078}}, Chapters 3 and 20</ref> In his work ''Pramana-vihetana'', Nagarjuna, takes up each of the sixteen categories of knowledge in Gautama's Nyaya-sutras at the foundation of Nyaya's discussion of "soul exists and the nature of soul in liberation process", and critiques them using the argument that these categories are relational and therefore unreal.<ref name=sadhukhan39/> The Nagarjuna's texts, along with Gautama's Nyaya-sutras states Sanjit Sadhukhan, influenced Vatsyayana's work who called Nagarjuna's doctrine of voidness as flawed, and presented his arguments refuting Nagarjuna's theory on "objects of knowledge are unreal, like a dream or a form of jugglery and a mirage", but by first presenting his demonstration that the theory of reason and knowledge in the Nyaya-sutras are valid.<ref name=sadhukhan39>Sanjit Sadhukhan (1990), The conflict between the Buddhist and the Naiyayika Philosophers, Journal: Bulletin of Tibetology, Vol. BT1990, Issues 1–3, pages 39–54</ref><ref>David Burton (1999)< Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700710669}}, pages 1-5, 127-138, 151-153, 160-166, 181-195</ref>

The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] thesis that all things are negative in nature (inasmuch as a thing's nature is constituted by its differences from others), or the Hindu thesis counter-arguing the Buddhist thesis, have been accepted, is still unclear because nothingness cannot be proved and existence of soul has been claimed solely on the basis of personal feeling and experience.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}

===On Vedanta traditions===
The Nyayasutras were influential to the Vedanta schools of Hindu philosophy, and provided the epistemological foundations.<ref>CR Prasad (2002), Advaita Epistemology and Metaphysics, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700716043}}, pages 101–110, 129–136</ref><ref>BNK Sharma (2008), A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815759}}, pages 306–311</ref> The terms ''Nyaya'' and ''Mimamsa'' were synonymous, states Hajime Nakamura, in the earliest Dharmasutras of 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=nakamuravp313>Hajime Nakamura (1989), A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Volume 2, {{ISBN|978-8120806511}}, pages 313–321</ref> Over time, Nyaya, Mimamsa and Vedanta became three distinct and related schools.<ref name=nakamuravp313/>

==Translations==
* Nandalal Sinha, Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhusana, ''The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama'', The sacred books of the Hindus, 1930; Motilal Banarsidass, 1990 reprint, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0748-8}}; Munshiram Manoharlal reprint, 2003, {{ISBN|978-81-215-1096-7}}.
*Ganganatha Jha, ''Nyaya- Sutras of Gautama'' (4 vols.), Motilal Banarsidass, 1999 reprint, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1264-2}}.

==See also==
*[[Debates in ancient India]]
*[[Nyaya]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* J Ganeri (2001), Indian Logic: A Reader, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700713066}}
* Sue Hamilton, ''Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction'' (Oxford University Press, 2001) {{ISBN|0-19-285374-0}}
* [[B.K. Matilal]], ''Epistemology, Logic, and Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis'' (Oxford University Press, 2005) {{ISBN|0-19-566658-5}}
* J.N. Mohanty, ''Classical Indian Philosophy'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) {{ISBN|0-8476-8933-6}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/NyayaSutra/nyaya_sutras_of_gautama#page/n1/mode/2up The Nyâya Sutras of Gotama], SC Vidyabhushana (1913), English translation
*[https://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/nyaya/gaunys_u.htm Gautama's Nyayasutra without any commentary], GRETIL version of Sanskrit text, University of Goettingen, Germany
*[http://sarit.indology.info/nyayamanjari.xml?view=page Nyāyasūtra: Devanagari], A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
*[http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/nyaya/nystik_u.htm Gautama's Nyayasutra with Vacaspatimisra's commentary ''Nyayavarttikatatparyatika''], GRETIL version of Sanskrit text, University of Goettingen, Germany
*[http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/nyaya/nysvbh1u.htm Gautama: Nyayasutra with Vatsyayana's commentary ''Nyayabhasya''], GRETIL version of Sanskrit text, University of Goettingen, Germany

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyaya Sutras}}
[[Category:Epistemology literature]]
[[Category:History of logic]]
[[Category:Logic literature]]
[[Category:Metaphysics literature]]
[[Category:Nyaya]]
[[Category:Sutras (Hinduism)]]

Sankh River

2025-06-04T19:09:24Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: page edit

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sankh River
| native_name = {{native name|or|ଶଙ୍ଖ ନଦୀ}}
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Shankh River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Sankh River
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 240
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
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| source1 = Lupungpat village
| source1_location = [[Gumla district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|23|14|N|84|16|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = Confluence with [[South Koel River|Koel River]] to form [[Brahmani River]]
| mouth_location =
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| progression =
| river_system =
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}}
The '''Sankh River''' flows across [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]] states in [[India]]. The river flows for {{convert|240|km|mi}} before it meets the [[South Koel River|Koel River]] in Odisha.

== Course ==
The river starts {{convert|1000|m|ft}} above sea level in Lupungpat village in [[Gumla district]] in Jharkhand and flows {{convert|67.5|km|mi}} in the state before entering [[Chhattisgarh]]. It runs for about {{convert|50|km|mi}} in Chhattisgarh and enters Jharkhand where it flows for another {{convert|78|km|mi}}. The river finally enters [[Odisha]] and travels another {{convert|45|km|mi}} before merging with the Koel.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=RA1-PA624&dq=sankh+river Hydrology and Water Resources of India by Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P]</ref> The [[South Koel River|South Koel]] enters Odisha and joins the Sankh River at Vedavyas near [[Rourkela]] from where it is called the [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]] (see {{coord|22.2458800|N|84.7837500|E|format=dms|source:yahoomaps}}).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.peacefulsociety.org/sj/11irnor.htm | title = Initiatives & Activities IRN-ORISSA |publisher = IRN – Kerala |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref>

==Sadni Falls==
The {{convert|60|m|ft|adj=on}} high [[Sadni Falls]] on the Sankh River at the edge of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi plateau|Ranchi plateau]] is an example of [[Escarpment|scarp]] falls or knick line falls.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&q=hundru+falls&pg=PA161 | title = Physical Geography: Hydrosphere|author= K. Bharatdwaj |publisher = Discovery Publishing Pvt. Ltd | isbn = 9788183561679 | year = 2008|page=161 }}</ref>
[[File:Aerial satellite imagery of Brahmani delta, mangrove and beach ridges.JPG|thumb|Aerial ସଟେଲାଇଟ ତୁ ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣୀ ନଦୀର ଚିତ୍ର]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Hydrography of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}

[[Category:Rivers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Gunjali River

2025-05-09T02:53:57Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Started first biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|River in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Gunjali River
| image =
| image_caption =
| source1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]], Ratangarh Tahsil, [[Neemuch district|Nimach District]]
| mouth = [[Chambal River]]
| mouth_location = Arnia Village
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24.766|75.488|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| basin_size =
| length =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = {{hlist| [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Rajasthan]] }}
}}

The '''Gunjali River''' is a river in India that originates in the hills of Ratangarh Tahsil in the [[Neemuch district|Nimach District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It flows eastward and enters [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh District]] near Daulatpura. The river then passes through the areas of Moren, Amarganj, and Kua Khera within Chittorgarh District. Finally, it joins the [[Chambal River]] at Arnia Village.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=Gunjali River in India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Gunjali-River-31591.htm |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002019/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Gunjali-River-31591.htm |archive-date=2020-08-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Neemuch News - mp news pm39s body found in gunjali river today will be pm |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/mp/neemuch/news/mp-news-pm39s-body-found-in-gunjali-river-today-will-be-pm-084013-6596487.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211170734/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/mp/neemuch/news/mp-news-pm39s-body-found-in-gunjali-river-today-will-be-pm-084013-6596487.html |archive-date=2020-02-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=ebullition in Gunjali River. 8 villages Road Closed From Heavy Rain {{!}} 5 घंटे की मूसलाधार बारिश से गुंजाली नदी में आया उफान, रावतभाटा के 8 गांवों का टूटा सम्पर्क {{!}} Patrika News |url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/ebullition-in-gunjali-river-8-villages-road-closed-from-heavy-rain-1-3024600/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724102549/https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/ebullition-in-gunjali-river-8-villages-road-closed-from-heavy-rain-1-3024600/ |archive-date=2023-07-24 }}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Gunjali River flows through the scenic landscapes of Madhya Pradesh and [[Rajasthan]], providing water resources and supporting local ecosystems.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Chambal River]]
* [[Rivers of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]

{{Udaipurdivision-geo-stub}}
{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

Marathas of Saugor

2025-05-04T06:55:57Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: made some stub w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Province of the Maratha Empire}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Saugor Subha
| conventional_long_name = Maratha province of Saugor
| status = [[Province]]
| status_text =
| era = [[Early modern]]
| year_start = 1735
| year_end = 1818
| event_end = Cession to the British after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]
| government_type = [[Governor]]
| capital = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| p1 = Panna State{{!}}Kingdom of Bundelkhand
| s1 = Kingdom of Nagpur
| s2 = Jalaun State
| s3 = Saugor and Nerbudda Territories
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| common_languages =
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Saugor [[Subah|subha]]''' was a province of the [[Maratha Empire]] comprising the [[central India]]n territories of the [[Peshwa]] or prime minister. It was ruled by hereditary [[Maratha]] [[Pandit]] governors who had their headquarters at the city of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]].<ref name="sagar">{{cite web |title=History of Sagar- Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://sagar.nic.in/en/history/}}</ref><ref name="admin">{{cite book |last1=McEldowney |first1=Philip Fredric |title=Colonial Administration and Social Developments in Middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 |publisher=University of Virginia |url=https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/n583xv002 |language=en |chapter=Administrative and Social Regions of Middle India, 1500-1920}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Bundela]] king [[Chhatrasal]] rebelled against the [[Mughal Empire]] and established a large independent kingdom in the [[Bundelkhand]] region, including the [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar town]].<ref name="h">{{cite book |last1=Chaurasia |first1=R. S. |title=History of the Marathas |date=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0394-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&dq=govind+pant+bundele+sagar&pg=PA86 |language=en}}</ref> In 1731, [[Chhatrasal]] died and left one-third of his kingdom to the [[Peshwa]] or prime minister of the [[Maratha Empire]]- [[Baji Rao I]] in return for his assistance at the [[Battle of Bundelkhand|Battle of Jaitpur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707–1803) |date=2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sagar"/> In 1733, the [[Peshwa]] sent his agent, [[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Pant Bundele]] to claim the territory on his behalf.<ref name="report">{{cite book |title=Report on the administration of the Central Provinces: for the year ... 1892/93 (1894) |date=1894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-i7oPuQfD0C&dq=Maratha+Pandits+of+Saugor&pg=PA15 |language=en}}</ref> Thus the rule of the [[Maratha]] [[Pandit]]s of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Saugor]] began with him.<ref name="district"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Satna |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1hAAAAIAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref>

[[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Pant Bundele]] founded the present settlement of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] and fortified the town, making it his headquarters in 1735.<ref name="sagar"/><ref name="on">{{cite web |title=History of Sagar, Historical Monuments of Sagar city |url=https://www.sagaronline.in/city-guide/history-of-sagar |website=sagaronline.in}}</ref><ref name="lohar">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=A. N. |last2=Yadav |first2=Ankur |last3=Jain |first3=Anita |title=The Sedentrize Lohar Gadiyas of Malthon: A Socio-demographic and Health Practices Profile |date=2002 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-125-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_v9SYKv6mwC&dq=Govind+Rao+Pandit+sagar&pg=PA13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rise">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Bhagavānadāsa |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731–1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YeAAAAMAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref> After the death of [[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Pant Bundele]] in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1760,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sardesai |first1=Govind Sakharam |title=New History Of The Marathas Vol.2 |date=January 1964 |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/32142 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> his successors continued to rule [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] as hereditary governors.<ref name="district">{{cite book |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Sagar |date=1967 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0ZuAAAAMAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhave |first1=V. S. |title=Development of Education in Madhya Pradesh, 1861–1947 |date=2000 |publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7493-776-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-R6cAAAAMAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref> Govind Pant was succeeded by his son-in-law Visaji Govind Chandorkar, who was in turn succeeded by his adopted son Ranganath.<ref name="tribal"/><ref name="the">{{cite book |last1=Andhare |first1=B. R. |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720–1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYeAAAAMAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref>

In 1742, [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] attacked the [[Gondi people|Gond]] kingdom of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Mandla]] along with Visaji Chandorkar, leader of the Sagar Marathas and killed the ruler, Maharaj Shah.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Dissertation Abstracts |date=1988 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu8agexm5TUC&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar |language=en}}</ref> His son, Shivraj Singh, ascended he throne on the condition that he would pay an annual tribute of 4 lakhs to the Marathas.<ref name="seoni">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Seoni |date=1989 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVuAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref> [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Mandla]] essentially became a dependent state of the Sagar Marathas, who chose not to annex it until 1781, during the rule of Narhar Shah. Narhar Shah was imprisoned in the [[Khurai|Khurai Fort]] near Sagar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Seoni |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4dhAAAAIAAJ&q=Maratha+Pandits+of+Sagar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gond">{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Saugor&pg=PT23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Narsimhapur. Supplement |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Maratha+Pandits+of+Saugor |language=en}}</ref> The anthropologist [[Stephen Fuchs]] describes- "In 1781 the last Gond ruler of Mandla, Narhar Shah, was tortured to death by the Maratha general Moraji, and Mandla became a dependency of the Saugor Marathas."<ref name="colonial">{{cite book |last1=Rashkow |first1=Ezra |last2=Ghosh |first2=Sanjukta |last3=Chakrabarti |first3=Upal |title=Memory, Identity and the Colonial Encounter in India: Essays in Honour of Peter Robb |date=18 August 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-59694-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=Narhar+Shah&pg=PT229 |language=en}}</ref>

The annexation of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Mandla]] brought the Sagar Maratha family to its greatest territorial extent, controlling many districts of the former kingdom such as [[Jabalpur]] and [[Narsinghpur]] for 18 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbasi |first1=A. A. |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-186-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&dq=Maratha+Pandits+of+Sagar&pg=PA59 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bhonsles of Nagpur]] eventually captured the districts from the Sagar family in 1799.<ref name="report"/><ref name="tribal">{{cite book |last1=Sureśa. |first1=Miśra |title=Tribal ascendancy in Central India : the Gond Kingdom of Garha |date=2007 |publisher=Manak Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4MMAQAAMAAJ&q=govind+pant+bundele+sagar}}</ref>

A fort was built by them in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] which was completed in 1780.<ref>{{cite web |title="Sagar" |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sagar |website=Britannica}}</ref> In 1818, after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], Sagar was handed over to the [[Company Rule in India|British government]] by Govindrao I, ruler of [[Jalaun State]] and descendant of [[Govind Pant Bundela|Govind Pant Bundele]].<ref name="sagar"/><ref name="on"/><ref name="h"/><ref name="lohar"/><ref name="report"/><ref name="district"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Maratha Empire}}

[[Category:Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1735]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1818]]

Mangalapuram.Tamilnadu

2025-04-25T04:38:11Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mangaluru]]

Bijainagar railway station

2025-04-07T14:25:07Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: improved information after review and updated info

{{short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bijainagar
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|70px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[Vijainagar, Ajmer|Bijainagar]], [[Ajmer district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.929059|74.652342|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = Ajmer–Ratlam line
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|403|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BJNR
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ajmer}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India#India Rajasthan
| map_dot_label = Bijainagar railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Bijainagar railway station''' is a railway station in [[Ajmer district]], [[Rajasthan]]. Its code is '''BJNR'''. It serves [[Vijainagar, Ajmer|Bijainagar]] town. The station consists of 2 platforms. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bijainagar-bjnr/312| title=BJNR/Bijainagar| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BJNR| title=BJNR:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Ajmer
| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/ajmer-news/electric-train-track-not-prepeare-railway-work-delay-3608584/|title=लोग डरते हैं बिजली के करन्ट से, इनका नहीं चलता करन्ट के बिना कोई काम|website=Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/bhilwara/news/rajasthan-news-udaipur-ajmer-the-green-signal-of-the-crs-for-the-power-track-is-possible-to-run-trains-this-year-with-110-km-052527-4157978.html|title=उदयपुर-अजमेर के बीच बिजली ट्रैक को सीआरएस की हरी झंडी, इसी माह 110 किमी स्पीड से ट्रेनें चलना संभव|website=Bhaskar}}</ref> It is currently undergoing redevelopment under the Amrit Station Scheme, which is set to be completed by May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-15 |title=Rajasthan's Bijainagar railway station gets facelift under Amrit Station Scheme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ajmer/rajasthans-bijainagar-railway-station-gets-facelift-under-amrit-station-scheme/articleshow/118266601.cms |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ajmer district]]
[[Category:Ajmer railway division]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Gopinath Mandir

2025-01-06T04:27:03Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: updated section also and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Gopinath Temple, Gopeshwar]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple

2024-12-22T19:50:21Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: refined lead for accuracy and improved wording after review

{{Self-published|date=April 2024}}{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple
| image = Kandiyur Siva Temple Tower.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|9|15|11|N|76|31|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = കണ്ടിയൂർ മഹാദേവക്ഷേത്രം
| country = India
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha]]
| location = [[Mavelikara]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals=
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
|established = Before the advent of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' {{year needed|date=April 2024}}
| year_completed = 823 AD<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Shashi |editor-first=S.S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |year=2007 |publisher=Anmol Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170418597 |edition=1st}}</ref>
| creator = Cheraman Perumal Nayanar Rajasekara Varman
| governing_body =[[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
|
}}

'''Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple''' is an ancient [[Shiva]] temple situated in Kandiyoor near [[Mavelikkara]] on the banks of [[Achankovil]] river. Kandiyoor was once the capital of the [[Odanad]]u kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gouri Lakshmi Bayi|title=Thulasi garland Bhavan's book university|year=1998|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref> The temple and region are related to the history of ancient [[Buddhism in Kerala]]. Mattom Sree Mahadeva Temple also known as ''shiva nada'' is {{convert|1|km}} west of [[Mavelikkara]] town north of State Highway 6. It is spread across an area of {{convert|7.5|acre}}.

[[File:KANDIYUR TEMPLE SREEKOVIL.jpg|thumb|Sreekovil of Kandiyoor Temple]]
[[File:Kandiyur Maha Siva Temple.JPG|thumb|The temple compound (Mathilakam) of Kandiyur Maha Siva Temple]]
[[File:KandiyoorMahadevaTemple.jpg|thumb|Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple]]

==Legends==
There are many legends associated with the temple. It is considered as one among the 108 great Shiva temples of ancient Kerala consecrated by Lord Parashurama himself.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105152036/http://vaikhari.org/108shivalaya.html 108 Shiva Temples in Kerala created by Lord Parasurama]}}</ref> according to another legend the Rishi Mrikandu, the father of Rishi Markandeya got an idol of Lord Shiva in Kirathamoorthy form while bathing in Ganga. He heard an oracle that the idol be placed in a holy and befitting place. The Rishi searching for the apt location came to Kerala and ended up on the banks of Achankovil and established the temple in Kandiyoor. The name Kandiyoor is a corruption of Kandathil.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

According to another legend the temple is located at the site where Lord Shiva cut off Lord Brahma's head. The name Kandiyoor comes from name of Shiva Sri Kantan. It is believed that Lord Parasurama renovated the temple and gave tantrik rights to Tharananallur family.<ref name=web>[http://www.kandiyoortemple.org Temple Website]</ref>

==History==
Kandiyoor and the temple have great significance in Kerala's history. The Kandiyoor temple is the earliest temple about which there is an epigraph about its origin in A.D 823 during the reign of Rajasekhara Varman.<ref name=khaim>{{cite book|last=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Kerala History and its Makers|year=1987|publisher=D C Books|isbn=9788126437825}}</ref> There was an era name 'Kandiyoorabdam' from the formation of the temple that was in widespread use until the introduction of Kollavarsham. {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

It is also believed that there was a [[Hinayana|Hinayana Buddhist]] temple near to the Kandiyoor temple installed and managed by ''kannankara panicker family,'' It is also believed that it is this displaced Buddha that was retrieved from the nearby paddy fields and placed near the Mavelikkara Sree Krishna Swamy Temple ([[Buddha Junction]]) in recent times.<ref name=ashoi>{{cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=S.N.|title=A social history of India|year=2000|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788176481700}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandiyur Inscriptions |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en}}</ref>

The Kandiyoor inscription (K. E. 393) dated 1218 says that Kandiyoor temple was reconstructed by Rama Kotha Varma of [[Odanad]] and the Kalasam ceremony was attended by Unniyachi, wife of Ravi Kerala Varma, King of [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]] after deliberations between the three.<ref>{{cite book|last=University of Kerala|title=Journal of Kerala Studies, Volume 14|year=1987|publisher=University of Kerala}}</ref>

Kandiyoor was annexed to Kayamkulam by [[Kayamkulam Rajah]] and later to [[Travancore]] by [[Marthanda Varma]]. It is believed that during the war between Odanadu and Kayamkulam the defeated Kayamkulam Raja surrendered his sword in the temple and left through the rear door which still remains closed after centuries.<ref name=web/>

The temple is mentioned in [[Unnuneeli Sandesam]] written around the 14th century.'''{{cn|date=February 2022}}'''

Sri Kandiyur Mahadeva Shastrikal - a Sanskrit Scholar who wrote many Bhashyams for Lalitha Sahasranamam, Lalitha Thrishati etc. lived in Kandiyoor.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

==Temple Description==

The primary deity of the temple is Lord Shiva known as Kandiyoorappan (the ruling deity of Kandiyoor). The deity is east facing. The rectangular sanctum santorum is two-tiered and there is a platform in the front for devotees, a feature that is of the [[Hoysala]] style. The bottom tier is oval in shape while the top tier is rectangular. The {{convert|10|ft}} Gajaprishta style wall is believed to be constructed by Shiva's Bhoothaganas.<ref name=web/> There are puranic legend stone scriptures in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|last=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=The Legacy of Kerala|year=1982|publisher=D C Books|isbn=9788126437986}}</ref>

==Deity==
The primary deity, Kandiyoorappan, is believed to be in Kirathamoorthy form. The deity is worshipped as Dakshinamoorthy in the morning, Umamaheshwaran in the noon, Kirathamoorthy in the evening. Deity is worshipped as Panchamukha from North-West corner of Pradakshina Vazhy by viewing five Thazikakudams of Shiva temples and as Vaikathappan (ruling deity of [[Vaikom Sree Mahadeva Temple|Vaikom]]) during sunset. The sub-deities in the temple include [[Vishnu]], Parvatheesan, Nagaraja and Nagayakshi, Gosala Krishnan, [[Sastha]], Sankaran, Sreekandan, Vadakkumnathan, Annapoorneswary, Ganapathy, Subrahmanyan, Moola Ganapathy and Brahmarakshas of which Sankara, Sreekanda, Vadakkumnadha, Parvatheesa and Mrityunjaya are [[Shiva]] himself. There are six Shivalinga Prathishtas in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple Mavelikkara |url=http://www.vaikhari.org/kandiyoor.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925145656/http://www.vaikhari.org/kandiyoor.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.vaikhari.org}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Temple festivals of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

Manya Joshi

2024-12-21T03:59:12Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Marathi poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Manya Joshi''' (born 17th July, 1972) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] poet based in [[Mumbai]].

He has a Master's in [[Marathi literature]] from [[Mumbai University]] and a Master's in [[Library and Information Studies]] from the [[University of Oklahoma]], USA. He works as a freelance library research advisor and copywriter. He also writes short fiction and literary criticism.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026071352/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/2730/27/Manya-Joshi Biodata on Poetry International Web.]}}</ref> He is closely associated with the [[little magazine movement]] of the nineties, especially with the periodical ''[[Abhidhanantar]]''. His collection of poems ''Jyam Maja'' is published by Abhidhanantar Publications.

The literary critic Sachin Ketkar in his introduction to ''Live Update: An Anthology of Recent Marathi Poetry'' writes, "He is one of the most experimental poets writing today. He represents the post-modernist sensibility in Marathi today".<ref>Sachin Ketkar ed. and trans. ` Live Update: An Anthology of Recent Marathi Poetry', Poetrywala, Mumbai, 2005, {{ISBN|81-89621-00-9}}.</ref>

==Online poetry==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075113/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poem/item/2948/auto/Manya-Joshi-AN-ANNOUNCEMENT-FOR-MR-MRS-LIMAYE An Announcement for Mr and Mrs Limaye]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Manya}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Tamil People's National Alliance

2024-11-22T01:21:22Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Tamil People's National Alliance
| native_name = {{lang|ta|தமிழ் மக்கள் தேசிய கூட்டணி}}
| lang1 =
| name_lang1 =
| lang2 =
| name_lang2 =
| logo = Logo of the Tamil People's National Alliance.png
| logo_size =
| caption =
| colorcode = {{party color|Tamil People's National Alliance}}
| abbreviation = '''TPNA'''/'''TMTK'''
| leader = [[C. V. Vigneswaran]]
| president = [[Suresh Premachandran]]
| chairperson =
| vice_chairperson =
| general_secretary = [[Sivasakthy Ananthan]]
| first_secretary =
| secretary_general =
| presidium =
| secretary =
| spokesperson =
| founder =
| leader1_title =
| leader1_name =
| leader2_title =
| leader2_name =
| founded = {{Start date and age|p=y|2020|02|09|df=y}}
| registered =
| dissolved =
| banned =
| merger =
| split = [[Tamil National Alliance]]
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| headquarters = 26/10, First Lane, Kandy Road, [[Vavuniya]], [[Sri Lanka]].
| newspaper =
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| wing1_title =
| wing1 =
| wing2_title =
| wing2 =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| ideology = [[Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism|Tamil nationalism]]
| position =
| religion =
| national =
| regional =
| continental =
| international =
| affiliation1_title =
| affiliation1 =
| colors =
| slogan =
| anthem =
| seats1_title = [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|225|{{party color|Tamil People's National Alliance}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Provincial Councils (Sri Lanka)|Provincial Councils]]
| seats2 =
| seats3_title = [[Local government in Sri Lanka|Local Government]]
| seats3 =
| symbol = Fish [[File:Election Symbol Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front Sri Lanka.png|150px]]
| flag = [[File:Flag of the Tamil People's National Alliance.png|200px]]
| website = {{url|http://thetmk.org/}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024|url=http://thetmk.org/}}
| country = Sri Lanka
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Tamil People's National Alliance''' ([[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''TPNA'''; {{langx|ta|தமிழ் மக்கள் தேசிய கூட்டணி|translit=Tamiḻ Makkaḷ Tēciya Kūṭṭaṇi}}), also known as the '''Thamizh Makkal Tesiya Kootani''' ([[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''TMTK'''), is a [[political alliance]] in [[Sri Lanka]] that represents the country's [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[ethnic minority]]. It was formed in February 2020 by a group of [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalist]] [[List of political parties in Sri Lanka|parties]] after they broke away from the [[Tamil National Alliance]]. The alliance is recognised by the [[Election Commission of Sri Lanka]] as registered political party with the fish as its [[Electoral symbol|symbol]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Recognized Political Parties |url=http://elections.gov.lk/en/political_party/political_party_list_E.html |publisher=[[Election Commission of Sri Lanka]] |accessdate=2 August 2020 |location=Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka}}</ref>

==History==
On 9 February 2020 four parties, consisting of [[dissident]] members of the [[Tamil National Alliance]] (TNA), signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] at the [[Tilko Jaffna City Hotel|Tilko Hotel]] in [[Jaffna]] to form the Tamil People's National Alliance (Thamizh Makkal Tesiya Kootani) to contest the [[2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|parliamentary election]].<ref name="DFT100220">{{cite news |title=New alliance for North |url=http://www.ft.lk/news/New-alliance-for-North/56-695397 |accessdate=2 August 2020 |work=[[Daily FT]] |date=10 February 2020 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref name="AT100220">{{cite news |last1=Rajasingham |first1=K. T. |title=Disgruntled Tamil elements form a new alliance to divides Tamils further |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/93393 |accessdate=2 August 2020 |work=[[Asian Tribune]] |date=10 February 2020 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref> The four parties were:<ref name="DFT100220"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Two Factions in Tamil Politics: History Repeats Itself! |url=https://ceylontoday.lk/print-more/54297 |accessdate=2 August 2020 |work=[[Ceylon Today]] |date=14 March 2020 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref>
* [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF), led by former MP [[Suresh Premachandran]]
* Eelam Tamil Self Rule Party (Eela Thamilar Suyatchchi Kazhagam, ETSK), led by provincial minister [[Ananthi Sasitharan]]
* Tamil National Party (Thamizh Thesiya Katchi, TTK), led by former MPs [[M. K. Shivajilingam]] and [[N. Srikantha]]
* [[Tamil People's Alliance]] (Thamizh Makkal Kootani, TMK), led by former [[Chief Minister of the Northern Province|chief minister]] [[C. V. Vigneswaran]]

The TPNA claimed that it would give alternative leadership for the Tamil people as the TNA, which had dominated Tamil politics since its formation in 2001, had moved away from its [[manifesto]] and had failed to deliver on the pledges made to the Tamil people of north-eastern Sri Lanka.<ref name="DFT100220"/><ref name="AT100220"/>

Vigneswaran's is the alliance's leader while Premachandran is president and [[Sivasakthy Ananthan]] is general-secretary.<ref name="DM240320">{{cite news |last1=Jeyaraj |first1=D. B. S. |authorlink1= |title=How Will the TNA fare at Parliamentary Election? |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/How-Will-the-TNAfare-at-Parliamentary-Election/172-185559 |accessdate=2 August 2020 |work=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|The Daily Mirror]] |date=24 March 2020 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Polls at last; lacklustre election campaign ends tonight |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/200802/columns/polls-at-last-lacklustre-election-campaign-ends-tonight-411316.html |accessdate=2 August 2020 |work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] |date=2 August 2020 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref> The alliance has an eleven-member governing council chaired by Vigneswaran - six from the TMK, two each from the EPRLF and TTK and one from the ETSK.<ref name="DM240320"/>

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:100%"
|-
! valign=bottom rowspan=2|Election
! colspan=3|[[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]]
! colspan=3|[[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]]
! colspan=3|National
|-
! width="50"|Votes || width="50"|% || width="40"|Seats
! width="50"|Votes || width="50"|% || width="40"|Seats
! width="50"|Votes || width="50"|% || width="40"|Seats

|-
| align=left|[[2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2020 Parliamentary]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Election - 05-08-2020 Official Election Results|url=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/election-results/parliamentary-elections/Votes_Seats_NL_SBP_02.pdf|publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka}}</ref> || 44,716 || 7.89% || 1 || 6,585 || 0.73% || 0 || '''51,301''' || '''0.44%''' || '''1'''
|}

==Election results==
===2020 Parliamentary General Election===

{{Tamil People's National Alliance 2020 parliamentary election results}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Facebook | id=தமிழ்-மக்கள்-தேசிய-கூட்டணி-108903507345148 | name=தமிழ் மக்கள் தேசிய கூட்டணி }}

{{Sri Lankan political parties}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

[[Category:2020 establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Northern Province, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2020]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalist parties]]

List of power stations in West Bengal

2024-08-29T03:15:29Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: new.

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}

Most power plants in West Bengal are coal-based thermal power plants. In addition, there are some hydropower and gas power plants.

==Conventional==
=== Thermal power plant ===
==== Coal ====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Sl No.
! Name !! Operator !! Location !! District !! State !! Sector !! Region !! Units !! data-sort-type="number"|Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Coordinates
|-
|1
| [[Mejia Thermal Power Station]] || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Durlabhpur]] || [[Bankura district|Bankura]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 4 x 210, 2 x 250, 2 x 500 || align="right"|2,340 || {{Coord|23|27|47|N|87|07|51|E|name=Mejia Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|2
| [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] || [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]] || [[Farakka Barrage Township|Farakka]] || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 3 x 200, 2 x 500, 1 x 500 || align="right"|2,100 || {{Coord|24|46|23|N|87|53|43|E|name=Farakka Super Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|3
| [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/ |title=official website |access-date=2018-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107013541/http://wbpdcl.co.in/ |archive-date=2018-11-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Dubrajpur]] || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] || [[West Bengal]] || State || Eastern || 5 x 210 || align="right"|1,050<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=10331 |title=Bakreshwar unit-V may be put off |accessdate=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130201400/http://projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=10331 |archivedate=30 January 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>|| {{Coord|23|49|43|N|87|27|06|E|name=Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|4
| [[Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station]] || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 2 x 500 || align="right"|1,000 || {{Coord|23|27|47|N|87|07|51|E|name=Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|5
| [[Kolaghat Thermal Power Station]]|| [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || [[Mecheda]] || [[Purba Medinipur]] || [[West Bengal]] || State || Eastern|| 6 x 210 || align="right"|1,260<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/component/content/article/14-sample-data-articles/90-generatingunits-kolaghat-overview.html|title=Kolaghat Thermal Power Station}}</ref>||{{coord|22|24|56|N|87|52|12|E|name=Kolaghat Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|6
| [[Budge Budge Thermal Power Plant]] || [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation|CESC]] || [[Budge Budge]] || [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Paraganas]] || [[West Bengal]] || Private || Eastern|| 3 x 250 || align="right"|750 ||{{Coord|22|28|09|N|88|08|23|E|name=Budge Budge Thermal Power Plant}}
|-
|7
| [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || [[Santaldih]] || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || State || Eastern || 2 x 250 || align="right"|500 || {{Coord|23|36|08|N|86|28|06|E|name=Santaldih Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|8
| [[DPL Thermal Power Station]] || [[WBPDCL]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || State || Eastern || 1 x 250, 1 x 110, 1 x 300 || align="right"|660 ||{{Coord|23|31|09|N|87|18|05|E|name=Durgapur Projects Limited}}
|-
|9
| [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || [[Manigram]] || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || [[West Bengal]] || State || Eastern || 2 x 300, 2 x 500<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2017/01/16/00040549/bhel-commissions-500-mw-thermal-unit-west-bengal|title=BHEL commissions 500 MW thermal unit in West Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bhel-commissions-thermal-unit-in-west-bengal-115121500883_1.html|title=Bhel commissions thermal unit in West Bengal|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=15 December 2015|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>|| align="right"|1,600 || {{Coord|24|22|44|N|88|05|44|E|name=Sagardighi Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|10
| [[Bandel Thermal Power Station]] || [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation|WBPDCL]] || [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]] || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] || [[West Bengal]] || State || Eastern || 2 x 60, 1 x 215 || align="right"|335 ||{{Coord|22|59|44|N|88|24|13|E|name=Bandel Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|11
| [[Durgapur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 1 x 210 || align="right"|210 || {{Coord|23|31|59|N|87|15|00|E|name=Durgapur Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|12
| [[CESC Southern Generating Station]] || [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation|CESC]] || [[Kolkata]] || [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] || Private || Eastern || 2 x 67.5 || align="right"|135 || {{Coord|22|32|58|N|88|17|29|E|name=CESC Southern Generating Station}}
|-
|13
| [[Titagarh Thermal Power Station]] || [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation|CESC]] || [[Titagarh]] || [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]] || [[West Bengal]] || Private || Eastern|| 4x60 || align="right"|240||
|-
|14
| [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]] || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]] || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 2 x 600 || align="right"|1,200 ||
|-
|15
| [[Haldia Energy Power Station]] || [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation|CESC]] || [[Haldia]] || [[Purba Medinipur]] || [[West Bengal]] || Private || Eastern || 2 x 300 || align="right"|600 ||{{Coord|22|06|19|N|88|10|37|E|name=Farakka Super Thermal Power Station}}
|-
|16
|NSPCL Durgapur ||[[NSPCL]] || [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] || [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 2 x 60 || align="right"|120 ||
|-
|
| colspan="7" |'''TOTAL'''
|
|'''11790'''
|
|}

==== Gas-based ====

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Power station !! Operator !! Location !! District !! State !! Sector !! Region !! Unit wise Capacity !! data-sort-type="number"|Installed Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Plant Coordinates
|-
| Maithan GT || [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Maithan]] || [[Paschim Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]] || Central || Eastern || 1 x 90 || align="right"|90 ||
|-
| Haldia GT || MCC PTA India Corporation Limited || [[Haldia]] ||[[Purba Medinipur]] || [[West Bengal]] || Private || Eastern || 1 x 40 || align="right"|40 ||
|-
| [[Kasba Thermal Power Station|Kasba Peak Load Power Generating Station]]<ref name=cescKasba01>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnnSjgfZnBsC&q=New+Cossipore+Generating+Station&pg=PA86|title=Environmental Issues for the 21st Century|isbn=9788170998730|last1=Das Gupta|first1=S. P.|year=2003}}</ref><ref name=cescKasba02>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu-dxJ9tUdMC&q=New+Cossipore+Generating+Station&pg=PA35|title=Environmental Pollution Research|year=2002|isbn=9788176482592}}</ref> || [[CESC Limited|CESC]] || [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]] || [[Kolkata District|Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] || Private || Eastern || 2 x 20 || align="right"|40 ||
|}

== Renewable ==
=== Hydroelectric ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-

! Station !! Operator !! District !! State !! Region !! Generator units !! Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Under Construction<ref name="underConstructionProjectsNHPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/project.htm?CatId=2 |title=NHPC Under Construction Power Stations |publisher=NHPC |date= |accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> ([[Megawatt|MW]]) !! Plant Coordinates
|-
|Rammam Hydroelectric Power Project || [[WBSEDCL]] || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || 4 x 12.75 || align="right"|51 || ||
|-
| Teesta Canal Fanal Hydel Project || [[WBSEDCL]] || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || 3 PS x 3 x 7.5|| align="right"|67.5 || ||
|-
|Teesta Low Dam Project || [[NHPC]] || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || 1 x 132, 1 x 160|| align="right"|292 || ||
|-
| Jaldhaka HEP||[[WBSEDCL]] ||[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] ||[[West Bengal]] ||Eastern ||4 x 9, 2 x 4||align="right"|44 || ||
|-
|Sidrapong HEP||[[WBSEDCL]] ||[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] ||[[West Bengal]] ||Eastern ||3 x 0.2||align="right"|0.6 || ||
|-
|Little Rangit HEP||[[WBSEDCL]] ||[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] ||[[West Bengal]] ||Eastern||2 x 0.1||align="right"|2|| ||
|-
|Fazi HEP||[[WBSEDCL]] ||[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] ||[[West Bengal]] ||Eastern ||1 x 1.2||align="right"|1.2 || ||
|-
|Rinchington HEP||[[WBSEDCL]] ||[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] ||[[West Bengal]] ||Eastern ||2 x 1||align="right"|2 || ||
|-
|Mungpo-Kalikhola HEP||[[WBSEDCL]] ||[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] ||[[West Bengal]] ||Eastern ||3 x 1||align="right"|3 || ||
|-
| [[Purulia Pumped Storage Project|Purulia Pumped Storage]]|| [[WBSEDCL]] || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || 4 x 225 || align="right"|900 || align="center"| ||
|-
| [[Panchet Dam]] ||[[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || [[West Bengal]] || Eastern ||2 x 40 || align="right"|80 || align="center"| ||
|-
| [[Maithon Dam]] ||[[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] || [[Paschim Bardhaman]] || [[West Bengal]]|| Eastern ||3 x 20 || align="right"|60 || align="center"| ||
|}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
{{reflist}}

{{Power Plants of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal]]

Grievance Redressal System

2024-04-30T14:07:16Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Grievance redressal]] {{Rcat shell|
{{R from related word}}
}}

Sivalokanathar temple, Gramam

2024-04-28T23:00:37Z

Harpreet Singh Kohli: creating the location initial version

{{short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sivalokanathar temple
| image = Sivalokanathar temple (4).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|51|00|N|79|24|16|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sivalokanthar([[Shiva]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
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'''Sivalokanathar temple''' (also called '''Thirumundeeswaram''' or '''Sivalokanatha temple, Gramam''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in Gramam, a village in [[Villupuram district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shiva is worshiped as Sivalokanathar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Soundaranayagi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers around one acre and can be entered through a seven-tiered gopuram, the main gateway. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Sivalokanathar and his consort Soundaryanayagi, being the most prominent. All the shrines of the temple are enclosed in large concentric rectangular granite walls.

The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. Chitra Pournami and Aani Thirumanjanam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aaani'' (June–July) are the most prominent festivals celebrated in the temple.

The original complex is believed to have been built by [[Cholas]], while the present masonry structure was built by Vijayanagar kings during the 16th century. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Sivalokanathar temple (19).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Image of the shrines of the temple]]
As per Hindu legend, the [[Dvarapalas]], the gatekeepers named Thindi and Mundi worshipped Shiva at this temple and hence the temple came to be known as Thirumundeeswaram.

As per another legend, a king named Chokkalingam came to the place for hunting during [[Dvapara Yuga]]. He found a strange lotus flower and wanted to attain it. His men were not able to get it and the king shot an arrow at the flower. The flower started bleeding and the whole tank become red. At the sight of the tank turning red, the king fell unconscious. He found a [[Lingam]] on the flower and built a temple around it. Based on the legend, the later kings inscribed the place name as Mouli Gramam, which eventually became Gramam.<ref name=dinamalar/> During the period of [[Appar]] during the 7th century, the presiding deity was called ''Aruttali Mahadevar'', but later came to be known as Sivalokanathasvamin.<ref name=early/>

==History==
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Most of the Chola temples built during the period of 866 and 1004 CE is associated with certain military events or political campaign. During 940 [[Parantaka I]] had frequent trouble from invading [[Rashtrakutas]]. [[Battle of Takkolam|Takkolam War]], dubbed as the greatest war held in the Tamil region, was fought between Cholas and Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Imagery from Early Mediaeval Peninsular India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My8rDwAAQBAJ&q=takkolam+monument&pg=PA257|page=257|last=Verma|first=Archana |publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781351547000}}</ref> There was a military station in the region during the time of Parantaka, which was headed by his son [[Rajaditya Chola]]. The inscriptions from Kannara-deva (Rashtrakuta Krishna III), mentions the Kannaradeva defeating the Cholas and death of Rajaditya during the Takkolam war. Rajaditya was killed with a spear piercing him while he was seated on the elephant. The event gave him the name ''Anai-merrunjina-deva''. The inscriptions from the period of Parantaka mentions that the temple was converted to a stone temple during the reign and the gift of lamps by Rajaditya (mentioned as Vellan Kumaran).<ref name=early/> The temple has various inscriptions from the period of the [[Medieval Cholas]] like [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]], [[Rajendra Chola]], and [[Kulothunga Chola I|Kulothunga Chola]] and [[Pandya]]n kings like Sundarapandithevan and Veerpandithevan. There are other inscriptions from Rashtrakutas, [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagar kings]] like Virupanna Udayar.<ref name=Arasili/> In modern times, the temple is administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is located on the Villupuram - Thiruvennainallur road. The temple has a seven-tiered gateway tower and all the shrines of the temple are enclosed in concentric rectangular granite walls. The temple occupies an area of around {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}}. The central shrine houses the image of Sivalokanathar in the form of [[Lingam]]. The central shrine is approached through the flagstaff, Mahamandapam and Ardhamandapam, all of which are located axial to the gateway. The sanctum is square in shape measuring {{convert|13|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The Ardhamandapa measures {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}} from east to west. The central shrine has entrance towards South and can be approached circumbulating the shrine. The temple tank is located outside the main entrance tower.<ref name=early>{{cite book|title=Early Chola temples Parantaka I to Rajaraja I (AD. 907-985)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf|pages=60–3}}</ref> As in other Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, the shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Murugan]], [[Navagraha]], Chandikesa and [[Durga]] are located in niches around the precinct of the main shrine.<ref name=R/>

==Festivals and religious importance==
[[File:Sivalokanathar temple (5).jpg|250px|thumb|The temple tank in front of the temple]]
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Sambandar]].<ref name=Arasili>{{cite web|title=Thirumundeecharam|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=235|publisher=Thevaaram.org|year=2011|accessdate=14 March 2016}}</ref>

The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m, and ''Arthajamam'' at 8:00 p.m.. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Sivalokanathar and Soundara Nayagi. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Chitra Pournami and Aaani Thirumanjanam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aaani'' (June–July) are the most important festivals of the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sivalokanathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=149|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=174–5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sivalokanathar temple, Thirumundeeswaram}}

{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]