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Hadith of pen and paper

2023-10-04T10:03:25Z

Harman Abrawan: Hadith of pen and paper

{{Short description|Event shortly before Muhammad's death}}
{{hadith}}
{{Islam}}

The '''hadith of pen and paper''' ({{Lang-ar|حديث القلم والورقة|translit=hadīth al-qalam wa'l-waraqa}}) is an incident in which the [[Muhammad|Islamic prophet Muhammad]] expressed a wish to issue a written statement shortly before his death, possibly on a Thursday, but was prevented from doing so. Muhammad's intentions are debated though it is commonly believed that the statement would have formally designated his successor. Possibly because of its ramifications throughout the history of Islam, some have referred to this incident as the Calamity of Thursday ({{lang-ar|رزية يوم الخميس|raziyat yawm al-khamīs}}).

==Narration==

=== Muhammad's request ===
Muhammad became ill in 11 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (632 [[Common Era|CE]]) and his condition worsened reportedly on a Thursday,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}} when he asked for writing materials so that he would "write something, after which you will not be led into error," as related on the authority of [[Ibn Abbas]] in the canonical Sunni collection ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]].''{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=15-6}}

=== Umar's objection ===
The account in ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' continues that Muhammad's [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] [[Umar]] protested, "The illness has overwhelmed the prophet. We have the book of God [<nowiki/>[[Quran]]] and that is enough for us."{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}} In another report by the Sunni [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|230/845}}), Umar instead told those present that Muhammad was raving,{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} as noted also by [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=22}} That Muhammad was told he was delirious also appears in another report by Ibn Sa'd, transmitted similarly by the Sunni [[al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|310/923}}), though this second report is silent about who made that comment. The Sunni [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|774/1373}}) removes Umar from his report altogether, possibly fearing its negative image of Umar.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

=== Quarrel ===
The ''Sahih''<nowiki/>'s report continues that a quarrel then broke out at Muhammad's bedside,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}} with some suggesting that his orders should be followed and some siding with Umar to disregard the prophet's request,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}} adds Ibn Sa'd in his most detailed report.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} As the noise and quarrel increased, Muhammad asked them to leave and did not write anything. In one of Ibn Sa'd's reports, Muhammad's wives demand that his request is fulfilled but are silenced by Umar. Another report of him identifies Muhammad's wife [[Zaynab bint Jahsh|Zaynab]] as the one making this demand.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} Ibn Abbas is quoted in the ''Sahih'' as saying, "The greatest of all calamities is what intervened between the Apostle and his writing."{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}} Some reports instead attribute similar words to Ubayd Allah ibn Abd Allah.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} The phrase '{{Transl|ar|al-raziyya kull al-raziyya}}' is sometimes used in reference to this event.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}}

=== Muhammad's reaction ===
[[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Al-Bukhari]] ({{Died in|256/870}}) and Ibn Sa'd both mention that Muhammad was saddened by the quarrel ({{Transl|ar|wa ghammu rasul Allah}}), while the Sunni al-Diyarbakri ({{Died in|{{circa|960s/1550s}}}}) suppresses this matter in his report but retains Umar's name. In one of Ibn Sa'd's reports, Muhammad reprimanded, "They [the women] are better than you are," after Umar silenced Muhammad's wives who were asking the men to fulfill the prophet's wish.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

=== Muhammad's recommendations ===
Some reports add that Muhammad left three oral instructions in place of a written statement, though they have been recorded differently by various authors.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} One report by Ibn Sa'd lists two of these instructions as driving out the [[Shirk (Islam)|polytheists]] from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and accepting delegations in the same manner as Muhammad had done. The third recommendation is absent, possibly forgotten by his source.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} The [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Shaykh Tabarsi|Tabarsi]] ({{Died in|548/1153}}) reports that the third (missing) instruction was about Muhammad's family, the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{Lit|people of the house}}).{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}} In his account, Muhammad was later asked if he still wished to write something and he replied:{{Blockquote|text=No, not after what you have said! Rather, keep well my memory through kindness to the people of my household. Treat with kindness the people of ''[[Dhimmi |{{transl|ar|dhimmah}}]]'' [namely, Jews and Christians], and feed the poor and {{transl|ar|ma malakat aymanukum}} [slaves].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}}}}Yet another report by Ibn Sa'd on the authority of Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law [[Ali]] lists the three instructions as prayer, [[zakat|{{Transl|ar|zakat}}]] (Islamic alms), and (kindness to) [[ma malakat aymanukum|{{transl|ar|ma malakat aymanukum}}]] (slaves).{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014|p=237}}

==Debates==
There is no dearth of speculation among scholars about what Muhammad intended to write. Shia scholars suggest that it would have been a formal appointment of Ali as the new leader, while Sunni authorities have advanced various alternatives.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}

=== Disobedience ===
Noting that it was Umar who prevented Muhammad from writing his will, the Sunni [[Ibn Hazm]] ({{Died in|456/1064}}) suggests that he only meant good ({{Transl|ar|arada bi-ha al-khayr}}). He also claims that others present agreed with Umar and that the prophet's will must have had no religious significance. Otherwise, he says, Muhammad would have insisted on writing it. The Sunni al-Halabi ({{Died in|1044/1635}}) similarly suggests that Umar only wanted to ease the prophet's task ({{Transl|ar|innama qala dhalika takhfifan ala rasul Allah}}).{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

=== Designation of Abu Bakr ===
Beginning with [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}), many Sunni authors have presented the first [[Caliphate|caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]] as the designated successor, which Muhammad intended to put into writing on his deathbed. In one of al-Baladhuri's reports, Muhammad clearly says so, adding that his writing would prevent discord among Muslims. There is also no mention of Umar and Ali in al-Baladhuri's reports and the focus is on Abu Bakr and his daughter [[Aisha]].{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

The accounts of al-Halabi and Ibn Hazm are similar to that of al-Baladhuri. Al-Halabi relates from Aisha with no further chain of transmission, while Ibn Hazm also expresses his regret about this missed opportunity to designate Abu Bakr, which would have prevented so much bloodshed after Muhammad, in his view.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

Ibn Kathir goes further and presents a highly polemic account of Muhammad's death, adding that he designated Abu Bakr as his successor in his last sermon, an important announcement for which he had to purify himself first.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} The general Sunni belief today is that Muhammad did not appoint a successor.{{Sfn|Keaney|2009|p=125}} Al-Tabari only quotes two short reports about the pen and paper incident.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

=== Designation of Ali ===
In Shia sources, the incident is viewed as a calamity and a missed opportunity to designate Ali as the successor.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}} For instance, the report of [[Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid|al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|413/1022}}) emphasizes Umar's disobedience and that it displeased Muhammad, who verbally reiterated Ali's rights on his deathbed. His account matches the Sunni narrative, according to Miskinzoda, except for the part about Ali.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}}

[[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]] quotes an exchange between Ibn Abbas and Umar in which the latter claimed that Muhammad intended to name Ali as his successor and that he prevented this out of the conviction that [[Arabs]] would revolt against Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=66, 67}} A tradition to this effect is also cited by the Shia [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Tababatai]] ({{Died in|1981}}).{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=158}} This view has been echoed by [[Lesley Hazleton|Hazleton]].{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=49}}

=== Community politics ===
In Sunni Islam, this hadith has also been linked to the rise of the community politics that followed Muhammad's death. By not leaving a will, it is argued, Muhammad had implicitly accepted how the Muslim community ([[ummah|{{transl|ar|umma}}]]) would function after his death. This hadith has thus been linked to the emergence of the Sunni tradition, "My {{transl|ar|umma}} will never agree on an error," an idea perpetuated by the Sunni theologians Ibn Hazm and [[Fatḥ al-Din Ibn Sayyid al-Nās|Ibn Sayyid al-Nas]] ({{Died in|734/1334}}), among others.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} Madelung alternatively argues that the Quran advises the faithful to settle some matters by consultation, but the succession of prophets is not one of them. That matter is settled by divine selection for the past prophets in the Quran, he writes.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=17}}

=== Muhammad's authority ===
For Miskinzoda, the focal point of the story is the question of Muhammad's religious authority, exemplified by Umar's statement, "You have the Quran, the book of God is sufficient for us." In her view, these traditions imply that the Quran is sufficient for the guidance of Muslims after Muhammad.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2014}} In contrast, Hazleton notes that the Quran has been supplemented by the prophetic practice ([[Sunnah|Sunna]]).{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=50}} Shia Muslims add to these the practice of their [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imams]], citing the widely-reported [[Hadith al-Thaqalayn]], in which Muhammad asks Muslims to seek guidance after him from the Quran and his family, the [[Ahl al-Bayt]].{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=|pp=16-7}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=80}}{{sfn|Campo|2009}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Succession to Muhammad]]
* [[Saqifah|Saqifa]]
* [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors|Hadith of twelve successors]]
}}
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|title=After the Prophet: The epic story of the Shia-Sunni split in Islam|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=9780385532099}}
* {{Cite book|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|title=The succession to Muhammad: A study of the early caliphate|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780521646963|pages=41}}
* {{cite book|last=Miskinzoda|first=Gurdofarid|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv9fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT254|title=The Study of Shiʿi Islam: History, Theology and Law|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2014|isbn=978-0-85773-529-4|editor=Farhad Daftary|series=The Study of Shi‘i Islam: History, Theology and Law|chapter=The Story of Pen and Paper and its interpretation in Muslim Literary and Historical Tradition}}
* {{Cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA257|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=9781438126968}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mavani|first=Hamid|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/|title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415624404}}
* {{Cite book|last=Momen|first=Moojan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD4NAQAAMAAJ|title=An introduction to Shi'i Islam|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1985|isbn=9780300035315}}
* {{Cite book|last=Abbas|first=Hassan|title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780300252057|pages=}}
* {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Be5DeNM8d1EC|page=258}} |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |others=Translated by [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr|Sayyid Hossein Nasr]] |year=1975 |isbn=0-87395-390-8 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|editor-first=Juan E.|editor-last=Campo|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/page/124/mode/2up |title=caliph (Arabic: khalifa, deputy, vicegerent)|pages=125–6|year=2009|author-first=Heather N.|author-last= Keaney|publisher=Facts On File}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadith Of The Pen And Paper}}
[[Category:7th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Hadith]]
[[Category:Life of Muhammad]]

Baljeet Kaur

2023-09-10T09:56:06Z

Harman Abrawan: Created an influential manuscript.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
'''Baljeet Kaur''' (born 22 March 2001)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baljeet Kaur Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/baljeet-kaur-profile-6258 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]]. She hails from Punjab.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hockey Punjab |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304053629/http://www.hockeypunjab.com/news.html?news=116 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> She plays for Indian Oil Corporation Limited in the domestic hockey tournaments. She plays as a midfielder.

== Career ==
Baljeet played at the FIH Hockey Women's Junior World Cup 2021 at Potchefstroom, South Africa where India got 4th position. She was part of the team that played at the FIH Hockey5s 3rd Youth Olympics Games 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia – Baljeet Kaur |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/2505256 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.olympedia.org}}</ref> in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where India bagged a silver medal. After the Games, on 21 October 2018, Prime Minister Narender Modi wished her on [https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1053959586594533376?lang=en Twitter.] She was also part of the Indian women's hockey tour of Australia in May 2023 as part of Indian team's preparation for Asian Games. In 2019, she was also part of the Junior Indian team's tour of Chile.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1053959586594533376?lang=en Narender Modi - Twitter]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]

Shivathmika Rajashekar

2023-07-20T13:15:45Z

Harman Abrawan: Shared a valuable publication.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Shivathmika Rajashekar
| birth_date = 22 April 2000
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telengana]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019 — present
| mother = [[Jeevitha]]
| father = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
| family = [[Shivani Rajashekar]] (sister)
}}

'''Shivathmika Rajashekar''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She is a recipient of the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] for ''[[Dorasaani]]'' at the [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIMMA Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=David |title=SIIMA 2021: Check Out Full Winners' List |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> She is the daughter of actors [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Jeevitha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivathmika Rajashekhar holds forth on ‘Dorasani’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shivathmika-rajashekhar-holds-forth-on-dorasani/article28133839.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shivathmika Rajashekar was born on 22, April 2000, in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |title=Tollywood: ఆదమరచిన ఈ చిన్నది అలనాటి స్టార్ హీరో గారాలపట్టి.. ఇప్పుడు ఇండస్ట్రీలో హీరోయిన్.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/guess-this-actress-in-this-photo-she-is-actor-rajashekar-daughter-shivathmika-rajashekar-childhood-photo-950422.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> She began working in film after finishing her 12th grade studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back to the basics |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030819/back-to-the-basics.html}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shivathmika debuted in Telugu cinema with ''[[Dorasaani]]'' alongside [[Anand Deverakonda]]. The film opened to an underwhelming response from the critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Dorasaani’ review: This Anand Deverakonda and Shivathmika starrer is a tragic romance set in Telangana of the 80s |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dorasaani-review-this-anand-deverakonda-and-shivathmika-starrer-is-a-tragic-romance-set-in-telangana-of-the-80s/article28411840.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Dorasani' movie review: A compelling setup bereft of novelty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jul/13/dorasani-movie-review-a-compelling-setup-bereft-of-novelty-2003273.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, her performance received a favourable reception, and she received the Sakshi Excellence Award for Best Debutant,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Excellence Award 2019 & 2020 To Shivathmika Rajasekhar {{!}} Debutant Actress Dorasani {{!}} SakshiTV {{!}} Sakshi Excellence Awards. |url=https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/sakshit/index.php?page=%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81&pageid=10&subpageid=34&subsubpageid=0&id=991 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com}}</ref> the [[20th Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Film Awards]] for Best Debut Actress, and the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS 2021: Mahesh Babu, Rashmika Mandanna & Nani among top honors; Check out the full winners list |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/siima-awards-2021-mahesh-babu-rashmika-mandanna-nani-among-top-honors-check-out-full-winners-list-898655 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Her second release, ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'', marking her Tamil debut<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivathmika Rajashekar is a TV anchor in her K-Town debut film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivathmika-rajashekar-is-an-anchor-in-her-k-town-debut-film/articleshow/80795358.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> opposite [[Gautham Karthik]], received a mixed response.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandham Vilayadum Veedu Review - Routine Family Drama Template |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994457924/Anandham-Vilayadum-Veedu-Review-Routine-Family-Drama-Template |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KUMAR |first=M. BHARAT |title=Review: Anandham Vilayadum Veedu |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2021/12/24/review-anandham-vilayadum-veedu/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=News Today {{!}} First with the news |language=en-US}}</ref> She then starred in the Tamil film ''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'', playing one of the three female leads opposite [[Ashok Selvan]]. The film had a positive critical response.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Nitham Oru Vaanam’ movie review: Ashok Selvan shines in a gentle, breezy travel film |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nitham-oru-vaanam-movie-review-ashok-selvan-shines-in-a-gentle-breezy-travel-film/article66093239.ece |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Nitham Oru Vaanam' movie review: Sincere performances elevate this breezy, feel-good entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/nov/04/nitham-oru-vaanam-movie-review-sincere-performances-elevate-this-breezy-feel-good-entertainer-2514907.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Her subsequent releases were ''[[Panchathantram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |title=Panchathantram Movie Review: A Mixed Tale |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/panchathantram-review-a-mixed-tale-125804 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rangamarthanda Movie Review : Extraordinary performances make this emotional family drama a classic |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rangamarthanda/movie-review/98882212.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Dorasaani]]''
|Devaki Reddy, the ''dorasaani''
|Telugu
|Telugu Debut
|-
|2021
|''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''
|Viji
|Tamil
|Tamil Debut
|-
|2022
|''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]''
|Meenakshi
|Tamil
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Panchathantram]]''
|Lekha
|Telugu
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''
|Bangaram, Raghava Rao's daughter and Rahul's wife
|Telugu
|
|-
|TBA
|''Vidhi Vilasam''
|
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivathmika Rajasekhar's next with Arun Adith titled 'Vidhi Vilasam' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shivathmika-rajasekhars-next-with-arun-adith-titled-vidhi-vilasam/articleshow/73433232.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=8194303}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

BCCI Awards

2023-05-12T17:21:04Z

Harman Abrawan:

{{short description|Annual cricket awards given by BCCI}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
The '''BCCI Awards''' are a set of annual [[cricket]] awards given by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). The awards recognise and honour the best Indian international and domestic cricketers for the past year. The awards were first given in 2006–07. The [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] was first presented in 1994. It is the highest honour bestowed by BCCI on a former player<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2009 |title=Viswanath nominated for CK Nayudu award |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/viswanath-nominated-for-ck-nayudu-award-389637 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |quote=... CK Nayudu lifetime achievement award, the highest honour the Indian board can bestow on a former player.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=I'm no Dhoni or Ganguly, says feted Wadekar |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/im-no-dhoni-or-ganguly-says-feted-wadekar-578630.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |quote=.... CK Nayudu lifetime achievement award, the highest honour the Indian board can bestow on a former player.}}</ref> and is considered as one of the most prestigious awards in cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=Farokh Engineer Feels Hurt at Not Getting C K Nayudu Award |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/farokh-engineer-hurt-over-c-k-nayudu-award-snub |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en |quote=It’s one of the prestigious awards in cricket and I feel bitter about it that I have been ignored.}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Dilip Vengsarkar 'honoured' to receive CK Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-dilip-vengsarkar-honoured-to-receive-ck-nayudu-lifetime-achievement-award-2036335 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en |quote="I feel honoured that I have been chosen for the C K Nayudu award which I guess, is the highest award for cricket in India. I am grateful to the BCCI," Vengsarkar told PTI.}}</ref>

== Tabular list ==
{{Empty section|date=September 2022}}

==List of winners==
===2006–07===
* [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|C. K. Nayudu Award for Lifetime Achievement]]: [[Nari Contractor]] (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Robin Uthappa]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Ranadeb Bose]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-15 cricketer: [[Mandeep Singh]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-17 cricketer: [[Ajay Rana]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-22 cricketer: [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Jaya Sharma]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)

;Other awards
* [[Jhulan Goswami]] was awarded a trophy and a cheque for Rs one lakh for becoming the [[ICC Awards#2007 awards|ICC Women's Cricketer of the Year 2007]].
* [[Anju Jain]] and [[Anjum Chopra]] were given a trophy each for winning the [[Arjuna Award]] in women's cricket for 2006 and 2007 respectively.

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Seniors honoured at BCCI awards|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/awards/20071216.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

===2007–08===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Gundappa Viswanath]] (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Virender Sehwag]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Sudeep Tyagi]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Maharashtra Cricket Association|Maharashtra]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-15 cricketer: [[Ankit Bawne]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-17 cricketer: [[Mandeep Singh]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-22 cricketer: [[Rahul Dewan]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Mithali Raj]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)

;Other awards
* [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] was handed a special award for winning the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] and the [[Padma Shri]].
* [[Harbhajan Singh]] was handed a special award for taking 300 Test wickets and winning the Padma Shri.

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sehwag wins BCCI's top award|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/389865.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

===2008–09===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Mohinder Amarnath]] (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Gautam Gambhir]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Wasim Jaffer]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] & [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]] & [[Punjab Cricket Association|Punjab]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Chirag Khurana]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Harpreet Singh (cricketer, born 1991)|Harpreet Singh]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-22 cricketer: [[Neelkanth Das]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Reema Malhotra]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman junior cricketer: [[Poonam Raut]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[Amish Saheba]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)

;Other awards
* [[Rahul Dravid]] was handed a special award for taking the most catches.
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]] was handed a special award for completing two decades of international cricket.

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Gambhir, Amarnath hog limelight at BCCI awards function|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/119934-gambhir-amarnath-hog-limelight-at-bcci-awards-function|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102052955/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/119934-gambhir-amarnath-hog-limelight-at-bcci-awards-function|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2009–10===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Salim Durani]] (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Manish Pandey]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Maharashtra Cricket Association|Maharashtra]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Baba Aparajith]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Bhargav Merai]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-22 cricketer: [[Natraj Behera]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Thirush Kamini]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman junior cricketer: [[Reva Arora]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[Krishna Hariharan|K. Hariharan]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tendulkar, Durani honoured at BCCI awards|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/517352.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

===2010–11===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Ajit Wadekar]] (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Rahul Dravid]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Railways Cricket Association|Railways]] & [[Delhi District Cricket Association|Delhi]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Vijay Zol]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Avi Barot]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-22 cricketer: [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Jhulan Goswami]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman junior cricketer: [[Mona Meshram]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S. Ravi]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Iqbal Abdulla]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Sumit Narwal]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)

;Other awards
* Dilip Sardesai Award for India's best cricketer in the 2011 Test series in the West Indies: [[Ishant Sharma]]
* Dilip Sardesai Award for India's best cricketer in the 2011 Test series against the West Indies: [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]

Ref:<ref>{{cite news|title=BCCI awards: Dravid to get 'Polly Umrigar' Trophy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/BCCI-awards-Dravid-to-get-Polly-Umrigar-Trophy/articleshow/10840912.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=23 November 2011 |access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

===2011–12===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Sunil Gavaskar]] (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Virat Kohli]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Robin Bist]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Ashok Dinda]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Delhi District Cricket Association|Delhi]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohammad Saif]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Vijay Zol]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-22 cricketer: [[Satyam Choudhary]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Anagha Deshpande]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S. Ravi]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Stuart Binny]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]] (trophy and Rs 100,000)

;Other awards
* [[VVS Laxman]] was handed a special award for his achievements in international cricket.

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohli takes top BCCI award for 2011–12|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/592403.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

===2012–13===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Kapil Dev]] (trophy and Rs 2.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Jiwanjot Singh]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Ishwar Pandey]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Arman Jaffer]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Akshar Patel]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-25 cricketer: [[Karn Sharma]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Thirush Kamini]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Abhishek Nayar]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)

;Other awards
* [[Bapu Nadkarni]], [[Farokh Engineer]], late [[Eknath Solkar]] were handed special awards for outstanding contribution to Indian cricket (trophy and Rs 1.5 million)
* Dilip Sardesai Award for India's best cricketer in the 2013 Test series against the West Indies: [[Rohit Sharma]] (trophy and Rs 500,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/bcci-awards-rohit-sharma-ashwin-ishwar-pandey|title=BCCI Awards: Rohit Sharma, R Ashwin and Ishwar Pandey awarded for their contributions}}</ref>)

Ref:<ref>{{cite news|title=Polly Umrigar award for Ashwin|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/poly-umrigar-award-for-ashwin/article5503936.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2013|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

===2013–14===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] (trophy and Rs 2.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Kedar Jadhav]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Rishi Dhawan]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Maharashtra Cricket Association|Maharashtra]] & [[Railways Cricket Association|Railways]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Shubman Gill]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Balchander Anirudh]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-25 cricketer: [[Rahul Tripathi]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Thirush Kamini]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Parvez Rasool]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Vinay Kumar]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)

;Other awards
* [[Rohit Sharma]] was handed a special award for scoring the highest ODI individual score of 264.

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilip Vengsarkar, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Rohit Sharma Receive BCCI Awards|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/233427-dilip-vengsarkar-bhuvneshwar-kumar-rohit-sharma-receive-bcci-awards|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102052940/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/233427-dilip-vengsarkar-bhuvneshwar-kumar-rohit-sharma-receive-bcci-awards|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2014–15===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Syed Kirmani]] (trophy and Rs 2.5 million)
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Virat Kohli]] (trophy and Rs 500,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Robin Uthappa]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Vinay Kumar]] & [[Shardul Thakur]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Karnataka State Cricket Association|Karnataka]] (trophy)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-16 cricketer: [[Shubman Gill]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: [[Anmolpreet Singh]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-23 cricketer: [[Almas Shaukat]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman cricketer: [[Mithali Raj]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for best woman junior cricketer: [[Devika Vaidya]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Best umpire: [[O. Nandan]] (trophy and Rs 50,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Jalaj Saxena]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Deepak Hooda]] (trophy and Rs 250,000)

Ref:<ref>{{cite news|title=BCCI's top award for Kohli|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bccis-top-award-for-virat-kohli/article8051042.ece|work=The Hindu|date=31 December 2015|access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

===2015–16===
* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Rajinder Goel]] and [[Padmakar Shivalkar]]
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Virat Kohli]]
* BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award For Women: [[Shanta Rangaswamy]]
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Axar Patel]]
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]]
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for highest scorer in Under-23 CK Nayudu Trophy: [[Jay Bista]]
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for highest wicket-taker in Under-23 CK Nayudu Trophy: [[Satyajeet Bachhav]]
* N K P Salve Award for highest scorer in Under-19 [[Cooch Behar Trophy]]: [[Armaan Jaffer]]
* N K P Salve Award for highest wicket-taker in Under-19 Cooch Behar Trophy: [[Ninad Rathva]]
* Raj Singh Dungarpur Award for highest scorer in Under-16 Vijay Merchant Trophy: [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]]
* Raj Singh Dungarpur Award for highest wicket-taker in Under-16 Vijay Merchant Trophy: [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]]
* Jagmohan Dalmiya Award for best woman cricketer: [[Mithali Raj]]
* Jagmohan Dalmiya Award for best woman junior cricketer: [[Deepti Sharma]]
* Best umpire: [[Nitin Menon]]

;Other awards
* Dilip Sardesai Award for India's best cricketer in the 2016 Test series in the West Indies: [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Vaman Kumar]] and late [[Ramakant Desai]] were handed special awards for outstanding contribution to Indian cricket

Ref:<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohli, Ashwin win big at BCCI awards|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/kohli-ashwin-win-big-at-bcci-awards/245005|publisher=Wisden India|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234436/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/kohli-ashwin-win-big-at-bcci-awards/245005|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2016–17 ===

* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Pankaj Roy]]
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Virat Kohli]]
* Best international woman cricketer: [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
* BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award For Women: [[Diana Edulji]]
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Priyank Panchal]]
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Parvez Rasool]]
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Krunal Pandya]]
* Best Cricket Association of the Year for overall performance: [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Mumbai]]
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for highest scorer in Under-23 CK Nayudu Trophy: [[Ekant Sen]]
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for highest wicket-taker in Under-23 CK Nayudu Trophy: [[Karan Kaila]]
* N K P Salve Award for highest scorer in Under-19 [[Cooch Behar Trophy]]: [[Jonty Sidhu]]
* M A Chidambaram Trophy for highest wicket-taker in Under-19 Cooch Behar Trophy: [[Rahul Singh (Assam cricketer)]]
* Raj Singh Dungarpur Award for highest scorer in Under-16 Vijay Merchant Trophy: [[N Thakur Tilak]]
* Raj Singh Dungarpur Award for highest wicket-taker in Under-16 Vijay Merchant Trophy: [[Rohit Dattatraya]]
* Jagmohan Dalmiya Award for best woman cricketer (Sr Domestic): [[Punam Raut]]
* Jagmohan Dalmiya Award for best woman junior cricketer: [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* Best umpire: [[Anil Dandekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/virat-kohli-full-list-bcci-awards|title=Virat Kohli Bags Polly Umrigar Award: Full List of BCCI Awardees|date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

=== 2017–18 ===

* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Anshuman Gaekwad]]
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Virat Kohli]]
* Best international woman cricketer: [[Smriti Mandhana]]
* BCCI Lifetime Achievement Award For Women: [[Sudha Shah]]
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most runs in Ranji Trophy: [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* Madhavrao Scindia Award for most wickets in Ranji Trophy: [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in Ranji Trophy: [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* Lala Amarnath Award for best all-rounder in limited-overs tournaments: [[Diwesh Pathania]]
* BCCI special award : [[Budhi Kunderan]]
*M.A. Chidambaram Trophy for highest run-scorer in C. K. Nayudu Trophy: [[Aryaman Birla]]
*M.A. Chidambaram Trophy for highest wicket-taker in C. K. Nayudu Trophy: [[Tejas Baroka]]
*M.A. Chidambaram Trophy for highest run-scorer in Cooch Behar Trophy: [[Yash Rathod]]
*M.A. Chidambaram Trophy for highest wicket-taker in Cooch Behar Trophy: [[Ayush Jamwal]]
*Jagmohan Dalmiya Trophy for highest run-scorer in Vijay Merchant Trophy: [[Nithish Kumar]]
*Jagmohan Dalmiya Trophy for highest wicket-taker in Vijay Merchant Trophy: [[Reshu Raj]]
*Jagmohan Dalmiya Trophy for best woman cricketer (domestic): [[Deepti Sharma]]
*Jagmohan Dalmiya Trophy for best junior women's player (domestic): [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
*Best umpire in domestic cricket: [[Yeshwant Barde]]
*Best performances in domestic tournaments: [[Delhi & District Cricket Association|Delhi]]
Ref:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/bcci-news/17299/committee-recommends-names-for-bcci-annual-awards|title=The Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

=== 2018–2019 ===

* CK Nayudu Award for lifetime achievement: [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Kris Srikanth]]
* Polly Umrigar Award for international cricketer of the year: [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* Best international woman cricketer: [[Poonam Yadav]]
* Best umpire in domestic cricket: [[Virender Sharma]]
* Best performances in domestic tournaments: [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}{{Award-stub}}{{Cricket-stub}}
[[Category:Cricket awards and rankings]]
[[Category:Indian cricket lists]]

Dilip Vengsarkar

2023-05-12T16:57:48Z

Harman Abrawan:

{{short description|Former Indian cricketer and cricket administrator}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Dilip Vengsarkar
| image = DilipVengsarkar.jpg
| caption = Vengsarkar in 2011
| country = India
| fullname = Dilip Balwant Vengsarkar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|4|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]], [[Bombay State]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[medium pace bowling|medium]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1976–1992
| testdebutdate = 24 January
| testdebutyear = 1976
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 139
| lasttestdate = 5 February
| lasttestyear = 1992
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 21 February
| odidebutyear = 1976
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 19
| lastodidate = 14 November
| lastodiyear = 1991
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1975/76–1991/92}}
| club2 = [[Staffordshire County Cricket Club|Staffordshire]]
| year2 = 1985
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 116
| runs1 = 6,868
| bat avg1 = 42.13
| 100s/50s1 = 17/35
| top score1 = 166
| deliveries1 = 47
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 78/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 129
| runs2 = 3,508
| bat avg2 = 34.73
| 100s/50s2 = 1/23
| top score2 = 105
| deliveries2 = 6
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 37/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 260
| runs3 = 17,868
| bat avg3 = 52.86
| 100s/50s3 = 55/87
| top score3 = 284
| deliveries3 = 199
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 126.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/31
| catches/stumpings3 = 179/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 174
| runs4 = 4,835
| bat avg4 = 35.29
| 100s/50s4 = 1/35
| top score4 = 105
| deliveries4 = 12
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 51/–
| date = 7 February
| year = 2010
| source = http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/35654.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Dilip Balwant Vengsarkar''' {{audio|Dilip_Vengsarkar.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 6 April 1956) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er and a cricket administrator. He was known as one of the foremost exponents of the [[Drive (cricket)|drive]]. Along with [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and [[Gundappa Viswanath]], he was a key player in the Indian batting line up in the late 70s and early 80s. He was a member of the Indian team that won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]].Vengsarkar also led his national side to be the champions of the [[1988 Asia Cup]]. He went on to play until 1992.

At the pinnacle of his career, Vengsarkar was rated as the best batsman in the Coopers and Lybrand rating (a predecessor of the PWC ratings) and he held the number one slot for 21 months until 2 March 1989.<ref>{{Citation|title=Miandad replaces Vengsarkar|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1989-03-03|access-date=2016-10-03|page=16|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage}}</ref> In 2014, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour conferred by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Dilip Vengsarkar 'honoured' to receive CK Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-dilip-vengsarkar-honoured-to-receive-ck-nayudu-lifetime-achievement-award-2036335 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en |quote="I feel honoured that I have been chosen for the C K Nayudu award which I guess, is the highest award for cricket in India. I am grateful to the BCCI," Vengsarkar told PTI.}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Dilip_Vengsarkar_Graph.png|thumb|Vengsarkar's career batting performance]]

Vengsarkar made his international cricket debut against New Zealand at [[Auckland]] in 1975–76 as an opening batsman. India won this Test convincingly, but he did not have much success. Later on he usually batted in the No.3 or No.4 position.

He played a memorable inning in 1979 against Asif Iqbal's Pakistan team in the 2nd Test at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi. Requiring 390 to win on the final day, he led India's chase getting the team very close to a victory. India ended up with 364 for 6, just 26 runs short of what would have been a remarkable win. With [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Kapil Dev]] and [[Roger Binny]] back to the pavilion after the Tea break, Vengsarkar saw himself running out of partners and decided to play the last few overs for a draw. He remained unbeaten on 146.

During the 1978–79 Test Series in India against the West Indies, he was involved in a partnership of over 300 runs with [[Sunil Gavaskar]] at Calcutta, with both batsman scoring centuries.

He was a member of the [[1983 cricket World Cup|1983 World Champion's team]]. He had a productive run of scores between 1985 and 1987, where he scored centuries against [[Pakistan]], Australia, England, [[West Indies]] and [[Sri Lanka]], many of them in successive games.

While the West Indies pacemen dominated the cricket world, Dilip Vengsarkar was one of the few batsmen who was successful against them, and scored 6 centuries against the likes of [[Malcolm Marshall]], [[Michael Holding]] and [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]].

He is currently team mentor and coach for Telugu Warrior team in the Celebrity Cricket League Season 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=CCL 2016 winner: Telugu Warriors beat Karnataka Bulldozers to win Celebrity Cricket League (CCL) 2016 Final|url=http://www.india.com/sports/celebrity-cricket-league-ccl-2016-final-live-score-updates-telugu-warriors-vs-karnataka-bulldozers-946739/}}</ref>

He also scored a century at [[Lord's]] in 1986, thus scoring consecutive [[Test cricket|Test match]] centuries at Lord's in three matches.

==Captaincy==

Vengsarkar took over the captaincy from [[Kapil Dev]] after the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]], despite criticism that he missed the semi-final match due to a stomach disorder resulting from a seafood allergy. Although he started with two centuries in his first series as captain, his captaincy period was turbulent and he lost the job following a disastrous tour of the West Indies in early 1989 and a stand-off with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]).

==Awards==
* Vengsarkar was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] for his on-field performances in 1981
* For his contribution to the Indian cricket the [[Government of India]] decorated him with the [[Padma Shri]] honour in 1987.
* [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] in 1987<ref>{{cite web| access-date=2007-04-02| publisher = [[Wisden Almanack]] | title=Dilip Vengasarkar| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154449.html}}</ref>
* Vengsarkar was awarded the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement award]] by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).<ref>[http://www.affairscloud.com/ck-naidu-lifetime-achievement-award-for-dilip-vengsarkar/ "CK Naidu lifetime achievement award for Dilip Vengsarkar "], "Affairscloud", 21 November 2014.</ref>

==Administrator==
[[File:The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Cambridge_met_cricket_legends_Sachin_Tendulkar_and_Dilip_Vengsarkar_at_the_Oval_Maidan_in_Mumbai_(26337321926).jpg|thumb|Vengsarkar with [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge]], [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]] at the [[Oval Maidan]] in [[Mumbai]]]]

After retiring, Vengsarkar started the Elf-Vengsarkar Academy in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2007-03-14 |publisher=ELF.com |title=Vengasarkar as Match-Referee |url=http://www.elf.co.in/lub/lubin.nsf/VS_OPM/FA1ECEC136A21535C1256F38004DF727?OpenDocument&LG=EN& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111150440/http://www.elf.co.in/lub/lubin.nsf/VS_OPM/FA1ECEC136A21535C1256F38004DF727?OpenDocument&LG=EN& |archive-date=11 January 2007 }}</ref> He became the vice-president of the Mumbai Cricket Association in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| access-date = 2007-03-14| work = Rediff.com| title=Vengasarkar wins MCA Elections| url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/apr/30mca.htm}}</ref> Although, he was the front runner for the post of the [[Indian national cricket selectors|Chairman, Selection Committee]],{{when|date=December 2021}} Dilip opted out because of his policy against zonal representation.{{clarify|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web| date=19 September 1996 | access-date = 2007-04-02| work = Rediff.com| title=Vengasarkar outs out of selection committee| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/72795.html}}</ref> He was appointed the Chairman of the [[Talent Resource Development Wing]] when it was created in 2002 to develop cricket talent within the country.<ref>{{Cite news| access-date = 2007-03-14| title=TRDW – The Way to go| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/30/stories/2006053004941900.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001063817/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/30/stories/2006053004941900.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=1 October 2007| location=Chennai, India| work = [[The Hindu]]| date=30 May 2006}}</ref>
Presently he is Chief Adviser of the Cricket Association of Telangana (CAT).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cricketassociationoftelangana.com/cricketassociationoftelangana-CAT/AboutUs |title=About Cricket Association of Telangana |publisher=Cricket Association of Telagan |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

In March 2006, the BCCI proposed Vengsarkar as a match referee,<ref>{{cite web| access-date = 2007-03-14| publisher = Cricinfo.com| title=Vengasarkar as Match-Referee| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/242245.html}}</ref> but the proposal did not move forward as Vengsarkar accepted the job as chairman of selectors of the BCCI later in the year.<ref>{{cite web| access-date = 2007-03-14| publisher = Cricinfo.com| title=2006/08 Selection Committee Announcement| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/260675.html}}</ref>

He runs three cricket academies, two in Mumbai and one in Pune. These academies give training free of charge to players selected on their skill level.

==In popular culture==
A Bollywood film ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' released in 2021 about the events around India's first World Cup win, at Lords in 1983, features [[Adinath Kothare]] as Vengsarkar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranveer Singh starrer '83: Marathi actor Adinath Kothare to play ace batsman Dilip Vengsarkar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ranveer-singh-starrer-83-marathi-actor-adinath-kothare-to-play-ace-batsman-dilip-vengsarkar-2734662|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='83': Ranveer Singh introduces Adinath Kothare as Dilip Vengsarkar|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/83-ranveer-singh-introduces-adinath-kothare-as-dilip-vengsarkar-120012100477_1.html|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/179528/wonderful-vengsarkar.html Wonderful Vengsarkar]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Kapil Dev]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1987/88 |
after=[[Ravi Shastri]] |
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title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1987/88–1989/90 |
after=[[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] |
}}
{{s-end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Kiran More]] |
title=[[Indian national cricket selectors#Selection committee|Chairman, Selection Committee]] |
years=October 2006 – September 2008 |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vengsarkar, Dilip}}
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Gundappa Viswanath

2023-05-12T16:39:39Z

Harman Abrawan: Added content

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1949)}}
{{for|the Indian chess player also nicknamed "Vishy"|Viswanathan Anand}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gundappa Viswanath
| image =
| image_size =
| full_name = Gundappa Ranganath Viswanath
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|02|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], [[Mysore State]], India
| family = {{ubl|[[Sunil Gavaskar]] (brother-in-law)|[[Rohan Gavaskar]] (nephew)}}
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legbreak
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1969–1983
| testdebutdate = 15 November
| testdebutyear = 1969
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 124
| lasttestdate = 30 January
| lasttestyear = 1983
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 3 April
| odidebutyear = 1974
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 10
| lastodidate = 2 June
| lastodiyear = 1982
| lastodiagainst = England
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 91
| runs1 = 6,080
| bat avg1 = 41.93
| 100s/50s1 = 14/35
| top score1 = 222
| deliveries1 = 70
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 46.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/11
| catches/stumpings1 = 63/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 25
| runs2 = 439
| bat avg2 = 19.95
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 75
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35712.html CricInfo
|height=5 ft 3 in<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising to great heights|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/cricket/sport/story/88596.html|date=3 May 2011|website=[[ESPN]]|quote=Sunil Gavaskar's brother-in-law, and even smaller than him at around 5ft 3in}}</ref>}}

'''Gundappa Ranganath Viswanath''' {{audio|Gundappa_Vishwanath.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 12 February 1949) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er. Vishwanath was rated as one of [[India national cricket team|India]]'s finest batsmen throughout the 1970s. Viswanath played [[Test cricket]] for India from 1969 to 1983, making 91 appearances and scoring more than 6,000 runs. He also played in [[One Day International]]s from 1974 to 1982, including the [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]] of [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]] and [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]].

At state level, he played for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (formerly Mysore) throughout his career. Viswanath, popularly nicknamed '''"Vishy"''', had an elegant and wristy batting style which emphasized timing rather than power. Though he had a complete repertoire of shots around the wicket, Viswanath's choice shot was the square cut, one he often used to great effect against fast bowlers. He regularly fielded at slip.

He is the only cricketer to score a double century on debut in a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match (against Andhra Pradesh in 1967) and a century on debut in a Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29385866/ask-steven-scored-double-century-first-class-debut-hundred-first-test? |title=Who scored a double-century on first-class debut and a hundred in his first Test? |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> In 2008, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Indian board]] can bestow on a former player.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2009 |title=Viswanath nominated for CK Nayudu award |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/viswanath-nominated-for-ck-nayudu-award-389637 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |quote=... CK Nayudu lifetime achievement award, the highest honour the Indian board can bestow on a former player.}}</ref>

==Career and highlights==
On his Test match debut, Viswanath scored a century against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Green Park Stadium|Kanpur]] in 1969 in a drawn match. He also recorded a duck in the same game, one of only four batsmen to have done this in their first match. Viswanath is one of three players to score a century in both his first class and Test debuts. In his subsequent 13 Test innings, he added 13 more centuries, and none of them occurred in a defeat. His best performances tended to come on challenging pitches, and while some of his best innings did not result in centuries, they were still important to the team's success.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/225832.html The genius and the great], Cricinfo.com. Accessed 15 August 2022.</ref>

Against Australia and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], both known for their strong pace attacks, he had a batting average of over 50.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} He was at his peak in the mid-1970s. Against the West Indies at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Madras]] in 1974–75 he scored 97 not out out of a total of 190 against a bowling attack containing [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]]. Despite not being a century, it was regarded as one of the finest performances by an Indian<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/100225.html The 26th anniversary of an immortal innings], Cricinfo.com, 11 January 2001.</ref> and it led to an Indian victory. The [[Wisden 100]] ranked it the 38th best innings of all time, and the second best non-century.<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2001/jul/30bat100.htm Wisden 100 – Top 100 Batsmen], Rediff.com. Accessed 15 August 2022.</ref> He scored a match-winning century in the previous Test at [[Eden Gardens|Calcutta]], but despite a 95 in the final Test at [[Wankhede Stadium|Bombay]] the series was lost 3–2.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Gundappa Viswanath graph.png|right|thumb|350px|Gundappa Viswanath's career performance graph.]]
In 1975–76, Viswanath again produced some strong performances against the West Indies, the most notable of which was his 112 at [[Queen's Park Oval|Port of Spain]] which helped India to reach the victory target of 403. At the time, this was the highest successful run-chase in Test cricket.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/TEAM/HIGHEST_FOURTH_INNS.html Tests – Highest Fourth Innings Totals] from Cricinfo.com</ref> In 1978–79 at Madras he again top scored with 124 out of a total of 255. India went on to win the match which ultimately led to a 1–0 series victory in the 6-match series, although this West Indian side was considerably weaker than in previous series after many players opted to play in [[World Series Cricket]] instead.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In the 1982–83 season Test Series in Pakistan, Viswanath was part of the team which lost the series 3–0. Viswanath was one of the Indian batsmen who did not fare well mostly due to controversial decisions by the Pakistani umpires who were known to be biased towards their own bowlers. This kind of bias towards the home team finally lead to the introduction of neutral umpires in the year 1994 with one neutral umpire in test match and from 2002 both umpires have been the neutral in test match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2014/dec/17/neutral-home-umpires-test-cricket|title=Neutral umpires and the declaration of independence in Test cricket | Mike Selvey|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

==Captaincy==

Viswanath also had a brief stint as the Indian [[captain (cricket)|captain]] in 1979–80. In the two Tests he captained, one was drawn and one was lost, the latter being the Golden Jubilee Test against [[England cricket team|England]]. In this match he recalled [[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]] to the crease after the umpire had already given him out. Taylor went on to score some vital runs for England helping them to win the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=6 interesting facts about Gundappa Vishwanath|date=12 February 2021|url-access=|url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gundappa-viswanath-turns-72-six-interesting-facts-know-about-cricketer-143289}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In March 1978, Gundappa Viswanath married Kavita, the sister of teammate [[Sunil Gavaskar]].<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |last= Raghavan|first= Dr KN|date=9 May 2022|title=Lesser known facts about Gundappa Viswanath|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/vantage-point/2022/05/08/lesser-known-facts-about-gundappa-viswanath.html|newspaper=On Manorama| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref> They have a son named Daivik and live in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Week">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 March 2022|title=The square cut was not my only shot, writes Gundappa Vishwanath in his book|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/sports/2022/03/19/the-square-cut-was-not-my-only-shot-writes-gundappa-vishwanath-in-his-book.html|newspaper=The Week| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC"/>

==Post retirement==
Viswanath retired from Tests in 1983, and later served as a [[match referee]] for the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] from 1999 to 2004. He was also the chairman of the national selection committee, and also served as the manager of the Indian cricket team. He is also involved in cricket coaching at the [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA) and has served as vice-president of the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] (KSCA).<ref name="CC">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 March 2022|title=Gundappa Viswanath: 15 facts about the stylish Indian batsman|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/gundappa-viswanath-15-facts-about-the-stylish-indian-batsman-512583|newspaper=Cricket Country| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
On 12 March 2022, his autobiography titled 'Wrist Assured' was launched during the opening day of the second Test between India and Sri Lanka in Bangalore. The book was unveiled by his former teammates [[Kapil Dev]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]] in a brief ceremony held during the dinner break of the day/night game.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=12 March 2022|title=IND Vs SL: Gundappa Viswanath's Autobiography 'Wrist Assured' Launched In Bengaluru|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/ind-vs-sl-gundappa-viswanath-s-autobiography-wrist-assured-launched-in-bengaluru-news-186584|newspaper=Outlook| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Viswanath was awarded [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|Col. C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2009 by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] which is one of the highest awards given in Indian cricket.<ref name=":3" /> He also received the [[Arjuna award]] in the year 1977{{endash}}78.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/list-of-indian-cricketers-winning-arjuna-award-485560|title=List of Indian cricketers winning Arjuna Award|date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=35712}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1979/80 |
after=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
}}
{{succession box |
before='''Unknown''' |
title=[[Indian national cricket selectors#Selection committee|Chairman, Selection Committee]] |
years=''Unknown'' – September 1996 |
after=[[Ramakant Desai]] |
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanath, Gundappa}}
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Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan

2023-05-12T16:28:31Z

Harman Abrawan:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Indian name|Venkataraghavan|Srinivasaraghavan}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan

| fullname = Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan
| nickname = Venkat
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|4|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| country = India
| testdebutdate = 27 February
| testdebutyear = 1965
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 110
| lasttestdate = 24 September
| lasttestyear = 1983
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 13 July
| odidebutyear = 1974
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 8
| lastodidate = 7 April
| lastodiyear = 1983
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt = 79
| club2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| year2 = 1970–1985
| club3 = [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]]
| year3 = 1973–1975
| club1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
| year1 = 1963–1970
| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 73
| umptestdebutyr = 1993
| umptestlastyr = 2004
| odisumpired = 52
| umpodidebutyr = 1993
| umpodilastyr = 2003
| fcumpired = 79
| umpfcdebutyr = 1990
| umpfclastyr = 2004
| listaumpired = 56
| umplistadebutyr = 1990
| umplistalastyr = 2003
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 57
| runs1 = 748
| bat avg1 = 11.68
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 64
| deliveries1 = 14,877
| wickets1 = 156
| bowl avg1 = 36.11
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 8/72
| catches/stumpings1 = 44/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 15
| runs2 = 54
| bat avg2 = 10.80
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 26[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 868
| wickets2 = 5
| bowl avg2 = 108.40
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/34
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 341
| runs3 = 6,617
| bat avg3 = 17.73
| 100s/50s3 = 1/24
| top score3 = 137
| deliveries3 = 83,548
| wickets3 = 1390
| bowl avg3 = 24.14
| fivefor3 = 85
| tenfor3 = 21
| best bowling3 = 9/93
| catches/stumpings3 = 316/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 71
| runs4 = 346
| bat avg4 = 11.16
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 26[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 3,985
| wickets4 = 64
| bowl avg4 = 35.34
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/31
| catches/stumpings4 = 29/–
| date = 10 March
| year = 2014
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1260/1260.html CricketArchive
}}
'''Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan''' ({{audio|Srinivas_Venkataraghavan.ogg|pronunciation}} (informally '''Venkat''', born 21 April 1945)<ref name=Birth>{{cite web |title=Birthday's today |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/archive/2011-4-21.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421211724/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/archive/2011-4-21.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2011 |work=The Telegraph|location=London |access-date=21 April 2014 |date=21 April 2011 |quote=Mr Srinivas Venkataraghavan, former India cricketer, 66}}</ref> is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. He captained the [[Indian cricket team]] at the first two [[Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cups]], and later became an [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] on the elite [[International Cricket Council]] Test panel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/657430 |title=International cricketers turned umpires |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> His Test career was one of the longest for any Indian player.<ref name="cricpro">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/35656.html|title=Player Profile: Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan |last=Ramchand |first=Partab |publisher=CricInfo |access-date=2009-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/celebrating-venkataraghavan-a-man-of-many-parts/articleshow/75263072.cms | title=Celebrating Venkataraghavan, a man of many parts | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Ruchir Mishra | date=21 April 2020 | accessdate=8 April 2021}}</ref> He also played for [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]] in English county cricket from 1973 to 1975. A qualified engineer and an alumnus of Chennai's famed [[College of Engineering, Guindy]],<ref name="Guindy Alumnus">{{cite web |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%207/the-mr-versatile-of-indian-cricket.html |title=The Mr. Versatile of Indian cricket}}</ref> he is a recipient of the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|C. K. Nayudu Award]] in 2004, the highest honour bestowed by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Playing career==
An [[off spin]] bowler, he was one of the famed [[Indian spin quartet|Indian quartet of spin bowlers]] in the 1970s (the others being [[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]], [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] and [[E.A.S. Prasanna|Erapalli Prasanna]]).<ref name="cricpro" /> He was also a useful tail-end batsman and strong at close fielding.<ref name="cricpro" /> Venkat came on to the Test scene at the age of 20 when he was selected to play against the touring [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] side. By the end of the series he had emerged as a world-class spinner, taking 12 wickets in the Delhi test that led India to victory. He was the vice-captain of the Indian team that toured the [[West Indies]] and England in 1970–71. India won both series. Venkat played an important role, claiming five wickets in the Trinidad Test and 13 wickets in the three Tests in England. He captained India in both the 1975 and 1979 World Cup competitions. He also led India in a four-Test series against England in 1979. In domestic cricket, he led South Zone and Tamil Nadu for over a decade.<ref name="cricpro" />

Venkat retired from [[first-class cricket]] in 1985. He became a cricket administrator and managed the Indian Test side. He was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] in 2003.<ref name="cricpro" />

== Umpiring career ==

Venkat made his international umpiring debut in the [[One Day International]] between India and England at Jaipur on 18 January 1993. He made his Test umpiring debut in the same month, with the match between India and England at [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]]. He gained a place on the inaugural International Umpire Panel when it was formed in 1994, and was selected by the [[International Cricket Council]] on a regular basis to umpire in Test matches away from home as the neutral umpire. In 2002 the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] created an [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires|Elite Panel]] of the top eight umpires, who were employed on a full-time basis and would cover all Test match officiating. Venkat was duly included in the inaugural Elite Panel, of which he remained a member until his retirement in January 2004.

The highlights of his umpiring career include six [[The Ashes|Ashes]] Tests and appointments to three [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]] in 1996, 1999 and 2003. In both the 1996 and 1999 tournaments he was appointed to stand in a semi-final, and was the third umpire of the 1999 World Cup final between [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] and [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] at [[Lord's]]. In total he officiated on-field in 73 Test matches and 52 One-day Internationals during his career.<ref name="cricpro" />

==Education==
Venkataraghavan is an engineering graduate from [[Madras University]].<ref>{{cite web | last =Chatterjee | first =Abhijit | title =Goodbye to a glorious innings | work =The Sunday Tribune | publisher =The Tribune Trust | date =22 February 2004 | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040222/spectrum/main5.htm | access-date =3 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Academic framework for an industry Integration – The Anna University Factor | work =About Us | publisher =SSIET | year =2009 | url =http://www.siet.ac.in/academic.php | access-date =3 April 2012 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120127085352/http://www.siet.ac.in/academic.php | archive-date =27 January 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=35656}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Jr]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1974/75 '''(1 Test Match)''' |
after=[[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Jr]] |
}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1979 |
after=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#ff8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 1975 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1979 Cricket World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataraghavan, Srinivasaraghavan}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Derbyshire cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Vazir Sultan Tobacco cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:College of Engineering, Guindy alumni]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]

Sikhism in Greater Vancouver

2022-09-07T20:49:44Z

Harman Abrawan: Formulated a fresh page structure.

{{short description|Religious community}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sikhism in Greater Vancouver
| image = [[File:Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver.jpg|250px|[[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver]]]]
| image_caption = [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver]]
| pop = 222,160
| total_ref = <ref name="religion2021"/>
| total_year = 2021
| langs = [[Canadian English|English]]{{·}}[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{·}}[[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]]
| rels = [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related_groups = [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]
}}
'''Sikhism in Greater Vancouver''' is one of the main religions across [[Greater Vancouver|the region]], especially among the [[Indo-Canadian]] population. The [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh]] community in Vancouver is the oldest, largest and most influential across Canada, having begun in the late 19th century.<ref name=DusenberyIdeoPubp101>Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 101.</ref>

By 1995, Vancouver had one of the two largest Sikh populations in the world outside of [[Sikhism in India|India]].<ref>International Journal of Punjab Studies, Volume 2. [[SAGE Publications]], 1995. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=izxuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22outside+of+India%22 178]. "[...]and also in the two largest populations of Sikhs outside of India — in Britain, in London, and in Canada, in Vancouver."</ref> In 2003, Sikhs became the largest group in Greater Vancouver who did not practice [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]].<ref>Nayar, ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA3 3].</ref> In 2011, there were 155,945 Sikhs in Greater Vancouver, representing 6.8% of the region's population.<ref name="religion2011"/><ref name=StatsCanada>"[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Annexes]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140904100704/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Archive]). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community''. [[Government of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 2011 Census]</ref>

{{As of|2021|alt=As of [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]}}, the Sikh population in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]] is 222,165, forming 8.5% of the total regional population.<ref name="religion2021"/>

==History==
[[File:Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Sikhs on [[Granville Street]] in Vancouver, 1908]]
[[File:GurdwaraSukhSagar1931.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Queensborough, New Westminster]] Sikh temple, 1931.]]
{{Historical populations
| title = Sikh Population History<br>in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]]
| type = Canada
| align = right
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]''<br /> <ref name="religion1981">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03
|title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838030/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=66&PRID=0&PTYPE=4&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=114&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=68339&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=56&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title= Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|1981 | 22390
|1991 | 48865
|2001 | 99005
|2011 | 155945
|2021 | 222165
}}
At the turn of the century the [[Mayor of Vancouver]] did not permit [[cremation]], so when the first Sikh died in 1907, he could not be cremated in the Vancouver city limits. [[Christian Missionaries|Christian missionaries]] did not permit him to be buried with whites. Even though the missionaries promoted burial, the Sikhs instead cremated the man in a distant wilderness. This prompted Sikhs to establish their own religious institutions.<ref>Hans, p. 221-222.</ref>

Beginning in the 1930s, within the Vancouver area, many clean-shaven, or ''[[sahajdhari]]'', Sikhs began hanging up their hats and entering the gurdwaras with uncovered heads (an akin to men leaving their hats on while attending Christian churches). Turban-wearing, or ''[[Kesadhari|kesdhari]]'', Sikhs objected to this practice.<ref name=JohnstonHughp7>Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.</ref>

Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the [[Indo-Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] community in the Vancouver region.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1>Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.</ref> At that time there were three gurdwaras in Metro Vancouver: the two [[Khalsa Diwan Society]] (KDS) gurdwaras in Vancouver and [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]], and the Akali Singh gurdwara in Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp5>Johnston, Hugh, p. 5.</ref> The political structure of the Sikh community began to shift in the early 1970s since newcomers to politics began vying for influence against established political leaders as immigration increased the size of the community.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> In 1981 there were 22,392 Sikhs in Vancouver, virtually all of them being [[Punjabis|ethnic Punjabi]].<ref name=JohnstonHughp3>Johnston, Hugh, p. 3.</ref> That year, Dusenbery wrote that the maturation of Punjabi Sikhs who were children of immigrants, the increase in immigration, and the rise of [[Gora Sikhs|''gora'']] (White) Sikh converts from Canada and the United States changed the character of the Vancouver Sikh community in the period 1971-1981.<ref name=DusenberyIdeoPubp101/> Several turbanned Sikhs began criticizing the practice of entering gurdwaras with uncovered heads in the 1970s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp8>Johnston, Hugh, p. 8.</ref> By 1977, Vancouver's Sikh community, along with that of the [[Greater Toronto Area]], were one of the two largest Canadian Sikh communities.<ref name=Campbellthesisp4>Campbell, ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations]'', p. 4 (PDF document p. 12/136). "Vancouver and Toronto have the largest Sikh communities and Canada."</ref>

Organizations that favored the establishment of [[Khalistan]] began assuming control of Greater Vancouver gurdwaras after [[Operation Bluestar]] occurred in 1984.<ref>Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 22.</ref> In 1988 Hugh Johnston wrote that in regards to the city's Punjabi community, "being Punjabi is coming to mean, exclusively, being Sikh",<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> and that "it seems likely that Punjabi culture" in Vancouver would be exclusively "an aspect of Sikh identity" and exclude Hindus, who disagreed on the Khalistan issue.<ref name=JohnstonHughp2>Johnston, Hugh, p. 2.</ref>

Around 1995 moderate Sikhs politically challenged more extremist Sikhs in gurdwaras in Vancouver and Surrey. A December 1996 attack on the Guru Nanak temple in Surrey led by extremists and a January 1997 fight occurred.<ref>"[http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=3959879e-8f47-43a4-85bf-12e3862730bb Oct. 28, 2000: Friday's charges came after a 15-year probe]." ''[[The Vancouver Sun]]''. July 30, 2007. Retrieved on December 5, 2014.</ref>

==Varieties of Sikhism==
{{Sikhism sidebar}}Hugh Johnston, in 1988, wrote that there are political divisions and religious divisions within the Sikh community of Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> In 2008 Elizabeth Kamala Nayar stated that Vancouver media reporting on orthodox Sikhs is often negative and that orthodox Sikhs "are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’."<ref name=NAYARmISSP2627>Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 26-27. "[...]while in Vancouver Sikh fundamentalists are portrayed negatively as ‘backward’ and ‘violent’,[...]In fact, in Vancouver, there is not only the link made between fundamentalism and turban-wearers, but the reportage on orthodox Sikhs is generally made in a bad light."</ref> She also stated that journalists of mainstream publications in Canada often conflate "fundamentalist" Sikhism with the pro-Khalistan movement and "moderate" Sikhism with those opposed to the Khalistan movement; she explained that this occurred when the publications discussed religious conflicts in the Sikh community Vancouver as well as conflicts involving Sikhs throughout Canada.<ref name=NAYARmISSP23>Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 23.</ref> Nayar added that in Vancouver the wearing of turbans often is associated with Sikh fundamentalism.<ref name=NAYARmISSP2627/>

[[Gora Sikhs]] (White Sikhs) are present in Greater Vancouver. Many have attempted to gain involvement with Punjabi Sikhs.<ref name=DusenberyMoralp248>Dusenbery, Verne A. "On the Moral Sensitivities of Sikhs in North America" (Chapter 9). In: Lynch, Owen M. ''Divine Passions: The Social Construction of Emotion in India''. [[University of California Press]], 1990. {{ISBN|0520066472}}, 9780520066472. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3HEvGsKflwC&pg=PA239 239]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3HEvGsKflwC&pg=PA248 248].</ref> In her book ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]'', Nayar wrote that "For the most part, the Gora Sikh community functions separately from the Punjabi Sikh community."<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA127 127].</ref> Some Gora Sikhs have criticized a focus on Indian politics and the factionalism within Punjabi Sikh gurdwaras.<ref name="DusenberyMoralp248"/>

==Gurdwaras==
Sikh [[gurdwaras]] (Sikh places of worship) in Vancouver were the city's only community centres for the Indo-Canadians until the 1960s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1>Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.</ref> This meant that the gurdwaras at the time also gave social outlets to Punjabi Hindus and other South Asians.<ref name=JohnstonHughp5/> By 1981, gurdwaras mainly filled religious purposes.<ref>Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 102.</ref> Many major gurdwaras in Greater Vancouver were initially established in isolated areas, but these areas over time became urbanized.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA48 48].</ref>

Sikhs often selected gurdwaras due to religious beliefs, family ties, political beliefs, and/or social reasons, and these were not necessarily gurdwaras that were the closest to them.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10>Johnston, Hugh, p. 10.</ref>

By 1988 there were six gurdwaras within a {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|adj=on}} radius in one area in Vancouver. Four new gurdwaras opened in Metro Vancouver in the 1980s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/>

===Gurdwaras in Vancouver===
The first ''[[gurdwara]]'' in Vancouver opened in 1908. It was founded by the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] (KDS), which was established in 1906,<ref>Nayar, ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA16 16].</ref> This gurdwara was originally on West 2nd Avenue.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep46>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA46 46].</ref> making it Vancouver's oldest Sikh Society.<ref name=PGCp31>Pang, Guek-cheng. ''Culture Shock! Vancouver''. [[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]], August 15, 2010. {{ISBN|9814484806}}, 9789814484800. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31].</ref> In 1969 it moved to the intersection of Southwest Marine Drive and Ross Street,<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep46/> in [[South Vancouver]].<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48/>

The Akali Singh Gurdwara is in [[East Vancouver]], along Skeena Street.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48/> It opened in 1952 in response to a religious dispute. Around the time it opened, the Akali Singh Gurdwara did not permit people who had no facial hair from being a part of its management committee, but it allowed them to be a part of the auditing committee and some of the individuals who gave significant amounts of money to the gurdwara were clean-shaven.<ref name=JohnstonHughp6>Johnston, Hugh, p. 6.</ref> The construction of the current gurdwara, valued at 1.5-2 million dollars, began construction in 1981.<ref name=JohnstonHughp910>Johnston, Hugh, p. 9-10.</ref> Previously the revenue of the Akali Singh gurdwara was equal to that of the KDS,<ref name=JohnstonHughp9>Johnston, Hugh, p. 9.</ref> but around the time of the new gurdwara construction, a takeover of the gurdwara was attempted. The gurdwara prevented an internal takeover by restricting election participation to persons who were not members of other Sikh societies. As a result, a severe membership split occurred and the size was reduced. The Akali Singh was opposed to the KDS, which had a more militant attitude towards the Khalistan question.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/>

Around 1975, a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] Sikh group purchased the Desh Baghat Mandir centre on Main Street after a failed attempt to seize control of other gurdwaras.<ref name="JohnstonHughp8"/>

===Gurdwaras in suburbs and other municipalities===
Most South Asians in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], as of 2001, are Sikhs.<ref name=Goodp170>Good, Kristin R. ''Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver'' (Volume 34 of Studies in comparative political economy and public policy). [[University of Toronto Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|1442609931}}, 9781442609938. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PA170 170].</ref> The Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara is on Scott Road in the City of Surrey.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48/> As of 2011 in regards to its orthodoxy it is a "moderate" gurdwara.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep49>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA49 49].</ref> As of 2004 it had 37,000 members, making it one of North America's largest Sikh temples.<ref>Brown, DeNeen L. "Vancouver Struggles With Gang Violence]." ''[[Washington Post]]''. Thursday July 22, 2004. p. A12. Online p. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4162-2004Jul21.html 1] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141103075150/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4162-2004Jul21.html Archive]). Retrieved on November 3, 2014.</ref> [[Gurdwara Dasmesh Darbar|Dasmesh Darbar Gurdwara]] is an orthodox gurdwara in Surrey.<ref name="NayarSikhSpacep4950">Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA49 49]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA50 50].</ref>

The [[Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara]] was established in [[North Delta, British Columbia|North Delta]] in 1973 by the Guru Nanak Sikh Society in order to serve the around 200 Sikh families living in the Surrey-[[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]] area.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> The society itself, the Guru Nanak Sikh Temple Society of Delta Surrey, opened that year.<ref name=JohnstonHughp18>Johnston, Hugh, p. 18.</ref> The current facility opened in 1981 along Scott Road in Surrey. Due to opposition to the gurdwara from non-Sikhs in Delta, the Delta city government asked the Guru Nanakh Sikh Society to build the new gurdwara in the Surrey side of a property that had been purchased by the society in 1973. In exchange the Delta city government gave access to the Delta sewage system.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep49/> As of 1988 it was largest Greater Vancouver gurdwara building. The gurdwara was receiving a level income slightly below those of the two largest Vancouver-area gurdwaras by 1979.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> Around 1984 the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) took control of the Guru Nanakh Gurdwara. The ISYF was a daughter organization of the World Sikh Organization (WSO), which controlled the KDS.<ref name=NAYARmISSP23/> According to Hugh Johnston, as of 1988 the gurdwara "probably" had the second largest membership in Greater Vancouver, after the KDS.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> In January 1998 a coalition of anti-ISYF Sikhs and Sikhs who favored the Indian Congress wrested power away from the ISYF.<ref name=NAYARmISSP23/>

The KDS had its own branch gurdwara in [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]].<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> In 1974, the New Westminster Khalsa Diwan became its own Sikh society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp18/> Another gurdwara had opened {{convert|5|mi|km|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of the KDS New Westminster and as a result the gurdwara lost membership, but it continued to operate. Hugh Johnston stated that in the 1970s the KDS New Westminster had a "sizeable income".<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/>

The gurdwara of the New Westminster Society is in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]. The previous membership followed Baba Mihan Singh, an individual from [[Doaba]] who had been invited to attend the New Westminster Society after he arrived in Vancouver; the New Westminster Society had employed one of his relatives as a priest. In 1979 the Nananksar Gurdwara, established by followers of Baba Mihan Singh, was being established, sapping membership from the New Westminster Society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10/> As of 1989, the group controlling the KDS also controlled the New Westminster Society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp9>Johnston, Hugh, p. 9.</ref> Since 1984 the Nanaksar Gurdwara attracted Sikhs who were uninterested in politics.<ref name=JohnstonHughp11>Johnston, Hugh, p. 11.</ref>

The Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Temple is a [[dalit]] gurdwara in [[Burnaby]].<ref name=Dalitrej>"[http://www.canada.com/ch/chchnews/story.html?id=28425808-dc96-4290-ae14-47d76db5e271 Temple allowed to restrict members because of class]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224118/http://www.canada.com/ch/chchnews/story.html?id=28425808-dc96-4290-ae14-47d76db5e271 Archive]). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''/[[CanWest News Service]] at [[canada.com]]. July 12, 2008. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref> It opened in 1982.<ref>Chan, Cheryl. "[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/10/we-are-zero-immigrant-says-she-cant-escape-sting-of-indias-caste-system-even-in-canada/ ‘We are zero’: Immigrant says she can’t escape sting of India's caste system, even in Canada]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6TVPhKKCy?url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/10/10/we-are-zero-immigrant-says-she-cant-escape-sting-of-indias-caste-system-even-in-canada/ Archive]). ''[[National Post]]''. October 10, 2013. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref> As of 2008 there were 900 members. Two [[Jat people|Jats]] filed a complaint with the [[British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal]] after they were denied membership, but the tribunal ruled that the gurdwara was minority-serving and had the right to reject the Jats.<ref name=Dalitrej/>

==See also==
*[[List of Canadian Sikhs]]
*[[Sikhism in Canada]]
* [[Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver]]

==References==
* Campbell, Michael Graeme. 1977. ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations]'' (M.A. thesis) ([https://www.webcitation.org/6TRL9q082?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20141019120551/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 Archive]), Political Science Department, [[University of British Columbia]], Vancouver. [https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/20481 Profile at] the UBC
* Dusenbery, Verne A. 1981. "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy: The Impact on Vancouver Sikh Ethnic and Religious Adaptation". In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 13: 3, Winter.
* Hans, Raj Kumar. 2003. "Gurdwara as a Cultural Site of Punjabi Community in British Columbia, 1905 – 1965." In ''Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada'', Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
* Johnston, Hugh. 1988. "The Development of Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961". In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 20:2.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. "The Making of Sikh Space: The Role of the Gurdwara" (Chapter 2). In: DeVries, Larry, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer. ''Asian Religions in British Columbia'' (Asian Religions and Society Series). [[UBC Press]], January 1, 2011. {{ISBN|0774859423}}, 9780774859424. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA43 43].
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora: The Experience of Orthodox Sikhs in Vancouver." ''[[Sikh Formations]]'' 4, No. 1 2008), p. 17-32. - {{doi|10.1080/17448720802075397}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Archive]). In ''[[Urban Geography]]'', Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311] - [https://www.academia.edu/1419124/Three_readings_of_the_turban_Sikh_identity_in_Greater_Vancouver Available at] [[Academia.edu]] and at [[ResearchGate]].

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism in Canada|Greater_Vancouver]]
[[Category:Culture of Vancouver]]
[[Category:Religion in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Greater Vancouver]]

Amateur radio in India

2022-05-16T01:48:25Z

Harman Abrawan: Drafted a new page.

{{Use dmy dates}}
'''Amateur radio''' or [[amateur radio|ham radio]] is practised by more than 22,000 licensed users in [[India]].<ref name="thetribune" /> The first [[amateur radio operator]] was licensed in 1921, and by the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators played an important part in the [[Indian independence movement]] with the establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s. The three decades after India's independence saw only slow growth in the number of operators until the then [[Prime Minister of India]] and amateur radio operator, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (VU2RG), waived the import duty on wireless equipment in 1984. Since then, numbers have picked up, and {{As of|2007|alt=as of 2007}}, there were more than 16,000 operators in the country. Amateur radio operators have played a vital role during disasters and national emergencies such as earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, floods, and bomb blasts, by providing voluntary [[Amateur radio emergency communications|emergency communications]] in the affected areas.<ref name="iexpress">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=56632|title=Bachchan, Gandhi style!|author=Press Trust of India|work=[[Indian Express]]|publisher=Express Group|access-date=23 July 2008}}</ref><ref name="hindu-andaman" /><ref name="sonia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050105/nation.htm#23|title=Sonia helps bridge communication gap|last=Ramchandran|first=Ramesh|work=The Tribune|publisher=The Tribune Trust|access-date=25 July 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080726013722/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050105/nation.htm| archive-date= 26 July 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing]] (WPC)—a division of the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]—regulates amateur radio in India. The WPC assigns call signs, issues amateur radio licences, conducts exams, allots frequency spectrum, and monitors the radio waves. Popular amateur radio events include daily ham nets, the annual [[Hamfest India]], and regular DX contests.

==History==
The first amateur radio operator in India was Amarendra Chandra Gooptu (callsign 2JK), licensed in 1921.<ref name="amcal1">
{{Cite book| last = Missra | first = Avinash | title = Brief History of Amateur Radio in Calcutta
| year = 1996 | place = Kolkata | series = Hamfest India '96 Souvenir | url = http://www.qsl.net/vu2msy/india.htm }}</ref><ref name="brianregal">{{cite book|last=Regal|first=Brian|title=Radio: The Life Story of a Technology|publisher=Greenwood Press|pages=77/152|isbn=0-313-33167-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2rNO6FX8o4C&q=amateur+radio+india&pg=PR18|access-date=30 June 2008}}</ref>
Later that year, Mukul Bose (2HQ) became the second ham operator, thereby introducing the first two-way ham radio communication in the country.<ref name="amcal1" /> By 1923, there were twenty British hams operating in India. In 1929, the call sign prefix ''VU'' came into effect in India,{{citation needed}} replacing three-letter call signs. The first [[short wave|short-wave]] entertainment and public broadcasting station, "VU6AH", was set up in 1935 by [[E P Metcalfe]], vice-chancellor of [[Mysore University]].<ref name="amcal1" /><ref name="brianregal" /> However, there were fewer than fifty licence holders in the mid-1930s, most of them British officers in the [[British Indian army|Indian army]].{{Citation needed}}

With the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939, the British cancelled the issue of new licences.<ref name="wr">{{cite web|url=http://www.wr6wr.com/newSite/articles/features/mahatmashams.html |title=The Mahatma's Hams |last=Williamson |first=Owen |publisher=[[WorldRadio]] |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628201331/http://www.wr6wr.com/newSite/articles/features/mahatmashams.html |archive-date=28 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All amateur radio operators were sent written orders to surrender their transmitting equipment to the police, both for possible use in the war effort and to prevent the clandestine use of the stations by [[Axis power|Axis]] collaborators and spies. With the gaining momentum of the [[Indian independence movement]], ham operator [[Nariman Abarbad Printer]] (VU2FU) set up the [[Azad Hind Radio]] to broadcast Gandhian protest music and uncensored news; he was immediately arrested and his equipment seized. In August 1942, after [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched the [[Quit India Movement]], the British began clamping down on the activities of Indian independence activists and censoring the media. To circumvent media restrictions, [[Indian National Congress]] activists, led by [[Usha Mehta]], contacted Mumbai-based amateur radio operators, [[Bob Tanna|"Bob" Tanna]] (VU2LK) and Nariman Printer to help broadcast messages to grass-roots party workers across the country.{{Citation needed}} The radio service was called the "[[Congress Radio]]", and began broadcasting from 2 September 1942 on 7.12 MHz. The station could be received as far as [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese-occupied Myanmar]]. By November 1942, Tanna was betrayed by an unknown radio officer and was forced to shut down the station.<ref name="wr" />

Temporary amateur radio licences were issued from 1946, after the end of World War II. By 1948, there were 50 amateur radio operators in India, although only a dozen were active.<ref name="amcal1" /> Following India's independence in 1947, the first amateur radio organization, the [[Amateur Radio Club of India]] was inaugurated on 15 May 1948 at the [[School of Signals]] at [[Mhow]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="amcal1" /> The club headquarters was later moved to [[New Delhi]], where it was renamed the [[Amateur Radio Society of India]] (ARSI) on 15 May 1954.<ref name="amcal1" /> As India's oldest amateur radio organization,{{Citation needed}} ARSI became its representative at the [[International Amateur Radio Union]].<ref name="iaru">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaru.org/iaru-soc.html|title=Member Societies|publisher=[[International Amateur Radio Union]]|access-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722134245/http://www.iaru.org/iaru-soc.html|archive-date=22 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Partly due to low awareness among the general population and prohibitive equipment costs, the number of licensed amateur radio operators did not increase significantly over the next two decades, numbering fewer than a thousand by 1970.<ref name="amcal2">{{cite book| last = Missra | first = Avinash | title = Brief History of Amateur Radio in Calcutta | year = 1996 | place = Kolkata | series = Hamfest India '96 Souvenir | url = http://www.qsl.net/vu2msy/homebrew.htm }}</ref> [[Continuous Wave|CW]] ([[Morse code]]) and [[Amplitude Modulation|AM]] were the predominant modes at that time. The electronic equipment was mostly [[vacuum tube|valve]]-based, obtained from [[Indian army]] surpluses.<ref name="amcal2" /> During the mid-1960s, the modes of operation saw a change from Amplitude Modulation to [[Single Side Band]] (SSB) as the preferred communication mode. By 1980, the number of amateur radio operators had risen to 1,500. In 1984, then Indian Prime Minister, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], waived the import duty for wireless equipment. After this, the number of operators rose steadily, and by 2000 there were 10,000 licensed ham operators.<ref name="amcal2" /> As of 2007, there are more than 17,000 licensed users in [[India]].<ref name="thetribune">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050304/nation.htm#10|title=Government to promote amateur radio|last=Ramchandran|first=Ramesh|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 July 2008}}</ref>

Amateur radio operators have played a significant part in [[Amateur radio emergency communications|disaster management and emergencies]]. In 1991, during the [[Gulf War]], a lone Indian ham operator in [[Kuwait]], provided the only means of communication between stranded Indian nationals in that country and their relatives in India.<ref name="vu2rvm">{{cite book|last=Verma|first=Rajesh|title=ABC of Amateur Radio and Citizen Band|publisher=EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd|location=New Delhi|year=1999|edition=2|page=11|chapter=1}}</ref> Amateur radio operators have also played a helpful part in disaster management. Shortly after the [[1993 Latur earthquake|1993 Latur]] and [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]s,{{citation needed}} the central government rushed teams of ham radio operators to the epicentre to provide vital communication links. In December 2004, a group of amateur radio operators on [[DX-pedition]] on the Andaman Islands witnessed the [[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]]. With communication lines between the islands severed, the group provided the only way of relaying live updates and messages to stations across the world.<ref name=hindu-andaman>{{cite news
| last = Susarla
| first = Ramesh
| title = Licence to yak
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[N. Ram]]
| date =15 December 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/15/stories/2007121552200300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012647/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/15/stories/2007121552200300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 December 2008
| access-date =23 July 2008 }}</ref>

In 2005, India became one of few countries to launch an [[amateur radio satellite]], the [[HAMSAT]]. The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) launched the [[Miniaturized satellite|microsatellite]] as an auxiliary payload on the [[PSLV]]-6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/sat_summary/hamsat.php |title=AMSAT - VO52 (HAMSAT) Information |work=[[AMSAT]] |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731141914/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/sat_summary/hamsat.php |archive-date=31 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Licence ==
{{Main|Amateur radio licence categories in India}}
The '''Indian Wireless Telegraph (Amateur Service) Amendment Rules, 2009''' lists two license categories:<ref name="sec-5">{{cite web |title=OM L-14011/255/2004-AMT |url=https://saralsanchar.gov.in/circular/HAM/amateur_new_guidelines.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618161924/https://saralsanchar.gov.in/circular/HAM/amateur_new_guidelines.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |publisher=WPC Wing, Ministry of Communications & I.T., Government of India |page= |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
# Amateur Station Operators' Licence (General)
# Amateur Station Operators' Licence (Restricted)

After passing the examination, the candidate can proceed to apply for an amateur radio licence certificate. After clearance, the WPC grants the licence along with the user-chosen call sign.<ref name="cutabove">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-21/india/27883754_1_ham-radio-licence-operators|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018093101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-21/india/27883754_1_ham-radio-licence-operators|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2012|title=Ham operators are a cut above the rest|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> This procedure can take up to 12 months.<ref name="cutabove" />

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! width="30%" | Licence category
! width="5%" | Age
! width="10%" | Power<ref name="annexurev" />
! width="35%" | Examination<ref name="wpc-ap1">Annexure III, Appendix I {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|page=34|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wpc2005">{{cite web
| title = Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Amendment Rules, 2005
| publisher = [[Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing]], Government of India
| date = 9 June 2005
| url = http://www.wpc.dot.gov.in/DocFiles/Para%202%20b.doc
| format = doc
| access-date =23 July 2008}}</ref>
! width="30%" | Privileges
|-
| '''Amateur Station Operators' Licence (Restricted)''' (Formerly Grade II)
| 12
| 10 W on VHF and UHF
50 W on HF
| Minimum score of 40% in each section of the written examination, and 50% overall.
| Terrestrial radiotelephony transmission in [[Very High Frequency|VHF]] and [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]] frequency bands and 12 [[High Frequency|HF]] Bands.
|-
| '''Amateur Station Operators' Licence (General)''' (Formerly Grade I and Advanced)
| 12
| 25 W on VHF and UHF
400 W on HF
| Minimum score of 50% in each section of the written examination, and 55% overall. In addition, a demonstration of proficiency in sending and receiving [[Morse code]] at eight words a minute.
| Radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony transmission [[Very High Frequency|VHF]] and [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]] frequency bands and 12 [[High Frequency|HF]] Bands.
|}

===Examination===
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=270|caption=Examination centres|places=
{{location map~|India|label=[[Mumbai]]|position=right|lat=18.96|long=72.82}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Chennai]]|position=right|lat=13.09|long=80.27}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Delhi]]|position=left|lat=28.35|long=77.13}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Kolkata]]|position=right|lat=22.33|long=88.20}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Bangalore]]|position=bottom|lat=12.58|long=77.35}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]|position=bottom|lat=17.20|long=78.80}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Ahmedabad]]|position=right|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Nagpur]]|position=bottom|lat=21.08|long=79.03}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Ajmer]]|position=bottom|lat=26.27|long=74.42}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Darjeeling]]|position=top|lat=27.03|long=88.16}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]]|position=bottom|lat=26.55|long=83.15}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Jalandhar]]|position=right|lat=31.33|long=75.58}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Panaji]]|position=bottom|lat=15.49|long=73.82}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Shillong]]|position=bottom|lat=25.57|long=91.88}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Mangalore]]|position=left|lat=12.87|long=74.88}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Ranchi]]|position=left|lat=23.35|long=85.33}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Srinagar]]|position=bottom|lat=34.09|long=74.79}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|position=bottom|lat=8.48|long=76.95}}
}}
''Amateur Station Operator's Certificate'' or ''ASOC'' is the examination that needs to be passed to receive an amateur radio licence in India.<ref name="amrules1978">Section 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|page=34|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The exam is conducted by the [[Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing]] (WPC), which comes under the [[Department of Telecommunications]] of the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications]].<ref name="hamradioindia">
{{cite web
| last = VU3WIJ
| title = An Introduction to Amateur Radio
| work = The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978
| url = http://hamradio.in/amateur_radio
| access-date =19 July 2008}}</ref> The examination is held monthly in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]], every two months in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Nagpur]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and every four months in some smaller cities.<ref name="wpc-ax2">Appendix II {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|page=34|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The licence may be awarded to an individual or a club station operated by a group of licensed amateur radio operators.

[[Image:Vu2gmn antenna.jpg|thumb|Antennas at the location of ham operator VU2GMN in Chennai. Knowledge of propagation and antennas is needed to get the licence.]]
The exam consists of two parts:<ref name="amateur">''[[Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules]]''</ref><ref name="wpc-ax1">Annexure III, Appendix I, Section 2.3 {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|page=34|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Part I – Written Test
## Section 1: Radio Theory and Practice
## Section 2: Radio Regulations
# Part II – [[Morse code|Morse]] Test (Not required for Restricted Grade)
## Section 1: Morse Receiving and Sending (Speed: 8 words per minute)
## Section 2: Morse Receiving and Sending (Speed: 8 words per minute)

The written test for the Restricted Grade consists of 50 questions related to radio theory and practice and radio regulations (25 questions in each section), that one must attempt in one hour. The written test for the General Grade consists of 100 questions, with 50 questions in each section, that have to be attempted in two hours. A candidate must score a minimum of 40% (50% for General grade) in each written section, and 50% (60% for the General grade) in aggregate for passing the test.<ref name="wpc-ap1"/>

The application and licensing procedures are done online through the [https://saralsanchar.gov.in/ SaralSanchar] portal, short for Simplified Application For Registration And Licenses, which is a web portal for license management under the [[Department of Telecommunications]].

====Radio Theory and Practice====
The Radio theory and practice syllabus includes eight subtopics:<ref name="amateur" />

The first subtopic is the elementary theory of electricity that covers topics on conductors, resistors, [[Ohm's Law]], power, energy, electromagnets, inductance, capacitance, types of capacitors and inductors, series and parallel connections for radio circuits. The second topic is the elementary theory of alternating currents. Portions include sinusoidal [[alternating current|alternating quantities]] such as peak values, instantaneous values, [[Root Mean Square|RMS]] average values, phase; [[electrical resonance]], and [[quality factor]] for radio circuits. The syllabus then moves on to semiconductors, specifically the construction and operation of valves, also known as [[vacuum tubes]]. Included in this portion of the syllabus are [[thermionic emission]]s with their characteristic curves, [[diode]]s, [[triode]]s and multi-electrode valves; and the use of valves as [[rectifier]]s, oscillators, amplifiers, detectors and frequency changers, stabilisation and smoothing.

Radio receivers is the fourth topic that covers the principles and operation of [[Tuned radio frequency receiver|TRF receivers]] and [[Superheterodyne receiver]]s, [[Continuous Wave|CW]] reception; with receiver characteristics such as [[Sensitivity (radio receiver)|sensitivity]], [[selectivity (radio)|selectivity]] and [[High fidelity|fidelity]]; [[Adjacent-channel interference]] and image interference; [[Automatic Gain Control|AGC]] and [[squelch]]; and [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (S/R). Similarly, the next topic on transmitters covers the principles and operation of low power transmitters; oscillators such as the [[Colpitts oscillator]], [[Hartley oscillator]], [[crystal oscillator]]s, and stability of oscillators.

The last three topics deal with radio propagation, aerials, and frequency measurement. Covered are topic such as wavelength, frequency, nature and propagation of radio waves; ground and sky waves; [[skip distance]]; and [[fading]]. Common types of transmitting and receiving aerials such as [[Yagi antenna]]s, and radiation patterns, measurement of frequency and use of simple frequency meters conclude the topic.

====Radio Regulations====
Knowledge of the [[Indian Wireless Telegraph Rules]] and the [[Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules]] are essential and always tested.<ref name="amateur" /> The syllabus also includes international radio regulations related to the operation of amateur stations with emphasis on provisions of radio regulation nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength, frequency allocation to amateur radio service, measures to prevent [[Interference (communication)|harmful interference]], standard frequency and time signals services across the world, identification of stations, distress and urgency transmissions, amateur stations, [[NATO phonetic alphabet|phonetic alphabets]], and figure code are the other topics included in the portion.

Also included in the syllabus are [[Q code]]s such as QRA, QRG, QRH, QRI, QRK, QRL, QRM, QRN, QRQ, QRS, QRT, QRU, QRV, QRW, QRX, QRZ, QSA, QSB, QSL, QSO, QSU, QSV, QSW, QSX, QSY, QSZ, QTC, QTH, QTR, and QUM; and abbreviations such as AA, AB, AR, AS, C, CFM, CL, CQ, DE, K, NIL, OK, R, TU, VA, WA, and WB.<ref name="sec-5" />

====Morse Code Test====

[[Image:International Morse Code.svg|thumb|Chart of the Morse code letters and numerals]]

Candidates who appear for the General grade licence examination must also take and pass the Morse receiving and sending test simultaneously. There is no Morse test for the Restricted grade. The test piece consists of a plain language passage of 200 letters which may consist of letters, figures and punctuation marks such as the full stop, comma, semicolon, break sign, hyphen and question mark.<ref name="sec-5" />

; Receiving
: Candidates have to receive for five consecutive minutes at a speed of 8 words per minute, the test piece from an audio oscillator keyed either manually or automatically. Accurately receiving a part of the test piece for one consecutive minute is required to pass the receiving test. A short practice piece is sent at the prescribed speed before the start of the test. Making more than five errors disqualifies a candidate. The average words consist of five characters and each figure and punctuation is counted as two characters.

; Sending
: The test piece is similar to the one provided in the receiving section. Candidates are required to transmit by using a straight [[Telegraph key|Morse key]] for five consecutive minutes at the minimum speed of 8 words per minute. A short practice piece is allowed before the test. Candidates are not allowed more than one attempt in the test. Making more than five errors disqualifies a candidate.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Scheduling of the examination<ref name="hamradioindia" />
|-
! width=60% | Place
! Month
|-
| [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]]
| Every month
|-
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and [[Nagpur]]
| January, March, June, August, October and December
|-
| [[Ahmedabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ajmer]], [[Bangalore]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Goa]] (Betim), [[Mangalore]], [[Shillong]], [[Dumka|Ranchi (Dumka)]], [[Srinagar]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Visakhapatnam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].
| January, April, July and October
|}

===Fees===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ License fees for different grades in Indian Rupees<ref name="qsl">{{cite web
| title = Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978
| url = http://www.qsl.net/vu2msy/asocrules.htm
| access-date =19 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
! Grade
!20 Years
! Lifetime
|-
|General Grade
|1000
| 2000
|-
| Restricted Grade
| 1000
| 2000
|}

===Reciprocal licensing and operational restrictions===

Indian amateur radio exams can only be taken by Indian citizens. Foreign passport holders can apply for reciprocal Indian licences based upon a valid amateur radio license from their country of residence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/ham/asocrules.htm |title=ARRL |website=www.vigyanprasar.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120094135/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/ham/asocrules.htm |archive-date=2008-01-20}}</ref>

Indian amateur radio licences always bear mention of location of transmitting equipment. Portable and mobile amateur radio stations earlier required explicit permission from WPC and the fee for mobile endorsement was fixed at ₹200.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wpc.gov.in/content/10_1_Regulations.aspx |title=Regulations:Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing, Government of India |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221051708/http://www.wpc.gov.in/content/10_1_Regulations.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of June 2019, amateur radio stations are allowed to operate anywhere in India except those locations that are restricted by the government from time to time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OM O-11015/01/2019-COP |url=https://arsi.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/OM-NO.P-11015.01.2019-COP-dated07.06.2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618165846/https://arsi.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/OM-NO.P-11015.01.2019-COP-dated07.06.2019.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=WPC Wing, Ministry of Communications, Government of India}}</ref>

Amateur radio operators from [[United States of America]] do not have automatic reciprocity in India. The use of US [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) call-signs is prohibited under Indian law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/reciprocal-permit|title = Reciprocal Permit}}</ref>

==Call-signs==
{{Main|Amateur radio call-signs of India}}
[[File:ARSI QSL card.jpg|thumb|The generic [[QSL card]] created by [[Amateur Radio Society of India|ARSI]] for amateur radio operators in India]]

The [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) has divided the World into [[International Telecommunication Union region|three regions]]; India is located in ITU Region 3. These regions are further divided into two competing zones, the ITU and the [[CQ Amateur Radio|CQ]]. [[Mainland India]] and the [[Lakshadweep Islands]] come under ITU Zone 41 and CQ Zone 22, and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] under ITU Zone 49 and CQ Zone 26. The ITU has assigned to India call-sign blocks 8TA to 8YZ, VUA to VWZ, and ATA to AWZ.<ref name="itu41">{{cite map
|publisher = International Telecommunication Union
|title = ITU Zone 41 Map
|url = http://www4.plala.or.jp/nomrax/ITU/zone41.htm
|access-date = 23 July 2008}}</ref><ref name="cq22">{{cite map
|publisher = International Telecommunication Union
|title = CQ Zone 22 Map
|url = http://www4.plala.or.jp/nomrax/CQ/zone22.htm
|access-date = 23 July 2008}}</ref>

The WPC allots individual call-signs. Indian amateur radio operators are allotted only the ''VU'' call-sign prefix. The ''V'' or Viceroy, series prefix was allotted to British colonies.<ref name="viceroy">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindpress.com/Newsitems.asp?ID=IEH20030803131820&Title=Top+Stories&rLink=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070422121608/http://www.newindpress.com/Newsitems.asp?ID=IEH20030803131820&Title=Top+Stories&rLink=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2007|title=Govt yet to free Indian aircraft from colonial past|work=[[Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> at the [[1912 London International Radiotelegraphic Convention]].<ref name="callsign1913">{{cite web|url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-338492A1.pdf|title=Radio Call Letters: May 9, 1913|publisher=Bureau of Navigation, Department of Commerce, United States|access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

VU call-signs are listed according to licence grade: for General (formerly the Advanced Grade and Grade–I) licence holders, the call-sign prefix is VU2; for Restricted (formerly Grade–II and Grade–II Restricted) licence holders, the prefix is VU3.<ref name="sec-5" /> The VU3 prefix has also been granted to foreigners operating in India. {{As of|2011}}, call-signs consist of only letters, not numerals, and the suffix is three characters long. Examples of Indian amateur radio call-signs are "VU2XYZ" and "VU3EGH".{{Citation needed}}

In addition to individual and club call-signs, the WPC allots temporary call-signs for contests and special events. For example, in November 2007, the WPC temporarily allotted the prefixes ''AT'' and ''AU'' to selected ham operators to mark the anniversary of the birth of radio scientist [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]].<ref name="atu">{{cite web|url=http://www.southgatearc.org/news/november2007/bose_anniversary.htm|title=Special callsigns for Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose anniversary|publisher=Southmate Amateur Radio Club|work=Government of India letter "L-14011/640/ 2007-AMT" dated 2007-09-19"|access-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415232335/http://www.southgatearc.org/news/november2007/bose_anniversary.htm|archive-date=15 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Indian [[Union territory]] (UT) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands are assigned the prefix VU4 and the UT of Lakshadweep is assigned VU7.

Defunct call-signs include CR8 (for [[Portuguese India]]), FN8 (for [[French India]]), and AC3 (for the former kingdom of [[Sikkim]], which merged with India in 1975).<ref name="deleted">{{cite web|url=http://www.ac6v.com/oldprefix.htm|title=Amateur Radio Old Prefixes & Deleted Entities|publisher=ARRL|access-date=23 July 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080804021722/http://www.ac6v.com/oldprefix.htm| archive-date= 4 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

== Organisation ==

The WPC is the only authorised body responsible for regulating amateur radio in India. The WPC has its headquarters in [[New Delhi]] with regional headquarters and monitoring stations in [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), and [[Chennai]] (Madras). It also has monitoring stations in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ajmer]], [[Bangalore]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Goa]] (Betim), [[Mangalore]], [[Shillong]], [[Ranchi]], [[Srinagar]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Visakhapatnam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="wpc-ax2"/> Set up in 1952, the organization is responsible for conducting exams, issuing licences, allotting [[frequency spectrum]], and monitoring the airwaves. It is also responsible for maintaining the rules and regulations on amateur radio.

In India, amateur radio is governed by the [[Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978]], the [[Indian Wireless Telegraph Rules]], the [[Indian Telegraph Act, 1885]] and the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]]. The WPC is also responsible for coordinating with the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] and the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] in running background checks before issuing amateur radio licences.<ref name="wpc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wpc.dot.gov.in/ |title=WPC Home |work=Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723043754/http://www.wpc.dot.gov.in/ |archive-date=23 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Recently, it was announced that the security clearances were no longer required for the issue of amateur licenses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OM R-11014/03/2015-PP |url=https://arsi.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Security_Clearance-OM-R-11014032015-PP.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=WPC Wing, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India}}</ref>

==Allotted spectrum==
{{Main|List of amateur radio frequency bands in India}}
[[File:Vu2gmn antenna.jpg|thumb|Antennas at the location of ham operator VU2GMN in [[Chennai]].]]

The following frequency bands are permitted by the WPC for use by amateur radio operators in India.<ref name="annexurev">Annexure V {{cite web|url=http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|title=The Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Radio) Rules, 1978|year=1979|work=Ministry of Communications, Government of India|publisher=Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi|page=34|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010160640/http://www.arsi.info/images/wpc78full.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sec-5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Frequency Allocation Plan 2018 |url=https://arsi.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/NFAP-2018.pdf |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=WPC Wing, Ministry of Communications, Government of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Band
! Frequency in MHz
! Wavelength
|-
| 6
| 1.820–1.860
| 160 m
|-
| 7
| 3.500–3.700
| 80 m
|-
| 7
| 3.890–3.900
| 75 m
|-
| 7
| 7.000–7.200
| 40 m
|-
| 7
| 10.100–10.150
| 30 m
|-
| 7
| 14.000–14.350
| 20 m
|-
| 7
| 18.068–18.168
| 17 m
|-
| 7
| 21.000–21.450
| 15 m
|-
| 7
| 24.890–24.990
| 12 m
|-
| 7
| 28.000–29.700
| 10 m
|-
| 8
| 50–54
| 6 m
|-
| 8
| 144–146
| 2 m
|-
| 9
| 434–438
| 70 cm
|-
| 10
| 5725–5840
| 5 cm
|}

==Awareness drives==

Indian amateur radio operators number approximately 22,000. Amateur radio clubs across the country offer training courses for the [[Amateur Station Operator's Certificate]]. People interested in the hobby would be advised to get in touch with a local radio club or a local amateur radio operator who can direct them to a club that organises training programmes.

Recently, many amateur radio clubs, such as, the [https://www.indianhams.com/ Indian Institute of Hams], the [[Amateur Radio Society of India]] and the [https://www.siars.org.in/ South India Amateur Radio Society], have conducted physical and virtual training programmes to help more people into taking up amateur radio as one of their hobbies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online classes help boost HAM attendance |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/online-classes-help-boost-ham-attendance/articleshow/89047600.cms |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> These clubs also run awareness campaigns from time to time highlighting the role of amateur radio in disaster management in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The unsung lives of Ham radio operators from Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/the-unsung-lives-of-ham-radio-operators-from-bengaluru-1017033.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Activities and events==
Popular events and activities include [[Amateur Radio Direction Finding]], [[DX-pedition]]s, [[hamfest]]s, [[Jamboree on the Air|JOTA]], [[QRP operation]]s, Contesting, [[DX communication]]s, Light House operation, and Islands on Air. One of the most popular activities is Amateur Radio Direction Finding commonly known as a "[[Transmitter hunting|foxhunt]]".<ref name="cutabove" /> Several clubs across India regularly organize foxhunts in which participants search for a hidden transmitter around the city.<ref name="hindu-fox">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100650230200.htm|title=HAM club organising 'Fox Hunt'|work=The Hindu|publisher=N. Ram|access-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325131250/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100650230200.htm|archive-date=25 March 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> A foxhunt carried out in [[Matheran]] near Mumbai in 2005 by the Mumbai Amateur Radio Society was listed in the 2006 [[Limca Book of Records]] under the entry "most ham operators on horseback on a foxhunt."<ref name="limca">{{cite book|author2=Limca Team|title=Limca Book of Records 2006|publisher=Limca Books|isbn=81-902837-3-1|url=http://www.coca-colaindia.com/limca_book_of_records/default.asp|access-date=5 April 2008|author=editor, Vijaya Ghose.|year=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410164639/http://www.coca-colaindia.com/limca_book_of_records/default.asp|archive-date=10 April 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite being a popular recreational activity among hams, no organization has yet participated in an international event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ardf-r1.org/html/participation_of_societies.html |title=Participation of Societies |year=2003 |publisher=IARU Region I ARDF Working Group |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619095854/http://www.ardf-r1.org/html/participation_of_societies.html |archive-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:200807231359-iia.jpg|thumb|upright|Live satellite images such as this are decoded by amateur radio operators to provide accurate weather reports during heavy rains in cities prone to flooding such as Mumbai.]]
[[Hamfest India]] is an annual event that serves for social gathering and comparison and sales of radio equipment. Most hamfests feature a flea market, where the attendees buy and sell equipment, generally from and for their personal stations. The event also seeks to raise amateur radio awareness in the host city. In 2008, [[Gandhinagar]] hosted the annual hamfest. [[Bangalore]] hosted the hamfest in November 2009. The 2011 hamfest was held at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="iitk-andaman">{{cite journal|title=Lifeline Systems in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2006_Lifeline_EQSpectra.pdf|access-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>

[[Ham net]]s, where amateur radio operators "check into" are regularly conducted across India. Airnet India, Charminar Net, Belgaum Net, Karavali Net and Nite Owl's Net are some of the well-known ham nets in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saquib |title=HF NET India on 40 Meters |url=https://itshamradio.com/hf-net-india-on-40-meters/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=It's HAM RADIO |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Amateur radio clubs==
*'''Mangaluru Amateur Radio Club'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Arun |title=IMA, HAM Radio Club hold talk on 'Emergency Communications' |url=https://newskarnataka.com/events/community/ima-ham-radio-club-hold-talk-on-emergency-communications/17012023 |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=News Karnataka |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dec 19 |first1=Deepthi Sanjiv / |title=In A First, M'lurean Installs Unique Yagi Antenna For Ham Radio {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/mangaluru/in-a-first-mlurean-installs-unique-yagi-antenna-for-ham-radio/articleshow/96331258.cms |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Who's who in India |publisher=Business Press Private Limited |pages=295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNmAAAAMAAJ&q=Mangalore+Amateur+Radio |access-date=13 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> or '''MARC''' is an [[amateur radio]] club based in [[Mangaluru]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jan 12 |first1=Jaideep Shenoy / TNN / Updated |title=Youths to bond with the best – ham radio {{!}} Mangaluru News – Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/mangaluru/youths-to-bond-with-the-best-ham-radio/articleshow/11457175.cms |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Indian Amateur Radio Societies Clubs & Organisations |url=https://itshamradio.com/indian-ham-radio-clubs-and-societies/ |website=It's HAM RADIO |access-date=13 December 2022 }}</ref> The club was founded of 1976<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Release |first1=Press |title=Ham Radio Pioneer B Mahabala Hegde passes away |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/ham-radio-pioneer-b-mahabala-hegde-passes-away/ |website=Mangalorean.com |access-date=29 November 2022 }}</ref> by a group of active hams.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Indian Amateur Radio Societies Clubs & Organisations |url=https://itshamradio.com/indian-ham-radio-clubs-and-societies/ |website=It's HAM RADIO }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://arsi.info/affiliated-clubs/|title=Affiliated Clubs – The Amateur Radio Society of India (ARSI)}}</ref>

MARC engages in a number of activities, including amateur radio homebrew, amateur radio awareness campaigns, and communication support during the land slide, [[flooding]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NITK Amateur Radio facility helping Kudremukh wildlife Region to forest and wildlife conservation {{!}} National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal |url=https://old.nitk.ac.in/news-announcments-tenders/nitk-amateur-radio-facility-helping-kudremukh-wildlife-region-forest-and |work=old.nitk.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jul 15 |first1=TNN / |title=Entrepreneur Ananth Pai dies {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/entrepreneur-ananth-pai-dies/articleshow/70219076.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> MARC works as per the Rules of Wireless and Planning and Coordination Wing (WPC) of the Ministry of Communications, [[Government of India]] (which issues amateur radio licences in India).<ref>{{cite web |title=Wireless Monitor Stations |url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/science-communication-programs/ham-radio/how-to-go-for-ham-radio/wireless-monitoring-stations/}}</ref> The call sign of MARC is '''VU2RDO'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mock Drill Report {{!}} PDF {{!}} Emergency Services {{!}} Public Safety |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/425369770/Mock-Drill-Report |work=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amateur radio frequency bands in India]]
* [[Amateur Station Operator's Certificate]]
* [[Citizens Band radio in India]]
* [[Amateur radio callsigns of India]]

==References==
* Note:{{ref|callsign|*}} Indian call signs do not use numbers as an identifier. This picture is for demonstration purposes only.
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Indian law copyright|Indian Wireless Telegraphs (Amateur Service) Rules, 1978}}
Amendment in Amateur Radio rule 2010 by WPC (actually based on 2009)[http://www.qsl.net/vu2lfa/WPC_Rules_2009.pdf]

==Further reading==
* Verma, Rajesh (1988), ''ABC of Amateur Radio and Citizen Band'', EFY Publications
* Ali, Saad (1985), ''Guide To Amateur Radio In India'', E.M.J. Monteiro
* {{Cite document
| last = Verma
| first = Rajesh
| title = ABC of Amateur Radio and Citizen Band
| publisher = EFY Publications
| year = 1988
}}
* {{Cite document
| last = Ali
| first = Saad
| title = Guide To Amateur Radio In India
| publisher = E.M.J. Monteiro
| year = 1985
}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.hamradioindia.org/amateur_radio/ Ham Radio India]
* [http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/ham/ham.asp Vigyan Prasar - HAM radio]
* [http://www.ards.aismit.org/ Amateur Radio Development Society - HAM radio in Kolkata]
* [https://itshamradio.com/ It's Ham Radio - Amateur Radio News & Blog from India]

{{Amateur radio topics}}

[[Category:Amateur radio in India| ]]
[[Category:Amateur radio licensing|India]]

Sikh art and culture

2022-02-16T04:38:26Z

Harman Abrawan: Wrote an inspiring article.

#REDIRECT [[Sikh culture]]

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