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Johnson Thomaskutty

2026-05-07T17:51:17Z

Harleen singh: new the bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian theologian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = [[Reverend|Reverend Dr]]
| name = Johnson Thomaskutty
| image = Johnson Thomaskutty.png
| caption = Prof. Johnson Thomaskutty
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottarakara]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| education = [[University of Kerala]], [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] [[Senate of Serampore College]], [[Bachelor of Divinity| BD]] [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]], [[Master of Theology|MTh]] [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], [[Master of Theology|ThM]] [[Radboud University Nijmegen]], [[PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]] [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate of Serampore College]], [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], [[Radboud University Nijmegen]]
| thesis_title = The Nature and Function of Dialogue in the Book of Signs (John 1:19–12:50)
| thesis_year = 2014
| doctoral_advisor = [[Jan van der Watt]]
| thesis_url = https://brill.com/display/title/27271
| discipline = New Testament Studies
| sub_discipline = Johannine literature; Dialogical hermeneutics
| workplaces = [[United Theological College, Bengaluru]] [[Union Biblical Seminary]] [[Serampore College]]
| notable_works = ''Dialogue in the Book of Signs'' (Brill, 2015) ''Saint Thomas the Apostle'' (T&T Clark, 2018) ''An Asian Introduction to the New Testament'' (Fortress, 2022) "John: Asia Bible Commentary Series" (Langham, 2025)
| main_interests = Gospel of John, Hermeneutics, Contextual Theology, Asian Biblical Interpretation
| website = https://ntscholarship.wordpress.com/
}}

'''Johnson Thomaskutty''' is an Indian [[New Testament]] scholar and [[theologian]], currently serving as Professor of New Testament and Chairperson of [[Biblical Studies]] at the [[United Theological College, Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnson Thomaskutty, Author at Bible Odyssey |url=https://www.bibleodyssey.org/author/johnson-thomaskutty/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Bible Odyssey |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=R. Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ETBAAAQBAJ&dq=Johnson+Thomaskutty&pg=PA23 |title=Just Keep'in It Real: The Complete Collection of Essays, Notes, Letters, Articles, and Reviews |date=2013-01-04 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-300-59829-9 |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his contributions to [[Johannine literature]], dialogical hermeneutics, and contextual readings of the New Testament in Asia.<ref name="langham">{{cite web |title=Johnson Thomaskutty author profile |url=https://langhamliterature.org/author-bio?author_id=11294 |publisher=Langham Global Library |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N65MzQEACAAJ |title=The Gospel of John: A Universalistic Reading |date=2020 |publisher=Christian World Imprints |isbn=978-93-5148-400-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5h60QEACAAJ |title=John: A Pastoral and Contextual Commentary |publisher=Langham Publishing |isbn=978-1-78641-234-8 |publication-date=2025 |language=en}}</ref> He is currently serving as the editor of [[Bangalore Theological Forum]]. He was invited as a resource person in churches and academic institutions in different parts of India and in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Holland, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Bangladesh, and Nepal.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Profthomaskutty.png|thumb|Johnson Thomaskutty at [[Radboud University]], [[Netherlands]]]]

Dr. Thomaskutty was born in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], to a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malayali Christian]] family. He is an ordained Charismatic minister and an ecumenical theologian hailing from the Indian context.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rob |date=2018-02-27 |title=An Interview with Dr. Johnson Thomaskutty about his new book on "Saint Thomas the Apostle" |url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/blog/interview-dr-johnson-thomaskutty-new-book-saint-thomas-apostle/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Biblical Studies |language=en-GB}}</ref> He earned his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in history at [[University of Kerala]], India. He then earned his Bachelor of Divinity (BD) and Master of Theology (MTh) in New Testament from the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] at [[Faith Theological Seminary, Manakala]], and [[Gurukul Lutheran Theological College]] in [[Chennai]], respectively. He later completed a ThM in New Testament studies at [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], New Jersey, USA, and earned a PhD in New Testament under Prof. [[Jan van der Watt]] from [[Radboud University Nijmegen]] in 2014. His doctoral dissertation was titled ''The Nature and Function of Dialogue in the Book of Signs (John 1:19–12:50)''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radbound |first=Repository |title=De eigen aard en functie van de dialoog in het Boek der Tekenen (Joh. 1:19-12:50) |url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/127858/127858.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=Radbound Repository}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Academic career==
From 2001 to 2004, he served as a lecturer in New Testament and Greek language, and also as a College Chaplain at [[Serampore College]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=About |first=Johnson Thomaskutty |date=2023 |title=EKKLĒSIO-ACADEMICS IN THE JOHANNINE COMMUNITY AS A PARADIGM IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT |url=https://www.biblicalstudies.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/77-98-Ekklesio-Academics-in-the-Johannine-Community.doc-1.pdf |journal=Biblical Studies Journal |volume=05 |issue=4 |pages=77–98 |doi=10.54513/BSJ.2023.5405 |doi-broken-date=13 October 2025 }}</ref>
He then joined the [[Union Biblical Seminary]], Pune, becoming Head of the Department of New Testament, Dean of Biblical Studies, and Dean of Distance Learning (2008–2021).
In 2021, he was appointed Professor of New Testament and later on Chairperson of Biblical Studies at the [[United Theological College, Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A brief glance of Johnson Thomaskutty's 2021 |url=https://ntscholarship.wordpress.com/2021/12/27/a-brief-glance-of-johnson-thomaskuttys-2021/ |website=NT Scholarship Blog |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty-United Theological College, Karnataka – SENATE OF SERAMPORE COLLEGE |url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty-united-theological-college-karnataka/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
He also serves as a Research Associate at the Department of New Testament & Related Literature, [[University of Pretoria]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |date= September 2021|title=Jesus and spirituality: reading the fourth gospel in the light of the Indian culture |journal= Religions|volume=12 |issue=9 |page=780 |doi=10.3390/rel12090780 |doi-access=free |hdl=2263/85252 |language=en |issn=2077-1444|hdl-access=free }}</ref> He is a member of the Society for Biblical Studies in India (SBSI), the [https://www.sabs-site.org/ Society of Asian Biblical Studies] (SABS), the [[Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas]] (SNTS), and the [[Society of Biblical Literature]] (SBL).

==Research interests==
Dr. Thomaskutty's research explores the literary, theological, and cultural dimensions of the New Testament, with a special focus on the [[Gospel of John]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1khdpf0 |title=An Asian Introduction to the New Testament |date=2022 |publisher=Augsburg Fortress |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1khdpf0 |jstor=j.ctv1khdpf0 |isbn=978-1-5064-6269-1}}</ref> His work emphasizes ''dialogue'' as a defining narrative mode in the Johannine writings, interpreting it through polyphonic, polyvalent, and contextual lenses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Arren Bennet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir9dEAAAQBAJ&dq=Johnson+Thomaskutty&pg=PA135 |title=One Gospel, Many Cultures: Doing Theology in Context |date=2022-09-06 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-5064-8540-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |date=2022 |title=Oneness in John 17:1?26 as a Paradigm for Wider Ecumenism and Dialogue |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/THOOIJ |journal=HTS Theological Studies |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=8 |doi=10.4102/hts.v78i3.7838}}</ref> He investigates how conversation functions as both a theological and literary device within the Gospel's structure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |date=2022-01-01 |title=Normal, post-normal and new normal: A theology of hope in John 20:1–29 |url=https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7214 |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=78 |issue=4 |doi=10.4102/hts.v78i4.7214 |issn=2072-8050}}</ref> In addition, he studies the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Thomas tradition]] and the intersections between New Testament texts, apocryphal writings, and early Indian Christianity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfpaEAAAQBAJ |title=Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions |date=2019-08-22 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-567-69005-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Wet |first=Chris L. |date=2021 |title=Review of Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions. Jewish and Christian Texts in Contexts and Related Studies 25 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27133868 |journal=Neotestamentica |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=212–216 |jstor=27133868 |issn=0254-8356}}</ref> A major thrust of his scholarship is the ''decolonization of biblical interpretation and translation'', advocating Asian, linguistic, and cultural frameworks for reading Scripture.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2024 |title=Decolonizing New Testament Translation in the Indian Context: John 10:1–18 in the ''Satya Veda Pusthakam'' |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0142064X241262450 |journal=Asia Journal of Theology |volume=47 |pages=109–127 |publisher=SAGE |doi=10.1177/0142064X241262450 |access-date=6 October 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Thomaskutty's works ''Dialogue in the Book of Signs'' (Brill 2015) and ''Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions'' (T&T Clark 2018) have been extensively cited with academic reviews as a significant contribution to the study of dialogue and characterization in the [[Gospel of John]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomaskutty |first1=Johnson |title=Three Book Reviews: Dialogue in the Book of Signs |url=https://www.academia.edu/35570334 |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=Academia.edu}}</ref> Moreover, his works, such as ''An Asian Introduction to the New Testament'' (edited volume; Fortress 2022) and ''John: A Pastoral and Contextual Commentary'' (Langham 2025) are highly appreciated in the academic and ecclesiastical circles.
He is noted for advancing a ''decolonized hermeneutic'' of the New Testament that integrates Asian linguistic and cultural contexts.<ref name="langham" />

==Selected works==
===Books===
* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |title=John (Asia Bible Commentary) |location=London |publisher=Langham Global Library |isbn=978-1786412348}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2023 |title=The Gospel of John: Contemporary Readings |location=Bengaluru |publisher=Omega Book World |isbn=9789391694661}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2020 |title=The Gospel of John: A Universalistic Reading |location=New Delhi |publisher=Christian World Imprints |isbn=9789351484004}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2018 |title=Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions |series=T&T Clark Jewish and Christian Texts Series 25 |location=London / New York |publisher=Bloomsbury T&T Clark |isbn=9780567672841}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2015 |title=Dialogue in the Book of Signs: A Polyvalent Analysis of John 1:19–12:50 |location=Leiden / Boston |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004301597}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2004 |title=A Critical Review of the New Testament Translation |location=New Delhi |publisher=ISPCK |isbn=8172147899}}
* Thomaskutty, Johnson; Kunz-Lübcke, Andreas; and Zhimomi, Kaholi (2026). Thomaskutty, Johnson; Kunz-Lübcke, Andreas; and Zhimomi, Kaholi (eds.). ''Neighbourhood at Crossroads—Shaping Identity, Minorities, and Politicized Religions: Studies from India, East Africa, and Germany.'' Studies in the Intercultural History of Christianity 173; Lausanne: Peter Lang. [[Special:BookSources/9783631943793|ISBN 9783631943793]].
* {{cite book |last1=Thomaskutty |first1=Johnson |last2=Rajendran |first2=Johnson |editor1-last=Thomaskutty |editor1-first=Johnson |editor2-last=Rajendran |editor2-first=Johnson |year=2025 |title=Indigenous Missional Leadership: A Festschrift in Honour of Late Rev. Dr. Paul V. Gupta |location=Delhi / Chennai |publisher=ISPCK / HBI |isbn=9788119434114}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thomaskutty |first1=Johnson |last2=Vijayan |first2=Laila L. |last3=Gunti |first3=Suresh Kumar |editor1-last=Thomaskutty |editor1-first=Johnson |editor2-last=Vijayan |editor2-first=Laila L. |editor3-last=Gunti |editor3-first=Suresh Kumar |year=2023 |title=JUSTICE KINDNESS HUMILITY: A Festschrift to Rev. Dr. Prof. Chilkuri Vasantha Rao on his Sixtieth Birthday |location=Delhi / Phoenix / Bengaluru |publisher=ISPCK / UCCI / UTC |isbn=9788195848997}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Thomaskutty |editor-first=Johnson |year=2022 |title=An Asian Introduction to the New Testament |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=9781506462691}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Thomaskutty |editor-first=Johnson |editor2-last=Chandrankunnel |editor2-first=Mathew |year=2021 |title=Wider Contextualized Biblical Spirituality |location=New Delhi |publisher=Christian World Imprints |isbn=9789351485506}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Thomaskutty |editor-first=Johnson |year=2019 |title=Serampore Mission: Perspectives in Contexts |location=Delhi / Pune |publisher=ISPCK / UBS |isbn=9789388945066}}

===Book chapters===
*{{cite book
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| date = November 2025
|chapter= The Apocryphal Writings and India
| editor =R. S. Sugirtharajah
| title = The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in India
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| doi = 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197661659.013.0001
| isbn = 978-0-19-766165-9
}}
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2025). "Evangelical and Pentecostal Movements: Ecumenical Challenges and Prospects." In Rajesh Kavalackal; Jomon Mularikkal; Siby Kuriakose Kavattu (eds.). ''Towards an Ecumenical Church: Challenges and Prospects Sixty Years after Vatican II''. Bengaluru: Dharmaram Publications. pp. 143-165. {{ISBN|978-81-982119-5-8}}.

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |chapter=An Intercultural Reading of the Fourth Gospel in the Light of Asian Spiritualities |editor1=A. John Baptist |editor2=Suparna Majumdar Kar |editor3=Paul Newman |editor4=John V. Mathew |editor5=Gnana Patrick |title=Religion and Society: Interdisciplinary Explorations |pages=163–181 |location=Bengaluru |publisher=Omega Book World |isbn=9789348534897}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |chapter=John 1:1–14 as a Genesis Midrash: An Ecological Reading in the Indian Context |editor1=A. John Baptist |editor2=Suparna Majumdar Kar |editor3=Paul Newman |editor4=John V. Mathew |editor5=Gnana Patrick |title=Religion and Society: Interdisciplinary Explorations |pages=183–199 |location=Bengaluru |publisher=Omega Book World |isbn=9789348534897}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |chapter=Echoes of John 17 in Nicaea: A Paradigm for Wider Ecumenism and Dialogue |editor=Mathews George Chunakara |title=Echoes of Nicaea: Enduring Faith and Embracing Unity |pages=62–78 |location=Chiang Mai |publisher=Christian Conference of Asia |isbn=9789627439707}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |chapter=Abstaining from Whatever Deepens Prejudice against the Gospel |editor1=Samuel E. Masters |editor2=Peter de Vries |title=The Serampore Form of Agreement: A Commentary |pages=67–82 |location=West Lorne, Ontario |publisher=H&E Academic |isbn=9781774841655}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |chapter=A Dalit Commentary on John 5:1–47 |editor1=Bethel Krupa Victor |editor2=Joshua Samuel |title=Celebrating Four Decades of Dalit Theology: Essays in Honour of Prof. Aravind P. Nirmal |pages=193–213 |location=Delhi/Bengaluru |publisher=ISPCK and UTC |isbn=9788119434312}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2025 |chapter=A Radical Leadership Model of Jesus in John 2:13–22 |editor1=Johnson Thomaskutty |editor2=Johnson Rajendran |title=Indigenous Missional Leadership: A Festschrift in Honour of Late Rev. Dr. Paul V. Gupta |pages=46–62 |location=Delhi/Chennai |publisher=ISPCK and HBI&C |isbn=9788119434114}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2024 |chapter=Reading the Scripture in ‘Groaning’: A Contextual Biblical Hermeneutic in India Today |editor1=Varaprasad Gosala |editor2=Jeeva Kumar Ravela |title=Deciphering Diverse Liberative Readings in Indian Biblical Studies: A Festschrift in Honour Prof. Rev. Dr. Kondasingu Jesurathnam |pages=63–81 |location=Delhi/Bengaluru/Hyderabad |publisher=Christian World Imprints, Society for Biblical Studies in India, and Theos Publishers |isbn=9789360651800}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2024 |chapter=Metaphors for Salvation in the New Testament and Their Implications in Asia |editor1=Samson L. Uytanlet |editor2=Bennet Lawrence |title=Exploring the New Testament in Asia: Evangelical Perspectives |series=Foundations in Asian Christian Thought |pages=55–78 |location=Carlisle |publisher=Langham Global Library |isbn=9781839737114}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2024 |chapter=Reading John’s Gospel from a Glocal-Mission Perspective |editor1=Mudita Menona Sodder |editor2=Ebenezer D. Dasan |title=Pluriform Mission in the Post-Modern World |pages=150–169 |location=New Delhi |publisher=FOIM and ISPCK |isbn=9788119434930}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2023 |chapter=Ethnomusicology of the New Testament in the Indian Context |editor1=Laila L. Vijayan |editor2=Johnson Thomaskutty |editor3=Suresh Gunti |title=Justice Kindness Humility: A Festschrift in Honor of Chilkuri Vasantha Rao on his Sixtieth Birthday |pages=454–475 |location=Delhi/Phoenix/Bengaluru |publisher=ISPCK, UCCI, and UTC |isbn=9788195848997}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2022 |chapter=Introduction |editor=Johnson Thomaskutty |title=An Asian Introduction to the New Testament |pages=1–4 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=9781506462691}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2022 |chapter=The Gospel of John |title=An Asian Introduction to the New Testament |pages=127–156 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=9781506462691}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2022 |chapter=Re-Reading the Bible from a Management Perspective in a Pandemic/Post-Pandemic VUCA World |editor1=Aby Alexander |editor2=Prasad Phillips |editor3=Reji Samuel |title=Christian Management in a VUCA World: Reflections from a Global Pandemic Context |pages=167–179 |location=Chennai |publisher=Christian Institute of Management |isbn=9788195693436}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2022 |chapter=Culture-Dynamics in the Johannine Community Context |editor=Arren Bennet Lawrence |title=One Gospel, Many Cultures: Doing Theology in Context |pages=135–160 |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=9781506485393}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2022 |chapter=Man Born Blind in John 9:1–41 as a Paradigm of Transformed Christian Living |editor=T. M. Jose |title=Faith and Vision: A Festschrift in Honor of Rev. Dr. T. G. Koshy |pages=29–49 |location=Manakkala |publisher=FTS Publication}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2021 |chapter=‘Gospel’ and ‘Culture’ from a Johannine Community Perspective |editor1=Akumtila Jamir |editor2=Chubamongba Ao |title=Theological and Ethical Issues in Nepal: Papers Presented at Nepal Theological Forum |pages=111–134 |location=Kathmandu |publisher=Samdan Publishers |isbn=9789937093385}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2019 |chapter=Re-Reading the Gospel of John in the Light of William Carey’s Linguistic Methods |title=Serampore Mission: Perspectives in Contexts |pages=94–122 |publisher=ISPCK and UBS |isbn=9789388945066}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2019 |chapter=Faith and Theology in the Johannine Community and in the Reformation: A Paradigm in the Indian Context |title=Glaube und Theologie: Reformatorische Grundeinsichten in der ökumenischen Diskussion (VWGTh 54) |pages=75–96 |publisher=Evangelische Verlagsanstalt |isbn=9783374058068}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2017 |chapter=Reading John’s Gospel as a Jewish-Christian Conflict Narrative: A Paradigm for Contemporary India |title=Religious Freedom and Conversion in India: Papers from the Fourth SAIACS Academic Consultation |pages=139–161 |location=Bangalore |publisher=SAIACS Press |isbn=9789386549068}}

* {{cite book |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |year=2014 |chapter=The Widow’s Offering and Dalit Theology |editor1=Mark Roncace |editor2=Joseph Weaver |title=Global Perspectives on the Bible |pages=249–251 |location=New Jersey |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780205865383}}

===Academic writings===
Thomaskutty has also authored numerous scholarly articles in academic journals and dictionaries. Prominent among them are:
* Thomaskutty, Johnson (January 2026). "Nathanael from an Indian Perspective". ''Bible Odyssey: Society of Biblical Literature''. https://www.bibleodyssey.org/articles/nathanael-from-an-indian-perspective/
* Thomaskutty, Johnson (November 2025). "Christian Religious Education in the Context of Artificial Intelligence". ''Eighth World Humanities Forum (Andong International Convention Centre, South Korea).'' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400075069_Eighth_World_Humanities_Forum_Book
* Thomaskutty, Johnson (May 2025). "Thomas". ''Bible Odyssey: Society of Biblical Literature''. https://www.bibleodyssey.org/articles/thomas/

* {{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Decolonizing New Testament Translation in the Indian Context: John 10:1–18 in the ''Satya Veda Pusthakam'' |journal=Journal for the Study of the New Testament |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=109–127 |date=September 2024 |doi=10.1177/0142064X241262450}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| year = 2023
| title = Ethnomusicological Insights in the New Testament in the Indian Context
| journal = ACTS Theological Journal
| volume = 57
| pages = 41–68
| doi = 10.19114/atj.57.2
| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.19114/atj.57.2
| url-access = subscription
}}

* {{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=A Polyvalent Hermeneutic of John 2:13–25: Theoretical and Exegetical Considerations |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=a8157 |year=2023 |doi=10.4102/hts.v79i1.8157|hdl=2263/96912 |hdl-access=free }}

* Thomaskutty, Johnson (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369440117 "Reading John's Gospel from a Glocal-Mission Perspective"]. ''Biblical Studies Journal'' 5(1): 1-19.
* Thomaskutty, Johnson (2023). "Ekklesio-Academics in the Johannine Community as a Paradigm in the Indian Context". ''Biblical Studies Journal'' 5(4): 77-98. https://www.biblicalstudies.in/index.php/pub/article/view/75

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Oneness in John 17:1–26 as a Paradigm for Wider Ecumenism and Dialogue |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=a7838 |year=2022 |doi=10.4102/hts.v78i3.7838}}

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=The Irony of Ability and Disability in John 9:1–41 |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=a7718 |year=2022 |doi=10.4102/hts.v78i4.7718}}

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Reading John 11:1–45 from a Post-Normal Times Perspective |journal=Acta Theologica |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=139–157 |year=2022 |doi=10.18820/23099089/actat.v42i1.9|hdl=2263/94788 |hdl-access=free }}

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Normal, Postnormal, and New Normal: A Theology of Hope in John 20:1–29 |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=a7214 |year=2022 |doi=10.4102/hts.v78i4.7214}}

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Jesus and Spirituality: Reading the Fourth Gospel in the Light of the Indian Culture |journal=Religions |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=780 |year=2021 |doi=10.3390/rel12090780 |doi-access=free }}

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title='Humanhood' in the Gospel of John |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=a6643 |year=2021 |doi=10.4102/hts.v77i4.6643|doi-access=free }}

*{{cite web
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| year = 2021
| title = New Testament Ethnomusicology in the Indian Context
| website = The Bible and Interpretation
| editor = Mark Elliot
| publisher = University of Arizona
| url = https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/new-testament-ethnomusicology-indian-context-0
}}

*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358126286 "God in the Midst of Pandemic Covid-19: Reflections Based on John 5:1-18"]. ''Biblical Studies Journal'' 3(4): 1-7.

*{{cite web
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| year = 2021
| title = Reading the Fourth Gospel in India
| website = The Bible and Interpretation
| editor = Mark Elliot
| publisher = University of Arizona
| url = https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/reading-fourth-gospel-india
}}

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Reading the Fourth Gospel in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=a6355 |year=2021 |doi=10.4102/hts.v77i4.6355|doi-access=free }}
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2021). [https://www.academia.edu/45082492/Hindi_Book_on_John_Final "Yuhanna Rachita Susamachar [Hindi version of the Introduction to the Gospel of John".] ''Union Biblical Seminary, Pune, India'': 1-50.

*{{cite journal
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| year = 2020
| title = 'New Jubilee' in the Gospel of Luke and Its Implications in the Indian Context
| journal = Asia Journal of Theology
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages = 43–65
| url = https://ajt.atesea.net/ajt/article/view/197/115
}}

*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2020). "'Suffering for Christ': A New Testament Perspective". ''Biblical Studies Journal'' 2(1): 12-24. https://www.biblicalstudies.in/index.php/pub/article/view/58/50

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Characterization of Thomas in the Fourth Gospel |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=a5632 |year=2020 |doi=10.4102/hts.v76i1.5632|doi-access=free }}

*{{cite web
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| year = 2019
| title = Universalistic Style of the Gospel of John
| website = The Bible and Interpretation
| editor = Mark Elliot
| publisher = University of Arizona
| url = https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/universalistic-style-gospel-john
}}

*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2019). "Dialogue as a Literary Genre in the Book of Signs (John 1:19-12:50)". ''Biblical Studies Journal'' 1(2): 1-16. https://www.biblicalstudies.in/index.php/pub/article/view/33/26

*{{cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=Johannine Women as Paradigms in the Indian Context |journal=Acta Theologica |volume=Supplementum 27 |pages=79–100 |year=2019 |doi=10.18820/23099089/actat.Sup27.5|doi-access=free }}
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2019). [https://www.academia.edu/40002144/The_Event_of_Foot_Washing_in_John_13_1_20_as_a_Paradigm_for_Witnessing_Christ_in_the_Nepali_Context "The Event of Footwashing in John 13:1-20 as a Paradigm for Witnessing Christ in the Nepali Context".] ''Doing Theology and Mission in Nepal (AGST Nepal)'': 110-132.

*{{cite journal
| last = Thomaskutty
| first = Johnson
| year = 2017
| title = Biblical Interpretation in the Global-Indian Context
| journal = Fuller Magazine: Reading Scripture Globally
| volume = 8
| pages = 64–68
| url = https://fullerstudio.fuller.edu/biblical-interpretation-global-indian-context/
}}

*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2017). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358283948_Reading_John's_Gospel_in_the_Bangladeshi_Context "Reading John's Gospel in the Bangladeshi Context"]. ''Journal of Asian Evangelical Theology'' 21(1-2): 53-72.

*Thomaskutty, Johnson (2016). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358283944_Reading_John's_Gospel_in_the_Nepali_Context "Reading John's Gospel in the Nepali Context"]. ''Journal of Asian Evangelical Theology'' 20(1): 5-21.
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (Chakkuvarackal, 2002), [https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/44_079.pdf "Glimpses of the 'Feminine' in Indian Religion and Society: A Christian Perspective".] ''Indian Journal of Theology'' 44(1-2): 79-93.
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (Chakkuvarackal, 2002). [https://www.religion-online.org/article/woman-power-in-the-canonical-gospels-a-paradigm-for-the-modern-patriarchal-societies/ "Woman-Power in the Canonical Gospels: A Paradigm for the Modern Patriarchal Societies".] ''Bangalore Theological Forum'' 34(2): 58-77.
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (Chakkuvarackal, 2002). [https://www.religion-online.org/article/important-issues-in-the-translation-of-the-bible-in-the-indian-context/ "Important Issues in the Translation of the Bible in the Indian Context".] ''Bangalore Theological Forum'' 34(1): 163-175.
*Thomaskutty, Johnson (Chakkuvarackal, 2001). [https://www.academia.edu/830818/_The_Message_of_the_Sermon_on_the_Mount_in_the_Multi_Religious_Context_of_India_by_Johnson_Thomaskutty "The Message of the Sermon on the Mount in the Multi-Religious Context of India"]. I''ndian Journal of Theology'' 43(1-2): 42-49.

=== Academic Presentations ===

* Academic Presentation during the One Day National Conference at [https://americancollege.edu.in/departments-2/humanities-and-social-sciences/religion-philosophy-and-sociology-rps-2/ The American College], Madurai (2026): ''Interreligious Engagement and Global Careers: The Expanding Role of Religious Studies''.
*Dehradun Interfaculty Seminar at [https://ntc.edu.in/ New Theological College], Dehradun, Uttarakhand (2026). ''Reading John 1:35-51 from a Spiritual Formation and Mission Perspective in Asia''.
*Eighth [https://whf.kr/eng/main/ World Humanities Forum], Andong, South Korea (2025): ''Christian Religious Education in India in the Context of AI''.
*Fifteenth International Roundtable, organized by [https://asianresearchcenter.org/ Asia Research Center for Religion and Social Communication] at Payap University, Chiang Mai (2025): ''Mediatization of a New Imperial Spirituality in Contemporary India''.
*Keynote Speaker at [https://dvk.in/ Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram], Bengaluru, during the Biblical Theology Seminar (2025): ''A Christocentric Reading of the First Epistle of John''.
*Seminar at [https://kjcblr.org/ Kristu Jyoti College], Krishnarajapuram, Bengaluru, India (2025): ''John 17, Council of Nicaea, and Wider Ecumenism''.
*Academic Presentation during the 79th General Meeting of [https://www.snts.online/ Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas] [SNTS], [https://www.uni-regensburg.de/en/ University of Regensburg], Regensburg, Germany (2025): ''An Indigenous Reading of John 21:1-14 as a Paradigm for the Mukkuvar Communities in India''.
*Faculty Research Seminar at [https://utc.edu.in/ The United Theological College], Bengaluru, India (2025): ''[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/60557/chapter-abstract/540494393?redirectedFrom=fulltext Apocryphal Writings and India]''.
*Presentation during the Founder’s Day Celebration at [https://hbicollege.edu.in/ Hindustan Bible Institute and College], Chennai, India (2025): ''Paradigmatic Servant-Leadership Model based on Romans 1:14-17; Matthew 28:18-20; Mark 10:45; Luke 4:18-19; and John 1:1-18''.
*Presentation during the New Testament Colloquium organized by [https://www.up.ac.za/ University of Pretoria], Pretoria, South Africa (2024): ''An Indigenous Reading of John 21:1-14 as a Paradigm for the Fisherfolk in Kerala''.
*Presentation during the [https://www.cca.org.hk/news/tenth-congress-asian-theologians-cats-x-2024-will-focus-echoes-nicaea-enduring-faith-and Tenth Congress of Asian Theologians (CATS-X)], organized by the [https://www.cca.org.hk/ Christian Conference of Asia] (CCA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2024): ''Echoes of John 17 in Nicaea: A Paradigm for Wider Ecumenism and Dialogue''.
*[https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/ah/article/view/2880 Fellowship of Indian Missiologists]’ (FOIM) Bi-annual Consultation at [https://www.calebinstitute.in/ Caleb Institute], Gurugram, Haryana, India (2024): ''A Hermeneutic of ‘Groaning’ in the Context of Religious Nationalism in India''.
*Presentation to the [https://www.cmch-vellore.edu/chaplaincy/ Chaplains and Medical Practitioners] at [https://www.cmch-vellore.edu/ Christian Medical College] (CMC), Vellore, [[Tamil Nadu]] (2024): ''“Our dear friend Luke, the doctor”: Reading the Third Gospel in a Medical College''.
*Keynote Presentation during “Portraits in Prose: A Writer’s Workshop” jointly organized by [https://dcbasia.org/ Dictionary of Christian Biography in Asia] (DCBAsia) and [https://cgld.org/ Centre for Global Leadership Development] (CGLD) at [https://cgld.org/ Southern Asia Bible College], Kothanur, Bengaluru, India (2024): ''Biographical Interpretation of the Bible''.
*Presentation during the New Testament Guild organized by [https://mcmasterdivinity.ca/ McMaster Divinity College], Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (2024): ''New Testament Scholarship from an Indian/Asian Perspective''.
*[https://ataasia.com/ Asia Theological Association] (ATA) Theological Consultation at [https://www.saiacs.org/ SAIACS], Bengaluru (2024): ''Jesus as Tweeter in the Fourth Gospel: A Pedagogical Paradigm for Digital Natives in the Contemporary Context''.
*The [https://www.sabs-site.org/ Society of Asian Biblical Studies] (SABS) Biennial conference at [https://www.yushanth.org.tw/index Yu-Shan Theological College and Seminary], Hualien, Taiwan (2024): ''[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0142064X241262450?utm_source=researchgate.net&utm_medium=article Decolonizing New Testament Translation in the Indian Context: John 10:1-18 in the Satya Veda Pusthakam]''.
*National Seminar on “Religion and Eco-Concerns: Indian Specific Explorations,” at [https://www.sju.edu.in/ St. Joseph’s University], Bengaluru (2024): ''The Gospel of John from a Creation Theology Perspective''.
*Academic presentation at [https://iicsmokokchung.com/nbc/ Nagaland Bible College], Mokokchung, Nagaland (2024): ''Pedagogy of Jesus in the Farewell Discourses of the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm in the Nagaland/Indian Context''.
*Academic presentation at the [https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research-centres/biblical-studies/ Center for Biblical Studies], [https://www.exeter.ac.uk/ The University of Exeter], Exeter, United Kingdom (2024): ''An Intercultural reading of the Fourth Gospel in the Asian context''.
*Presented a paper during the [https://efbr.net/ EFBR] conference at [https://yarntonmanor.org/ Yarnton Manor], Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom (2024): ''‘Parousia’ and ‘New Jubilee’ in the Lukan Community: A Paradigmatic Reading in the Indian Context''.
*Academic conference organized by [https://fh-hermannsburg-eng.landeskirche-hannovers.de/ University of Applied Sciences for Intercultural Theology at Hermannsburg], Germany (2024): ''‘Jews do not share things in common with Samaritans’: Ethics of the Johannine community and ethos of the Indian Christian spirituality for an inclusive paradigm''.
*International conference organized by the [https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=department/department/deptpage&deptid=19 Department of Christian Studies], [https://www.unom.ac.in/ University of Madras], Chennai (2024): ''Ecumenicals, Evangelicals and Pentecostals: Dialogical Challenges and Prospects''.
*Academic presentation organized by the [https://mission1.org/ephesians-2-gospel-project/ Ephesians 2 project of MissionOne], [[Phoenix, Arizona]], USA (2023): ''Reconciliation as Community Transformation: A Reading of Ephesians 2:11-13''.
*Presentation during the Fourth [https://eurasiaconferences.com/ EURASIA World Conference] on Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences and Education in Bangkok, Thailand (2023): ''A Pedagogy of Emancipation and Transformation in the Asian Context''.
*National Seminar on “Religion and Society in India: Contemporary Multi-Disciplinary Explorations,” at [https://nbclcindia.org/ National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Center] (NBCLC, Bengaluru, 2023): ''An Intercultural Reading of the Fourth Gospel in the Light of Asian Spiritualities''.
*Presentation during the International Consultation on Religion and Culture, organized by [https://lsapikaindonesia.or.id/?lang=en L-SAPIKA], Indonesia (2023): ''An Intercultural Hermeneutics of the Fourth Gospel in the Asian Context''.
*Presentation as Guest Lecturer at [https://fuller.edu/ Fuller Theological Seminary], Pasadena, California (2023): ''A Universalistic Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel''.
*UTC AGM Pre-Council Seminar at [https://utc.edu.in/ United Theological College], Bengaluru (2022): ''Ekklēsio-Academics in the Johannine Community as a Paradigm in the Indian Context''.
*Academic presentation organized by [https://www.woh.org/where-we-work/bhutan/ Bhutanese Theological Association] in Bhutan (2022): ''Reading the New Testament in Bhutan''.
*Academic presentation, organized by the [https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/ Senate of Serampore College] (University), at [https://www.sibs1937.com/ South India Biblical Seminary], Bangarapet, Karnataka (2022): ''The Irony of Ability and Disability in John 9:1-41''.
*A colloquium organized by [https://www.routledge.com/MM-Thomass-Secular-Commentaries-on-Scripture-Exegeting-the-World/Philip/p/book/9781041081371 TransLe (Transforming Leadership) Ministries International], Australia (2021): ''ordinarius hermeneutica'' (''Ordinary Hermeneutics'').
*Professorial Lecture organized by the Doctoral Studies Department and the Administrative Council of [https://utc.edu.in/ The United Theological College], Bengaluru, India (2021): ''Reading John 11:1-45 from a Postnormal Times (PNT) Perspective''.
*International Consultation, organized by [https://cimindia.in/ Christian Institute of Management] (CIM, India) and [https://www.gildlearning.com/ Global Institute for Leadership Development] (GILD, UK, 2021): ''Re-reading the Bible from a Management Perspective in a Pandemic/Post-Pandemic World''.
*Academic Paper presentation in the Lecture series ''[https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/blog/wider-contextualized-biblical-spirituality/ Wider Contextualized Biblical Hermaneutics]'', organized by [[Ecumenical Christian Centre]] (ECC), Whitefield, Bangalore (2020): ''Reading the New Testament in the Pandemic Covid-19 Context''.
*Academic presentation jointly organized by [https://yeshwanthbv.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/nepali-christian-theology-academic-forum-the-outcome/ Nepal Theological Forum] (NTF) and [https://www.agstphil.org/ Asia Graduate School of Theology] (AGST), Kathmandu, Nepal (2020): ''Gospel and Culture: Ethical Implications of the Fourth Gospel in the Nepali Context''.
*Academic Paper presentation during the Golden Jubilee Celebration of [https://ftseminary.com/ Faith Theological Seminary], Manakkala, Kerala (2020): ''‘New Jubilee’ in the Gospel of Luke''.
*Johannine Seminar, organized by [https://christianeducation.csi1947.com/ Christian Education Department, CSI Church, Chennai Diocese], at [https://isibangalore.com/ Indian Social Institute], Bangalore (2019): ''Universalistic Linguistics and Literary Style of the Fourth Gospel''.
*Faculty Seminar at [https://ubs.ac.in/ Union Biblical Seminary], Pune, India (2019): ''Missional-pneumatology of the Fourth Gospel''.
*One Day Seminar, organized by Christian Study Center, [https://www.facebook.com/aalpissa/?locale=sr_RS Asian Academy for Leadership and Peace], and [https://www.facebook.com/MRCdaund/ Mary Retreat Center], Daund, Maharashtra, India (2019): ''Jesus’s Holistic Mission in the Gospel of Mark''.
*Seminar Presentation at [https://www.mtsc.in/ Madras Theological Seminary and College] (MTSC), Chennai, Tamil Nadu (2019): ''Paul and His Social World''.
*Seminar Presentation at [https://www.mtsc.in/ Madras Theological Seminary and College] (MTSC), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (2018): ''The Hermeneutical Principles of the Fourth Evangelist''.
*Academic Presentation, organized by [https://www.facebook.com/p/Nepal-Theological-Academy-100068914958826/ Nepal Theological Academy] (NTA) at [https://nepaltheologicalcollege.org/ Nepal Theological College] (NTC), Satdobato, Kathmandu, Nepal (2018): ''The Event of Footwashing in John 13:1-20 as a Paradigm for Witnessing Christ in the Nepali Context''.
*Center for Mission Studies (CMS) Consultation of [https://ubs.ac.in/ Union Biblical Seminary], Pune, India (2017): ''Faith and Theology in the Johannine Community and in the Reformation: A Paradigm in the Indian Context''.
*Reformation’s 500th Celebration, organized by ''[https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/home Evangelisch-Theologischer Facultätentag (Universität Bonn)]'', ''[https://www.wgth.de/ Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Theologie]'', and ''[https://www.ekd.de/ Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland]'', in Wittenberg, Germany (2017): ''Faith and Theology in the Johannine Community and in the Reformation: A Paradigm in the Indian Context''.
*Presentation to the scholars in residence, organized by [https://tyndalehouse.com/ Tyndale House], Cambridge, UK (2017): ''Saint Bartholomew the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions''.
*Presentation during the National Leaders’ Workshop, organized by [https://www.facebook.com/p/Church-of-God-Ministries-Lalmonirhat-Bangladesh-100064528938511/ Church of God Mission, Lalmonirhat, Bangladesh] (2017): ''Reading John’s Gospel in the Bangladeshi Context''.
*Presentation during the Biannual Conference, organized by [https://www.bsind.org/ Society for Biblical Studies in India] (SBSI) at [https://www.csilite.com/booking.php LITE Centre, CSI Diocese of Madras], Chennai, India (2016): ''Relationship between the Physical/Material and Spiritual in the Gospel according to St. John''.
*Presentation during the ''Doktorklub'', organized by [https://www.saiacs.org/ SAIACS], Bangalore, India (2016): ''Didymus Judas Thomas in the Apocryphal Traditions: The Gospel of Thomas''.
*Ph.D Seminar, organized by [https://ptsem.edu/ Princeton Theological Seminary], New Jersey, USA (2016): ''Love in India: How I Perceive It?''
*Interview by [https://www.hds.harvard.edu/people/karen-l-king Prof. Karen L. King] for the course “[https://harvardonline.harvard.edu/program/world-religions-through-their-scriptures World Religions through Their Scriptures]” at [https://www.hds.harvard.edu/ Harvard Divinity School], Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (2016): ''Saint Thomas Christianity in India''.
*Missiological Colloquium, organized by [https://fuller.edu/school-of-mission-and-theology/center-for-missiological-research/ Center for Missiological Research] (CMR) at [https://fuller.edu/ Fuller Theological Seminary], Pasadena, California, USA (2015): ''Religious Freedom and Conversion in India Today: Reading John’s Gospel as a Jewish-Christian Conflict Narrative''.
*[https://www.saiacs.org/sac/ SAIACS Consultation] in Bangalore, India (2015): ''Religious Freedom and Conversion: Reading John’s Gospel as a Jewish-Christian Conflict Narrative''.
*Student Council 2014-2015 Seminar, organized by [https://www.leonardtheologicalcollege.com/ Leonard Theological College], Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India (2014): ''Glo[b/c]alization and Mission[s]: Reading John's Gospel''.
*Student Council 2014-2015 Seminar, organized by [https://www.leonardtheologicalcollege.com/ Leonard Theological College], Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India (2014): ''Dialogue as a Literary Genre in the Book of Signs [John 1:19-12:50]''.
*Inaugural Session of “[https://ntscholarship.wordpress.com/2014/08/01/nepal-christian-theology-academic-forum/ Nepali Christian Theology Academic Forum],” organized by [https://netsnepal.org/ Nepal Ebenezer Bible College] (NEBC), Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal (2014): ''Reading John’s Gospel into the Nepali Context''.
*Academic Conference on “The Gospel of John as a Genre Mosaic,” organized by [https://cas.au.dk/en/theology Theology Department of Aarhus University], Denmark (2014): ''Dialogue as a Literary Genre in the Book of Signs''.
*Mission Consultation in Dhaka, organized by [https://chogglobal.org/mission-projects/projects-asia-pacific/houseofhope/ Church of God Ministries, Lalmonirhat, Bangladesh] (2014): ''Glo[b/c]alization and Mission: Reading John's Gospel''.
*[https://utcbangalore.blogspot.com/2014/02/bible-darshan-international-bible.html Bible Darshan, an International Conference on the Bible], organized at [https://utc.edu.in/ The United Theological College], Bangalore, India (2014): ''A Dialogue between ‘the Eastern’ and ‘the Western’ in NT Scholarship: A Proposal''.
* Presentation to the Theological Faculty, [https://en.tukampen.nl/ Theological University (Reformed Churches), Kampen, Netherlands] (2013): ''Similarities and Differences between Dialogues in Synoptic Gospels and in John''.
* Presentation at the [https://en.religion.huji.ac.il/ Department of Comparative Religion and Syriac Christianity], [https://en.huji.ac.il/ Hebrew University of Jerusalem], Israel (2013): ''Saint Thomas the Apostle and Syriac Christianity''.
* Presentation at the [https://www.ebaf.edu/en/ École biblique archéologique française, Jerusalem, Israel] (2013): ''Saint Thomas the Apostle in the New Testament Traditions''.
* Presentation to the NT Faculty, [https://www.rug.nl/?lang=en University of Groningen], Netherlands (2012): ''Dialogue in Plato and in John''.
* Presentation at [https://www.cornerstonecollege.eu/ Cornerstone Center for Intercultural Studies, Beugen, Netherlands] (2012): ''Christian Mission in the Plural-Indian Context''.
* NT Faculty Seminar, [https://www.kuleuven.be/english/kuleuven Katholieke Universiteit Leuven], Belgium (2010): ''Dialogical Structure of John 7-8''.
* New Testament Faculty Seminar, [https://www.uva.nl/ Universiteit van Amsterdam], Netherlands (2010): ''Dialogue as a Literary Genre in the Gospel of John''.
* College Seminar at [https://www.leonardtheologicalcollege.com/ Leonard Theological College], Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India (2009): ''A Dalit'' ''Interpretation of Mark 12:38-13:2''.
* Dalit Theology Seminar at [https://bishopscollege.ac.in/ Bishops College], Kolkata, West Bengal (2008): ''A Dalit Reading of Mark 12:38-13:2''.
* West Bengal Inter-Seminary Faculty Seminar at [https://www.morningstarcollegebkp.com/ Morning Star Catholic Seminary], Barrackpore, West Bengal, India (2003): ''Towards a Spirit-Centered Biblical Theology: The ‘From Below’ Aspects of the Holy Spirit''.
* Faculty Research Department of [https://seramporecollege.ac.in/ Serampore College], Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal, India (2003): ''Woman-Power’ in the Canonical Gospels: A Paradigm for Modern Patriarchal Societies''.
* Faculty Research Department of [https://seramporecollege.ac.in/ Serampore College], Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal, India (2002): ''Important Issues in the Translation of the Bible in the Indian Context''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://radboud.academia.edu/JohnsonThomaskutty Johnson Thomaskutty – Academia.edu]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/151949818157846 Academic Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/johnson_thomaskutty/?hl=en Instagram]
* [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-8411 ORCID Profile]
* [https://ntscholarship.wordpress.com/ New Testament Scholarship Worldwide]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2Acq6v0AAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johnson-Thomaskutty ResearchGate]
* [https://www.bibleodyssey.org/author/johnson-thomaskutty/ Bible Odyssey]
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/johnson-thomaskutty-39b3ba35/ LinkedIn]
* [https://x.com/johnsonpune X Twitter]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomaskutty, Johnson}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Pentecostals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Princeton Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Radboud University Nijmegen alumni]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]

Kopargaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:34:32Z

Harleen singh: new first entry initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kopargaon
| map_image = 219-Kopargaon.svg
| map_caption = Ashutosh Kale, present MLA of Kopargaon
| mla = [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmed Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 219
| electors= 289,962
}}

'''Kopargaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=March 18, 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Kopargaon (constituency number 219) is one of the twelve Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Ahmednagar district]]. It comprises the entire [[Kopargaon taluka]] of the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}</ref>

Kopargaon is part of the [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]], [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]], [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]], [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] and [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Jagannath Shankar Barhate || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Dadasaheb Shahji Rohamare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="3" | [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | Ashokrao Shankarrao Kale || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Snehalata Kolhe]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]] || {{Full party name with color| Nationalist Congress Party |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kopargaon">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kopargaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13219.htm |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217122308/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13219.htm |archive-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 161,147 |percentage = 78.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandeep Gorakshanath Varpe |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 36,523 |percentage = 17.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Popatrao Kavade |party = Baliraja Party |votes = 3,640 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 124,624 |percentage = 60.39% |change = {{increase}}59.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 208,050 |percentage = 71.75% |change = {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 206,357}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 289,962 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}34.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 87,566 |percentage = 43.58% |change = {{increase}}42.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Snehalata Kolhe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,744 |percentage = 43.17% |change = {{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajesh Namdeorao Parjane |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,446 |percentage = 7.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vahadane Vijay Suryabhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,047 |percentage = 2.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Vijay Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,914 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,622 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 822 |percentage = 0.41% |change = {{decrease}}14.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 202,631 |percentage = 76.41% |change = {{decrease}}3.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,918}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,184 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Snehalata Kolhe]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 99,763 |percentage = 51.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 70,493 |percentage = 36.04% |change = {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Autade Nitin Bhanudas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,586 |percentage = 10.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Vijay Gaikwad |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,205 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}43.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 873 |percentage = 0.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,270 |percentage = 14.96% |change = {{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,545 |percentage = 79.98% |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,607}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,756 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashokrao Shankarrao Kale |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 84,680 |percentage = 48.84% |change = {{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bipindada Shankarrao Kolhe |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 77,989 |percentage = 44.98% |change = {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Damale Babasaheb Gangadhar |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,431 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolhe Bipin Chhaburao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Balasaheb Karbhari |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,295 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seni Sunil Babulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,293 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,691 |percentage = 3.86% |change = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,411 |percentage = 76.38% |change = {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,390}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,023 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashokrao Shankarrao Kale |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 77,326 |percentage = 53.55% |change = {{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bipindada Shankarrao Kolhe |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,012 |percentage = 42.26% |change = {{increase}}5.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Sadashiv Karde |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,111 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Randhir Sathish Nivrutti |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,348 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khan Anwar Dilawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 941 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,314 |percentage = 11.30% |change = {{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,395 |percentage = 81.15% |change = {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,388}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,938 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}16.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 40,933 |percentage = 36.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeorao Rakhamaji Parjane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 36,654 |percentage = 32.98% |change = {{decrease}}9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashokrao Shankarrao Kale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,774 |percentage = 29.49% |change = {{decrease}}19.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Sangita Pandharinath |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 765 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,279 |percentage = 3.85% |change = {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,065 |percentage = 76.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,126}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,696 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,999 |percentage = 48.70% |change = {{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagatsing Dayaram Alias Raosaheb Sonawane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 47,157 |percentage = 42.53% |change = {{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borawake Bhaskarrao Shankarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,953 |percentage = 2.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rohamare Annasaheb Dagadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,384 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aher P. D. Alias Parasnath Deoram |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra) |votes = 1,303 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salve Bhikaji Shripat |party = Independent politician |votes = 727 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaibai Shejwal Arjunrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 669 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,842 |percentage = 6.17% |change = {{decrease}}19.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,809 |percentage = 77.14% |change = {{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,874}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,538 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,673 |percentage = 60.91% |change = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sambhajirao Kisan Kale |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 32,801 |percentage = 35.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Badrinath Jagannath Devkar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,417 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,872 |percentage = 25.66% |change = {{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,907 |percentage = 65.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,048}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,278 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dadasaheb Shahji Rohamare |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,028 |percentage = 54.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sambhajirao Kisan Kale |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 33,221 |percentage = 43.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhrud Sampatrao Jamanrao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,807 |percentage = 11.50% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,269 |percentage = 67.57% |change = {{decrease}}8.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,599}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,838 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 43,166 |percentage = 56.04% |change = {{increase}}54.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =[[ Shankarrao Kale]] |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 33,335 |percentage = 43.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Shravan Jairam |party = Independent politician |votes = 532 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,831 |percentage = 12.76% |change = {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,794 |percentage = 76.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,033}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,489 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,414 |percentage = 57.11% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Panditrao Gangadhar |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,274 |percentage = 38.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandizoo Vallabhrao Sukaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,608 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawali Dada Punja |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,140 |percentage = 18.57% |change = {{decrease}}12.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,742 |percentage = 77.48% |change = {{increase}}24.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,881 |ref = |change = {{increase}}65.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kopargaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Shankar Barhate |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,636 |percentage = 54.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankarrao Kale]] |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 7,236 |percentage = 23.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaware Gangadhar Muktaji |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,878 |percentage = 19.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajmeri Uttamchand Chhagniram |party = Independent politician |votes = 581 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,400 |percentage = 30.99% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,331 |percentage = 53.40% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,331}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,796 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sangamner]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmednagar district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19.89|74.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

INS Jalashwa

2026-05-05T16:59:59Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Amphibious transport dock of the Indian Navy}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Jalashwa}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Jalashwa departs Maldives.jpg
| image_caption = Operation Samudra Setu -INS ''Jalashwa'' Departs [[Malé]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Jalashwa''
| namesake = Sanskrit for [[Hippopotamus]]
| owner =
| operator =
| registry =
| route =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder =
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down = 8 August 1966 (as [[USS Trenton (LPD-14)|USS ''Trenton'']])
| launched = 3 August 1968 (as [[USS Trenton (LPD-14)|USS ''Trenton'']])
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired = 17 January 2007
| commissioned = 22 June 2007
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = *[[Pennant number]]: L41
*{{MMSI Number|419100074}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: AUQL
| motto = "The fearless pioneers"
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Austin|amphibious transport dock}}
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = *''Light:'' 8,900 tonnes
*''Standard:'' 12,000 tonnes
*''Full load:'' 16,600 tonnes
| length = 173.7 metres (570 feet) overall, 167 metres (548 feet) waterline
| beam = 30.4 metres (100 feet) extreme, 25.6 metres (84 feet) waterline
| height =
| draught = 6.7 metres (22 feet) maximum, 7 metres (23 feet) limit
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = Two boilers, two steam turbines, two shafts; {{convert|24000|shp|kW}}
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|20|kn|km/h|-1}}
| range =
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats = *1 × [[Landing Craft Air Cushion|LCAC]], or
*1 × [[Landing Craft Utility|LCU]], or
*4 × [[LCM-8]], or
*9 × [[LCM-6]], or
*24 × [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle|AAV]]
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = *27 officers, 380 sailors
*Landing force: up to 1,000 troops
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| EW = *[[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach]] decoy launcher<ref name="l41_local"/>
| sensors = *[[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] [[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|Revathi]] 3-D E/F-band radar<ref name="l41_local"/>
| armament = *4 × 3 in / 50 [[Caliber (artillery)|calibre]] AA gun mounts
*[[AK-630M]] [[close-in weapon system]]<ref name="l41_local"/>
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 6 × [[UH-3 Sea King]] helicopters
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Jalashwa''''' ({{Lit|Horse of the Sea}}) is an [[amphibious transport dock]] currently in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. Formerly {{USS|Trenton|LPD-14|6}}, she, along with six [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King]] helicopters were procured from the [[United States]] by [[India]] for a total of US$90 million in 2005. She was commissioned on 22 June 2007. INS ''Jalashwa'' is the only Indian naval ship to be acquired from the United States. She is based in [[Visakhapatnam]] under the [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref name=ti8a12/>

==Description==
''Jalashwa'' features a well deck, which can house up to four LCM-8 mechanised landing craft that can be launched by flooding the well deck and lowering the hinged gate aft of the ship. She also has a flight deck for helicopter operations from which up to six medium helicopters can operate simultaneously. The deck can also be used to operate vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft like the [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier]], in special circumstances. She is also capable of embarking over 1,000 troops, and is fully equipped with extensive medical facilities including four operation theatres, a 12-bed ward, a laboratory and a dental centre.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_US_likely_to_ink_military_logistics_support_agreement/articleshow/2203609.cms |title=India, US likely to ink military logistics support agreement |work=The Times of India |date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2011-02-26}}</ref>

==Acquisition history==
[[File:US Navy 070117-N-1924T-115 Indian sailors raise their national flag aboard the amphibious transport dock USS Trenton (LPD 14), which was decommissioned after 35 years of naval service.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Indian Navy jack is raised on INS ''Jalashwa'' during her commissioning.]]
The Indian Navy felt the need for better amphibious landing capability in the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]], when the Navy's rescue and humanitarian efforts were hampered by inadequacy of existing amphibious ships in its fleet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ksmu0qKVqeo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/Ksmu0qKVqeo |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|title=Indian Navy acquires new potent weapons |publisher=YouTube |date=2007-12-10 |access-date=2011-02-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2006, the Indian government announced it would purchase the US Navy's retired {{sclass|Austin|amphibious transport dock|0}} [[landing platform dock]] {{USS|Trenton|LPD-14|6}} for approximately {{Indian Rupee}}228 crore ($48.44 million).<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1049265
|date = 2006-08-25
|title = India to buy $50 million ship from US
|access-date = 2007-01-05
|publisher = DNA India}}</ref> Her sister ship {{USS|Nashville|LPD-13|6}} was also offered, but India declined the offer.

The Indian Navy took possession of the ship on 17 January 2007 in [[Norfolk, Virginia]] after the transfer agreement was signed by Commodore P Murugesan, Naval Attaché at the Embassy of India to the US, and Rear Admiral Garry E Hall of US Navy. She then underwent a refit at the Norfolk Naval Base until May 2007.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-18/us/27868332_1_indian-navy-ship-uss-trenton
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121014004445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-18/us/27868332_1_indian-navy-ship-uss-trenton
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2012-10-14
|date = 2007-01-18
|title = Indian Navy takes charge of US ship Trenton
|access-date = 2007-01-18
|first1=Chidanand
|work = [[The Times of India]]
|last1=Rajghatta}}</ref> The Indian Navy also purchased six [[UH-3 Sea King]] maritime utility transport helicopters for $39 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/accidental-fire-killed-five-injured-several-ins-jalashwa-218004 |title=Accidental Fire Killed Five, Injured Several On INS Jalashwa |publisher=Topnews.in |access-date=2011-02-26}}</ref> for operation from the ship.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.shephard.co.uk/Rotorhub/IndustryNews.aspx?Action=745115149&ID=8e93afed-527d-474c-9312-cda24fba63ed
|title = Indian navy buys six former US Navy Sea King helicopters
|access-date = 2007-01-05
|publisher = Rotorhub
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071124095106/http://www.shephard.co.uk/Rotorhub/IndustryNews.aspx?Action=745115149&ID=8e93afed-527d-474c-9312-cda24fba63ed
|archive-date = 24 November 2007}}</ref> Indian Naval [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harriers]] could also be operated from the deck of the ship until their retirement in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=31220 |title=INS Jalashwa Joins the Eastern Fleet |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-26}}</ref> The Westland sea kings and the UH-3 Sea Kings were operated from the ship by [[INAS 350]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INAS 350 – Indian Navy |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/units/others/inas-350/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ship was commissioned as INS ''Jalashwa'' on 22 June 2007, at [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] by Shri Ronan Sen, then the Indian ambassador to the United States. Captain BS Ahluwalia and Commander Dinesh Singh were her first Commanding Officer and Executive Officer, respectively.

===Controversy===
The purchase terms of the ship resulted in controversy, with the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] censuring the Indian Navy for a hasty purchase without exercising sufficient due diligence and for accepting restrictions on use and access.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022941/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JC27Df01.html Asia Times]
India all at sea over US defense ties</ref> According to the report, the United States obtained an assurance that the naval ship could not be used for any offensive purposes, and had the right to regularly inspect it, under an end-user monitoring agreement that India and the US signed in 2009.<ref name=ti8a12>{{cite news|title=US-checked warship undergoes refit|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120808/jsp/nation/story_15827892.jsp#.UqeMtfQW0vk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131210221907/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120808/jsp/nation/story_15827892.jsp%23.UqeMtfQW0vk|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=Telegraph India|date=8 August 2012}}</ref> In addition, no physical assessment was done by India prior to purchase and the US Navy reportedly did not reveal the need for upgrades and modifications.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/showthread.php?t=79275 |title=After Gorshkov now its Trenton – Key Publishing Ltd Aviation Forums |publisher=Forum.keypublishing.co.uk |access-date=2011-02-01 |archive-date=25 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025104519/http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/showthread.php?t=79275 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aged U.S. warship comes with strings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aged-us-warship-comes-with-strings/article1220481.ece|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 March 2008}}</ref>

A response to this criticism was that the ship was acquired primarily to aid the Navy in gaining vital operational information for expanding its amphibious warfare capabilities. The [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Chief of Navy Staff]] Admiral [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]] clarified that inspections by the United States are not intrusive, i.e. no boarding of the ship by US personnel is allowed. A team from the [[US Department of Defense]] examined night vision devices, which were taken out of ''Jalashwa'' for the inspection.<ref name=ti8a12/><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy allows end-user inspection of warship by US|url=http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=125217&heading=India|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=Oman Tribune|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213131437/http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=125217&heading=India|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Service history==
On 1 February 2008, five Indian Navy personnel were killed, and three others critically injured by inhaling poisonous [[hydrogen sulphide]] (H2S) gas aboard ''Jalashwa''. The mishap occurred during an exercise in the [[Bay of Bengal]], between Visakhapatnam and the Andaman Islands.<ref>Hindustan Times, 1 February 2008, ''[http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=9fe0bba0-6efe-4fd0-9510-178d639cd1f4&MatchID1=4662&TeamID1=5&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1173&PrimaryID=4662&Headline=5+killed+in+accident+on+INS+Jalashwa Five die in accident on troop carrier INS Jalashwa]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''. IANS report.</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080208131200/http://www.kalingatimes.com/national_news/news1/20080202-INS-Jalashwa.htm Poison gas caused five to die on troop carrier INS ''Jalashwa''.]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sailors-died-due-to-gas-leak-says-navy/268354/0 Sailors died due to gas leak, says Navy] Article in the [[Indian Express]]</ref> ''Jalashwa'' immediately headed to [[Port Blair]], with the critically injured seamen and two officers being airlifted from the ship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080210/886211.html |title=Death toll in Jalashwa gas leakage rises to six as sailor succumbs |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=2008-02-10 |access-date=2011-02-01 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132150/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080210/886211.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Lieutenant Commander Shwet Gupta and Lieutenant Ruchir Prasad were critically injured while trying to rescue their sailors. Gupta subsequently died of his injuries.

On 26 February 2011, INS ''Jalashwa'' and {{ship|INS|Mysore|D60|6}} were deployed to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] under [[Operation Safe Homecoming]] to evacuate Indian citizens from [[Libya]] in the aftermath of the turmoil from the [[2011 Libyan civil war]]. They carried their full air wings, and a contingent of [[MARCOS]].<ref name=toi-libya>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Naval-ships-to-bail-out-Indians-stranded-in-Libya/articleshow/7583375.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-27/mumbai/28637902_1_indian-navy-naval-ships-ins-jalashwa |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-03-08 |title=Naval ships to bail out Indians stranded in Libya |date=2011-02-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-03-08}}</ref>

On 5 June 2023, a [[Varunastra (torpedo)|Varunastra]] [[Torpedo|Heavyweight Torpedo]] was test-fired by a [[Kamorta-class corvette|''Kamorta''-class corvette]] at an Under Water Target System (UWTS) laid by [[INS Jalashwa|INS ''Jalashwa'']]. This was the first trial where the torpedo was equipped with High Explosive (HE) live warhead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Indian Navy undertakes first combat firing of Varunastra torpedo |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indian-navy-undertakes-first-combat-firing-of-varunastra-torpedo |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref>

INS Jalashwa was a part of Exercise Tiger Triumph 24 conducted in March 2024. It was a "bilateral tri-service Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise" conducted including [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[United States Army|US Army]] and [[United States Marine Corps|US Marine Corps]] in [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2024-03-19 |title=US, India Drill Near Sunken 'American Submarine'; Tiger-Triumph To Boost Ties Between 2 Largest Democracies |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/us-india-starts-tri-service-wargames-where-india/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

INS ''Jalashwa'' has undergone two refits. A short one, limited by financial constraints, helped the ship attain higher speeds. The second refit in 2012 was longer, and her radars and sensors were replaced with indigenous equipment. This reduced the navy's dependence on US-origin components, as it was uncomfortable with the US inspection regime.<ref name=ti8a12/><ref name="l41_local">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/93449/indian-navy-equips-landing-platform-dock-with-indigenous-combat-systems|title=Indian Navy equips landing platform dock with indigenous combat systems|year=2020|publisher=Janes IHS|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406144536/https://www.janes.com/article/93449/indian-navy-equips-landing-platform-dock-with-indigenous-combat-systems|archive-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|File:INS Jalashwa at sea en-route to Maldives.jpg
|INS ''Jalashwa'' at sea en-route to [[Maldives]].
|File:INS Jalashwa with western fleet en-route to Maldives.jpg
|INS ''Jalashwa'' with [[Western Fleet (India)|Western fleet]] en-route to [[Maldives]].
|File:INS Jalashwa saluting Corona Warriors.jpg
|INS ''Jalashwa'' saluting [[Accredited Social Health Activist|Corona Warriors]]
|File:INS Jalashwa with INS Kolkata and Sukanya-class OPV en-route to Maldives.jpg
|INS ''Jalashwa'' with [[INS Kolkata]] and [[Sukanya-class patrol vessel|Sukanya-class OPV]] en-route to [[Maldives]].
}}

==See also==
*[[Indian Navy Multi-Role Support Vessel programme]]
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|INS Jalashwa (L41)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121014004440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-19/us/27870677_1_indian-navy-uss-trenton-ship USS ''Trenton'' becomes INS ''Jalashva'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091651/http://www.ricsiec.org/pictures/main.php?g2_itemId=207 INS ''Jalashva'' commissioning ceremony ]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/167-INS-Jalashwa.html INS ''Jalashwa'' – Bharat Rakshak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207192150/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/167-ins-jalashwa.html |date=7 December 2017 }}

{{Austin class landing platform dock}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalashwa (L41)}}
[[Category:Austin-class amphibious transport docks of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1968 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company]]

Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple

2026-05-05T00:59:29Z

Harleen singh: made new bio

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple''', located in Santharavuru, Chinnaganjam Mandal [[Bapatla district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] is dedicated to the deity Ramalingeswara (the Hindu god [[Shiva]]). The temple dates back to the [[Chola]] period (12th century AD). According to ''[[The Hindu]]'' the temple administrators claim that the temple has a bell that reverberates 108 times when struck once,<ref name="TH-20130310">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/siva-temples-decked-up-for-mahasivaratri/article4494068.ece|title=Siva temples decked up for Mahasivaratri|date=2013-03-10|work=The Hindu|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref> and that there are only two such bells the other being at [[Varanasi|Kashi]].<ref name="TH-20121207">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/siva-temple-of-chola-times-sheds-light-on-andhras-culture/article4173360.ece|title=Siva temple of Chola times sheds light on Andhra’s culture|last=Muarli|first=S.|date=2012-12-07|work=The Hindu|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bapatla district]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Dashavatar (2025 film)

2026-05-03T07:15:55Z

Harleen singh: Created Some Info First Draft...

{{Short description|2025 Marathi film by Subodh Khanolkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{for-multi||Dashavatar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dashavatar
| image = Dashavatar Marathi movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Subodh Khanolkar
| writer = Subodh Khanolkar
| producer = Sujay Hande Onkar Kate Subodh Khanolkar Ashok Hande Aditya Joshi Nitin Sahasrabudhe Mrunal Sahasrabudhe Sanjay Dubey Vinayak Joshi
| starring = [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] [[Bharat Jadhav]] [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Sidharth Menon]] [[Abhinay Berde]] [[Priyadarshini Indalkar]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| cinematography = Devendra Golatkar
| editing = Faizal Mahadik
| music = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| studio = Ocean Film Company Ocean Art House
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}
| budget = {{INR|5–12.50 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-11-08 |title='दशावतार' पाहायचा राहिलाय? आता ओटीटीवर पाहता येणार दिलीप प्रभावळकरांची जादू; कुठे, कधी प्रदर्शित होणार चित्रपट? |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/dilip-prabhavalkars-marathi-film-dashavatar-set-for-ott-release-on-zee5-from-november-14-psn14 |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
| gross = ₹28.47 crore<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2025's breakout stars: Regional films rewrite year's box office script |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/regional-films-dominated-box-office-2025-125111900805_1.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional language films ruled the silver screen across India in 2025 |url=https://www.ibef.org/news/regional-language-films-ruled-the-silver-screen-across-india-in-2025 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]}}</ref>
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dashavatar |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTA0MDgyMDI1MDAwMjI= |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Dashavatar''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[suspense thriller]] film directed by Subodh Khanolkar and produced by Ocean Film Company, and Ocean Art House.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-14 |title=Dashavatar Movie Review: वास्तव आणि कल्पिताचा रंगलेला खेळ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/dashavatar-marathi-movie-review-dilip-prabhavalkar-director-subodh-khanolkar-amy-95-5370698/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The film features [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]], [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]], [[Abhinay Berde]], and [[Priyadarshini Indalkar]] in the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=पोस्टरमधल्या मराठी अभिनेत्याला ओळखलं का? महात्मा गांधींची भूमिका साकारून मिळवली लोकप्रियता |url=https://news18marathi.com/entertainment/dilip-prabhavalkar-film-dashavatar-to-release-on-september-12-ws-l-1426783.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=news18marathi.com |language=mr}}</ref> The film follows an ageing [[Dashavatara|Dashavatāra]] performer whose final play turns into a spiritual and cultural battle, blending myth with reality to explore sacrifice, faith, and the struggle to protect heritage and nature.<ref name=":4" />

The film was theatrically released on 12 September 2025. The film received positive response from critics, grossed over ₹28.47 crore at the box office and emerged as the[[List of Marathi films of 2025#Box office collection|highest grossing Marathi film of 2025]].<ref name=":6" /> It was the first Marathi film to be released in a Malayalam version, and it was released on 12 December 2025 in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=A First In The History Of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/max-marketing-to-present-zee-studios-marathi-blockbuster-dasavatar-in-malayalam-1912514 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സുബോധ് ഖാനോൽക്കർ- ദിലീപ് പ്രഭാവൽക്കർ ചിത്രം 'ദശാവതാരം' ട്രെയ്‌ലർ പുറത്ത്; ചിത്രം ഡിസംബർ 12 ന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/dashavatar-malayalam-trailer-articleshow-x17ksaa |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the [[Konkan]] region of Maharashtra, veteran Dashavtari performer Babuli Mestri ([[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]) has dedicated his entire life to preserving the traditional theatre form of ''Dashavatār''. Despite advancing age and failing eyesight, he stubbornly continues to perform, earning both ridicule and affection from the villagers, who call him “half mad”. His son Madhav ([[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]) worries about his health and urges him to retire, but Babuli promises to step away once Madhav secures stable employment.

When Madhav finally gets a job, Babuli agrees to deliver one last performance during the Mahashivratri festival, while Madhav plans to propose to his girlfriend Vandana ([[Priyadarshini Indalkar]]) on the same day. However, the night takes an unexpected turn when Babuli, in the middle of the play, appears to embody the fierce ''Rudra'' avatar. This blurs the line between performance and reality, leading him into a struggle that reflects both personal sacrifice and the community’s battle to protect their natural and cultural heritage.

Structured like a traditional ''Dashavatār'' play, the narrative begins with a ''purva-ranga'' that introduces the cultural and familial context, and builds into an ''uttar-ranga'' where myth and present-day conflicts intertwine. Themes of love, faith, sacrifice, revenge and environmental consciousness are woven into Babuli’s journey, emphasising the continued relevance of the ''Dashavatār'' tradition as both a spiritual metaphor and a form of resistance in contemporary society.

== Cast ==
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Babuli Mestri<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chaoghule |first=Amrita |date=2025-08-21 |title=Dashavatar Marathi movie : 'दशावतार' बनणार होता रजनीकांतचा पहिला मराठी सिनेमा पण.. |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/dashavatar-marathi-movie-rajinikanth-role-dilip-prabhavalkar-ac90 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Inspector Michael D'Costa
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] as Madhav Mestri
* [[Abhinay Berde]] as Monty Sarmalkar
* [[Priyadarshini Indalkar]] as Vandana Soman
* Sunil Tawde as Policeman Parab
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Aaba Tandel
* [[Lokesh Mittal]] as Mansukhani
* [[Bharat Jadhav]] as Laxman Wadekar (Special Appearance)
* Aarti Wadagbalkar as Constable Ujjwala Sawant
* Vijay Kenkre as Cabinet Minister Ashok Sarmalkar
* [[Guru Thakur]] as Doctor
* Padmakar Oze as Naik Master
* Satish Joshi as Soman Guruji
* Shweta Kudalkar as Vandana's mother
* Vaibhavi Pardeshi as Aaba Tandel's wife
* Akshay Chinchurkar as Young Babuli
* Avaan Prafullachandra as Young Madhav
* Dada Rane Konaskar as Bhajia vendor

== Production ==
Early reports suggested that the lead role in ''Dashavatar'' had initially been offered to [[Rajinikanth]], but director Subodh Khanolkar later clarified that these were only rumours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-12 |title=Dilip Prabhavalkar shoots for 'Dashavatar' in Konkan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/dilip-prabhavalkar-shoots-for-dashavatar-in-konkan/articleshow/116171348.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Jagtap |first=Namdev |title='दशावतार' सिनेमासाठी दिलीप प्रभावळकर नाहीतर, रजनीकांत होते पहिली पसंत? दिग्दर्शक म्हणाले... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/dashavtar-movie-director-subodh-khanolkar-on-dilip-prabhavalkar-rajinikanth-was-first-choice-for-marathi-film-is-true-know-all-details-1384196 |work=ABP Majha |date=15 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=mr}}</ref> According to him, the role of veteran Dashavatar performer Babuli Mestri was conceived specifically for [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]], and had he declined, the project would have been shelved. Khanolkar added that "for me, Dilip Prabhavalkar is no less than Rajinikanth in Marathi cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khambe |first=Komal |date=2025-09-14 |title='दशावतार' सिनेमासाठी रजनीकांतचा झालेला विचार? दिग्दर्शक म्हणाले- "दिलीप प्रभावळकरांनी नकार दिला असता तर..." |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavtar-movie-director-subodh-khanolkar-cleared-out-rumours-of-casting-rajinikant-instead-of-dilip-prabhavalkar-a-a971/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagtap |first=Namdev |date=2025-09-15 |title='दशावतार' सिनेमासाठी दिलीप प्रभावळकर नाहीतर, रजनीकांत होते पहिली पसंत? दिग्दर्शक म्हणाले... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/dashavtar-movie-director-subodh-khanolkar-on-dilip-prabhavalkar-rajinikanth-was-first-choice-for-marathi-film-is-true-know-all-details-1384196 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

The film was shot across multiple locations in the [[Konkan division|Konkan region]], including [[Kudal]], and was completed in 50 days.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=कोकणातील गूढ कथेवर आधारित 'दशावतार' चित्रपट 'या' दिवशी प्रदर्शित होणार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/dilip-prabhavalkar-film-dasavatar-based-on-mystical-storyline-and-traditions-of-konkan/917440 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-22 |title=दिलीप प्रभावळकरांचा गूढ अवतार, कोकणात सलग ५० दिवस चित्रीकरण, 'दशावतार' रुपेरी पडद्यावर अवतरणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/dilip-prabhavalkar-new-marathi-film-dasavatar-based-on-mystical-storyline-and-traditions-of-konkan-mumbai-print-news-vsd-99-5176002/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Khanolkar stated that his vision was to preserve the folk-theatrical essence of Dashavatari plays while making it accessible to modern audiences. To achieve this, the production employed extensive [[visual effects|VFX]] and integrated the traditional performance style with contemporary cinematic techniques.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dashavatar Movie Review |url=https://www.esakal.com/entertainment/dashavatar-marathi-movie-review-esakal-psl98 |work=Sakal |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=14 September 2025 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[AV Prafullachandra]] and lyrics are penned by [[Guru Thakur]].<ref name=":3" />
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:33
| title1 = Aavshicho Gho
| length1 = 6:52
| extra1 = Onkarswaroop
| title2 = Rutuchakra
| length2 = 5:53
| extra2 = Sahil Kulkarni, Swanandi Sardesai
| title3 = Rangpooja
| length3 = 4:07
| extra3 = [[Ajay Gogavale]]
| title4 = Jai Hanuman
| length4 = 4:55
| extra4 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| title5 = Varaha Avatar Stotra
| length5 = 1:08
| extra5 = -
| title6 = Matsya Avatar Stotra
| length6 = 2:26
| extra6 = -
| title7 = Narsinh Avatar Stotra
| length7 = 0:35
| extra7 = -
| title8 = Dashavatar Theme
| length8 = 1:15
| extra8 = -
| title9 = Rangpooja - End Saga
| length9 = 4:16
| extra9 = Ajay Gogavale
| title10 = Paramparik Ganesh Stavan
| length10 = 4:06
| extra10 = Amol Mochemadkar
}}

== Marketing ==
The trailer was released on 18 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title='Dashavatar' trailer: In Marathi thriller, murder is blamed on a supernatural force |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084137/dashavatar-trailer-in-marathi-thriller-murder-is-blamed-on-a-supernatural-force |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jagtap |first=Namdev |date=2025-08-19 |title='तो देवाचा माणूस, तुम्ही जमीन बडवत बसाल, तो पंजा मारून निघून जाईल';'दशावतार'चा हादरवणारा ट्रेलर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/dashavatar-trailer-out-upoming-marathi-movie-releasing-on-12-september-dilip-prabhavalkar-bharat-jadhav-mahesh-manjrekar-1378100 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released on 12 September 2025.<ref name=":1" /> The premiere event was attended by several notable personalities including [[Aaditya Thackeray]], which gained media attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=Dashavatar Marathi movie premiere: Aaditya Thackeray present, this act caught attention |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/dashavatar-marathi-movie-premiere-aaditya-thackeray-present-meet-mahesh-m-siddharth-m-priyadarshini-bharat-j-abhinay-b-dilip-prabhavalkar-this-act-caught-attention/938715 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Zee 24 Taas |language=mr}}</ref> The film was released in twenty cities across the United States and in Australia, making it the first Marathi film to have a theatrical release in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title='दशावतार' परदेशात गाजतोय रे महाराजा! अमेरिकेत 25 शहरात शो; ऑस्ट्रेलियात पहिल्यांदाच रीलिज होतोय मराठी सिनेमा |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/dashavatar-dilip-prabhavalkar-movie-sets-new-record-film-released-in-america-australia/articleshow/124235707.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

''Dashavatar'' was earlier scheduled to release in [[Malayalam]] on 21 November 2025, but it was released on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=BREAKING: Max Marketing to present Zee Studios’ Marathi blockbuster Dasavatar in Malayalam, a first in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-max-marketing-present-zee-studios-marathi-blockbuster-dasavatar-malayalam-first-indian-cinema/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=മറാത്തി ചിത്രം 'ദശാവതാരം' കേരളത്തിലേക്ക്; ടീസർ പുറത്ത്, റിലീസ് ഡിസംബർ 12ന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/dashavatar-malayalam-teaser-release-on-december-12th-articleshow-6x6mqe5 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was digitally

released on 14 November 2025 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=Mahesh Manjrekar, Dilip Prabhavalkar-starrer ‘Dashavatar’ to premiere from November 14 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/mahesh-manjrekar-dilip-prabhavalkar-starrer-dashavatar-to-premiere-from-november-14-1021436 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Dashavatar'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. Critics praised the film's cultural authenticity, performances and visuals, while pointing to pacing issues and a less impactful second half.

Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, praising its breathtaking cinematography of Konkan’s landscapes and the blend of traditional and modern music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बाबुली मेस्त्रीचं शेवटचं सोंग अन् 'इपरीता'ची कहाणी... कसा आहे दिलीप प्रभावळकरांचा 'दशावतार'? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dashavatar/moviereview/123841176.cms |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5, describing it as a "visual spectacle" that effectively captures Konkan’s scenic beauty, theatre traditions and spiritual beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhanage |first=Mihir |date=12 September 2025 |title=Dashavatar Movie Review : A visual spectacle high on performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/dashavatar/movie-review/123850452.cms |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

''[[Lokmat]]'' offered a more mixed take, acknowledging the film’s effective use of local dialect, costumes, music and traditions while pointing out its occasional melodramatic tone and uneven pacing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dashavatar Movie Review : दशावतारमध्ये कोकणातील संस्कृतीची झलक, दिलीप प्रभावळकरांचा अभिनय ठरला ठळक वैशिष्ट्य |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/dashavatar-marathi-movie-review-dilip-prabhavalkar-mahesh-manjrekar-subodh-khanolkar-psk-99-4320799 |work=Lokmat |date=13 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=mr}}</ref> A review in ''[[Sakal]]'' commended Subodh Khanolkar’s direction for blending Dashavtari folk theatre with contemporary concerns. He described first half as "gripping and engaging," and noted that the second half lost some narrative grip, leading to slight disappointment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dashavatar Movie Review : दशावतार चित्रपटात दिलीप प्रभावळकरांचा दमदार अभिनय, कोकणातील संस्कृतीची देखणी मांडणी |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/dashavatar-marathi-movie-review-dilip-prabhavalkar-subodh-khanolkar-mahesh-manjrekar-siddharth-menon-psk-99-4320819 |work=eSakal |date=13 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=mr}}</ref> Reshma Raikwar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' wrote "The film's pace changes drastically between the two halves, shifting from a realistic narrative to a more fantasy-driven one."<ref name=":7" />

Amol Karhadkar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that ''Dashavatar'' shows how a story grounded in local culture can speak to universal human emotions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2025-09-20 |title=Not just local: How the Marathi film ‘Dashavatar’ became a pan-India hit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dashavatar-marathi-movie-box-office-blockbuster-dilip-prabhavalkar-subodh-khanolkar-kantara-cultural-boundaries/article70074469.ece |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Anupama Gunde of ''[[Pudhari]]'' highlighted the film's environmental messaging, noting how it connects Konkan’s threatened ecology with the personal struggles of its protagonist.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=कोकणचा निसर्ग अबाधित ठेवण्याचा संदेश : दशावतार |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/konkan-nature-conservation-dashavatara-ab96 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its opening day, the film collected ₹65 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=दशावतार'ची धमाकेदार एंट्री; 'बिन लग्नाची गोष्ट' आणि 'आरपार'च्या कमाईवर पडला परिणाम! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/dashavatars-explosive-entry-bin-lagnachi-gosht-and-aarpar-had-an-impact-on-their-earnings/938954 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Zee 24 Taas |language=mr}}</ref> Over the first three days, it grossed more than ₹5.22 crore, marking the biggest opening weekend for a Marathi film in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dashavatar Movie Box Office Collection: बॉक्स ऑफिसवर 'दशावतार'ची धूम! शोज हाऊसफुल्ल; किती झाली कमाई? |url=https://marathi.ndtv.com/entertainment/dashavatar-movie-box-office-collection-5-crore-22-lakhs-earns-dilip-prabhavalkar-mahesh-manjarekar-cast-know-details-9281057 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=NDTV Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dashavatar Surpasses Gulkand To Become Biggest Marathi Opener Of 2025, Earning Rs 4.37 Crore In Week 1 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dashavatar-surpasses-gulkand-to-become-biggest-marathi-opener-of-2025-earning-rs-4-37-crore-in-week-1-9287651 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The film grossed ₹9.25–12 crore in its opening week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilip Prabhavalkar’s Dashavatar Sees Steady Growth On Week 1, Next Stop Rs 10 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dilip-prabhavalkars-dashavatar-sees-steady-growth-on-week-1-next-stop-rs-10-crore-aa-9582556.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title='दशावतार'ने एका आठवड्यात जमावला 'इतक्या' कोटींचा गल्ला! 'हा' रेकॉर्ड करणारा २०२५ मधील पहिला सिनेमा, जाणून घ्या... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/dashavatar-movie-one-week-collection-crosses-10-cr-in-first-week-new-record-of-2025-sva-00-5384115/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikalgar |first=Swalia |title=Dashavatar film 10th Day Collection {{!}} 'दशावतार' दस नंबरी! विकेंडचा जबरदस्त फायदा, ओलांडला इतक्या कोटींचा टप्पा |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/dashavatar-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-day-10-crosses-15-crore-ss88 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> It collected ₹15.85 crore by the second weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title='दशावतार'चे १० दिवस, कमावले 'इतके' कोटी, एकूण कमाईचा आकडा वाचून वाटेल अभिमान |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavatar-marathi-movie-10-days-collection-making-everyone-proud-a-a945/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

It collected ₹21.3 crore in its second week,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Amey |date=2025-09-27 |title=Dashavtar Marathi Film: Konkan’s Ecology vs Development Battle |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/dashavtar-marathi-film-konkan-ecology/article70101136.ece |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and by the end of the fourth week, its worldwide gross reached ₹26.43 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title='कांतारा'समोर 'दशावतार' ताठ मानेने उभा!; चार आठवड्यात कमाईचा पाऊस, आकडा वाचून थक्क व्हाल |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavtar-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-day-23-dilip-prabhavalkar-a-a998/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> The film earned ₹27.94 crore in thirty nine days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2025-10-22 |title=Kantara, Dashavatar to Lokah—how tribal representation in films is changing |url=https://theprint.in/feature/kantara-dashavatar-lokah-tribal-representation-films-changing/2768449/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Awards
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lokshahi Marathi Chitra Sanman
| rowspan="2" |2025
|Popular Film
|''Dashavatar''
|{{pending}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Chitra Sanman |url=https://www.lokshahi.com/topic/chitra-sanman |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Lokshahi Marathi News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
|{{pending}}
|-
| rowspan="15" |Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar
| rowspan="15" |2026
|Blockbuster of the Year
| rowspan="2" |''Dashavatar''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="15" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कार 2026 मध्ये दशावतारचा डंका, भरत जाधव यांच्या सिनेमावरही बक्षीसांचा पाऊस, विजेत्यांची यादी समोर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/zee-chitra-gaurav-purskar-2026-winners-list/articleshow/128754754.cms |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Zee5 Most Watched Film
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Dilip Prabhavalkar
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" |[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer Male]]
|[[Ajay Gogavale]] (Rangpooja)
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Guru Thakur]] (Rangpooja)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreographer
|Sonia Parchure
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|Subodh Khanolkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Devendra Golatkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Production Design
|Sanjeev Rane
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Makeup
|Rohit Mahadik
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Custom
|Sachin Lovalekar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound Recordist
|Shishir Chousalkar, Akshay Vaidya
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |Maharashtra Times Sanman
| rowspan="7" |2026
|Best Popular Film
|''Dashavatar''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=आता थांबायचं नाय!, देवमाणूस, कुटुंब किर्रतन, बाई तुझ्यापायीचा 'मटा सन्मान'वर ठसा, पुरस्कार विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mata-sanman-2026-tv-film-natak-web-series-award-winners-full-list-ata-thambaycha-naay-dev-manus-tops/articleshow/129535812.cms |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Siddharth Menon
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Guru Thakur (Rangpooja)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|AV Prafullachandra
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer Male
|Ajay Gogavale (Rangpooja)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer Female
|Swanandi Sardesai (Rutuchakra)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Art Director
|Sanjeev Rane
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |Indian National Cine Academy
| rowspan="6" |2026
|Best Film
|''Dashavatar''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Indian National Cine Academy Awards: Founder talks about unting languages |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/indian-national-cine-academy-awards-founder-talks-about-unting-languages-23619351?button=next |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Cine |date=2026-04-09 |title=INCA announces the winners of their first edition of Awards! - Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/inca-announces-the-winners-of-their-first-edition-of-awards/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut Producer
|Sujay Hande
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|Subodh Khanolkar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor
|Dilip Prabhavalkar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Priyadarshini Indalkar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Devendra Golatkar
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |City Cine Awards Marathi
| rowspan="9" |2026
|Best Film
|''Dashavatar''
|{{pending}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Cine Awards Marathi 2026 at Radio City: Marathi Cinema's Finest Honoured |url=https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Radiocity |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
| rowspan="2" |Subodh Khanolkar
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Actor
|Dilip Prabhavalkar
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Male
|Siddharth Menon
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|AV Prafullachandra
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Singer – Male
|Ajay Gogavale (Rangpooja)
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Singer – Female
|Swanandi Sardesai (Rutuchakra)
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Guru Thakur (Rangpooja)
|{{pending}}
|}
== Impact==
The [[Konkan geoglyphs]] spread across nearly 900 kilometers from [[Ratnagiri]] to [[Goa]] are often seen as the footprints of early human civilization and are now protected monuments. In [[Ratnagiri district]] alone, over 1,500 carvings have been found at about 70 sites. An agreement has been signed between the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) and the Nisargayatri organization for their preservation and conservation in the [[Konkan division|Konkan]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=दशावताराचा असाही परिणाम, कोकणच्या खऱ्या 'राखणदाराचे' सौंदर्य जपणार, आता सरकारने घेतला मोठा निर्णय |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/maharashtra/mtdc-takes-stand-for-konkan-geoglyphs-reservation-dashavatar-marathi-movie/942763 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=35661996}}

[[Category:Marathi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]

Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha

2026-05-01T03:21:40Z

Harleen singh: made new article

{{Long plot|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha
| image = Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha Theatrical release poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| producer = Allwyn Antony, Gijo Kavanal, Sreejith Ramachandran, Dr. Zachariah Thomas
| writer = Binju Joseph Sunil Karma
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Bibin George]] [[Prayaga Martin]] [[Hareesh Kanaran]]
| music = Arunraj (Songs) [[Bijibal]] (Background Score)
| cinematography = Vinod Illampally
| editing = V. Saajan
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2018|07|20|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha''''' (''English: An Old [[Bomb]] Story'') is a 2018 Indian [[action comedy film]] originally released in [[Malayalam]]. It was directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] and written by Binju Joseph, [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]], and Sunil Karma. The film stars [[Bibin George]], [[Prayaga Martin]] and [[Hareesh Kanaran]]. It was produced by Allwyn Antony, Gijo Kavanal, Sreejith Ramachandran and Zachariah Thomas under United Global United Media.<ref name="moviebuff">{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/oru-pazhaya-bomb-kadha|website=moviebuff.com|title=Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha on Moviebuff.com|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-pazhaya-bomb-kadha/movie-review/65067816.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha by Times of India|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/oru-pazhaya-bomb-kadha-review-shafi-bibin-george-prayaga-martin--1.2988400|author=ടി. നിർമൽകുമാർ|title=പാഴായ ബോംബ് കഥ| Movie Rating : 1/5 | oru pazhaya bomb kadha review shafi bibin george prayaga martin|website=mathrubhumi.com|access-date=2018-07-21|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192430/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/oru-pazhaya-bomb-kadha-review-shafi-bibin-george-prayaga-martin--1.2988400|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-pazhaya-bomb-kadha-review-lowbrow-comedy-review-malayalam-shvkU2gjbegci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192053/http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-pazhaya-bomb-kadha-review-lowbrow-comedy-review-malayalam-shvkU2gjbegci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2018|website=[[Sify]]|title=Review : 'Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha' review: Lowbrow comedy (2018)|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jul/21/oru-pazhaya-bomb-katha-movie-review-a-stale-comedy-fit-for-the-90s-1846280.html|title='Oru Pazhaya Bomb Katha' movie review: A stale comedy fit for the '90s|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref name="manoramaonline">{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2018/07/20/oru-pazhaya-bomb-katha-interval-report.html|title=Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha: a novel revenge saga | Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha review | Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha movie | Bibin George | Prayaga Martin|website=english.manoramaonline.com|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in Bombay with police officers chasing Rudra Nayak, a dangerous terrorist who has been branded as a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist]]. However, his group escapes and secretly arrives in [[Kerala]]. The film then introduces Sreekuttan who is a handicapped mechanic, whose best friend, Bhavyan, is also a mechanic.

Sreekuttan falls for Shruti and attempts to woo her with his charm. Unfortunately, Shruti doesn't reciprocate, which leaves him devastated. One day Sreekuttan and Bhavyan receive a call to fix a car. The duo tricks the car owner because of his behaviour towards them and makes him push the car. They then leave him there after seeing Shruti and her friend in the distance. Later, they realises that the car owner is the new police inspector in town, Rajendran. When Rajendran realizes that he has been tricked, he gets back at Sreekuttan and Bhavyan. Due to this incident, Sreekuttan is unable to pay medical bills for his father, who later passes away. This incident infuriates Sreekuttan.

He sets out to confront Rajendran, which leads to a fist fight that Sreekutan loses. This series of events makes Sreekutan so angry that he vows vengeance on Rajendran. In a disturbed frame of mind, he decides to plant a bomb in the Rajendran's car with the help of his old friend Unni who has been released from jail for a bombing incident.

Though initially reluctant, Unni later agrees to help him make the bomb. He refuses to make it by himself as he promised his mother that he would not make any more bombs. Sreekuttan's intention was to hurt Rajendran so that he could bear the same pain as him, but Bhavyan's intentions were different and he secretly asks Unni to create a deadly bomb that would kill the Rajendran instead of only hurting him. Amidst all this Rudra Nayak seeks refuge in the village.

One night, while the duo enter Rajendran's house and plant the time bomb in his jeep, Rajendran enters the jeep. Sreekuttan sets the time to 45 minutes. They briefly follow the jeep, but then lose it. Rajendran goes to Rudra Nayak's hideout from where he escaped and seizes their weapons. On his way back, he sees Bhavyan standing near his bike with a bottle of alcohol while Sreekuttan is urinating in the bushes. Rajendran dislikes those who drink, as a result, he arrests Bhavyan and takes him to the police station in his jeep. All this time the timer is ticking away. With just a few minutes before the bomb is set to explode, Bhavyan tries to escape using a number of excuses, but fails to do so. The bomb is deactivated when the jeep gets jammed in a gutter allowing Bhavyan to get away. When Sreekuttan realizes that the bomb, didn't explode he comes up with another plan. He decides to thrash Rajendran and make him to apologise.

One night, while Rajendran is driving, with the intention to capture Rudra Nayak, he receives a warning from his superior that Rudra Nayak is very dangerous and might attack him. Amidst all this, Sreekuttan sets his plan in motion. He placed a sack on Rajendran's route. Spotting the suspicious sack, Rajendran investigates, which is when he hears some noises coming from the jungle nearby. He decides to follow the noise and goes deeper into the jungle, where Sreekuttan awaits. As soon as Rajendran is in range, Sreekutan throws chilli powder at him, blinding him. Then, Sreekuttan tie him up, beat him brutally and throw him in the well. Immediately after the incident, they both takes Rajendran to the hospital. When Rajendran regains consciousness, he thinks that he was beaten up by Rudra Nayak and was saved by Sreekuttan and Bhavyan. Rajendran thanks them and apologizes for beating Sreekuttan. Thus, Sreekuttan accomplishes his mission.

Shruti then meets him and apologizes for behaving rudely. She thanks him for saving Rajendran, who was revealed to be her father, who got separated from her mother and now they have reunited. She walks away indicating her feelings for him. Meanwhile, Rudra Nayak attacks the police station with his gang and takes back their weapons. He accidentally chooses the jeep with the bomb while trying to escape. On their way, the bomb gets activated and explodes, killing Rudra Nayak and his group.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Bibin George]] as Sreekuttan
* [[Prayaga Martin]] as Shruti
*[[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Bhavyan, Sreekuttan's Childhood best friend
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Unnikrishnan.P (Cameo)
* [[Indrans]] as Mohanan, Sreekuttan's father
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as S.I Rajendran, Sruti's father
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Palathara Joseph
* [[Harisree Asokan]] as Kumaran Asan
* [[Sreevidya Mullachery]] as Sowmya, Sreekuttan's sister
* Binu Adimali as villager
* [[Balachandran Chullikadu]] as Rohith Shetty
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Chacko
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Faizal
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Shasi
* [[Kulappulli Leela]]
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Mollykutty Joseph
* [[Narayanankutty]]
* [[Sohan Seenulal]]
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]]
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]]
* Shafeeq Rahman as Rudra Nayak, A Terrorist leader
* Sajan Palluruthy
* [[Babu Annur]]
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]
* Annie as Ganga
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Manavalan, Bhavyan's Okhi Brother-in-law (Photo Credit)
* Ameya Mathew as Ancy
{{colend}}

==Release==
''Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha'' was released in India on 20 July 2018.<ref name="imdb2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8016666/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf#releases|title=Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha (2018) - Release Info|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8016666}}
{{Shafi}}

[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:39Z

Harleen singh: New The Data First Draft!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Nabadwip
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2009
|reservation = SC
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|assembly_cons = As of 2004: [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]] [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Shantipur]] [[Hanskhali Assembly constituency|Hanskhali (SC)]] [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat East (SC)]] [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat West]] [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]] [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]]
|electors =
}}
'''Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency''' was one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies of [[India]]. This constituency was in the state of [[West Bengal]]. This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] over certain periods.

==Assembly segments==
In 2004, Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>
* [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]] (assembly constituency no. 77)
* [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Shantipur]] (assembly constituency no. 78)
* [[Hanskhali Assembly constituency|Hanskhali (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 79)
* [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat East (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 80)
* [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat West]] (assembly constituency no. 81)
* [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]] (assembly constituency no. 82)
* [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]] (assembly constituency no. 83)

As a consequence of the order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, Nabadwip parliamentary constituency ceased to exist from 2009; most of the assembly segments of this constituency are part of new [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf
| title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission
| access-date = 2008-10-28
| work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal
| publisher =Delimitation Commission
}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Constituency!!Name of M.P.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]||1952-57||||[[Lakshmi Kanta Maitra]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=October 8, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]||1957-62||||[[Ila Pal Choudhury]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-67||||[[Haripada Chattopadhyay]]||Independent <ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71||||[[Pramatha Ranjan Thakur|P.R.Thakur]]||[[Bangla Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||||Bibha Ghosh||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||||[[Bibha Ghosh Goswami|Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||||Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name =loksabha1980>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||||Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91||||[[Asim Bala]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist) <ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96||||Asim Bala||Communist Party of India (Marxist) <ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98||||Asim Bala ||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99||||Asim Bala||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04||||[[Ananda Mohan Biswas]]||[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[By election|By election, 2003]]||2003-04||||[[Alakesh Das]]||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09||||Alakesh Das||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|}
For MPs from this area in subsequent years see [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Nabadwip constituency<ref name=loksabha2004/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]
| votes = 560,176
|percentage = 47.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilima Nag (Mallick)
|votes = 550,185
|percentage = 46.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nripendra Nath Howladar
|votes = 24,268
|percentage = 5.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Satish Biswas
|votes = 15,719
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Basudeb Bacchar
|votes = 11,139
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Parimal Dhali
|votes = 8,318
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gopal Biswas
|votes = 3,710
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Paramesh Chandra Biswas
|votes = 2,219
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amitosh Biswas
|votes = 2,037
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,991
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,48,360
|percentage = 80.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bye election 2003===
The Bye election occurred on 5 June 2003 due to death of sitting [[Member of Parliament|MP]] Ananda Mohan Biswas on 3 February 2003.
Alakesh Das of [[CPI(M)]] Defeated Abir Ranjan Biswas of [[Trinamool Congress]], the son of Ananda Mohan Biswas.
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 2003: Nabadwip constituency}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Alakesh Das]]
|votes = 520,630
|percentage = 48.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abir Biswas|Abir Ranjan Biswas]]
|votes = 421,830
|percentage = 39.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajani Kanta Dolai
|votes = 137,319
|percentage = 12.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 98,800
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,07,919
|percentage = 81.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2004===
In 1951, there were two constituencies = Santipur and Nabadwip. From 1957 it was Nabadwip only. Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Voters
!Voter turnout
!Winner
|
|
!Runners up
|
|
|-
|
|
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1951 (Santipur)
|160,938
|43.33
|Arun Chandra Guha
|49.98
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Bimal Kumar Chatterjee
|16.31
|[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|RCPI]]<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1951(Nabadwip)
|159025
|41.65
|Lakshmi Kanta Maitra
|57.52
|INC
|Kumaresh Chandra
|32.66
|Independent<ref name=loksabha1952/>
|-
|1957
|219,064
|53.53
|Ila Pal Choudhury
|61.21
|INC
|Kumaresh Chandra
|38.79
|Independent<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|301,179
|54.96
|Haripada Chattopadhyay
|52.56
|Independent
|Ila Pal Choudhuri
|47.74
|INC<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|364,599
|72.36
|P.R.Thakur
|61.24
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|J.C.Biswas
|38.76
|INC<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|391,659
|68
|Bibha Ghosh
|46.88
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|Promotha Ranjan Thakur
|44.06
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|3,71,930
|58.30
|Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)
|53.80
|CPI (M)
|Nitaipada Sarkar
|29.49
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|5,62,490
|78.29
|Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)
|54.69
|CPI (M)
|Ananda Mohan Biswas
|39.54
|Congress<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|6,95,770
|81.23
|Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)
|49.97
|CPI (M)
|[[Apurba Lal Mazumdar]]
|48.99
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|9,18,060
|85.30
|Asim Bala
|51.86
|CPI (M)
|Ananda Mohan Biswas
|46.03
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|9,12,200
|83.37
|Asim Bala
|46.66
|CPI (M)
|Apurba Lal Mazumdar
|39.24
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|11,35,000
|86.89
|Asim Bala
|46.98
|CPI (M)
|Protap Kanti Roy
|43.47
|Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|10,89,650
|83.92
|Asim Bala
|43.04
|CPI (M)
|Dr. Ramendra Nath Biswas
|39.22
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|10,14,380
|76.83
|Ananda Mohan Biswas
|45.84
|Trinamool Congress
|Asim Bala
|41.93
|CPI (M)<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|Bye Election, 2003
|10,69,779
|81.60
|Alakesh Das
|48.13
|CPI (M)
|Abir Ranjan Biswas
|39.29
|Trinamool Congress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavotes.com/pc/byeDetail/161 |title=PC Bye Election: Nawadwip 2003 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|11,77,770
|84.76
|[[Alakesh Das]]
|47.56
|CPI (M)
|Nilima Nag (Mallick)
|46.71
|Trinamool Congress<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|}

==See also==
*[[Nabadwip]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Nadia topics}}

{{Coord|23.42|N|88.37|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Sardarpura Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T04:13:56Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sardarpura
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-127-Sardarpura.svg
| mla = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|incumbent_image = Ashok Gehlot.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jodhpur district]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 127
| preceded_by = Man Singh Deora
}}
'''Sardarpura Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. Dutt ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
||[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]|| Amrit Lal Gahlot|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
||[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Madho Singh|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=2|Man Singh Deora|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref><ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajendra Gehlot]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref><ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> ||Man Singh Deora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|1998 By-Election]] ||rowspan=6|[[Ashok Gehlot]]
|-
||[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
||[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
||[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN]</ref>
|-
||[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Vidhansabha%202018/indexw.html |title=General Election of State Assembly Elections- 2018 |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sardarpura]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96859}}
|percentage = 56.67
|change = -6.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Rathore
|votes = {{formatnum:70463}}
|percentage = 41.23
|change = +7.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1222}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26396}}
|percentage = 15.44
|change = -14.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170910}}
|percentage = 66.3
|change = -0.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sardarpura]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2018|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97081}}
|percentage = 63.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shambhu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:51484}}
|percentage = 33.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:753}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45597}}
|percentage = 29.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153350}}
|percentage = 66.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sardarpura]]<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|votes = 77,835
|percentage = 54.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shambhu Singh Khetasar
|votes = 59,357
|percentage = 41.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,779
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rajasthan Vikas Party
|candidate = Ganpat
|votes = 502
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Prakash Joshi
|votes = 480
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 18,478
|percentage = 13.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,41,774
|percentage = 70.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sardarpura]]<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/
page=270</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|votes = 55,516
|percentage = 55.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendra Gehlot
|votes = 40,176
|percentage = 40.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prem Singh
|votes = 1,505
|percentage = 1.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 15,340
|percentage = 15.32
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,00,180
|percentage = 55.40
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sardarpura]]<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/
Page=261</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|votes = 58,509
|percentage = 56.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Jhabak
|votes = 39,518
|percentage = 38.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Mukesh Gehlot
|votes = 1,923
|percentage = 1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Naveen Bhandari
|votes = 970
|percentage = 0.94
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 18,991
|percentage = 18.42
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 103,123
|percentage = 55.67
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.28|73.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Al-Umar-Mujahideen

2026-04-24T20:20:29Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Kashmiri militant organisation}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=July 2024}}
{{globalize|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Al-Umar-Mujahideen
| native_name = [[Urdu]]: العمر مجاہدین
| native_name_lang = ur, hi
| logo = Flag of Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg
| founder = [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]]
| leader = [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]]<ref name="url">{{cite web|url= http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|title= India's Response To Terrorism - Are We Losing The War?|author= Abhinandan Mishra|date= 27 July 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928221117/http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|archive-date= 28 September 2008|access-date= 4 August 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| active = 1989-2006
| split = {{flagicon image|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front flag.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]]
| split_from =
| clans = Al-Umar Commando Force<ref name="url">{{cite web|url= http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|title= India's Response To Terrorism - Are We Losing The War?|author= Abhinandan Mishra|date= 27 July 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928221117/http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|archive-date= 28 September 2008|access-date= 4 August 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| motives = Secession of [[Kashmir Valley]] from India.
| ideology = Kashmiri Separatism [[Jihadism]] [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
| allies = * {{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|20px}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=NIA ने आतंकवादी मुश्ताक अहमद जरगर की संपत्ति की कुर्क, जम्मू कश्मीर लिबरेशन फ्रंट से था संबंध |trans-title=Terrorist Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar Property Attached By NIA In Srinagar |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar-terrorist-mushtaq-ahmed-zargar-property-attached-by-nia-in-srinagar-23345054.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[Jagran Prakashan]] |language=hi}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png}} [[Muslim Brotherhood|Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Staniland |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75fAwAAQBAJ |title=Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7102-5 |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref>
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|India}}
|battles= [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
}}
'''Al-Umar-Mujahideen''' ({{Langx|ur|العمر مجاہدین}}) was a [[Islamic]] [[Jihadist]] militant organisation operating in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was founded in 1989 by a Kashmiri militant, named [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=al Umar Mujahideen |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/al-umar-mujahideen/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=TRAC}}</ref>

== History ==
Zargar formed the group in 1989 in the area of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to separate the area from Indian control into mainly [[Pakistan]]i Muslim control through war and "armed struggle" (''[[jihad]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Umar Mujahideen (AuM) |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/al_umar.htm |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=satp.org}}</ref> The group was a split from the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] which then gained members from JKLF, [[Muslim Brotherhood|Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen]], and Al-Madad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Staniland |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75fAwAAQBAJ |title=Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7102-5 |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref>

After inter-conflict within the group, Zargar stole weapons from Al-Umar-Mujahideen and established a new organization named Al-Umar Commando Force.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=al Umar Commando Force |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/al-umar-commando-force/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=TRAC}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 1992, the leader of the group, Zargar, was arrested on multiple murder counts in [[Srinagar]] before being released for the passengers in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] from the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|hijacked IC 814 flight]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Giriraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7vLJpEDztYC |title=Hijacking And Terror In Sky |date=2002-01-01 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-1090-2 |pages=105 and 117 |language=en}}</ref> over the years, at least three dozen murder cases were registered against Zargar in Srinagar, including for alleged killings of high-ranking Indian officers. Zargar was arrested on 15 May 1992 and imprisoned.<ref name="isbn81-261-1090-2-p117">{{cite book |author=Giriraj Shah |title=Hijacking and terror in sky |publisher=Anmol |location=New Delhi|year=2002 |isbn=81-261-1090-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7vLJpEDztYC&q=%22Mushtaq+Ahmed+Zargar%22&pg=PA117|page= 117}}</ref> He was released from jail on 31 December 1999 as part of the Indian Airlines Flight 814 hostage deal and provided safe passage to Pakistan.<ref name="isbn81-261-1090-2">{{cite book |author=Giriraj Shah |title=Hijacking and terror in sky |publisher=Anmol |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |isbn=81-261-1090-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7vLJpEDztYC&q=%22Mushtaq+Ahmed+Zargar%22&pg=PA105|page= 105}}</ref> Shortly after Zargar again revived the Al-Umar Mujahideen in [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref name="url">{{cite web|url= http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|title= India's Response To Terrorism - Are We Losing The War?|author= Abhinandan Mishra|date= 27 July 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928221117/http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|archive-date= 28 September 2008|access-date= 4 August 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref>

In 2018, the group refused to abide by a proposed cease-fire agreement between them and India, saying that they will continue to be active in the area of Jammu and Kashmir until India completely withdraws from Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=Al-Umar Mujahideen rejects Ramzan ceasefire proposal |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2018/05/14/al-umar-mujahideen-rejects-ramzan-ceasefire-proposal/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[Free Press Kashmir]]}}</ref>

In March 2023, the Indian government declared the groups' founder Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar an officially designated terrorist and the group Al-Umar-Mujahideen as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=NIA attaches property of Pak-based terrorist Mushtaq Zargar in India |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/nia-attaches-property-of-pak-based-terrorist-mushtaq-zargar-in-india-567588 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[WION]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

The operational militancy of the group have seemed to have ended in early 2000s and the last incident involving the group was in 2006, when three of its top commanders were arrested in Kashmir. Since then the group haven't done any attacks or militant activities though they continue its propaganda online.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jammu & Kashmir: Incidents and Statements involving Al Umar Mujahideen (AuM)|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-jammukashmir/al-umar-mujahideen-aum_May-2006|access-date=2025-05-05|website=SATP}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in India]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]

Pradeep Kumar Rawat

2026-04-23T06:13:31Z

Harleen singh: made bio

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 27th [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to the People's Republic of China]]
| term_start = 14 March 2022
| term_end = 31 March 2026
| predecessor = [[Vikram Misri]]
| successor = [[Vikram Doraiswami]]
| birth_date = 1966
| office1 = Ambassador of India to the Netherlands
| name = Pradeep Kumar Rawat
| predecessor1 = [[Venu Rajamony]]
| term_start1 = January 2021
| term_end1 = December 2021
| office2 = Ambassador of India to Indonesia and Timor-Leste
| term_start2 = September 2017
| term_end2 = December 2020
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| image = Pradeep Kumar Rawat 2018-02-22.jpg
| successor2 = [[Manoj Bharti]]
| office3 = Director General of the India Taipei Association
| term_start3 = October 2009
| term_end3 = August 2013
| predecessor3 = [[T.P. Seetharam]]
| successor3 = Manish Chauhan
}}

'''Pradeep Kumar Rawat''' (born 1966) is a retired Indian diplomat.

Rawat joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1990 and served in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Beijing]] between 1992 and 1997, then in Beijing again from 2003 to 2007.<ref name="scmp India names China specialist">{{cite news |title=India names China specialist as new ambassador to Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3160686/india-names-china-specialist-new-ambassador-beijing |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=South China Morning Post |date=22 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Ananth |title=Pradeep Rawat to take over as India's next envoy in China |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pradeep-rawat-to-take-over-as-indias-next-envoy-in-china/article37998801.ece |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref> At the end of his tour in Beijing he was deputy chief of mission.<ref name="ambassador profile - netherlands">{{cite web |title=Embassy of India, Hague, Netherlands : Ambassador's Profile |url=https://www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ |website=www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in |access-date=22 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222143028/https://www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ |archivedate=2021-12-22}}</ref> He later served at the Indian mission in [[Mauritius]].<ref name="ambassador profile - netherlands"/>

[[File:Ambassador Pradeep Kumar Rawat at the celebration of Vasant Mela in the Indian Embassy in Beijing (2023).jpg|thumb|Rawat at the celebration of [[Basant (festival)|Vasant Mela]] at the [[Embassy of India, Beijing]] (2023)]]
In 2007 he became the head of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]' East Asia division.<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/> From 2009 to 2013 he served as the director general of the [[India-Taipei Association|India Taipei Association]], India's diplomatic mission in [[Taiwan]].<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/> From 2014 to 2017 he served as joint secretary for East Asia, and he was involved in negotiations about the 2017 [[Doklam standoff]].<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/>

From September 2017 to December 2020, he was the ambassador of India to [[Indonesia]] and [[Timor-Leste]].<ref name="tribuneindia.com Pradeep Kumar Rawat to be"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Pradeep Kumar Rawat to be India's new Ambassador to China |url=https://theprint.in/world/pradeep-kumar-rawat-to-be-indias-new-ambassador-to-china/784595/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=20 December 2021}}</ref> In 2021 he began serving as ambassador of India to the Netherlands.<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/><ref>{{cite news |title=China expert Pradeep Rawat will be India's new envoy to Beijing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/china-expert-pradeep-rawat-will-be-india-s-new-envoy-to-beijing-101636862632086.html |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He also serves as Permanent Representative of India to the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] and handles India's relations with international bodies in [[The Hague]] such as the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref name="ambassador profile - netherlands"/>

In December 2021, it was announced that Rawat would become the [[List of ambassadors of India to China|ambassador of India to China]], replacing [[Vikram Misri]].<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com Pradeep Kumar Rawat to be"/> His appointment was seen as a positive sign for [[China–India relations]].<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/> On 14 March 2022, he arrived in China to take up the office and on 24 April 2023, he presented his credentials to [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]] [[Xi Jinping]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140322/indias-new-ambassador-to-china-pradeep-rawat-takes-charge.html|title=India's new ambassador to China Pradeep Rawat takes charge|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=2022-03-14|access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/indian-envoy-to-china-rawat-presents-credentials-to-president-xi-jinping-1598115|title=Indian Envoy To China, Rawat Presents Credentials To President Xi Jinping|newspaper=ABP Live|date=2023-04-26|access-date=2024-01-19}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Rawat is married and has two daughters.<ref name="ambassador profile - netherlands"/> He speaks [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] fluently.<ref name="scmp India names China specialist"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com Pradeep Kumar Rawat to be">{{cite news |title=Pradeep Kumar Rawat to be India's new envoy to China |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pradeep-kumar-rawat-to-be-indias-new-envoy-to-china-352538 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Taiwan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Timor-Leste]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Ramesh Katti

2026-04-23T05:07:50Z

Harleen singh: made new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramesh Vishwanath Katti
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|21|df=y}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 = [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
| successor1 = [[Prakash Hukkeri]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| parents = Vishwanath Katti (father)
| relations = [[Umesh Katti]] (brother)
| status = Incumbent
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| image =
| caption =
| office2 = The Belagavi District Central Cooperative Bank
| 1blankname2 = {{centre|Designation}}
| 1namedata2 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname2 = {{centre|President}}
| 2namedata2 = {{centre|1999–present}}
| 3blankname2 = {{centre|Vice President}}
| 3namedata2 = {{centre|1992–1993}}
| 4blankname2 = {{centre|Director}}
| 4namedata2 = {{Centre|1988–1992}}
| term_start2 = 1988
}}

'''Ramesh Vishwanath Katti''' (born 21 October 1964) is an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] from 2009 to 2014, representing [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Profile of Members| work = Government of India| url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4296| accessdate = 10 March 2012 }}</ref> He is also an Incumbent President of The Belgaum District Central Co-Operative Bank. Katti belongs to the [[Banajiga]] community, a sub-sect of [[Lingayat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Umesh Katti: A colourful, controversial leader |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/umesh-katti-a-colourful-controversial-leader/article65861180.ece |access-date=October 7, 2025 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Office==
He is rendering services to other Cooperative Institutions including:
* President, The Belgaum District Central Coop. Bank Ltd., [[Belgaum]]
* Ex-Chairman, Shri Hiranyakeshi Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Niyamit
* Sankeshwar (Dist. Belgaum)
* Vice President, National Heavy Engineering Coop. Ltd., Pune
* President, Mahanteshwar Vidya Sansthe
* Bellad Bagewad, Ex-Chairman and Director : The Bellad Bagewadi Urban Souhard Sahakari Bank Niyamit, B. Bagewadi
* Founder : Rahul Katti Sports & Social Club, B.Bagewadi
* Director : Karnataka State Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Ltd., Bangalore, Director :
* Krishi Seva Sahakari Bank Ltd., Bellad-Bagewadi, Director :
* Karnataka Ranga Bhoomi Abhivruddhi & Uttejan Sahakari Sangh, Belgaum
* Director : Chamber of Commerce and Industries, Belgaum
* Member Murusavir Vidhyavardhak Sangh Residential School, Shirdhan
* Ex-Director: National Federation of Coop. Sugar Factories Ltd., Delhi

==Awards==
Ramesh Katti received many awards and honours including "Bharatiya Udyog Ratna Award -96″, "Rashtriya Udyog Ratna Award","National Industrial Excellence Award", "Udyog Vikas Ratna Award", " S. V. Parthasarathy Award " with " Gold Medal " in appreciation of the better adoption of Water Recycling Unit and " Shrestha Sahakari" Award – 2007.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{15th LS members from Karnataka|state=autocollapse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katti, Ramesh Vishwanath}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Khatron Ke Khiladi 9

2026-04-22T15:44:52Z

Harleen singh:

{{short description|2019 season of Indian reality TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_name = Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi
| season_number = 9
| bgcolour = #581845 
| image = Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_9.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Title screen
| starring =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| num_contestants = 12
| winner = [[Punit Pathak]]
| runner_up = [[Aditya Narayan]]
}}
| num_episodes = 20
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|1|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|3|10}}
| prev_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8|Season 8]]
| next_season = [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10|Season 10]]
}}

'''''Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi, Jigar Pe Trigger''''' is the '''ninth season''' of '''''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''''', an [[India]]n [[Reality television|reality]] and [[Stunt|stunt television series]] premiered on 5 January 2019 and aired on [[Colors TV]]. The series was produced by [[Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]]. Filmed in [[Argentina]], it was hosted by [[Rohit Shetty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/after-khatron-ke-khiladi-9-rohit-shetty-starts-rolling-simmba/19726167|title=After Khatron Ke Khiladi 9 Rohit Shetty starts rolling Simmba|publisher=Mid Day|date=21 August 2018|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> For the first time, the finale was broadcast live on 10 March 2019 to promote ''[[Rising Star India (Season 3)|Rising Star 3]]'' and [[Akshay Kumar]]'s ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''. The season ended on 10 March 2019 with [[Punit Pathak]] declared the winner while [[Aditya Narayan]] became the 1st runner up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-01 |title=Highlights From Khatron Ke Khiladi 9, Courtesy Vikas Gupta, Bharti Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/highlights-from-khatron-ke-khiladi-9-courtesy-vikas-gupta-bharti-singh-1893707 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Contestants==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Name
! Occupation
! Place
! Status
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Punit Pathak]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Choreographer Punit J Pathak wins Khatron Ke Khiladi | date=11 March 2019 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-9-winner-is-punit-j-pathak-aditya-narayan-first-runner-up-of-rohit-shetty-show/story-fU0G5kTFySQeET1y9OAGvN.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 9 Winner: पुनीत पाठक बने खतरों के खिलाड़ी 9 के विजेता, आदित्य रहे दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://ndtv.in/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-9-winner-aditya-narayan-punit-pathak-rohit-shetty-2005535 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>
| Choreographer and actor
| 1st
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Aditya Narayan]]
| Actor and singer
| 2nd
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Ridhima Pandit]]
| Actress
| 3rd
| bgcolor="7FFFD4"| 2nd runner-up
|-
| style="background:#FFFF99;" |
| [[Shamita Shetty]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-25 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 9 written update, February 24, 2019: Shamita Shetty wins Ticket to Finale, becomes the first finalist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-9-written-update-february-24-2019-shamita-shetty-wins-ticket-to-finale-becomes-the-first-finalist/articleshow/68153252.cms |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| Actress and model
| 4th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Aly Goni]]
| rowspan="2" | Actor
| rowspan="2" | 5th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#B2FFFF;" |
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Bharti Singh]]
| Comedian
| 6th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
| Actress
| 7th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Vikas Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-11 |title=Exclusive: Vikas Gupta explains why he was disqualified from Khatron Ke Khiladi 9, says he hid being on painkillers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-9-rohit-shetty-scolds-vikas-gupta-for-taking-steroids/articleshow/67938725.cms |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| Producer and host
| 8th
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| Producer and writer
| 9th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Zain Imam]]
| Actor
| 10th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[S. Sreesanth|Sreesanth Nair]]
| Cricketer
| 11th
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| style="background:#D0FF14;" |
| [[Avika Gor]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-21 |title=Avika Gor on Khatron Ke Khiladi 9: Will cherish the injury marks as proof of my strength |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-9-avika-gor-elimination-5548063/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| Actress
| 12th
| {{Eliminated}}
|}
:{{Color box|#D0FF14|border=darkgray}} Indicates original entrants
:{{Color box|#FFFF99|border=darkgray}} Indicates the wild card entrants
:{{Color box|#B2FFFF|border=darkgray}} Indicates re-entered entrants

==Elimination chart==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">

{|class="wikitable" border="2" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="45" |'''Weeks'''
|-
! colspan="3" |1
! colspan="3" |2
! colspan="3" |3
! colspan="4" |4
! colspan="3" |5
! colspan="5" |6
! colspan="7" |7
! colspan="5" |8
! colspan="6" |9
! colspan="6" style="background:gold;" |10
|-
! colspan="3" |Grand Premiere
! colspan="3" |Twist Week
! colspan="3" |Horror Week
! colspan="4" |Stunt Game
! colspan="3" |Best of Stunts Week
! colspan="5" |Partner Week
! colspan="7" |Team Week
! colspan="5" |Ticket to Finale Week
! colspan="6" |Advantage Week
! colspan="6" style="background:gold;" |Grand Finale
|-
! colspan="3" |5-6 Jan
! colspan="3" |12-13 Jan
! colspan="3" |19-20 Jan
! colspan="4" |26-27 Jan
! colspan="3" |2-3 Feb
! colspan="5" |9-10 Feb
! colspan="7" |16-17 Feb
! colspan="5" |23-24 Feb
! colspan="6" |2-3 March
! colspan="3" style="background:gold;"|9 March
! colspan="3" style="background:gold;"|10 March
|-
! Punit
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:darkgrey;" |'''N/A'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| {{no wrap |'''TIE (60 Points)'''}}
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |{{ no wrap |'''SAVED BY CAPTAIN'''}}
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST{{ref|3|3}}'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE{{ref|3|3}}'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''{{ref|3|3}}
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#73FB76" |'''WINNER'''
|-
! Aditya
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background: orange;" |'''SAFE''' {{ref|1|1}}
| colspan="5" bgcolor="orange" |'''INJURY LEAVE'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (60 Points)'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAVED BY CAPTAIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellowgreen"|'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#D1E8EF" |{{nowrap|'''1ST RUNNER-UP'''}}
|-
! Ridhima
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| '''SAFE'''
| colspan=2 bgcolor="plum" |
'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" | '''BTM3''''
| '''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM4'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (60 Points)'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
|'''SAFE'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="yellowgreen"|'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE{{ref|3|3}}'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3{{ref|3|3}}'''
|'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="#7FFFD4" |{{nowrap|'''2ND RUNNER-UP'''}}
|-
! Shamita
| colspan="8" bgcolor="lightgray"|'''NOT IN COMPETITION'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="khaki" | {{nowrap|'''WILD CARD'''}}
|colspan="2" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''C'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (60 Points)'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAVED BY CAPTAIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="turquoise" |'''TOF'''
| colspan="6" bgcolor="turquoise" |'''Ticket To Finale'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Aly
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| '''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan=2 bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| '''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| colspan="6" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (60 Points)'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAVED BY CAPTAIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''{{ref|3|3}}
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''{{ref|3|3}}
| colspan="3" bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| '''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Bharti
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| '''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |SAFE
| colspan=2 bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| '''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="salmon" |'''C'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
|style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (60 Points)'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAVED BY CAPTAIN'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="yellowgreen"|'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor="antiquewhite" |BTM3
| '''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''Finalist'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background: orange|'''BTM2'''{{ref|4|4}}
| colspan="4" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''{{ref|5|5}}
|-
! Jasmin
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''SAFE'''
| style="background:plum;" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan=2 bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan=2 style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM4'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| style="background:deepskyblue;"| '''TIE (60 Points)'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM2'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="yellowgreen" |'''FAIL'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Vikas
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| style="background:white;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan=2 style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="yellow" |
| colspan="1" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="1" bgcolor="darkgrey" |'''N/A'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="orange" |'''Health Hault'''
| colspan="18" {{CRemoved|'''EJECTED'''}}
|-
! Haarsh
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| bgcolor="white" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |LOST
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM4'''
| colspan="25" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Zain
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="plum" |LOST
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''SAFE'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor="antiquewhite" |'''BTM4'''
| colspan="25" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Sreesanth
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="deepskyblue" |'''WIN'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="37" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|-
! Avika
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| colspan="2" style="background:orange;" |'''SAFE{{ref|2|2}}'''
| bgcolor="plum" |'''LOST'''
| style="background:antiquewhite;" |'''BTM3'''
| colspan="40" bgcolor="salmon" |'''ELIMINATED'''
|}
</blockquote>

{{refbegin|}}
#{{note|1}} Punit proxies Aditya due to injury
#{{note|2}} Ridhima proxies Avika due to injury
#{{note|3}} Stunts performed with an additional disadvantage
#{{note|4}} Ridhima proxies Bharti due to injury
#{{note|5}} Harsh proxies Bharti due to injury
{{refend}}
:{{Color box|lime|border=darkgray}} Winner
:{{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} Runner Up
:{{color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Finalists
:{{color box|turquoise|border=darkgray}} Ticket To Finale
:{{Color box|plum|border=darkgray}} Lost Task
:{{Color box|deepskyblue|border=darkgray}} Won First Task
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=darkgray}} Was Safe from Elimination stunt
:{{color box|yellowgreen|border=darkgray}} The contestant lost the stunt during the Ticket To Finale Race
:{{Color box|antiquewhite|border=darkgray}} Bottom Position
:{{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} Saved
:{{Color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} Eliminated
:{{Color box|khaki|border=darkgray}} Wild Card Entry
:{{color box|orange|border=darkgray}} Injury/Health Hault
:{{Color box|lightgray|border=darkgray}} Not in Competition
:{{Color box|darkgray|border=darkgray}} N/A
:{{color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} Disqualified

== Reception ==
In its first week, the show was ranked in the second position in the most popular shows in India. The show has received a number of Target rating point, 14277 impressions. During second week, the show received 13513 impressions with second position. It came live on 10 March 2019 on its Grand Finale for the live audition of the 1st contestant of rising star 3.This season was a great success and topped the television ratings points till its end .

== Guest appearances ==
[[Ranveer Singh]] (Week 8) - to promote [[Gully Boy]].

[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] (Week 9) - to cheer [[Bharti Singh]].

[[Jasmin Bhasin]] and [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] (Week 10) - to perform an elimination stunt in place of [[Bharti Singh]] after she was injured.

'''<big>Grand finale</big>'''

Former Host [[Akshay Kumar]] appeared to perform a stunt and to promote [[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]. The Former host gave ''Kesari'' challenge to the contestants.

[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]] & [[Usha Timothy]] (Contestant) and other contestants of [[Rising Star India (season 3)]] appeared to promote the new season of Rising Star. Abhishek Saraph (Contestant) appeared for a live audition for Rising Star 3.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://colorstv.com/in/khatronkekhiladi}}
* [https://voot.com/shows/khatron-ke-khiladi/100741/ Live Episodes]
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 9)}}
[[Category:2019 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|09]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Argentina]]

Doda West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:28Z

Harleen singh: Created Basic Data W/ Sources...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Doda district|Doda West]]
| mla = [[Shakti Raj|Shakti Raj Parihar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| established = 2022
| most_successful_party =
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 53
}}

'''Doda West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Doda West is also part of [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |title=DELIMITATION COMMISSION NOTIFICATION}}</ref> This constituency was created in 2022 after delimitation process in Jammu and Kashmir (union territory).<ref>{{Cite news|title=J&K to have 90 constituencies as delimitation panel orders come into effect|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/jk-to-have-90-constituencies-as-delimitation-panel-orders-come-into-effect-334477-2022-05-20|date=20 May 2022|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> In May 2022, the final list of new assembly constituencies was published in the gazette.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delimitation Comm order final, can’t be challenged legally: MHA|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/delimitation-comm-order-final-cant-be-challenged-legally-mha/|date=13 September 2022|newspaper=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> The new constituency consists of [[Marmat (tehsil)|Marmat]], [[Assar]], [[Kastigarh]], and [[Bhagwah]] tehsils; Doda tehsil (part, excluding [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]), [[Arnora]], [[Dhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Dhar]], [[Doda MC]], [[Udhyanpur]] (part), and [[Dhara PCs]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 March 2024 |date=22 March 2022 |publisher=[[Doda.nic.in]] |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in UT of J&K-Publication of Commission draft proposal regarding |url=https://doda.nic.in/document/delimitation-of-constituencies-in-ut-of-jk-publication-of-commission-draft-proposal-regarding/}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Shakti Raj|Shakti Raj Parihar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Doda West<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakti Raj Parihar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,964 |percentage=49.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,511 |percentage=44.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=998 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swarn Veer Singh Jaral |party=Independent politician |votes=857 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasir Shafi Matto |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=437 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ghani |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=436 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanveer Hussain |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=433 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,453 |percentage=5.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,944 |percentage=77.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,436 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Doda district]]
* [[Doda Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.145|75.545|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Doda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Doda]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Pedana Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:55Z

Harleen singh: made article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pedana
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (74-Pedana highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pedana Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 74
| electors = 1,65,987
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Pedana Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedana Assembly Election Results 2024: Pedana Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pedana-constituency-result-1074 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 1,65,987 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Gudur
|-
| [[Pedana mandal|Pedana]]
|-
| [[Bantumilli mandal|Bantumilli]]
|-
| [[Kruthivennu mandal|Kruthivennu]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Jogi Ramesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Kagitha Venkata Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Jogi Ramesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]]
|votes =91,394
|percentage =60.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Uppala Ramesh (Ramu)|votes=53,271|percentage=35.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sonti Nagaraju|votes=1394|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1349|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,123|percentage=25.43|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,49,961|percentage=90.34|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Telugu Desam Party
|loser =YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Jogi Ramesh]]
|votes = 61,920
|percentage = 42.46%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kagitha Krishnaprasad
|votes = 54,081
|percentage = 37.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Ankem Lakshmi Srinivas
|votes = 25,733
|percentage = 17.64%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,839
|percentage = 5.38%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 145848
|percentage = 87.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kagitha Venkata Rao
|votes = 71,779
|percentage = 53.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Buragadda Vedavyas
|votes = 58,085
|percentage = 42.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,694
|percentage = 10.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 135,442
|percentage = 88.50
|change = +2.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jogi Ramesh]]
|votes = 44,480
|percentage = 35.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kagitha Venkata Rao
|votes = 43,045
|percentage = 34.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Myla Veeraju
|votes = 29,172
|percentage = 23.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,192
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 126,484
|percentage = 85.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.26|81.14|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Devendra Pratap Singh (Chhattisgarh politician)

2026-04-19T05:28:29Z

Harleen singh: Created Initial Bio From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raja Devendra Pratap Singh
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|05|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Raigarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India (now in [[Chhattisgarh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Saroj Pandey]], [[BJP]]
| successor =
| alma_mater = [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]] (10+2) [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of Delhi]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| father = Surendra Kumar Singh
| relatives = [[Raigarh State]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Bhawanidevi Singh|1999}}
| children =
| website =
| source =
| signature =
}}
'''Raja Devendra Pratap Singh''' (also Kumar Devendra Pratap Singh) (born 2 May 1975) is an [[Indian politician]] and a [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] representing the state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Election: कौन हैं राजा देवेंद्र प्रताप सिंह? जिसे बीजेपी ने छत्तीसगढ़ से बनाया राज्यसभा उम्मीदवार |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/chhattisgarh-news/rajya-sabha-election-2024-bjp-announced-candidates-fielded-devendra-pratap-singh-5039324 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=mpcg.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

Singh is the son of [[Surendra Kumar Singh (politician)|Raja Surendra Kumar Singh]] and grandson of [[Chakradhar Singh|Raja Chakradhar Singh]], the raja of [[Raigarh State]] during the [[British Raj]] in India.

==Early life and education==
Devendra was born on 2 May 1975 to [[Surendra Kumar Singh (politician)|Raja Surendra Kumar Singh]] of [[Gonds|Gond dynasty]]. He completed his schooling at [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]] and was admitted to [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], [[University of Delhi]] where he pursued [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] and [[Master of Arts|MA]] in history.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Singh's father Surendra Pratap was a politician, who served as MLA from [[Lailunga Assembly constituency|Lailunga]] and also Rajya Sabha MP from [[Chhattisgarh]]. His uncle [[Lalitkumar Singh|Raja Lalitkumar Singh]] was the last Raja of [[Raigarh State]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़: राजा देवेंद्र प्रताप सिंह BJP के राज्यसभा उम्मीदवार, जानें बिलासपुर संभाग से प्रत्याशी बनाने की वजह |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-raja-devendra-pratap-singh-is-bjp-rajya-sabha-candidate-know-reason-for-making-him-a-candidate-2024-02-12 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
On 11 February 2024, he was announced as BJP Candidate from [[Chhattisgarh]] in upcoming [[2024 Rajya Sabha elections|Rajya Sabha election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-11 |title=Rajya Sabha Election 2024: छत्तीसगढ़ में भाजपा ने देवेंद्र प्रताप सिंह को बनाया राज्यसभा उम्मीदवार - Rajya Sabha Election 2024 BJP made Raja Devendra Pratap Singh Rajya Sabha candidate in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-rajya-sabha-election-2024-bjp-made-raja-devendra-pratap-singh-rajya-sabha-candidate-in-chhattisgarh-8276994 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Devendra Pratap}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Ahichchhatra Jain temples

2026-04-15T21:21:15Z

Harleen singh: adding first location needs work

{{short description|Jain temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]] and [[Śvētāmbara]]
| image = File:Shri Ahichchhatra Parshvanath Atishaya Kshetra Digamber Jain Mandir (3).jpg
| alt = Ahichchhatra Jain temples
| caption = Shri Ahichchhatra Parshvanath Atishaya Kshetra Digamber Jain Mandir
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type = Uttar Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|28|22|23|N|79|07|06|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Ahichchhatra]], [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], Ahichhatra Jain Mela
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| established =
| creator = King Vasupal
| governing_body =
| temple_quantity = 7
| architecture_style =
}}

The '''Ahichchhatra Jain temples''' is a group of [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temples]] in [[Ahichchhatra]] village in [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla tehsil]] of [[Bareilly district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[North India]]. Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of [[Jainism]], attained [[Kevala Jnana]].

== Jain tradition ==
[[File:Ahichchhatra excavation - Parshvanatha idol - 7th century BCE.jpg|thumb|left|Parshvanatha sculpture excavated from Ahichchhatra, 7th century BCE]]

The history of Ahichchhatra traditionally starts from the period of [[Rishabhanatha]], the first tirthankara. According to Digambara belief, it was visited by all 24 Tirthankaras. Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankar]] of Jainism, attained ''[[Kevala gyana]]'' (omniscience).{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=2}} According to Jain texts, it was visited by [[Parshvanatha]] during ''vihara''; in an attempt to obstruct Parshvanatha from achieving ''Kevala Jnana'', Kamath, his elder brother, caused continuous rain. Parshvanatha was immersed in water up to his neck but was protected by the serpent God [[Dharanendra]], who held a canopy of a thousand hoods over his head, and the Goddess [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] who coiled herself around his body. Following this event, the place was renamed to Ahichchhatra ({{translation|Serpent umbrella}}).{{sfn|Law|1942|p=15}}{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=17}}{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=2}}

== History ==
Ahichchhatra was one of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]].{{sfn|Malik|2016|p=76}} It was considered an important town when [[Hiuen Tsang]] visited India in the 7th century CE.{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=16}} Several ancient Jain [[ayagapata|āyāgapaṭa]] were excavated from this site, including the famous ''Nāṃdighoṣa āyāgapaṭa'' dated early {{circa|15 CE}}.{{sfn|Smith|1901|p=48}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=24}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2000|p=126}} 27 Jain inscriptions discovered here bear dates prior to 100 CE.{{sfn|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|1903|pp=5-6}}

[[Alois Anton Führer]] excavated a Jain temple constructed during the reign of [[Indo-Scythians]] dynasty, enhrining idols from 96—152 CE.{{sfn|Murray|1893|p=118}} A number of Jain temples were discovered by [[Alexander Cunningham]] during excavation.{{sfn|Cunningham|1885|p=104}} Many idols, stupas and pillars from the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] periods have been discovered in Ahichchhatra.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], composed by Śvetāmbara Acharya Jinaprabha Suri in the 14th century CE, mentions Samkhyāvatǐ as the earlier name of Ahichchhatra and describes two Jain temples dedicated to Parshvanatha in the area.{{sfn|Law|1942|p=21}} According to ''Ahicchatra-nagri-kalpa'', this place was visited by Goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]].{{sfn|Tiwari|1989|pp=26-27}} ''Kaivalyamala'', written by Śvetāmbara [[Jain acharya]] Udyotansuri in {{circa|778}} CE,{{sfn|Paniker|1997|p=453}}{{sfn|Mahapatra|1989|p=350}} mentions that Harigupta of the [[Gupta Empire]] took [[diksha]] here.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=277}}

== Temples ==
[[File:Shri Ahichchhatra Parshvanath Atishaya Kshetra Digamber Jain Mandir - Main Vedi (3).jpg|thumb|Parshvanath idol commonly known as ''Tikhal wale Baba'']]
[[File:Ahichchhatra Shwethambar Tirth (5).jpg|thumb|Shwetambar Jain temple]]

The temples in Ahichchhatra were built to commemorate [[Parshvanatha]] attaining [[Panch Kalyanaka|Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka]].{{sfn|Law|1942|p=22}}{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=2}}{{sfn|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z|p=32}}

; Digambara Jain temple
The Digambara Jain temple was initially constructed during the reign of King Vasupal. The temple was later reconstructed in 1975. The temple contains 7 vedis, one of which has a {{convert|6|ft|m|adj=on}} idol of [[Mahavira]] while others house idols of Parshvanatha in different postures. The main idol of the temple dates back to the 10th century and is popularly known as ''Tikhal wale Baba''.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

This temple, dedicated to Parshvanatha, is a major Jain pilgrimage center.{{sfn|Jain|2008|p=64}}{{sfn|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z|p=31}} According to [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]], over {{lakh|4.36}} people visited Ahichchhatra Jain Temple in 2019.{{sfn|UP tourism|Year-wise Tourist Statistics}}

; Tis Chaubisi temple
The Tis Chaubisi temple was constructed in 2002 CE. The temple houses 720 idols of the 24 Tirthankaras. The mulnayak of this temple is a {{convert|13.5|ft|m|adj=on}} idol of Parshvanatha.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

; Bhagwan Parshvanath-Padmavati temple
The Bhagwan Parshvanath-Padmavati temple was constructed in 2007 CE. The temple houses an idol of Parshvanatha in the centre with idols of [[Dharanendra]] and [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] on either side.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

; Chaubisi temple
The Chaubisi temple is built beside the old Digambara Jain temple in an area spanning {{convert|17500|m2}}.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

; Shwetambar Jain temple
The Shwetambar temple is a beautiful structure known for its unique architecture. The temple is made of buff sandstone and houses a thousand images of the Jain pantheon.{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

Both Digambara and Shwetambar Jain temple also have a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]] equipped with all modern facilities and [[bhojnalaya]].{{sfn|UP tourism|Ahicchatra|p=3}}

== Fair ==
Ahichchhatra Jain Mela is the primary festival of this temple and is organized annually in March.{{sfn|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z|p=31}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ahichchhatra Padmavati Mandir (cropped).jpg|Bhagwan Parshvanath-Padmavati temple
File:Ahichchhatra Chaubisi Mandir.jpg|Tis Chaubisi temple
File:Ahichchhatra Prachin Gaon Mandir (1).jpg|Ahichchhatra ancient village temple
File:Ahichchhatra Digambar Lal Mandir.jpg|Ahichchhatra Digambar Lal temple
File:Shri Ahichchhatra Parshvanath Atishaya Kshetra Digamber Jain Mandir - Murals.jpg|Digamabar Jain temple murals
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Bijolia Parshvanath temple]]
* [[Kampilya]]
* [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]]
* [[Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur]]

==References==
===Citation===
{{Reflist|23em}}

===Sources===
===Book===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Cunningham |title=Report of a Tour in Eastern Rajputana in 1882-83 | volume=20 | series=Archaeological Survey of India |url={{Google books|6M8OAAAAQAAJ|page=104|plainurl=yes}} |year=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Lakshmi |title=Dropout of Girl-child in Schools |url={{Google books|N8ZNPEflZzgC|page=64|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Northern Book Centre | isbn=9788172112448 | year=2008 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography | volume=1 |url={{Google books|43Fzt-G_-XYC|page=17|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publication |isbn=9788177552980 | location=New Delhi }}
* {{cite book | last=Law | first=Bimala Churn | title=Panchalas and their capital Ahichchhatra | volume=67 | series=Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/22065.pdf | year=1942 | access-date=27 April 2022 }}
* {{cite book |last=Malik |first=Malti |title=Diamond Historical Atlas |url={{Google books|AeI-DAAAQBAJ|page=76|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=New Saraswati House India | isbn=9788173354991 | year=2016 | location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |title=Constitutional languages | volume=1 | series=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use |url={{Google books|yU8nq-C6wnoC|page=350|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Université Laval]] | isbn=9782763771861 | year=1989 | location=Québec}}
* {{cite book |last=Murray |first=J. | author-link=John Murray III |title=The Academy | volume=44 |url={{Google books|sZd6rztMwS0C|page=118|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)]] | location=[[London]] | year=1893 }}
* {{cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa | author-link=Ayyappa Paniker |title=Constitutional languages | volume=1 | series=Medieval Indian Literature |url={{Google books|KYLpvaKJIMEC|page=453|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] | isbn=9788126003655 | year=1997 }}
* {{cite book |last=Quintanilla |first=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004155374 |url={{Google books|X7Cb8IkZVSMC|pg=PR24|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |language=en}}
* {{cite book | author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | author-link=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |url={{Google books|j-B_DPdTBMEC|page=5|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year=1903 }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur | author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |title=The Jain Stûpa and Other Antiquities of Mathurâ | volume=20 | series=New Imperial series |url={{Google books|iQo2AJ3-FnECC|pg=PP48|plainurl=yes}} |year=1901 |publisher=F. Luker, superintendent Government Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah | first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography | url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=277|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | date=1987 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=[[Delhi]] | isbn=81-7017-208-X }}
* {{cite book | last=Tiwari | first=Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad | url={{Google books|l0Tt04JDN0kC|page=26|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Ambika in Jaina Art and Literature | publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] | date=1989 }}
{{refend}}

===Web===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Quintanilla | first=Sonya Rhie | title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249941 | journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] | volume=60 | issue=1 | year=2000 | pages=79–137 | doi=10.2307/3249941 | jstor=3249941 | access-date=20 April 2022| url-access=subscription }}
* [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]]
** {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/UP-Book-opt.pdf | title=Uttar Pradesh: A to Z | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Uttar Pradesh: A to Z}} | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=22 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122045228/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/UP-Book-opt.pdf | url-status=dead }}
** {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/article/year-wise-tourist-statistics | title=Year-wise Tourist Statistics | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Year-wise Tourist Statistics}} | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=31 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531225103/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/article/year-wise-tourist-statistics | url-status=dead }}
** {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf | title=Ahicchatra | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | ref={{sfnref|UP tourism|Ahicchatra}} | access-date=20 April 2022 | archive-date=25 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525220525/https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf | url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last=Tandon | first=O. P. | title=Jaina Shrines in India | publisher=Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | year=1986 |isbn=9788123024547 }}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kashyap (surname)

2026-04-15T14:01:04Z

Harleen singh: new some article basic info

'''Kashyap''' is an Indian surname based on the [[Kashyap (caste)|Kashyap]] caste. Notable people with the surname include:

== Rajput ==
* [[Anurag Kashyap]], film director<ref>{{cite news |title= रिंकू सिंह कैसे बने अनुराग कश्यप, किस जाति के हैं ब्राह्मणों पर टिप्पणी करने वाले फिल्म मेकर?|url=https://navbharatlive.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-belong-to-kshatriya-varna-know-how-rinku-singh-of-up-became-anurag-kashyap-1194647.html|access-date= 25 September 2025|work= Nav Bharat|date= 21 April 2024}}</ref>
* [[Abhinav Kashyap]], film writer and director of [[Dabanggg]] (2010) and [[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]] (2013). Real brother of ''Anurag Kashyap''<ref>{{cite news |title= कौन हैं Abhinav Kashyap? सलमान खान को कहा गुंडा, बॉलीवुड का ये बड़ा डायरेक्टर है सगा भाई|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-who-is-anurag-kashyap-brother-abhinav-kashyap-dabangg-director-going-viral-for-his-remarks-on-salman-khan-24041109.html|access-date= 30 September 2025|work= Nav Bharat|date= 9 September 2025}}</ref>

== Bhumihar ==
* [[Anjana Om Kashyap]], TV Journalist<ref>{{cite news |title= अंजना ओम कश्यप का जीवन परिचय – Anjana Om Kashyap Biography in Hindi|url=https://yuvadigest.com/anjana-om-kashyap-biography-in-hindi/|access-date= 30 September 2025|work= Yuva Digest|date= 5 February 2024}}</ref>

== Koli==
* [[Balak Ram Kashyap]] - Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Kasumpti Assembly constituency|Kasumpti Vidhan Sabha constituency]] respectively
* [[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]] - President of Himachal Pradesh State Unit of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and Ex MP from [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Madhu|date=2020-07-22|title=Suresh Kashyap appointed new Himachal BJP chief|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/himachal-bjp-chief-appointed-suresh-kashyap-636262|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Virender Kashyap]] - Former MP from [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Roop Dass Kashyap|Roop Das Kashyap]] - Former MP from Shimla Lok Sabha constituency
* [[Reena Kashyap]] - Incumbent MLA from [[Pachhad Assembly constituency|Pachhad Vidhan Sabha constituency]]

== Adivasi ==
* [[Baliram Kashyap]] MP from [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]<ref>{{cite news |title= जयंती विशेष:पीएम मोदी के गुरू थे बस्तर के दबंग नेता बलिराम कश्यप - pm modi bastar guru baliram kashyap|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/pm-modi-bastar-guru-tribal-bjp-leader-baliram-kashyap-birth-anniversary-cts24031104302|access-date= 30 September 2025|work= E Tv Bharat|date= 11 March 2024}}</ref>
* [[Dinesh Kashyap]] MP from [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] Ex MLA from [[Jagdalpur|Jagdalpur Assembly constituency]]. Son of '''Baliram Kashyap''' MP<ref>{{cite news |title= बस्‍तर के पूर्व सांसद दिनेश कश्‍यप का छलका दर्द, राजनाथ सिंह ने पूछा हालचाल तो बोले, ठीक है, लेकिन मेरा टिकट दोबारा कट गया|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/jagdalpur-former-bastar-mp-dinesh-kashyap-expressed-his-pain-he-said-to-rajnath-singh-my-ticket-was-cut-again-8301247|access-date= 30 September 2025|work= E Tv Bharat|date= 14 June 2024}}</ref>

== Dhiwar ==
* [[Vijay Kumar Kashyap]] - Formar Minister of Uttar Pradesh and MLA Muzaffarnagar.
* [[Dharmendra Kashyap]] MP from [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
* [[Narendra Kumar Kashyap]] MLC, Minister of State (Independent Charge) Uttar Pradesh
* [[Ram Kumar Kashyap]] MLA from [[Indri Assembly constituency|Indri]] Hariyana & Ex MP [[Rajya Sabha]].
* [[Sapna Kashyap]] - Indian Politician [[BJP]] Leader and Member of State Women Commission of [[Uttar Pradesh]].
* [[Nikesh Jeewna]] - Nikesh Kashyap an Indian Singer, Writer and Ex-Captain of Meerut Football Team.

== Others ==
*[[Ajay Kashyap]] [[Bollywood]] film director. His directorial debut was [[Jaan Ki Baazi]] (1985).
*[[Anil Kashyap]]
*[[Anurag Kashyap (contestant)]]
*[[Bimla Kashyap Sood]]
*[[Bharti Kashyap]]
*[[Dinesh Kashyap]]
*[[D.D. Kashyap]]
*[[Jayant Kashyap]], poet and academic.
*[[Subhash C. Kashyap]]
*[[Tulsiram Sharma Kashyap]]
*[[Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir]]
*[[Vasundhara Kashyap]]
*[[Santosh Kashyap]]
*[[Sunil Kashyap]]
*[[Shibani Kashyap]]
*[[Vijay Kashyap]]
*[[Ramadhar Kashyap]]
*[[Vijay Kumar Kashyap]]
*[[Shiv Ram Kashyap]]
*[[Rameshwar Singh Kashyap]]
*[[Jagdish Kashyap]]
*[[Shaiza Kashyap]]
*[[Suraj Kashyap]]
*[[Praveen Kashyap]]
*[[Parupalli Kashyap]]
*[[Sagar Kashyap]]
*[[Kedar Nath Kashyap]]
*[[Rajpal Kashyap]]
*[[Suresh Kashyap]]

==See also==
*{{intitle|Kashyap}}
*[[Kashyapa]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Peter Alvares

2026-04-14T14:15:15Z

Harleen singh: made new data

{{Short description|Indian politician (1908–1975)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Peter Augustus Alvares
| birth_date = 31 March 1908
| death_date = 6 May 1975
| image = Alvares peter-Konkani Vishwakosh.png
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1963
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Panjim]]
| predecessor = [[Pundalik Gaitonde]]<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |pages=16–18, 27}}</ref>
| successor = [[Janardan Jagannath Shinkre]]
}}

'''Peter Augustus Alvares''' (1908–1975) was an Indian politician. He was the second and first elected [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] (then Panjim), after liberation of [[Goa]] from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] rule in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Lok Sabha members |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=3&tab=13 |website=Lok Sabha India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-05 |title=Naik fighting history too! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naik-fighting-history-too/story-eW1AMS5Mx2Y8Vbf3e0EvQO.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=208 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-30 |title=From the archives - December 1, 1966 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/article16734816.ece |access-date=2023-03-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/StateProfile.aspx</ref> He served as president of [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] from 1968 to 1973 and was its general secretary from 1957 to 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramagundam |first=Rahul |title=The Life and Times of George Fernandes |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670092888 |pages=211–212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIRF Presidents |url=https://www.airfindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/AIRF-97th-Annual-Convention.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadke |first=P. Manoj & Rahul |date=2019-01-29 |title=Leap of faith: From seminary to trade union movement |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/leap-of-faith-from-seminary-to-trade-union-movement/article26122111.ece |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Peter Augustus Alvares was born on 31 March 1908 in Parra, [[Bardez taluka|Bardez]], Goa,<ref name="VazProfiles97">{{Cite book |last=Vaz |first=J. Clement |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Profiles_of_Eminent_Goans_Past_and_Prese/7DJLxYBYA-YC |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-619-2 |page=285}}</ref> to Augustus John Vincent Alvares. He began his career working for the Port Trust of India but resigned from his position to join the Indian independence movement. In 1942, he participated in the [[Quit India Movement]], for which he was arrested and sentenced to two years of imprisonment.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |first=Vinayak |last=Mayekar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/216 |type= |edition= |series= |page=216 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Goa liberation movement==
Alvares encouraged many volunteers in Bombay to work in hiding from Goa for its freedom.<ref name="VazProfiles97" />

From 1953 onwards, Alvares was the president of the National Congress (Goa) (NCG).<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" /> He was later a member of the [[Praja Socialist Party]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=69, 81 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

Between 1953 and 1955, he served as the Vice-President of the National Congress (Goa). He later led the Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti, an organization dedicated to coordinating aid for the liberation struggle.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

On 26 January 1955, he led a group of [[Satyagraha|Satyagrahis]] into Goa through [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> Later that year, on 15 August 1955, he helped organise the ''satyagraha'' on 15 August 1954, assembling three groups of about 15 satygrahis each who marched to three different parts on the border of Goa.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /> Due to these activities, the Portuguese authorities filed a chargesheet against him, and he was sentenced in absentia to 18 years of rigorous imprisonment.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In June 1957, Alvares was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Others included [[Armando Menezes]] and his brother [[Nicolau Menezes]], along with Luis Gracias, [[J. N. Heredia]], [[Evágrio Jorge]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

==Trade unionism==
Alvares was a leader in the Indian labour movement, particularly within the railway sector. He was a founding member of the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railway Union and other railway unions. In 1956, at a convention in Nagpur, he was appointed as the Assistant General Secretary of the All India Railwaymen's Federation (AIRF), later rising to the position of President of the organization.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Political career==
A staunch socialist, Alvares was deeply influenced by the socialist publication ''Janata''. In 1949, he was elected to the Mumbai Legislative Assembly as a representative of the trade unions. He was also a member of the Congress Socialist Party.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In the 1963 election for the Lok Sabha, Alvares represented the [[Praja Socialist Party]] and was supported by the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) and [[Bhausaheb Bandodkar]], the first Chief Minister of Goa. He won with 53% of the votes. He thus became the first elected Member of Parliament to represent the [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] (since his predecessor [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] was recommended without any election).<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" />

In the 1967 election, Bandodkar and the MGP withdrew their support. Alvares contested on the PSP ticket but lost, pushed down to the sixth position with only 4% of the votes.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" />

==Other movements==
Alvares was also an active participant in the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]], which advocated for a separate Marathi-speaking state, and was arrested during the agitation.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In his later years, he was inspired by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and participated in the "Janata" movement in [[Bihar]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Death==
Alvares died on 6 May 1975.<ref name="VazProfiles97" />

==Awards and accolades==
The Government of Goa, Daman and Diu honoured him on 19 June 1984 after his death.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alvares, Peter}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Chamkaur Sahib

2026-04-11T07:36:09Z

Harleen singh: Created New Post From Scratch...

{{More citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chamkaur Sahib
| official_name = Sri Chamkaur Sahib
| native_name = 
| motto =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Gurdwara Katalgarh Sahib in Chamkaur Sahib.jpg
| photo2a = Gurudwara shri damdama sahib, chamkaur sahib - panoramio.jpg
| size = 260
}}
| imagesize = 200px
| image_caption = Gurdwara Katalgarh Sahib, Gurdwara Sri Damdama Sahib city Chamkaur Sahib
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_total = 13920
| timezone = GMT +5.5
| utc_offset =
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|53|31|N|76|25|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 278
| elevation_ft = 858
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 140112
| registration_plate = PB-71
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaba |first1=Anju Agnihotri |date=25 September 2021 |title=Punjab: Rich in culture but politically neglected, Puadh region now hopes it will finally get its due |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/rich-in-culture-but-politically-neglected-puadh-region-now-hopes-it-will-finally-get-its-due-7533184/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Chamkaur Sahib''' is a Sub Divisional town in the [[Rupnagar district|district of Rupnagar]] in the Indian State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

== History ==
It is famous for the [[First Battle of Chamkaur (1702)]] and the [[Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]] fought between the [[Mughals]] and [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

Situated on the banks of the [[Sirhind Canal]], Chamkaur sahib is at a distance of 15 km from [[Morinda]] and 16 km from [[Rupnagar]]. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and his two elder sons and 40 followers had come to this place from [[Kotla Nihang Khan]] with his [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] pursuers close on his heels. They came in the garden said to be of Raja roop chand, where now [[Gurudwara]] Katlgarh Sahib stands. There are several other Gurudwaras named Tari Sahib, Damdama Sahib, Garhi Sahib & Ranjitgarh Sahib that mark the visits and halts of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

=== Heritage loss ===
The original structure of the Garhi Sahib as constructed in the 19th century was demolished by the [[Sevā|Kar Seva]] groups under the patronage of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]], whom built a larger, marble complex in its place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dhaliwal |first=Sarbjit |date=19 December 2004 |title=Monuments of Guru Gobind Singh's time no longer there |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041220/punjab1.htm#7}}</ref> This move was decried by Sikh historians as destroying the heritage of Sikhs.<ref name=":0" /> A gurdwara (Damdama Sahib) was also constructed over the ''bagh'' (garden) that the tenth Guru used to camp in.<ref name=":0" />

== Shrines ==
Five Historical [[Gurdwara|Gurdwaras]] in Chamkaur Sahib
#Gurdwara Sri Katalgarh Sahib
#Gurdwara Sri Garhi Sahib
#Gurdwara Sri Damdama Sahib
#Gurdwara Sri Ranjitgarh Sahib
#Gurdwara Sri Tarri Sahib

== Attractions ==
Theme Park at Shri Chamkaur Sahib commemorating life and sacrifices of Guru Gobind Singh's eldest sons Baba Ajit Singh and Baba Jujhar Singh has been recently completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-cm-charanjit-channi-s-dream-project-chamkaur-sahib-theme-park-nears-completion-101635279496887.html|title = Punjab CM Charanjit Channi's dream project Chamkaur Sahib theme park nears completion|date = 27 October 2021}}</ref>

The Annual ceremony of Elder Sahibzada's of Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji {{not typo|ie}} Baba Ajit Singh ji, Baba Jujhar Singh ji, Three Piara Bhai Himat Singh ji, Bhai Mohkam Singh ji, Bhai Sahib Singh ji and 40 brave Sikh Soldiers has been celebrated every year with due respect in 20–22 December (6,7,8 Poh).

== Demographics ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}{{bar box|width = 320px
|barwidth = 300px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Chamkaur Sahib<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800260-chamkaur-sahib-punjab.html|title = Chamkaur Sahib Nagar Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2021 | Punjab}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|66.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|27.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|4.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|0.88}}
{{bar percent|Others|#9955BB|0.22}}}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Historical photograph of Gurdwara Katalgarh Sahib.jpg|Photograph from the 1920s of Gurdwara Katalgarh Sahib in Chamkaur. This structure was constructed in the 1830s by Raja Bhup Singh of Ropar. Later demolished by ''Kar Sevaks''.
File:Historical photograph of Chamkaur Sahib.jpg|Photograph from the 1920s by Kahn Singh Nabha of Gurdwara Tilak Asthan (Garhi Sahib) in Chamkaur, constructed by [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja Karam Singh]] of [[Patiala State]] in the first half of the 19th century (circa 1840s). Later demolished by ''Kar Sevaks''.
File:Map of the site of Chamkaur by Kahn Singh Nabha.jpg|Map of the site of Chamkaur by [[Kahn Singh Nabha]].
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rupnagar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rupnagar district]]

Parban Dam Project

2026-04-06T12:50:22Z

Harleen singh:

{{update|updated=2018|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox dam
| name = Parban Dam Project
| image = Dam Map.jpg
| image_caption = Parban Dam Jhalawar
| name_official = Parban Dam Project
| location_map = India
| location_map_caption = Parban Dam Project in [[Jhalawar district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.62|0|N|76.51|0|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| dam_crosses = Parban River
| location = [[Jhalawar district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity
| dam_length = {{convert|1181.1|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|124.672|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| spillway_type =
| construction_began = 2017
| opening =
| cost = ₹672.99 crore in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Const-work-on-Parwan-gravity-dam-project-to-begin-on-15-Dec-2017|title=Const work on Parban gravity dam to begin on 15 Dec 2017|last=|first=|date=13 December 2017|website=projectstoday.com|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>
| owner = Water Resource Department, Government of Rajasthan
| purpose = [[Irrigation in India|Irrigation Water]], Drinking Water, Industrial Water<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/Download_Index/119.pdf|title=Notice|last=|first=|date=|website=cwc.gov.in|access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref>
| res_name = Parban Dam
| res_capacity_total =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_depth =
| website =india-wris.nrsc.gov.in<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Parwan_Lift_Irrigation_Project_JI01598|title=Parwan Lift Irrigation Project JI01598|last=|first=|date=31 January 2012|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=30 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| extra =
}}

'''Parban Dam Project (परवन परियोजना)''' is an under construction dam project on the [[Parban River]] in the [[Jhalawar District]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Construction began in December 2017, after receiving approval by then [[Chief Minister]] [[Vasundhara Raje]].<ref name="meet">{{cite web|url=http://vasundharaje.in/cm-meets-uma-bharti-and-vijay-goel-in-delhi-27oct2016.html|title=Parwan Water Project be Declared a National Project|last=|first=|date=27 October 2016|website=VasundharaRaje.in|access-date=30 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The dam to be built 120 km from Kota town in Akawad village of Jhalawar district was likely to submerge 10,000 hectares (ha), including more than 1,600 ha of forestland. The union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) granted environmental clearance to the project in November, 2011. The clearance letter states the dam will completely submerge 17 villages and partially inundate 30 villages, affecting over 3,000 families including 461 tribal families.<ref name="Damfil">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/govt-sets-ball-rolling-for-parwan-dam-project/articleshow/58794548.cms|title=Government sets ball rolling for Parwan Dam project |last=|first=|date=May 23, 2017|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> 
The dam capacity of this project is 490 million cubic metre. After completion, 317 million cubic metres of water will be available for irrigation. Along with irrigation, this project will also provide 50 million cubic metres of water to quench thirst of 1,821 villages of Baran, Jhalawar and Kota districts. The thermal power generation of 2,970 MW will be achieved with 79 million cubic metre of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-ambitious-rs-65k-cr-parwan-agri-project-initiated-by-raj-centre-2568014|title=Ambitious Rs 6.5K cr Parwan agri project initiated by Raj-Centre|last=|first=|date=|website=dnaindia.com|access-date=}}</ref>

==History==
Since long before 1980 people of the [[Baran district|Baran]] and [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] were demanding a river canal for agriculture. There were many peaceful demonstration on many occasion on different places. Since the 2014 political parties started to accuse each other for ignoring peoples long time demand after many ups and down dream project came to limelight in political scenario. Many local leaders and old leaders like Ex. MLA Nandlal Meena submit demand letter for dam to CM Vasundhara Raje. To make Parban Water Project a [[National Project of India]] in October 2016 CM Raje went delhi to meet [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation|
Union Minister]] [[Uma Bharti]].<ref name="meet"/> On 15 December 2017 Raje laid the foundation stone of the Parwan Dam Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/gadkari-raje-lay-foundation-stones-of-rs-8-487-cr-projects-in-hadauti/story-CXGoy2SE7HOT0t29zrD1GP.html|title=Gadkari, Raje lay foundation stones of Rs 8,487 Cr projects in Hadauti
|last=|first=|date=15 December 2017|website=|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

== Investment ==
[[Hindustan Construction Company]], HCC as a lead partner in the joint venture with HSEPL has been awarded Rs 672.99 crore contract on Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) basis for the construction of Parwan Gravity Dam by the Water Resources Department of the Rajasthan government. HCC's share in the JV is 90% or around Rs 605.70 crore.<ref name="Damfil"/>

== Construction ==
[[File:Akawad Dam.jpg|thumb|left|Under construction akawad dam April 2018]]
Construction of Dam started in December 2018. The completion of the dam expected around May 2021.{{Update inline|date=April 2026}}

== Land Acquisition, Displacement and Resettlement==

Most of the residential areas in the two districts [[Baran district|Baran]] and [[Jhalawar]] are on a hillock, while the agricultural land is at a lower altitude. Due to this situation some villages are categorised as partially submerged while their fields and roads are fully inundate.<ref name="desperate">{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/desperate-for-dam-39921|title=Desperate for dam|last=Juneja|first=Sugandh|date=15 January 2013|website=downtoearth.org.in|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> 

The land for re-location has been identified at two-three places near [[Atru]].<ref name="Damfil"/>

== Environmental issues and Historical Sites ==
The dam is likely to submerge 10,000 hectares (ha), including more than 1,600 ha of forestland. The state government says the dam will completely submerge 17 villages and partially inundate 30 villages. Residents allege that the government’s definition of complete submergence is skewed.
Besides submerging villages, the project will affect [[religious]] places of [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] value. For example, [[Kakoni]], the eighth century temple in [[Baran district|Baran]], which was declared protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India|state archaeological department]] in 1970.<ref name="desperate"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Dams in Rajasthan]]

Savitribai Phule

2026-03-28T18:16:24Z

Harleen singh: adjust article to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Indian educater and social reformer (1831–1898)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

{{For|the Indian politician|Savitri Bai Phule}}{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Savitribai Phule
| image = Savitribai Phule statue, Maharashtra sadan, New Delhi.jpg
| alt = statue
of Savitribai Phule. The bust is in black. The pedestal it is on is made out of wood. The name plate on pedestal says "Kranjyoti Savitribai Phule" which roughly translates to "Revolutionary light Savitribai Phule" in Hindi. She is depicted to be wearing a saree.
| caption = Bust of Savitribai Phule.
| native_name_lang = mr
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1831|1|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Naigaon, [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|Company India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1897|3|10|1831|1|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Poona]], Bombay Presidency, [[British Raj|British India]]
| education = * normal school, Poona
* Teachers Training Program, Ahmednagar
| occupation = {{hlist|Educator|activist|social reformer|poet}}
| years_active = 1848–1897
| organization = [[Satya Shodhak Samaj]]
| known_for = • [[Girls' education]] • [[Women's rights]]
| notable_works = • ''Kavya Phule (1854)'' • ''Bavan Kashi Subhodh Ratnakar (1892)''<ref>{{cite news |author= |date= 3 January 2025|title= Savitribai Phule's 194th birth anniversary: A look at the life of India's first woman teacher|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/savitribai-phule-birth-anniversary-9758276/ |work=|location= |publisher= [[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 May 2025|quote=Savitribai Phule published her first collection of poems, called Kavya Phule (‘Poetry’s Blossoms’), at the age of 23 in 1854. She published Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar (‘The Ocean of Pure Gems’), in 1892.}}</ref>
| style =
| spouse = [[Jyotirao Phule]]
}}

'''Savitribai Phule''' ({{Pronunciation|Phule.wav|help=no}}; 3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897) was an Indian educator, [[social reformer]], and poet, widely regarded as the first female teacher of modern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Priti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY23DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Child Development and Education in the Twenty-First Century |last2=Shukla |first2=Subir |date=17 October 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-13-9258-0 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> Along with her husband, [[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotiba Phule]], she played a pivotal role in advancing women's rights and education in [[Maharashtra]], leaving a legacy that continues to influence social reform movements across India. She is also considered a front runner of [[Feminism in India|India's feminist movement]]. She worked to abolish discrimination and the unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender. Savitribai Phule and her husband were trailblazers in women's education in India.{{Sfn|Paik|2014|page=150, Reinforcing Jotirao’s efforts, his wife Savitribai Phule devoted her life to
working for women’s education and against caste practices.}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Savitribai Phule: The pioneer of women's education in India|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/03/savitribai-phule-the-pioneer-of-womens-education-in-india.html|access-date=18 December 2020|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195744/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/03/savitribai-phule-the-pioneer-of-womens-education-in-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=3 January 2025 |title=How Savitribai Phule's compassion shaped history through education and motherhood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/the-legacy-of-savitribai-phule-mother-teacher-trailblazer-2659295-2025-01-03 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 1848, they established their first school for girls at the residence of Tatyasaheb Bhide, known as Bhide Wada in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pol |first=Prabodhan |date=21 December 2023 |title=The Long-Lasting Legacy of Bhide Wada, Where the Phules Set Up Their First School |url=https://thewire.in/rights/bhide-wada-long-lasting-legacy-phules-school |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Sperandio|2018|p=35}} Later, she co-founded the ''[[Satyashodhak Samaj]]'' ({{literal translation|Society of Truth Seekers}}) in 1873 and led its women's wing.{{sfn|Somanaboina|Ramagoud|2021|p= [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82 63]}}

Born and raised in the [[Mali caste|Mali]] community, Savitribai was married to Jyotirao Phule at a young age and was initially illiterate. Her education was initiated by her husband through studies at home and later under the mentorship of Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram Bhavalkar.{{sfn|Somanaboina|Ramagoud|2021|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 59]}} She received teacher training in Pune and Ahilyanagar, becoming India's first professionally trained female headmistress and teacher. In 1848, together with Jyotirao and Sagunabai Kshirsagar, she opened the nation's first girls' school at Bhidewada in Pune on a progressive syllabus of mathematics, science, and social studies, in spite of strong opposition from society.

Savitribai’s career was marked by her relentless efforts in advancing education for girls and marginalized communities. By 1851, she and Jyotirao managed three girls’ schools in Pune with around 150 students. They opened a total of 18 schools, alongside initiatives such as "Mahila Seva Mandal" in 1851 to promote women's rights and the "Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha", an infanticide prevention center for widows in 1853. Savitribai’s literary contributions include ''Kavya Phule'' (1854) and ''Bavan Kashi Subhodh Ratnakar'' (1892). She died of bubonic plague in 1897. Today her legacy as the “Mother of Modern Education in India” endures, commemorated through memorials, institutional names, and cultural representations.

== Early life ==
Savitribai Phule was born on 3 January 1831, in the village of Naigaon in [[Satara District]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Savitribai Phule first memorial lecture, [2008]|last=Sundararaman, T.|date=2009|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn=978-81-7450-949-9|oclc=693108733}}</ref> She was the youngest daughter of four children born to Laxshmi and Khandoji Nevse Patil, both of whom belonged to the [[Mali caste|Mali]] Community.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DmR1fQSnVD62p4D3eyq9mO/The-life-and-times-of-Savitribai-Phule.html|title=The life and times of Savitribai Phule|last=Kandukuri|first=Divya|date=11 January 2019|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419145822/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DmR1fQSnVD62p4D3eyq9mO/The-life-and-times-of-Savitribai-Phule.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्रीबाई फुले : भारतीय पुरुष मुक्तीच्या जनक {{!}} Savitribai Phule-Pioneer of Women's Education and Liberation {{!}} Sakal|url=https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/today-is-savitribai-phule-jayanti-the-indian-womens-liberation-tmb01|access-date=3 January 2022|website=www.esakal.com|date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103124806/https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/today-is-savitribai-phule-jayanti-the-indian-womens-liberation-tmb01|url-status=live}}</ref> Savitribai married her husband, [[Jyotirao Phule]], at the age of 9,when he was 13 years old.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1TbZwEACAAJ&q=savitribai+phule|title=Savitribai Phule Second Memorial Lecture, [2009]|last=Rege|first=Sharmila|date=2009|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn=978-8-17450-931-4}}</ref><ref name="velivada.com">{{Cite web|date=9 November 2017|title=Life Sketch of Savitribai Phule – Timeline|url=https://velivada.com/life-sketch-of-savitribai-phule-timeline/|access-date=16 June 2020|website=Velivada|language=en-US|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512042402/https://velivada.com/life-sketch-of-savitribai-phule-timeline/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="maharashtratimes.com">{{Cite web|title=स्त्री शिक्षणाच्या अग्रदूत: सावित्रीबाई फुले|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/precursor-of-womens-education-savitribai-phule/articleshow/67360148.cms|access-date=3 January 2022|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103110147/https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/precursor-of-womens-education-savitribai-phule/articleshow/67360148.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
Savitribai was illiterate at the time of her marriage. She was educated by her husband and his mother figure Sagunabai Shirsagar, at their home while working on their farm.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="O'Hanlon 2002 https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118">{{cite book |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |url=https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan |url-access=limited |first=Rosalind |last=O'Hanlon |edition=Revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118]}}</ref> Once she completed her primary education with Jyotirao, she continued her studies under the guidance of her friends, Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram Bhavalkar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2019|title=Teachers' Day Special: The life of Savitribai Phule, India's first female educator|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/teachers-day-special-the-life-of-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-educator/story-EUuGSrDO9I2SzwUVcRGZuJ.html|access-date=16 June 2020|website=HinduTimes|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616050334/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/teachers-day-special-the-life-of-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-educator/story-EUuGSrDO9I2SzwUVcRGZuJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Savitribai Phule – India's First Female Teacher – Itihaas to History |url=https://itihaastohistory.com/women-of-the-past-rediscovered-savitribai-phule-indias-first-female-teacher/ |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> In 1846–47, she passed the third and fourth-year examinations in an English school, and in the same year, she helped Sagunabai establish a school for marginalized communities in Maharwada.{{sfn|Sperandio|2018|p=33}} She enrolled herself in two teachers' training programs; the first was at an institution run by an American missionary, [[Cynthia Farrar]], in [[Ahmednagar]], and the second course was at a Normal School in Pune.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="O'Hanlon 2002 https://archive.org/details/casteconflictide00ohan/page/n131 118"/> Savitribai was to become India's first trained female teacher and headmistress.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
After completing her teacher's training, Savitribai Phule started teaching girls at Pune. She did so alongside Sagunabai Kshirsagar, paternal aunt of Jyotiba Phule who was a revolutionary feminist and a mentor to Jyotirao.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Savitribai Phule: India's first female teacher |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-teacher/story-uEto1oUyhgcftvyuzD8waO.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In January 1848, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule, along with Sagunabai, started their own school at ''Bhidewada'' and it became India's first girls' school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Jyothi |date=3 January 2021 |title=Remembering Savitribai Phule |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/savitribai-phule-education-feminism-women-empowerment-7131478/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=Later, the couple along with Sagunabai, started their own school at Bhide Wada, which became India's first girls school run by Indians.}}</ref> ''Bhidewada'' was the home of Tatya Saheb Bhide, who was inspired by the work that the trio was doing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=Pune: Bhide Wada Set To Become National Monument Following PMC's Legal Victory |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-bhide-wada-set-to-become-national-monument-following-pmcs-legal-victory |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |quote=Bhide Wada holds historical significance as the birthplace of women's education in Pune, where Mahatma Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule established the first girls' school on January 1, 1848, in Tatya Saheb Bhide's wada in Pune's Budhwar Peth.}}</ref> According to some sources, the school initially had 9 girls and later number increased to 25 students. The curriculum at ''Bhidewada'' included a traditional Western curriculum of mathematics, science, and social studies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Savitribai Phule: Remembering India's first woman teacher |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/savitribai-phule-remembering-indias-first-woman-teacher-9802601.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103075338/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/savitribai-phule-remembering-indias-first-woman-teacher-9802601.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to social opposition and ostracisation from orthodox community, the Phules relocated to the residence of their associate Usman Shaikh. There, Savitribai Phule and Fatima Sheikh –Usman’s sister, continued their efforts to educate girls in the local neighbourhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswamy |first=Ruchika |date=26 February 2022 |title=Know your city: Savitribai Phule and the first modern school for girls she opened in Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/know-your-city-savitribai-phule-modern-school-for-girls-pune-7791828/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

By the end of 1851, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were running three different schools for girls in Pune. Combined, the three schools had approximately one hundred and fifty students enrolled. Like the curriculum, the teaching methods employed by the three schools differed from those used in government schools. The author Divya Kandukuri believes that the Phule methods were regarded as being superior to those used by government schools. As a result of this reputation, the number of girls receiving their education at the Phules' schools outnumbered the number of boys enrolled in government schools.<ref name=":2" />

Unfortunately, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule's success came with much resistance from the local community with conservative views. Kandukuri states that Savitribai often travelled to her school carrying an extra sari because she would be assailed by her conservative opponents with stones, [[Cow dung|dung]], and verbal abuse. Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were living at Jyotirao's father's home. However, in 1849, Jyotirao's father asked the couple to leave his home because their work was considered a sin as per the [[Manusmriti]] and its derived [[Brahmanical]] texts.<ref name=":2" />

After moving out of Jyotirao's father's home, the Phules moved in with the family of one of Jyotirao's friends, Usman Sheikh. It was there that Savitribai met a soon-to-be close friend and colleague named [[Fatima Sheikh|Fatima Begum Sheikh]]. According to Nasreen Sayyed, a leading scholar on Sheikh, "Fatima Sheikh knew how to read and write already, so her brother Usman who was a friend of Jyotiba, had encouraged Fatima to take up the teacher training course. She went along with Savitribai to the Normal School and they both graduated together. She was the first Muslim woman teacher of India". Fatima and Savitribai opened a school in Sheikh's home in 1849.<ref name=":2" />

In the 1850s, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were instrumental in establishing two educational trusts. They were entitled to the Native Male School, Pune, and the Society for Promoting the Education of [[Mahar]], Mangs, etc. These two trusts ended up encompassing many schools which were led by Savitribai Phule and later, Fatima Sheikh.<ref name=":2" />

Jyotirao summarizes Savitribai and his work in an interview given to the Christian missionary periodical, [[Dnyanodaya]], on 15 September 1853, saying, {{blockquote|It did occur to me that the improvement that comes about in a child due to the mother is very important and good. So those who are concerned with the happiness and welfare of this country should definitely pay attention to the condition of women and make every effort to impart knowledge to them if they want the country to progress. With this thought, I started the school for girls first. But my caste brethren did not like that I was educating girls and my own father threw us out of the house. Nobody was ready to give space for the school nor did we have money to build it. People were not willing to send their children to school but Lahuji Ragh Raut Mang and Ranba Mahar convinced their caste brethren about the benefits of getting educated.<ref name=":1" />}}
[[File:Jotirao Phule Savitribai Phule Phulewada Pune.jpg|alt=A statue of Jyotirao Phule teaching Savitribai Phule, at Pune.|thumb|A statue of Jyotirao Phule teaching Savitribai Phule, at Pune.]]
Together with her husband, she taught children from different castes and opened a total of 18 schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-was-savitribai-phule-remembering-indias-first-woman-teacher/999987/|title=Who was Savitribai Phule? Remembering India's first woman teacher|date=3 January 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054136/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-was-savitribai-phule-remembering-indias-first-woman-teacher/999987/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1852, there were three Phule schools in operation with 273 girls pursuing education in these schools, but by 1858 they had all been closed. [[Eleanor Zelliot]] blames the closure on private European donations drying up due to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]], withdrawal of government support, and Jyotirao resigning from the school management committee because of disagreement regarding the curriculum.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|last2=Zelliot|first2=Eleanor |title=Education and the disprivileged : nineteenth and twentieth-century India|date=2002|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|isbn=9788125021926|pages=35–37|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&q=phule}}</ref>
In 1863, the Phule couple with their longtime friend Sadashiv Ballal Govande started an infanticide prevention centre called ''Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha''<ref name=":3" /> mainly for pregnant widows. Pamphlets were stuck around Pune advertising the centre in the following words: "Widows, come here and deliver your baby safely and secretly. It is up to your discretion whether you want to keep the baby in the centre or take it with you. This orphanage will take care of the children [left behind]." The Phule couple ran the infanticide prevention centre until the mid-1880s.{{sfnp|Figueira|2012|p=147}}
<ref name="Who">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/who-is-savitribai-phule-what-did-she-do-for-womens-right-in-india-952499-2016-01-03|title=Who is Savitribai Phule? What did she do for women's rights in India?|last=Agnihotri|first=Sanjana|date=3 January 2017|work=India Today|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115205458/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/who-is-savitribai-phule-what-did-she-do-for-womens-right-in-india/1/561392.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Savitribai and Jyotirao had no children of their own.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="velivada.com"/> It is said that they adopted Yashawantrao, who was the son of a Brahmin widow. However, there is no primary evidence currently available to support this.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |date=22 August 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |pages=135 |language=en |quote=Phule and his wife Savitribai, without children of their own, adopted one of these, a boy named Yashavantrao, the son of a Brahman widow.}}</ref> It is said that when Yashwant was ready for marriage, it was difficult to find a suitable partner because he was born to a widow. Hence, Savitribai is believed to have arranged his marriage to the daughter of Dynoba Sasane, a worker in her organization, in February 1889.<ref name="maharashtratimes.com"/>

== Death ==
Savitribai and her adopted son Yashwant, opened a clinic to treat those affected by the worldwide [[Third plague pandemic|Third Pandemic]] of the [[bubonic plague]] when it appeared in the area around Nalasopara in 1897.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/mAWBW6eHcTWSLg|title=Savitribai Phule – Google Arts & Culture|work=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116061137/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/exhibit/UwKCW6eHcTWSLg|url-status=live}}</ref> The clinic was established on the southern outskirts of Pune, in an area free of infection. Savitribai died a heroic death trying to save the son of Pandurang Babaji Gaekwad. Upon learning that Babaji Gaekwad's son had contracted the plague in the [[Mahar]] settlement outside of Mundhwa, Savitribai Phule rushed to his side and carried him on her back to the hospital. In the process, Savitribai Phule caught the plague and died at 9:00 pm on 10 March 1897.<ref name=":1" />

== Poetry and other work ==
Savitribai Phule was also an author and poet. She published ''Kavya Phule'' in 1854 and ''Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar'' in 1892, and also a poem entitled "Go, Get Education" in which she encouraged those who are oppressed to free themselves by obtaining an education.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2024|p=520}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edathara |first=Sheji S |date=3 January 2023 |title=On her 192nd birth anniversary, a look at the life of Savitribai Phule, India's first woman teacher |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/who-was-savitribai-phule-192nd-birth-anniversary-8357861/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As a result of her experience and work, she became an ardent feminist. She established the Mahila Seva Mandal to raise awareness for issues concerning women's rights.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty |2024|p=523}} Savitribai also called for a gathering place for women that was free of caste discrimination or differentiation of any kind.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Symbolic of this was that all the women that attended were to sit on the same mat. She was also an anti-infanticide activist. She opened a women's shelter called the Home for the Prevention of Infanticide, where Brahmin widows could safely deliver their children and leave them there to be adopted if they so desired. She also campaigned against child marriage and was an advocate of widow remarriage.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Work Done By Savitribai Phule, The First Indian Woman Teacher|url=https://therealgems.com/first-indian-woman-teacher-savitribai-phule/|date=22 January 2020|location=Indore, [M.P.] India|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225091901/https://therealgems.com/first-indian-woman-teacher-savitribai-phule/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a letter to her husband Jyotirao, Savitribai told the story about a boy about to be lynched by his fellow villagers for having relations with a woman of lower caste when Savitribai intervened. She wrote, "I came to know about their murderous plan. I rushed to the spot and scared them away, pointing out the grave consequences of killing the lovers under British law. They changed their mind after listening to me".<ref name=":2" />

== Views ==
Savitribai Phule is widely recognised as the "Mother of Modern Education in India".{{Sfn|Chakrabarty |2024|p=515}} Despite often being viewed through the lens of her association with Jyotirao Phule, scholars have noted that she developed an independent perspective shaped by her lived experiences as a lower-caste woman.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|2024|page=500, "Savitribai is often overshadowed as Mahatma Jotirao Phule's wife. But she embodied the empowered essence of the lower castes envisioning an egalitarian India through equitable education and demolishing caste prejudices."}} According to political scientist [[Bidyut Chakrabarty]], she envisioned an India free from gender and caste oppression, and considered "education" a most powerful tool to awaken self-respect among the oppressed and challenge Brahmanical dominance.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|2024|page=518}} Her 1854 poetry collection "Kavya Phule" reflects her thoughts on social emancipation, particularly concerning the upliftment of Shudras and women. Chakrabarty argued that Savitribai Phule was the sole female reformer of 19th-century India to explore the interplay of patriarchy with caste.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|2024|page=515-516}} Biographer [[Dhananjay Keer]], in his work on Jotirao Phule, expressed regret over the inadequate recognition given to Savitribai’s contributions. He highlighted her decision to leave the security of her in-laws' home, endure hardships alongside Jotirao, and become the first native female teacher in India. Keer remarked, "There is hardly any parallel example in the nineteenth century that can be compared to Savitribai's noble life devoted to the cause of the uplift of the Indian woman."{{sfn|Keer|1960|page=299}}

Savitribai Phule, in addition to her pioneering role as a teacher and champion of girls' education, also founded the "Mahila Seva Mandal"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalerao |first=Mansi |date=2 January 2022 |title=Remembering The Vision And Resilience Of Savitribai Phule On Her Birth Anniversary |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/01/03/savitribai-phule-birth-anniversary-dalit-feminist/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB |quote=In 1852, she started the Mahila Seva Mandal to fight for the rights of women.}}</ref> and the "Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Mukhtar |date=8 March 2023 |title=Commemorating the struggle of women social reformers on International Women's Day |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/commemorating-the-struggle-of-women-social-reformers-on-international-womens-day |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Sikkim Express |quote=On January 28, 1853, Mahatma Phule and Savitribai opened an ashram named 'Bal Hatya Pratibandhak Griha' for such victimized women. This was the first such ashram for women in the country. In this ashram, women were taught small jobs and their children were taken care of. When they grew up, they were admitted to school.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Edathara |first=Sheji S |date=3 January 2023 |title=On her 192nd birth anniversary, a look at the life of Savitribai Phule, India's first woman teacher |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/who-was-savitribai-phule-192nd-birth-anniversary-8357861/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=The couple also set up ‘Balyata Pratibandak Gruha’, a childcare centre for the protection of pregnant widows and rape victims.}}</ref> to support women's rights, widows and the victims of sexual violence.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|2024|p=519, Savitribai Phule inaugurated the Mahila Seva Mandal in 1852 to help women in need and raise awareness among women about their rights. (...) established the Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha, a care centre for pregnant Brahman widows and rape victims, offering maternal support and saving countless innocent lives from the scourge of infanticide.}} Contemporary English newspapers like the ''Poona Observer'' and ''Deccan Weekly Reporter'' described the Phules' efforts as "the heralding of a new age in the history of Hindu culture".{{sfn|Paik|2014|p=81}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Statues of Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule, Aurangabad (1).jpg|thumb|Statues of [[Jyotirao Phule]] and Savitribai Phule, at [[Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra]]
[[File:Sadhvi Savitri Phule.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bust of Savitribai Phule in Pune]]Savitribai Phule's legacy lives on today; her work for girl's and women's education is hugely respected.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Savitribai Phule 189th Birth Anniversary: Know About The 19th Century Social Reformer|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/savitribai-phule-189th-birth-anniversary-know-about-the-19th-century-social-reformer-her-struggles-2157871|access-date=3 January 2022|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103115603/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/savitribai-phule-189th-birth-anniversary-know-about-the-19th-century-social-reformer-her-struggles-2157871|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/how-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-teacher-dealt-with-abusers-hell-bent-on-preventing-her-from-educating-girls-1633725-2020-01-03|title=How Savitribai Phule, India's one of the pioneer female teachers, dealt with abusers hell bent on preventing her from educating girls|website=India Today|date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103121837/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/how-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-teacher-dealt-with-abusers-hell-bent-on-preventing-her-from-educating-girls-1633725-2020-01-03|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Along with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Annabhau Sathe]], Phule has become an icon in particular for the backward classes. Women in local branches of the Manavi Hakk Abhiyan (Human Rights Campaign, a [[Mang (caste)|Mang]]-[[Ambedkarite]] body)<ref>{{cite book |first=Suryakant |last=Waghmore |chapter=Challenging Normalised Exclusion: Humour and Hopeful Rationality in Dalit Politics |page=151 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N18lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=From the Margins to the Mainstream: Institutionalising Minorities in South Asia |editor1-first=Hugo |editor1-last=Gorringe |editor2-first=Roger |editor2-last=Jeffery |editor3-first=Suryakant |editor3-last=Waghmore |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2016 |isbn=978-9-35150-622-5}}</ref> frequently organize processions on their Jayanti (birthday in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and other Indian languages).<ref>{{cite book |title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India |first=Suryakant |last=Waghmore |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-886-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |pages=34, 57, 71–72}}</ref>
*[[Pune Municipal Corporation|Pune City Corporation]] created a memorial for her in 1983.{{Where|date=December 2022}}
*On 10 March 1998 a stamp was released by [[India Post]] in honour of Phule.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prof. Santoshkumar |first=M Katke |title=Savitribai Phule Contribution towards Indian Social Elements |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1907P04.pdf |journal=JEITR}}</ref>
*Savitribai's birthdate, 3 January, is celebrated as ''Balika Din'' ({{Literal translation|Girl Child Day}}) in the state of Maharashtra, especially in girl's schools.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Savitribai Phule birth anniversary: Some facts about the social reformer, poetess and teacher |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/savitribai-phule-birth-anniversary-social-reformer-activist-feminist-female-teacher-india-7703155/ |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=Her birthday is known as 'Balika Din' in Maharashtra, and is celebrated in many girls' schools.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=3 January 2022 |title=Remembering Savitribai Phule on her birth anniversary |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/remembering-2-1503035888.html |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en |quote=Savitribai’s birth anniversary is celebrated as ‘Balika Din’ in the whole of Maharashtra, especially in girls’ schools.}}</ref>
*In 2015, the University of Pune was renamed as [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] in her honour.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kothari|first1=Vishwas|title=Pune university to be renamed after Savitribai Phule|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-university-to-be-renamed-after-Savitribai-Phule/articleshow/37989022.cms|access-date=10 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 July 2014|archive-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712141514/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-university-to-be-renamed-after-Savitribai-Phule/articleshow/37989022.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 3 January 2017, the search engine [[Google]] marked the 186th anniversary of the birth of Savitribai Phule with a [[Google doodle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/Google-doodle-pays-tribute-to-social-reformer-Savitribai-Phule/article16982122.ece?homepage=true|title=Google doodle pays tribute to social reformer Savitribai Phule|date=3 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103171331/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/Google-doodle-pays-tribute-to-social-reformer-Savitribai-Phule/article16982122.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule]]'', an Indian drama television series based on her life was aired on [[DD National]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunkar |first=Neeraj |date=26 March 2025 |title='Phule' appears to be a departure from mainstream historical drama, exploring social justice over martial glory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/phule-mainstream-historical-drama-social-justice-over-martial-glory-9906856/ |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |quote=Television followed suit with Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule (2016) on DD National and Savitri Jyoti (2020) on Sony Marathi, both dramatising the couple’s contributions to education and social justice.}}</ref>
*''iSavitri Jyoti'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] drama television series based on the life and work of Savitribai Phule and Jyotiba Phule was aired on [[Sony Marathi]] in 2019- 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्री-जोतिरावांच्या चरित्रावर मालिका|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/serial-on-the-character-of-jyotiba-phule-and-savitribai-phule-zws-70-2023303/|access-date=3 January 2022|website=Loksatta|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103112638/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/serial-on-the-character-of-jyotiba-phule-and-savitribai-phule-zws-70-2023303/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP मिळत नसल्यानं सावित्रीबाई फुलेंवरची मालिका अखेर बंद|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/savitri-jyoti-marathi-serial-will-go-off-air-after-low-trp-rating/articleshow/79835091.cms|access-date=3 January 2022|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103113101/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/savitri-jyoti-marathi-serial-will-go-off-air-after-low-trp-rating/articleshow/79835091.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Savitribai Phule'', an Indian Kannada-language biopic was made about Phule in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/will-it-be-a-hat-trick/article24632532.ece|title=Will it be a hat-trick?|last=R|first=Shilpa Sebastian|date=8 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019000010/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/will-it-be-a-hat-trick/article24632532.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 2021, Pune University created a 12.5-foot, life-size bronze metal statue of Phule, It was inaugurated in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्रीबाईंच्या पुतळ्याचे अनावरण नाहीच|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/there-is-no-unveiling-of-the-statue-of-savitribai/articleshow/88659583.cms|access-date=3 January 2022|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103111202/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/there-is-no-unveiling-of-the-statue-of-savitribai/articleshow/88659583.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Phule (film)|Phule]]'', a Hindi-language biopic on Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule, was released in 2025. It stars [[Pratik Gandhi]] as Jyotirao Phule and [[Patralekha]] as Savitribai Phule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=25 April 2025 |title='Phule' Movie Review: Grand Stories, Bland Storytelling |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/phule-movie-review-grand-stories-bland-storytelling |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=25 April 2025 |title=Phule movie review: Pratik Gandhi brings home the Mahatma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/phule-movie-review-pratik-gandhi-brings-home-the-mahatma/article69490866.ece |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Women in India]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |author-link= Bidyut Chakrabarty |title=Indianizing India : Thinkers Whose Ideas Shaped a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDIVEQAAQBAJ|edition=4th |year=2024|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781040111017 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |author-link=Dhananjay Keer |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13359 |title=MAHATMA JOTIRAO PHOOLEY ED. 2ND |date=1960 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Figueira |first=Dorothy M. |author-link= Bidyut Chakrabarty |title=Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority through Myths of Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTU0fszp33YC |year=2012 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=9780791487839 }}
* {{cite book |first=Shailaja |last=Paik|author-link= Shailaja Paik|title= Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uesABAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317673309}}
* {{cite book |last=Sperandio |first=Jill |date=2018 |title=Pioneering Education for Girls Across the Globe; Advocates and Entrepreneurs, 1742-1910 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sYx8DwAAQBAJ|location= |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |page= |isbn= 9781498524889|access-date=}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumbhojkar|first=Shraddha|date= 27 October 2020|title=19th Century Maharashtra: A Reassessment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iIGEAAAQBAJ |location= |publisher= [[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|page= |isbn=9781527561236 |access-date=}}
* {{cite book | last1=Somanaboina | first1=Simhadri | last2=Ramagoud | first2=Akhileshwari | title=The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | date=2021 | isbn=978-1-000-46280-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|last=Sundararaman|first =T|date= 2009|title =Savitribai Phule First Memorial Lecture, [2008] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5E_mZwEACAAJ |publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|isbn= 978-81-7450-949-9}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Educating Women – How and How Much: Women in the Context of Tilak's Swaraj |first=Parimala V. |last=Rao |title=Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India |editor-first=Sabyasachi |editor-last=Bhattacharya |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-12502-192-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&pg=PA238}}
*Dr. J. P. Dodamani (2020) (tra. Kannada). [https://www.jpdodamani.com/2024/03/blog-post.html Bharata Deshada Prathama Shikshaki: Savitribai Phule]

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Savitribai Phule}}
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/savitribai-phule-zubaan/UwKCW6eHcTWSLg?hl=en Savitribai Phule at Google Arts & Culture]
*[https://www.biography.com.in/2023/02/12/savitribai-phule-biography-real-photo-early-life-education-career-legacy/ Savitribai Phule Biography And Real Photo]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} Date:12 February 2023
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}{{Portal bar|India||History|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phule, Savitribai}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from plague (disease)]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Adult education leaders]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Jyotirao Phule]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Palghar district]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satyashodhak Samaj]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]
[[Category:Third plague pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Heads of schools in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian women social scientists]]
[[Category:Women from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Women's rights]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]

Pramveer Singh

2026-03-23T20:15:17Z

Harleen singh:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Pramveer Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Pramveer Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| height =
| currentclub = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| clubnumber = 35
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| youthyears1 = 2017–2024
| youthclubs1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| years1 = 2024–
| clubs1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2024
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 5
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2025
| nationalteam3 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps3 = 5
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update = 5:30, 6 October 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 5:30, 6 September 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Pramveer Singh''' (born 20 June 2007) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] and the [[Indian national football team|Indian national team]].

==Early life==
Born in Rajasthan, Pramveer began playing football in his village aged 9. Pramveer's parents were initially reluctant for him to pursue football, as they did not see a future for him in the sport. However, following a successful trial in 2017 with [[Minerva Punjab]] (now [[Punjab FC]]), he was taken into the club's academy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/pramveer-singh-indian-super-league-youngest-starter-isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-football-news/article69073400.ece|title=Pramveer Singh, the youngest starter in Indian Super League, aims to kick on for Punjab FC ISL 2024-25|first=Vivek|last=Krishnan|date=7 January 2025|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

==Career==

===Youth career===
After working his way up the academy teams, Pramveer made his debut for the [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab U17]] team at age 16 in the [[2023–24 Indian Youth League]] against Bunkerhill U17 on 17 December 2023, coming off the bench in the 81st minute to secure a 2-0 win for his side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/match/bunkerhill-sub17/punjab-fc-sub17/2024664947/lineups|title=Lineups Bunkerhill FC U17 vs Punjab FC U17 - U17 Youth League India 2024}}</ref>

Despite not playing in the club's next match against [[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFC U17]], Pramveer started against [[Delhi FC|Delhi FC U17]], and scored in the 59th minute to secure a 3-1 win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/match/punjab-fc-sub17/delhi-fc-sub17/2024664976|title=Live events Punjab FC U17 vs Delhi FC U17 - U17 Youth League India 2024}}</ref> He started and scored in the club's subsequent match as well, scoring in the 33rd minute against [[Sudeva Delhi|Sudeva Delhi U17]] in a 2-2 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/match/sudeva-delhi-sub17/punjab-fc-sub17/2024665004|title=Live events Sudeva Delhi U17 vs Punjab FC U17 - U17 Youth League India 2024}}</ref>

Pramveer played three more games, against Sudeva, Delhi FC, and BBFS, scoring one more goal as Punjab finished top of their group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/team/matches/punjab-fc-sub17|title=Punjab FC U17 | Fixtures and latest results | BeSoccer}}</ref>

Following this, Pramveer was then called up to the Punjab U21 team for [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL 2024]]. There, he played every minute in all their group matches as they topped Group D, even scoring against [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City U21]]. He then also played the full match in the semifinal against [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru U21]] and final against [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U21]], as Punjab won the tournament.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/rfdl-2023-24-punjab-fc-crowned-champions-after-beating-east-bengal-282551.html|title=RFDL 2023-24: Punjab FC crowned RFDL Champions after beating East Bengal|first=MyKhel|last=Staff|date=19 May 2024|website=www.mykhel.com}}</ref>

===Club career===
Pramveer was first named in [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]'s [[Indian Super League|ISL]] matchday squad on 31 October 2025 against [[Chennaiyin]], being named on the bench. However, Pramveer did not play the match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719956/chennaiyin-fc-punjab-fc|title=Punjab FC 3-2 Chennaiyin (31 Oct, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN}}</ref>

Pramveer made his ISL debut on 26 December 2025 away against [[Mohun Bagan SG]], starting the match and playing 83 minutes in a 3-1 loss for the Shers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719997/mohun-bagan-super-giant-punjab-fc|title=Mohun Bagan 3-1 Punjab FC (26 Dec, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN}}</ref> This start, though, made him the youngest-ever starter in ISL history, starting the game at the age of 17 years and 189 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/punjab-fcs-pramveer-singh-becomes-youngest-player-to-start-an-isl-game|title=Punjab FC's Pramveer Singh becomes youngest player to start an ISL game|date=26 December 2024|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>

Following this appearance, Pramveer became a rotation player, making 10 appearances throughout the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pramveer-singh/911973/|title=Summary - Pramveer Singh - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>

In the [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Super Cup]], Pramveer played the full 90 minutes in Punjab's 3-0 win against [[Odisha FC]] in the round of 16, as well as in the club's quarter-final loss against [[FC Goa|Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HcXNGoWE-9I|title=Match Highlights | Kalinga Super Cup 2025 | Quarter-Final | FC Goa 2-1 Punjab FC|date=26 April 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>

===International career===
====India Under-17====
Pramveer was called up to the [[India national under-17 football team|India U-17]] squad for the first time for two friendlies against [[Qatar national under-17 football team|Qatar U-17]]. He made his debut in the first match on 25 February 2023, aged 15 years, 8 months, and 5 days. He played the full 90 minutes, as India lost 3-1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-u17-vs-qatar-u17-friendly-match-aspire-academy-aiff-indian-football-news-updates/article66554183.ece|title=India U-17s suffer 1-3 loss against Qatar in friendly match|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=25 February 2023|website=Sportstar}}</ref> Pramveer played full 90 minutes in the second match as well on 28 February 2023, helping India keep a clean sheet as the team secured a 3-0 win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-register-a-solid-win-over-qatar-in-u-17-friendly|title=India register a solid win over Qatar in U-17 Friendly|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

Pramveer was called up as part of India U-17 head coach [[Bibiano Fernandes]]'s [[2023 AFC U-17 Asian Cup]] squad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bibiano-fernandes-announces-23-member-squad-for-afc-u-17-asian-cup-thailand-2023|title=Bibiano Fernandes announces 23-member squad for AFC U-17 Asian Cup Thailand 2023|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> He made his debut in India's first group match on 17 June 2023 against [[Vietnam national under-17 football team|Vietnam U-17]], playing the full 90 minutes in a 1-1 draw.<ref>https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-u17-asian-cup/2023/2360461</ref> He played the full 90 minutes in the next game as well, a 1-0 loss to [[Uzbekistan national under-17 football team|Uzbekistan U-17]], on 20 June 2023.<ref>https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-u17-asian-cup/2023/2360463</ref> Pramveer did not play India's final group game against [[Japan national under-17 football team|Japan U-17]], which ended in an 8-4 loss.<ref>https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-u17-asian-cup/2023/2360466</ref> This loss meant India finished third in the group, and were knocked out of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indias-afc-asian-cup-campaign-ends-but-the-dream-lives-on|title=India's AFC U-17 Asian Cup campaign ends, but the dream lives on|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

====India Under-23====
On 16 June 2025, Pramveer was named as part of India U-23 head coach [[Naushad Moosa]]'s [[India national under-23 football team|India U-23]] squad friendly matches against [[Tajikistan national under-23 football team|Tajikistan U-23]] and [[Kyrgyzstan national under-23 football team|Kyrgyzstan U-23]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u23-mens-head-coach-naushad-moosa-names-23-member-squad-for-tajikistan-tour|title=India U23 men's head coach Naushad Moosa names 23-member squad for Tajikistan tour|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Pramveer was the youngest member of the squad, aged 17 years 11 months 27 days.

Pramveer made his U23 debut on 18 June 2025, playing the full 90 minutes at centre-back, as India U23s lost 3-2 to Tajikistan U23s.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tajikistan U23 vs India U23 live score, H2H and lineups | Sofascore | url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/tajikistan-u23-india-u23/ZFusaNtb }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Ten-man India U23s lose lead and match against Tajikistan | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/ten-man-india-u23s-lose-lead-and-match-against-tajikistan }}</ref>

====Senior team====
On 5 October 2025, senior national team head coach [[Khalid Jamil]] announced Pramveer as part of the 23-man squad for the [[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round#Group C|2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification]] away match against [[Singapore national football team|Singapore]].<ref>https://www.the-aiff.com/article/khalid-jamil-names-indias-23-member-travelling-squad-to-singapore-for-asian-cup-qualifiers</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|16 September 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|pramveer-singh/911973}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024-25]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|10||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!10!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!12!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|new_id=pramveer/8YB245Ks|id=pramveer-singh/911973|archive=20241105054845}}
* {{WorldFootball.net|new_id=pe1106442|id=pramveer-ranbir|archive=20250114150906}}

{{Punjab FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pramveer, Singh}}
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]

Howrah–Jaynagar Express

2026-03-23T10:53:54Z

Harleen singh:

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah–Jaynagar Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)
| stops = 117
| end = {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} (JYG)
| distance = {{convert|718|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 25h
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 4
| gauge = {{track gauge|Indian}}
| el = No
| trainnumber = 13031/13032
| speed = {{convert|29|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}
'''Howrah–Jaynagar Express''' is an express train belonging to the [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} via [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]], [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur]]. It is used to operate with 53041/53042 train numbers as a passenger train on a daily basis. But after corona pandemic, It is promoted to an express train with train number 13031/13032 keeping same halts. The train is also known as Dhuliyan Passenger.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.livehindustan.com/story.aspx?id=1494580&boxid=142468676&ed_date=2016-10-22&ed_code=119&ed_page=9 |title="Will be run from 28th to 28th 'Train' will be completed by Oct 27" '' Vileg will be completed '', Muzaffarpur–Bhagalpur Intercity Train |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125914/http://epaper.livehindustan.com/story.aspx?id=1494580&boxid=142468676&ed_date=2016-10-22&ed_code=119&ed_page=9 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/23-oct-2016-edition-Munger-page_5-94293-9815-231.html |title=In the short term, the distance of North Bihar will start from the beginning of the operation of trains on the Y-lag, the distance of North Bihar will be less than 3 hours in less time |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125650/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/23-oct-2016-edition-Munger-page_5-94293-9815-231.html |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/08-nov-2016-edition-Samstipur-page_10-482-2373-217.html |title=Many trains staying at different stations |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821165945/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/08-nov-2016-edition-Samstipur-page_10-482-2373-217.html |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Average speed and frequency ==

The 13031/Howrah–Jaynagar Express runs with an average speed of 29 km/h and completes 718 km in 25h. The 13032/Jaynagar–Howrah Express runs with an average speed of 27 km/h and completes 718 km in 26h 40m

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Seoraphuli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guskara}}
* {{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Murarai}}
* {{stnlnk|Pakur}}
* {{stnlnk|Barharwa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tinpahar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sahibganj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Shivanarayanpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kahalgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhagalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bariarpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Jamalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharara}}
* {{stnlnk|Kiul Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Laheriasarai}}
* {{stnlnk|Darbhanga Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sakri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Madhubani}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}}
}}
The other halts are including {{stnlnk|Serampore}}, {{stnlnk|Chandannagar}}, {{stnlnk|Chuchura}}, {{stnlnk|Pundooah}}, {{stnlnk|Memari}}.

== Coach composite ==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 11 coaches:

* 9 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol Loco Shed]]-based [[WAG-5]] or Santragachhi-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Howrah to Jaynagar and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 13045/13046 [[Mayurakshi Express|Howrah–Deoghar Mayurakshi Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Jaynagar railway station]]
* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Howrah–Rajgir Fast Passenger]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2929 53041/Howrah–Jaynagar Fast Passenger]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2922 53042/Jaynagar–Howrah Fast Passenger]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Jaynagar Passenger}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Jainagar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

T. Sunandamma

2026-03-09T04:56:20Z

Harleen singh: general add layout for clarity and corrected details after review

{{short description|Indian writer and humorist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = T. Sunandamma
| image = [[File:T Sunandamma.png]]
| birth_place = [[Tumkur]], India
| birth_date = 1917
| death_date = 27 January 2006
| occupation = Writer
| genre = Comic
|}}
'''Tumkur Sunandamma''' (born [[Tumkur]], 1917 – died [[Bangalore]], 27 January 2006) was an Indian writer and humorist in the [[Kannada]] language. She was a recipient of the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]].

==Early life==
Sunandamma was born in Tumkur, Mysore in 1917.<ref name=Lal1992/> She belonged to a distinguished family of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], her father T. Ramaiah being a senior civil servant.<ref name=hinduobit>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/t-sunandamma-is-dead/article3246507.ece|title=T. Sunandamma is dead|date=29 January 2006}}</ref>

Despite social strictures against the education of girls at the time, she studied up to high school. The lone girl in her class, she outperformed the boys, leading to considerable pressure from their parents to have her removed from the school. She was married off at the age of 11.<ref name=hindu2006>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|title=Grandmom of laughter|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217066.ece|author=Bageshree S.|date=3 February 2006}}</ref>

==Career==
Sunandamma began writing [[poetry]] for a children's magazine, ''Makkala Pustaka''[https://archive.org/details/Makkala-Pustaka-1935], while still a child. At the age of 25, her articles began to appear in the newly established humour magazine ''Koravanji'', receiving critical praise.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|editor=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4224|volume=V|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=4224}}</ref><ref name=hindu2006/>

When she moved to [[Bangalore]], her observations of the [[Middle class|middle-class]] lives of her neighbours, in particular the women of [[Basavangudi]], began to inform her writings.<ref name="Joseph2003">{{cite book|author=Ammu Joseph|title=Storylines: Conversations with Women Writers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1t1jAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Women's World India and Asmita Resource Centre for Women|page=274}}</ref> They were lauded as ''potent and pungent''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3Y6AQAAIAAJ|volume=102|date=October 1981|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=37|number=4}}</ref>

Sunandamma wrote radio plays for [[All India Radio]].<ref name=hinduobit/> Several of her works were adapted by others for the theatre. ''All's well'', an English reworking from a Kannada play by Sundar based on Sunandamma's short story ''Aadaddella Olithe…?'' was directed Pramod Shiggaon and presented in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Mid-Day|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2008/oct/061008-alls-well-comedy-plays-ranga-shankara-theatre-reviews.htm|title=A happy couple and time pass|date=6 October 2008}}</ref> ''Heegadre hege?'' written by K. Y. Narayana Swamy and directed by Pramod Shiggaon, was performed in Bangalore in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/199544/in-brief.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|title=In Brief: Kannada play|date=21 October 2011}}</ref>

==Honours==
Sunandamma was the first writer to receive the [[Daana Chintamani Attimabbe Award]] in 1995 by [[Karnataka Government]].<ref name="ATTIMABBE">{{Cite web|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Daana+Chintamani+Attimabbe+Awards/en|title=Daana Chintamani Attimabbe Awards|website=Department of Kannada and Culture Official website of Government of Karnataka|access-date=23 Oct 2020}}</ref>
In 1979, Sunandamma was elected the first president of the Karnataka Lekhakiyara Sangha (Karnataka Women Writers' Association).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Sangha-for-the-women-writers/articleshow/25451931.cms|date=8 November 2013|author=Prathibha Nandakumar|title=Sangha for the women writers}}</ref> She received the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1981.<ref name=Lal1992/> In 2004, she was awarded the Anupama Prasasti, a literary award from the Karnataka Women Writers' Association.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Sunandamma-bags-award/articleshow/679449.cms|title=Sunandamma bags award|date=17 May 2004}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/01/women-writers-in-kannada-get-noticed-630596.html |title=Women writers in Kannada get noticed, by The New Indian Express|date=July 2014 }}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''Jambhada cheela''
* ''Bannada chitte''
* ''Pepparamentu''
* ''Muttina chenda''
* ''Ruuddi gaadi''
* ''Vriksha vahana''
* ''Nanna attegiri''
* ''Dr M. Shivaram'' – a biography
* ''Tenali Ramakrishnan'' – a children's biography
* ''Samaya Sindu''
* {{cite book|title=Kanyamanigalige Kanthupithana Daye|isbn= 978-81728-6577-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Best of Sunandamma|editor=Y. N. Gundu Rao|publisher=Ankita|date=2006}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunandamma, T}}
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian humorists]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:Indian children's poets]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur]]
[[Category:Indian women humorists]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Byari dialect

2026-03-08T08:47:53Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Malayalam dialect spoken by the Byari people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Byari
| altname = Beary
| nativename = ಬ್ಯಾರಿ
| pronunciation = {{IPA|ml|bjaːɾi|IPA}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Tulu Nadu]]
| ethnicity = [[Byari ]]
| speakers = 1,500,000
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| fam11 = [[Malayalam]] (with significant Tulu influence)
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
| ancestor3 = [[Old Malayalam]]
| ancestor4 = [[Middle Malayalam]]
| script = [[Kannada script]], [[Malayalam script]], [[Byari script]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Beary Script | url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bearyscript.htm }}</ref>
| minority =
| agency = [[Karnataka Beary Sahitya Academy]]
| notice = IPA
}}
{{external media
|float=right
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmwUGyC-Hh0 A Byari speaker speaking Byari]
}}
'''Byari ''' or '''Beary''' (ಬ್ಯಾರಿ {{IPA|ml|bjaːɾi|IPA}}) is a geographically isolated dialect of [[Malayalam]] spoken by the Byaris who are part of the [[Muslims|Muslim]] community in [[Tulu Nadu]] region of [[Karnataka]] ([[Dakshina Kannada district]], [[Udupi district]] and [[Manjeshwaram taluk]] of [[Kasaragod district]]) and [[Kerala]]. The community is often recognized as [[Byari|Beary]] or Byari Muslims.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tulu-nadus-bashe-byari-language-and-its-struggle-identity-102414 Beary Language's Struggle for Identity]</ref><ref name=studies-ix>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p. ix</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2024}} Beary dialect is made of Tulu phonology and grammar with Malayalam idioms. Due to the trading role of the community, the dialect acquired loan words from other languages of Persian and Arabic sources.<ref name=studies-ix>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p. ix</ref>{{Request quotation|date=January 2024}}.

== Etymology ==
See [[Beary#Etymology]].

==Features==
The dialect generally uses the [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] alphabets for writing. In 2007, the state government established the Karnataka Beary Sahitya Academy for the preservation and promotion of the Beary literature and culture.<ref name="BearyAcademy">{{cite web |title=About the Academy |url=https://bearyacademy.karnataka.gov.in/ |publisher=Karnataka Beary Sahitya Academy |access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref> Being a distant cousin of other dialects of Malayalam and surrounded by other [[language family|linguistic groups]] for centuries, mainly Tulu, the dialect exhibits ancient features as well as modern innovations not seen in other well-known dialects of Malayalam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p. 63</ref>
Surrounded by Tulu-speaking populations, the impact of Tulu on the phonological, morphological and syntactic structure of the dialect is evident.<ref>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p. 64</ref>

===Distinction of ''ḻ'', ''ṇ'', ''ṟ''===
Sounds peculiar to Standard Malayalam such as 'ḻ', 'ṇ', 'ṟ' are not found in this dialect.<ref name=studies-65>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p.65</ref> 'ḷ' and 'ṇ' are merged with l and n, respectively.<ref name=studies-65/> 'ṟ' is merged with r and tt, 'tt' to t.<ref name=studies-66>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p.66</ref> This resembles Tulu.<ref name=studies-66/>

{|class=wikitable
|-
!'''Byari'''
!'''Kannada'''
!'''Standard Malayalam'''
!'''English'''
|-
|''sante''
|''sante''
|''canta''
|'market'
|-
|''ēni''
|''ēṇi''
|''ēṇi''
|'ladder'
|-
|''puli''
|''huḷi''
|''puḷi''
|'tamarind'
|-
|''kāt''
|''gāḷi''
|''kāṯṯu''
|'wind'
|-
|''cor''
|''anna''
|''cor''
|'rice'
|}

===''v'' > ''b''===
The initial ''v'' of standard Malayalam corresponds to an initial ''b'' in Byari.<ref name=studies-66/>
The same change has taken place in Tulu, too.

{|class=wikitable
|-
!'''Byari'''
!'''Standard Malayalam'''
!'''Tulu'''
!'''Kannada'''
!'''English'''
|-
|''bēli''
|''vēli''
|''bēli''
|''bēli''
|'fence'
|-
|''bitt''
|''vittu''
|''bitte''
|''bitta'' 1
|'seed'
|-
|''bādige''
|''vāṭaka'' 2
|''bādai''
|''bādege''
|'rent'
|}

# Some dialects.
# This orthographic representation is phonemic. On a phonetic level, it often becomes {{IPA|[ˈʋaːɖəɡə]}}, which is closer to the Tulu and Byari forms. This occurs because of a rule whereby [[Plosive#Voice|voiced plosive consonants]] are intervocalic allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. However, this only applies to native Dravidian words, and as ''vāṭaka'' is a Sanskrit loanword, the prescriptively correct pronunciation is indeed {{IPA|[ˈʋaːʈəkə]}}.

===Distinction of 'a' and 'e'===
The final 'a' of standard Malayalam corresponds to the final 'e' in Byari.<ref name=studies-66/>

{|class=wikitable
|-
!'''Byari'''
!'''Kannada'''
!'''Standard Malayalam'''
!'''English'''
|-
|''āme''
|''āme''
|''āma''
|'tortoise'
|-
|''cēre''
|''kere''
|''cēra''
|'rat snake'
|-
|''mūle''
|''mūle''
|''mūla''
|''corner''
|}

===Distinction of 'n' and 'm'===
The word final 'n' and 'm' of standard Malayalam are dropped in Byari.<ref name=studies-66/>

{|class=wikitable
|-
!'''Byari'''
!'''Standard Malayalam'''
!'''Kannada'''
!'''English'''
|-
|''ādya''
|''ādyam''
|(''modalu'')
|'first'
|-
|''kalla''
|''kaḷḷan''
|''kaḷḷa''
|'thief'
|-
|''cattae''
|''kuppāyam''(catta)
|(''batte'')
|'cloth'
|}

===Degeminated consonants===
[[Gemination|Geminated]] consonants occurring after a long vowel and also after a second short vowel of a word in standard Malayalam get degeminated in Byari.<ref>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p.67</ref>

{|class=wikitable
|-
!'''Byari'''
!'''Standard Malayalam'''
! '''Tulu'''
!'''English'''
|-
|''pūce''
|''pūcca''
|''pucce''
|'cat'
|}

===Lexical relations===
Almost all lexical items in Byari dialect can be related to corresponding lexical items in other Malayalam varieties, Tulu or Perso-Arabic origin.<ref name=studies-79>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p.79</ref>
However, some equivalents can only be found in [[Mappila Malayalam|Mappila]] dialects of Malayalam in Kerala.<ref name=studies-79/>

==Person endings==
Verbs in old [[Dravidian languages]] did not have any person marking.<ref name=studies-68>{{Harvnb|Upadhyaya|1996}}, p.68</ref> Person endings of verbs observed in modern Dravidian languages are later innovations.<ref name=studies-68/>
Malayalam is the only Dravidian language that does not show any verbal person suffixes,<ref name=studies-68/> so Malayalam verbs can be said to represent the original stage of Dravidian verbs (though Old Malayalam did have verbal person suffixes at some point).<ref name=studies-68/> Person suffixes in Byari closely resemble those of Tulu,<ref name=studies-68/> although the past tense in this dialect agrees with that of standard Malayalam in shape as well as in the distribution of allomorphs.<ref name=studies-68/>

== Arabic influence ==
Byari has a strong lexical influence of the Arabic language.<ref>[http://www.tamil.net/list/2000-12/msg00490.html Arabic and other language influence] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615080525/http://www.tamil.net/list/2000-12/msg00490.html |date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> Nativised Arabic words are very common in everyday speech, especially in coastal areas. Byari also has words related to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Tamil and Standard Malayalam Speakers can understand Byari dialect upto a great extent.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Byari '''!!'''Arabic'''!!'''English'''
|-
| ''saan''||''ṣaḥn'' صحن||Plate
|-
| ''pinjhana''||''finjān'' فنجان||Bowl/cup
|-
| ''kayeen''||''nikāḥ'' نكاح||Nuptials
|-
| ''Seithaan''||''Šayṭān'' شيطان||Evil spirit
|-
| ''patthre''||''faṭīra'' فطيرة||Bread
|-
| ''Kalbu''||''qalb'' قلب||Heart
|-
| ''Rabbu''||''rabb'' رب||God
|-
| ''Supra''||''sufra'' سفرة||Dining Mat
|-
| ''Kubboosu''||''ḵubz'' خبز||Bread
|}

==Byari dialect films==
The first Byari-dialect feature film ''[[Byari (film)|Byari]]'' shared the award for the best feature film at the [[59th National Film Awards|59th Indian National Film Awards]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/heres-why-byari-won-the-national-award-for-best-film/20120307.htm Here's why Byari won the National Award for Best Film]. Rediff.com (7 March 2012). Retrieved on 2017-04-26.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arabi Malayalam]]
* [[Ahmed Noori]]
* [[Mygurudu]] secret-language from Malabar Muslims of Northern Kerala

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{Cite book| editor-last = Upadhyaya| editor-first = U. Padmanabha| date = 1996| title = Coastal Karnataka: studies in folkloristic and linguistic traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the western coast of India| publisher = Ku. Shi. Abhinandana Samiti, Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra| location = Udupi| isbn = 978-81-86668-06-1}}

{{Dravidian languages}}

[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Arabi Malayalam]]

Manjil Virinja Pookkal

2026-03-06T22:45:31Z

Harleen singh: New A Post W/ Sources!

{{Short description|1980 film directed by Fazil}}
{{For|the TV series|Manjil Virinja Poovu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manjil Virinja Pookkal.
| image = Manjil Virinja Pookkal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| producer = [[Navodaya Appachan]]
| writer = Fazil
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jerry Amaldev]] '''Score:''' Guna Singh
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = T. R. Shekhar
| studio = [[Navodaya Studio]]
| distributor = Navodaya
| released = {{Film date|1980|12|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INRConvert|7|l|year=1980}}<ref name="BO source" />
| gross = {{INRConvert|1|c|year=1980}}<ref name="BO source" />
}}

'''''Manjil Virinja Pookkal''''' ({{translation|Flowers that Blossomed in the Snow}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film produced by [[Navodaya Appachan]] under [[Navodaya Studio]] and written and directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]. It stars [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Mohanlal]] and [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]. The film features original songs composed by [[Jerry Amaldev]] and a score by Guna Singh, cinematography was done by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]].

In the film, Prem Kishan (Shankar) arrives at [[Kodaikanal]], where he falls in love with a girl named Prabha (Poornima). But Prabha is already married to Narendran (Mohanlal), a sadistic youngster. Their life gets troublesome when Narendran finds out about their affair. ''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' marks the onscreen debut of Mohanlal and Poornima, the Malayalam debut of Shankar, the directorial debut of Fazil, and Amaldev's debut as music director.

The film was shot extensively in and around [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. ''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' was released in theatres on 25 December 1980 on [[Christmas]] day. Made for ₹7 [[lakh]] (₹0.7 million), the film grossed over ₹1 [[crore]] (₹10 million) at the box office. It became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time. In retrospect, the film is often regarded as the first [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|new generation film]] in Malayalam cinema. ''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' won six [[Kerala State Film Awards]], including [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Poornima.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2016}}
The story is about Prem Krishnan coming to the hills of [[Kodaikanal]] on work, meeting and falling in love with Prabha whom he knows little about. Later, he realises that she is married when her husband, Narendran comes into the picture. Narendran is a sadistic husband. The film ends with Prem Krishnan committing suicide by driving off the cliff after killing Narendran, saddened by the loss of Prabha, who was killed by Narendran.

== Cast ==

* [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Prem Krishnan
* [[Mohanlal]] as Narendran
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Prabha, Prem's Love interest and Narendran's ex-wife
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Shivashankara Panicker
* [[Alummoodan]] as Kushalan
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Seythalavi

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] was one of the members in the creative team of [[Navodaya Studio]]'s story discussions for their productions. The discussion for ''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' began right after the success of the studio's big-budget film ''[[Theekkadal]]'' starring high-profile actors like [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] and [[Prem Nazir]]. During their discussion, Fazil suggested a low-budget film featuring newcomers. The project was [[Green-light|greenlit]] and they hired Fazil himself as the director.<ref name="dec2005">{{Cite news |last=Manmadhan |first=Prema |date=23 December 2005 |title=His experiments with cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117191828/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122301990100.htm |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] was selected as the film's cinematographer; his name was suggested by a friend of Fazil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. S. |first=Aravind |date=23 October 2014 |title=Ashok, a Cinematographer Who Made a Mark |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/oct/23/ashok-a-cinematographer-who-made-a-mark-674546.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117192013/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/oct/23/Ashok-a-Cinematographer-Who-Made-a-Mark-674546.html |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Fazil got the film's title from a chat he had with song lyricist [[Bichu Thirumala]] when they were in [[Alappuzha]]. Thirumala when returned after a morning walk told Fazil that he saw a flower bloomed in the snow. Fazil found it to be against the laws of nature for flowers to bloom in the snow because that would prevent spring from coming. He realised that his main characters Prabha and Prem Kishan too suffer the same fate, because spring does not come to their lives, and their love cannot bloom.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cris |date=25 August 2016 |title=The many tales behind titles |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250816/the-many-tales-behind-titles.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104259/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250816/the-many-tales-behind-titles.html |archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] was selected to portray Prem Kishan, the film was his debut in [[Malayalam cinema]]; he was already popular among the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking audience through the film ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' (1980) which ran for 365 days in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="circle">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=26 June 2010 |title=The circle of life |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-circle-of-life/article487320.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229113933/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-circle-of-life/article487320.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> For the role of Narendran, debutant [[Mohanlal]] was selected through an [[audition]]. A panel consisting [[Jijo Punnoose]], Fazil, [[Sibi Malayil]], and a director [unknown] was the judges for the screen-test. Sibi Malayil and the other director gave him only five and seven marks out of hundred displeased with his appearance, but Fazil and Punnoose awarded him 90 and 95 marks for his performance. He was ultimately chosen as the antagonist.<ref name="dec2005" /> Mohanlal donated his first salary of {{INR}}2000 to an orphanage near the filming location.<ref name="accountant" /> The film's second-unit director was [[Sibi Malayil]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]] made her debut in Malayalam with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=26 December 2020 |title=Mohanlal's Narendran Was Used Like Gabbar Singh To Scare Children: Poornima Bhagyaraj |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/manjil-virinja-pookal-mohanlals-narendran-was-used-like-gabbar-singh-to-scare-children-poornima-bhagyaraj-fazil-malayalam-movies/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226104943/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/manjil-virinja-pookal-mohanlals-narendran-was-used-like-gabbar-singh-to-scare-children-poornima-bhagyaraj-fazil-malayalam-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Susan Joe |date=9 November 2017 |title=From Manjil Virinja Pookal to Mohini: Poornima Bhagyaraj on her movies and more |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/poornima-bhagyaraj-on-her-movies-and-more/article20010311.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180413104311/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/poornima-bhagyaraj-on-her-movies-and-more/article20010311.ece |archive-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

The studio hired the [[United States]]-based [[Jerry Amaldev]] as the music composer, who debuted with it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivprasadh |first=S. |date=10 May 2012 |title=He cast a 3-D spell |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-cast-a-3d-spell/article3404301.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117203604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-cast-a-3d-spell/article3404301.ece |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Amaldev was suggested to Fazil by Punnoose, Fazil recall that, "Jijo of Navodaya had made me listen to a song tuned by a new composer and I immediately liked its orchestration,...I had no idea who Jerry was, but was impressed when Jijo told me that he had assisted legendary composer [[Naushad]] in [[Mumbai]]. I decided to try him for my debut film, and that was how he became the music director of ''Manjil Virinja Pookkal''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=15 April 2014 |title=Seasons could not wither his snow-fresh songs |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/seasons-could-not-wither-his-snowfresh-songs/article5914258.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117203827/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/seasons-could-not-wither-his-snowfresh-songs/article5914258.ece |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On the thought that "a movie that introduces a new face should be shot using a new camera", Appachan travelled to [[Germany]] for buying the "best camera available" at that time. The film was shot using the [[Arriflex 35 IIC]] camera.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=24 April 2012 |title=The Camera that Captured a Star |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article387139.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117204108/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/apr/24/the-camera-that-captured-a-star-361590.html |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> The filming took place mainly in and around [[Kodaikanal]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The first dialogue of Mohanlal, which begins as "Good Evening Mrs. Prabha Narendran" was shot close to the Astoria Hotel, near Kodaikanal bus-stand.<ref>{{Cite news |title=മഞ്ഞിൽ വിരിയുന്ന ഓർമ്മകൾ... |language=ml |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/columns/mohanlal/mohanlal-malayalam-news-1.36450 |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115230814/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/columns/mohanlal/mohanlal-malayalam-news-1.36450 |archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manjil Virinja Pookkal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jerry Amaldev]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1980|12|1}}
| recorded = 1980
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = {{Duration|m=44|s=38}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Navodaya Appachan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Dhanya (film)|Dhanya]]
| next_year = 1981
}}
The evergreen hit songs of this movie was composed by [[Jerry Amaldev]] and penned by [[Bichu Thirumala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1980 |title=Manjil Virinja Pookkal by S. Janaki on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/manjil-virinja-pookkal/id850368914 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921044503/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/manjil-virinja-pookkal/id850368914 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1980 |title=Manjil Virinja Pookkal |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Manjil-Virinja-Pookkal-S-Janaki/dp/B00JG6J6FO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818041748/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Manjil-Virinja-Pookkal-S-Janaki/dp/B00JG6J6FO |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=9 July 2016 |website=[[Amazon.com]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| total_length = 44:38
| all_lyrics = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| title1 = Manjani Kombil (Original)
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:10
| title2 = Mizhiyoram (Original)
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Mizhiyoram (Original)
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = Manjadi Kunnil (Original)
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Manjadi Kunnil Revival (Original)
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam
| length5 = 3:52
| title6 = Mizhiyoram Revival (Original)
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas
| length6 = 4:18
| title7 = Manjani Kombil Revival (Original)
| extra7 = S. Janaki
| length7 = 3:56
| title8 = Manjani Kombil (Original)
| extra8 = K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam
| length8 = 3:15
| title9 = Manjadi Kunnil (Original)
| extra9 = K. J. Yesudas
| length9 = 4:10
| title10 = Mizhiyoram Revival (Original)
| extra10 = S. Janaki
| length10 = 4:08
| title11 = Manjani Kombil (Original)
| extra11 = S. Janaki
| length11 = 4:06
}}
The song ''Mizhiyoram'' was reused in the film [[Jan.E.Man]].

== Reception ==
''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' was released on 25 December 1980, [[Christmas]] Day.<ref name="dec2005" />

=== Critical response ===
On 26 December 1980, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The director, Sri Fazil, a post-graduate student who has also contributed to the story and dialogue makes an impressive debut in this picture. His directorial touches are original, and he shows a definitive touch that could be the envy of veteran directors."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scontent.fblr1-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/244398477_257955182902098_4681722147088778827_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=yS5alYcmz5IAX-dwypN&_nc_ht=scontent.fblr1-5.fna&oh=00_AfBvr_zIdnHhaAy0BhypSyEM1dU9DJcW5ignR4_zbFMmLA&oe=637BC58E |title=Reviews: ''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117175827/https://scontent.fblr1-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/244398477_257955182902098_4681722147088778827_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=yS5alYcmz5IAX-dwypN&_nc_ht=scontent.fblr1-5.fna&oh=00_AfBvr_zIdnHhaAy0BhypSyEM1dU9DJcW5ignR4_zbFMmLA&oe=637BC58E |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was a slow starter but turned out to be a blockbuster and ran for more than 150 days in theatres.<ref name="accountant">{{Cite news |last=M. K. |first=Nidheesh |date=29 November 2013 |title=Time to Bid adieu |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/nov/29/time-to-bid-adieu-542901.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117203016/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/nov/29/Time-to-Bid-adieu-542901.html |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Made on a cost of ₹7 [[lakh]] (₹0.7 million), it grossed over ₹1 [[crore]] (₹10 million) at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year.<ref name="BO source">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=28 February 1985 |title=Producer Appachen creates Indian motion picture history with My Dear Kuttichathen |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850228-producer-appachen-creates-indian-motion-picture-history-with-my-dear-kuttichathen-769824-2013-11-27 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723131243/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19850228-producer-appachen-creates-indian-motion-picture-history-with-my-dear-kuttichathen-769824-2013-11-27 |archive-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> In an interview in 2010, Shankar told that he watched the film on its release day in a theatre in [[Thrissur]], but "it didn't look like the film was going to be a hit then", and he was surprised by the response it got later. He realised the film was doing well from the comments of people when he was mobbed at the [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore Airport]].<ref name="circle" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Award
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
| [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], [[Navodaya Appachan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards 1969–2001 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Information and Public Relations Department of Kerala}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Jerry Amaldev]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Play Back Singer]]
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Play Back Singer]]
| [[S. Janaki]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| Gunasingh
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], [[Navodaya Appachan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125200724/https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |date=25 January 2023 }}. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Jerry Amaldev]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
''Manjil Virinja Pookkal'' became a landmark film in [[Malayalam cinema]]. In retrospect, it is regarded as the first new generation film in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2012 |title=Ahead of His Times: Fazil |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/apr/24/ahead-of-his-times-fazil-361589.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723140959/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/apr/24/ahead-of-his-times-fazil-361589.html |archive-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gauri |first=Deepa |date=19 December 2013 |title=Homeopathy practitioner turns to Malayalam cinema. |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131219/ARTICLE/312199980/1057 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141008/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131219/ARTICLE/312199980/1057 |archive-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> Shankar's symbolism before kissing, that is, moving his index finger from left chin to his upper lip and then downwards, was a rage among the youth. In the 2013 film ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'', throughout the film, [[Fahadh Faasil]]'s character Prem interacts with the character Narendran in a virtual world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |date=7 February 2013 |title=Big Fish |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/big-fish/article4389089.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117204305/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/big-fish/article4389089.ece |archive-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> The song "Mizhiyoram" was reused in the 2021 film ''[[Jan. E. Man|Jan.E.Man]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2021 |title='മിഴിയോരം'; 40 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേഷം മഞ്ഞിൽ വിരിഞ്ഞ പൂക്കളിലെ ഗാനവുമായി 'ജാനേമൻ' ടീം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/mizhiyoram-manjil-virinja-pookkal-song-janeman-movie-lal-arjun-ashokan-basil-joseph-chidambaram-1.6148966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025134932/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/mizhiyoram-manjil-virinja-pookkal-song-janeman-movie-lal-arjun-ashokan-basil-joseph-chidambaram-1.6148966 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=Ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0213857}}

{{Fazil (director)}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1980 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jerry Amaldev]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Fazil]]
[[Category:Films produced by Navodaya Appachan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]

Brahampur Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T03:47:06Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Brahampur Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 199-Brahampur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhu Nath Yadav]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|199]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 346,158
|abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

'''Brahampur Assembly Constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] Legislative constituency in [[Buxar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is a part of the Buxar Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency of the state. As recommended by the Delimitation Commission of India in 2008, the Brahampur legislative assembly segment comprises Simri, Chakki and Brahampur community development blocks.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Below is a year-wise list of the MLAs of Brahampur Legislative Assembly Constituency along with their party names till date:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election1951">{{cite web |title=MLAs of Brahampur Assembly Constituency of Year 1951, 1957, 1962 & 2010 |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/barhampur.html}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Lalan Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Budhi Nath Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Suryanarain Sharma
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|
|Lok Tantrik Congress
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rishi Kesh Tiwari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ramakant Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Rishi Kesh Tiwari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Swami Nath Tewary
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="4" |Ajit Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Dilmarni Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhu Nath Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Brahampur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Brahampur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Brahampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04199.htm |access-date=7 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207132420/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04199.htm |archive-date=7 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhu Nath Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:95828}}
|percentage = 46.43
|change = -2.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hulas Pande
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:92608}}
|percentage = 44.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahavir Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4599}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change = -0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manish Bhushan Ojha
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2751}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2465}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Das
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2276}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nitish Kumar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1932}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2329}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3220}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change = -26.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206393}}
|percentage = 59.62
|change = +5.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = -2.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Brahampur<ref name=vidhansabha2020>{{cite web| url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |title = Bihar Legislative Election, 2020 | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhu Nath Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:90176}}
|percentage = 48.64
|change = -3.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hulas Pandey]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:39035}}
|percentage = 21.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Jairaj Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:30482}}
|percentage = 16.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jata Dhari
|votes = {{formatnum:5484}}
|percentage = 2.96
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bharat Sharma @ Bharat Sharma Vyas
|votes = {{formatnum:3379}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Parma Nand Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3182}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change = +1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manish Bhushan Ojha
|votes = {{formatnum:2863}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nilesh Kumar Rahul
|votes = {{formatnum:2497}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Dal United
|candidate = Anil Rai @ Bhaiya Jee
|votes = {{formatnum:1859}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2293}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change = -0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:51141}}
|percentage = 27.59
|change = +10.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185396}}
|percentage = 54.39
|change = -2.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Brahampur Assembly Election 2015 dates<ref name="election2015">{{cite web|title=Brahampur Assembly Election 2015 Dates|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/brahampur.html}}</ref>
|-
| Assembly Constituency Number || 199
|-
| Category || GEN
|-
| Phases || Phase-3
|-
| Date of Notification || Thu., Oct. 1, 15
|-
| Last Date of making nominations || Thu., Oct. 8, 15
|-
| Date of Scrutiny || Fri., Oct. 9, 15
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures || Mon., Oct. 12, 15
|-
| Date of Poll || Wed., Oct. 28, 15
|-
| Counting || Sun., Nov. 8, 15
|-
| NDA Candidate || Vivek Thakur (BJP)
|-
| Mahagathbandhan Candidate || [[Shambhunath Yadav]] [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|}
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Brahampur<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shambhu Nath Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:94079}}
|percentage = 52.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vivek Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:63303}}
|percentage = 34.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajit Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:5690}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ayodhaya Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3330}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2736}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prabind Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1733}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2638}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30776}}
|percentage = 17.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180913}}
|percentage = 57.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

*[[Brahmapur, Bihar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}
* [https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/brahampur.html]

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Buxar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Dharti Ke Lal

2026-03-03T23:14:11Z

Harleen singh: small fix

{{Short description|1946 film by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Dharti Ke Lal}}
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]
| writer = Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (screenplay, dialogue), [[Bijon Bhattacharya]] (screenplay), [[Krishan Chander]] (story),
| story = Krishan Chander
| producer = Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] Pictures
| starring = [[Balraj Sahni]] [[Tripti Mitra]] [[Sombhu Mitra]]
| cinematography = Jamnadas Kapadia
| editing =
| music = [[Ravi Shankar]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946|08|30|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 mins
| country = India
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
}}
[[File:Usha Dutt and Shombhu Mitra in Dharti Ke Lal.jpg|thumb|300px|Usha Dutt and Shombhu Mitra in {{Lang|hi-latn|Dharti Ke Lal}}]]
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Dharti Ke Lal}}''' ({{IPA|hi|'d̪ʱəɾ.t̪iː 'keː 'lɑːl}}; {{translation|''Children of the Earth''}}) is a 1946 [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] film, the first directorial venture of the noted film director [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] (K. A. Abbas). It was jointly written by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] and [[Bijon Bhattacharya]], based on plays by Bhattacharya and the story ''Annadata'' by [[Krishan Chander]]. The film had music by [[Ravi Shankar]], with lyrics by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], Nemichand Jain, Vamiq, and [[Prem Dhawan]].

The film was based on the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], which killed millions of [[Bengali people]], and was one of the first films in [[Indian cinema]]'s [[Parallel Cinema|social-realist movement]].<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=Ashish|title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction|date=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191034770|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUq1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|language=en|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830091734/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUq1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1949, {{Lang|hi-latn|Dharti Ke Lal}} also became the first Indian film to receive widespread distribution in the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR),<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970530/15050623.html Dharti Ke Lal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908194406/http://www.indianexpress.com/static/sorry/ |date=8 September 2012 }} [[Indian Express]].</ref> which led to the country becoming a major [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|overseas market]] for [[Indian films]].<ref name="Rajadhyaksha"/><ref>{{cite news|title=With love from India to Russia|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/10/22/221009_indianfilms.html|work=[[Russia Beyond]]|date=22 October 2009|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816062142/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2009/10/22/221009_indianfilms.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Overview==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Dharti Ke Lal}} was critically acclaimed for its scathing view of the notorious [[Bengal famine of 1943]], in which millions of [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] died.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha"/> It is considered an important political film as it gives a realistic portrayal of the changing social and economic climate during [[World War II]].

The film uses the plight of a single family caught in this famine, and tells the story of human devastation, and the loss of humanity during the struggle to survive.

During the Bengal famine of 1943, members of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] travelled all over India, performing plays and collecting funds for the survivors of the famine, which destroyed a whole generation of farmer families in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/India/indian_arts.html |title=Indian arts |access-date=27 September 2007 |archive-date=20 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020044817/http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/India/indian_arts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Thus Abbas was deeply influenced by the work of IPTA, and hence based his script upon two of IPTA's plays, ''[[Nabanna (play)|Nabanna]]'' (Harvest) and ''Jabanbandi'' by [[Bijon Bhattacharya]], and the story ''Annadata'' by [[Krishan Chander]]. Even the cast of the film was mainly actors from IPTA.

The film marked another chapter in the influential new wave in Indian cinema, which focussed on socially relevant themes as in ''[[Neecha Nagar]]'' (1946), made by [[Chetan Anand (producer & director)|Chetan Anand]], also scripted by Abbas, and which continued with Bimal Roy's ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953).

It was the first and perhaps the only film produced by [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] (Indian People's Theater Association) and remains one of the important Hindi films of that decade. The film marked the screen debut of [[Zohra Sehgal]] and also gave actor [[Balraj Sahni]] his first important on screen role.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/20dinesh.htm Balraj Sahani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019072434/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/20dinesh.htm |date=19 October 2012 }} [[Rediff.com]].</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "...a gritty realistic drama."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/143924/Dharti-Ke-Lal/overview |title=Dharti Ke Lal - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com |website=movies.nytimes.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430072153/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/143924/Dharti-Ke-Lal/overview |archive-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

It proved to be tremendously influential not only to future filmmakers who admired its neorealist-like qualities—but also to intellectuals of India's left-wing.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100430072153/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/143924/Dharti-Ke-Lal/overview Dharti ke Lal Overview] ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Tripti Mitra]]
* [[Sombhu Mitra]]
* [[Balraj Sahni]]
* [[Rashid Ahmed]]
* Damayanti Sahni (Balraj Sahni's actual wife)
* [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]]
* [[K. N. Singh]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]]
* [[Zohra Sehgal]]
* Snehaprabha

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* ''Dictionary of Films'' (Berkeley: U. of CA Press, 1977), p. 84.
* Vasudev and Lenglet, eds., ''Indian Cinema Super-bazaar'' (New Delhi: Vikas, 1978).
* Shyamala A. Narayan, ''The Journal of Commonwealth Literature'', 1 1976; vol. 11: pp. 82 – 94.
* Amir Ullah Khan and Bibek Debroy, ''Indian Economic Transition through Bollywood Eyes''.

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0038475}}

{{K. A. Abbas}}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi Shankar]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films about famine]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. A. Abbas]]
[[Category:Films set in 1943]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]]
[[Category:1940s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian World War II films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1946 drama films]]
[[Category:1946 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:World War II films made in wartime]]
[[Category:Films set on the home front during World War II]]

Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri

2026-03-03T22:14:18Z

Harleen singh: New New Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian astronomer, astrologer & mathematician}}
'''Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri''' (Śaṅkara of Mahiṣamaṅgalṃ) (1494–1570) was an Indian astronomer-astrologer-mathematician belonging to the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] who wrote a large number of books on [[astronomy]] and [[astrology]] in the vernacular language [[Malayalam]] in an effort to popularize these subjects among the common Malayalam speaking laypersons. He hailed from Peruvanam village in present-day [[Thrissur district]]. He spent most of his active life at [[Chengannur]] with his teacher Parameśvaran Pōtti of Vāzha-māveli house.<ref name="Sarma">{{cite book|last1=K. V. Sarma|title=A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy (in perspective)|date=1972|publisher=Vishveshvarananda Institute of Sanskrit and indological Studies, Panjab University|location=Hoshiarpur|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Akavoor Narayanan and K. V. Ashtamoorthy Nambudiripad |title=Namboothiris and the Malayalam Literature |url=https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/malayalam-literature.htm |website=www.namboothiri.com |publisher=Namboothiri Websites Trust |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kottarathil Sankunni |title=Aithiyamala Vol. IV |date=1958 |publisher=Magalodayam (Private) Limited |location=Thrissur, Kerala, India |pages=89–93 |url=https://archive.org/details/Aitihyamala_Malayalam_Parts_1_to_8/Aitihyamala-KottarathilSankunniPart4/page/n63/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=4 December 2023}} (The work is in Malayalam. The fourth chapter of this volume chronicles the popular legends and stories associated with Śaṅkaran Nampūtiri and his ancestral house of Mazhamaṅgalam mana.)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. K. Raja |title=Astronomy and mathematics in Kerala: An account of its literature |journal=Adayar Library Bulletin |date=1963 |volume=27 |pages=155–156}}</ref>

Śaṅkaran Nampūtiri's son [[Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri|Mazhamaṅgalam Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri]] was also a great scholar and had produced several original literary works in Malayalam, Sanskrit and mixed Malayalam-Sanskrit (called Maṇipravāḷaṃ) languages.

==Śaṅkaran Nampūtiri's works==

Śaṅkaran Nampūtiri's is known to have composed the following works.<ref name="Sarma"/>

#''Gaṇitasāra'' (astronomy)
#''Candragaṇitakrama'' (astronomy)
#''Ayanacalanādigaṇitakrama'' (astronomy)
#''Jāatakakrama'' (horoscopy)
#''Praśnamāla'' with ''Bhāṣā'' (astrological query)
#''Ceriya Kāaladīpakaṃ'' (short ''Kāaladīpakaṃ'')
#''Valiya Kāaladīpakaṃ'' (long ''Kāaladīpakaṃ'')
#''Jātakasāra'' in Sanskrit (astrology)
#''Jātakasāra'' in Malayalam (astrology)
#Commentaries on ''Pañjabodha'', ''Laghubhāskarīya'', ''Muhūrtapadavī'' (all called ''Bālasaṅkaraṃ'')
#''Pañjabodhārthadarpaṇa''

==See also==

*[[List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school]]
*[[Pañcabodha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==
More detailed information about the works of Mazhamaṅgalam Śaṅkaran Nampūtiri is available in the classic multi-volume Malayalam work "''Kerala Sahithya Charithram''" ("''History of Literature in Kerala''") by Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer: {{cite book |last1=Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram Part II |date=September 1954 |publisher=Department of Publications, University of Travancore |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-2-ulloor-1954-ku/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=4 December 2023}} (pages 269-272 and 469–475)

{{Kerala School}}
{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Scientists of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian astronomers]]

Gubbi Mele Brahmastra

2026-03-03T21:24:36Z

Harleen singh: general cleaned up formatting for clarity and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|2019 Indian Kannada romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gubbi Mele Brahmastra
| image = GUBBI MELE BRAHMASTRA.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Sujay Shastry
| producer = T.R.Chandrashekhar
| writer = Pradeep BV Sujay Shastry [[Prasanna V M]]
| starring = [[Raj B. Shetty]] [[Kavitha Gowda]]
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cinematography = Suneeth Halgeri
| editing = Srikanth Shroff
| studio = Crystal Park Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|08|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gubbi Mele Brahmastra'''''{{efn|{{lit|Attacking a sparrow with the [[Brahmastra]]}}; a Kannada idiom similar to "{{linktext|use a sledgehammer to crack a nut}}"}} is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Sujay Shastry making his debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/14/in-comedy-i-prefer-kashinath-kind-of-stories-says-gubbi-mele-brahmastra-director-sujay-shastry-2018587.html|title=In comedy, I prefer Kashinath kind of stories, says 'Gubbi Mele Brahmastra' director Sujay Shastry|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> The film is produced by T.R.Chandrashekhar under his banner Crystal Park Cinemas. It features [[Raj B. Shetty]] and [[Kavitha Gowda]] in the lead roles. The supporting cast includes [[Pramod Shetty]], Shobraj, Babu Hiranniah, Manjunath Hedge and Aruna Balraj. The [[Film score|score]] and soundtrack for the film is by [[Manikanth Kadri]]. The cinematography is by Suneeth Halgeri and editing is done by Srikanth Shroff.

== Plot ==
Venkata Krishna "Krissh" Gubbi is a software engineer who is irritated by his parents' efforts to arrange his marriage right away, preferring to slow down and find love on his own. He messages a woman, "Purple Priya", on Facebook, and after some mishaps meets up with her and they agree to get hitched. However, his wry but dim-witted friend Nani, afraid that Gubbi will abandon him, sabotages their relationship by going to her parents house in his place and rejecting her. Gubbi learns of this and manages to patch things up, but then Priya is kidnapped by Robin Hood, a don who Gubbi and Nani had run into before. Robin Hood agrees to let Priya go if he robs an ATM van, which turns out to be surprisingly easy; then, he gives him a harder task: kidnapping the daughter of another don, Venkat Reddy, across the state border in Andhra Pradesh, so that Robin Hood can marry her as they are in love.

Gubbi and Nani set out to find Halli, a kidnapping expert near the border, but almost get in trouble with the police for their ATM theft and accidentally insult Halli and his henchman Shradda when they find him. Nevertheless, Halli agrees to help him, but warns of Venkat Reddy's extreme power and violent tactics, and sends Gubbi on a test run, where he gets distracted and is caught but manages to run away. Gubbi is put up to training by Halli, and then manages to make it inside the compound without getting caught and pulling off the abduction. Gubbi and Nani drive back to Robin Hood's place, where they argue and Nani leaves as they wait for Robin Hood. However, it turns out that they kidnapped Venkat Reddy's wife instead of his daughter, to rectify the situation, Gubbi goes back and offers a "swap", but Venkat Reddy's rowdies take his whole family until he can find her. As it turns out that Nani accidentally switched cars as he left, Gubbi's difficulties are further compounded

Finally, Venkat Reddy finds Halli (who turns out to have been working in his security detail and is possibly a police plant), Robin Hood and Priya and ties everyone up. However, Nani sneaks in and unties them, After another gang attempts a fake deal with Venkat Reddy to swindle him, a fight breaks out. Climatically, Robin Hood and Gubbi rescue Venkat Reddy, winning his admiration, but Gubbi scares Priya with his use of guns and she breaks if off with him. Three months later, a depressed Gubbi and Nani attend Robin Hood's wedding. Spotting Priya, Gubbi makes up with her to Nani's frustration, but the ceremony is interrupted when the bride is kidnapped by a new don in Malaysia, "Little Mary". Robin Hood asks Gubbi to rescue her; he refuses, but turns around to see that Priya has been kidnapped again by Robin Hood's underlings, setting up a possible sequel named "Gubbi in Malaysia".

== Cast ==
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Venkata Krishna Gubbi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/all-about-raj-b-shettys-gubbi-mele-brahmastra/articleshow/70434167.cms|title=All about Raj B Shetty's Gubbi Mele Brahmastra|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/aug/09/raj-b-shetty-is-not-only-a-good-director-but-also-a-good-actor-13549.html|title=Raj B Shetty is not only a good director, but also a good actor|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
* [[Kavitha Gowda]] as Purple Priya
* Sujay Shastri as Nonda Nani
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Robinhood
* [[Shobaraj (actor)|Shobhraj]] as Venkat Reddy
* Babu Hirannaiah as Father of Purple Priya
* Manjunatha Hegde as Gopalkrishna Gubbi
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Rukmini Gubbi
* Girish Shivanna as Alphesh Kumar
Special appearance in "Swagatam Krishna" song:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jun/08/shubha-poonja-karunya-ram-and-rachana-make-special-appearance-in-gubbi-mele-brahmastra-1987276.html|title=Shubha Poonja, Karunya Ram and Rachana make special appearance in 'Gubbi Mele Brahmastra'|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
* [[Shubha Poonja|Shubha Punja]]
* [[Karunya Ram]]
* Rachana

== Production and release ==
The film began with its principal photography on 18 June 2018 and followed its shoot from the next day. The film had Raj B.Shetty on board first followed by Kavitha Gowda. The film completed its shooting on 1 April 2019. The film team had earlier announced 9 August as the release date on account of Varamahalakshmi festival but later they postponed it a week later on 15 August on account of Independence Day to avoid clashes with other films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/release-of-gubbi-mele-brahmastra-pushed-to-avoid-a-clash/articleshow/70480212.cms|title=Release of Gubbi Mele Brahmastra pushed to avoid a clash|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/05/gubbi-mele-brahmastra-remake-rights-in-demand-2014166.html|title='Gubbi Mele Brahmastra' remake rights in demand|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gubbi Mele Brahmastra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Kruthi Audios Bengaluru, Kadriskeys Studios Chennai
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = Crystal Music
| producer = T.R. Chandrashekhar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[Manikanth Kadri]] The music rights were acquired by Crystal Music

{{tracklist|headline=Tracklist|extra_column=Singer(s)|total_length=7:16|all_lyrics=|title1=Yenanno Helalu Hogi|lyrics1=[[Jayanth Kaikini]]|extra1=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]|length1=3:02|title2=Swaagatam Krishna|lyrics2=Ootukkaadu Venkatasubba Iyer, Sujay Shastry|extra2=Mythri Iyer|length2=4:14|title3=How is the Josh Athiratha Ninna Tolbala|lyrics3=|extra3=|length3=|title4=|lyrics4=|extra4=|length4=|title5=|lyrics5=|extra5=|length5=|all_writing=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=|title6=|length6=}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' paper rated 3/5 and wrote "Comedian Sujay Shastry makes his debut as a director with Gubbi Mele Brahmastra. He does a decent job and also hints at a possible sequel to this film. While one has seen blatant slapstick humour and loads of double entendres in Kannada comedy films, this one has a tad more cleaner approach to the genre.Raj B Shetty seems to have an extension of his character from Ondu Motteya Kathe and he shines. Sujay, as Raj's pessimistic philosopher friend, is a hoot. Each of the cast member seems to be carefully picked. Be it Girish Shivanna as the comical inspector or Pramod Shetty as the costume wearing don, they all shine. Though, at times the gags are dragged a bit. But, for those who like comedy, Gubbi Mele Brahmastra is going to be a treat, as it is reminiscent of some of the classics from the 80s and 90s."<ref>{{Citation|title=Gubbi Mele Brahmastra Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Gubbi Mele Brahmastra by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gubbi-mele-brahmastra/movie-review/70688548.cms|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gubbi-mele-brahmastra-review-comedy-errors-loses-steam-second-half-107316|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-08-27|title='Gubbi Mele Brahmastra' review: This comedy of errors loses steam in the second half|date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/17/gubbi-mele-brahmastra-review-ignore-logic-and-laugh-your-way-through-this-film-2020032.html|title='Gubbi Mele Brahmastra' review: Ignore logic and laugh your way through this film|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|10300674}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]

Corona Papers

2026-03-03T09:45:19Z

Harleen singh: Created Basic Entry W/ Refs...

{{Short description|2023 Indian Malayalam by Priyadarshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Corona Papers
| image = Corona Papers 2023 film poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Priyadarshan
| story = [[Sri Ganesh]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017)|Sri Ganesh}}
| producer = Priyadarshan
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Shane Nigam]]
| [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| [[Lal Jr.|Jean Lal]]
| [[Gayathrie]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Divakarmani
| editing = M. S. Aiyappan Nair
| music = KP
| studio = Four Frames Sound Company
| distributor = Four Frames Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|06}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Corona Papers|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/corona-papers-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdeyndm2|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Corona Papers''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Priyadarshan]]. The film is a remake of Tamil film ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' which itself is inspired from [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s 1949 film ''[[Stray Dog (film)|Stray Dog]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Apr/07/corona-papers-review-slightly-improvedbut-flawed-remake-2563377.html|title='Corona Papers' review: Slightly improved, but flawed remake|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lensmenreviews.com/corona-papers-malayalam-movie-review-2023/|title=Corona Papers Review | An Elaborate and Restructured Version of 8 Thottakkal With a Superb Sidhique|date=6 April 2023|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412014009/https://lensmenreviews.com/corona-papers-malayalam-movie-review-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms|title=Corona Papers Movie Review : An uninspired copy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409000831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Vignesh |last1=Madhu |title=Corona Papers censored U/A; Release date confirmed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/30/corona-papers-censored-ua-release-date-confirmed-41716.html |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 March 2023 |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403004717/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/30/corona-papers-censored-ua-release-date-confirmed-41716.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is produced by Four Frames Sound Company, with cinematography by Divakarmani and music by ''KP''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyadarshan-Shane Nigam's 'Corona Papers' trailer out; promises an interesting procedural drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyadarshan-shane-nigams-corona-papers-trailer-out-promises-an-interesting-procedural-drama/article66664702.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=limited |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328142218/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/priyadarshan-shane-nigams-corona-papers-trailer-out-promises-an-interesting-procedural-drama/article66664702.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Corona Papers |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/corona-papers/articleshow/99291517.cms |date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407110547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/corona-papers/articleshow/99291517.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
A rookie cop named Rahul loses his service [[revolver]]. As the story progresses, it becomes clear that the missing revolver is not just a minor hiccup, but rather the focal point of the entire plot. It is intricately connected to many other significant events, including a significant bank robbery and a series of murders.

As the central piece of the script, the missing weapon plays a vital role in moving the story forward. Its disappearance creates a sense of urgency and mystery, driving Rahul and his team to investigate and uncover the truth behind its disappearance. As they delve deeper into the investigation, they begin to unravel a web of interconnected crimes, all of which lead back to the missing revolver.

As the investigation progresses, it becomes clear that the missing revolver is connected to the murders of several people. With each new development in the case, the missing revolver becomes more and more important, eventually leading to a thrilling conclusion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Corona Papers Movie Review : An uninspired copy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms |access-date=2023-05-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shane Nigam]] as [[Sub Inspector#India|SI]] Rahul Nambiar
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Musthafa
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Sub Inspector#India|SI]] Shankararaman / Govindan Nambiar (Fake)
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Kaakka Pappi
* [[Hannah Reji Koshy]] as Rani
* [[Lal Jr.|Jean Paul Lal]] as Tony
* [[Gayathrie]] as Veena, a reporter and Rahul's girlfriend
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Ayyappan Pillai
* Nibin Navas as News Reporter
* [[Vijilesh Karayad]]
* Sandhya Shetty as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Gracy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sreedhanya]] as Shankararaman's daughter-in-law
* Geethi Sangeetha

== Production ==
The pooja ceremony of the film was held on 27 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam, Shine Tom Chacko team up for Priyadarshan's 'Corona Papers' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/27/shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-priyadarshan-corona-papers-pooja-function.html |date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330080934/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/27/shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-priyadarshan-corona-papers-pooja-function.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first look of the film was released on 5 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first-look poster of Corona Papers is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/05/the-first-look-poster-of-corona-papers-is-here-40670.html |date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311120001/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/05/the-first-look-poster-of-corona-papers-is-here-40670.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer was released 26 March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam's Corona Papers trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/26/shane-nigams-corona-papers-trailer-is-here-41547.html |date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402122113/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/26/shane-nigams-corona-papers-trailer-is-here-41547.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2023 |title=Corona Papers trailer: Priyadarshan's film is a perfect combination of action and mind-bending drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/corona-papers-trailer-priyadarshans-film-is-a-perfect-combination-of-action-and-mind-bending-drama-8520280/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403005635/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/corona-papers-trailer-priyadarshans-film-is-a-perfect-combination-of-action-and-mind-bending-drama-8520280/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=3 April 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 6 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyadarshan's thriller 'Corona Papers' censored with a U/A certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/priyadarshans-thriller-corona-papers-censored-with-a-u/a-certificate/videoshow/99125103.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/priyadarshans-thriller-corona-papers-censored-with-a-u/a-certificate/videoshow/99125103.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film
was made available for [[Streaming media|digital streaming]] on 5 May 2023 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Buzz: Priyadarshan's 'Corona Papers' to have a digital release in May |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/buzz-priyadarshans-corona-papers-to-have-a-digital-release-in-may/articleshow/99320494.cms |date=2023-04-07 |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407193527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/buzz-priyadarshans-corona-papers-to-have-a-digital-release-in-may/articleshow/99320494.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film collected Rs 750,000 at the Kerala box office on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Corona Papers' box office collection: Priyadarshan's thriller gets an average opening at KBO |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/corona-papers-box-office-collection-priyadarshans-thriller-gets-an-average-opening-at-kbo/articleshow/99314180.cms |date=2023-04-07 |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407190633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/corona-papers-box-office-collection-priyadarshans-thriller-gets-an-average-opening-at-kbo/articleshow/99314180.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The film was released 6 April 2023 in theatres and received lukewarm reviews. Sajin Shrijith, critic of ''[[Cinema Express]]'', gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "Oddly enough, despite Priyadarshan's interesting modifications to the original story, the film's failure to make one emotionally invested and its inability to find a fittingly logical resolution to all its threads work heavily against it".<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Sajin |last1=Shrijith |title=Corona Papers Movie Review: Slightly improved, but flawed remake |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/06/corona-papers-movie-review-slightly-improved-but-flawed-remake-42027.html |date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409142504/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/06/corona-papers-movie-review-slightly-improved-but-flawed-remake-42027.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Anjana George, critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'', gave 2.5 out 5 stars and wrote that "Nevertheless, the film fails to engage as the characters lack depth."<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Anjana |last1=George |title=Corona Papers Movie Review : An uninspired copy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms |date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409000831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/corona-papers/movie-review/99340304.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Praveen, critic of ''[[The Hindu]]'', noted that "Priyadarshan's latest tryst with the thriller genre is an average affair".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-04-06 |title='Corona Papers' movie review: Priyadarshan's latest tryst with the thriller genre is an average affair |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=limited |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/corona-papers-movie-review-priyadarshans-latest-tryst-with-the-thriller-genre-is-an-average-affair/article66706404.ece |access-date=2023-04-09 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407101949/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/corona-papers-movie-review-priyadarshans-latest-tryst-with-the-thriller-genre-is-an-average-affair/article66706404.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Swathi P Ajith, critic of ''[[Onmanorama]]'', noted that "Corona Papers' is a must-watch for those who are interested in mazy suspense thrillers.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Swathi P |last1=Ajith |title='Corona Papers' review: Crime meets suspense in Priyadarshan's thriller saga |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/04/06/corona-papers-priyadarshan-malayalam-movie-shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-review.html |date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407212230/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/04/06/corona-papers-priyadarshan-malayalam-movie-shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan, critic for ''[[OTTplay]]'', stated that "For a crime thriller, Corona Papers ends up as a rather tedious watch due to its intent-less characters and meandering storytelling" and gave 2 out of 5 stars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |first1=Sanjith |last1=Sidhardhan |title=Corona Papers review: Priyadarshan's crime thriller about a missing gun misfires |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/corona-papers-review-priyadarshans-thriller-about-a-missing-gun-and-consequent-crime-spree-largely-misfires/8ab04ffc25119 |date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122659/https://www.ottplay.com/review/corona-papers-review-priyadarshans-thriller-about-a-missing-gun-and-consequent-crime-spree-largely-misfires/8ab04ffc25119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Remakes of films by Akira Kurosawa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|tt24683702}}
{{Priyadarshan}}
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Akira Kurosawa]]

Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada

2026-03-03T03:09:13Z

Harleen singh: general corrected structure as per guidelines further and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Gautham Vasudev Menon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada
| image = Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| producer = Venkat Somasundaram Reshma Ghatala
| writer = Gautham Vasudev Menon
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Silambarasan]]|[[Manjima Mohan]]|[[Baba Sehgal]]|}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Dan Macarthur]] '''Additional Cinematography:''' Dani Raymond [[Theni Eswar (cinematographer)|Theni Eswar]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Photon Kathaas|Ondraga Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{film date|2016|11|11|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada''''' ({{translation|Fear is Foolishness}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. The film stars [[Silambarasan]] and [[Manjima Mohan]] (in her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut), while [[Baba Sehgal]] plays the role of a corrupt cop. The film revolves around a youngster who embarks on a road trip with his lady-love during which he meets with an accident which causes things to get out of control.

[[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sattendru Maarudhu Vaanilai : Simbu Gautham Movie Titled |url=http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/12/sattendru-maarudhu-vaanilai-simbu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214062605/http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/12/sattendru-maarudhu-vaanilai-simbu.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=13 December 2013 |publisher=The Cine News}}</ref> however, in June 2014, filming schedules were postponed until Menon completed his other project ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]] (2015)'' with [[Ajith Kumar]].<ref name="intrvbngm">{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=17 February 2015 |title='I am dying to work with Ajith again |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/I-am-dying-to-work-with-Ajith-again/articleshow/46277259.cms |access-date=19 February 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Filming recommenced on 21 February 2015, majority of shooting was done in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The film features [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics by [[Thamarai]]. It was simultaneously made in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' with [[Naga Chaitanya]] replacing Silambarasan and Manjima Mohan in the same role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=23 November 2015 |title=Some thought I was fat, wondered why Gautham Menon signed me, says 'Oru Vadakkan Selfie' actress Manjima Mohan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-some-thought-i-was-fat-wondered-why-gautham-menon-signed-me-says-oru-vadakkan-selfie-actress-manjima-mohan-2148275 |access-date=30 March 2016 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> This film's title is based on a song from ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]'' (1960).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2016 |title=Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada trailer: Simbu-Gautham Menon film is already a winner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-trailer-simbu-gautham-menon-film-is-already-a-winner-3098734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-trailer-simbu-gautham-menon-film-is-already-a-winner-3098734/}}</ref>

==Plot==

The protagonist, whose name is not mentioned, is revealed to be a care free [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] student and bike enthusiast, accompanied by his close friends Mahesh, Shyam, Srikanth and ''Auto'' Selvam. He has two sisters and two love stories that revolved around him in the past, one is Sukanya, and the other, Mallika. He now considers his new bike, ''Thunderbird'', as his first love ever. However, he meets and falls in love with Leela, a friend of his sister, Maythrie, who stays in his house to complete her studies. He plans a long road trip in his bike to [[Kanyakumari]] along with his friend Mahesh, but he ditches his friend in the last minute and is accompanied by Leela instead.

They head to Kanyakumari via [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Palakkad]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]. The protagonist also humorously finds out about Leela's [[gluttony]], over food. On the trip, they go to a village and stay for a night, where they are taken care by a kind-hearted villager. The next day, they reach Kanyakumari and see the sunrise. During the course of the trip, Leela falls for him. After the trip, he agrees to drop her at her home, in [[Kolhapur]]. On their way to [[Maharashtra]], they meet with a road accident. The protagonist injures his shoulder and proposes to her, before fainting, as if he was about to die. The next day he wakes up to find himself in a hospital. He feels that something is wrong after phoning Leela.

The same day, Leela's parents are attacked by some unknown assailants. The protagonist and his friend, Mahesh, visit the hospital that Leela and her parents are in. The three of them discover that Leela was the target of the attack. The protagonist decides to save Leela. But they encounter a corrupt cop, Kamath, who, with a help of a gangster, Hiren, kill Leela's parents. Unfortunately, Mahesh is also killed in the incident. The protagonist is devastated by this and vows to avenge Mahesh's and Leela's parents's death at any cost. Leela and the protagonist go into hiding, where Kamath tries to trace them out, even in Mahesh's funeral. Kamath finally reaches his house, in Chennai, where another friend of the protagonist, poses as the owner of his bike, with fake proof.

Deceived, Kamath returns to Maharashtra. Two years later, Kamath is preparing to receive his new superior police officer, in Kolhapur. The new officer is none other than the protagonist himself; he is now the new [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] of Kolhapur, who went into a self-imposed exile, studied for the UPSC exam, and chose IPS, despite being eligible for IAS, to fulfill his vengeance. Finally, his name is revealed to be 'Rajinikanth Muralitharan'. He also reveals the reason behind hiding his name so far; his mother, being a big fan of [[Rajinikanth]], without any hesitations, named him so, as soon as he was born. Whenever anybody came to know of his name, they would look at him for an extra few seconds, which is why, he seldom states his name to others.

Rajini then reveals that he has unravelled what happened two years ago to Kamath. Leela's biological father, Nathuram Dubey, is a politician in Maharashtra, and the candidate for [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. He planned to kill Leela as she was his illegitimate daughter and thus, a danger to his political ambitions. Kamath, with the help of Hiren, executed his plan. Rajini discovered that Leela's actual mother, Anamika, knew of the incident. After his probation, Rajini devised a plan to eliminate everyone involved in the scheme. Nathuram is arrested and brought into the station. Kamath, defeated, tries to kill Rajini, and shoots Nathuram. Finally, Rajini kills Kamath, in self-defense, avenging Mahesh's and Leela's parents' deaths. He gets a vacation, based on personal trauma, and returns home. He picks up Leela from the village they stayed in, on their way to Kanyakumari. Later, they both go on a bike trip to Kanyakumari, again, only for Rajini to propose to Leela.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Silambarasan]] as [[Deputy commissioner of police|DCP]] Rajinikanth Muralitharan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Manjima Mohan]] as Leela Raman
*[[Baba Sehgal]] as [[Inspector]] Kamath
*[[Sathish Krishnan]] as Mahesh, Rajinikanth's friend
*[[Daniel Balaji]] as Gangster Hiren
*[[Nagineedu]] as Raman, Leela's Father
*[[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Mahesh's father
*[[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Maythrei, Rajinikanth's Sister
*[[Krrish Menon]] as Atul Tripude
*Mathew Varghese as Muralitharan, Rajinikanth's father
*Sujata Panju as Rajinikanth's mother
*Vasantha as Leela's mother
*Chalakudy Sunil as a cop in Maharashtra
*K K Menon as Somnath Naik
*Prasad Athalye as Dr. Yashwant Tripude, Atul's father
*Vishwanath as Nathuram Dubey, a corrupt politician, Leela's biological father
*Priya Rajkumar as Anamika, Leela's biological mother
**Samragni as young Anamika
*Saran Bhaskar as Maythrei's stalker
*R. Shyam as Shyam, Rajinikanth's friend
*Vicky Vijai as Srikanth, Rajinikanth's friend
*[[R. S. Karthik]] as Auto Selvam, Rajinikanth's friend
*Amruth as Rajinikanth's friend
*Rishabh as [[Inspector]] Thambe
*Anandhi as Mallika
*Chandru BCS as Duty Doctor
*Madurai Mohan as Villager
*Jaydev Subramaniam as Hospital receptionist
*Samson T Wilson as a gangster in the Hospital
*Elyas Khan as a gangster in the Hospital
*Sunitha Ojha as Nurse
*Bullet Babu as an Ambulance driver
*S Sayath as a Taxi driver
*Khaleel L as a cop in Maharashtra
*Anil Bala as a cop in Maharashtra
*Birlaa Bose as a cop in Chennai
*Prayas Mann as a cop in Maharashtra
*[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as a Police Officer (cameo)
{{colend}}

==Production==

=== Pre-production ===
After the success of ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'', [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] narrated the script to [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] along with ''Yohan Adhyayam Ondru'' script as the actor felt it wouldn't suit his image and for the audience.<ref>Ramchander. (29 August 2012) [https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2012/gautham-menon-yohan-fans-response-098868.html Vijay | Gautham Menon Yohan | Mixed Response]. Filmibeat. Retrieved on 2018-09-25.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijay-upset-with-Gautham-Menon/articleshow/15514675.cms Yohan: Vijay upset with Gautham Menon?]. ''Times of India'' (15 January 2017). Retrieved on 2018-09-25.</ref> Menon announced in October 2013 that he would produce and direct a film featuring [[Silambarasan|Simbu]] in the lead role after the following success of ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2013 |title=Is Gautham Menon Angry With Surya? |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/gautham-menon-angry-surya-126569.html |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=OneIndia |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213014557/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/gautham-menon-angry-surya-126569.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Development ===
In an interview with the [[Bangalore Mirror]], Menon stated that the film was originally titled ''Sattendru Maarathu Vaanilai'' and described the film as one which starts as a "love story" and then enters a "violent / action space".<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2015 |title=Director Gautham Menon on Kollywood controversies, the Tamil Ranbir Kapoor and women in his films |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/director-gautham-menon-kollywood-controversies-tamil-ranbir-kapoor-women-films-2179393.html |access-date=8 September 2015 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Menon outlined the storyline of the film, stating, "It is the story of a happy-go-lucky guy (played by Silambarasan) who is looking to do normal things in life but then, a situation is thrown at him and it changes everything", adding that the story is inspired by the scene in the film ''[[The Godfather]]'' where a bruised [[Michael Corleone]] plots revenge against the corrupt policeman McCluskey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=21 November 2015 |title=I'll stand outside Ajith's gate: Gautham Menon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ill-stand-outside-ajiths-gate-gauthammenon/article7903383.ece |access-date=21 November 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Menon had previously portrayed cops as heroes but in this film, he revealed that the cop was the antagonist. When he was writing the second half of the film, he ensured not to watch films in the other genre.<ref name=":0" /> In December 2013, [[A. R. Rahman]] was officially confirmed to compose the songs, while [[Dan Macarthur]] was confirmed as the film's cinematographer.<ref name="bw1">{{Cite web |title=Simbu and Gautham Menon involved in a fight |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/gautham-and-simbu-are-shooting-for-a-fight-sequence.html |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Baba Sehgal]] was chosen to portray a negative role as a cop.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2015 |title=Baba Sehgal lands role in Achcham Enbadhu... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/baba-sehgal-lands-role-in-achcham-enbadhu/article7361652.ece |access-date=13 January 2016 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
While the team was still in the process of casting a female lead opposite Silambarasan, principal photography began in mid-November 2013 with a ten-day schedule in [[Adyar, Chennai]], with scenes featuring Silambarasan and [[Sathish Krishnan]] were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STR- Gautham Menon project kickstarts |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-gautham-menon-project-kickstarts-news-tamil-nlnjsAhcagh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116205312/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-gautham-menon-project-kickstarts-news-tamil-nlnjsAhcagh.html |archive-date=2013-11-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Later, filming continued for ten days with [[Pallavi Subhash]] as the female lead. Further, the shooting progressed during the nights, in and around Kalakshetra and [[Thiruvanmiyur]].<ref name="bw1" /> A second schedule began in early December 2013 featuring scenes with the lead cast in urban Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2013 |title=Part 2 of Gautham Menon-Simbu project |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/gautham-menon-and-simbu-begin-their-second-schedule.html |access-date=14 February 2008 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was shot for thirty days and was put on hold until Menon completed filming ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015).<ref name="intrvbngm" />

In 2015, Pallavi Subhash could not allot bulk dates to the film and was replaced by Former Malayalam Baby Artist [[Manjima Mohan]], as Female lead.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |title=Simbu should forget his issues and move on: Gautham – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simbu-should-forget-his-issues-and-move-on-Gautham/articleshow/49672715.cms |access-date=12 December 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She was cast after actor [[Vineeth Sreenivasan|Vineeth Srinivasan]] made Menon watch the trailer of ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]'' and then Manjima was auditioned and selected for the role.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=14 January 2015 |title=Manjima Mohan's Dream Comes True in Gautham Menon's Achcham Enbadu Madamaiyada |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Manjima-Mohans-Dream-Comes-True-in-Gautham-Menon%E2%80%99s-Achcham-Enbadu-Madamaiyada/2016/01/14/article3226531.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117032521/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Manjima-Mohans-Dream-Comes-True-in-Gautham-Menon%E2%80%99s-Achcham-Enbadu-Madamaiyada/2016/01/14/article3226531.ece |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Filming began from 21 February 2015, re-shooting all previous scenes with Manjima Mohan.<ref name=":1" /> By September 2015, four songs were filmed and the team was left with 20 days of work.<ref name="interview1">{{Cite news |last=K.R. |first=Manigandan |date=22 September 2015 |title=It Pays to Have a Bold Attitude: Gautham Vasudev Menon |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/It-Pays-to-Have-a-Bold-Attitude-Gautham-Vasudev-Menon/2015/09/22/article3040978.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925011006/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/It-Pays-to-Have-a-Bold-Attitude-Gautham-Vasudev-Menon/2015/09/22/article3040978.ece |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=14 January 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> By November 2015, ninety percent of the filming was completed.<ref name=":1" /> The next schedule comprised 30 allotted days.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=9 March 2016 |title=Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada: Simbu wraps up month-long shoot in just 14 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-simbu-wraps-up-month-long-shoot-in-just-14-days-312469-2016-03-09 |access-date=20 March 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref> On 17 February 2016, the climax portions were being filmed in Adyar, Chennai. However, a stunt made Silambarasan suffer facial injuries, postponing the filming schedules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simbu Suffers Injuries During Stunt Sequence |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Simbu-Suffers-Injuries-During-Stunt-Sequence/2016/02/19/article3285764.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220093336/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Simbu-Suffers-Injuries-During-Stunt-Sequence/2016/02/19/article3285764.ece |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=26 February 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada (soundtrack)}}
A. R. Rahman's inclusion in the project was confirmed by December 2013, marking his second collaboration with Silambarasan and Gautham Menon after their critically acclaimed [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (soundtrack)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]] soundtrack. As per the urgency of shooting, a single track with lyrics penned by [[Madhan Karky]] was recorded within three hours by the composer at his studio in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahman to score for Gautham Menon's next |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/rahman-to-score-for-gautham-menons-next |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212152929/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/rahman-to-score-for-gautham-menons-next |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=8 February 2014 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> Recording of the songs recommenced from February 2015.<ref name="intrvbngm" /> By September 2015, recording of all the five tracks by [[A. R. Rahman]] was completed.<ref name="interview1" /> For the sixth track, Rahman was yet to see the film and score it, which was later on added as the theme music.<ref name="interview1" /> The soundtrack album has five songs, all placed in the first half of the film.<ref name=":0" />

The first single, "Thalli Pogathey", was released on 23 January 2016, and became popular among listeners, as the lyric video of the song crossed 20 million views. The second single, "Rasaali", was released on 2 June 2016, followed by the third single track "Showkali", on 10 August. The full album was exclusively launched in [[iTunes]] on 9 September 2016. A month later, the album was released digitally on 7 October 2016, and a physical release on 10 October 2016.

The album received highly positive reviews from critics and audiences. Sharanya CR from The Times of India rated 4 out of 5, stating that "This one's not just for Rahmaniacs, but for all the music lovers, too"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cr |first=Sharanya |title=Music Review: Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Achcham-Yenbadhu-Madamaiyada/articleshow/52990358.cms |access-date=2019-10-24 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Behindwoods rated the album 3.5 out of 5, stating that "Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada is an apt album from the creative combination of AR Rahman - Gautham Menon. This duo never disappoints!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-17 |title=Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada (aka) Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada Songs review |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-songs-review.html |access-date=2019-10-24 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Sify rated the album 4 out of 5, viewing that "‘Acham Yenbathu Madamaiyada’ has AR Rahman in scintillating form with 5 masterpiece songs. GVM's success ratio with his music composers is intact, and the album is bound to be renowned for the quality of lyrics it has produced. This album works instantly & one doesn't need the excuse ‘Rahman songs are slow burners’ here. It is so refreshing to see a Rahman album being uncomplicated and work in the first instance!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada-Audio review |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-audio-review-news-tamil-qgrohKiehgfib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617181212/http://www.sify.com/movies/achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-audio-review-news-tamil-qgrohKiehgfib.html |archive-date=17 June 2016 |access-date=2019-10-24 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially titled ''Sattendru Maaruthu Vaanilai'' in December 2013. The title refers to lyrics of the song "Nenjukkul Peidhidum", from Menon's 2008 film ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simbu-Gautham film is named Sattendru Maarudhu Vaanilai |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/simbu-gautham-film-is-named-sattendru-maarudhu-vaanilai.html |access-date=5 March 2015 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> However, the title could not be retained as the producers K. Ethiraj and Dr. Saravanan completed a different film with the same title which was censored and tax exempted.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Gautham Menon loses his title! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-loses-his-title-news-tamil-nmhtsrdadda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207192417/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-loses-his-title-news-tamil-nmhtsrdadda.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A fifty-second teaser of Menon's film that was released on 3 February 2014.<ref name="intrvbngm" /><ref name="untitled">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhVUkNXcsPg |title=Sattendru Maaruthu Vaanilai Movie Teaser |type=YouTube |access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> However, in February 2015, the title was revealed as ''Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2015 |title=Achcham Yenbathu Madaaiyada is the title of Gautham-Simbu film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Achcham-Yenbathu-Madaaiyada-title-of-Gautham-Simbu-film/articleshow/46410282.cms |access-date=5 March 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The teaser was released on 29 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=29 August 2015 |title=Simbu's 'Achcham Enbadhu Madamaiyada' Teaser Released [VIDEO] |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/simbus-achcham-enbadhu-madamaiyada-teaser-release-saturday-644688 |access-date=13 January 2016 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> The first trailer was released on 31 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2016 |title=AR Rahman's music lifts Gautham Menon-Simbu's 'Achcham Enbathu Madamaiyada' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-ar-rahman-s-music-lifts-gautham-menon-simbu-s-achcham-enbathu-madamaiyada-2161507 |access-date=2 January 2016 |work=[[DNA India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on 11 November 2016.

==Accolades==
; [[Filmfare Awards South|64th Filmfare Awards South 2017]]<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-madhavan-suriya-best-actor-983322-2017-06-18 64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: R Madhavan wins Best Actor, Suriya bags Critics Award – Movies News]. Indiatoday.intoday.in (18 June 2017). Retrieved on 2018-09-25.</ref>
* [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Best Music Director]]
– [[A. R. Rahman]]
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award (Tamil)|Best Lyricist]]
– [[Thamarai]] (for "Thalli Pogathey")
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]]
– [[Manjima Mohan]]

; [[IIFA Utsavam]]<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/iifa-utsavam-complete-winner-list-4592896/ IIFA Utsavam: Complete winner’s list]. The Indian Express (30 March 2017). Retrieved on 2018-09-25.</ref>
* Best Music Director Award (Tamil)
– [[A. R. Rahman]]
; [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* Best Music Director Award (Tamil)
– [[A. R. Rahman]]
; Kollywood Cinema Awards
* Best Music Director Award (Tamil)
– [[A. R. Rahman]]
;[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/10th-edison-awards-2016-rajinikanth-simbu-sivakarthikeyans-films-win-big-here-complete-719224 10th Edison Awards 2016: Rajinikanth, Simbu, Sivakarthikeyan's films win big; here is the complete winners' list – IBTimes India]. Ibtimes.co.in (13 March 2017). Retrieved on 2018-09-25.</ref>
* Best Actor (2016) (Tamil)
– [[Silambarasan]]

==Legacy==
The song "Thalli Pogathey" was parodied by [[Rajendran]] and [[Kovai Sarala]] in ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' (2017) also starring Silambarasan. In the film Idhu Namma Aalu starring Silambarasan featured the song "Thalli Pogathey" as the Ringtone of the phone for Simbu's character.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/anbanavan-asaradhavan-adangadhavan-aka-aaa-tamil-movie-review-20876 Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan (aka) AAA Review]. Indiaglitz (23 June 2017)</ref> The line "Yeno Vaanilai Maaruthey" from the song "Thalli Pogathey" inspired a short film of the same name.<ref>[http://www.tubescoop.in/the-short-film-yeno-vaanilai-maaruthey-feels-like-a-stupid-tamil-feature-film/ Yeno Vaanilai Maaruthey Is Just Like Any Other Tamil Feature Film, But Shorter!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044743/http://www.tubescoop.in/the-short-film-yeno-vaanilai-maaruthey-feels-like-a-stupid-tamil-feature-film/ |date=1 December 2017 }}. Tubescoop.in. Retrieved on 25 September 2018.</ref> The song "Thalli Pogathey" inspired a film [[Thalli Pogathey (film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=20 February 2020 |title=Atharvaa's next has a GVM-STR-ARR connect |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200220/atharvaas-next-has-a-gvm-str-arr-connect.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film [[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]] has a segment story called 'Avalum Naanum' directed by Gautham Menon, which is after the song Avalum Naanum.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4980258|Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada}}

{{Gautham Menon}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Turkey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Motorcycling films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s road movies]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]

Anandham (TV series)

2026-02-28T15:51:43Z

Harleen singh: brief improved references after review also and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language Television serial}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aanandham-Zee-Tamil-Serial.png
| caption = 
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = E. Ramdoss
| screenplay = Devi Bala
| creative_director = T. G. Thiyagarajan
| director = Nithyanandam [[Cheyyar Ravi]] Viduthalai
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
*Kamalesh
*Brinda Das
*[[Delhi Kumar]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes = 1,297
| theme_music_composer = Ramani Bharadwaj
| opentheme = "Anandham Idhu Anandham " [[K.S.Chithra]] (Vocals) [[Piraisoodan]] (Lyrics)
| producer = T. T. G. Thiyagasaravanan Selvi Thiyagarajan
| company = [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| runtime = approx. 25 minutes
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] (2003-2009)
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2003|11|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2009|2|27}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''Anandham''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Indian soap opera|soap opera]] that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=LIST OF LONGEST RUNNING TAMIL TELEVISION SERIES - OVER 1000 EPISODES|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-longest-running-tamil-television-series/anandham.html|website=m.behindwoods.com|date=20 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[prime time]] serial. The show premiered on 24 November 2003, airing Monday through Friday. The show stars [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], Brinda Das,<ref>{{cite web |title=சன் டிவி ஆனந்தம்: இந்த சைலண்ட் வில்லியை ஞாபகம் இருக்கா?|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/sun-tv-anandham-serial-abhirami-brinda-das-183178/|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=13 February 2020 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Delhi Kumar]] and Kamalesh. The show is produced by [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] director by [[T. G. Thyagarajan]].

It was also aired in [[Sri Lanka]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Channel on [[Shakthi TV]]. The show last aired on 27 February 2009 and ended with 1,297 episodes.

== Plot ==
Anandham is a family drama with elements of business rivalry, romance, murders, and other intrigues typical of Tamil soaps interwoven into it. However, unlike the stereotypical Tamil tear-jerker, Anandham depicts successful, independent-minded women rather than women battered by husbands and mothers-in-law. The patriarch of the family – Radhakrishnan or RK – is an eminent industrialist whose blissful existence is threatened by a series of events involving his four children. Much of the first part of the serial revolved around two of RK's daughters-in-law. Shanthi, a widow with a child and married to RK's second son, Karthik, is the quintessential do-gooder in the serial but much of her early days were consumed by her struggle for acceptance within the family.

Shanthi's tribulations were multiplied by the other daughter-in-law in the family, Abhirami, who had hoped that Karthik would marry her younger sister. (Actress Brinda Das, who plays Abirami, turns in a superb performance as the arch-villain). Abhirami had married into the RK family primarily to seek revenge on behalf of her late father, who had led her to believe that he had been wronged by RK in business. Soon, Abhirami began to wreak havoc on the RK family, stripping it of its family home and wealth. The tragedy of losing his family home sent RK into an ashram, where his character began to mellow. Subsequently, he reconciled with Shanthi and later accepted the remarriage of Madhan, who worked up the courage to dissolve his enforced marriage to Abhirami and return to his first love, Rohini.

A little more than a year into the serial, Abhirami, increasingly estranged from her more righteous brother and sister, discovered that she was an adopted child. A good part of the serial since that discovery involved Abhirami and her real parents trying to determine the identity of one another. Abhirami's real parents were separated from the time she was a baby. Her mother, Muthulakshmi, had left her father, the shady businessman Shankarapandian, after discovering that he had murdered someone for business gain. Muthulakshmi lost her child while trying to save herself from pursuers sent by her husband and subsequently moved to Malaysia. She has now returned in a new avatar as the business magnate Charulatha. A year on, Abhirami has reunited with her father. But her mother, who has long been yearning to be reunited with her daughter, now steadfastly refuses to accept a devious daughter.

In the latest phase of the serial, which has since been extended beyond its originally scheduled end date, the focus is again on the gathering storm in the lives of the RK family. Madhan cannot come to terms with the fact that his wife Rohini chose to pursue her ambition of becoming a bank manager and accepting a transfer to Tirupathi while his mother was lying comatose. Rohini's inability to return to Chennai in time for her mother-in-law's funeral added further distance between husband and wife. Rohini has since relocated back to Chennai, fearing Shankarapandian's efforts to reunite his daughter Abhirami with her former husband.

Meanwhile, two new characters have been introduced, Manisha, the former girlfriend of Karthik while he was on army duty in Kashmir, and Rocky, their son born out of wedlock and now living in an orphanage in Chennai and closely cared for by his aunt, Karthik's sister Anitha. As in every long-running serial, there are many sub-plots and supporting characters in this serial. But the sub-plot that stands out the most and led to a spike in the serial's popularity ratings involves a romance revolving around the character of Assistant Commissioner Durai, popularly known as A C Durai by the huge fan following that the hunk Saakshi Sivaa [https://web.archive.org/web/20080305082444/http://www.saakshisivaa.com/] has garnered through the role. Durai is a conscientious police officer whose blind devotion to duty cost him the affections of his girlfriend Priya, who was subsequently adopted by the RK household, allowing for the seamless switch from the main story to the sub-plot. After about half a year of estrangement, the couple reunited and were set to tie the knot when jealousy set in—Priya misinterpreted Durai's relationship with an undercover police officer, Jamuna, masquerading as Shankarapandian's long-lost daughter. Durai then decided to put the marriage in abeyance until Priya gained sufficient trust in him. In the latest twist in the romance, Priya tries to demonstrate her maturity through self-sacrifice. She tries to persuade Durai to marry Jamuna, whose husband-to-be was killed by a vengeful Shankarapandian on the day of their intended marriage.

== Cast ==

=== Main cast ===
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Shanthidevi "Shanthi" Karthik
* Kamalesh PK as Karthikeyan "Karthik" Radhakrishnan (Shanthi's second husband)
* [[Delhi Kumar]] as Radha Krishnan "RK"
* Brinda Das as Abiramavalli "Abirami" Madhan (Madhan's ex-wife)

=== Recurring cast ===
* Sathish Kumar as Madhankumar "Madhan" Radhakrishnan (Abhirami's ex-husband/Rohini's husband)
* Kavitha as Rohini (Madhan's second wife)
* [[Sanjeev Venkat]] as Arjun (Anitha's husband) (RK's son-in-law)
* Vandana Michael as Anitha Arjun (RK's daughter and Arjun's wife)
*Sathish as Dinesh (Swathi's husband)
* Aarthi as Swathi (Dinesh's wife)
* [[Saakshi Sivaa]] as ACP Duraisingam aka "Encounter" Durai
* Vanaja as Priya
* [[Sri Priya]]/[[Prabha (actress)|Jaya Prabha]] as Charulatha/Muthulakshmi
* Kalidas as Sankara Pandiyan (Charulatha's husband)
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]] as Lakshman (Uma's father) (deceased)
* Jahnvi as Rajeswari Radhakrishnan (RK's wife) (deceased)
* Baby Namurutha\Baby Indra\Baby Priyatharshini as Indhra "Indhu" Karthik (Shanthi's daughter)
* Afsar Babu as Joint Commissioner Vincent retired assistant commissioner
* Venkat as Shyam (Abhirami's brother)
* Aishwarya as Ramya (Abhirami's and Shyam's sister)
* Pooja as Uma (Shyam's wife)
* [[Rajkamal]] as Gowtham (Ramya's husband) Srinivasan son
* Lakshmi as Jamuna
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Srinivasan (RK's Business Partner) (Ramya's father-in-law)
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Sethuraman
* Mohammed Absar as Aravind
* [[Shreekumar]] as Rajapriyan
* Auditor Sridhar as Vijayakumar (RK's business partner)
* Krithika as Archana (Dinesh's sister)
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Balakrishnan (Arjun's father)
* Sai Deepika as Lakshmi (Balakrishnan's wife)
* [[S. Rajasekar]]
* [[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Aandal
* Ramesh as Narayanan (RK Family's car driver)
* [[M. Bhanumathi]] as Saradha (Rohini's mother)
* [[Vijay Adhiraj]] as Vijay (Shathi's first husband) (bomb blast deceased)
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Vijay's mother (deceased)
* Nagesh Krishna Moorthy as Raja Mohammed "Raju" (RK's Family's Loyal Man) (deceased)
* Priya Mahalakshmi as Deepa Lakshmi "Deepa"
* [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] as Jail Warden
* Srikala Paramasivam as Seetha
*Harikaran
* Thillai Rajan as Seetha's father
* Siva Kavitha
* Abser
* Pasi Sathya
* Manindhar
* B.R Illavarasan
* Deepa Nethran
* Banu Balasubramanian
* Jaya Rekha
* Latha Rao as Dhivya
* [[Vijay Krishnaraj]]
* Rajendran
* Divya
* Sumangali
* Veerendra as Balaji (Karthik's friend)
* [[Sindhu Shyam]] as Manisha
* [[S. Sathyendra]] as Ramakrishna<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|title=Meet Mr. Versatile|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2012|access-date=30 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216033702/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece|archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2016}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Television Awards]]
| Best Serial
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Director for the year 2008
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Award for Chinnathirai]]
| Best Producer
| T. G. Thyagarajan
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress (Negative)
| Brinda Das
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay Writer
| Devibala
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12223458}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Sathya Jyothi Films}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sathya Jyothi Films]]

Zamin Ali

2026-02-28T00:47:05Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|India Urdu poet (1893–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Zamin Ali
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Zamin Ali.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Syed Mohammed Zamin Ali Naqvi
| birth_date = 25 June 1893
| birth_place = Mustafabad, [[Raebareli district|District Raebareli]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], India
| death_date = 25 April 1955 (aged 61)
| death_place = [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (now Prayagraj), [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| burial_place = Shia Qabristan, [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]
| other_names = Zamin
| education = BA, MA
| alma_mater = [[Ewing Christian College]] (B.A.),
[[Muir Central College|Muir College]] (M.A.)
| occupation = Educator, academic, poet, author
| years_active = 1915–1955
| era = [[British Raj|British Era India]], [[India|Post Independence India]]
| employer = [[University of Allahabad]], [[Ewing Christian College]]
| known_for = [[Ghazal]], [[Qasida]], [[Marsiya]], [[Textbooks]]
| notable_works = Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin, Kalaam-e-Zamin, Majmua-e-Qasaid-o-Salaam, Urdu Zabaan-o-adab
| spouse = Nazneen Begum (m. 1933)
| children = Mohammed Haider, Fatima Hasan, Mansoora Haider, [[Nasera Sharma]], Mazhar Haider
| father = Majid Syed Wajid Ali
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_type =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Syed Mohammad Zamin Ali Naqvi''' (1893–1955) popularly known as '''Zamin Ali''' was an Indian poet, author and educator. He has been referred to as "Baba-e-Urdu" or father of [[Urdu]] by [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] and others.

As an educator, he established the first Urdu department in un-divided India in 1924 at [[Allahabad University]], systematized [[Urdu]] education from the primary to the PhD levels across India through the creation of curricula and textbooks, ensured [[Marsiya]]s were recognized as an art-form besides their religious content, and was an important contributor to Hindustani Academy's effort to establish [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] as a dual-script language based on [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s vision.

As a poet, with the pen-name "Zamin", he belonged to the Lucknow school of poetry and is a leading exemplar of Urdu poetry of his times. His poetic works include Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin, Kalaam-e-Zamin, and Majmua-e-Qasaid-o-Salaam. Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin was re-published by [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta Publishers]] and released by [[Javed Akhtar]] at the Jashn-e-Rekhta festival in 2024.<ref name="web_jashn_rekhta" />

==Early life==
Zamin Ali was born in Mustafabad village in the [[Raebareli district]] of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] on 25 June 1893 in a [[Shia]] [[Sayyid|Syed]] [[Zamindar]] family with a strong literary tradition. He was the youngest son of Majid Syed Wajid Ali. His paternal grandfather, Syed Nauroz Ali, maternal grandfather Ustad Mir Ali Obaid "Naisa", and older brother, Syed Hamid Ali, were well-known Urdu poets. He started composing [[nazm]]s and [[ghazal]]s at the age of 13 under the guidance of "Naisa" following the traditions of the [[Lucknow]] school of poetry.<ref name="zamin_profile">{{cite book |last1=Husain |first1=Dr. S. Rafiq Husain |title=Prof Zamin: A Profile |date=September 1974 |publisher=Brochure produced jointly by Nawal Sahitya Mandal, Youth Forum and District Student Welfare Association on the occasion of naming a road after Prof. Zamin Ali in Allahabad, India. |location=Allahabad, India}}</ref>

His early education was at [[St. John's College, Agra]] from where he received his High School (10th grade) and, in 1910, his Intermediate (12th grade) degree. He then received his B.A from [[Ewing Christian College]], Allahabad in 1916 followed by an M.A. in Persian from [[Muir Central College|Muir College]], Allahabad in 1922.

He joined the faculty of [[Ewing Christian College]] in 1922 to teach [[Persian language|Persian]] and was appointed lecturer in the Persian department of [[Allahabad University]] in 1924.

To pursue a literary career and his love for [[Urdu]] language and literature, he decided to live in [[Allahabad]] (now Prayagraj) and stayed away from his zamindari properties.

==Founding the first Urdu Department in Undivided India==
In 1922, Zamin Ali, as a new faculty member in the [[Farsi|Persian]] department at [[Allahabad University]], proposed that there be separate departments for Urdu as well as Hindi given their cultural importance. At that time, no Urdu department existed at any University in undivided India and Urdu was often parts of departments such as Oriental Studies or Persian.<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish">{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=Aqeel |title=Professor Zamin Ali, Shiksha Nitish |date=29 March 1982 |publisher=In Professor Zamin Ali Souvenir, 29 March 1982 issued for "Yaad-e-Zamin" All India Mushaira at Allahabad University chaired by Kaifi Azmi |location=Allahabad, India}}</ref>

Zamin Ali's proposal was accepted by the Vice Chancellor, [[Ganganath Jha|Sir Ganganath Jha]] leading to establishing the Department of Urdu<ref name="web_au_urdu">{{cite web |url=https://www.allduniv.ac.in/faculties/urdu |website=Department of Urdu, University of Allahabad|title=Webpage}}</ref> in 1924. He was appointed the head of the department, a position that he held until his death in 1955. He was appointed a reader in 1932 and professor in 1945<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish"/><ref name="zamin_educationist">{{cite book |first1=Dr. |last1= Masihuzzaman|title=Prof. Zamin Ali The Educator |date=September 1974 |publisher=In Professor Zamin Ali Souvenir, September 1974 Brochure produced jointly by Nawal Sahitya Mandal, Youth Forum and District Student Welfare Association on the occasion of naming a road after Prof. Zamin Ali in Allahabad, India |location=Allahabad, India}}</ref><ref name="zamin_fatima">{{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Introduction by Fatima |title=Ghazalyat-e-Zamin |date=2024 |publisher=Rekhta Publishers}}</ref>

Zamin Ali created MA and PhD programs in Urdu. His notable students with literary fame include Syed Ejaz Hussain,<ref name="web_ejaz_hussain">{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Ejaz |title=Webpage |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-ejaz-husain/profile}}</ref> Nawab Hussain, Syed Waqar Azeem,<ref name="web_waqar_azeem">{{cite web |last1=Azeem |first1=Syed Waqar |title=Webpage |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/waqar-azeem/profile}}</ref> [[Rafiq Husain]], [[Gyan Chand Jain]], Masihuzzaman<ref name="web_Masihuzzaman">{{cite web |last1=Masihuzzaman |first1=Mr. |title=Webpage |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/masihuz-zaman}}</ref> and Fatima Akhtar.<ref name="zamin_educationist"/>

He started a publication, "Naisa",<ref name="web_Naisa">{{cite web |last1=Ebooks|first1=Naisa |title=Webpage |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/naisan-ebooks}}</ref> that was the flagship annual magazine of the Urdu department and was also the editor of the Urdu section of the Allahabad University's annual magazine.<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish"/><ref name="zamin_educationist"/><ref name="zamin_fatima"/>

==Effort on Hindustani as the National Language of India==
Zamin was a founding member and Vice-President of the [[Hindustani Academy]] that was formed in 1927 to build on [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s vision of Hindustani as the national language of India<ref name="web_mkg_natlanguage">{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=M.K.|title=National Language and Script |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/indiadreams/chap50.php}}</ref> written in both the Nagari and Urdu.<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish"/><ref name="book_mkg_languages">{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=M.K. |title=Thoughts on National Language |date=August 1956 |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

At its first meeting in Lucknow on 30 March 1927, the Academy setup Urdu and Hindi survey committees to assess the state of each language's literature.<ref name="journal_david_lunn">{{cite journal |last1=Lunn |first1=David |title=Across the divide: Looking for the common ground of Hindustani |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2018 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=2056–2079|doi=10.1017/S0026749X1600069X |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23095/1/Lunn_23095.pdf }}</ref> Zamin headed the Urdu survey committee and produced the report, Urdu Zaban-o-Adab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Zamin |title=Urdu Zaban-o-Adab |publisher=Rekhta |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-zaban-aur-adab-syed-zamin-ali-ebooks}}</ref> This book summarizes Urdu linguistics and is considered more comprehensive than Sir [[George Abraham Grierson|George Greison]]'s '[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'.<ref name="postal_zamin">{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Post |title=Information Sheet for S.M. Zamin Ali Stamp |url=https://stampsindia.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/S/S.M.%20ZAMIN%20ALI |website=Information Sheet for S.M. Zamin Ali Stamp |publisher=Indian Posts & Telegraphs, Philately Branch}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited [[Allahabad University]] on 17 November 1928 and praised the work being done by Zamin and the Academy.<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish"/>

Zamin was responsible for production of the Urdu version of the Hindustani magazine<ref name="web_hindustani_magazine">{{cite web |last1=Website |first1=Hindustani Magazine |title=Hindustani Magazine Website |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hindustani-shumara-number-001-asghar-gondvi-magazines-3}}</ref> that was the flagship publication of the Hindustani Academy from its establishment in 1931
until he gave up his position in 1945.<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish"/>

Despite support by [[Gandhi]] and [[Nehru]], once it was clear that India was going to be divided, the effort to have Hindustani as language with dual-scripts gave way to Pakistan adopting Urdu in the Urdu-script as its national language and India adopting Hindi in the Nagari script as well as Urdu in the Urdu-script as scheduled official languages.

==Contributions to Urdu Education in Un-divided India==

After founding the first Urdu department at a University, Zamin Ali spear-headed the design of curricula and writing of textbooks for all levels of Urdu education as well as Urdu-medium education in other subjects across un-divided India. This led to him being called Baba-e-Urdu (Father of Urdu) and Khizr-e-raah Urdu (Guide of Urdu) by [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] and others for four decades.<ref name="zamin_poet">{{cite book |last1=Husain |first1=Dr. S. Rafiq Husain |title=Professor Ali (as a poet) |date=29 March 1982 |publisher=Souvernir to mark Yaad-e-Zamin All India Mushaira}}</ref>

His contributions to Urdu education were recognized by the [[Indian Government]] by issuing a postal stamp in his honor on 25 June 1980.<ref name="postal_zamin"/><ref name="zamin_postal_comm">{{cite web |last1=List |first1=Commemorative Stamps |title=Commemorative Stamps Issued by India Post |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/News/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf}}</ref> Twenty million stamps, denominated at 30 [[paisa]], showing a picture of Zamin Ali were printed. The first day cover illustration is a view of the [[Muir Central College]] Building of [[Allahabad University]].

His contributions to Urdu were also recognized by the British Government by awarding him the civilian version of the [[Order of the British Empire|M.B.E]] medal (Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) in 1946.<ref name="zamin_mbe_gazette">{{cite web |last1=London Gazette |first1=Supplement of the |title=Supplement of the London Gazette, June 13, 1946, page 2793 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37598/supplement/2793/data.pdf |website=Supplement of the London Gazette, 13 June 1946, page 2793 |publisher=London Gazette}}</ref>

Zamin served as chairman or member of various boards of education including the United Provinces Board of High School & Intermediate Education and the Rajputana Board of Education that covered Rajputana and Central India as well as current day Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. He also served on Urdu studies boards at several Universities including [[Agra University]] and [[Allahabad University]].<ref name="zamin_educationist"/>

Besides encouraging others to write textbooks in Urdu, he personally wrote several textbooks that include Urdu [[Shayari]] (4 volumes) covering selections of important poets over the last 3 centuries, rapid readers for use in primary education such as ''Gauhar-e-Ceylon'' that was an entertaining account of life in a neighboring country. Other textbooks worthy of mention are ''Khat-e-Shikast'' and ''Intikhaab-e-Mairaaj''.<ref name="book_ghazaliyat">{{cite book |last1=Ali "Zamin" |first1=S.M. Zamin |title=Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin (Compiled by Fatima Hasan) |date=2024 |publisher=Rekha Publications}}</ref>

He took leadership in ensuring that [[Marsiya]] and [[Qasida]] were considered art forms and extracts of works by [[Mir Anees]] and [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer|Dabeer]] were included in textbooks.<ref name="zamin_educationist"/> He wrote ''Waqayat-e-Karbala'' that introduced the persona mentioned in the story of Karbala so that everyone could understand Qasida and Marsiya.<ref name="zamin_nasera">{{cite news |last1=Personal |first1=Communication |title=Personal Communication, Nasera Sharma | date=2024}}</ref>

As a result of Zamin's efforts, Urdu went from being a language used by authors and the general population to Urdu literature and language being systematized and formally taught. Urdu departments formed at 55 Indian Universities and Urdu started being taught in thousands of schools across India.<ref name="zamin_shiksha_nitish"/><ref name="journal_zamin_marsiya">{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Capt. S.M. Zamin Ali |title=Urdu Marsiya (From Earliest Time up to 1840 A.D.) |journal=Journal of Ganganatha Jha Research Institute |date=November 1943}}</ref><ref name="journal_zamin_jha_comm">{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=S.M. Zamin |title=A Marsiya Writer of the Lucknow School of Poetry |journal=Jha Commemorative Volume |date=1932}}</ref>

==Contributions to Urdu Poetry==

Zamin's poetry followed the traditions of Lucknow School of Poetry<ref name="web_schools_of_urdu">{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=Aneesur |title=Four Schools of Urdu Poetry |url=https://www.rekhta.org/urdu-resources/four-schools-of-urdu-poetry |website=Rekhta}}</ref> in the lineage of Munir Shikohabadi,<ref name="web_muneer_s">{{cite web |last1=Wepage |first1=Muneer Shikohabadi |title=Munir Shikohabadi Profile |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/muneer-shikohabadi/profile}}</ref> Nasikh<ref name="web_baksh_n">{{cite web |last1=Webpage |first1=Baksh Nasikh |title=Baksh Nasikh Profile |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksh_Nasikh}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2025}} and Naisa.<ref name="postal_zamin"/><ref name="zamin_poet"/> His published poetic works include ''Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin, Kalam-e-Zamin, Kulliyat -e- Hazrat Zamin'', and ''Majmua Qasaid-o-Salaam''.

His book, ''Ghazaliyat-e-Zain'' was re-published by Rekhta Publishers and released by [[Javed Akhtar]] at the Jash-e-Rekhta<ref name="web_jashn_rekhta">{{cite web |last1=Festival |first1=Jashn-e-Rekhta |title=Jashn-e-Rekhta |url=https://www.jashnerekhta.org/}}</ref> festival in New Delhi on 14 Dec 2024. According to [[Javed Akhtar]], Zamin's poetry is an authentic exemplar of the poetry of his times of the highest order. It addresses sensitive topics with grace and creates layers of meaning through use of both persian closures as well as day to day language.<ref name="book_ghazal_ja">{{cite book |last1=Javed Akhta |first1=Preface by |title=Ghazalyat-e-Zamin |date=2024 |publisher=Rekhta Publishers}}</ref>

In addition to being a good poet himself, Zamin organized and chaired major [[mushaira]]s of his time. He held a monthy Mushaira at ''Kashan-e-Adab'', his home, in [[Allahabad]]. Well-known poets would stay at the ''Mahman Khana'' ([[Guest house]]) at ''Kashan-e-Adab'' for 10–12 days in Zamin's hospitality to participate. These included [[Hafeez Jalandhari]],
Roosh Siddiqi, Saail Dehlvi,<ref name="web_saail">{{cite web |last1=Dehlvi |first1=Saail |title=Saail Dehlvi Profile |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/saail-dehlvi/profile}}</ref> [[Kaifi Azmi]], Hadi Machlishahri,<ref name="web_hadi">{{cite web |last1=Machlishahri |first1=Hadi |title=Hadi Machlishahri Profile |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/hadi-machlishahri/profile}}</ref> [[Safi Lakhnavi]], Bekhud Mohani,<ref name="web_bekhud_m">{{cite web |last1=Mohani |first1=Bekhud |title=Bekhud Mohani Profile |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/bekhud-mohani/profile}}</ref> Mahshar Lakhnavi,<ref name="web_mahshar_l">{{cite web |last1=Lakhnavi |first1=Mahshar |title=Mahshar Lakhnavi Profile |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/mahshar-lakhnavi/profile}}</ref> [[Jigar Moradabadi]], [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], and [[Josh Malihabadi]].<ref name="zamin_josh">{{cite book |last1=Memorial Committee on the occasion of holding a Mushaira in memory of Prof. Zamin Ali in Allahabad, India |first1=Zamin Ali |title=Josh aur Firaq ke Aine Mein Professor Ali, In Souvernir to mark Yaad-e-Zamin All India Mushaira |date=29 March 1982}}</ref>

[[Mushaira]]s run by Zamin were open to all to promote Urdu language and literature.
The ''Mehman Khana'' run by Zamin was open to all Urdu scholars. This included several students at [[Allahabad University]] whose lodging, food and medical expenses were borne by Zamin. It also included people coming to [[Allahabad]] for medical treatment.<ref name="zamin_nasera" />

Zamin chaired an annual [[Mushaira]] at Muslim Boarding House at [[Allahabad University]] that was a major mushaira of its time. According to recollections by [[Josh Malihabadi]] and [[Kaifi Azmi]] published in 1982,<ref name="zamin_josh"/><ref name="zamin_kaifi_azmi">{{cite book |last1=Azmi |first1=Kaifi |title=Zamin ka diya bemisaal daan, In Souvernir to mark Yaad-e-Zamin All India Mushaira |date=29 March 1982 |publisher=Zamin Ali Memorial Committee on the occasion of holding a Mushaira in memory of Prof. Zamin Ali |location=Allahabad, India}}</ref> Zamin encouraged them recite their patriotic poetry that was banned by the British government at this Mushaira.

With the assistance of [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], Zamin organized an All India Mushaira to celebrate the Golden jubilee of [[Allahabad University]] in 1937 in which poets from all over India participated.<ref name="book_firaq">{{cite book |last1=Gorakhpuri |first1=Firaq |title=A Valiant Crusader of Urdu (In Professor Zamin Ali Souvenir) |date=September 1974 |publisher=Nawal Sahitya Mandal, Youth Forum and District Student Welfare Association on the occasion of naming a road after Prof. Zamin Ali}}</ref><ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />

==Acclaim for Zamin==
Zamin Ali received a number of positive comments on his life's work from national leaders, as well as poets.<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" /><ref name="book_firaq"/><ref name="zamin_kaifi_azmi"/>

{{blockquote|"To be in his company, was a delightful hour. He was on the forefront ceaselessly working for the promotion of Urdu with his intellect working in lightning flashes."|author=[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Prime Minister of India]] (1955)}}

{{blockquote|"He was a successful teacher, a good scholar and a polished man whose manner and generosity left a deep imprint on those who came in his contact."|author=[[Dr. Zakir Husain]], [[President of India]], 1955}}

{{blockquote|"Prof. Ali was an Urdu scholar of repute and rendered yeomen services for the promotion of Urdu in India. He was a leading personality of his time."|author=[[Indira Gandhi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], 1974}}

{{blockquote|
"Prof. Ali was one of the early stalwarts who did a lot for the development of Urdu language and literature in the country."|author=[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], [[President of India]], 1974}}

{{blockquote|"He shines as a doyen of Urdu advancement in India. His talent was versatile and his knowledge was as encyclopedic in range as unfathomable in depth and remarkable in accuracy."|author=[[Raghupati Sahay]] "[[Firaq Gorakhpuri]]", Indian Poet, 1974}}

{{blockquote|"Just as Shahjahan created Taj Mahal for his love, Zamin for his country, people and future generations made Urdu a complete discipline and department."|author=[[Kaifi Azmi]], Indian Poet and lyricist, 1974}}

{{blockquote|"Professor Zamin Ali was an embodiment of scholarship and human values. He stood for noble virtues and did a lot for the advancement of Urdu in India."|author=[[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], Indian Poet and writer, 1974}}

{{blockquote|"Prof. Ali was a bright star of scholarship whose depth of knowledge impressed and influenced many. He was above caste, creed or color prejudices"|author=[[Sumitranandan Pant]], Indian Poet, 1974}}

==Selected poetry by Zamin==

=== Topic: Urdu ===
'''Source''': pp 32–34 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />

He wrote the nazm ''Faryaad-e-Urdu'' at a time when English was becoming increasingly dominant. Here are a few selected couplets that appear in the introduction written by Fatima Hasan. Several of these were read by [[Ali Fazal]] at the Jashn-e-Rekhta<ref name="web_jashn_rekhta" /> festival on 15 December 2024 [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=461599406699370].

<pre>
aap se faryaad karne aai hai Urdu zabaaN
gar munaasib ho to hazrat sun leiN uski daastaaN

आप से फ़रियाद करने आई है उर्दू ज़बान
गर मुनासिब हो तो हज़रत सुन लें उसकी दास्ताँ

yaad haiN vo bhi jab aashiq zamaana tha mira
bachche bachche ki zabaaN par bhi fasaana tha mira

याद है वो भी जब आशिक जमाना था मेरा
बच्चे-बच्चे की ज़बां पर भी फ़साना था मेरा

is sire se us sire tak mulk meN phaili thi maiN
jis ka kul hindostaaN majnuuN tha aur Laila thi maiN

इस सिरे से उस सिरे तक मुल्क में फैली थी मैं
जिस का कुल हिंदोस्तां मजनूं था और लैला थी मैं

mujh pe marte the musalmaaN mujh pe hindu the nisaar
faarsi bhi jheNpti thi dekh kar mera singaar

मुझ पे मरते थे मुसलमान, मुझ पे हिंदू थे निसार
फ़ारसी भी झेनपती थी देख कर मेरा सिंगार

aap angrezi ka aaKhir kyon tatabboh kiijiye
aur ilzaam-e-jahaalat apne sar kyoN liijiye

आप अंग्रेजी का आख़िर क्यों ततब्बो कीजिये
और इल्ज़ाम-ए-जहालत अपने सर क्यों लीजिए

ik behn hindi hai meri jiska ab chamka hai bhaag
hashr tak qaayam rahe parmaatma iska suhaag

एक बहन हिंदी है मेरी जिसका अब चमका है भाग
हश्र तक कायम रहे परमात्मा इसका सुहाग

Ghair mulki lafz-jaari jo zabaanoN meiN nahiiN
isse to hindi ke aasaaN lafz behtar haiN kahiiN

ग़ैर मुल्की लफ़्ज़-जारी जो ज़बानों में नहीं
इससे तो हिंदी के आसान लफ्ज बेहतर हैं कहीं
</pre>

===Topic: Zindagi===
'''Source''': Page 49 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />
<pre>
jumbish hi ko zamaane meiN kahte haiN zindagi
hai maut ek naam sukuun aur qaraar ka

जुम्बिश ही को ज़माने में कहते हैं ज़िन्दगी
है मौत एक नाम सुकून और क़रार का
</pre>

===Topic: Eschewing communal strife===
'''Source''':Page 7 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />
<pre>
sun ke dair-o-haram ke jhagRoN ko
ham ne donoN ko hi salaam kiyaa

सुन के दैर-ओ-हरम के झगड़ों को
हम ने दोनों को ही सलाम किया
</pre>

===Topic: On Mahatama Gandhi's death===
'''Source''':Page 35 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />

<pre>
bazm-e-aalam ho kyon tiira-o-taar
shama-e-insaaniyat khamosh hai aaj

बज़्म-ए-आलम हो क्यों तीरा-ओ-तार
शमा-ए-इंसानियत खामोश है आज
</pre>

===Topic: Ishq===
'''Source''':Page 86 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />

<pre>
ishq hi vo marz hai k duniya meN
jis ka baRhna bhi na-gavaar nahiiN

इश्क़ ही वो मर्ज़ है दुनिया में
जिस का बढ़ना भी नागावार नहीं

</pre>
'''Source''':Page 56 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />

<pre>
dard-e-firaaq, daaGh-e-jigar, aah-e-na-rasaa
shikva nahiiN hai, ishq ne jo kuch diya, diya

दर्द-ए-फ़िराक़, दाग़-ए-जिगर, आह-ए-ना-रसा
शिकवा नहीं है, इश्क ने जो कुछ दिया, दिया
</pre>

'''Source''':Page 77 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />
<pre>
umr bhar duuNga duayeN ishq-e-Khush anjaam ko
dil mira dil ho gaya Gham aashna hone ke baad

उमर भर दूंगा दुआएं इश्क-ए-खुश अंजाम को
दिल मेरा दिल हो गया गम आशना होने के बाद
</pre>

'''Source''':Page 106 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />

<pre>
tamaam umr kaTi apni yaas-o-hirmaaN meN
qafas meN chain na aaraam tha gulistaaN meN

तमाम उमर कटी अपनी यास-ओ-हिरमान में
कफ़स में चैन न आराम था गुलिस्तां में
</pre>

===Topic: Motivational===
'''Source''':Page 155 of Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />
<pre>
riyaazat ka milega phal tujhe bhi Gham na kha Zamin
tiri shaaKh-e-tamanna bhi kisi din baarwar hogi

रियाज़त का मिलेगा फ़ल तुझे भी ग़म न खा ज़मीन
तेरी शाख-ए-तमन्ना भी किसी दिन बारवर होगी
</pre>

==Selected Ghazals celebrating Zamin==

===Aziz on Zamin===
'''Source''': Prof. Zamin Ali The Educator<ref name="zamin_educationist"/>
<pre>
HameiN bhi yaad rakhein jab likheiN tareekh gulshan ki,
Ki humne bhi lutaya hai chaman mein aashiyaN apna

हमें भी याद रखें जब लिखें तारीख गुलशन की,
कि हमने भी लुटाया है चमन में आशियां अपना

Remember me when you write the history of the garden
For I too did spread in the garden the largesse of my nest
</pre>

===Bismil Allahabadi on Zamin===
'''Source''': Ghazaliyat-e-Zamin<ref name="book_ghazaliyat" />
<pre>
ilm se zı̄-vaqār thā 'zamin'
shahar kı̄ yādgār thā 'zamin'
koı̄ dekhe zabāñ-e-urdu par
dil se, jaañ se, nisār thā 'zamin'
kahte haiñ sabse ye, havā-e-adab
ek taaza bahār thā 'zamin'
qaul hai ye durust 'bismil' kā
bā.is-e-iftiḳhār thā 'zamin'
इल्म से ज़ि-वकार था 'ज़ामिन'
शहर की यादगार था 'ज़ामिन'
कोई देखे ज़बान-ए-उर्दू पर
दिल से, जान से, निसार था 'ज़ामिन'

कहते हैं सबसे ये, हवा-ए-अदब
एक ताज़ा बहार था 'ज़ामिन'
क़ौल है ये दुरुस्त 'बिस्मिल' का
बैइस-ए-इफ़्तिहार था 'ज़ामिन'
</pre>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Zamin}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]

Chandra Shekhar

2026-02-23T16:17:49Z

Harleen singh:

{{short description|Prime Minister of India from 1990 to 1991}}
{{distinguish|Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandra Shekhar
| honorific_suffix = 'बाबूसाहेब'
| image = Chandra Shekhar Singh 2010 stamp alt.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Shekhar on a 2010 postage stamp of India
| office = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| president = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| deputy = [[Devi Lal|Chaudhary Devi Lal]]
| term_start = 10 November 1990
| term_end = 1 June 1991
| predecessor = [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
| successor = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| office5 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Janata Party]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|1977||}}
| term_end5 = {{End date|1988||}}
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
| successor5 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 2 December 1989
| term_end3 = 8 July 2007
| constituency3 = [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor3 = [[Jagannath Chowdhary]]
| successor3 = [[Neeraj Shekhar]]
| term_start4 = 22 March 1977
| term_end4 = 31 October 1984
| constituency4 = [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Chandrika Prasad]]
| successor4 = Jagannath Chowdhary
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1962
| term_end2 = 22 March 1977
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|04|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ibrahimpatti]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|07|08|1927|04|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes|monuments=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Jannayak Sthal]]}}
| party = [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] {{small|(1990–2007)}}
| otherparty = {{Plainlist|
* [[Congress Socialist Party]] {{small|(before 1964)}}
* [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1964–1975)}}
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(1975–1977)}}
* [[Janata Party]] {{small|(1977–1988)}}
* [[Janata Dal]] {{small|(1988–1990)}}
}}
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A]])
| spouse = Duja Devi
| children = 2 (including [[Neeraj Shekhar]])
| signature = Chandrashekhar-Prime-Minister.jpg
| vicepresident = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| order = 
| order1 = 
| order2 = 
}}
'''Chandra Shekhar''' (17 April 1927 – 8 July 2007), also known as '''Jananayak''', was an Indian politician and the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He headed a minority government of a breakaway faction of the [[Janata Dal]] with outside support from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?pagewanted=1 | title=Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier | work=[[The New York Times]] | author=Sanjoy Hazarika | date=10 November 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> He was the second Indian Prime Minister who had never held any prior government office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/11/world/socialist-is-installed-as-india-s-eighth-prime-minister.html | title=Socialist Is Installed as India's Eleventh Prime Minister | work=[[The New York Times]] | author=Sanjoy Hazarika | date=11 November 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="c811">{{cite web | title=Denied Ticket, What's Next For Varun Gandhi? Mother Maneka Gandhi Says... | website=NDTV.com | date=22 February 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/denied-2024-lok-sabha-elections-ticket-whats-next-for-varun-gandhi-mother-maneka-gandhi-says-5638013#pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll | access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="g390">{{cite web | title=Ephemeral Governments | website=TheDailyGuardian | date=11 May 2024 | url=https://thedailyguardian.com/ephemeral-governments/ | access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref>

His government was formed with the fewest party [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MPs]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="IT">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19901215-chandra-shekhar-exploits-fears-weaknesses-of-congressi-and-janata-dals-813388-1990-12-15 | title=Chandra Shekhar exploits fears, weaknesses of Congress(I) and Janata Dal(S) | work=[[India Today]] | author=Inderjit Badhwar,.Prabhu Chawla | date=15 December 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd7PAAAAIAAJ | title=The Interim Man | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | year=1990 | pages=42}}</ref> His government could not pass the budget<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/1991-the-untold-story/article14513325.ece | title=1991, the untold story | work=The Hindu | author=[[Yashwant Sinha]] | date=29 July 2016 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> at a crucial time when [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]] had downgraded India's credit rating, after Shekhar's government was unable to pass the budget, global credit-rating agencies further downgraded India from investment grade, making it impossible to even get short-term loans, and in no position to give any commitment to reform, the [[World Bank]] and [[IMF]] stopped their assistance. Shekhar had to authorise the mortgaging of gold to avoid default of payment, and this action came in for particular criticism, as it was done secretly in the midst of the election.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/How-the-economy-found-its-feet/article14506275.ece | title=How the economy found its feet | work=The Hindu | author=Deepak Nayar | date=18 October 2016 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-how-govts-pledged-gold-to-pull-economy-back-from-the-brink/ | title=In fact: How govts pledged gold to pull economy back from the brink | work=The Indian Express | author=Shaji Vikraman | date=5 April 2017 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="CorbridgeHarriss2013">{{cite book|author1=Stuart Corbridge|author2=John Harriss|title=Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERgoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|access-date=20 December 2018|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-7456-6604-4|pages=144–}}</ref> The [[1991 Indian economic crisis]] and the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] plunged his government into crisis.<ref name="j303">{{cite web | last=| first=| title=Remembering India's Former PM Chandra Shekhar Singh On His Death Anniversary | website=Free Press Journal | date=7 July 2023 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chandra-shekhar-singh-death-anniversary-all-about-indias-8th-pm | access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="s901">{{cite web | last=Javaid | first=Arfa | title=Chandra Shekhar Singh Biography: Birth, Education, Political Career, Death, and more about 8th Prime Minister of India | website=Jagranjosh.com | date=8 July 2021 | url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/chandra-shekhar-singh-biography-1625727635-1 | access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> Granting the permission for US military planes to refuel at Indian airports during the [[Gulf War]] improved the Prime Minister's image with the West.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Welcome to www.Janata Party.org |url=http://www.janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=15 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216042039/http://www.janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=15 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Crossette|first1=Barbara|date=13 November 1990|title=Man in The News; India's Freewheeling Leader: Chandra Shekhar|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/13/world/man-in-the-news-india-s-freewheeling-leader-chandra-shekhar.html|access-date=26 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Personal life==
=== Early years and education ===
Chandra Shekhar was born on 17 April 1927 in a [[Rajput]] family at [[Ibrahimpatti]], a village in Ballia, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He came from a farming background.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YY4I36ZbJ7gC&pg=PA59|title=The Long March: Profile of Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar|publisher=Mittal|first=Attar |last=Chand |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-17099-272-1|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=7 May 2014|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-09 |title=How Thakurs have dominated UP politics since Independence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-thakurs-have-dominated-up-politics-since-independence-yogi-adityanath-6717581/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts (graduate) degree at Satish Chandra P.G. College. He attended [[Allahabad University]], obtaining his master's degree in political science in 1950.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dubey |first=Scharada |date=2009 |title=Movers and Shakers Prime Minister of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dgqNH6uKUsC&pg=PT67 |publisher=Westland |isbn=9788189975548 |access-date=7 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was known as a firebrand student leader in student politics and started his political career with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]. After completing his graduation, he became active in socialist politics.<ref>The rise of Socialist politics under Chandra Shekhar. ''In the Janata-coalition government that came to power in the aftermath of that election, Chandra Shekhar willingly gave up his claim to a Cabinet ministerial role that he was offered in favour of his fellow-Young Turk Mohan Dharia. That was just one instance of Chandra Shekhar's deep commitment and loyalty towards his friends, which is a recurring theme in the book. A rare occurrence in an opportunistic political world—Chandra Shekhar was also upright and forthright, not prone to hypocrisy like the commonplace politicians. Sometimes his straight talk stunned even seasoned politicians like Ram Manohar Lohia and Indira Gandhi.''

</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Buy Chandra Shekhar :The Last Icon of Ideological Politics Book at 32% off.|url=https://paytmmall.com/chandra-shekhar-the-last-icon-of-ideological-politics-9789353334017_30212-pdp|access-date=8 September 2020|website=Paytm Mall|language=en}}</ref>

=== Family ===
Chandra Shekhar married [[Duja Devi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YY4I36ZbJ7gC&pg=PA13|title=The Long March: Profile of Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar|publisher=Mittal|first=Attar |last=Chand |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-17099-272-1|page=13}}</ref> Duja Devi Degree College, founded in 1999 in [[Ballia district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], is named after her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://dujadevidegreecollege.in/about-us.aspx |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Duja Devi Degree College Rajauli, Sahatwar, Ballia (U.P.)}}</ref>

He had two sons with her, Pankaj Shekhar and [[Neeraj Shekhar]].

== Political life ==

=== Start of career ===
He joined the socialist movement and was elected secretary of the district [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), Ballia. Within a year, he was elected joint secretary of the PSP's State unit in Uttar Pradesh. In 1955–56, he took over as general secretary of the party in the State. His career as a parliamentarian began with his election to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1962. He came under the spell of [[Acharya Narendra Dev]], a fiery Socialist leader at the beginning of his political career. From 1962 to 1977, Shekhar was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. He was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh on 3 April 1962 as an independent candidate and completed his tenure on 2 April 1968. After this, he was re-elected twice to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh as an INC candidate from 3 April 1968 to 2 April 1974 and from 3 April 1974 to 2 April 1980. He resigned from [[Rajya Sabha]] on 2 March 1977 after he had been elected to [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Ballia]]. When the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] was declared, even though he was a Congress party politician, he was arrested and sent to [[Patiala]] jail.<ref>Movers and Shakers Prime Minister of India by Scharada Dubey – 2009
During the emergency, Chandra Shekhar was among the very few individuals from the ruling Congress party to be sent to jail.</ref>

===Join Congress===
Chandra Shekhar was a prominent leader of the socialists. He joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1964. From 1962 to 1967, he was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He first entered the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1977. He came to be known as a 'young Turk' for his conviction and courage in the fight against the vested interests. The other 'young Turks', who formed the 'ginger group' in the Congress in the fight for egalitarian policies, included<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sjpchandrashekhar.org/samajwadijantaparty-founder-chandra-shekhar/ |title=Chandra Shekhar – Samajwadi janta party |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531230455/http://www.sjpchandrashekhar.org/samajwadijantaparty-founder-chandra-shekhar/ |archive-date=31 May 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> leaders like [[Feroze Gandhi]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], [[Mohan Dharia]] and [[Ram Dhan]]. As a member of the Congress Party, he vehemently criticised Indira Gandhi for her declaration of emergency in 1975. Chandrashekhar was arrested during the emergency and sent to prison along with other "young turks".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kapoor|first1=Coomi|author-link1=Coomi Kapoor|title=The Emergency: A Personal History, Chapter 4|date=2015|publisher=Penguin/Viking|isbn=9789352141197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6}}</ref>

=== Bharat Yatra (1983) ===
Chandra Shekhar went on a nationwide ''[[padayatra]]'' in 1983 from Kanyakumari to New Delhi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-chandra-shekhar/|title=Shri Chandra Shekhar}}</ref> to know the country better, which he claimed gave jitters to Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/the-parallels-between-congresss-bharat-jodo-yatra-and-ex-pm-chandra-shekhars-padayatra|title=The Parallels Between Congress's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' and Ex-PM Chandra Shekhar's 'Padayatra'}}</ref> He was called a "Young Turk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bharat-yatri-long-march-short-run-chandra-shekhar-8141578/|title=Rewind & Replay That other 'Bharat Yatri': The long march, but short run, of Chandra Shekhar|date=9 September 2022 }}</ref> He travelled nearly 4,260 km and nearly six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/photos-by-tumari-man-on-display-at-pms-museum-in-new-delhi/article65373284.ece|title=Photos by Tumari man on display at PMs' Museum in New Delhi|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30192288.ece|title=A rebel's journey|date=26 July 2007 }}</ref> Chandra Shekhar started his Bharat Yatra from [[Kanyakumari]] on 6, the same day that his party, [[Janata Party]] was swept to power in [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830215-janata-party-chief-chandra-shekhar-embarks-on-bharat-yatra-from-kanyakumari-to-new-delhi-770459-2013-07-26|title=Janata Party chief Chandra Shekhar embarks on Bharat Yatra from Kanyakumari to New Delhi|date=26 July 2013 }}</ref> He finished his march at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] in New Delhi on 25 June, the eighth anniversary of the declaration of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] and also the day India won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830715-janata-party-president-chandra-shekhar-completes-his-4000-km-bharat-yatra-770814-2013-07-18|title=Janata Party President Chandra Shekhar completes his 4,000 km Bharat Yatra|date=18 July 2013 }}</ref>

Chandra Shekhar established Bharat Yatra Centres in various parts of the country and set up a Bharat Yatra Trust in [[Gurugram Airstrip|Bhondsi village]] in Haryana's Gurgaon to focus on rural development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910630-bharat-yatra-trust-prime-minister-chandra-shekhar-expands-his-real-estate-empire-814477-1991-06-29|title=Bharat Yatra Trust: Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar expands his real estate empire|date=30 June 1991 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/remembering-chandrashekhar-soldier-of-the-socialist-cause/story-WESCEuZiAssecZ3cfv492O.html|title=Remembering Chandrashekhar: soldier of the socialist cause|date=10 July 2007 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> "Bharat Yatra Kendra" "Bhondsi ashram" was set up by the Chandra Shekhar in 1983 on 600 acre of [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] land,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910115-bhondsi-ashram-ecologists-foreigners-bonfires-make-for-high-farce-813902-1991-01-14|title=Bhondsi Ashram: Ecologists, foreigners, bonfires make for high farce|date=15 January 1991 }}</ref> where godman [[Chandraswami]] and godman's associate [[Adnan Khashoggi]] (a Saudi Arabian billionaire international arms dealer embroiled in various scandals) use to visit him.<ref name=bhond7>1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l05DAAAAYAAJ "India Today"], – Volume 21, Issues 7-12, p. 122.</ref><ref name=bhond8>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910228-visit-of-notorious-middleman-adnan-khashoggi-leaves-a-trail-of-perplexing-questions-814075-1991-02-27 "Creating a stir."], [[India Today]], 28 February 1991.</ref><ref name=bhond11>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/an-escape-to-nature-in-the-backyard-of-gurgaon/story-lasdCPsyY2jIS8UXIwV2dP.html "An escape to nature in the backyard of Gurgao."], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 20 June 2017.</ref> Before 2002, some of the government land of the ashram was taken back by the [[Government of Haryana]] on the instructions of then Chief Minister [[Om Prakash Chautala]] (in office 1989–91 and 1999–2004).<ref name=bhond9>2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=g_EvAQAAIAAJ "Outlook."], Volume 43, Issues 47-51, p. 102.</ref> In 2002, [[Supreme Court of India]] returned most of the land, barring some land, to the Bhondsi [[gram panchayat]].<ref name=bhond10>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/name-ashram-after-former-pm-vardhan/articleshow/59185541.cms "Name ashram after former PM Chandra Shekhar: Harsh Vardhan.], ''[[Times of India]]'', 17 June 2017.</ref>

===In Janata Party===
Chandrasekhar was jailed during the emergency and after, he became the President of [[Janata Party]]. In the parliamentary elections, [[Janata Party]] formed the government after the [[1977 Indian general election]] headed by [[Morarji Desai]]. However the party lost the 1980 elections and were routed in [[1984 Indian general election]] winning just 10 seats and Chandrasekhar losing his own [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia seat]] to [[Jagannath Chowdhary]].<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

In May 1988, he resigned from [[Janata Party]]'s President post when [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] (A) was merged with [[Janata Party]]. [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] was made president of [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Singh catapulted as Janata Party president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880615-ajit-singh-catapulted-as-janata-party-president-797348-1988-06-14 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=India Today |date=15 June 1988 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Janardhan |date=1 April 1988 |title=Is Chandra Shekhar trying to break up Janata Party? |pages=874 |work=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13141/page/n873}}</ref> [[George Fernandes]], [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Madhu Dandavate]] and [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] opposed this merger with [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] (A) but [[Subramanian Swamy]], [[Yashwant Sinha]] and [[Suryadeo Singh]] supported this move.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Janardhan |date=1 April 1988 |title=Is Chandra Shekhar trying to break up Janata Party? |pages=878–879 |work=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13141/page/n877}}</ref>

In 1988, his party merged with other parties and formed the government under the leadership of [[V.P. Singh]]. Again his relationship with the coalition deteriorated and he formed another party, [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Janata Dal (Socialist)]] faction. With the support of Congress (I) headed by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], he replaced V.P. Singh as the Prime Minister of India in November 1990. After 1977, he was elected to Lok Sabha in all the elections, except in 1984 when the Congress swept the polls after Indira Gandhi's assassination. The post of Prime Minister, which he thought he genuinely deserved, eluded him in 1989 when V. P. Singh pipped him at the post and was chosen to head the first coalition government at the centre.

===Deposing V. P. Singh===
Chandra Shekhar seized the moment and left the Janata Dal with several of his own supporters to form the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party/Janata Dal (Socialist)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/world/dissidents-split-indian-prime-minister-s-party.html?scp=16&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse|title=Dissidents Split Indian Prime Minister's Party|work=New York Times|date=6 November 1990|access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> He won a confidence motion with the support of his 64 MPs and [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the leader of the Opposition, and was sworn in as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?scp=17&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse |title=Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier|work=New York Times|date=10 November 1990|access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Eight Janata Dal MPs who voted for this motion were disqualified by the speaker [[Rabi Ray]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=11 January 1991|title=Decision of the Speaker under Tenth Schedule of the Constitution Disqualification of Members on Ground of Defection|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse|url-status=live|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093106/https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse |archive-date=13 January 2022 |last1=Ray |first1=Rabi }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Order, order! Disorder too!|url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/prasannan/order-order-disorder-too.html|access-date=12 January 2022|website=theweek.in}}</ref>

===In Parliament===
Chandra Shekhar was a member of Rajya Sabha from 1962 to 1977, 1962 to 1968 as an independent supported by Socialist Party and later as member of Congress. He was jailed during the Emergency. After his release from jail in 1977, he joined Janata Party. He was elected to Lok Sabha from [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]] as a member of various incarnations of Janata Party in 1977, 1980, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2004. He lost that seat only once in that span, in 1984 election. After his death, his son Neeraj Shekhar won the ensuing by-poll in 2008.

== Other Ministries ==

=== Minister of Information and Broadcasting (1990–1991) ===
Chandra Shekhar remained the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] from 21 November 1990 to 21 June 1991 from [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] and at that time he was himself the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIB|url=http://mib.gov.in/ShowContentOne.aspx?id=1&Section=7|website=mib.gov.in}}</ref> He was preceded by [[V. P. Singh]] and succeeded by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] to the position after he resigned from the position of Prime Minister due to loss of support of the alliances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/about-us/whos-who|access-date=14 September 2020|website=mib.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Minister of Home Affairs (1990–1991) ===
Like the Minister of I and B, he remained [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] for the time period of 7 months. He was himself the Prime Minister at that time and was preceded by [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] and succeeded by [[Shankarrao Chavan]] of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)]]</ref>

=== Minister of Defence (1990–1991) ===
Along with [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]], he also handled [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] under him as the [[Prime Minister of India]]. He was Minister of Defence for a very short time of 7 months and didn't present the Defence budget.<ref name=":0" /> He was preceded by [[V. P. Singh]] and succeeded by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] as the Minister of Defence.<ref>[[Minister of Defence (India)]]</ref>
[[File:Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shri_Chandra_Sekhar_as_the_Prime_Minister_of_India_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_forecourt.jpg|thumb|Chandra Sekhar being sworn in as Prime Minister of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan forecourt. He was the first prime minister to take the oath of office in the Rashtrapati Bhavan forecourt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi 2.0: Oath-taking ceremony - all you should know |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/modi-20-oath-taking-ceremony-all-you-should-know-736927.html |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=29 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>]]

==Premiership (1990-91)==
{{main|Chandra Shekhar ministry}}
[[File:Mohammad Mosaddak Ali met with Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar Singh at Zia International Airport in Dhaka.jpg|thumb|Mohammad Mosaddak Ali met with Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar at Zia International Airport in Dhaka]]
Chandra Shekhar was prime minister for seven months, the second shortest period after that of [[Charan Singh]]. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was instrumental in forming this government with the support of Congress.<ref name=":1"/> He also handled the portfolios of Defence and Home Affairs during this period. However, his government could not introduce a full budget because on 6 March 1991 Congress withdrew support during its formulation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandra-Shekhar|title=Chandra Shekhar {{!}} prime minister of India|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> As a result, Chandra Shekhar resigned the office of the prime minister after 15 days on 21 March.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=8 July 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar critical |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/chandra-shekhar-critical/article1868892.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Manmohan Singh]] was his Economic Advisor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Manmohan Singh|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/manmohan-singh|access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> [[Subramanian Swamy]] along with [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] prepared a series of documents on economic liberalization but could not pass in parliament because Congress withdrew support.<ref>{{Cite book|title=BACKSTAGE: The Story behind India's High Growth Years|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2020|isbn=978-93-5333-821-3|pages=119–120}}</ref> [[Jairam Ramesh]] in his book ''To the Brink and Back: India's 1991 Story'' has written that "Chandrashekhar's Cabinet Committee on Trade and Investment (CCTI) itself had on 11 March 1991 approved the new export strategy which contained the main elements of the 4 July package".<ref>{{Cite book|title=To the Brink and Back: India's 1991 Story|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2015|isbn=9788129137807}}</ref>

==Post-premiership==
After handing the [[Prime Minister|premiership]] to [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Chandra Shekar's political importance was reduced, although he was able to retain his seat in the Lok Sabha for many years afterward.

==Election Contested==
===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="9"|[[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|rowspan=5}}
| 270,136
| 43.6
| Kapildeo Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| 189,082
| 30.5
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 81,054
| 13.1
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 235,946
| 38.1
| rowspan="2"|Ram Krishna Gopal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 180,271
| 29.1
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 55,675
| 9
|-
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 260,544
| 40.5
| 231,060
| 36
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 29,484
| 4.5
|-
! [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| 305,592
| 56.4
| rowspan="5"|Jagannath Chowdhary
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 118,987
| 22
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 186,605
| 34.4
|-
! [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| 213,066
| 44.7
| 154,518
| 32.4
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 58,548
| 12.3
|-
! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| 251,997
| 52.53
| 161,016
| 33.57
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 90,981
| 18.96
|-
! [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| 172,044
| 40.04
| 225,984
| 52.6
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -53,940
| -12.56
|-
! [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| 159,901
| 41.37
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
| 136,313
| 35.27
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 23,588
| 6.1
|-
! [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| 262,641
| 72.42
| Chandrika Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 95,432
| 26.31
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 167,209
| 46.11
|}

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
| rowspan="3"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3 April 1962
| 2 April 1968
| '''{{ayd|1962|4|3|1968|4|2}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 April 1968
| 2 April 1974
| '''{{ayd|1968|4|3|1974|4|2}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (3rd Term)
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind.}}
| 3 April 1974
| 2 April 1980
| '''{{ayd|1974|4|3|1977|3|22}}''' (''Elected to Lok Sabha on 22 March 1977'')
|}

==Death==
[[File:Priyaranjan Dasmunsi laying wreath at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on July 09, 2007.jpg|thumb|Priyaranjan Dasmunsi laying wreath at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on 9 July 2007]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on July 08, 2007 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on 8 July 2007]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying homage to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on July 09, 2007.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying homage to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on 9 July 2007]]
[[File:The former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on July 08, 2007.jpg|thumb|The former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on 8 July 2007]]
[[File:The carriage carrying the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar making its way to Ekta Sthal for the state funeral, in Delhi on July 09, 2007 (1).jpg|thumb|The carriage carrying the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar making its way to Ekta Sthal for the state funeral, in Delhi on 9 July 2007]]

Chandra Shekhar died on 8 July 2007. He had been suffering with [[multiple myeloma]] for some time and had been in the [[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha|Apollo Hospital]] at New Delhi since May. He was survived by two sons.<ref name="hindu20070709">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/chandra-shekhar-dead/article1869301.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

Politicians from across the spectrum of Indian parties paid tribute to him<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2007 |title=Leaders mourn Chandra Shekhar's death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/leaders-mourn-chandra-shekhars-death/article1869563.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> and the government of India declared seven days of state mourning.<ref name="hindu20070709" /> He was cremated with full state honours on a traditional [[funeral pyre]] at '''Jannayak Sthal''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-PM-Chandrashekhars-samadhi-to-be-called-Jannayak-Sthal/articleshow/47022230.cms|title=Former PM Chandrashekhar's samadhi to be called Jannayak Sthal|work=The Times of India|date=23 April 2015 }}</ref> on the banks of the river [[Yamuna]], on 10 July.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=10 July 2007 |title=Dignitaries bid adieu to Chandra Shekhar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dignitaries-bid-adieu-to-chandra-shekhar/article1870197.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> In August, his ashes were immersed in the river [[Siruvani]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=13 August 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar's ashes immersed in Siruvani |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chandra-shekhars-ashes-immersed-in-siruvani/article1890992.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Timeline of political career
|-
! Year !! Event
|-
| 2004 || Re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (8th term)
|-
| 2000–2001 || Chairman, Committee on Ethics
|-
| 1999 || Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (7th term)
|-
| 1998 || Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (6th term)
|-
| 1996 || Re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha (5th term)
|-
| 1991 || Re-elected to 10th Lok Sabha (4th term)
|-
| 1990–91 || Prime Minister and in charge of various Ministries/Departments including
* Defence,
* Home Affairs,
* Atomic Energy,
* Science and Technology,
* Ocean Development,
* Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions,
* Electronics,
* Space,
* Information and Broadcasting,
* Industry,
* Labour,
* Welfare,
* Planning and Programme Implementation,
* External Affairs,
* Health and Family Welfare,
* Water Resources and Surface Transport
|-
| 1989 || Re-elected to 9th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
|-
| 1980 || Re-elected to 7th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
|-
| 1977–78 || President, Janata Party (J.P.)
|-
| 1977 || Elected to 6th Lok Sabha
|-
| 1967 || General Secretary, Congress Parliamentary Party (C.P.P.)
|-
| 1962 || Member, Rajya Sabha
|-
| 1959–62 || Member, National Executive, P.S.P.
|-
| 1955 || General Secretary, P.S.P., Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1952 || Joint Secretary, P.S.P., Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1951 || Secretary, Praja Socialist Party (P.S.P.), Distt. Ballia
|}

==See also==
* [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2007 |title=The quintessential Congressman |first=Harish |last=Khare |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-quintessential-congressman/article1869254.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=The Long March: Profile of Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar |first=Attar |last=Chand |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-17099-272-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YY4I36ZbJ7gC}}
* "The State As Charade: V.P. Singh, Chandr Shekhar and the Rest" by [[Arun Shourie]], Publisher: South Asia Books

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Chandra Shekhar Singh|wikt=no|c=Chandra Shekhar Singh|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=Chandra Shekhar|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q334279|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}
* {{OL author}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[V. P. Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of India]]|years=1990–91}}
{{s-aft|after=[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]|years=1990–91}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sharad Pawar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]|years=1990–91}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shankarrao Chavan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of India}}
{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Defence Ministers of India}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Ministers of Information and Broadcasting}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra Shekhar}}
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Ministers of internal affairs of India]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Chandra Shekhar administration]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple myeloma in India]]
[[Category:People from Ballia]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Science ministers of India]]

Tirukoilur

2026-02-13T03:34:02Z

Harleen singh: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu}}
{{original research|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thirukovilur
| official_name = 
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Thirukoilure Thirukkovalur Tirukkoyilur
| nicknames = Koval, Temple City
| settlement_type = Municipality Administration
| image_skyline = Ulagalantha perumal.j.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]]
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Thirukovilur
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|58|03|N|79|12|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[villupuram district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Temples And Heritage Town
| government_type = Municipality Government Of Tamilnadu
| governing_body = Commissioner Government
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 73
| population_total = 60212
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Speaking
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 605757
| registration_plate = TN-32, TN-15"
| website = https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/tirukovilur/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tirukoilur''' also spelt as ''Tirukkoyilur'' or ''Tirukovilur'' is a Town and the Headquarters of Tirukoilur taluk in [[villupuram district|villupuram District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. This town is located on the southern bank of [[Thenpennai River]] and famous for the [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]], the [[Veerateeswarar Temple, Thirukovilur|Veerateeswarar Temple]] and the [[Kabilar Kundru]]. Tirukoilur is located on the highway connecting cities of [[Tiruvannamalai]] and [[Vellore]] with Southern Tamil Nadu. The town is served by Tirukoilur railway station (formerly, Arakandanallur [[Thirukoilur division|Thirukovilur]] railway station).

Vanavan Mahadevi, the mother of [[Rajaraja Chola I]], was born as a Tamil princess of [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] dynasty in Tirukoilur.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011|}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2014: Data from the 2014 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tirukoilur had a population of 60212. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Tirukoilur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 73%. In Tirukoilur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Transport==
Tirukoilur is well-connected by road and rail. Many state highways pass through this municipality.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

State Highway 9 (Tamil Nadu)|SH9]] [[Cuddalore]]-[[Thirukovilur]]--[[Vellore]]

SH-7 [[Tirukkoyilur (state assembly constituency)|Thirukoilur]]-[[Villupuram]]

SH-211 [[Thirukoilur division|Thirukoilur]] Bye-Pass Road -[[Kandachipuram]]

State Highway 68 (Tamil Nadu)|SH68]] [[Cuddalore]]-[[Thirukovilur]]-[[Sankarapuram]]

SH-137 [[Thirukoilur division|Thirukoilur]]-[[Elavanasurkottai]]-[[Asanoo|Asanur]]-[[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]]

MDR-1014 [[Thirukoilur division|Thirukovilur]]-[[Manalurpet]]-[[Tiruvannamalai]]

MDR-812 [[Tirukkoyilur taluk|Thirukoilur]]-[[Veerapandi, Viluppuram|Veerapandi]]-[[Vettavalam]]

MDR-784 [[Thirukoyilur block|Thirukoilur]]-[[Rishivandiyam]]-[[Thiagadurgam|Thiyagadurugam]]-
Kallakurichi

MDR-785 Thirukoilur - Thagadi

==Significance==
Tirukoilur is famous for the [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]]. This temple has a very big raja gopuram and is the 3rd longest [[gopuram]] in Tamil Nadu. The statue of [[Vishnu]] is so beautiful with ''varnakalapam''. There is a sanathi even for [[Vamana]]. As per Hindu legend, Vishnu appeared to the ''mudhal Alvars'' (first three ''Alvars'') at Thirukkoilur. The temple plays a special part in Vaishnavism as it is where the first three Alvars sang the first three ''Thiruvandadhis'' compiled in ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandam]]'', the Sri Vaishnava canon. [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]], another Alvar saint also revered the deity in his verses compiled in ''Nalayira Divya Prabandam'' . [[Veerateeswarar Temple|Ashta Veeratanams]], Ashta – eight Veeratanam – Place of Bravery. As per legends, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons namely Andakasuran, Gajasuran, Jalandasuran, Thirupuradhi, Kaman, Arjunan, Dakshan and Taaragasuran. There are eight temples built signifying each of his victories in the war,<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Medical and Spiritual Sciences of Siddhas of Tamil Nadu|last=P.|first=Karthigayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4HDDAAAQBAJ&q=veerattam&pg=PT388|page=388|publisher=Notion Press|year=2016|isbn=9789352065523}}</ref> and also as places where he is believed to have performed with fury.<ref name=C137>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2014]], p. 145</ref>

The eight temples are:
* [[Thiruvadigai Temple, Panruti|Tiruvadigai Veerattaaneswarar Temple]] at Thiruvadigai
* [[Veerateeswarar Temple|Tirukkovilur Veerateshwarar Temple]] at Tirukoilur
* [[Korukkai Veeratteswarar Temple|Veerateswarar temple]] at Korukkai or Thirukkurukkai
* [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple, Thirukkadaiyur|Amirtagateswarar Temple]] at [[Thirukadaiyur]]
* [[Viratteswara Temple, Vazhuvur|Vazhuvur Verateswarar Temple]] at [[Vazhuvoor]]
* [[Keelaparasalur Veerateswarar Temple]] at Tirupariyalur
* [[Kandeeswarar Temple]] at [[Thirukkandiyur]]
* [[Tiruvirkudi Veerataneswarar Temple]] at Thiruvirkudi.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=458–9}}</ref> Shiva in all these temples are described to have used bow and arrow, trident and spear.

Other significance include following:
*'''Ulagalantha Perumal Temple''' or '''Trivikrama Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in [[Tirukkoyilur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. As per Hindu legend, Vishnu appeared to the ''mudhal Alvars'' (first three ''Alvars'') at Thirukkoilur. The temple plays a special part in Vaishnavism as it is where the first three Alvars sang the first three ''Thiruvandadhis'' compiled in ''[[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandam]]'', the Sri Vaishnava canon. [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]], another Alvar saint also revered the deity in his verses compiled in ''Nalayira Divya Prabandam''.
*'''Kabilar Kundru''' (or Kabilar rock) is a hill rock in the middle of the [[Ponnaiyar River]] in Tirukoilur. It is known for Tamil poet [[Kapilar]] did [[Vadakirrutal]] (fast unto death) here, after his friend [[Vēl Pāri]] was killed in a battle. It is one of the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu|protected monuments in Tamil Nadu]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].
*'''[[Raghuttama Tirtha|Shri Raghuttama Teerthar]]''' was one of the greatest saints of Shri [[Uttaradi Matha]]. Shri Raghuttama Teerthar entered the Brindavana at Manampundi, near Tirukoilur
*Gnananandagiri Swamigal, established his modest ashram [http://gnanananda.org/ashram/ "Sri Gnanananda Thapovanam"], which is a quiet place, situated on the northern banks of Pennar river, near Thirukovilur in Tamil Nadu. Thapovanam meaning "forest of penance" is today a place of pilgrimage.

==Anecdote==
While on a visit to [[Ceylon]], the ancient female Tamil poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] was caught up in a torrential rain, and took shelter in the house of two women, Angavay and Sangavay. These women took care of Avvai with great kindness and promised that they will be given in marriage to the King of Tirucovalur. On hearing this the King agreed to take the women in marriage if they were given away by the [[Chera]], [[Chola]] and the [[Pandya]]. Avvai then makes an invocation to [[Ganesha]] for making the invitation on a palmyra leaf, on which Ganesha appears before her. On receiving the invitation the three kings come for marriage and give away Angavay and Sangavay in marriage (pp.&nbsp;57–59).<ref name="Robinson1873">{{cite book |author= Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom; Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages, and Selections from their writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi00robiuoft |year=1873 |publisher= Wesleyan Conference Office | location=London}}</ref> There is a mention of this time period in ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]].''{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Commons category|Tirukoyilur}}
* http://www.thirukovalur.org (Official Devasthanam Website)
* http://www.tirukoilur.com

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kallakurichi district]]

List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

2026-02-10T22:28:25Z

Harleen singh: page edit

{{Short description|Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituencies}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
The [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] is the unicameral legislature of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India. It currently has 175 constituencies, out of which 29 constituencies are reserved for [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]] candidates, and 7 constituencies are reserved for [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]] candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |pages=16–28 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/overview|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> Out of these 175 constituencies in the 2024 elections, YSRCP won 11 seats, TDP won 135 seats and JSP won 21 seats and BJP won 8 seats.

== District-wise summary ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No
! District
! Constituencies
|-
| 1
| [[Srikakulam District|Srikakulam]]
| 8
|-
| 2
| [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| 7
|-
| 3
| [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| 4
|-
| 4
| [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| 6+[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]] (Partially)
|-
| 5
| [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| 7+[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]] (Partially)
|-
| 6
| [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
| 2
|-
| 7
| [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| 7
|-
| 8
| [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| 7
|-
| 9
| [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| 7
|-
| 10
| [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| 7
|-
| 11
| [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| 7
|-
| 12
| [[NTR District|NTR]]
| 7
|-
| 13
| [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| 7
|-
| 14
| [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| 7
|-
| 15
| [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| 7
|-
| 16
| [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| 5
|-
| 17
| [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| 6
|-
| 18
| [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| 8+[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]] (Partially)
|-
| 19
| [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| 6+[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]] (Partially)
|-
| 20
| [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| 6+[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]] (Partially)
|-
| 21
| [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| 4+[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]] (Partially)
|-
| 22
| [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| 8
|-
| 23
| [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| 6+[[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]] (Partially)
|-
| 24
| [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| 7+[[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]] (Partially)
|-
| 25
| [[Anantapur district|Ananthapuramu]]
| 8
|-
| 26
| [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| 6
|-
| 27
| [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| 1
|-
| 28
| [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| 4
|-

|}

== List of current constituencies ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Andhra Pradesh (2014-).svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Map of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
The below is a list of constituencies of [https://apconstituencies.ap.gov.in/home Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Delimitation/02.pdf |website=Official website of the Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |access-date=7 May 2019 |pages=7–15 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:Center;"
|-
! {{Number sign}}
! Name
! Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
! District
! Lok Sabha Constituency
|-
| 1
| [[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichchapuram]]
| rowspan="8" | None
| rowspan="8" | [[Srikakulam]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|-
| 2
| [[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa]]
|-
| 3
| [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
|-
| 4
| [[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]]
|-
| 5
| [[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]]
|-
| 6
| [[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
|-
| 7
| [[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
| [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|-
| 8
| [[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
| [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|-
| 9
| [[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]]
| SC
| [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|-
| 10
| [[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]]
| rowspan="2" | ST
| rowspan="4" | [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|-
| 11
| [[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]]
|-
| 12
| [[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]]
| SC
|-
| 13
| [[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]]
| ST
|-
| 14
| [[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
| rowspan="14" | None
| rowspan="6" | [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|-
| 15
| [[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|-
| 16
| [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
|-
| 17
| [[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]]
|-
| 18
| [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|-
| 19
| [[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|-
| 20
| [[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bhimili]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|-
| 21
| [[Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam East]]
|-
| 22
| [[Visakhapatnam South Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam South]]
|-
| 23
| [[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North]]
|-
| 24
| [[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West]]
|-
| 25
| [[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gajuwaka]]
|-
| 26
| [[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|-
| 27
| [[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]
|-
| 28
| [[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]]
| rowspan="2" |ST
| rowspan="2" | [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|-
| 29
| [[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]]
|-
| 30
| [[Anakapalli Assembly constituency|Anakapalle]]
| rowspan="3" | None
| rowspan="5" | [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|-
| 31
| [[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
|-
| 32
| [[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Elamanchili]]
|-
| 33
| [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]]
|SC

|-
| 34
| [[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
| rowspan="10" | None
|-
| 35
| [[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|-
| 36
| [[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]
|-
| 37
| [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|-
| 38
| [[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada Rural]]
|-
| 39
| [[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]
|-
| 40
| [[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthy]]
| [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|-
| 41
| [[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
| [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|-
| 42
| [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
|-
| 43
| [[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]]
|-
| 44
| [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]]
| rowspan="3" | SC
|-
| 45
| [[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]]
|-
| 46
| [[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
|-
| 47
| [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]
| rowspan="6" | None
|-
| 48
| [[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
|-
| 49
| [[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram]]
| rowspan="3" | [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|-
| 50
| [[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry City]]
|-
| 51
| [[Rajahmundry Rural Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry Rural]]
|-
| 52
| [[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
| [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|-
| 53
| [[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram]]
| ST
| [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|-
| 54
| [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]]
| SC
| rowspan="2" | [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|-
| 55
| [[Nidadavole Assembly constituency|Nidadavole]]
| rowspan="11" | None
|-
| 56
| [[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]
| rowspan="7" | [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
|-
| 57
| [[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]]
|-
| 58
| [[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|-
| 59
| [[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]
|-
| 60
| [[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]
|-
| 61
| [[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]
|-
| 62
| [[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]
|-
| 63
| [[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|-
| 64
| [[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
|-
| 65
| [[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]]
|-
| 66
| [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]]
| SC
| [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|-
| 67
| [[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]]
|ST
| rowspan="2" | [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|-
| 68
| [[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]]
| rowspan="2" | SC
|-
| 69
| [[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]]
| [[NTR district|NTR]]
| [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|-
| 70
| [[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]]
| rowspan="7" | None
| [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|-
| 71
| [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|-
| 72
| [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
|-
| 73
| [[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
| [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|-
| 74
| [[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|-
| 75
| [[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|-
| 76
| [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|-
| 77
| [[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]]
| SC
|-
| 78
| [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru]]
| rowspan="5" | None
|-
| 79
| [[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
| rowspan="6" | [[NTR district|NTR]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|-
| 80
| [[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency|Vijayawada Central]]
|-
| 81
| [[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
|-
| 82
| [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
|-
| 83
| [[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama]]
|SC
|-
| 84
| [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]
| rowspan="2" |None
|-
| 85
| [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
| [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|-
| 86
| [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]]
| SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|-
| 87
| [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
| rowspan="2" | None
|-
| 88
| [[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnuru]]
|-
| 89
| [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]
| SC
| rowspan="2" | [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|-
| 90
| [[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
| rowspan="3" |None
|-
| 91
| [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
| [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|-
| 92
| [[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
| [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|-
| 93
| [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]
|SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|-
| 94
| [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
| rowspan="8" | None
|-
| 95
| [[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
|-
| 96
| [[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|-
| 97
| [[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|-
| 98
| [[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]
|-
| 99
| [[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
|-
| 100
| [[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurajala]]
|-
| 101
| [[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|-
| 102
| [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]]
| SC
| [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
| 103
| [[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]
| rowspan="4" |None
| [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|-
| 104
| [[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
| [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|-
| 105
| [[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
| [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|-
| 106
| [[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
| [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|-
| 107
| [[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]]
| SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|-
| 108
| [[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
| 109
| [[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
| [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|-
| 110
| [[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]]
|SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
| 111
| [[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]]
| rowspan="9" | None
| rowspan="3" | [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
|-
| 112
| [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]
|-
| 113
| [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
|-
| 114
| [[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|-
| 115
| [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
|-
| 116
| [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|-
| 117
| [[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]
|-
| 118
| [[Nellore Rural Assembly constituency|Nellore Rural]]
|-
| 119
| [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|-
| 120
| [[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]]
| rowspan="2" | SC
|-
| 121
| [[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|-
| 122
| [[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
| rowspan="2" | None
|-
| 123
| [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
| [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
|-
| 124
|[[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
|SC
| rowspan="3" |[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|-
| 125
| [[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
| rowspan="2" | None
| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|-
| 126
| [[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]
| [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|-
| 127
| [[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]]
| SC
| [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|-
| 128
| [[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
| rowspan="8"| None
| [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|-
| 129
| [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
|-
| 130
| [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]
|-
| 131
| [[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]
|-
| 132
| [[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]
|-
| 133
| [[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
|-
| 134
| [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|-
| 135
| [[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]]
|-
| 136
| [[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]]
| SC
|-
| 137
| [[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]
| rowspan="6" | None
| [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|-
| 138
| [[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|-
| 139
| [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
|-
| 140
| [[Banaganapalle Assembly constituency|Banaganapalle]]
|-
| 141
| [[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
|-
| 142
| [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|-
| 143
| [[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]]
|SC
|-
| 144
| [[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
| rowspan="8" | None
|-
| 145
| [[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]]
|-
| 146
| [[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
|-
| 147
| [[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
|-
| 148
| [[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Anantapur district|Ananthapuramu]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|-
| 149
| [[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|-
| 150
| [[Guntakal Assembly constituency|Guntakal]]
|-
| 151
| [[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadipatri]]
|-
| 152
| [[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]]
| SC
|-
| 153
| [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
| rowspan="3" | None
|-
| 154
| [[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
|-
| 155
| [[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|-
| 156
| [[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]]
| SC
| rowspan="6" | [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|-
| 157
| [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
| rowspan="12" | None
|-
| 158
| [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
|-
| 159
| [[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi]]
|-
| 160
| [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
|-
| 161
| [[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
|-
| 162
| [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|-
| 163
| [[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]
|-
| 164
| [[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]]
|-
| 165
| [[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]
|-
| 166
| [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|-
| 167
| [[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|-
| 168
| [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
|-
| 169
| [[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Sathyavedu]]
| SC
|-
| 170
| [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
|None
| rowspan="6" | [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|-
| 171
| [[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency|Gangadhara Nellore]]
|SC
|-
| 172
| [[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]]
|None
|-
| 173
| [[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency|Puthalapattu]]
|SC
|-
| 174
| [[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palamaner]]
| rowspan="2" | None
|-
| 175
| [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
|}

== List of former constituencies ==

===Constituencies abolished in 2008===

The most recent Delimitation Commission was constituted on July 12, 2002. The recommendations of the commission were approved by the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on February 19, 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 28, 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|date=February 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |publisher=Election Commission of India, NIRVACHAN SADAN, ASHOKA ROAD, NEW DELHI-110001 }}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly constituencies, abolished as a result were as follows:

== Constituencies ==
[[File:Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_Constituency_Map(1978-2004).svg|thumb|right|Map of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly constituencies (1978–2004)]]

=== [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] ===

* [[Puttaparthi (Assembly constituency)#Members of Legislative Assembly Nallamada|Nallamada constituency]]
* [[Penukonda (Assembly constituency)#Members of Legislative Assembly Gorantla|Gorantla constituency]]
* [[Gooty Assembly constituency|Gooty constituency]]

=== [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] ===

* [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Puttur constituency]]
* [[Vepanjeri Assembly constituency|Vepanjeri constituency]]
* [[Vayalpad Assembly constituency|Vayalpad constituency]]

=== [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] ===

* [[Yellavaram Assembly constituency|Yellavaram constituency (ST)]]
* [[Burugupudi Assembly constituency|Burugupudi constituency]]
* [[Kadiam Assembly constituency|Kadiam constituency]]
* [[Sampara Assembly constituency|Sampara constituency]]
* [[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency#Members of Legislative Assembly Tallarevu|Tallarevu constituency]]
* [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency#Members of the Legislative Assembly (Alamuru)|Alamuru constituency]]
* [[Allavaram Assembly constituency|Allavaram constituency (SC)]]
* [[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency#Members of Legislative Assembly Nagaram|Nagaram constituency (SC)]]

=== [[Guntur district|Guntur]] ===

* [[Kuchinapudi Assembly constituency|Kuchinapudi constituency]]
* [[Duggirala Assembly constituency|Duggirala constituency]]

=== [[Krishna district|Krishna]] ===

* [[Kankipadu Assembly constituency|Kankipadu constituency]]
* [[Vuyyur Assembly constituency|Vuyyur constituency]]
* [[Mudinepalli Assembly constituency|Mudinepalli constituency]]
* [[Malleswaram Assembly constituency|Malleswaram constituency]]
* [[Nidumolu Assembly constituency|Nidumolu assembly constituency (SC)]]

=== [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] ===

* [[Koilkuntla Assembly constituency|Koilkuntla constituency]]
* [[Srisailam (Assembly constituency)#Members of Legislative Assembly Atmakur|Atmakur constituency]]

=== [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] ===

* [[Martur Assembly Constituency|Martur constituency]]
* [[Cumbum, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Cumbum constituency]]

=== [[Nellore district|Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore]] ===

* [[Allur Assembly constituency|Allur constituency]]
* [[Rapur Assembly constituency|Rapur constituency]]

=== [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] ===

* [[Sompeta (Assembly constituency)|Sompeta constituency]]
* [[Harishchandrapuram Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapuram constituency]]
* [[Kothuru Assembly constituency|Kothuru constituency (ST)]]
* [[Vunukuru Assembly constituency|Vunkuru constituency]]

=== [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] ===

* [[Bheemunipatnam Assembly constituency|Bheemunipatnam constituency]]
* [[Chintapalle Assembly constituency|Chintapalli constituency (ST)]]
* [[Pendurthi (Assembly constituency)#Members of Legislative Assembly Paravada|Paravada constituency]]
* Kondakarla Assembly constituency

=== [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] ===

* [[Naguru Assembly constituency|Naguru constituency (ST)]]
* [[Therlam Assembly constituency|Therlam constituency]]
* [[Sathivada Assembly constituency|Sathivada constituency]]
* [[Bhogapuram Assembly constituency|Bhogapuram constituency]]
* [[Uttarapalli Assembly constituency|Uttarapalli constituency]]

=== [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] ===

* [[Penugonda Assembly constituency|Penugonda constituency]]
* [[Attili Assembly constituency|Attili constituency]]

=== [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] ===

* [[Rayachoti (Assembly constituency)#Members of Legislative Assembly Lakkireddipalli|Lakkireddipalli constituency]]

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh State Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat-Report-Andhra-Pradesh2014.pdf Election Commissioner of India]

{{Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}
{{Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh|*]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists|Constituencies, Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|A]]

Mungaoli Assembly constituency

2026-02-09T08:18:52Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mungaoli
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 34
| map_image = 34-Mungaoli.svg
| mla = [[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ashok Nagar district|Ashok Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| preceded_by = [[Mahendra Singh Kalukheda]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}

'''Mungaoli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=14 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Mungaoli (constituency number 34) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Ashok Nagar district]]. This constituency presently covers the entire Mungaoli [[tehsil]] and part of Chanderi tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=229, 250}}</ref>

Mungaoli is part of [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Chanderi Assembly constituency|Chanderi]] and [[Ashok Nagar Assembly constituency|Ashok Nagar]] in this district, [[Bamori Assembly constituency|Bamori]] and in [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]] in [[Guna district]], [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]], [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] and [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] in [[Shivpuri district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Kundanlal Madanlal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Khalak Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Chandrabhan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Chandan Singh Yadav Belai
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Gajram Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Chandramohan Rawat
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Gajram Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Rao Deshraj Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Anand Kumar Paliwal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Rao Deshraj Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|Rao Deshraj Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Kalukheda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|{{Efn|by-poll}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|-
|2020^{{Efn|by-poll}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2023
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mungaoli<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77062}}
|percentage = 44.99
|change = -10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rao Yadvendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:71640}}
|percentage = 41.83
|change = +0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:15340}}
|percentage = 8.96
|change = +7.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Mukesh Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:3300}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1268}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5422}}
|percentage = 3.16
|change = -11.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171276}}
|percentage = 79.85
|change = +1.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypolls ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Mungaoli<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83,153
|percentage = 55.2
|change = +16.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanhairam Lodhi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,684
|percentage = 40.95
|change = +0.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Virendra Sharma Bhorakhati
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,474
|percentage = 1.64
|change = -8.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,330
|percentage = 0.88
|change = +0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,469
|percentage = 14.25
|change = +12.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 150,639
|percentage = 78.43
|change = +3.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mungaoli<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55346}}
|percentage = 39.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:53210}}
|percentage = 38.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:14202}}
|percentage = 10.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Devendra Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:3999}}
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Malkeet Singh Sandhu
|votes = {{formatnum:3459}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Mahan Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Ganesh Ram Kewat Khair Khadi
|votes = {{formatnum:1253}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:740}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2136}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138406}}
|percentage = 74.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mungaoli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.41|78.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Ashoknagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

The Mystery of Moksha Island

2026-02-05T22:28:36Z

Harleen singh: Creating A Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Mystery Of Moksha Island.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Sanjeev Roy|[[Prasanth Varma]]}}
| director = [[Anish Kuruvilla]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tejaswi Madivada]]
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]]
* [[Pavani Reddy]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Priya Anand]]
* [[Sonia Agarwal]]
* [[Vijay Adhiraj]]
}}
| music = Shakthikanth Karthick
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 8 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Harish Katta Kolla Praveen
| producer = Gopichand Achanta Ram Achanta
| location = [[Goa]]
| cinematography = Naveen Yadav
| editor = Umair Hasan Faiz Rai
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22-31 mins
| company = 14 Reels Entertainment
| budget =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|09|20}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''The Mystery Of Moksha Island''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] streaming television series directed by [[Anish Kuruvilla]] and written by Sanjeev Roy and [[Prasanth Varma]].<ref name=":1" /> Produced under 14 Reels Entertainment, it stars [[Tejaswi Madivada]], [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]], [[Pavani Reddy]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] and [[Priya Anand]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Mohammad | first=Avad | title=The Mystery of Moksha Island on Hotstar: Basic plot, backdrop, director, and star cast | website=OTTPlay | date=18 September 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-on-hotstar-director-backdrop-plot-and-star-cast-details-here/72160a1898845 | access-date=21 September 2024 | archive-date=21 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921180144/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-on-hotstar-director-backdrop-plot-and-star-cast-details-here/72160a1898845 | url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 20 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title='The Mystery of Moksha Island' to 'Tiragabadara Saami': Telugu OTT releases from September 16 to 21 | website=The Economic Times | date=16 September 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-to-tiragabadara-saami-telugu-ott-releases-from-september-16-to-21/articleshow/113395798.cms | access-date=21 September 2024 | archive-date=17 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917005522/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-to-tiragabadara-saami-telugu-ott-releases-from-september-16-to-21/articleshow/113395798.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Viswak Sen
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]] as Vikram "Vicky"
* [[Priya Anand]] as Jhansi
* [[Tejaswi Madivada]] as Isha
* [[Akshara Gowda]] as Maya
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]] as Haricharan
* [[Bhanu Chander]] as Arun
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Meena
* Raj Tirandasu as Harsha
*[[Pavani Reddy]] as Madhavi
* [[Roshni Prakash]] as Nikhila
* Roshan Kanakala as Akash
* Deepak Shetty as Mustafa
* Nayan Sarika
* Khayyum
* Anuraga Ravali
}}

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (20-09-2024) ===
1. The invitation

2. Island recci

3. Family matters

4. Grandma tales

5. Lab rats

6. No one is safe here

7. Science matters

8. Mind bending<ref>{{cite web | title=The Mystery of Moksha Island Web Series (2024) | Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at JioHotstar | url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-web-series-128121 }}</ref>

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name=":1" >{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Nelki Naresh | title=Telugu Horror Web Series: ఓటీటీలోకి వ‌చ్చేస్తోన్న తెలుగు హార‌ర్ థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ వెబ్‌సిరీస్ -స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పుడంటే? | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=10 August 2024 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-horror-thriller-web-series-the-mystery-of-moksha-island-to-stream-disney-plus-hotstar-soon-divu-vadthya-nandu-121723266858504.html | language=te | access-date=21 September 2024 | archive-date=10 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810080808/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-horror-thriller-web-series-the-mystery-of-moksha-island-to-stream-disney-plus-hotstar-soon-divu-vadthya-nandu-121723266858504.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 6 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Features | first=CE | title=The Mystery of Moksha Island trailer depicts a game of lies and thrills on a mysterious island | website=Cinema Express | date=6 September 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/06/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-trailer-a-game-of-lies-and-thrills | access-date=21 September 2024 | archive-date=10 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910043225/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/06/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-trailer-a-game-of-lies-and-thrills | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33091601}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/the-mystery-of-moksha-island/1271328337 ''The Mystery Of Moksha Island''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mystery of Moksha Island, The}}
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

Connemara Public Library

2026-01-29T10:20:53Z

Harleen singh:

{{short description|Public library in Chennai, India}}
* {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Connemara Public Library
| name_en =
| library_logo =
| image = Connemara Public Library.jpg
| caption = Entrance of Connemara Public Library
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Public library]]
| scope =
| established = {{Start date and age|1890|12|5|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| ref_legal_mandate =
| location = [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| coordinates =
| branch_of =
| num_branches =
| items_collected = Books, academic journals, magazines, [[Braille]] books, [[manuscripts]]
| collection_size =
| criteria =
| num_employees =
| references =
}}

'''The Connemara Public Library''' at [[Egmore]] in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India, is one of the four [[National Depository Centre|National Depository Libraries]] which receive a copy of all books, newspapers and periodicals published in India. Established in 1890, and opened for public in 1896, the library is a repository of century-old publications, wherein lie some of the most respected works and collections in the history of the country. It also serves as a depository library for the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-tale-of-two-libraries/article65255362.ece |title=The tale of two libraries |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T |date=24 March 2022 |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324114804/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-tale-of-two-libraries/article65255362.ece |archive-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> It is located in the Government Museum Complex on Pantheon Road, Egmore, which also houses the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] and the [[National Art Gallery, Chennai|National Art Gallery]].

==History==

The library's beginnings go back to 1860, when Captain [[Jesse Mitchell]] set up a small library as part of the [[Madras Museum]] in [[Madras]], capital of the [[Madras Presidency]] in the [[British Indian Empire]].<ref name=Patel2001p80>{{cite book|last=Patel|first=Jashu|author2=Kumar, Krishan|title=Libraries and Librarianship in India|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=2001|page=80|isbn=978-0-313-29423-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXVrsPSzeNAC}}</ref> Hundreds of books had been found to be surplus in the libraries of [[Haileybury College]] (where civil servants of the [[Indian Civil Service]] were trained in [[Hertford Heath]], [[Hertfordshire]]) and these were sent to the Madras Government, which in turn handed them over to the Madras Museum. Conceived on the lines of the [[British Museum Library]], it was part of the Madras Museum until 1890, when the need for a free public library prompted the then [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras]], [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Lord Connemara]], to lay the foundation on 22 March 1890.<ref>{{cite web |title=This Chennai Library & Book Lover's Paradise Is One Of India's Best Kept Literary Gems |url=https://www.mensxp.com/culture/arts/38362-this-chennai-library-book-lover-rsquo-s-paradise-is-one-of-india-rsquo-s-best-kept-literary-gems.html |website=Mensxp |date=22 July 2017 |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> It opened in 1896 and was named after Lord Connemara (by then the former [[Governor of Madras|Governor]]), an [[Anglo-Irish]] [[nobleman]]. The library was indeed essentially free: A small deposit had to be paid but this was refundable. It became the state central library in 1948,<ref name=Patel2001p80/> with the enactment of [[Madras Public Libraries Act|Madras Public Libraries Act 1948]], which was the first concerted effort in India to institutionalise, structure, otherwise co-ordinate and organise public library services. This is one of Asia's largest libraries.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Bhattacharjee
| first = R.
| title = Public Library Services in India: Systems and Deficiencies
| work = Country Report: India—2002
| publisher = International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
| year = 2002
| url = http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s8/annual/cr02-in.htm
| access-date = 1 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170330163551/https://archive.ifla.org/VII/s8/annual/cr02-in.htm
| archive-date = 30 March 2017 | url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The library was part of a cultural complex that grew in the grounds of what was once called The Pantheon. The entire complex now boasts buildings that reflect architectural unity, even while demonstrating the various stages of [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] development, from [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]-[[Neo-Byzantine architecture|neo-Byzantine]] to Rajput [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and Southern Hindu Deccani.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heritage-building-at-connemara-library-undergoing-renovation/article29308940.ece|title=Heritage building at Connemara library undergoing renovation|last=Kanthimathi|first=L.|date=31 August 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 September 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The new building, which was added to the library in 1973, has a vast collection of books, a much sought-after textbook section, a periodicals hall, a reference room, a video room, an entire floor for books from the [[languages of India|Indian languages]], a [[Braille]] Library and an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] study centre. Efforts are on to fully computerise the library database, which could ensure easy access to books. The library has a collection of over 600,000 books.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 1981 the central government ordered that the library became one of the four national depository libraries.<ref>{{cite book |title=Librarianship and library science in India: an outline of historical perspectives |series=Concepts in communication informatics & librarianship |volume=60 |first=Mohamed |last=Taher |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=1994 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRLXDBX5KzkC |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9}}</ref> The library, however, is not a registered member of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA).<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Ramanathan
| first = M.
| title = A user's view of Connemara Library
| journal = Madras Musings
| volume = XX
| issue = 3
| date = 16–31 May 2010
| url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%203/a-users-view-of-connemara-library.html
| access-date = 1 July 2012}}</ref>

==Collections==
The library, along with the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Madras museum]], benefited greatly from the effects of the [[Madras Literary Society]], the Oriental Manuscripts Library and the Records Office.<ref name="MM_MuseumLibraryAndTheatre">{{cite journal
| title = Museum, Library and Theatre
| journal = Madras Musings
| volume = XX
| issue = 3
| date = 16–31 May 2010
| url = http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%203/museum-library-and-theatre.html
| access-date = 1 July 2012}}</ref> Under the provision of Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act 1954, every publisher in India has to compulsorily send a copy of each publication to the library. Apart from this a good number of publications and periodicals of UN and its specialized organs and [[Asian Development Bank]] were also received. Furthermore, several books were added every year by purchasing from the funds made available by the state government budget.<ref name="UChicago_Connemara">{{cite web
| title = Connemara (State Central) Public Library (Chennai, India)
| publisher = University of Chicago
| year = 2009
| url = https://coral.uchicago.edu:8443/display/lasa/Connemara+%28State+Central%29+Public+Library+%28Chennai,+India%29
| access-date = 28 June 2012}}</ref> The collection includes [[Book collecting|rare books]] including a 1608 [[Bible]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/this-world-book-day-walk-the-alleys-of-centuries-old-connemara-public-library/article23645555.ece|title=Chennai's 'old Connemara library' opens doors on World Book Day|last=Upadhye|first=Aishwarya|date=23 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 September 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/connemara-library-displays-pages-from-past/articleshow/69033530.cms|title=Connemara library displays pages from past|date=25 April 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

==Librarians==

[[File:Connemara public library.jpg|thumb|Connemara Public Library, {{Circa|1914}}]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.!!Name!! Portrait !!From!!To!!Remarks
|-
|01||[[Edgar Thurston]]||[[File:E_Thurston.jpg|146x146px|alt]]|| 1896 ||1908 ||
|-
|02||[[John Robertson Henderson|J. R. Henderson]]|| ||4 December 1908<ref>Order no,162, 4 December 1908; Fort St. George Gazette No.50, 15 December 1908, page 1</ref>||1920||
|-
|03||[[F. H. Gravely]]|| ||1920 February||1939 April||
|-
|04|| R. Janardhanam|| ||1939 April<ref>Fort St. George Gazette, dated 11 April 1939, page 393</ref>||1950|| First Indian and Trained Librarian
|-
|05|| K. Govinda Menon|| ||1950|| 1958||
|-
|06|| K. Rajagopalan || || 1958||1963
|-
|07|| V. Thillainayagam|| ||1963||31 July 1972||First [[Librarian|Professional Librarian]]
|-
|08|| A. M. Sundararajan || ||31 July 1972|| ||
|-
|09|| C. K. Sundarajan|| || || ||
|-
|10|| A. M. Sundararajan|| || || ||
|-
|11|| N. Avudaiappan|| || || ||
|-
|12|| P.A. Naresh|| || || ||
|-
|13|| Dr Dharma Rajendiran|| ||19 August 2013||2 February 2014||
|-
|14|| T Munirathinam|| ||3 February 2014||30 June 2015||
|-
|15|| Sa Suganya|| ||1 July 2015||1 November 2015||
|-
|16||P. Narayana Bhat|| ||2 November 2015||30 April 2016||
|-
|17|| P. Meenakshisundaram|| ||1 May 2016||30 June 2018||
|-
|18|| S. Rajani|| || 2 July 2018||30 June 2019||
|-
|19|| M. Ganesha|| ||1 July 2019||1 February 2021||
|-
|20|| K. Selvakumar|| ||2 February 2021|| ||
|}

== Gallery ==

<gallery mode="packed" widths="600" heights="120">
File:CONNEMARA PUBLIC LIBRARY 03.jpg
File:CONNEMARA PUBLIC LIBRARY 01.jpg
File:CONNEMARA PUBLIC LIBRARY 02.jpg
File:CONNEMARA PUBLIC LIBRARY 04.jpg
File:Connemara Public Library, Chennai-8.jpg
File:Connemara Title.JPG
File:List_of_Librarians_Connemara_Public_Library_Chennai.jpg
File:Connemara_Library_Chennai.jpg
File:Connemara_Public_Library_Chennai.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Education}}
* [[Government Museum, Chennai]]
* [[Anna Centenary Library]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.connemarapubliclibrarychennai.com Connemara Public Library]

{{coord|13|04|14|N|80|15|24|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Library buildings completed in 1896]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1896]]

Chelamma

2026-01-28T10:22:52Z

Harleen singh: further enhanced layout as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Chelamma''' is a [[Hindu]] goddess of the Southern [[Karnataka]] region of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagara |first=Brunda |date=2018-04-13 |title=A Travel Guide From Bangalore To Kolar |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/a-travel-guide-from-bangalore-kolar-via-nh75-003236.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Native Planet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelamma |url=https://mandalas.life/list/hindu-goddesses-the-cosmic-powers-of-the-vedas/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Mandalas Life |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2019-02-24 |title=A cruel place |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/8thday/a-cruel-place-for-animals-1502734507.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

Chelamma is a [[Scorpion goddess (disambiguation)|Scorpion goddess]] and is worshipped along with [[Kolaramma]] in [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]].<ref>http://kolarcity.mrc.gov.in/en/city-tour</ref>

Followers believe that by praying at Chelamma's shrine dedicated to goddess Parvati, a person will be protected from scorpion stings. There is an ancient [[Hundi (cash collection box)|hundi]] which is carved down into the ground and people have been offering gifts or [[Kanike]] to it for the last 1,000 years and no one has ever opened it. According to legend, the box contains gold coins and precious gems from ancient times.

The name includes the suffix "amma" which is a common suffix for most South Indian goddesses. (See [[Mariamman|Amman]])

== References ==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kolar.html Temples of Kolar]
* [https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/01/26/mysterious-scorpion-goddess-myths-legends/]

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

{{Hindu-deity-stub}}

Karnataka Milk Federation

2026-01-23T12:31:31Z

Harleen singh: adjust references as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian dairy cooperative from Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Karnataka Milk Federation
| native_name = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸಹಕಾರ ಹಾಲು ಉತ್ಪಾದಕರ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| trade_name = Nandini
| type = [[Cooperative]]
| key_people = Jayanth Y (President)
| industry = [[Dairy]]
| products = {{blist|Milk|curd|ghee|butter| paneer cheese| milk powder| sweets| chocolates| ice cream| frozen desserts}}
| revenue =
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka|Ministry of Cooperation]], [[Government of Karnataka]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://kmfnandini.coop/}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1974|df=yes}}
| founder = Karnataka Dairy Development Corporation
| hq_location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Shivamogga]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hasan]]
| hq_location_country = India
}}

The '''Karnataka Co–Operative Milk Producers' Federation Limited''' ('''KMF''') is a dairy [[cooperative]] from [[Karnataka]], India, which sells products such as [[milk]], [[curd]], [[ghee]], [[butter]], [[ice cream]], [[Chocolate|chocolates]], and [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|sweets]] under the brand name '''Nandini'''. It is a federation of milk producers under the [[ownership]] of [[Government of Karnataka|Ministry of Cooperation]], [[Government of Karnataka]]. Almost every district in Karnataka has milk-producing co-operatives. The milk is collected from farmers who are its members, processed and sold in the market under the Nandini brand. It is the second-largest milk co-operative in India after [[Amul]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka Milk Federation launches Nandini brand milk in Mumbai|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/karnataka-milk-federation-launches-nandini-brand-milk-in-mumbai-116101901055_1.html|access-date=27 August 2017|publisher=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Food Expo and Poultry Expo 2025 (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre) 82.jpg|thumb|A KMF stall at Food Expo 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]]
[[Image:kmfmilkcurd1.jpg|thumb|right| Nandini milk and curd]]
The first dairy co-operatives that make up KMF started in 1955 in Kudige, Kodagu District.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-02-07 |title=Back to the humble beginnings of Nandini in an obscure Kodagu town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/back-to-the-humble-beginnings-of-nandini-in-an-obscure-kodagu-town/article69183882.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> KMF was founded in 1974 as Karnataka Dairy Development Corporation (KDDC) to implement a dairy development project run by the World Bank. In 1984 the organisation was renamed KMF. KMF has 15 milk unions throughout the Karnataka State which procure milk from Primary Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCS) and distribute milk to the consumers in various urban and rural markets in Karnataka State with 1,500 members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karnataka Milk Federation|url=http://www.summer-foundation.org/en/Initiatives/Karnataka-Milk-Federation |website=www.summer-foundation.org|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref>

==Operations==
[[File:Milk dairy at Hadinaaru village.jpg|left|thumb|Nandini Milk dairy at [[Hadinaru]], [[Mysore district]]]]
Occasionally, there is spillover from [[Politics of Karnataka|Karnataka politics]] into the activities of KMF,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_karnataka-governor-turns-the-heat-on-reddy-brothers_1381696|title=Karnataka governor turns the heat on Reddy brothers|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> including the elections for the post of chairman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=137119&newstype=local.|title=Somashekhar Reddy elected KMF president|publisher=mangalorean|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142057/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=137119&newstype=local.|archivedate=2012-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ws240109milk_war.asp|title=The Milk War: The ruling BJP now has its own milk cooperative to counter Gowda's hold on the Karnataka Milk Federation|publisher=Tehelka|access-date=25 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106070026/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=Ws240109milk_war.asp|archive-date=6 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the timing of the milk price hike.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/29/stories/2010012953092900.htm|title=Nandini milk to turn costlier in Karnataka|publisher=Hindu Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/63132/milk-price-hike-thrills-farmers.html|title=Milk price hike thrills farmers|date=10 April 2010 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Ahead of Karnataka State Legislative Assembly elections in May 2023, a row erupted over the ruling BJP government in the state allowing Amul to sell milk and other products in Karnataka with allegations of union Home and co-operative minister Amit Shah's attempt to merge Nandini (KMF) with Amul in Karnataka. A series of protests on social media with #SaveNandini and #GoBackAmul on the streets followed in the state.

[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] has worked as the ambassador, free of cost, and did his first and last [[Television advertisement]] in 1996. Later [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] was selected as the ambassador for Nandini Products. In Dec 2009, Puneeth Rajkumar signed an agreement with KMF, free of cost. In 2014, [[Shriya Saran]] was selected as Nandini Good Life Product Ambassador in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. Some of the products made by KMF under the brand name Nandini are available in [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

==Product range==
Karnataka Milk Federation which markets its milk, milk products and sweets under the name of Nandini has a wide range of milk and products. Pasteurised milk, Toned milk, Standardised milk, [[Ghee]], [[Buttermilk]], [[Curd|Curds]], [[Butter]], [[Paneer]], Chocolates, and [[Mysore pak|Mysore Pak]] are some.

===Ice Cream===
There are 50 varieties of Nandini's Ice cream available in the market and was launched on 18 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: 50 varieties of Nandini ice cream launched into market |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1176602 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> A high-end ice cream parlour of the brand was also launched on Mantri Mall, [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru]] in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=KMF opens high-end ice cream parlour under Nandini brand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kmf-opens-high-end-ice-cream-parlour-under-nandini-brand-1022242.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Nandini Cafe Moo===
In 2021, Nandini launched its restaurant chain called Nandini Cafe Moo in various places across [[Bengaluru]]. Its first international branch in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], was opened in 2023.

==See also==
*[[Bihar State Milk Co-operative Federation]]
*[[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation]]
*[[Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation]]
*[[Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

== External links ==
*{{Official|https://kmfnandini.coop}}
{{Dairy Industry in India}}
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Dairy cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Ice cream brands]]
[[Category: Dairy farming in India]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{India-agri-stub}}

Malmaliya

2026-01-21T13:22:35Z

Harleen singh: New First Bio Initial Version!

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Malmaliya''' is a village in [[Siwan district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It belongs to Kauriya [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=President may lay the foundation of Ayush varsity in Gorakhpur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/president-may-lay-the-foundation-of-ayush-varsity-in-gorakhpur-101623606396837.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Faryal Rumi|date=Oct 12, 2018|title=Six interstate buses for UP to start today {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/six-interstate-buses-for-up-to-start-today/articleshow/66169440.cms|access-date=2021-10-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

This village has a [[temple]] of [[Hanuman]] named "Hanuman Gadhi Mandir". A railway will connect to [[Mashrakh]] and [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] and a railway station is planned, very close to Hanuman [[Mandir]] at the confluence of two highways.

Malmaliya has a bus station where passengers can get buses to elsewhere in [[Bihar]] as well as other major cities like Delhi, [[Lucknow]], Gorakhpur, [[Varanasi]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Surat]], [[Kolkata]], or [[Siliguri]]. It is a crowded place, known for exporting [[mango]] and [[banana]]. [[Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank]] is the area's main bank.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meijer|first=Diederik J. W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ie4nAAAAYAAJ&q=Malmaliya|title=Natural Phenomena: Their Meaning, Depiction, and Description in the Ancient Near East|date=1992|publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|isbn=978-0-444-85759-0|language=en}}</ref>
PN Singh is one of the important and famous person in this village
== References ==

<references />{{Coord|26.1648|N|84.6767|E|type:city_region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Siwan district]]

{{Siwan-geo-stub}}

Vikram Goyal

2026-01-07T06:42:07Z

Harleen singh: Creating New Details

{{Short description|Indian Product Designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikram Goyal
| image= Vikram Goyal.jpg
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering]] [[Master of Economics]]
| alma_mater = [[BITS Pilani]] [[Princeton University]]
| occupation = Product designer and entrepreneur
| website = {{Official website|https://vikramgoyal.com/}}
}}

'''Vikram Goyal''' is an Indian product designer and artist whose work includes immersive installations and brass sculptures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Komal |date=2023-05-18 |title=Vikram Goyal showcases his fine craftsmanship at Nilufar in Milan |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/vikram-goyal-showcases-his-fine-craftsmanship-at-nilufar-in-milan/ |access-date= |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Aanya |date=2025-11-24 |title=A sensory Shangri-La: Designer Vikram Goyal speaks of memory as a muse |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/a-sensory-shangri-la-designer-vikram-goyal-speaks-of-memory-as-a-muse/articleshow/125542660.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He founded Viya and Vikram Goyal Studio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaram |first=Rajashree |date=2019-02-05 |title=A new exhibit at Bikaner House is for anyone who loves design and drama |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/a-new-exhibit-at-bikaner-house-is-for-anyone-who-loves-design-and-drama |access-date= |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Goyal works primarily with brass to create large-scale furniture and architectural pieces, including wall panels, screens, chandeliers, and consoles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswat-Satpathy |first=Kriti |date=2024-03-17 |title=Vikram Goyal Studio's mural at India Art Fair 2024 composes intricate molten forms |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/vikram-goyal-studios-mural-at-india-art-fair-2024-composes-intricate-molten-forms-new-delhi-silken-passage/ |access-date= |website=[[Architectural Digest]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Priyamvada |date=2025-01-15 |title=Casting about |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Jan/15/casting-about |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His practice often employs repoussé and other traditional metalworking techniques, drawing on historical motifs and emphasizing scale and depth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Priya Kumari |date=2024-06-04 |title=Vikram Goyal's Metal Mastery |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/vikram-goyals-metal-mastery/116992 |access-date= |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Properties Staff |first=Forbes Global |date=2024-10-31 |title=India {{!}} The art of Vikram Goyal |url=https://www.forbesglobalproperties.com/storied/india-the-art-of-vikram-goyal |access-date= |website=Forbes Global Properties |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the curator of The Great Elephant Migration, an international travelling exhibition comprising 100 elephant sculptures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waddoups |first=Ryan |date=2025-07-24 |title=Vikram Goyal Curates a Global Textile Tribute to Wildlife and Craft |url=https://galeriemagazine.com/vikram-goyal-auction-great-elephant-migration/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Galerie Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Goyal was born and raised in New Delhi. He earned a [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor's degree in Engineering]] from [[BITS Pilani]] and later completed a [[Master of Economics|Master’s degree in Development Economics]] from [[Princeton University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswat-Satpathy |first=Kriti |date=2022-12-15 |title=Vikram Goyal Ad design show 2022 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/vikram-goyal-ad-design-show-2022/ |access-date= |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zakaria |first=Namrata |date=2023-02-19 |title=Top Notch {{!}} Vikram Goyal: 'I knew I wanted to do something indigenous and soaked in excellence' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/top-notch-vikram-goyal-i-knew-i-wanted-to-do-something-indigenous-and-soaked-in-excellence-12175052.html |access-date= |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
Goyal began his professional career in finance at [[Morgan Stanley]], working in [[New York City|New York]] and later in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=Sunalini |date=2019-02-01 |title=Vikram Goyal: 15 years of drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/luxury/vikram-goyal-15-years-of-drama/article26150318.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2000, he returned to India and co-founded Kama Ayurveda, a skincare and wellness brand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Pooja |date=2023-06-03 |title=Everyone is a designer in India, says Vikram Goyal |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/style/vikram-goyal-product-designer-milan-design-week-111685771479357.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131122118/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/style/vikram-goyal-product-designer-milan-design-week-111685771479357.html |archive-date=2025-01-31 |access-date= |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, Goyal founded Viya Home, a design studio focused on furniture and decorative objects drawing on Indian craft traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Deanne |date=19 September 2024 |title=A New Chapter in Indian Design {{!}} Grazia India |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/lifestyle/a-new-chapter-in-indian-design-13133.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Grazia |language=en}}</ref> He later established Vikram Goyal Studio, where a team of artisans produces metalwork for furniture and interior projects. Viya (formerly Viya Home) has expanded into the production of everyday objects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Aatish |date=2024-09-27 |title=Viya's daily objects |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/delhi-designer-vikram-goyal-home-accessories/article68685242.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Goyal’s work has been presented at design fairs and exhibitions in India and abroad. In 2018, his pieces were included in ''The Sculpture Park'' at Madhavendra Palace, [[Nahargarh Fort]], [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rakesh |date=2018-11-05 |title=India's first contemporary Sculpture Park |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/indias-first-contemporary-sculpture-park-1.2239673 |access-date= |website=Gulfnews |language=en}}</ref> The following year, he participated in the ''15 Years Retrospective'' exhibition at [[Bikaner House]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":3" /> He debuted at the [[India Art Fair]] in 2023 and returned in 2024, presenting works such as ''Silken Passage'', a 28-foot brass mural referencing the Silk Route.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Sohini |date=2024-12-25 |title=Vikram Goyal's brass moves, from gilded wallpapers to Design Miami |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/luxury/vikram-goyals-brass-moves-from-gilded-wallpapers-to-design-miami/articleshow/116605779.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2023, he collaborated with the Italian design gallery Nilufar to present his work at [[Salone del Mobile]] in [[Milan]] and PAD London, maintaining this association in 2024.<ref name=":1" /> In December 2024, he partnered with British décor brand [[de Gournay]] to create a collection of hand-painted wallpapers, which premiered in India on 23 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vohra |first=Saumyaa |date=2024-11-29 |title=Designer Vikram Goyal's new collaboration makes your walls look like they are paved with gold |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/designer-vikram-goyals-trademark-metalwork-has-just-been-translated-onto-wallpaper |access-date= |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dhingra |first=Deepali |date=2024-12-07 |title=Relief of finding one in duality |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/fashion/2024/Dec/07/relief-of-finding-one-in-duality |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was followed by a showcase at [[Design Miami]] on 4 December 2024, in collaboration with The Future Perfect.<ref name=":1" />

In June 2025, Goyal presented his first exhibition in Kolkata at Burdwan Palace. The exhibition, held in association with 85 Lansdowne, brought together works from Vikram Goyal Studio and Viya in a joint display for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2025-06-14 |title=Vikram Goyal Studio and Viya to hold debut exhibition in Kolkata |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/life-style/home-and-decor/2025/Jun/14/vikram-goyal-studio-and-viya-to-hold-debut-exhibition-in-kolkata |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Anannya |date=23 January 2025 |title=25 Years of Metal with Vikram Goyal |url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/features/-years-of-metal-with-vikram-goyal-6201 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=www.thevoiceoffashion.com |language=en}}</ref>

The following month, he curated ''Wrapped in History'', the final artistic chapter of ''The Great Elephant Migration''. The project involved one hundred life-sized elephant sculptures draped in ceremonial blankets created by fifty-five artists, fashion houses, and Indigenous communities, including [[Ralph Lauren]], [[Elie Saab]], [[Sabyasachi]], [[Ritu Kumar]], and [[Masaba Gupta]]. Contributions also came from Indian artisan groups such as Pipli embroidery makers, tie-dye specialists, and Rabari women artisans. The blankets were later auctioned to raise funds for conservation through the charity [[Elephant Family]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Ipsita |date=2025-07-11 |title=How Vikram Goyal And 55 Designers Dressed 100 Elephants In Honour Of Indigenous Craft |url=https://elle.in/fashion/how-vikram-goyal-and-55-designers-dressed-100-elephants-in-honour-of-indigenous-craft-9484554 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Elle India |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2025, Goyal collaborated with Norwegian-born olfactory artist [[Sissel Tolaas]] to create ''The Soul Garden'', a sensory art installation presented by The Future Perfect at Design Miami Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Celeste|first=Sofia|date=2025-10-22|title=Design Miami.Paris Kicks Off With Vikram Goyal’s Soul Garden, Debut Designers, New Collections and More|url=https://wwd.com/home-design/interior-design/design-miami-paris-vikram-goyal-soul-garden-installation-1238320337/|access-date=2025-11-11|website=WWD|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey|first=Sohini|date=2025-10-21|title=Vikram Goyal and Sissel Tolaas bring the sights and smell of an animal wonderland to life|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/vikram-goyal-and-sissel-tolaas-bring-the-sights-and-smell-of-an-animal-wonderland-to-life/|access-date=2025-11-11|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-IN}}</ref> The exhibition was held at L’Hôtel de Maisons, formerly the Parisian residence of [[Karl Lagerfeld]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson|first=Henrietta|title=At Design Miami Paris, an artful menagerie tells a story of scent and nature|url=https://www.wallpaper.com/design-interiors/design-events/design-miami-paris-the-soul-garden-review|website=Wallpaper (magazine)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A designer and an artist collaborate for a multisensory art installation inspired by 'Panchatantra' fables|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/culture/story/a-designer-and-an-artist-collaborate-for-a-multisensory-art-installation-inspired-by-panchatantra-fables-1293207-2025-10-21|access-date=2025-11-11|website=Harper Bazar|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Goyal resides in South Delhi, where his home was designed in collaboration with architect Abhimanyu Dalal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raniwala|first=Praachi|date=September 27, 2025|title=Vikram Goyal’s home is ‘bit of wow, a touch of glamour’ in South Delhi|url=https://www.ft.com/content/86335763-92be-4e7a-b78d-c82f4fd165e3|access-date=2025-11-11|website=www.ft.com}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* Listed in [[Architectural Digest]]’s ranking of 100 architects and interior designers in India.<ref name=":2" />
* EDIDA Designer of the Year winner in 2009, 2016 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-04-09 |title=In conversation with designer extraordinaire Vikram Goyal of Viya Homes |url=https://elledecor.in/in-conversation-with-designer-extraordinaire-vikram-goyal-of-viya-homes/ |access-date= |website=Elle Decor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarvaiya |first=Nupur |date=2016-11-28 |title=Hall of fame: 15 years of EDIDA |url=https://elledecor.in/hall-of-fame-15-years-of-edida/ |access-date= |website=Elle Decor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-29 |title=EDIDA India 2024: Meet the winners of the 23rd edition |url=https://elledecor.in/edida-india-2024-meet-the-winners/ |access-date= |website=Elle Decor |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Published work ==
* {{Cite book |title=Shringara of Shrinathji |publisher=Mapin Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=978-9385360862}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Vikram}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Product designers]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Interior designers]]
[[Category:Metalworkers]]

Surajpur Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:17:04Z

Harleen singh: Creating New Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Surajpur
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 139,874
| mla = Shiv Pratap Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Surajpur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Shiv Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Surajpur<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shiv Pratap Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,228 |percentage=53.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhanu Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,717 |percentage=24.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santlal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,417 |percentage=9.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shiv Bachan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,876 |percentage=4.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somaru Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,586 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deo Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,693 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jainath Singh |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=1,116 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,511 |percentage=28.82% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,473 |percentage=68.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,874 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Common hill myna

2025-12-20T10:42:06Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common hill myna
| image = Common Hill Myna, Satchari NP, Bangladesh 1.jpg
| image_caption = ''G. religiosa'' at [[Satchari National Park]], [[Habiganj District]], [[Bangladesh]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Gracula religiosa'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T103878755A135865132 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103878755A135865132.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Gracula
| species = religiosa
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms = ''Gracula indica'' (but see text)
| range_map = Gracula.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of various forms within the species complex
}}

The '''common hill myna''' ('''''Gracula religiosa'''''), sometimes spelled "mynah" and formerly simply known as the '''hill myna''' or '''myna bird''', is a species of [[starling]] found in the hills of [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The [[Sri Lanka hill myna]], a former [[subspecies]] of ''G. religiosa'', is now generally accepted as a separate [[species]] ''G. ptilogenys''. The [[Nias hill myna]] (''G. robusta'') are also widely accepted as specifically distinct, and many authors favor treating the [[southern hill myna]] (''G. indica'') from the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]] and elsewhere in the [[Western Ghats]] of India as a separate species.

The common hill myna is a popular [[talking bird]]. Its [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''[[wikt:religiosus#Latin|religiosa]]'' may allude to the practice of teaching mynas to repeat sacred prayers.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Vocal Behaviour of the Indian Hill Mynah, ''Gracula religiosa'' |volume= 3 |last=Bertram|first=Brian| journal=Animal Behaviour Monographs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqq3AAAAIAAJ|year=1970 |page=79|doi= 10.1016/S0066-1856(70)80003-6 |quote= The specific name ''religiosa'' probably results from the old practice, in Bengal particularly, of teaching captive Hill Mynahs to utter short prayers.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The common hill myna is one of the most commonly spotted birds in Asian aviculture.

==Taxonomy==
The common hill myna was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the current [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Gracula religiosa''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=108 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727013 }}</ref><ref name=mayr>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=119 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485492 }}</ref> The [[type location (biology)|type location]] is the Indonesian island of [[Java]].<ref name=mayr/> The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''graculus'', an unknown bird sometimes identified as the [[western jackdaw]]. The specific epithet ''religiosa'' is from Latin ''religiosus'' meaning "sacred".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n176/mode/1up 176], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n332/mode/1up 332]}}</ref>

Nine subspecies are recognised:<ref name=avilist>{{ cite web | author=AviList Core Team | date=2025 | title=AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025 | doi=10.2173/avilist.v2025 | doi-access=free | url=http://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/ | access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref>
* ''G. r. peninsularis'' [[Hugh Whistler|Whistler, H]] & [[Norman Boyd Kinnear|Kinnear, NB]], 1933 – northeastern peninsular India
* ''G. r. intermedia'' [[Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale|Hay, A]], 1845 – northern India to Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, and southern China
* ''G. r. andamanensis'' ([[Robert Cecil Beavan|Beavan, RC]], 1867) – [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]]
* ''G. r. religiosa'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus, C]], 1758 – [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Sumatra]], Bangka Island, [[Java]], [[Bali]], and [[Borneo]]
* ''G. r. batuensis'' [[Otto Finsch|Finsch, FHO]], 1899 – [[Batu Islands]] and [[Mentawai Islands Regency|Mentawai Islands]] islands (off northwestern [[Sumatra]])
* ''G. r. palawanensis'' ([[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe, RB]], 1890) – [[Palawan]] (southwestern Philippines)
* ''G. r. miotera'' [[Harry C. Oberholser|Oberholser, HC]], 1912 – [[Simeulue]] (off the western coast of [[Sumatra]]); on the brink of becoming extinct in the wild
* ''G. r. robusta'' [[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori, AT]], 1887 – [[Nias]], Pulan, Babi, [[Tuangku]], and [[Banyak Islands|Bangkaru]] islands (off [[Sumatra]])
* ''G. r. enganensis'' Salvadori, AT, 1892 – [[Enggano Island]] (off southern [[Sumatra]])

The subspecies ''G. r. enganensis'', the Enggano hill myna, has been considered a separate species but has similar morphology and vocalizations.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/nuthatch/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 December 2025 }}</ref> The subspecies ''G. r. robusta'' was formerly sometimes considered as a separate species, the Nias hill myna.<ref name=ioc/> It is now treated as a subspecies of the common hill myna based on the results of a molecular genetic study by Dominic Ng and collaborators that found that ''robusta'' was embedded in clade that included the subspecies ''batuensis'' and ''miotera''.<ref name=avilist/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Ng | first1=D.Y.J. | last2=Švejcarová | first2=T. | last3=Sadanandan | first3=K.R. | last4=Ferasyi | first4=T.R. | last5=Lee | first5=J.G. | last6=Prawiradilaga | first6=D.M. | last7=Ouhel | first7=T. | last8=Ng | first8=E.Y. | last9=Rheindt | first9=F.E. | date=2021 | title=Genomic and morphological data help uncover extinction-in-progress of an unsustainably traded hill myna radiation | journal=Ibis | volume=163 | issue=1 | pages=38-51 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12839}}</ref>

The [[southern hill myna]] (''Gracula indica'') and the [[Tenggara hill myna]] (''Gracula venerata'') were formerly classified as subspecies of the common hill myna.<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | editor2-last=Christidis | editor2-first=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=2: Passerines | edition=4th | location=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | page=581 }}</ref>

==Description==
This is a stocky jet-black [[myna]], with bright orange-yellow patches of naked skin and fleshy wattles on the side of its head and nape. At about 29 cm length, it is somewhat larger than the [[common myna]] (''Acridotheres tristis'').<ref name = argg8398>Ali & Ripley (1983), Grimmett ''et al.'' (1998)</ref>

It is overall green-glossed black [[plumage]], purple-tinged on the head and neck. Its large, white wing patches are obvious in flight, but mostly covered when the bird is sitting. The bill and strong legs are bright yellow, and there are yellow [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattles]] on the nape and under the eye. These differ conspicuously in shape from the naked eye-patch of the common myna and [[bank myna]] (''A. ginginianus''), and more subtly vary between the different hill mynas from [[South Asia]]: in the common hill myna, they extend from the eye to the nape, where they join, while the Sri Lanka hill myna has a single wattle across the nape and extending a bit towards the eyes. In the southern hill myna, the wattles are separate and curve towards the top of the head. The Nias myna differs in details of the facial wattles, and size, particularly that of the bill.<ref name = argg8398 />

Sexes are similar; juveniles have a duller bill.<ref name = argg8398 /> The subspecies differ in size, in the pattern of wattles on the head and in the glossiness of the plumage.<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last1=Craig | first1=A.J.F.K. | last2=Feare | first2=C.J. | year=2009 | chapter=Family Sturnidae (Starlings) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-96553-50-7 | pages=654–759 [713–714] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0014unse/page/713/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref>

[[File:Common Hill-Myna.jpg|thumb|left| Pair of ''G. r. intermedia'' at [[Madi, Chitwan|Madi]], [[Nepal]]]]
A 2020 study found that the subspecies ''G. religiosa miotera'' likely represents a distinct species and was likely driven to extinction in the wild in the late 2010s due unsustainable collecting for the [[wildlife trade]]. The paper recommends rescuing the last genetically pure captive individuals for the purpose of [[captive breeding]]. The [[International Ornithologists' Union|International Ornithological Congress]] tentatively recognises it as a subspecies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nuthatch/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.worldbirdnames.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ng|first1=Dominic Y. J.|last2=Švejcarová|first2=Tereza|last3=Sadanandan|first3=Keren R.|last4=Ferasyi|first4=Teuku Reza|last5=Lee|first5=Jessica G. H.|last6=Prawiradilaga|first6=Dewi M.|last7=Ouhel|first7=Tomáš|last8=Ng|first8=Elize Y. X.|last9=Rheindt|first9=Frank E.|date=2021|title=Genomic and morphological data help uncover extinction-in-progress of an unsustainably traded hill myna radiation|journal=Ibis|language=en|volume=163|issue=1|pages=38–51|doi=10.1111/ibi.12839|issn=1474-919X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Vocalisations===
[[File:Gracula religiosa.ogg|thumb|Calls recorded in Thailand]]
The common hill myna is often detected by its loud, shrill, descending whistles followed by other calls. It is most vocal at dawn and dusk, when it is found in small groups in forest clearings high in the canopy.<ref name = argg8398 />

Both sexes can produce an extraordinarily wide range of loud calls – whistles, wails, screeches, and gurgles, sometimes melodious and often very human-like in quality. Each individual has a repertoire of three to 13 such call types, which may be shared with some near neighbours of the same sex, being learned when young. Dialects change rapidly with distance, such that birds living more than 15 km apart have no call-types in common with one another.<ref name = argg8398 />

Unlike some other birds, such as the [[greater racket-tailed drongo]] (''Dicrurus paradiseus''), the common hill myna does not imitate other birds in the wild, although it is a widely held misconception that they do. On the other hand, in captivity, they are among the most renowned mimics, the only bird, perhaps, on par with the [[grey parrot]] (''Psittacus erithacus''). They can learn to reproduce many everyday sounds, particularly the human voice, and even whistled tunes, with astonishing accuracy and clarity.<ref>Klatt & Stefanski (1974), Klingholz (1979)</ref>

==Distribution and ecology==
[[File:Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa) foreplay at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W Picture 369.jpg|thumb|left|Courting pair [[allopreening]] at [[Jayanti (village)|Jayanti]] in the [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]]]
This [[myna]] is a resident breeder from [[Kumaon division]] in [[India]] (80° E [[longitude]]) east through [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], the lower [[Himalayas]], [[terai]] and foothills up to 2,000 m [[Above mean sea level|ASL]]. Its range continues east through [[Southeast Asia]] northeastwards to southern [[China]], and via [[Thailand]] southeastwards across northern [[Indonesia]] to [[Palawan]] in the [[Philippines]]. It is virtually extinct in [[Bangladesh]] due to [[habitat destruction]] and [[overexploitation]] for the [[pet trade]]. A [[feral]] population on [[Christmas Island]] has likewise disappeared. Introduced populations exist in [[Saint Helena]], [[Puerto Rico]] and perhaps in the mainland United States and possibly elsewhere; [[feral]] birds require at least a warm [[subtropical]] climate to persist.<ref name = argg8398 />

This myna is almost entirely arboreal, moving in large, noisy groups of half a dozen or so, in tree-tops at the edge of the forest. It hops sideways along the branch, unlike the characteristic jaunty walk of other mynas. Like most starlings, the hill myna is fairly [[Omnivore|omnivorous]], eating [[fruit]], [[nectar]] and [[insect]]s.<ref name = argg8398 />

They build a nest in a tree hole. The usual [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] consists of two or three [[Bird egg|eggs]].<ref name = argg8398 /> There is no [[sexual dimorphism]], which limits the selection of potential mates.<ref>Mete A. (2003)</ref>

===Pet trade and conservation===
[[File:Gracula religiosa robusta-02.JPG|thumb|Adult at [[Jurong Bird Park]], [[Singapore]]]]
[[File:Gracula religiosa MHNT 227 Jardin des plantes de Paris.jpg|thumb|Eggs]]
The hill mynas are popular cage birds, well known for their ability to imitate speech. The widely distributed common hill myna is the one most frequently seen in [[aviculture]]. Unlike other domesticated birds kept as pets, the mynas are often caught from the wild and sold via traders.

The species is quite common throughout its wide geographical range, with a rapid generation time. On a worldwide scale, the [[IUCN]] thus considers the common hill myna of [[Least Concern]]. But in the 1990s, nearly 20,000 wild-caught birds were brought into the pet trade each year. In the central part of its range, ''G. r. intermedia'' populations have declined markedly, especially in [[Thailand]], which supplied much of the thriving market. On the other hand, neighboring countries met burgeoning domestic demands due to political and socio-economic restrictions on exports. Demand for pet mynas continues to be high in [[Southeast Asia]].

In 1992, Thailand had the common hill myna put on [[CITES Appendix III]], to safeguard its population. In 1997, at the request of the [[Netherlands]] and the Philippines, the species was pushed higher to [[CITES Appendix II]]. The [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] [[subspecies]] ''G. r. andamanensis'' and (if valid) ''G. r. halibrecta'', described as "exceedingly common" in 1874, qualified as [[Near Threatened]] in 1991. The former is no longer ubiquitous in the [[Nicobar Islands]] and the latter has a very limited range.<ref>Sankaran (1998), BLI (2008)</ref>

Elsewhere, such as in the Philippines and [[Laos]], the decline has been more localized. It is also becoming increasingly rare in the regions of northeastern [[India]] due to capture of [[fledged]] birds for the [[illegal pet trade]]. In the [[Garo Hills]] region, locals make artificial nests of a split-[[bamboo]] framework covered with grass, and put them up in accessible locations. This protects the mynas from habitat destruction while also controlling the local population.<ref>Ali & Ripley (1983), BLI (2008)</ref> In recent years however, there has been a spike in demand for pet mynas in India despite it being illegal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare hill mynas rescued |url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/rare-hill-mynas-rescued/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Wildlife Trust of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Talking birds]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Ali, Salim]] & [[Sidney Dillon Ripley]] (1983). Bird Numbers 1015-1017 [Hill mynas]. ''In: Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan'' (2nd ed., vol. 5): 191–194. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
* Clements, J. F. (2007). ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World''. 6th edition. Christopher Helm. {{ISBN|978-0-7136-8695-1}}.
* Dickinson, E. C. (editor) (2003). ''The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World''. 3rd edition. Christopher Helm. {{ISBN|0-7136-6536-X}}.
* elitparrots.ru (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230423/http://elitparrots.ru/mauna.html Священная майна (''Gracula religiosa'')] ["Hill Myna (''G. religiosa'')"]. Version of 2008-JAN-22. Retrieved 2009-MAY-22. [in Russian]
* Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol & Inskipp, Tim (1998): ''Birds of the Indian Subcontinent''. [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]], London. {{ISBN|0-7136-4004-9}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Klatt | first1=Dennis H. |author-link=Dennis H. Klatt| last2=Stefanski | first2=Raymond A. | title=How does a mynah bird imitate human speech? | journal=[[The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America]] | publisher=Acoustical Society of America (ASA) | volume=55 | issue=4 | year=1974 | issn=0001-4966 | doi=10.1121/1.1914607 | pages=822–832| pmid=4833078 | bibcode=1974ASAJ...55..822K }}
* {{cite journal | last=Klingholz | first=F. | title=Supplement to ''How does a mynah bird imitate human speech?'' [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 822–832 (1974)] | journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | publisher=Acoustical Society of America (ASA) | volume=65 | issue=2 | year=1979 | issn=0001-4966 | doi=10.1121/1.382314 | page=537| bibcode=1979ASAJ...65..537K }}
* Mete A. (2003). "Iron metabolism in mynah birds (''Gracula religiosa'') resembles human hereditary haemochromatosis" ''[https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450310001610659 Avian Pathology]'' '''32'''(#6): 625–632.
* Sankaran, R. (1998). An annotated list of the endemic avifauna of the Nicobar islands. ''[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]]'' '''13''': 17–22. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828045940/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/13pdfs/Sankaran-Nicobar.pdf PDF fulltext]

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q337416}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gracula|common hill myna]]
[[Category:Talking birds]]
[[Category:Birds of Eastern Himalaya]]
[[Category:Birds of East India]]
[[Category:Birds of Hainan]]
[[Category:Birds of South China]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common hill myna]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common hill myna]]
[[Category:Symbols of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Symbols of Meghalaya]]

Satyanarayana Raju (cricketer)

2025-12-19T16:31:30Z

Harleen singh: Creating New Details!

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1999)}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Satyanarayana Raju
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|7|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]
| role = Bowler

| club1 = [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra]]
| year1 = 2024–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2025
| clubnumber2 = 1

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 14
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 4
| deliveries1 = 1149
| wickets1 = 17
| bowl avg1 = 40.35
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/53
| catches/stumpings1 = –/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 7
| runs2 = 42
| bat avg2 = 42.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 37[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 277
| wickets2 = 9
| bowl avg2 = 27.22
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/32
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 9
| runs3 = 12
| bat avg3 = 12.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/–
| top score3 = 11[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 161
| wickets3 = 8
| bowl avg3 = 30.12
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/19
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/–

| date = 5 April 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/satyanarayana-raju-1392201 ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Penumatsa Venkata Satyanarayana Raju''' (born 10 July 1999) is an Indian cricketer who plays for [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] in domestic cricket and has appeared for [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Satyanarayana Raju Profile |url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/players/111155-satyanarayana-raju-profile |website=[[Mumbai Indians]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2025: Who is Satyanarayana Raju, the Andhra pacer making his debut for MI against CSK? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/who-is-satyanarayana-raju-mumbai-indians-debut-andhra-pace-bowler-csk-vs-mi-ipl-2025-news/article69365371.ece |work=Sportstar |date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Satyanarayana Raju: 25-year-old Mumbai Indians pacer replacing Jasprit Bumrah during CSK vs MI IPL 2025 match |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/meet-satyanarayana-raju-25-year-old-mumbai-indians-pacer-replacing-jasprit-bumrah-during-csk-vs-mi-ipl-2025-match-11742729512148.html | first=Koushik | last=Paul | publisher=Live Mint | date=23 March 2025 | accessdate=6 July 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his [[List A]] debut on 21 December 2024, for Andhra in the [[2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AP vs RLYS Cricket Scorecard, Group B at Mumbai, December 21, 2024 |url=http://espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828/andhra-vs-railways-group-b-1446112/full-scorecard |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 12 January 2024, for [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra]] in the [[2023–24 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai vs Andhra, Elite, Group B at Mumbai, Ranji Trophy, Jan 12 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414/mumbai-vs-andhra-elite-group-b-1383725/full-scorecard}}</ref>

=== IPL ===
MI purchased Raju for [[Indian rupee|₹]]30 lakh in the 2025 IPL Super [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|Auction]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is MI's Satyanarayana Raju, Andhra fast bowler who made IPL debut vs CSK? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/who-is-satyanarayana-raju-andhra-fast-bowler-mi-vs-csk-ipl-2025-debut-9902047/ |work=The Indian Express |date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL player profile |url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/mumbai-indians/squad-details/22161}}</ref> He made his IPL debut against [[Chennai Super Kings]] on 23 March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh's Kakinada elated as Satyanarayana Raju makes IPL debut for Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Mar/24/andhra-pradeshs-kakinada-elated-as-satyanarayana-raju-makes-ipl-debut-for-mumbai-indians |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Slowest ball in IPL history? MI pacer Satyanarayana Raju surprises Jos Buttler |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-gt-vs-mi-satyanarayana-raju-jos-buttler-slowest-ball-2701147-2025-03-29 |work=India Today |date=29 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कौन है 25 साल का ये अनजान फास्ट बॉलर? MI ने चमका दी किस्मत, CSK के खिलाफ IPL डेब्यू |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/sports/cricket/who-is-andhra-fast-bowler-satyanarayana-raju-make-ipl-debut-for-mumbai-indians-against-chennai-super-kings/2691546 |work=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]

Veraval–Pune Express

2025-12-19T10:46:49Z

Harleen singh:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Veraval-Pune Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Veraval Junction}} (VRL)
| stops = 24
| end = {{rws|Pune Junction}} (PUNE)
| distance = {{convert|1057|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 20 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 11089/11090, 11091/11092, 11095/11096, 12103/12104
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11087 / 11088
| speed = {{cvt|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 11087 / 11088 '''Veraval-Pune Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Veraval Junction railway station|Veraval Junction]] of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. It is currently being operated with 11087/11088 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1804&did=1390915609554B3A6EBA2137D2C58FC928AF03ECB72A8.web103 4 WR TRAINS AUGMENTED on PERMANENT BASIS]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3080&id=0,4,268 Salient Features Central Railway Portion of New Western Zone Time Table effective from 1.10.2015 ]</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 AC First Class
* 1 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper Coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GEN||A1||H1||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||GEN||SLR
|}

== Service==

The 11091/'''Veraval - Pune Express''' has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 1057 km in 20 hrs 15 mins.

The 11088/'''Pune - Veraval Express''' has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1057 km in 20 hrs 55 mins.

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h, its fare does not include a superfast surcharge.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Veraval Junction}}
* {{rws|Keshod}}
* {{rws|Junagadh Junction}}
* {{rws|Navagadh}}
* {{rws|Gondal}}
* {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{rws|Wankaner Junction}}
* {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{rws|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{rws|Anand Junction}}
* {{rws|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{rws|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{rws|Surat}}
* {{rws|Navsari}}
* {{rws|Valsad}}
* {{rws|Vapi}}
* {{rws|Dahanu Road}}
* {{rws|Vasai Road}}
* {{rws|Bhiwandi Road}}
* {{rws|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{rws|Karjat}}
* {{rws|Lonavala}}
* {{rws|Shivaji Nagar}}
* {{rws|Pune Junction}}

== Rakes sharing ==

The train shares its rake with:

* 11091/11092 [[Bhuj - Pune Express]]
* 11089/11090 [[Bhagat Ki Kothi – Pune Express]]
* 11095/11096 [[Ahimsa Express]]
* 12103/12104 [[Pune - Lucknow Superfast Express]]

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP 5|WAP-5]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP 7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Veraval]] to [[Pune]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/veraval-pune-express-11087/1997/2123/76 11087/Veraval - Pune Express]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-veraval-express-11088/1998/76/2123 11088/Pune - Veraval Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veraval-Pune Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Transport in Veraval]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Rosaghara

2025-12-13T11:20:48Z

Harleen singh: made new info

{{Short description|Large Indian kitchen complex}}
[[File:Jagannath 8 - Abadha - Prasad (Large).jpg|thumb|Mahaprasad (Large)]]
'''Rasoi ghara''' is a traditional kitchen of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannatha temple]], [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is the '''2nd largest kitchen in the world.'''

The food is cooked by ''suara''s (also known as ''mahasuara'' or ''supakara''), a sect that is given the charge since the beginning of the temple.<ref name="fullorissa">{{cite web |url= http://www.fullodisha.com/shree-jagannath/ |title=Kitchen of Lord Jagannath - Devotee Care Center |first= |last= |work=devoteecare.fullorissa.com |year=2012 |quote= If the dog is seen, all the food must be buried and prepared again |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref>
The food cooked in ''rosaghara'' is vegetarian and use of onion, garlic, potatoes and [[bottle gourd]] are not allowed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitodisha.net/jagannath-temple.html |title=Jagannath Temple, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple Puri, Jagannath Temple of Puri, Jagannath Temple Odisha, Jagannath Temple Orissa |first= |last= |work=visitodisha.net |year=2012 |quote=The Prasad is prepared in a very traditional way, without using onion, garlic, chillies |accessdate=28 September 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926180616/http://www.visitodisha.net/jagannath-temple.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A particular kind of [[earthenware]] known as ''kudua'' are used for cooking. Water drawn from two wells near the kitchen called ''Ganga'' and ''Jamuna'' are used for cooking. Over 500 varieties of food {{Transliteration|or|raja bhoga}}, {{Transliteration|or|chatra bhoga}} and {{Transliteration|or|jajamani bhoga}} are cooked that are offered to [[Jagannatha]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]] in the temple pedestal ''ratnabedi'' and food offering pedestal ''Bhoga Mandapa'' five times a day.<ref name="Miśra2007">{{cite book|author=Narayan Miśra|title=Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUkLzqNv64C&pg=PA120|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-747-3|pages=120–}}</ref>
''Chapana bhoga'', 56 varieties of cooked food are offered almost every day.<ref name="Narayan2009">{{cite book|author=M.K.V. Narayan|title=Exploring the Hindu Mind: Cultural Reflections and Symbolisms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiCT8NYC6nAC&pg=PA248|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-5018-101-0|pages=248–}}</ref>
The food, after being offered to [[Jagannath]], is sold at ''Ananda bajara'' as ''[[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|abadha]]''. Ananda bajara is an open market, located to the North-east of the Singhadwara (major entrance) inside the temple complex. Every day food for over 5000-10000 is cooked where in special occasions food for over 10 million people is cooked in ''rosaghara''.<ref name=ORJune2006>{{cite book|last1=Saroj Kumar|first1=Panda|title=The Kitchen of Srimandir: Biggest in the World|date=2006|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Odisha|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=80–81|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/80-81.pdf|accessdate=22 May 2021}}</ref> There are two passages to the food out from the kitchen; the first one leads to ''bhoga mandapa'' for larger ''kotha bhoga'' and ''chatra bhoga'', and the other one leading to the inner sanctuary of the temple for the ''kotha bhoga'' offering.<ref name="O'malley2007">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA118|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=118–}}</ref> Except the ''suara''s no one is allowed to go near the kitchen or even touch the food until they are offered at the traid of the temple.<ref name="Miśra2007"/>

== Location ==
The ''rasoighara'' is located in the temple's south-east direction in the outer compound.<ref name="Miśra2007"/>

== Cooking space ==
It is 150 feet long, 100 feet wide and about 20 feet high. There are 32 rooms with 250 earthen [[hearth]]s within. Around 600 chefs known as ''suara''s and 400 assistants together cook every day There are three types of hearths in the kitchen; ''Anna Chuli'' the rice hearth, ''Ahia Chuli'' and ''Pitha Chuli'' the dessert hearth. The rice hearth is 4 feet long 2.5 feet wide and 2 feet high. The rectangular space created between two rice hearths is known as ''Ahia''. [[Lentil]] and other [[curry|curries]] like [[Besara (curry)|Besara]], ''[[Mahura (food)|mahura]]'' are cooked in the ''Ahia Chuli''. There are ten [[cement]]-based ''Pitha chuli'' in ''rosaghara''.<ref name=ORJune2006/>

== History ==
=== Legend ===
The legends say that the ''mahasuara''s work is supervised by [[Lakshmi]] where there is custom to promptly burying and starting a new batch of food if Lakshmi has any displeasure with the cooking.<ref name="fullorissa"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Read more ==
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
* [[Jagannath]]

[[Category:Jagannath Temple Complex]]
[[Category:Individual kitchens]]

First Hegde ministry

2025-12-10T04:41:39Z

Harleen singh: adjusted content to improve readability

{{Short description|Government of Karnataka, India (1983–84)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_type=Council of Ministers
|total_number=
|previous=[[R. Gundu Rao ministry]]
|outgoing_formation=
|incoming_formation=
|advice_and_consent2=
|advice_and_consent1=
|budget=
|legislature_term=6 years ([[Karnataka Legislative Council|Council]]) 5 years ([[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Assembly]])
|last_election=[[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|election=[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|opposition_leader=[[M. Veerappa Moily]](assembly)
|opposition_party=[[Indian National Congress]]
|opposition_cabinet=
|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]]
|political_parties='''[[Janata Party|JP]]'''
|former_members_number=
|cabinet_number=14th
|members_number=
|state_head=[[Ashoknath Banerji]] (16 April 1982 – 25 February 1987)
|government_head_history=
|deputy_government_head=
|government_head=[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]
|date_dissolved=29 December 1984
|date_formed=10 January 1983
|caption='''[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]''' '''[[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]]'''
|image_size=
|image=
|incumbent=
|flag_border=true
|flag=
|jurisdiction=[[Karnataka]] State
|successor=[[Second Hegde ministry]]}}

'''Ramakrishna Hegde ministry''' was the Council of Ministers in Karnataka, a state in [[South India]] headed by [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-cm-bs-yediyurappa-proposes-names-of-17-mlas-to-governor-for-induction-as-cabinet-ministers|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> of the [[Janata Party]].

The ministry had multiple ministers including the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-cabinet-expansion-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-to-add-17-new-ministers-oath-taking-today-rebel-congress-mlas-governor-vajubhai-vala-7190121.html|website=Firstpost|date=20 August 2019}}</ref> All ministers belonged to the [[Janata Party|JP]].

After [[Janata Party]] won the [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983 Karnataka elections]] and [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] was elected as [[Janata Party|Janata Legislative Party]] leader. He took charge as Chief Minister of the State on 10 January 1983 and his was in power till he resigned on 29 December 1984. Later he was sworn in as [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] on 8 March 1985 after winning [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985 Karnataka elections]]

== Chief Minister and Cabinet Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Portfolio
!Minister
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Term of Office
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
|1.
|[[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 1986|first=Prabhu|last=Chawla|title=Resignation of Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde takes nation by storm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860228-resignation-of-karnataka-cm-ramakrishna-hegde-takes-nation-by-storm-800645-1986-02-28|access-date=2021-08-16|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
'''*Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|'''[[Ramakrishna Hegde]]'''
|[[Basavanagudi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|2.
|
*
|'''[[B. Rachaiah]]'''
|[[Santhemarahalli (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Santhemarahalli]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|3.
|
*
|'''[[M. Raghupathy]]'''
|[[Malleshwaram (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Malleshwaram]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|4.
|
*Power
*Commerce and Industries<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-12-13|title=Patel was a flamboyant politician known for sharp wit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/patel-was-a-flamboyant-politician-known-for-sharp-wit/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|'''[[J. H. Patel]]'''
|[[Channagiri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Channagiri]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|5.
|
* Public Works.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 1987|first=Anita|last=Pratap|title=Karnataka's powerful PWD Minister H.D. Deve Gowda put on the defensive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871031-karnataka-pwd-minister-h.d.-deve-gowda-put-on-the-defensive-799438-1987-10-31|access-date=2021-08-16|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]'''
|[[Holenarsipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Holenarsipur]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|6.
|
* Irrigation.<ref>http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3960&lastls=16 Sixteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile Devegowda, Shri H.D.</ref>
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]'''
|[[Holenarsipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Holenarsipur]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|7.
|
* .
|'''[[S. R. Bommai]]'''
|[[Hubli Rural (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hubli Rural]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|8.
|
*
|'''[[A. Lakshmisagar]]'''
|[[Chickpet (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chickpet]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|9.
|
* .
|'''[[Jagadevarao Deshmukh]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/last-link-countrys-disaster-559143.html|title = ಕಳಚಿದ ದೇಶಮುಖ ಮನೆತನದ ಕೊನೆಯ ಕೊಂಡಿ..!|date = 22 July 2018}}</ref>
|[[Muddebihal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Muddebihal]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|10.
|
* Wakf'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=28 February 1986|first=Prabhu|last=Chawla|title=Resignation of Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde takes nation by storm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860228-resignation-of-karnataka-cm-ramakrishna-hegde-takes-nation-by-storm-800645-1986-02-28|access-date=2021-08-17|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>'''
|'''[[Abdul Nazir Sab]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|18 August 1984
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|11.
|
* Rural Development
* Panchayat Raj<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdul Nazir Sab|url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/AbdulNazirSab.htm|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
|'''[[Abdul Nazir Sab]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|12.
|
* Industries
* Transportation
* Revenue
|'''[[V. L. Patil]]'''
|[[Kagwad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kagwad]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|13.
|
* Labour
|'''[[V. L. Patil]]'''
|[[Kagwad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kagwad]]
|11 January 1983
|1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|14.
|
* .
|'''[[K. B. Mallappa]]'''
|[[Arkalgud (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Arkalgud]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|15.
|
* Urban development
|'''[[M. Chandrashekar]]'''<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764126/1/jpi_September_1985.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|[[Jayanagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Jayanagar]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|16.
|
* Horticulture<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sangamesh Menasinakai|date=2 Nov 2019|title=Former Karnataka minister Vaijanath Patil dies at 82 {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/former-karnataka-minister-vaijanath-patil-dies-at-82/articleshow/71862764.cms|access-date=2021-10-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|'''[[Vaijnath Patil]]'''<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-02|title=Former Minister Vaijanath Patil dies at 81|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-minister-vaijanath-patil-dies-at-81/article29865713.ece|access-date=2021-10-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Chincholi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chincholi]]
|1984
|1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|17.
|
* Labour
* Education
* Planning
|'''[[D. Manjunath]]'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-03 |title=Former Karnataka Minister D. Manjunath passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-minister-d-manjunath-passes-away/article30729833.ece |access-date=2023-11-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Hiriyur Assembly constituency|Hiriyur]]
|1984
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|-
|}

== Minister of State ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Portfolio
!Minister
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Term of Office
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
|1.
|
*Mines and Geology<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Chandralekha |date=2023-04-25 |title=*ಮಾಜಿ ಸಚಿವ ಡಿ.ಬಿ.ಇನಾಮದಾರ್ ಇನ್ನಿಲ್ಲ* |url=https://pragativahini.com/d-b-inamadardeathbelagavi/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Pragati Vahini |language=en-US}}</ref>
|'''[[D. B. Inamdar]]'''
|[[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]]
|11 January 1983
|29 December 1984
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="#0000FF" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|}

== Leader of the House ==
[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] - [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] ([[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief minister]])
[[Karnataka Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] - [[Abdul Nazir Sab]] (Minister of Rural development, Panchayat Raj and Wakf)<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1983|H]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka ministries|Hegde]]
[[Category:Janata Party state ministries|Hegde]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1984|H]]