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Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

2026-05-19T07:06:23Z

Harish varma: starting a info

{{Short description|Arab leader of Mecca-based caliphate from 683 to 692}}
{{redirect2|Al-Zubayr|Ibn al-Zubayr}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr عَبْدُ اللَّهِ ٱبْن الزُّبَيْرِ
| title ={{transliteration|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|Abū Khubayb]]}}
| image = File:Silver dirham of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 690-91.jpg
| caption = [[Arab–Sasanian coinage|Sasanian-style]] silver [[dirham]] minted in the name of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in [[Fars province|Fars]] in 690/91
| image_size = 225px
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Circa}} May 624 CE
| birth_place = [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabia]]
| death_date = October/November 692 CE (aged 68)
| death_place = [[Mecca]], Hejaz
| burial_place = [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]], Mecca
| father = [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]]
| mother = [[Asma bint Abi Bakr]]
| full name = Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Tumadir bint Manzur al-Fazariyya
*Zajla bint Manzur al-Fazariyya
*Umm al-Hasan Nafisa bint al-Hasan ibn Ali
*A'isha bint Uthman ibn Affan
*Hantama bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith
}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*Khubayb
*Al-Zubayr
*Hamza
*Thabit
*[[Abbad ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abbad]]
*Amir
*Salih
*Bakr
*Ruqayya}}
| succession = [[List of caliphs#Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)|Zubayrid Caliph]]{{efn|Ibn al-Zubayr's caliphate was initially recognized in the [[Hejaz]], [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Upper Mesopotamia|al-Jazira]], [[Yemen]] and parts of [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]. His reign coincided with the rival Umayyad caliphs [[Mu'awiya II]] ({{reign|683|684}}) and [[Marwan I]] ({{reign|684|685}}) and part of the reign of [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|685|705}})}}
| reign = 683–692
| predecessor = [[Yazid I]]
| successor = [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]]
| house = [[Quraysh]] ([[Asad ibn Abd-al-Uzza|Banu Asad]])
| house-type = Tribe
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|عَبْدُ اللَّهِ ٱبْن الزُّبَيْرِ ٱبْن الْعَوَّامِ|translit=ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām}}}} (May 624{{Snd}}October/November 692) was the leader of a [[caliphate]] based in [[Mecca]] in opposition to the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] during the [[Second Fitna]] from 683 until his death in 692.

The son of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] and [[Asma bint Abi Bakr]], and grandson of the first [[Rashidun]] [[Caliphate|caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]], Ibn al-Zubayr belonged to the [[Quraysh]], the leading tribe of the nascent Muslim community, and was the first child born to the [[Muhajirun]], [[Islam]]'s earliest converts. As a youth, he participated in the [[early Muslim conquests]] alongside his father in [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Syria]] and [[Arab conquest of Egypt|Egypt]], and later played a role in the Muslim conquests of [[Ifriqiyah|North Africa]] and northern Iran in 647 and 650, respectively. During the [[First Fitna]], he fought on the side of his aunt [[Aisha]] against the fourth Rashidun caliph [[Ali]] ({{reign|656|661}}). Though little is heard of Ibn al-Zubayr during the subsequent reign of the first Umayyad caliph [[Mu'awiya I]] ({{reign|661|680}}), it was known that he opposed the latter's designation of his son, [[Yazid I]], as his successor. Ibn al-Zubayr, along with many of the Quraysh and the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] of Medina, the leading Muslim groups of the [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia), opposed the caliphate becoming an inheritable institution of the [[Umayyad dynasty]].

Ibn al-Zubayr established himself in Mecca where he rallied opposition to Yazid ({{reign|680|683}}), before proclaiming himself caliph in the wake of Yazid's death in 683. Meanwhile, Yazid's son and successor [[Mu'awiya II]] died weeks into his reign, precipitating the collapse of Umayyad authority across the Caliphate, most of whose provinces subsequently accepted the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr. Though widely recognized as caliph, his authority was largely nominal outside of the Hejaz. By 685, the Umayyad Caliphate had been [[Battle of Marj Rahit (684)|reconstituted]] under [[Marwan I]] in Syria and Egypt, while Ibn al-Zubayr's authority was being challenged in Iraq and Arabia by [[Alids|Pro-Alid]] and [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] forces. Ibn al-Zubayr's brother [[Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr|Mus'ab]] [[Battles of Madhar and Harura|reasserted]] Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty in Iraq by 687, but was [[Battle of Maskin|defeated]] and killed by Marwan's successor [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] in 691. The Umayyad commander [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] proceeded to [[Siege of Mecca (692)|besiege]] Ibn al-Zubayr in his Meccan stronghold, where he was ultimately defeated and killed in 692.

Through the prestige of his family ties and social links with the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and his strong association with the holy city of Mecca, Ibn al-Zubayr was able to lead the influential, disaffected Muslim factions opposed to Umayyad rule. He sought to re-establish the Hejaz as the political center of the Caliphate. However, his refusal to leave Mecca precluded him from exercising power in the more populous provinces where he depended on his brother Mus'ab and other loyal lieutenants, who ruled with virtual independence. He thus played a minor active role in the struggle carried out in his name.

==Early life and career==
===Family===
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was born in [[Medina]] in the [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia) in May 624.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}} He was the eldest son of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], a [[companion of Muhammad]] and a leading Muslim figure.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}{{sfn|Hasson|2002|p=549}} He belonged to the [[Asad ibn Abd-al-Uzza|Banu Asad]] clan of the [[Quraysh]],{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}{{sfn|Hasson|2002|p=549}} the dominant tribe of [[Mecca]], a trade center in the Hejaz and location of the [[Kaaba]], the holiest sanctuary in Islam. Ibn al-Zubayr's paternal grandmother was [[Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib]], the paternal aunt of Muhammad,{{sfn|Hasson|2002|p=549}} and his mother was [[Asma bint Abi Bakr]], a daughter of the first Rashidun [[caliph]], [[Abu Bakr]] ({{reign|632|634}}), and sister of [[Aisha]], a wife of Muhammad.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}} According to the ninth-century historians [[Ibn Habib]] and [[Ibn Qutaybah|Ibn Qutayba]], Ibn al-Zubayr was the first child born to the [[Muhajirun]], the earliest converts to Islam who had been exiled from Mecca to Medina.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}} These early social, kinship and religious links to Muhammad, his family and the first Muslims all boosted Ibn al-Zubayr's reputation in adulthood.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}

Ibn al-Zubayr had a number of wives and children. His first wife was Tumadir bint Manzur ibn Zabban ibn Sayyar ibn Amr of the [[Banu Fazara]].{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=335}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=85}} She gave birth to his eldest son Khubayb, hence Ibn al-Zubayr's {{transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} (epithet) "Abu Khubayb", and other sons Hamza, [[Abbad ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abbad]], al-Zubayr and Thabit.{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=335}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=85}} She or another of Ibn al-Zubayr's wives, Umm al-Hasan Nafisa, a daughter of [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], son of the fourth caliph [[Ali]] ({{reign|656|661}}) and grandson of Muhammad, bore his daughter Ruqayya.{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=335}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=147}} Tumadir's sister Zajla was at one point married to Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=85, note 404}} He was also married to A'isha, a daughter of the third Rashidun caliph [[Uthman]] ({{reign|644|656}}).{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=335}} A'isha or Nafisa mothered Ibn al-Zubayr's son Bakr,{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=335}} of whom little is reported in the traditional sources.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=115}} Ibn al-Zubayr divorced A'isha following the birth of their son.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=115}} From another wife, Hantama bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham, Ibn al-Zubayr had his son Amir.{{sfn|Fishbein|1997|p=159, note 676}}

===Military career===
As a child, during the reign of the second Rashidun caliph [[Umar]] ({{reign|634|644}}) in 636, Ibn al-Zubayr may have been present with his father at the [[Battle of the Yarmuk]] against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]s in [[Diocese of the East|Syria]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}} He was also present with his father in [[Amr ibn al-As]]'s [[Arab conquest of Egypt|conquest of Byzantine Egypt]] in 640.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}} In 647, Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr distinguished himself in the Muslim conquest of [[Ifriqiya]] (North Africa) under the commander [[Abd Allah ibn Sa'd]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}} During that campaign, Ibn al-Zubayr discovered a vulnerable point in the battle lines of the Byzantine defenders and slew their [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]], [[Gregory the Patrician|Gregory]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=105}} He was lauded by Caliph Uthman and issued a victory speech, well known for its eloquence, upon his return to Medina.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=105}} Later, he joined [[Sa'id ibn al-As]] in the latter's offensive in northern Iran in 650.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

Uthman appointed Ibn al-Zubayr to the commission tasked with the recension of the [[Qur'an]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} During the rebel siege of Uthman's house in June 656, the caliph placed Ibn al-Zubayr in charge of the defense; the latter was reportedly wounded in the fighting.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=106, 133}} In the aftermath of [[Assassination of Uthman|Uthman's assassination]], Abd Allah fought alongside his father and his aunt Aisha against the partisans of Uthman's successor, the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, at the [[Battle of the Camel]] in [[Basra]] in December.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was killed, while Ibn al-Zubayr was wounded sparring with one of Ali's commanders, [[Malik al-Ashtar]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=172}} Ali was victorious and Ibn al-Zubayr returned with Aisha to Medina, later taking part in the arbitration to end the [[First Fitna]] in [[Udhruh|Adhruh]] or [[Dumat al-Jandal]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} During the talks, he counseled [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abd Allah ibn Umar]] to pay for the support of Amr ibn al-As.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

Ibn al-Zubayr’s career culminated in his role as the Zubayrid Caliph during the [[Second Fitna]]. His military participation was defined by his personal command during the [[Siege of Mecca (683)]], where he successfully overseen the city's defense until the Umayyad withdrawal.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=166–170}} He later led the final defense of the city in 692, remaining defiant despite a grueling blockade and the bombardment of the Kaaba (see [[#Suppression and death|below]]).

==Revolt==
===Opposition to the Umayyads===
[[File:Kaba.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Kaaba]] in 1882. Throughout his revolt, Ibn al-Zubayr used the sanctuary as his base of operations and it was twice besieged, in 683 and 692. He rebuilt it following severe damage during the first siege, but his changes were later reversed.]]

Ibn al-Zubayr did not oppose [[Mu'awiya I]]'s accession to the caliphate in 661 and remained largely inactive during the course of his reign.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} However, he refused to recognize Mu'awiya's nomination of his son [[Yazid I]] as his successor in 676.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} When Yazid acceded following his father's death in 680, Ibn al-Zubayr again rejected his legitimacy, despite Yazid having the backing of the Arab tribesmen of [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] who formed the core of the Umayyad military.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=46}} In response, Yazid charged [[al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan]], the governor of Medina, with gaining Ibn al-Zubayr's submission,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=145–146}} but he evaded the authorities and escaped to Mecca.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} He was joined there by Ali's son [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], who too had refused submission to Yazid. Husayn and his supporters made a stand against the Umayyads in [[Karbala]] in 680, but Husayn and most of his relatives and companions were killed [[Battle of Karbala|in the battle there]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

Following Husayn's death, Ibn al-Zubayr began clandestinely recruiting supporters.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} By September 683, he had taken control of Mecca.{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=12}} He referred to himself as {{Transliteration|ar|al-ʿaʾidh biʾl bayt}} (the fugitive at the sanctuary, ''viz.'', the Kaaba), adopted the slogan {{transliteration|ar|la hukma illa li-llah}} (judgement belongs to God alone), but made no claim to the caliphate.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=47}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|pp=65–66}} Yazid ordered the governor of Medina, [[Al-Ashdaq|Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As]], to arrest Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=95, note 469}} In turn, the governor instructed Ibn al-Zubayr's estranged brother, the head of Medina's {{transliteration|ar|[[shurta]]}} (security forces), Amr, to lead the expedition.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|p=95, note 469}} However, the Umayyad force was ambushed and Amr was captured and subsequently killed while in captivity.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=151}} Ibn al-Zubayr declared the illegitimacy of Yazid's caliphate and allied himself with the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] of Medina, led by [[Abd Allah ibn Hanzala]], who had withdrawn support for Yazid due to his supposed improprieties.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} Ibn al-Zubayr also gained the support of the [[Khawarij|Kharijite]] movement in Basra and [[Eastern Arabia|Bahrayn]] (eastern Arabia);{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=47}} the Kharijites were early opponents of the Umayyads who had defected from Caliph Ali because of his participation in the 657 arbitration.

In response to growing opposition throughout Arabia, Yazid dispatched a Syrian Arab expeditionary force led by [[Muslim ibn Uqba]] to suppress Ibn al-Zubayr and the Ansar.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=47}} The Ansar were routed at the [[Battle of al-Harra]] in the summer of 683, and Ibn Hanzala was slain.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} The army continued toward Mecca, but Ibn Uqba died en route and command passed to his deputy [[Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni]].{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} The latter [[Siege of Mecca (683)|besieged the city]] on 24 September after Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr refused to surrender.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}}{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} The Kaaba was severely damaged during al-Sakuni's bombardment.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} During the siege, two potential Qurashi candidates for the caliphate, Mus'ab ibn Abd al-Rahman and [[al-Miswar ibn Makhrama]], were killed or died of natural causes.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|pp=65–66}} In November, news of Yazid's death prompted al-Sakuni to negotiate with Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} Al-Sakuni proposed to recognize him as caliph on the condition that he would rule from [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]], the center of the Umayyad military and administration.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} Ibn al-Zubayr rejected this and the army withdrew to Syria, leaving him in control of Mecca.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

===Claim to the caliphate===
[[File:Approximate map of areas under Ibn al-Zubayr's control after the death of Muawiya II.png|thumb|upright=1.75|Map of the Caliphate {{circa|684}}, during the [[Second Muslim Civil War]]. Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty as caliph was recognized in the [[Hejaz]], [[Yemen]], [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]], [[Iraq]] and the districts of [[Fars province|Fars]] and [[Kerman province|Kerman]] (areas shaded in green)]]

Yazid's death and the subsequent withdrawal of the Umayyad army from the Hejaz afforded Ibn al-Zubayr the opportunity to realize his aspirations for the caliphate.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=47}} He immediately declared himself {{Transliteration|ar|[[amir al-mu'minin]]}} (commander of the faithful), a title traditionally reserved for the caliph, and called for all Muslims to give him their oaths of allegiance.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|pp=65–66}} With the other potential Hejazi candidates dead, Ibn al-Zubayr remained the last contender for the caliphate among the anti-Umayyad factions in Mecca and Medina and most of these groups recognized him as their leader.{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|pp=65–66}} An exception were the [[Banu Hashim]] clan to which Muhammad and the [[Alids]] belonged and whose support Ibn al-Zubayr deemed important for his own legitimacy as caliph.{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=12–13, 21}} The leading representatives of the clan in the Hejaz, [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]], the half-brother of Husayn ibn Ali, and their cousin [[Ibn Abbas|Abd Allah ibn Abbas]], withheld their oaths citing the need for a stronger consensus in the wider Muslim community.{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=12–13, 21}} Irritated, Ibn al-Zubayr besieged the clan's neighborhood in Mecca and imprisoned Ibn al-Hanafiyya to pressure the Banu Hashim.{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=12–13, 21}} Meanwhile, the Kharijites under [[Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi]] in the [[al-Yamama|Yamama]] (central Arabia) abandoned Ibn al-Zubayr once he forwarded his claim to the caliphate, an institution they rejected, and Ibn al-Zubayr refused to embrace their doctrine.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2010|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}}

In the Umayyad capital [[Damascus]], Yazid was succeeded by his young son [[Mu'awiya II]], but Mu'awiya II wielded virtually no authority and died from illness only months after his accession.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=47}} This left a leadership void in [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] as there were no suitable successors among Mu'awiya I's Sufyanid house.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=47}} In the ensuing chaos, Umayyad authority collapsed across the caliphate and Ibn al-Zubayr gained wide recognition.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} Most of the Islamic provinces offered their allegiance, including [[Egypt in the Middle Ages#Umayyad period|Egypt]], [[Kufa]], [[Greater Yemen|Yemen]] and the [[Qays]]i tribes of [[Jund Qinnasrin|northern Syria]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} Likewise, in [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], the ''de facto'' governor [[Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami]] offered his recognition.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=230}} Ibn al-Zubayr appointed his brother [[Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr|Mus'ab]] as governor of Basra and its dependencies.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} In a testament to the extent of Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty, coins were minted in his name as far as the districts of [[Kerman province|Kerman]] and [[Fars province|Fars]] in modern-day Iran; both were dependencies of Basra at that time.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} Nonetheless, his authority outside of the Hejaz was largely nominal.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

Most of the Arab tribes in [[Jund Dimashq|central]] and [[Jund al-Urdunn|southern Syria]], which were dominated by the [[Banu Kalb]], remained loyal to the Umayyads and selected [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakam]] from the Abu al-As branch of the Umayyad clan to succeed Mu'awiya II.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} The proclamation of Marwan as caliph in Damascus marked a turning point for Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=48}} Marwan's [[Yaman (tribal group)|Yamani]] forces, led by [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]], decisively defeated the Zubayrid loyalist Qaysi tribes, led by [[al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri]], at the [[Battle of Marj Rahit (684)|Battle of Marj Rahit]] in July 684.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} The surviving Qaysi tribesmen fled to the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]] (Upper Mesopotamia) under the leadership of [[Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi]], who maintained his recognition of Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=81}} However, in March 685, Ibn al-Zubayr lost the economically important province of Egypt to Marwan.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=80–81}}

Meanwhile, negotiations collapsed between Ibn al-Zubayr and the Kufan revolutionary [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]], who took up the cause of the [[Alids|Alid]] family.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=82}} He declared Ibn al-Hanafiyya the [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]] and, unprecedented in Islamic history, the [[Mahdi]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=82}} Al-Mukhtar's partisans drove out the Zubayrid authorities from Kufa in October 685.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=12–13, 21}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=82}} Al-Mukhtar later dispatched a Kufan force to the Hejaz and freed Ibn al-Hanafiyya.{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=12–13, 21}} Mus'ab's authority in Basra and Khurasan was also beginning to waver but was ultimately secured after he gained the backing of the powerful [[Azd]]i chieftain and military leader of Khurasan, [[al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} Mus'ab also gained the defections of thousands of Kufan tribesmen and together they defeated and killed al-Mukhtar in April 687.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}}{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=21}} Ibn al-Zubayr subsequently dismissed Mus'ab from office in 686/87 and appointed his own son Hamza as governor of Basra.{{sfn|Fishbein|1990|p=118, note 424}} The latter dispatched a force under Abd Allah ibn Umayr al-Laythi to drive out the Najdiyya Kharijites from Bahrayn after they overran the province, but the Zubayrids were repulsed.{{sfn|Fishbein|1990|p=119, note 431}} Hamza proved incompetent in his administration of Iraq and, following his failure to deliver the provincial revenues to the state treasury in Mecca, he was dismissed and allegedly imprisoned by his father.{{sfn|Fishbein|1990|p=118, note 424}}{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=8}} Mus'ab was reinstated shortly after, in 687/688.{{sfn|Fishbein|1990|p=118, note 424}}{{sfn|Anthony|2016|p=8}} By that time, the Najdiyya Kharijites conquered Yemen and [[Hadhramaut]], while in 689, they occupied [[Taif|Ta'if]], Mecca's southern neighbour.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

===Suppression and death===
The defeat of al-Mukhtar, who had opposed the Zubayrids and the Umayyads, left Ibn al-Zubayr and Marwan's son and successor [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|685|705}}) as the two main contenders for the caliphate.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}} However, [[Kharijite]] gains in Arabia had isolated Ibn al-Zubayr in the Hejaz, cutting him off from loyalists in other parts of the caliphate.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} In 691, Abd al-Malik secured the support of Zufar and the [[Qays]] of Jazira, removing the principal obstacle between his Syrian army and Zubayrid Iraq.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=84}} Later that year, his forces conquered Iraq and killed Mus'ab in the [[Battle of Maskin]].{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=84}} Al-Muhallab, who was leading the fight against the Kharijites in Fars and [[Ahvaz|Ahwaz]], subsequently switched his allegiance to Abd al-Malik.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=84}}

After asserting Umayyad authority in Iraq, Abd al-Malik dispatched one of his commanders, [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]], to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} Al-Hajjaj [[Siege of Mecca (692)|besieged Mecca]] for six months, by which point, most of Ibn al-Zubayr's partisans and his sons Khubayb and Hamza surrendered upon offers of pardons.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Fishbein|1990|p=226}} Ibn al-Zubayr remained defiant and acting on his mother's counsel, entered the battlefield where he was ultimately slain by [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] in 692.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

In an anecdote recorded by 9th-century historian [[al-Tabari]], when al-Hajjaj and his lieutenant commander, [[Tariq ibn Amr]], stood over Ibn al-Zubayr's body, Tariq said of the latter: "Women have borne none manlier than he. He had no defensive trench, no fortress, no stronghold; yet he held his own against us an equal, and even got the better of us whenever we met with him".{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=100–101}} Al-Hajjaj posted Ibn al-Zubayr's body on a [[Gibbeting|gibbet]] where it remained until Abd al-Malik allowed Ibn al-Zubayr's mother to retrieve it.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} His body was subsequently buried in the house of his paternal grandmother Safiyya in Medina.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} The death of Ibn al-Zubayr and the victory of the Umayyads marked the end of the Second Fitna.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}}

== Descendants ==
Following his victory, Abd al-Malik confiscated the estates of Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina and elsewhere in the Hejaz.{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=331}} The caliph later restored some of the properties to Ibn al-Zubayr's sons after a request by Thabit.{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=331}} His eldest son, Khubayb, was flogged to death in Medina by its governor [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz|Umar II]] during the reign of Caliph [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}).{{sfn|Hawting|1989|p=65, note 306}} Thabit, meanwhile, had gained particular favor from al-Walid's successor, Caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|715|717}}), who agreed to return the remainder of the confiscated estates to Ibn al-Zubayr's sons.{{sfn|Elad|2016|p=332}} Under the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliphs [[al-Mahdi]] ({{reign|775|785}}) and [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{reign|786|809}}), several descendants of Ibn al-Zubayr attained senior administrative posts, including his great-grandson [[Abd Allah ibn Mus'ab]] and the latter's son [[Bakkar ibn Abd Allah]], who successively served as [[List of caliphal governors of Medina|governors of Medina]].{{sfn|Elad|2016|pp=337–338}}

==Assessment==
Ibn al-Zubayr adamantly opposed the caliphate becoming a dynastic inheritance of the Umayyads.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=77}} Instead, he advocated that the caliph should be chosen by ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[shura]]}}'' (consultation) among the Quraysh as a whole.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=77}} The Quraysh opposed the monopolization of power by the Banu Umayya and insisted power be distributed among all the Qurayshi clans.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}} However, other than this conviction, Ibn al-Zubayr did not sponsor any religious doctrine or political program, unlike the contemporary Alid and Kharijite movements.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}} By the time he made his claim to the caliphate, he had emerged as the leader of the disaffected Quraysh.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} According to historian [[H. A. R. Gibb]], Qurayshi resentment towards the Banu Umayya is evident as an underlying theme in the Islamic traditions about Ibn al-Zubayr's conflict with the Umayyads and Ibn al-Zubayr was the "principal representative" of the second generation of the Hejaz's elite Muslim families who chafed at the "gulf of power" between them and the ruling Umayyad house.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} Though Gibb describes Ibn al-Zubayr as "brave, but fundamentally self-seeking and self-indulgent", the hostility to the Umayyads in traditional Muslim sources led to a general description of him as a "model of piety".{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}} Nonetheless, a number of Muslim sources condemned him as jealous and harsh and particularly criticized the fatal abuse of his brother Amr and his imprisonment of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}

Ibn al-Zubayr rallied opposition to the Umayyads in the Hejaz through his base in Mecca, Islam's holiest city, and his prestige as a first-generation Muslim with family ties to Muhammad.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}} He aimed to restore the Hejaz to its former political prominence;{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=200}} after the assassination of Uthman, the region's position as the political center of the Caliphate had been lost first to Kufa under Ali and then to Damascus under Mu'awiya.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|pp=199–200}} To that end, Ibn al-Zubayr developed a strong association with the Ka'aba,{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}} which, combined with his control of Islam's second holiest city of Medina, furthered his prestige and gave his caliphate a holy character.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=200}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=84}}

Ibn al-Zubayr rejected the offer of support from the Caliphate's core Syrian army partly because it would have obliged him to relocate to Damascus.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}} Other cities were available to him, but Ibn al-Zubayr opted to remain in Mecca,{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=200}} from which he issued directives to his supporters elsewhere in the Caliphate.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=84}} This restricted him from exercising direct influence in the larger, more populated provinces, particularly Iraq, where his more worldly brother ruled with practical independence.{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=55}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=84}} In Arabia, Ibn al-Zubayr's power had been largely confined to the Hejaz with the Kharijite leader Najda holding more influence in the greater part of the peninsula.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=200}} Thus, Ibn al-Zubayr had virtually rendered himself a background figure in the movement that was launched in his name; in the words of historian [[Julius Wellhausen]], "the struggle turned round him nominally, but he took no part in it and it was decided without him".{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=200}}

During his rule, Ibn al-Zubayr made significant alterations to the Ka'aba's structure, claiming that the changes were in line with the authority of Muhammad.{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}} He called himself the "fugitive at the sanctuary [Ka'aba]" while his Umayyad detractors referred to him as "the evil-doer at Mecca".{{sfn|Hawting|1986|p=49}}

==Timeline of the two caliphates==
Three Umayyad caliphs reigned during the twelve years of Ibn al-Zubayr's caliphate between 680 and 692. The short terms indicated in the upper plot in light blue and yellow correspond to the tenures of Mu'awiya II and Marwan I, respectively. (Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.)

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:700 height:60
PlotArea = width:680 height:30 left:10 bottom:20

Colors =
id:yellow value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light yellow
id:red value:rgb(1,0.7,0.7) # light red
id:green value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # light green
id:blue value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light blue
id:cyan value:rgb(0.7,1,1) # light blue
id:purple value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
id:grey value:gray(0.8) # grey

Period = from:683 till:705
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:683
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:683

BarData=
bar:barre1

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) shift:(0,-5)
bar:barre1
from: 683 till: 684 color:yellow
from: 684 till: 685 color:blue
from: 685 till: 705 color:red text:[[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]]
</timeline>

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:700 height:60
PlotArea = width:680 height:30 left:10 bottom:20

Colors =
id:yellow value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light yellow
id:red value:rgb(1,0.7,0.7) # light red
id:green value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # light green
id:blue value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light blue
id:cyan value:rgb(0.7,1,1) # light blue
id:purple value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
id:grey value:gray(0.8) # grey

Period = from:683 till:705
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:683
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:683

BarData=
bar:barre1

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) shift:(0,-5)
bar:barre1
from: 683 till: 692 color:green text:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

</timeline>

== Ancestry ==
{{Ahnentafel
|align=center|collapsed=yes
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr'''
|2= 2. [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]]{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}
|3= 3. [[Asma bint Abi Bakr]]{{sfn|Gibb|1960|p=54}}
|4= 4. [[Awwam ibn Khuwaylid]]{{sfn|Moussavi|Crow|2005|p=149}}
|5= 5. [[Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib]]{{sfn|Hasson|2002|p=549}}
|6= 6. [[Abu Bakr]]{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=140}}
|7= 7. [[Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza|Qutayla bint Abd al-Uzza]]{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=140}}
|8= 8. [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad]]{{sfn|Moussavi|Crow|2005|p=149}}
|9= 9. Fatima bint Za'ida
|10= 10. [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]{{sfn|Moussavi|Crow|2005|p=149}}
|11= 11. [[Hala bint Wuhayb]]{{sfn|Moussavi|Crow|2005|p=149}}
|12= 12. [[Abu Quhafa]]{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=140}}
|13= 13. [[Umm Khayr|Umm Khayr bint Sakhr]]{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=140}}
|14= 14. Abd al-Uzza ibn Abd{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=140}}
|15=
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Asad Q. |title=The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies |date=2010 |publisher=University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-900934-13-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1dwdBDDjcUC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709153847/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1dwdBDDjcUC |archive-date=9 July 2020 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Anthony |first1=Sean W. |editor1-last=Pomerantz |editor1-first=Maurice A. |editor2-last=Shahin |editor2-first=Aram A. |title=The Heritage of Arabo-Islamic Learning: Studies Presented to Wadad Kadi |year=2016 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |isbn=978-90-04-30590-8 |pages=3–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sa-8CgAAQBAJ |chapter=The Meccan Prison of ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubayr and the Imprisonment of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya }}
*{{The History of al-Tabari |volume=11 |url={{Google Books |47PEMS6emv0C |plainurl=y}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Elad |first1=Amikam |title=The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-22989-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i23sCgAAQBAJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220132003/https://books.google.com/books?id=i23sCgAAQBAJ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live }}
*{{The History of al-Tabari |volume=21 |url={{Google Books |0HLeYUXJecAC |plainurl=y}}}}
*{{The History of al-Tabari |volume=8 |url={{Google Books |NrrjCQAAQBAJ |plainurl=y}}}}
*{{EI2 |article=ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr |last=Gibb |first=H. A. R. |authorlink=H. A. R. Gibb |volume=1 |pages=54–55}}
*{{EI2 |article=Al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām|last=Hasson |first=I. |volume=11 |pages=549–551}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hawting |first1=G. R. |title=The First Dynasty of Islam The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 |date=1986 |publisher=Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press |isbn=978-0415240734 |page=49 |oclc=1083391651 }}
*{{The History of al-Tabari |volume=20 |url={{Google Books |L1JNHWby2RQC |plainurl=y}}}}
*{{The First Dynasty of Islam|edition=Second}}
*{{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates |edition=Second }}
*{{cite book |last1=Madelung |first1=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-56181-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728182109/https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC |archive-date=28 July 2019 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last1=Moussavi |first1=Ahmad Kazemi |last2=Crow |first2=Karim Douglas |title=Facing One Qiblah: Legal and Doctrinal Aspects of Sunni and Shi'ah Muslims |date=2005 |publisher=Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd |location=Singapore |oclc=71823572 |isbn=978-9971-77-552-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkwGdStuXHUC }}
*{{cite book |last1=Peters |first1=F. E. |title=Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-03267-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E50rDgAAQBAJ }}
*{{The Arab Kingdom and its Fall}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zakeri |first1=Mohsen |title=Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa |date=1995 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447036528 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&pg=PA230 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica|last1=Bahramian|first1=Ali|last2=Lahouti|first2=Hassan|year=2015|title=ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/abd-allah-b-al-zubayr-SIM_0049?s.num=37&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.start=20&s.q=umayyad}}
* {{ODLA|last=Clarke|first=Nicola|title='Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2357?rskey=ihNJft&result=3}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|||May 624||November 692}}
{{S-bef|before = [[Yazid I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title = [[List of Caliphs|Caliph]]|years=November 683 – November 692}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]]}}
{{End}}{{Companions of the Prophet}}{{Authority control}}
{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd Allah Ibn Al-Zubayr}}
[[Category:624 births]]
[[Category:692 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:Family of Abu Bakr]]
[[Category:Companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:People of the First Fitna]]
[[Category:People of the Second Fitna]]
[[Category:Banu Asad (Quraysh)]]
[[Category:Hejaz under the Umayyad Caliphate]]

2024 Indian general election in Mizoram

2026-05-08T06:21:27Z

Harish varma: Created New Entry

{{short description|Indian political election in Mizoram}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| type = Parliamentary
| seats_for_election = 1 Mizoram seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| ongoing = no
| country = India
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| previous_year = 2019
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Mizoram
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Mizoram
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Mizoram
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Mizoram
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Mizoram#Opinion polls
| turnout = 56.87% ({{decrease}}6.27%)
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{eppt|Zoram People's Movement|height=70|width=100}}
| leader1 = [[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
| party1 = Zoram People's Movement
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| leader_since1 =
| last_election1 = Supported Independent (43.26%, 0 seats)
| seats_before1 =
| percentage1 = '''42.45%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}}0.81%
| seats1 = '''1'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}1
| image2 = {{eppt|Mizo National Front|height=70|width=100}}
| leader2 = [[K. Vanlalvena]]
| party2 = Mizo National Front
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| leader_since2 =
| last_election2 = 44.89%, 1 seat
| seats_before2 =
| percentage2 = 28.66%
| swing2 = {{decrease}}16.23%
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}1
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Mizoram Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Map of the 2024 general election in Mizoram
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Mizoram]] on 19 April 2024 to elect one member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsclick.in/zoram-peoples-movement-be-new-key-factor-mizoram-polls|title=Zoram People's Movement to be New Key Factor in Mizoram Polls|website=newsclick.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Election schedule==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan="2" |Poll event
!Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" |I
|-
!Notification date
|20 March
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|}

==Parties and alliances==

=== Mizo National Front ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}|[[Mizo National Front]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Mizo National Front}}
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|[[File:Election Symbol Star.svg|50px]]
|[[K. Vanlalvena]]
|1
|-
|}

=== Zoram People's Movement ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}|[[Zoram People's Movement]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Zoram People's Movement}}
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hat.jpg|50px]]
|[[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|1
|-
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|Lalbiakzama
|1
|-
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|Vanlalhmuaka
|1
|-
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Mizoram People's Conference}}
|[[Mizoram People's Conference]]
|[[File:Bulb Election Symbol.svg|50px]]
|Rita Malsawmi
|1
|-
|}

==Candidates==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
!colspan="3"|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3"|Others
|-
!1
|[[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
|{{party name with color |Mizo National Front}}
|[[K. Vanlalvena]]
|{{party name with color |Zoram People's Movement}}
|[[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|{{party name with color |Indian National Congress}}
|Lalbiakzama
|{{party name with color |Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vanhlalmuaka
|{{party name with color |Mizoram People's Conference}}
|Rita Malsawmi
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Mizoram (1)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Mizoram}}

== Results ==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Zoram People's Movement}}
|colspan="3"|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
|208,552
|42.45%
|{{increase}}42.45%
|1
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Mizo National Front}}
|colspan="3"|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
|140,264
|28.55%
|{{decrease}}16.34%
|1
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|98,595
|20.07%
|{{decrease}}0.01%
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|style="background:#fef3e8"|'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|33,533
|6.82%
|{{increase}}1.07%
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Mizoram People's Conference}}
|colspan="3"|[[Mizoram People's Conference|MPC]]
|3,793
|0.77%
|
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|4,706
|0.96%
|
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|1,893
|0.38%
|{{decrease}}0.12%
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!491,336
!100%
! -
!6
!1
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner
!colspan="7"|Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
|56.87%{{decrease}}
|{{Party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|{{Party name with color no link|Others}}
|[[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|2,08,552
|42.45%
|{{Party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|{{Party name with color no link|Others}}
|[[K. Vanlalvena]]
|1,40,264
|28.55%
|style="background:{{party color|Others}} ; color:black;"|68,288
|-
|}

==Assembly segments wise lead of Parties==
[[File:2024 Mizoram Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Map.svg|2024 Mizoram Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Result Map|thumb|200px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2023 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}"|
! [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| 37
| 27
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2
| 2
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
! [[Mizo National Front]]
| 1
| 10
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 0
| 1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2| 40
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Nagaland]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Odisha]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Puducherry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mizoram elections}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Mizoram]]
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Mizoram]]
[[Category:2020s in Mizoram]]

Battle of Bharali (1615)

2026-05-05T23:46:45Z

Harish varma: Created A Biography

{{Short description|1615 battle of the Ahom-Mughal Wars}}
{{use dmy dates|date= December 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Bharali
| place = [[Bharali river]], [[Assam]]
| partof = [[Ahom–Mughal wars]]
| date = 1615
| combatant1 = [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{tree list}} [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
** [[Bengal Subah]]
{{tree list/end}}
| result = [[Ahom Kingdom|Ahom]] victory
| commander1 = [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singh]] [[Balinarayan|Bali Narayan]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] [[Qasim Khan Chishti|Qasim Khan]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] Sayyid Abu Bakr{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] Satrajit [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] Sayyid Hakim
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 10,000 [[cavalry]] 400 [[ships]] Unknown amount of infantry
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 5,000 killed 9,000 wounded 3,000 deserted
| casualties3 = Satrajit's son was sacrificed to the Goddess [[Kamakhya]], according to prevalent [[Ahom Kingdom|Ahom]] rituals.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=31}}
| map_type = South Asia#India Assam
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_label = Battle of Bharali
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 15
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.156|N|90.983|E}}
| image = File:Jiya Bharali River1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A view of the [[Bharali River]] flowing through Nameri National Park in [[Assam]].
| alt = refer to caption
}}

The '''Battle of Bharali''', fought in 1615, was a significant conflict of the [[Ahom–Mughal wars]], resulting in a decisive [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] victory. Following the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] defeat, [[Balinarayan|Bali Narayan]] was installed as the tributary [[Raja]] of [[Darrang district|Darrang]], adopting the title [[Dharmanarayan|Dharma Narayan]] and establishing his capital on the south bank of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] within the Darrang region. The loss led to the dismissal of [[Qasim Khan Chishti|Qasim Khan]], the [[Subahdar|''Subadar'']] (provincial governor) of [[Bengal]], highlighting the strategic and political repercussions of the battle.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|pp=179–182}}

==Background==
In September 1613, [[Qasim Khan Chishti|Qasim Khan]] was appointed the subadar of Bengal, and he assumed the office in Dhaka on May 6, 1614.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|pp=179–180}} During Qasim Khan's tenure, a major rebellion broke out led by Shaikh Ibrahim, an imperial official accused of embezzling 7,00,000 rupees. To evade arrest, Ibrahim rebelled with 3,000 followers and sought assistance from the Raja of [[Ahom kingdom|Assam]]. The Assamese ruler agreed to support Ibrahim with warboats and soldiers, promising him the territories of [[Kamarupa]] and Manchabat as rewards if he fought against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=180}} The Ahom Kingdom in [[Assam]], undergoing territorial expansion, inevitably clashed with the Mughals over the Assam-Bengal boundary{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=180}}

In 1606, regional powers like Raja Parikshit of the Eastern [[Koch Kingdom]] and the Mughal subadar of Bengal played crucial roles in shaping the political landscape. Raja Parikshit, who upheld the amicable ties with the Ahoms that his father, Raghu Dev, had established, continued to follow a policy of peaceful relations. This bond was further reinforced when a Koch princess was married to [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singh]]. Meanwhile, the aging Ahom king [[Sukhaamphaa|Sukhampha]] concentrated on strengthening his frontiers, possibly offering support to Raghu Dev in his struggle against enemies along the western and southern borders.{{sfn|Acharyya|1966|p=108}}

At the same time, the Mughals, led by Mirza Yusuf, were assigned to defend the fort at Pandu, which soon became a key battleground. Baldev, the brother of Raja Parikshit, launched an attack on the fort with a force of 18,000 hillmen. Though Mirza Yusuf Barlas and his Mughal troops put up strong resistance, their defences weakened as they eventually ran out of gunpowder and lead. Baldev's troops pushed their trenches closer to the fort's ditch, forcing [[Mirza Nathan]] to request reinforcements. In response, Ghiyas-ud-din was ordered to march without delay, while Admiral Islam Quli of Bengal Subah was directed to offer naval support. Additionally, 200 matchlock men were dispatched to strengthen the garrison. Meanwhile, Baldev's forces intensified their assault, bombarding the fort with cannons and rockets. As Mirza Nathan's reinforcements reached Pandu, the garrison launched a counteroffensive, compelling Baldev to abandon the siege and withdraw. This event underscored the complex regional power struggles and reinforced Assam's strategic significance in the larger Mughal-Ahom conflict.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=|pp=180–181}}
==Battle==
Seeking to subdue the Ahoms, Qasim Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal, organized a military expedition in 1615 as a pre-emptive strike--in response to escalating tensions, including the grant of refuge provided to [[Balinarayan|Bali Narayan]], the brother of Raja Parikshit, and the killing of a suspected Mughal spy near Koliabar. The two imperial commanders--Sayyid Hakim and Sayyid Abu Bakr were in charge of the expedition, leading 10,000 horsemen, an unspecified number of foot soldiers, and a group of 400 vessels.{{sfn|Basu|1970|pp=30–31}} Accompanying them was Satrajit, the son of a landowner from the Dhaka region, who had earlier battled Raja Parikshit and aligned himself with the Mughals. He was assured the position of ''Thanadar'' (station chief) of Pandu and Guwahati as a reward.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=181}}
[[File:Gentleman with a Gold Wine Cup, c. 1600 Painting.jpg|120px|thumb|[[Qasim Khan Chishti]]|alt=Qasim Khan Chishti with a Gold Wine Cup, c. 1600 Painting Indian, 16th–17th centuries Mughal period.]]
10,000 strong imperial contingent set its march, way to Kolibar by moving continuously through the Kallang River--thereby they came across [[Ahom Army|Ahom army]] troops positioned surrounding the [[Bharali river|Bharali River]]'s mouth. Using the thick fog to their benefit, the Mughals managed to get their cavalry across the river, catching the Ahoms off guard and emerging victorious in the first notable clash.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=181}}

However, the Ahoms regrouped and launched a sudden night attack, a signature tactic of their military strategy. The assault inflicted heavy losses on the Mughals, including the death of their commander, Sayyid Abu Bakr. The Ahoms captured a large amount of booty during this counteroffensive,{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=181}} including elephants, horses, ships, cannons, and firearms. Additionally, Satrajit's son was sacrificed to the Goddess [[Kamakhya]] according to prevalent Ahom rituals.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=31}}

[[Edward Gait|Gait]] however mentions that the Mughal forces endured heavy losses, with thousands perishing, many more sustaining injuries, and a significant number abandoning their posts. It is said that Mughals sustained around 5,000 fatalities, 9,000 wounded, and 3,000 desertions. Although these estimates possibly include both military personnel and civilians. The engagement demonstrated the resilience and tactical ingenuity of the Ahoms in their conflict with the Mughal Empire.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=181}} King Pratap Singha celebrated the victory with a triumphant return to the capital, where he performed the Rikkhvan ceremony, marking the culmination of the Ahom triumph.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=31}}

==Aftermath==
After the defeat of the Mughal forces, Bali Narayan was appointed as the vassal king of [[Darrang district|Darrang]], where he was given the title [[Dharmanarayan|Dharma Narayan]].{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=31}} Bali Narayan's capital was situated on the southern banks of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], within Darrang. After this defeat, Qasim Khan was dismissed from his role as the ''subadar'' of Bengal.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|p=181}}

In November 1617, Pratap Singh, alongside Dharma Narayan, advanced with his army toward [[Hajo]]. During this campaign, the [[raja]] of [[Dimaura]], a vassal under the [[Kachari (tribe)|Kacharis]], and the ruler of [[Jaintia District]], home to around 18,000 people, surrendered to Pratap Singh. {{sfn|Basu|1970|p=31}}

The Ahom army launched an assault and seized control of Pandu, dealing another blow to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], who suffered yet another defeat at Agiathuti. Forced to withdraw, the Mughals retreated to [[Hajo]]. These events marked a crucial triumph for the Ahoms in their ongoing struggle against the Mughal Empire.{{sfn|Roy|Nag|2023|pp=181–182}}

== See also ==

* [[Ahom–Mughal wars]]
* [[Susenghphaa]]
* [[Battle of Samdhara]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |last2=Nag |first2=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ |title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2023-07-17 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90525-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Nirmal Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3374 |title=Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Acharyya |first=Nagendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century: A Critical and Comprehensive History of Assam During the First Four Centuries of Ahom Rule, Based on Original Assamese Sources, Available Both in India and England |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |language=en}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Bharali}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1610s conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:1615 in India]]
[[Category:17th century in the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]

Zo nationalism

2026-05-01T12:07:17Z

Harish varma: started the bio w/ sources - done

{{Short description| Independence movement in Chin state, Myanmar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Zo nationalism'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Go |first=Khup Za |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jeaS8yXIj8C&dq=%22zo+nationalism%22&pg=PR7 |title=Zo Chronicles: A Documentary Study of History and Culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe |date=2008 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-210-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piang |first=L. Lam Khan |date=2013-06-01 |title=Ethnic mobilisation for decolonisation: colonial legacy (the case of the Zo people in Northeast India) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2012.688670 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=342–363 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.688670 |issn=1463-1369}}</ref> is an ethnic nationalist movement among the [[Zo people]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thoudam |first=Natasa |title=Collective Memory' as an Alternative to Dominant (Hi)stories in Narratives by Women from and in Manipur |url=https://postcolonialinterventions.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2-revised-manipur.pdf |journal=Post Colonial Interventions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=ZO NATIONALISM |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2019/03/zo-nationalism.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=EXPLORE MIZORAM - Everything About Mizoram and Its People {{!}} Breaking News, Documentation, Tourism {{!}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhandammawia |date=2019-10-12 |title=Advocates for Zo Nationalism (AZN)-in ramngaw leh nungcha humhalh kawnga thawk \ha mi 4 hnenah AZN Award 2019 nimin khan a hlan. |url=https://www.zonet.in/advocates-for-zo-nationalism-azn-in-ramngaw-leh-nungcha-humhalh-kawnga-thawk-ha-mi-4-hnenah-azn-award-2019-nimin-khan-a-hlan/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Zonet TV Pvt. Ltd. |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810083605/https://www.zonet.in/advocates-for-zo-nationalism-azn-in-ramngaw-leh-nungcha-humhalh-kawnga-thawk-ha-mi-4-hnenah-azn-award-2019-nimin-khan-a-hlan/|archive-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> – a broad umbrella of interrelated tribes broadly comprising [[Zomi people|Zomi]],<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Das |first=N. K. |title=Indigeneity, Cultural Memory, and Hybrid Identity: Politics of 'Belonging' Among Zomi–Chin-Kuki People of India–Myanmar Borderlands |date=2021 |work=Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes: Identities, Social Creativity, Cultural Regeneration and Planetary Realizations |pages=217–242 |editor-last=Giri |editor-first=Ananta Kumar |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_13 |access-date=2025-05-21 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_13 |isbn=978-981-15-7118-3}}</ref> [[Mizo people|Mizo]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zarzosanga |date=2021-06-01 |title=Two Strands of Nationalism: A Narrative on the Mizo War of Independence |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2321023021999157 |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=51–63 |doi=10.1177/2321023021999157 |issn=2321-0230}}</ref> [[Chin people|Chin]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2011-08-11 |title=Nationalist Movement Among the Zomis |url=https://sialki.wordpress.com/2011/08/11/nationalist-movement-among-the-zomis/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=CHIN PEOPLE IN THE WORLD |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kuki people|Kuki]], whose traditional homelands span Northeast India ([[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]] states), Western Myanmar ([[Chin State]]) and Bangladesh ([[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Piang |first=L. Lam Khan |date=2013-06-01 |title=Ethnic mobilisation for decolonisation: colonial legacy (the case of the Zo people in Northeast India) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631369.2012.688670 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=342–363 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.688670 |issn=1463-1369}}</ref> These Zo tribes share a common Tibeto-Burman linguistic and cultural ancestry. As one study notes: "a majority of the Zo population lives in Manipur and Mizoram in Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Chin State of Myanmar".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=This Word Means: Zo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-zo-9907419/#:~:text=Today,%20a%20majority%20of%20the,North%20East%20India%20Studies,%202015 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326155616/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-zo-9907419/|archive-date=26 March 2025}}</ref> Major Zo subgroups include the Chin of Myanmar, the Mizos (Lushai) of Mizoram, the [[Zomi people|Zomi]] of Manipur and Chin State, the various Kuki clans of Manipur and Bangladesh, and numerous clans ([[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Gangte people|Gangte]], [[Zou people|Zou]], [[Paite people|Paite]], etc.)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zo nationalism |url=https://www.newsclick.in/zo-nationalism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2023-12-05 |title=Mizoram's stance on refugees from Myanmar, Manipur will not change, says CM-elect Lalduhoma |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1060111/mizorams-stance-on-myanmar-manipur-refugees-will-not-change-says-cm-elect-lalduhoma |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Map of Zoram.png|thumb|Map of Zoram and Zo nationalities]]

Although divided by modern frontiers, the Zo people have many common traits: for example, most Zo were traditional animists who were converted to Protestant Christianity by 19th-century missionaries.<ref name=":2" /> Many families today still emphasize a shared ancestry. Anthropologists even note that some Chittagong-Hill tribes in Bangladesh (e.g. [[Bawm people|Bawm]], [[Pangkhu language|Pangkhu]], [[Khumi people|Khumi]], [[Mro-Khimi people|Mro-Khimi]]) are "descendants of the Mizo–Chin–Kuki (Zo) groups"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caught in the Crossfire: The Plight of the Bawm Community and Unveiling the Complex Ties Between the Bangladesh Military and the Kuki-Chin National Front - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |url=https://iwgia.org/en/news/5554-caught-crossifre-bawm-complex-ties-between-bangladesh-military-kuki-chin-national-front.html#:~:text=It%20is%20indeed%20true%20that,standing |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=iwgia.org}}</ref> underlining that these communities are culturally and linguistically closer to the Zo of India and Myanmar than to neighboring people.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zo Nationalism |url=https://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=journals.dbuniversity.ac.in|url-status=unfit}}</ref>

Because the Zo people straddle the borders of India, Myanmar and Bangladesh, Zo nationalism<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADVOCATES FOR ZO NATIONALISM, Видео |url=https://salda.ws/video/?id=5cc93147320be0102757f5b60ed9c272 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=salda.ws |language=ru}}</ref> advocates an emotional (if not territorial) unity of this cross-border community. Zo activists often use the term ''Zogam'' or ''Zoram'' ("Zo land") to describe the idea of a contiguous homeland. Historically, British administrators alternated between notions of uniting the Chin and Lushai hills and deliberate "divide-and-rule" policies.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Impact of Memory and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Efforts in Mizoram | url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v4n2/pachuau.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801122535/http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v4n2/pachuau.pdf | archive-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> For example, colonial records show a late-19th-century ''Chin-Lushai'' conference (1892) that envisioned joint administration of the hill peoples, and Zo leaders today cite this as a precedent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Angshuman |date=26 May 2024 |title=Northeastern View {{!}} Resurgence of Zo reunification demand bares the high costs of New Delhi's border closure decision |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/northeastern-view-resurgence-of-zo-reunification-demand-bares-the-high-costs-of-new-delhi-s-border-closure-decision-101716663803473.html#:~:text=briefings%20on%20the%20need%20to,for%20its%20current%20integrationist%20programme }}</ref> In practice, however, the British mostly kept the Chin Hills (in Burma) and Lushai Hills (in India) as separate provinces. Indeed, historians observe that until 1947 "the Zo people never had social and political unity"; as one scholar comments, colonial rule was marked by the convenient segregation of these "rebellious tribes".<ref name="This Word Means: Zo">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=This Word Means: Zo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-zo-9907419/#:~:text=But%20power%20struggles%20aside,%20the,product%20of%20specific%20historical%20circumstances |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> After decolonization (India and Burma in 1947–48, Bangladesh in 1971), the Zo communities found themselves scattered across three countries with no autonomous Zo-majority region. As another commentary notes, the Zo "straddle domestic and international borders, which were erected rather arbitrarily by the British".<ref name="This Word Means: Zo" /> Thus Zo nationalists see modern national boundaries – and state policies – as disruptive inheritances of the colonial era. This is driven by organisations such as the [[Zomi Re-unification Organisation|Zomi Re-Unification Organisation]] (ZRO) in India, and [[Zomi National Congress]] (ZNC) in Myanmar.<ref name="democracyforburma.wordpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-10 |title=ZNC to Register as 'Zomi Congress for Democracy' |url=https://democracyforburma.wordpress.com/2012/07/10/znc-to-register-as-zomi-congress-for-democracy/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=democracy for burma |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-11-28 |title=Former diplomat, noted litterateur Lalthlamuong Keivom dies at 82 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Nov/28/former-diplomat-noted-litterateur-lalthlamuong-keivom-dies-at-82-2389168.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Zo people are a conglomerate of several warring tribes before and during the British rule in India and Myanmar.<ref name=":0" /> British entered the Zo people's territory in 1888<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ireland |first1=Alleyne |date=1907 |title=The Province of Burma: A Report Prepared on Behalf of the University of Chicago |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9ENAAAAIAAJ&q=1888&pg=PA790}}</ref> and began colonial administration in 1890. In 1892, the British called the Chin-Lushai conference for the Chin and the [[Mizo people|Lushai]], both [[hill tribe]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |date=2007-01-01 |title=Administrative Rivalries on a Frontier: Problem of the Chin-Lushai Hills |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360703400108 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=EN |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=187–209 |doi=10.1177/037698360703400108 |issn=0376-9836}}</ref> The British favoured uniting the Chin and Lushai into one administration, but the Lushai rejected the plan. The Lushai hill tribe then took a new name, Mizo, a poetic word for the Zomi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luseizomi |date=2011-04-11 |title=Zomi leh Mizo chungchang |trans-title=About Zomi and Mizo |url=https://misual.life/2011/04/12/zomi-leh-mizo-chungchang/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=mi(sual).com |language=Mizo}}</ref> By then, they were variously identified, but sometimes contradictorily, by the major tibes Chin, Kuki, Mizo and Zomi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thangtungnung |first=H. |date=2018 |title=Hill Politics and Political Movements Among the ZO Tribes in North-East India |url=https://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-6/mv6i1/hill-politics-and-political-movements-among-the-zo-tribes-in-north-east-india |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Tribal Tribune |issn=2249-3433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thangtungnung |first=H. |date=2015-07-01 |title=Ethnic History and Identity of the Zo Tribes in North East India |url=https://zenodo.org/records/12779089 |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.12779089 |issn=2277-6869}}</ref>

The first politically literate Zo people was Than Pet Mang from Chin State. An officer in the [[Burma Rifles]], then part of the British Army, he learned administrative system from the British officers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TamilNet |title=TamilNet |url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=38170&catid=79 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.tamilnet.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1942, he was impressed by a nationalistic speech of a Buddhist monk and resigned from the army. He returned to his native village, adopted a new name after the village and his father as Vum Thu Muang,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vumson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOVpQgAACAAJ |title=Zo History: With an Introduction to Zo Culture, Economy, Religion and Their Status as an Ethnic Minority in India, Burma, and Bangladesh |date=1990 |publisher=N.T. Thawnga |location=Aizawl, India |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref> and founded the Chin National Union in 1933.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pau |first=Thang Lian |title=Where are we now? |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/10/where-are-we-now-pu-thang-lian-pau-prez.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Khalvontawi}}</ref>

Although of the same Tibeto-Burman ethnicity, the Zo people never had social and political unity until the British rule ended in India in 1947 and in Myanmar (then Burma) in 1948;<ref name=":1" /> Bangladesh became an independent nation (from Pakistan, which in turn had split from India) in 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ludden |first=David |date=2011 |title=The Politics of Independence in Bangladesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017911 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=35 |pages=79–85 |jstor=23017911 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> For the British Empire, administrative segregation was convenient to keep the rebellious tribes away from each other for maintaining law and order.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bobby |date=2019-07-04 |title=Opium's Calculus (Part 2: The Experience of Northern Chin and Tonzang) |url=https://teacircleoxford.com/essay/opiums-calculus-part-2-the-experience-of-northern-chin-and-tonzang/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Tea Circle |language=en-US}}</ref> Independent sovereignty of these regions meant that the different Zo tribes had settled in and fell under different administrative jurisdictions in three countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |date=2020-08-07 |title=Transborder People, Connected History: Border and Relationships in the Indo-Burma Borderlands |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08865655.2018.1438914 |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=619–639 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2018.1438914 |issn=0886-5655}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zou |first=David Vumlallian |title=Routledge Handbook of Highland Asia |chapter=Peopling the Yunnan-Bengal corridor |date=2022-08-09 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429345746-24/peopling-yunnan-bengal-corridor-david-vumlallian-zou |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |pages=261–273 |doi=10.4324/9780429345746-24 |isbn=978-0-429-34574-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505015455/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429345746-24/peopling-yunnan-bengal-corridor-david-vumlallian-zou |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piang |first=L. Lam Kan |date=2008 |title=Clan, Dialect and Tribe Identity: Emergence of Crosscutting Identity among the Zo People in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920056 |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=43–60 |jstor=41920056 |issn=0970-0927}}</ref> In 1944 the various groups, such as Sukte Independence Army were raised in Burma. In 1947 modern Burma was assembled from five countries, including Chin, [[Kachin State|Kachin]], federated [[Shan state]], [[Karen state]] and Burma according to the [[Panglong Agreement|Panglong agreement]]. This agreement outlined each state's right to be self-administered after ten years from the date of agreement. However, the union of [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–62|Burma was politically collapsing]] and the agreement fell apart.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/oxan-db213132/full/html |title=Emerald Expert Briefings |chapter=Myanmar Panglong meeting will be modest success |date=2016-08-23 |doi=10.1108/oxan-db213132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Matthew J. |date=2008-12-01 |title=Ethnicity, Conflict, and History in Burma: The Myths of Panglong |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/48/6/889/24224/Ethnicity-Conflict-and-History-in-Burma-The-Myths?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=889–910 |doi=10.1525/as.2008.48.6.889 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref>

In 1960, the Chin Liberation Army was founded by Tun Kho Pum Baite to re-unify the Chin people while the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) strove for Mizo independence. MNF ended with the Mizoram state's creation by the Indian government. This movement did not cover all of Zogam. The [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] was then created. Now the hill people (Zomi) re-unification group is the Zomi Revolutionary Army.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zomitoday.blogspot.com/2016/08/zomi-te-koitan-tungta-ihiam.html |title=Zomi te Koitan tungta ihiam? |last=Guite |first=Thang Thawn Tuang |website=Zomi Today |access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref>

The [[8888 uprising]] took place in 1988. Students were protesting against the Burmese government. Zomi students were involved and founded the [[Chin National Army]] (CNA).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahruddin |first1=Amirah Syuhada |last2=Fauziah Fathil |date=2024-01-01 |title=The Power Struggle Between the Military Junta and Democracy in Myanmar |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/irkh/index.php/ijrcs/article/view/309 |journal=IIUM Journal of Religion and Civilisational Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=213–232 |doi=10.31436/ijrcs.v6i2.309 |issn=2637-112X}}</ref> The CNA continued its campaign against the Burmese government for about six months, until it was destroyed and many corpses were recovered from their camps. Some members went into hiding, while others founded small armed groups. The CNA was rejected by the [[Zomi National Congress]]. After a few months, the CNA asked for a ceasefire agreement with the Burmese government.<ref name="Hanrahan">{{Cite web |last=Hanrahan |first=Jeff |date=2024-05-20 |title=Chin National Front |url=https://www.moderninsurgent.org/post/chin-national-front |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Modern Insurgent |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810083253/https://www.moderninsurgent.org/post/chin-national-front|archive-date=10 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swift |first=Peter |date=2017 |title=The Burma Democratic Front: How Eighty-Eight Generation Chin were Mobilized into the Chin National Front |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/659373 |journal=Journal of Burma Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=133–169 |doi=10.1353/jbs.2017.0003 |issn=2010-314X}}</ref>

== Ethnic identity and cultural cohesion ==
The Zo tribes share many cultural bonds. Religiously, most Zo today are Protestant Christians. British missionaries converted large numbers of Chin/Kuki/Mizo tribes from animism by the mid-20th century. As one review notes, this formed "a close-knit Christian community" across Zo hills.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=Review: Nationalism in the Vernacular by Roluahpuia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html#:~:text=which%20resonate%20with%20the%20common,anguish%20and%20suffering%20during%20the |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html#:~:text=which%20resonate%20with%20the%20common,anguish%20and%20suffering%20during%20the |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/northeastern-view-resurgence-of-zo-reunification-demand-bares-the-high-costs-of-new-delhi-s-border-closure-decision-101716663803473.html northeastern-view-resurgence-of-zo-reunification-demand-bares-the-high-costs-of-new-delhi-s-border-closure-decision-101716663803473.html]</ref> Churches and mission schools became meeting-places for tribal members from different groups. In fact, Christian networks helped spread nationalist ideas: oral histories record that insurgent leaders and activists composed new "patriotic" and "nationalist" songs (called ''hnam hla'', or "song of the land") during the Mizo uprising, and these were taught communally at church gatherings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roluahpuia |title=Nationalism in the vernacular: state, tribes, and the politics of peace in Northeast India |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University press |isbn=978-1-009-34607-8 |location=Cambridge New York (N.Y.)}}</ref> Roluahpuia describes how such songs of hope and suffering ("''rambuai lha''") circulated by word of mouth, providing news and solidarity under wartime censorship.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=Review: Nationalism in the Vernacular by Roluahpuia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html#:~:text=Reading%20this%20book,%20I%E2%80%99m%20reminded,restrictions%20placed%20on%20written%20texts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html#:~:text=Reading%20this%20book,%20I%E2%80%99m%20reminded,restrictions%20placed%20on%20written%20texts |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> In short, the Zo learned to "sing through their rambuai years" – singing together helped reinforce a common identity even when written materials were banned.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hmarram.com |date=2011-08-10 |title=Towards Zo Unification - HMARRAM |url=https://hmarram.com/op-ed/towards-zo-unification/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Language is another important tie. All Zo groups speak languages from the [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] branch of Tibeto-Burman. These dozens of related dialects ([[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Falam Chin]], [[Hakha Chin]], [[Thadou language|Thadou]], [[Paite language|Paite]], etc.) are often mutually intelligible. Zo leaders periodically propose linguistic unity: for example, in 2008 Zomi delegates to the [[United Nations]] even urged creating one standardized "central Zomi dialect" out of the roughly 46 dialects in use.<ref name="press.un.org">{{Cite web |title=SPEAKERS ADDRESS FUTURE ROLE OF PERMANENT FORUM IN ENSURING INDIGENOUS RIGHTS GIVEN EQUAL WEIGHT WITH OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2008/hr4952.doc.htm#:~:text=restricted,form%20a%20university,%20so%20those |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> In practice, most communities continue to use their own tongue (Mizoram now promotes the Mizo ṭawng as a state [[lingua franca]]). Nonetheless, the shared linguistic stock – combined with the strong presence of English or local languages – creates a sense that all these tribes are branches of one ethnic tree. Politically, some Zo subgroups have rejected imposed labels (for instance, many Paite-led tribes in Manipur have rejected the colonial-era term "Kuki" as pejorative, preferring the term "Zo/Zomi" instead).<ref name="This Word Means: Zo" /> The aspirational term ''“Zo”'' itself means "highlander" or "people of the north," and it is used by Mizo speakers as ''Zohnahthlak'' ("descendants of Zo").<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=The Generic Name {{!}} Zogam .::. Home : Zomi ethnic group located at boundaries of India, Burma (Myanmar) & Bangladesh |url=http://zogam.org/generic-name |access-date=2025-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806114401/http://zogam.org/generic-name |archive-date=2024-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic History and Identity of the Zo Tribes in North EastIndia – Journal of North East India Studies |url=https://www.jneis.com/5-1-4/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522194253/https://www.jneis.com/5-1-4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In any case, most Zo activists emphasize culture, religion, and language over rigid bloodline: they note that all Zo groups agree they are of the same ethnic stock,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=Review: Nationalism in the Vernacular by Roluahpuia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html#:~:text=or%20less%20absent%20in%20the,of%20chieftainship%20was%20abolished%20in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html#:~:text=or%20less%20absent%20in%20the,of%20chieftainship%20was%20abolished%20in |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> even if each maintains its clan and village ties.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=0k2kNmotblQ |title=US Wants Kuki land In Bangladesh? Mizoram CM - Manipur Issue & Zo Nationalism II Dr. Ankit Shah Live |date=2024-11-05 |last=Dr. Ankit Shah |access-date=2025-05-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/posts?page=1345 | title=DIRECTORATE OF INFORMATION & PUBLIC RELATIONS - Latest Updates }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Historical development ==

=== Colonial era and partition ===
Zo history in the colonial period involves shifting British strategies in the Chin-Lushai hills. Initially the British consolidated scattered tribal lands into frontier districts (the Chin Hills and the Lushai Hills) and directly administered them under separate colonial governments. This separation was partly intentional: the British viewed these highland tribes as "rebellious," and it suited colonial control to treat the Chin (Burma) and Lushai (Assam/India) hills differently.<ref name="This Word Means: Zo"/> British officers occasionally debated merging them, but in practice the two regions developed under distinct bureaucracies and missionary societies. Notably, in 1953 – just before Burma’s independence – the main Baptist church associations of the Chin Hills (Tedim, Falam, Hakha) voluntarily renamed themselves the ''Zomi Baptist Convention'', formally adopting "Zomi" (‘Zo people’) as a collective national name.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan Suan |first=H. Kham |date=2011-06-01 |title=Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/006996671104500201 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=EN |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=157–187 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500201 |issn=0069-9659}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zou |first=David Vumlallian |date=2010 |title=A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664306 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=14 |pages=56–63 |jstor=25664306 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> This was a cultural gesture toward unity, but no corresponding political unit was formed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zo thuam aia pawimawh Zo rilru – The Zozam Times |url=https://thezozamtimes.in/2024/03/11/zo-thuam-aia-pawimawh-zo-rilru/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

When the British left, the Zo peoples were immediately split among new states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kent |first=George |date=2017-09-05 |title=When Burma and India went their separate ways |url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/when-burma-and-india-went-their-separate-ways/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1947 India gained independence and later Mizoram was carved out of Assam; in 1948 Burma (Myanmar) became independent with Chin State; and in 1971 Bangladesh emerged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Sajal |title=The Other Partition |url=https://partitionstudiesquarterly.org/article/the-other-partition/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Partition Studies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=When Burma Was Still Part of British India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/when-burma-was-still-part-of-british-india/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523051036/https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/when-burma-was-still-part-of-british-india/|archive-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> Thus the Zo were "left without any independent sovereign entity" – one historian notes that different Zo tribes "had settled in and fell under different administrative jurisdictions in three countries" after decolonization.<ref>[https://icbms4.burmaconference.com/pdf_proceeding.php?abs_id=10 Rethinking Communities after the State]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyot-Réchard |first=Bérénice |date= 2021|title=Tangled Lands: Burma and India's Unfinished Separation, 1937–1948 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/tangled-lands-burma-and-indias-unfinished-separation-19371948/76F4F6EC5CB7E7CC1B4DE7E8730CA788 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=293–315 |doi=10.1017/S0021911820000017 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref> This partition of their population is a constant reference point for Zo nationalists. Modern commentators emphasize that the Zo were not given a single homeland by these events, leading to the feeling that arbitrary borders cut through one people.<ref name="This Word Means: Zo"/>

=== Post-independence movements ===
In each country, Zo political movements arose to defend their interests – sometimes independently, sometimes in parallel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-05 |title=Zo thuam aia pawimawh hmasa Zo rilru |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2019/03/zo-thuam-aia-pawimawh-hmasa-zo-rilru.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=EXPLORE MIZORAM - Everything About Mizoram and Its People {{!}} Breaking News, Documentation, Tourism {{!}}}}</ref> In India’s northeast, the Mizo people (Lushai Hills) were initially part of Assam. A key early party was the [[Mizo Union]] (founded in 1946), which cooperated with [[Indian National Congress|India’s Congress Party]] to end hereditary chieftainship in 1950. But as economic grievances mounted, a more radical group emerged: the Mizo National Front (MNF). Formed on 22 October 1961 by Laldenga and others, the MNF demanded the creation of an independent homeland for all Mizos. The MNF’s 1961 manifesto explicitly declared its goal "to unify all the Mizos under a single administration".<ref>{{Cite web |title=38. India/Mizos (1961-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiamizos-1960-present/#:~:text=Crisis%20Phase%20(October%2022,%201961,for%20independence%20in%20October%201965 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> After diplomatic efforts failed, the MNF turned to insurgency: on 28 February 1966 it staged a major uprising and declared Mizoram’s independence. The Indian government responded with military force (even bombing the Aizawl villages), and a full-scale counterinsurgency ensued. Over the next two decades the MNF controlled parts of the hills and negotiated with New Delhi. By 1986, after protracted talks, the Mizoram Peace Accord was signed. This ended the rebellion, and Mizoram was granted full statehood (India’s 23rd state) on 20 February 1987. In short, the [[Mizo insurgency]] (1966–1986) – often called the Mizo War of Independence – lasted roughly twenty years<ref name="Zarzosanga 2021 51–63">{{Cite journal |last=Zarzosanga |date=2021 |title=Two Strands of Nationalism: A Narrative on the Mizo War of Independence |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/indpol/v9y2021i1p51-63.html#:~:text=The%20Mizo%20War%20of%20Independence,,The%20first |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=51–63|doi=10.1177/2321023021999157 }}</ref> before producing Mizoram’s separate statehood.

Across the border in Burma, Chin political activism also grew after [[World War II]]. In 1960 the Chin Liberation Army<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the Resistance Camps in Myanmar |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/inside-the-resistance-camps-in-myanmar/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> was founded by Tun Kho Pum Baite with the goal of unifying all Chin tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma: Project Maje: Under the Hornbill Flag: Chin State Resistance Continues |url=https://www.projectmaje.org/chin_report_2023.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.projectmaje.org}}</ref> Baite later aligned with the MNF<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unknown |title=PHAMSA PU TUNKHOPUM BAITE SULNUNG & ZOMI Political Movement |url=https://mzrpaitelink.blogspot.com/2014/06/phamsa-pu-tunkhopum-baite-sulnung-zomi.html |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref> in India actually worrying both the Burmese and the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shahruddin |first1=Amirah Syuhada |last2=Fathil |first2=Fauziah |date=2023 |title=The Power Struggle Between the Military Junta and Democracy in Myanmar |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/irkh/index.php/ijrcs/article/view/309 |journal=IIUM Journal of Religion and Civilisational Studies |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |issn=2637-112X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201193630/https://journals.iium.edu.my/irkh/index.php/ijrcs/article/view/309 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=21 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ministry of Information 2014">{{Citation |last=Ministry of Information |first=Films Division |title=M.N.F. : The Mizo Uprising |date=2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.MoI.films.009706 |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref> In 1988, amid Burma’s nationwide 8888 pro-democracy uprising, Burmese Zo (Chin/Paites) students established the Chin National Army (CNA) to fight for Chin autonomy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hill Politics and Political Movements Among the ZO Tribes in North-East India |url=https://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-6/mv6i1/hill-politics-and-political-movements-among-the-zo-tribes-in-north-east-india |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.etribaltribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatlang |first=Mung |date=2014-11-24 |title=munghartlang: Tunkhopum Baite and His Chin Liberation Army In The 1960s |url=https://munghartlang.blogspot.com/2014/11/tunkhopum-baite-and-his-chin-liberation.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=munghartlang}}</ref><ref name="Hanrahan"/> Baite had then also first proposed a United Zogam (Zo Country), separated from Myanmar and India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-08-14 |title=Pu Tun Kho Pum (General) » Zomi Pedia |url=https://zomipedia.org/gamvai/pu-tun-kho-pum-general/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gdB_MydsdA |title=Mizo National Front MNF Story (Full Episode ) |date=2021-06-17 |last=Zalengam Media💠 |access-date=2025-05-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> That short-lived CNA insurgency though lasted about six months before government forces crushed it. Some of its members later formed smaller guerrilla groups or joined the Chin National Front (CNF), which had been founded that same year (1988) and was already fighting for greater Chin rights.<ref name="Matamis">{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2024-01-11 |title=Chinland Council Established in Myanmar • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2024/chinland-council-established-in-myanmar/#:~:text=The%20Chin%20National%20Front%20,While |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The CNF survived through the 1990s, eventually agreeing to ceasefire deals with the military regime by 2015.<ref name="Matamis"/>

In India’s Manipur state, various Zo (Kuki-Chin) tribes also formed parties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DAL |first=CS |date=2012-05-31 |title=Who are the Zomi? |url=https://english.dvb.no/who-are-the-zomi/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=DVB |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="zogam.org">{{Cite web |title=After The British Rule : In India {{!}} Zogam .::. Home : Zomi ethnic group located at boundaries of India, Burma (Myanmar) & Bangladesh |url=http://www.zogam.org/after-british-rule-india |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.zogam.org |archive-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521145131/https://zogam.org/after-british-rule-india |url-status=dead }}</ref> Notably, T. Gougin<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origin of Zomi: Pu T. Gougin |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/06/the-origin-of-zomi-pu-t-gougin.html |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref> founded a "United Zomi Organisation" in 1961 and the Zomi National Congress (ZNC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomi Congress for Democracy Wins Six seats |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/2015-election/chin-state/item/1175-zomi-congress-for-democracy-wins-six-seats.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Burma News International |language=en}}</ref> in 1972,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memoranda : ZNC {{!}} Zogam .::. Home : Zomi ethnic group located at boundaries of India, Burma (Myanmar) & Bangladesh |url=https://www.zogam.org/memoranda-znc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210090930/http://www.zogam.org/memoranda-znc |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.zogam.org |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomi Congress for Democracy presents its policy, stance and work programmes {{!}} Ministry Of Information |url=https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/news/1494 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.moi.gov.mm |language=en}}</ref> aiming to advance Zomi interests in Manipur. Decades later, ethnic tensions in Churachandpur district (where many Thadou-Kuki and Paite live) led to new militancy. A group calling itself the Zomi Re-unification Organisation (sometimes called ZRO) was formed in April 1993 in Myanmar’s Kachin State (Phapian), with the aim of uniting Kuki-Zo peoples across borders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomi Diaspora, Culture And Politics {{!}} TICI Journal |url=http://www.ticijournals.org/zomi-diaspora-culture-and-politics/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doungel |first=Jangkhongam |title=Genesis and Functioning of the Zo Re-Unification Organisation (Z.O.R.O.) |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4120561 |journal=SKWC Journal of Social Sciences, 2014|date=June 2014 |ssrn=4120561 }}</ref> As separate armed wing, the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] (ZRA), was established in Manipur in 1997<ref name=mpm>{{Cite web |last=MPM |date=2023-09-21 |title="We have no cooperation with the military council and have not held a political dialogue with the military council. We have not attacked them since the military coup in 2021. They don't attack us and neither do we. We don't want to fight the organizations and the people who don't attack us." Sr. JK, Acting Spokesperson of Zomi Revolutionary Army (Eastern Command) » Myanmar Peace Monitor |url=https://mmpeacemonitor.org/en/en-interviews/we-have-no-cooperation-with-the-military-council-and-have-not-held-a-political-dialogue-with-the-military-council-we-have-not-attacked-them-since-the-military-coup-in-2021-they-don/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Myanmar Peace Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> to pursue this agenda. The ZRA explicitly identifies as a ''Zomi nationalist'' militant group. It remains active in parts of Manipur, allied at times with other insurgents (e.g. NSCN-IM).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Myanmar |date=2025-04-07 |title=Five Chin resistance fighters killed in clashes with junta-backed ethnic armed group |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/five-chin-resistance-fighters-killed-in-clashes-with-junta-backed-ethnic-armed-group/?tztc=1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Pangambam |date=2023-09-25 |title=Abhijit Chavda Podcast: What's Exactly Happening In Manipur? (Transcript) |url=https://singjupost.com/abhijit-chavda-podcast-whats-exactly-happening-in-manipur-transcript/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Singju Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

Meanwhile in Bangladesh’s Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), the smaller Kuki-Chin tribes (Bawm, Khumi, Pangkhua, etc.) had largely been overshadowed by larger Chakma and Marma ethnic movements. Some Bawm activists in the 2010s drew on Zo ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caught in the Crossfire: The Plight of the Bawm Community and Unveiling the Complex Ties Between the Bangladesh Military and the Kuki-Chin National Front - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |url=https://iwgia.org/en/news/5554-caught-crossifre-bawm-complex-ties-between-bangladesh-military-kuki-chin-national-front.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=iwgia.org}}</ref> The most prominent is the [[Kuki-Chin National Front]] (KNF), founded by Nathan Bom (Bawm) around 2017.<ref>[https://bipss.org.bd/pdf/Evolution%20of%20Kuki%20Chin%20National%20Front%20as%20a%20Separatist%20Group%20and%20Impact%20on%20National%20and%20Regional%20Security%20(1).pdf Evolution of Kuki Chin National Front as a Separatist Group ...]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Why Kuki-Chin National Front raising tensions in Chittagong Hill Tracts? |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/why-kuki-chin-national-front-raising-tensions-chittagong-hill-tracts-1002766 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> The KNF declared the goal of carving out a separate "Kuki-Chin State" from parts of Rangamati and Bandarban districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Bangladesh's Kuki National Front is Cause for Concern |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/04/why-bangladeshs-kuki-national-front-is-cause-for-concern/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Partha Shankar |date=2024-04-06 |title=Who are behind the KNF, what's behind the recent attacks? |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/1g9f3notzi |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> It even fielded an armed wing (Kuki-Chin National Army).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Chin National Front (KNF) |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/tag/kuki-chin-national-front-knf |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Indianarrative |language=en}}</ref> The group’s ideology explicitly cited Zo/Kuki identity, but it has been banned by the Bangladeshi government as a militant organization.<ref name="The Daily Star">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-07 |title=KNF gets arms, support from other side of border |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/knf-gets-arms-support-other-side-border-3583666 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505094728/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/knf-gets-arms-support-other-side-border-3583666 |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PRAY FOR KUKI-CHIN NATIONAL FRONT (KNF) |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2025/01/pray-for-kuki-chin-national-front-knf.html |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref> In short, while Zo nationalism in Bangladesh has surfaced, it has remained a fringe phenomenon, overtaken by the official discourse of indigenous (Jumma) rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kuki-Chin National Front: A new concern for Bangladesh's security – Policy Watcher |url=https://policywatcher.com/2024/05/the-kuki-chin-national-front-a-new-concern-for-bangladeshs-security/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=policywatcher.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Doreen |date=2022-11-23 |title=KNF - A New Threat to Regional Security? |url=https://thegeopolitics.com/knf-a-new-threat-to-regional-security/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Geopolitics |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political organizations and parties ==
Over time the Zo nationalist idea has been carried by various parties and NGOs:

* '''Mizo National Front''' '''(MNF)''' – The MNF began as an armed independence movement in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=38. India/Mizos (1961-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiamizos-1960-present/#:~:text=Crisis%20Phase%20(October%2022,%201961,for%20independence%20in%20October%201965 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> After the 1986 peace accord, the MNF became a mainstream regional party in Mizoram. Today it governs or leads Mizoram at times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2023-12-04 |title='Change' over ethnic identity politics: Why MNF lost Mizoram |url=https://scroll.in/article/1060086/change-over-ethnic-identity-politics-why-mnf-lost-mizoram |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The MNF often embraces Zo rhetoric: its leaders have publicly affirmed that the party "fights for Zo nationalism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMPACT OF THE BOMBING OF AIZAWL AND ZORO'S MOVEMENT |url=https://www.virthli.in/2016/06/impact-of-bombing-of-aizawl-and-zoros.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=VIRTHLI |language=en}}</ref> unity and freedom of the Zo" wherever they live<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-01 |title=Manipur: "Tribal Martyrs Memorial" monument unveiled on Tribal Unity Day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/mizoram-political-leaders-assure-support-to-fellow-tribal-groups-in-manipur-5334888/#:~:text=PC%20Lalrinlua%20said%20MNF%20fights,a%20common%20vision%E2%80%9D,%20he%20said |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (for example, MNF officials joined tribal unity events in neighboring Manipur<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-07-02 |title=After Myanmar, Bangladesh and Manipur's displaced people head to Mizoram |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/after-myanmar-bangladesh-and-manipurs-displaced-people-head-to-mizoram |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>).
* '''[[Zo Reunification Organization]]''' '''(ZORO)''' – Founded on 20 May 1988 in Aizawl, Mizoram,<ref>[https://cendoc.docip.org/collect/cendocdo/index/assoc/HASH0133/965c7aad.dir/pfii5_37.PDF Zo Reunification Organisation]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2024-01-06 |title=Zo Reunification Organization opposes abolishment of FMR, installation of Indo-Myanmar border fence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zo-reunification-organization-opposes-abolishment-of-fmr-installation-of-indo-myanmar-border-fence/articleshow/106599729.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> ZORO is a nonprofit advocacy group dedicated to uniting Zo peoples. It grew out of an international "World Zo Convention" held in Champhai (Mizoram) on 18–19 May 1988, which was convened by Zomi leaders from India and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zo Re-unification Organisation (ZoRO) Founders |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/09/zo-re-unification-organisation-zoro.html |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-06 |title=ZoRO: Curtailing free movement violation of rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zoro-curtailing-free-movement-violation-of-rights/articleshow/117002435.cms |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At that convention delegates adopted ''“Zo”'' as the collective ethnonym for the tribes tracing their origin to an ancestral land (Chhinlung),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memoranda : ZORO, 1993 {{!}} Zogam .::. Home : Zomi ethnic group located at boundaries of India, Burma (Myanmar) & Bangladesh |url=http://www.zogam.org/memoranda-zoro-1993 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.zogam.org |archive-date=22 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622110426/http://zogam.org/memoranda-zoro-1993 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and set up ZORO with Mizoram politician Brigadier [[T. Sailo]] as its first chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM expresses grief at the passing away of Brigadier T Sailo |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223004558/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117789 |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> ZORO’s mission is to preserve Zo culture and push for political unity across borders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=ZO Reunification Organisation Archives |url=https://hubnetwork.in/tag/zo-reunification-organisation/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Zo Reunification Organization (ZORO) Opposed to Manipur government's "plan to seize tribal territories" |url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/05/zo-reunification-organization-zoro.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Mizos |language=en}}</ref> It has engaged internationally – participating in UN indigenous rights forums (the [[Working Group on Indigenous Populations]] since 1999 and the [[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues|Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]] since 2004)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-24 |title=ZORO memorandum to UN for reunification of all ethnic Mizos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zoro-appeals-to-un-for-reunification-of-ethnic-mizos-across-borders/articleshow/115627945.cms |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pu Lalruatkima attends ZORO's Zofa Inkhawmpui Lian |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/pu-lalruatkima-attends-zoros-zofa-inkhawmpui-lian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814232205/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/pu-lalruatkima-attends-zoros-zofa-inkhawmpui-lian |archive-date=14 August 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> – and it lobbies governments about Zo concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZORO meeting addresses conflict between Chin revolutionary groups |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/zoro-meeting-addresses-conflict-between-chin-revolutionary-groups |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Burma News International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CNI |title=ZORO calls for separate governance for the Kuki (Zo) people |url=https://cnimyanmar.com/index.php/english-edition/27981-zoro-calls-for-separate-governance-for-the-kuki-zo-people |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=cnimyanmar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* '''[[Zomi National Congress]]''' '''(ZNC)''' – A small party founded in Manipur in 1972<ref name="zogam.org"/> the ZNC was part of the early Zomi movement in India. It helped convene the 1988 Champhai convention and has allied with ZORO’s efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZNC Kipatcil Mipi Zon Na (Zomi National Congress - Campaign Speech) - Pu Chin Sian Thang {{!}} PDF {{!}} Myanmar {{!}} Politics (General) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/69939809/ZNC-kipatcil-Mipi-zon-na-Zomi-National-Congress-Campaign-Speech-Pu-Chin-Sian-Thang |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> (In Mizoram’s politics, an ally was the People’s Conference party of Brig. Sailo, which had earlier cooperated with Zomi activists.) Today the ZNC<ref name="democracyforburma.wordpress.com"/> remains active in Manipur and Myanmar (as the Zomi Congress for Democracy)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-08 |title=Rev Ginkhanmung Zou {{!}} Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church |url=https://www.manipurlutheran.com/en/rev-ginkhanmung-zou |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.manipurlutheran.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.burmalibrary.org/sites/burmalibrary.org/files/obl/docs/Elections-02.htm Election Results Myamar]</ref> as a regional party under names like Zomi Party or Chin Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZNC demands review of constitution before contesting polls |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/khonumthung-news/item/7301-znc-demands-review-of-constitution-before-contesting-polls.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Burma News International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 3rd World Zomi Convention meaning and message |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.The_3rd_World_Zomi_Convention_meaning_and_message |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA)''' – As noted, the ZRA<ref>{{Cite web |title="Authenticity Of Photo Being Verified": Assam Rifles On "Militant Flag" Pic Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/authenticity-of-photo-being-verified-assam-rifles-on-row-over-purported-pic-of-zomi-revolutionary-army-zra-flag-8456138 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> is a militant insurgent group formed in 1997 from the Zomi Re-unification Organization’s Manipur wing. It openly advocates ''Zomi nationalism'' as its ideology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Myanmar |date=2025-04-07 |title=Five Chin resistance fighters killed in clashes with junta-backed ethnic armed group |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/five-chin-resistance-fighters-killed-in-clashes-with-junta-backed-ethnic-armed-group/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US}}</ref> At times the ZRA has clashed with Indian security forces, and it maintains bases in Manipur and refugee camps in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/zomi-revolutionary-army-zra/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=TRAC |language=en-US}}</ref> (Although it took up arms in India, it also sees itself aligned with Chin groups in Myanmar.)<ref name=mpm/><ref>{{Cite web |title=CNF says ZRA tries to build Zomi Country |url=https://cnimyanmar.com/index.php/english-edition/22031-cnf-says-zra-tries-to-build-zomi-country |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=cnimyanmar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="khalvontawi.in">{{Cite web |title=Understanding the CNA-ZRA Rivalry and Mizoram's Role in Peacebuilding |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/09/understanding-cna-zra-rivalry-and.html |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref>
* '''[[Chin National Army]]''' and '''[[Chin National Front]]'''– In Myanmar, the major Chin resistance force has been the Chin National Front (CNF), with its armed wing the Chin National Army (CNA).<ref name="stimson.org">{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2024-01-11 |title=Chinland Council Established in Myanmar • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2024/chinland-council-established-in-myanmar/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The CNF, formed in 1988, fought low-intensity guerrilla war before settling for ceasefires in the 1990s<ref name="Matamis"/> Some Chin nationalist parties operate legally in Myanmar’s exile community (e.g. Chin National Party).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The North-East at Crossroads of Security |url=https://www.udayindia.in/news/the-north-east-at-crossroads-of-security |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Uday India |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Lt Gen (retd) Abhay |date=2025-02-19 |title=Strife in Myanmar and Security Challenges for India's North East |url=https://nenews.in/neighbours/strife-in-myanmar-and-security-challenges-for-indias-north-east/20441/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Northeast News - Northeast India news 24×7 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Kuki-Chin National Front]]:''' In Bangladesh, the outlawed KNF (2017–present) is the only overtly Zo-identified group with an armed wing;<ref name="The Daily Star"/> most CHT indigenous politics are dominated by the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS), which historically represents the Chakma and other tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Chin national front: An anti-state organization and likely potential regional threat - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/504644 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Daily Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Chin group & Bangladesh Govt holds 2nd Peace Dialogue |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/03/kuki-chin-group-bangladesh-govt-holds.html |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Caught in the Crossfire: The Plight of the Bawm Community and Unveiling the Complex Ties Between the Bangladesh Military and the Kuki-Chin National Front - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |url=https://iwgia.org/en/news/5554-caught |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=iwgia.org}}</ref>
* '''[[Zoram People's Movement]]''' (ZPM): It is a regional political party in Mizoram,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahn |first=Divya |date=2023-07-30 |title=Wily Mizoram CM Zoramthanga who feels the ethnic pulse |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/Jul/30/wily-mizoram-cm-zoramthanga-who-feels-the-ethnic-pulse-2599955.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> India, that aligns closely with the ethos of Zo nationalism<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Newcomer turns giant killer in Mizoram as ZPM shatters 36 years of MNF-Congress duopoly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newcomer-giant-killer-zpm-shatters-mnf-congress-duopoly-9053976/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>—the movement advocating unity, identity, and self-determination for the Zo people, who are spread across Mizoram, Manipur, Chin State (Myanmar), and parts of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Zoram People's Movement: All you need to know about Mizoram's ZPM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/zoram-peoples-movement-all-you-need-to-know-about-mizorams-zpm/articleshow/105716688.cms |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bobichand |first=Rajkumar |date=2023-12-09 |title=New Mizoram Chief Minister Lalduhoma Also Pledges Unification of Zo Tribes Under One Administration » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/new-mizoram-chief-minister-lalduhoma-also-pledges-unification-of-zo-tribes-under-one-administration/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref> Founded in 2017 and led by [[Lalduhoma]], ZPM champions clean governance, youth empowerment, and protection of Zo cultural and political identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalduhoma: The man with cross border 'reunification' mission |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mizoram/lalduhoma-the-man-with-cross-border-reunification-mission-3448183 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Lalduhoma & ZPM: behind the remarkable result in Mizoram assembly elections |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/lalduhoma-zpm-behind-the-remarkable-result-in-mizoram-9054643/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Though primarily active in Mizoram, ZPM<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Decode Politics: Mizoram CM's call for tribe reunification and what lines it crosses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/mizoram-cm-call-for-tribe-reunification-and-what-lines-it-crosses-9664291/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> reflects broader pan-Zo nationalist sentiments<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> by promoting policies that prioritize Zo heritage, economic self-reliance (such as through agricultural MSPs), and secular, inclusive governance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2023-10-31 |title='Vote for change': In Mizoram, a young party promises a fresh start for the state |url=https://scroll.in/article/1058071/vote-for-change-in-mizoram-a-young-party-promises-a-fresh-start-for-the-state |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2023-10-28 |title='Zo unification' is a running theme in Mizoram; MNF makes it a promise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/mizoram-assembly/manipurs-displaced-pray-for-stronger-mizoram-to-help-them-go-back/article67469931.ece |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Key events and conflict ==
Significant events in the Zo nationalist saga include:

* '''1966–1986: Mizo insurgency and statehood.''' The MNF rebellion began on 28 February 1966 and continued for about twenty years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mizo Uprising |url=https://www.chinpages.com/product/the-mizo-uprising/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=ChinPages |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizo Nationalism leh Indian Nationalism Indona!!! {{!}} mi(sual).com |url=https://misual.life/2010/11/26/mizo-nationalism-leh-indian-nationalism-indona/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> As one analyst notes, the ''“Mizo War of Independence”'' spanned "nearly 20 years".<ref name="Zarzosanga 2021 51–63"/> During this conflict the MNF declared Mizoram independent and Indian forces conducted major operations (including the 1966 bombing of Aizawl).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahluwalia (retd) |first=AVM Harpal Singh |date=2023-08-25 |title=1966 IAF bombing during Mizo uprising was to assist Assam Rifles. Stop the nonsense talk |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/1966-iaf-bombing-during-mizo-uprising-was-to-assist-assam-rifles-stop-this-nonsense-talk/1730069/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=eBook - The Mizo Uprising |url=https://www.overdrive.com/media/2127654/the-mizo-uprising |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=OverDrive |language=en}}</ref> Ultimately, negotiations led to the 1986 Mizoram Peace Accord, and by 1987 Mizoram became the 23rd state of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNF The Mizo Uprising |url=https://www.nearchive.in/neiavavideos-1/mnf-the-mizo-uprising |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Northeast India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranganathan |first=Anand |date=2015-08-06 |title=A brief history of Mizoram: From the Aizawl bombing to the Mizo Accord |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2015/08/06/a-brief-history-of-mizoram-from-the-aizawl-bombing-to-the-mizo-accord |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref> This settlement ended the MNF’s armed struggle – though MNF leaders (like Laldenga) later joined the Indian political system.<ref name="Ministry of Information 2014"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hluna |first=John V. (John Vânlal) |url=https://archive.org/details/mizouprisingassa0000hlun |title=The Mizo uprising : Assam assembly debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971 |date=2012 |publisher=Newcastle upon Tyne, England : Cambridge Scholars Publishing |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-4438-4042-2}}</ref>
* '''1988: World Zo Convention and''' '''Chin uprising in Myanmar.''' In May 1988, Zo leaders from Mizoram and Manipur convened in Champhai, Mizoram, for the first World Zo Convention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ist World Zomi Convention,1988 {{!}} Zogam .::. Home : Zomi ethnic group located at boundaries of India, Burma (Myanmar) & Bangladesh |url=http://www.zogam.org/ist-world-zomi-convention1988 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.zogam.org}}</ref> They formally adopted "Zo" as the common ethnonym and resolved to continue pursuing reunification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maizland |first=Lindsay |title=Myanmar's Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aung |first1=Geoffrey Rathgeb |last2=Campbell |first2=Stephen |date=2024-06-01 |title=The Myanmar radical tradition: revolution, reaction, and the changing imperial world order |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10624-024-09716-0 |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=193–219 |doi=10.1007/s10624-024-09716-0 |issn=1573-0786}}</ref> This convention directly led to the founding of the Zo Reunification Organization (ZORO) in Mizoram on 20 May 1988.<ref>[https://cendoc.docip.org/collect/cendocdo/index/assoc/HASH01e4/0fe05b71.dir/155_as.pdf The Situation of Zo Indigenous People and Globalization]</ref> Later that year, the nationwide 8-8-88 pro-democracy uprising in Burma briefly revitalized Chin/Zo nationalism. Zomi student activists in Burma formed the Chin National Army (CNA) to fight the junta.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009-01-27 |title="We Are Like Forgotten People" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/28/we-are-forgotten-people/chin-people-burma-unsafe-burma-unprotected-india |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref name="khalvontawi.in"/> Although the CNA was defeated within months, it marked a moment of united Zo resistance on the Burmese side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Inside Chinland: Picturing the Struggle for a Free Chin State {{!}} International Crisis Group |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/inside-chinland-picturing-struggle-free-chin-state |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graceffo |first=Antonio |date=2024-02-27 |title=Backgrounder: Ethnic Armies in Myanmar Civil War |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/backgrounder-ethnic-armies-in-the-myanmar-civil-war/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}</ref>
* '''1997: Formation of the Zomi Revolutionary Army.''' In India’s Manipur, growing ethnic strife led to the rise of the ZRA (and its parent ZRO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/tag/zomi-revolutionary-army-zra/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 1993 a Zomi Re-unification Organisation (ZRO) was founded in Myanmar by Chin and Paite leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Myanmar |date=2023-09-14 |title=India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/india-based-zomi-armed-group-raids-chin-resistance-camps-in-northwestern-myanmar/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Four years later, in 1997, the ZRA was established in Manipur as its armed wing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomi Revolutionary Organisation/ Zomi Revolutionary Army , Manipur, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/ZRA_tl.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> The ZRA’s goal was explicitly to safeguard Zomi unity in the Manipur hills. Though a minor player compared to larger insurgencies, the ZRA underscored that Zo nationalism had become militarized in both India and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomi Revolutionary Army Archives |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/tag/zomi-revolutionary-army |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''2000s–2020s: International advocacy and renewed conflicts.''' Beginning around 2000, Zo activists took their case to international platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/permanent-forum-indigenous-issues |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> For example, ZORO representatives delivered statements at UN forums (the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues) highlighting Zo concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=The United Nations calls on Indigenous Peoples' rights to be upheld at annual Forum in New York |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/un-calls-indigenous-peoples-rights-be-upheld-annual-forum-new-york |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIGENOUS PEOPLES MUST BE EQUAL PARTNERS IN ALL STAGES OF DATA COLLECTION, FROM PLANNING THROUGH ANALYSIS, UNITED NATIONS FORUM TOLD {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2007/hr4923.doc.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=press.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegates Stress Need to Recognize Ancestral Land Rights, Indigenous Peoples' Role in Shaping Sustainable Development, as Permanent Forum Continues Session {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2017/hr5358.doc.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> In 2008, a ZORO speaker at the UNPFII described the Zomi people as "scattered, depressed and suffering" under cross-border restrictions<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=SPEAKERS ADDRESS FUTURE ROLE OF PERMANENT FORUM IN ENSURING INDIGENOUS RIGHTS GIVEN EQUAL WEIGHT WITH OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2008/hr4952.doc.htm#:~:text=,had%20little%20freedom%20of%20movement |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=press.un.org}}</ref> He noted many Zo had fled Myanmar for the United States and proposed creating unified Zo institutions (like a university and a single Zo dialect)<ref name="press.un.org"/> Meanwhile, regional upheavals have affected Zo unity. Since the 2021 military coup in Myanmar, Chin insurgents have made significant gains in northern Chin State.<ref name="Matamis"/> In late 2023, various Chin/Zomi armed groups and community leaders convened a "Chinland Conference" to draft a new regional constitution and set up a Chinland Council (a provisional government) in exile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matamis |first=Joaquin |date=2024-01-11 |title=Chinland Council Established in Myanmar • Stimson Center |url=https://www.stimson.org/2024/chinland-council-established-in-myanmar/#:~:text=Chin%20military%20successes%20were%20crowned,and%20judiciary,%20within%2060%20days |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}</ref> This suggests a renewed push for an autonomous Chin (Zo) state parallel to Myanmar’s national politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalramnghinglova |first=Prof H. |date=2021-10-23 |title=Vanglaini - RAMNGAW LEH NUNGCHA HUMHALH LEH TUIHNA TIHPUN by Prof. H Lalramnghinglova |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/article/46281 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=vanglaini.org |language=en}}</ref> In India’s Northeast, the 2023 ethnic clashes in Manipur (between Kuki and Meitei communities) have also stirred Zo sentiments. Mizoram’s politicians, both in the ruling Mizo National Front and the opposition Zoram People’s Movement (ZPM), have openly opposed pushing back any Kuki-Zo refugees to Manipur. Indeed, Mizoram has taken in over 35,000 Chin refugees from Myanmar and around 12,000 Kuki-Zo displaced from Manipur since 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2023-12-05 |title=Mizoram's stance on refugees from Myanmar, Manipur will not change, says CM-elect Lalduhoma |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1060111/mizorams-stance-on-myanmar-manipur-refugees-will-not-change-says-cm-elect-lalduhoma#:~:text=Since%20February%202021,%20nearly%2035,000,the%20state%20in%20early%20May |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Both former CM [[Zoramthanga]] (MNF) and current CM Lalduhoma (ZPM) have vowed to continue sheltering these Zo kin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2023-12-05 |title=Mizoram's stance on refugees from Myanmar, Manipur will not change, says CM-elect Lalduhoma |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1060111/mizorams-stance-on-myanmar-manipur-refugees-will-not-change-says-cm-elect-lalduhoma#:~:text=A%20day%20after%20the%20Zoram,and%20those%20displaced%20from%20Manipur |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2023-12-05 |title=Mizoram's stance on refugees from Myanmar, Manipur will not change, says CM-elect Lalduhoma |url=http://scroll.in/latest/1060111/mizorams-stance-on-myanmar-manipur-refugees-will-not-change-says-cm-elect-lalduhoma#:~:text=Since%20February%202021,%20nearly%2035,000,the%20state%20in%20early%20May |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> By contrast, the government of Bangladesh has reacted strongly to any hint of Zo separatism: the KNF was banned and security forces have cracked down on its cells, fearing any threat from CHT unity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Disquiet on the Western Front: A Divided Resistance in Myanmar's Chin State {{!}} International Crisis Group |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/b181-divided-resistance-myanmars-chin-state |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Chin National Front: A Potential Threat to Regional Stability |url=https://bayofbengalpost.com/news/knf_A_Potential_Threat_to_Regional_Stability_n |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Bay of Bengal Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Chin National Army: A fierce regional threat in sight - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/420588 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Daily Observer}}</ref>
These events show that Zo nationalism today remains mostly an ideal and cultural phenomenon rather than a mass separatist uprising.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India/Burma a bet reng tur kan ni lo {{!}} mi(sual).com |url=https://misual.life/2013/03/13/indiaburma-a-bet-reng-tur-kan-ni-lo/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> The creation of Mizoram as an Indian state (1987) was the movement’s single greatest political achievement, and most other efforts have had limited success.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Mizo Studies | volume=X | number=3 | date=July 2021 | url=https://mizostudiesmzu.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Mizo-Studies-Vol.-X-No.-3-July-September-2021.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625180023/https://mizostudiesmzu.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Mizo-Studies-Vol.-X-No.-3-July-September-2021.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-25}}</ref> Nevertheless, the idea of Zo unity endures in various forms: it is invoked in Mizoram’s local politics, kept alive by transnational advocacy, and remembered in the songs and stories of Zo peoples. As one leader put it in 2023, the long-term "vision" of Zo nationalism is to see "all the Zo people… under one administrative unit"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=This Word Means: Zo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-word-means-zo-9907419/#:~:text=Story%20continues%20below%20this%20ad |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> – even if for now this remains a distant aspiration.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Postcolonial Interventions - Introduction | url=https://postcolonialinterventions.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/jan-2017.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529210144/https://postcolonialinterventions.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/jan-2017.pdf | archive-date=2025-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haflong a Zo-fest hmangna ding chung changa hrilfiena |url=https://www.virthli.in/2014/08/haflong-zo-fest-hmangna-ding-chung.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=VIRTHLI |language=en}}</ref>

== Culture, religion, and language ==
Zo culture and religion provide crucial cohesion for the movement. Since nearly all Zo became Christian in the past two centuries, church life unites tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=IT Web |date=2015-06-11 |title=ETHNIC CHURNING:CHIKUMI STYLE |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/ethnic-churning-chikumi-style/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Worship services, Sunday schools, and youth fellowships are major social networks that cut across clan lines. In these settings, pan-Zo messages can spread. For example, the old Mizo hymn "''Zalehlawm''" (meaning "song of justice/land") and later Zo reinterpretations of national anthems have been used by activists. As noted, singing in church was a key way Mizo insurgents sustained morale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=Review: Nationalism in the Vernacular by Roluahpuia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617222732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewnationalism-in-the-vernacular-by-roluahpuia-101709313683561.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Christian schools taught literacy, helping students from Mizoram and Chin State to share ideas. Many Zomi student groups formed cross-border ties through church-organized conferences.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Mizo national movement: an historical study of its contestations | url=http://mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/872/1/C.%20%20LALHRUAITHANGA%2C%20History.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126132735/http://mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/872/1/C.%20%20LALHRUAITHANGA%2C%20History.pdf | archive-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> In turn, Zo identity has also affected religion: some Zo theologians emphasize a special providence for the Zo people, and there are even syncretic claims of ancient Israelite descent among a few groups<ref name=":0"/> (though this is a minority view).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Campaigning for Mizoram, 1st phase Chhattisgarh polls ends |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/india/campaigning-for-mizoram--1st-phase-chhattisgarh-polls-ends.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

Language and oral tradition also matter. Because the Zo lacked an early unified script or press, nationalist ideas were often spread by mouth and ear. Besides songs, folklore and oral histories have been retold to emphasize a common past.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rema |first=C. L. |orig-date=1970 |date=1976 |title=Performance of the song "Coming out from Chhinlung" |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1705943/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=UNT Digital Library |language=Mizo}}</ref> After India’s independence, tribal leaders composed new ''jal'' (traditional chants) in honor of fallen heroes and martyrs, and Zomi history was preserved in village elders’ stories. Some elders of Mizoram’s [[Young Lushai Association]] in the 1950s spoke of a legendary migration from a place called "Chhinlung" or "Shinlung";<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lalremliana |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/13823853 |title=Chhinlung chhuak zofa |date=2018 |publisher=Rev. Lalremliana |edition=First |location=Venghnuai, Aizawl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=The Actual Origin Of The Mizos |url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/09/the-actual-origin-of-mizos.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Mizos |language=en}}</ref> this myth has been used by modern Zomi nationalists as the cradle of all Zo tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhinlung khuaah ka zin |url=https://zalen.in/detail/chhinlung-khuaah-ka-zin |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=zalen.in}}</ref> Although critics say such ethnonational myths are constructed, proponents argue they give the Zo a shared narrative and pride. Today there is no single "Zo language"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/zo/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> – the Mizo language functions as a regional lingua franca, and many students of Kuki-Chin origin learn it in school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-28 |title=A GLIMPSE OF ZO LANGUAGE AND SOME COGNATE LANGUAGES |url=https://zougam.wordpress.com/2007/03/28/a-glimpse-of-zo-language-and-some-cognate-languages/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=ZOUGAM.COM |language=en}}</ref> Still, awareness that one family underlies all the Zo tongues reinforces the idea that they form one people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zo / Zome |url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Zo.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=lingweb.eva.mpg.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Suantak |first=Joseph |title=Khulmi? Chhinlung, Hurpi, Khol, Khul, Khur, Sinlung ; beyond identity & political crises |date=2012 |publisher=Akansha Pub. House |isbn=978-81-8370-303-1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Diaspora and international advocacy ==
Outside the Zo homelands, diaspora communities and international forums have carried the Zo message. In the United States,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/thechintv/videos/qa-session-cci-town-hall-meeting-with-he-pu-lalduhoma-chief-minister-of-mizoram-/1056730829494315/ |title=Q&A Session {{!}} CCI Town Hall Meeting with H.E. Pu Lalduhoma, Chief Minister Of Mizoram {{!}} Chin Community Of Indiana. Indianapolis, IN, USA {{!}} September 4, 2024. {{!}} Q&A Session SENPI TONKHAWMNAK {{!}} CCI Town Hall Meeting with H.E. Pu Lalduhoma, Chief Minister Of Mizoram. {{!}} Chin Community Of Indiana. Indianapolis, IN,... {{!}} By Chin TV International {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=2025-05-21 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>https://transbrahma.com/video/mizoram-cm-claiming-nationhood-in-the-us-dr-ankit-shah-transbrahma/{{Dead link | date=July 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1984-05-31 |title=MNF chief Laldenga's recorded message from London does the trick for Congress(I) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840531-mnf-chief-laldengas-recorded-message-from-london-does-the-trick-for-congressi-803649-1984-05-30 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=PM Modi's brinkmanship in the Lok Sabha on the 1966 Mizoram bombing |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/politics/pm-modis-brinkmanship-in-the-lok-sabha-on-the-bombing-of-mizoram-in-1966 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> and elsewhere, thousands of Chin/Zomi have resettled as refugees or migrants. Zomi associations exist in cities like Aizawl (Mizoram), Pune and Bangalore (India), and New York/California (USA), often tied to churches. These diaspora networks exchange information and campaign for Zo rights.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SPEECH OF PU LALDUHOMA, CHIEF MINISTER, MIZORAM ON MIZO DAY, MARYLAND, USA, 2.09.2024 |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/speech-of-pu-lalduhoma-chief-minister-mizoram-on-mizo-day-maryland-usa-2092024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322220525/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/speech-of-pu-lalduhoma-chief-minister-mizoram-on-mizo-day-maryland-usa-2092024 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=2025-05-21 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The United Nations has been a notable venue: as mentioned, ZORO delegates have briefed UN bodies multiple times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colney |first=Kimi |date=2024-09-06 |title=Mizoram CM Lalduhoma cites Zo unity as key reason for U.S. visit |url=https://eastmojo.com/mizoram/2024/09/06/mizoram-cm-lalduhoma-cites-zo-unity-as-key-reason-for-u-s-visit/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2008 ZORO’s spokesman Chhunthang Sangchia told the UN Permanent Forum that Zo people were "scattered" and needed institutional support (a university, a standardized language).<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |date=2013-05-23 |title=Goodbye My Headmaster: A Tribute to Dr. Thanglora – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2013/05/goodbye-my-headmaster-a-tribute-to-dr-thanglora/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

ZORO also reports to the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations.<ref name="stimson.org"/> Similarly, Chin community organizations in countries like India and Thailand lobby for international awareness of Chin/Zomi issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Advocacy Program |url=https://www.chinhumanrights.org/un-advocacy-program/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Chin Human Rights Organization |language=en-US}}</ref> While no major foreign government publicly backs Zo nationalism, advocacy work has kept Zo grievances on the global map of indigenous rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.chinhumanrights.org/about-us-1/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Chin Human Rights Organization |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Chin Compendium: A Report by Project Maje |url=https://www.projectmaje.org/chins.htm |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.projectmaje.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Chum Awi from the Chin community in Burma {{!}} Diverse Elders Coalition |url=https://diverseelders.org/2012/10/09/interview-with-chum-awi-from-the-chin-community-in-burma/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=diverseelders.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Crown Colony of Eastern Agency Scheme]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anup Shekhar |chapter=Identity and Virtual Spaces among the Zo hnahthlak: Emergent Zo cyberpolitics |date=2013 |publisher=Routeledge India |location=London |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367818371 |access-date=13 September 2025|editor-last=Desai|editor-first=Gaurav|title=The Virtual Transformation of the Public Sphere: Knowledge, Politics, Identity}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chawngsailova |title=A Brief Account of the evolution of Mizo Nationalism |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2021 |volume=XXI |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2021/03/ |access-date=13 September 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Khup |first1=Za Go |title=Zo Chronicles: A documentary study of history and culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe |date=2008 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Zo_Chronicles/1jeaS8yXIj8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=13 September 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Piang |first1=L. Lam Kan |title=Clan, Dialect and Tribe Identity: Emergence of Crosscutting Identity among the Zo people in Manipur |journal=Indian Anthropologist |date=2008 |volume=28 |issue=1 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920056 |access-date=13 September 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Piang |first1=L. Lam Khan |title=Ethnic mobilisation for decolonisation: colonial legacy (the case of the Zo people in Northeast India) |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.688670 |access-date=13 September 2025|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2012.688670|publisher=Taylor Francis}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Roluahpuia |title=Whose border is it anyway? Control, contestation, and confluence in Indo-Myanmar borderlands |journal=Contemporary South Asia |date=2019 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=74-85 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2019.1701631 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1701631 |access-date=13 September 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sangkima |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |date=2004 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |location=Delhi|p=27}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shih |first1=Chih-yu |title=Borderland Politics in Northern India |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=United Kingdom |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Borderland_Politics_in_Northern_India/O4_7CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=13 September 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=David Vumlallian |title=A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2010 |volume=45 |issue=14 |pages=56-63 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664306 |access-date=13 September 2025}}

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
{{Ethnic groups in Burma}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]

Padma Sachdev

2026-04-29T04:39:33Z

Harish varma: added new page

{{Short description|Indian poet (1940–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Padma Sachdev
| image = Padma Sachdev bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 0781 May 12, 2018.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sachdev in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|04|17}}
| birth_place = [[Purmandal]] [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|08|04|1940|04|07}}
| death_place = Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Poet, writer
| language = Dogri
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Vedpal Deep and later [[Surinder Singh (singer)|Surinder Singh]] (1966–2021)
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi]]; [[Padma Shri]]; ''Kabir Samman''
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Padma Sachdev''' (17 April 1940 – 4 August 2021) was an Indian poet and novelist. She was the first modern woman poet of the Dogri language.<ref name=Shahitya>[[#Ge|George, p. 522]]</ref> She also wrote in Hindi. She published several poetry collections, including ''Meri Kavita Mere Geet'' (My Poems, My Songs), which won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1971.<ref name=mathur/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Award |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/searchAwards.jsp |publisher=Official website |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221080252/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/searchAwards.jsp |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award in 2001,<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> and the Kabir Samman for poetry for the year 2007-08 given by [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashtriya Mahatma Gandhi Award to be given to Seva Bharti |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200808101759.htm |date=10 August 2008 |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200808101759.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Saraswati Samman]] for the year 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 April 2016|title=Jammu-born poet Padma Sachdev gets Saraswati Samman|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jammu-born-poet-padma-sachdev-gets-saraswati-samman-116041200967_1.html|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=P. T. I. |date=April 12, 2016 |title=Dogri poet Padma Sachdev awarded Saraswati Samman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/dogri-poet-padma-sachdev-awarded-saraswati-samman-588997-2016-04-12|access-date=2021-12-01|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 June 2019|title=Padma Sachdev conferred Akademi's highest honour|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/padma-sachdev-conferred-akademis-highest-honour/|access-date=4 August 2021|website=DailyExcelsior|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Sachdev was born in [[Purmandal]], Jammu on 17 April 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 April 2021|title=Padamshree Padma Sachdev|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/padamshree-padma-sachdev/|access-date=4 August 2021|website=DailyExcelsior|language=en-US}}</ref> She was the eldest of three children of a Sanskrit scholar, professor Jai Dev Badu, who was later killed during the [[partition of India]] in 1947. She first married Vedpal Deep and later married singer [[Surinder Singh (singer)|Surinder Singh]] of the musical duo "[[Singh Bandhu]]" in 1966.<ref name=hindu04>{{cite news |title=Song of the Singhs |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/06/stories/2004050600290300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040705145621/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/06/stories/2004050600290300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2004 |date=6 May 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 February 2013}}</ref> She and Surinder Singh first lived in [[New Delhi]], but later shifted to Mumbai.<ref name=mathur>[[#Ma|Mathur, p. 182]]</ref> She died on 4 August 2021 in Mumbai at the age of 81, leaving behind husband Surinder Singh and their daughter Meeta Sachdev.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 August 2021|title=Eminent Dogri Poet Padma Sachdev dies at 81, Jitendra Singh mourns|work=[[United News of India]]|url=http://www.uniindia.com/eminent-dogri-poet-padma-sachdev-dies-at-81-jitendra-singh-mourns/north/news/2467251.html|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2021|title=Dogri Poet Padma Sachdev Is No More|url=https://kashmirlife.net/dogri-poet-padma-sachdev-is-no-more-273698/|access-date=4 August 2021|website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Sachdev worked in [[All India Radio]], [[Jammu]] as an announcer since 1961. Here she met Surinder Singh, Hindustani vocalist of the Singh Bandhu musical duo, who was a duty officer at the time.<ref name=hindu04/> In the following years, she also worked with All India Radio, [[Mumbai]].<ref name=mathur/>

Sachdev won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for her anthology ''Meri Kavita Mere Geet'' ({{Translation|my poem my song}}) in 1969. Writing in the preface of the work, Hindi poet [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]] noted "After reading Padma's poems I felt I should throw my pen away {{En dash}} for what Padma writes is true poetry." Her autobiography ''Boond Bawadi'' is considered a classic. Her book ''In Bin ({{Translation|without them}}'') addressed the under appreciated role played by domestic helps in Indian households.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Ghosh|first1=Avijit|date=August 5, 2021|first2=Sanjay|last2=Khajuria |title=Noted Dogri writer Padma Sachdev, who passed away, worked closely with Lata Mangeshkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/noted-dogri-writer-padma-sachdev-who-passed-away-worked-closely-with-lata-mangeshkar/articleshow/85062834.cms|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She wrote the lyrics of the song 'Mera chhota sa ghar baar' from the 1973 Hindi film by Ved Rahi "[[Prem Parbat]]" which had music by [[Jaidev]]. Thereafter, she wrote the lyrics of two songs of the 1978 Hindi film "Aankhin Dekhi", which had music by J.P. Kaushik including the famous duet "Sona re, tujhe kaise miloo" sung by [[Mohd Rafi]] and [[Sulakshana Pandit]]. She also wrote the lyrics along with [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]] for the 1979 Hindi film "Saahas", which had music by Ameen Sangeet.<ref name=":0" />

She is also credited with influencing famous Indian singer, Lata Mangeshkar into singing dogri language songs (notably Tu malla tu, Bhala Sapaiyaa Dogreiya), which became quite a rage.

== Works ==
Source(s):<ref name=":1" />
*''Meri Kavita Mere Geet'' (1969)
*''Tavi Te Chanhan'' (Rivers Tawi and Chenab, 1976)
*''Nheriyan Galiyan'' (Dark Lanes, 1982)
*''Pota Pota Nimbal'' (Fingertipful Cloudless Sky, 1987)
*''Uttar Vahini'' (1992)
*''Tainthian'' (1997).<ref name="Shahitya" /><ref name="mathur" />
*''Amrai'' (Hindi Interviews)
*''Diwankhana'' (Interviews)
*''Chith Chete'' (Memoirs)

==Awards==
Source(s):<ref name=":1" />
*''Dinu Bhai Pant Life Time Achievement Award'', 2017 by D.B. Pant Memorial Trust, Jammu, J&K<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 October 2017|title=Padma Sachdev conferred with Dinu Bhai Pant Life Time Award|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/padma-sachdev-conferred-with-dinu-bhai-pant-life-time-award/|access-date=4 August 2021|website=DailyExcelsior|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Krutitava Smagra Samman'', 2015 by Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad, West Bengal<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2016|title=Dogri poetess Padma Sachdev awarded Krutitava Smagra Samman|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-03-06/Dogri-poetess-Padma-Sachdev-awarded-Krutitava-Smagra-Samman/211809|access-date=4 August 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Saraswati Samman]]'', 2015 for her autobiography "Chitt-Chete" in [[Dogri language]]
* ''[[Padma Shri]]'' Award. 2001
* ''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]'' 1971
* ''Kabir Samman'' for poetry. 2007-08

==Bibliography==
* ''Naushin''. Kitabghar, 1995.
* ''Main Kahti Hun Ankhin Dekhi'' (Travelogue). Bharatiya Gyanpith, 1995.
* *''Bhatko nahin Dhananjay''. Bharatiya Gyanpith, 1999. {{ISBN|8126301309}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFC6CpB_SaAC Amrai]''. Rajkamal Prakashan, 2000. {{ISBN|8171787649}}.
* ''Jammu Jo Kabhi Sahara Tha'' (Novel). Bharatiya Jnanpith, 2003. {{ISBN|8126308869}}.
*''Phira kyā huā?'', with Jnaneśvara, and Partha Senagupta. National Book Trust, 2007. {{ISBN|8123750420}}.

'''Translations'''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iHgHka7KMawC Where Has My Gulla Gone (Anthology)]''. Prabhat Prakashan, 2009. {{ISBN|8188322415}}.
* ''A Drop in the Ocean: An Autobiography''. tr. by Uma Vasudev, Jyotsna Singh. National Book Trust, India, 2011. {{ISBN|8123761775}}.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of Indian poets]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|author=K. M. George |author2=Sahitya Akademi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992|isbn=8172013248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&q=Padma+Sachdev&pg=PA522 |ref=Ge }}
* {{cite book |title=2 Decades of Dogri Literature |author=Shiv Nath |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997|isbn=8126003936 |page= 19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXruaMZ6FKAC&q=Padma+Sachdev&pg=PA19 |ref=Na }}
* {{cite book |title=Aashaa: Short Stories by Indian Women Writers: Translated from Hindi and Other Indian Languages|chapter=Padma Sachdev:Introduction |author=Divya Mathur |publisher=Star Publications |year=2003|isbn=8176500755 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQSwvro50oUC&q=Padma+Sachdev&pg=PA182 |ref=Ma }}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiatogether.org/manushi/issue123/shivanath.htm Mother of Modern Dogri Poetry: A Literary Profile of Padma Sachdev]
{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Padma}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Dogri language]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Women writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Dogri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Malik Motasim Khan

2026-04-27T15:24:39Z

Harish varma: creating biography

{{Short description|Political leader of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malik Motasim Khan
| image = Khan MM.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|02|05}}
| birth_place = Mudhole village of [[Adilabad District]], Telangana
| organization = [[Association for Protection of Civil Rights]]
| credits = Residence: [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]/[[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]]
| party = [[Welfare Party of India]]
| children = 3 daughters and Malik Fouzan Khan Malik Hayyan Ahmed Khan
}}

'''Malik Motasim Khan''' ({{langx|ur| ملک معتصم خان}}) is a member of the Central Advisory Council of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]. He was the President of Andhra Pradesh Chapter of [[Welfare Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/jih-float-welfare-party-india-383779/ |title=JIH to float Welfare Party of India |publisher=The Siasat Daily|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref> He was the Ameer-e-Halqa (Zonal President) of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], Andhra Pradesh and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] during 2007–2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaateislamihind.org/index.php?do=category&id=121&blockid=31 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629205914/http://www.jamaateislamihind.org/index.php?do=category&id=121&blockid=31 |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind - State Leadership locations|date=14 February 2008|archive-date=29 June 2009|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> He was also the National President of SIO ([[Students Islamic Organisation of India]])<ref name="SD44">{{cite journal |title=Young and the restless |journal=Sunday |date=1998 |volume=25 |issue=14 |page=44 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21002/page/n774/mode/1up |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> for two terms from 1995 to 1999.

Khan graduated in science in 1989 from [[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]]. He also holds master's degrees in both Political Science and Translation Studies from [[Jamia Millia Islamia University]] and [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], respectively.

He began teaching at a government high school in [[Adilabad]]. His father, Ashfaque Ali Khan, was a well-known teacher in the region.

== Leadership roles ==
Khan joined [[Students Islamic Organisation of India]] while he was a high school student. In 1993, he was appointed State Secretary of SIO Andhra Pradesh. Later, he was elected as the State President of SIO Andhra Pradesh and he served in the position between 1993 and 1995.

In 1995, he was elected National President of SIO for a two-year term (1995–97).

He represented SIO at various international conferences. He participated in the 9th [[IIFSO]] conference at Istanbul in [[Turkey]]. In 1998, Khan participated in the 8th [[World Assembly of Muslim Youth]] (WAMY) Conference in Amman, [[Jordan]]. Earlier, he received invitations from IIFSO, WAMY, and [[Islamic Society of North America]] (ISNA). He also attended IMA Youth Wing's "From Darkness to Light" conference in [[Kuwait]] held in 2010 at the Masjid Al Kabir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abroadindians.com/news/from-darkness-to-light-ima-youth-wing-conference/189 |title=FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT - IMA Youth Wing Conference |publisher=Abroadindians.com |date=2010-04-23 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

Thus, during his presidency, Khan distinguishably fine-tuned his leading abilities. He had been re-elected as President of SIO for another term 1997–99 as a result of his works. He wrote a number of articles on variety of subjects particularly with a view to guiding students and youth.

== Lok Sabha elections 2014 ==
Khan announced his plan to contest Lok Sabha elections from [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad parliamentary constituency]], as a preference. He said he belongs to Nizamabad and wants to serve people of his region. He would take up following issues as a priority: Revival of the sugar industry; rail connectivity between Nizamabad and Karimnagar and development of slum areas, among others.<ref name=TwoCircles>{{cite news|url=http://twocircles.net/2014mar13/wpi_will_try_speak_all_secular_parties_keep_communal_forces_bay_ap_president.html |title=WPI will try to speak with all secular parties to keep communal forces at bay: AP President |newspaper=TwoCircles.net website|date=13 March 2014 |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>

== Telangana region politics ==
Khan holds a very important position in the politics of [[Telangana]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], especially after the Jamaat's stand on the [[Telangana movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/muslims-favour-telangana-jamaat-leader |title=Muslims favour Telangana: Jamaat leader |publisher=Siasat.com |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref> He leads the Muslims' struggle for a separate Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/telangana-battle-nizam-college-mammoth-meet-broke-all-records |title=Telangana battle: Nizam College mammoth meet broke all records |publisher=Siasat.com |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

He said during a public meeting called 'Telangana Garjana' that successive state governments had neglected the Telangana region in basic sectors such education, employment, irrigation and industries – not kept many promises made at the time of merger for the development of the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswala.com/Hyderabad-News/Telengana-Garjana-by-Jamaat-e-Islami-Hind-1567.html|title=Telengana Garjana by Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|publisher=Newswala.com|access-date=2022-02-09|date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418152433/http://www.newswala.com/Hyderabad-News/Telengana-Garjana-by-Jamaat-e-Islami-Hind-1567.html|archive-date=18 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In the public meeting, which was organised by the state chapter of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] at the Nizam College grounds in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 7 February 2010, [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] expressed that Muslims would not be assured of social justice unless they got political reservation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/trs-chief-promises-quota-for-muslims/article102663.ece |title=TRS chief promises quota for Muslims |newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper) |date=2010-02-08 |access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>

Khan views the Telangana issue as a "social issue" rather than political, regional or the issue of self-respect. He regards Telangana "a victim of injustice" since the formation of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyondheadlines.in/2013/05/educate-and-empower-people-for-holistic-development-mm-khan/ |access-date=7 May 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507050403/http://beyondheadlines.in/2013/05/educate-and-empower-people-for-holistic-development-mm-khan/ |archive-date=7 May 2013 |title=Educate and Empower People for Holistic Development – MM Khan |date=3 May 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:WPI AP & T-Bill.jpg|thumb|MM Khan along with party workers in Hyderabad celebrating after Lok Sabha cleared T-Bill on 18 February 2014.]]

== T-Bill (AP Reorganisation Bill) ==
After decades long struggle of people of Telangana region, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha cleared the T-Bill allowing bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, which will result in formation of Telangana as 29th State of India. Following T-Bill clearance in Lok Sabh on 18 February 2014, Khan was spotted celebrating along with his party cadre in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/photos/welfare-party-india-showing-solidarity-telangana |title=Welfare Party of India showing solidarity for Telangana |publisher=Siasat.com |date=2014-02-19 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref> He had been active supporter of Telangana Movement and led the 'Telangana Garjana' in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyondheadlines.in/2014/02/wpi-welcomes-t-bill/ |date=18 February 2014|title=WPI Welcomes T-Bill, Urges Seemandhrites to Avoid Violence|access-date=9 February 2022|website=Beyond Headlines website}}</ref>

== Women/rapes ==
Khan expressed grief and anger on the shameful incident of rape of five-year-old girl in Delhi. He said the government and administration failed to protect women and girls' modesty.

While advocating for effective legislation and strict implementation of laws for the protection of women's modesty, Khan echoed for severe punishment for the culprits. He said WPI gives women political platform and encourages them to take up active part in social and political affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/govt-failed-protect-women%E2%80%99s-modesty-malik-motasim-khan |title=Govt. failed to protect women's modesty: Malik Motasim Khan |publisher=Siasat.com |date=2013-04-22 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/moral-based-politics-needed-country |title=Moral based politics needed in the country |publisher=Siasat.com |date=2013-04-21 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

== 2009 general elections ==
In 2009, Khan met the then [[Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] Dr. [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] along with other [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] representatives to inform Reddy of the organisation's support for [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress Party) in 2009 [[General Elections]] in the Indian state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/photos/muslim-delegation-jamat-islami-hind |title=A Muslim Delegation from Jamat Islami Hind |publisher=Siasat.com |date=2009-06-14 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

Prior to announcing the support, Khan launched a 10-day campaign which included [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]'s public meetings, symposiums and seminars to mobilise public opinion regarding the elections. While addressing a press conference, he said "At the end of the campaign, we will announce our support to a political party."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/07/stories/2009030759320300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311031005/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/07/stories/2009030759320300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-03-11 |title=Jamaat-E-Islami Hind to launch campaign from March 10 |date=2009-03-07 |newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper) |access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>
Khan also urged political parties in the state not to support fascist forces and chalk out plans to provide basic amenities such as food, clothes and housing to all the poor. In addition, he stressed on the need for strengthening rural economy and agrarian sector.

== On 4% quota for Muslims ==
The state government's decision, announced in July 2007, to grant Muslims 4% reservations in the public sector and educational institutions had received mixed reactions from the local political community. Khan labelled the decision of the [[Andhra Pradesh]] government as a "placatory step" toward easing the critical conditions of the Muslims community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radianceweekly.com/68/728/clerics-in-musharraf-trap-another-lesson-to-learn/2007-07-15/inside-india/story-detail/4-quota-a-placatory-step.html |title=4% QUOTA A 'PLACATORY STEP' |publisher=Radianceweekly.com |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

== Israel attack on Gaza ==
While condemning the brutal attack on Flotilla, Khan considered [[Israel]] as the biggest threat to the peace-loving world and urged then ruling Indian government to severe diplomatic relationship with that country immediately. In addition, he asked Arab world to come forward and put diplomatic pressure on [[Israel]] to end [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] siege.<ref>{{cite web|last=Azeez |first=Luthfullah |url=http://luthfispace.blogspot.in/2010/06/israel-is-biggest-threat-to-peace.html |title=luthfispace: "Israel is the biggest threat to the peace loving world" asserts Jamaat-e-Islami Andhra Chief |publisher=Luthfispace.blogspot.in |date=2010-06-04 |access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>

== Political comments ==
Commenting on the hanging of [[Afzal Guru]], Khan called it a "political drama" and noted that the implementation of the judgment was not humanitarian and fair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofap.com/politics/afzal-guru-hanged-to-gain-political-mileage-wpi_55841.html |title=Afzal Guru hanged to gain political mileage: WPI |access-date=2022-02-09 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411234050/http://www.timesofap.com/politics/afzal-guru-hanged-to-gain-political-mileage-wpi_55841.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Homosexuality ==
Khan applauded Supreme Court's judgment against Homosexuality considering it to be harmful to the society. He believes that this judgment would help in preventing spread of Homosexuality. He also noted that the judgment has encouraged traditions, culture and values of Indian society. Moreover, he felt the need to stop propaganda of Homosexuality in media and urged for a ban on this propaganda in the name of entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/sc%E2%80%99s-verdict-against-homosexuality-applauded-welfare-party-india |title=SC's verdict against Homosexuality applauded by Welfare Party of India |publisher=Siasat.com |date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2015-04-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]
*[[Association for Protection of Civil Rights]]
*[[Students Islamic Organisation of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Malik Motasim Khan|Malik Motasim Khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Malik Motasim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Adilabad]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

India in the 2026 Iran war

2026-04-25T17:02:53Z

Harish varma: put up new pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Campaignbox 2026 Iran war}}
[[India]] has remained neutral in the [[2026 Iran War]], which began on 28 February 2026 when the [[United States]] and [[Israel]] launched airstrikes on [[Iran]]. India condemned strikes on American bases, without mentioning Iran, while facing a domestic energy crisis linked to the conflict following [[2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis#Closure of the strait|the closure]] of the [[Strait of Hormuz]] by Iran.<ref name="a558">{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Shubhajit | title=Bahrain, Saudi hit by Iran, PM Modi speaks to rulers, condemns attacks | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=2026-03-03 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bahrain-saudi-hit-by-iran-pm-modi-speaks-to-rulers-condemns-attacks-10561850/ | access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] condemned the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led Indian government for not condemning the attacks of the US and Israel against Iran.<ref name="e969">{{cite web | author= | title=Congress cries 'moral cowardice' over Modi govt's refusal to condemn US-Israel attacks on Iran | website=[[Telegraph India]] | date=2026-03-21 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-slams-modi-government-for-refusal-to-condemn-us-israel-attacks-on-iran/cid/2152463 | access-date=2026-03-21|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

==Diplomatic position==

The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry for External Affairs]] expressed its concerns and requested all three nations for a ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Exercise restraint, prioritise civilians: India urges de-escalation in Middle East |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exercise-restraint-prioritise-civilians-india-urges-de-escalation-in-middle-east-2875974-2026-02-28 |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language= |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302083813/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/exercise-restraint-prioritise-civilians-india-urges-de-escalation-in-middle-east-2875974-2026-02-28 |last=Sharma|first=Shivani}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], spoke with Gulf leaders, namely [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah II]], King [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]], and Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] and condemned the strikes and attack on sovereignty without mentioning Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=PM Modi Speaks To Saudi Crown Prince, Other Gulf Leaders Over Iran Conflict |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/israel-attacks-iran-pm-modi-speaks-to-saudi-crown-prince-other-gulf-leaders-on-iran-conflict-11160762 |url-status= |access-date=3 March 2026 |publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Modi also spoke with the Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=PM Modi speaks with Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pm-modi-speaks-with-israeli-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-stresses-civilian-safety/ |work=[[DD News]]}}</ref> The Indian government did not condemn the assassination of Khamenei, just like in similar previous cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2026 |title=How Congress govts reacted to killings of Saddam Hussein, Gaddafi, attacks on diplomats |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/how-congress-govts-reacted-to-killings-of-saddam-hussein-gaddafi-attacks-on-diplomats-10563876/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] [[Vikram Misri]] signed a condolence book a few days later without mentioning any background of Khamenei's demise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Telling Envoys Not to Sign Khamenei Condolence Books, India Finally Sends FS to Iranian Embassy |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/diplomacy/after-four-days-of-silence-india-sends-foreign-secretary-to-iranian-embassy-to-sign-condolence-book-for-ayatollah-khamenei |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=|date=5 March 2026}}</ref> India would also send two contigents of medical aid to Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/compassionate-reliable-iran-envoy-thanks-india-as-second-shipment-carrying-medicines-to-tehran-dispatched/ar-AA20EYsr |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

In March 2026, the film ''[[The Voice of Hind Rajab]]'' documenting the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Crescent]] response during the [[killing of Hind Rajab]], a six-year-old Palestinian girl, by the [[Israel Defense Forces]], was blocked by the Indian government, which said that the film could negatively impact [[India–Israel relations|India's relations with Israel]] amid the war with Iran.<ref>{{cite web | last=De | first=Abhishek | title=Why the government blocked this film | website=[[India Today]] | date=21 March 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-india-blocked-voice-of-hind-rajab-film-israel-ties-iran-war-2885124-2026-03-21 | access-date=21 March 2026 | archive-date=21 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321112523/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-india-blocked-voice-of-hind-rajab-film-israel-ties-iran-war-2885124-2026-03-21 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 19 April, Iran closed Strait on Hormuz and fired on Indian ships.<ref name="c725">{{cite web | last1=Sharma | first1=Sukalp | last2=Roy | first2=Shubhajit | title=Iran closes Hormuz again, fires at two Indian carriers, Delhi summons Tehran envoy | website=The Indian Express | date=2026-04-18 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/iran-hormuz-closed-indian-ship-cross-saturday-four-turn-back-10643827/ | access-date=2026-04-20 | archive-date=19 April 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419041751/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/iran-hormuz-closed-indian-ship-cross-saturday-four-turn-back-10643827/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Iran later stated that the shooting was not intentional.<ref name="j243">{{cite web | last=Sen | first=Abhijeet | title='Not intentional': Iran reacts after shorts fired at Indian-flagged ships in Strait of Hormuz | website=Latest News | date=2026-04-19 | url=https://www.india.com/news/not-intentional-iran-reacts-after-shorts-fired-at-indian-flagged-ships-in-strait-of-hormuz-8386566/ | access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref>

On 22 April, Iran seized an Indian ship seeking to cross Strait of Hormuz.<ref name="r538">{{cite web | title=India-bound ship among two vessels 'seized' by Iran Guards in Strait of Hormuz | website=The Hindu | date=2026-04-22 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-bound-ship-among-two-vessels-seized-by-iran-in-strait-of-hormuz-mundra-port/article70892792.ece | access-date=2026-04-25}}</ref>

==Analysis==
Indian National Congress condemned the 'targeted assassination' of Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] and criticized the timing of [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to Israel during the end of February.<ref name="q252">{{cite web | last1=Hallam | first1=Mark | last2=Vaid | first2=Dharvi | title=India news: Opposition criticizes Modi over Iran crisis | website=[[dw.com]] | date=2026-03-02 | url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-news-opposition-congress-criticizes-modi-over-iran-crisis/live-76179075 | access-date=2026-03-21|agency=[[Reuters]], [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] and [[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> Congress also criticised the lack of reaction of Modi government with regards to the attacks on Iran by the US and Israel.<ref name="e969"/>
Following the reports of Pakistan positioning itself as the major mediator for ending the war between the US and Iran, Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] described foreign policy of Modi a "joke" on 23 March. One day later, Modi said India is in touch with the involved parties "to reach a peaceful solution as soon as possible" with regards to Iran war.<ref name="c590">{{cite web | last=Sobhan | first=Shakeel | title=Pakistan's mediator role in Iran war puts Modi in hot seat | website=[[dw.com]] | date=2026-03-24 | url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistans-mediator-role-in-iran-war-puts-modi-under-pressure/a-76506689 | access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref>

''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', analyzing the role of Pakistan in mediation noted that, "emergence of Pakistan, alongside Egypt and Türkiye, as a primary back-channel interlocutor between Iran and the United States is a stinging strategic setback for New Delhi. For a government that has staked its reputation on isolating Pakistan and projecting India as the indispensable ''Vishwaguru'' under Narendra Modi's personal leadership, this development is nothing short of a political and diplomatic catastrophe."<ref name="e290">{{cite web | author= | title=Six Reasons Why Pakistan as US-Iran Interlocutor Is a Strategic Setback for India | website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] | date=2026-03-24 | url=https://thewire.in/news/six-reasons-why-pakistan-as-us-iran-interlocutor-is-a-strategic-setback-for-india | access-date=2026-03-28 | archive-date=26 March 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326101805/https://thewire.in/news/six-reasons-why-pakistan-as-us-iran-interlocutor-is-a-strategic-setback-for-india | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sinking of IRIS Dena|The sinking of IRIS ''Dena'']], returning to Iran from India after participating in [[International Fleet Review 2026|Naval exercises]] conducted by the Indian Navy, about 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) off the coast of Galle, Sri Lanka, in the Indian Ocean by the US, ignited debates on the effectiveness of India's self-proclaimed status as the "net security provider" in the Indian Ocean; considering India delayed a mobilization response to an attack well within its maritime sphere of influence, compounded by the fact that ''Dena'' had just been returning from a naval exercise conducted by the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Yashraj | title=How US sinking of Iranian warship blew hole in Modi's 'guardian' claims | website=[[Al Jazeera]] | date=6 March 2026 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/3/6/how-us-sinking-of-iranian-warship-blew-hole-in-modis-guardian-claims | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Mohan | first=Deepanshu | title=IRIS Dena Sinking: Decoding India's High Stakes in the Indian Ocean | website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] | date=7 March 2026 | url=https://thewire.in/security/iris-dena-sinking-decoding-indias-high-stakes-in-the-indian-ocean | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

Kapil Komireddi, writing for [[UnHerd]] noted regarding the [[BRICS]] that, "Every other founding member — Russia, China and Brazil — quickly denounced the war. India alone seemed to be condoning it with silence." He further added, "Given its sheer size and human scale, India may be on its way to becoming the largest single non-hostile casualty of the war in West Asia. For all its preening proclamations of its own rise and importance on the world stage, Modi's "New India" proved too inconsequential to influence the warmakers — and too weak, craven, and self-woundingly stupid to be spared its effects."<ref name="r447">{{cite web | last=Komireddi | first=Kapil | title=How Modi became Washington's lapdog | website=[[UnHerd]] | date=2026-03-27 | url=https://unherd.com/2026/03/how-modi-became-washingtons-lapdog/?edition=us | access-date=2026-03-28}}</ref>

Following the announcement of 2-week [[2026 Iran war ceasefire|ceasefire]] between the US-Israel and Iran, mediated by Pakistan, [[The Straits Times]] noted that "India is experiencing some heartburn over Pakistan’s visible role in negotiating the ceasefire between Iran and the US – a challenge to its own ambitions as the South Asian regional hegemon". Opposition leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] described Pakistan’s growing influence on the global stage as a failure of Modi government's foreign policy.<ref name="f867">{{cite web | last=Ganapathy | first=Nirmala | title=India's heartburn over Pakistan's Mid-East role | website=The Straits Times | date=2026-04-08 | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/heartburn-in-new-delhi-over-pakistans-role-in-brokering-mideast-ceasefire | access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref>

==Domestic reaction==

===Energy crisis in India===
[[Brent Crude|Brent crude]] price per barrel increased from {{USD|80}} to {{USD|120}}, in between 2 and 9 March. The household spending on cooking fuel rose by 7% in meantime.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Garg | first1=Vibhuti | last2=Jain | first2=Purva | title=Energy power play: India's oil and gas strategy amid US-Iran tensions | website= | date=20 March 2026 | url=https://ieefa.org/resources/energy-power-play-indias-oil-and-gas-strategy-amid-us-iran-tensions | access-date=21 March 2026|via=[[Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis|Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA)]]|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

90% of India's [[Liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) imports pass through the strait of Hormuz, India relies heavily on imports to meet its LPG demands.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bardhan | first=Arya Roy | title=One Narrow Strait, Millions of Cylinders: India's LPG Crisis | website=[[Observer Research Foundation]] | date=13 March 2026 | url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/one-narrow-strait-millions-of-cylinders-india-s-lpg-crisis | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> Following the closure of the strait by Iran, protests erupted across India over the shortage of LPG.<ref>{{cite web | title=LPG shortage sparks protests, road blockades in parts of Odisha | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=13 March 2026 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lpg-shortage-sparks-protests-road-blockades-in-parts-of-odisha-101773398208364.html | access-date=21 March 2026|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> The prices for LPG increased by {{INR|60}} and {{INR|144}} for the 14.2 kg and 19 kg cylinder variants respectively.<ref>{{cite web | last=Gain | first=Eshita | title=LPG cylinder price today: Check how much domestic and commercial gas costs in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata on 21 March | website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] | date=21 March 2026 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lpg-cylinder-price-today-check-how-much-domestic-and-commercial-gas-costs-in-delhi-mumbai-kolkata-on-21-march-11774056007944.html | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> The price for a 14.2 kg cylinder has reached ₹4,000 in black market.<ref name="b236">{{cite web | last=Tharoor | first=Shashi | title=Why The Current LPG Crisis Is More Than Just A 'Supply Chain' Hiccup | website=[[NDTV]] | date=23 March 2026 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/iran-israel-war-why-the-2026-lpg-crisis-must-be-indias-final-warning-11253223 | access-date=24 March 2026|author-link=Shashi Tharoor}}</ref>

Long queues outside fuel and LPG distribution centres have been reported across India, the demand for induction burners also exploded. On Amazon, the sales of induction stoves increased more than thirtyfold.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mogul | first=Rhea | title=Iran's chokehold on Hormuz threatens India's beloved samosas and chai | website=[[CNN]] | date=18 March 2026 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/03/18/india/india-lpg-gas-impacts-restaurants-cooking-intl-hnk | access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hassan | first=Aakash | title='Waiting for days': India feels impact of gas supply chain disruption amid Iran conflict | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=19 March 2026 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/19/india-liquefied-petroleum-gas-lpg-supply-chain-disruption-iran-conflict | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

The government has allowed hotels and restaurants to utilise biomass as a fuel source for a month. Restaurants and hotels in India have begun shifting to burning firewood as a fuel source, leading to an increase in food prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=LPG crisis: Food prices set to increase as hotels shift to firewood, others; biryani takes the hit during Eid | website=[[The Economic Times]] | date=21 March 2026 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/lpg-crisis-food-prices-set-to-increase-as-hotels-shift-to-firewood-others-biryani-takes-the-hit-during-eid/articleshow/129715644.cms?from=mdr | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> 48,000 kilolitres of additional kerosene was also approved by the centre. These measures have been projected to contribute to indoor air pollution and health disorders.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khadka | first=Navin Singh | title=Iran war: Gas shortage risks pushing India towards polluting fuels | website=[[BBC]] | date=20 March 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1d6vyy9v61o | access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

Gujarat's tile and ceramic industry has also suspended production for three weeks.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gas supply disruption halts over 400 ceramic units in Gujarat's Morbi for 3 weeks | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=18 March 2026 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/18/gas-supply-disruption-halts-over-400-ceramic-units-in-gujarats-morbi-for-3-weeks | access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

By April, early stages of reverse migration of migrants in cities was being reported due to cooking gas shortages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Abhishek |date=2026-04-07 |title=Iran war: Indian migrant workers hit by cooking gas cylinder shortages leave cities |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20d10980e9o |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=[[bbc.com]] |language= |archive-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410073528/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20d10980e9o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhat |first=Suhail |date=2026-04-09 |title=‘I’ve not had proper food for days’: migrant workers leave India’s cities as Iran war fuel crisis deepens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2026/apr/09/delhi-india-gas-energy-crisis-migrant-workers-leave |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language= |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Amidst the crisis India is sending 210,000 MT/month (fuel) to Nepal and 24,000 MT/month (fuel) to Bhutan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Vijayesh |date=30 March 2026 |title=India acts as stabiliser for neighbours as Iran war fuels oil crisis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-acts-as-stabiliser-for-neighbours-as-iran-war-fuels-oil-crisis-2889231-2026-03-30 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It has sent 45,000 MT petroleum to Sri Lanka and 38,000 MT diesel to Bangladesh.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Pakistan in the 2026 Iran war]]
* [[China in the 2026 Iran war]]
* [[Operation Urja Suraksha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2026 Iran war}}

[[Category:Involvement in the 2026 Iran war by country]]
[[Category:India–Iran relations]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:India–Israel relations]]

Jagannath Temple, Digha

2026-04-25T09:46:43Z

Harish varma: put up new place...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jagannath Dham, Digha
| native_name = জগন্নাথ ধাম, দীঘা
| image = Jagannath Temple, Digha - জগন্নাথ মন্দির, দীঘা-৪.jpg
| caption =

| deity = [[Jagannath]], [[Balarama]], [[Subhadra]]
| tradition =
| Peetham =
| functional_status = Running by a team of Project Management unit, Consisting Vaibhab Chaudhury, IAS; Nilanjan Mandal, WBCS(Exe), Debabrata Payra, (A&AS);
D.K.Hazra, OSD, Chandan Dalui, UDA; Abhijit Dasgupta, UDA; Subhadip Samanta, LDA; & Shantanu Bhunia, LDA.
| governing_body = Project Monitoring Unit, Government of West Bengal
| temple_board = Trust set up by the [[government of West Bengal]] which includes representatives from [[ISKCON]] and other Hindu groups<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-names-iskcon-priest-as-board-member-of-digha-jagannath-temple-7227077 | title=Mamata Banerjee Names ISKCON Priest as Board Member of Digha Jagannath Temple }}</ref>
| festivals = [[Rath Yatra]]
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Digha]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_alt = Location in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|21.6230076|N|87.4923572|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type = [[Kalinga architecture]]
| architecture_style = [[Nagara Style]]
| founded_by =
| creator = [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|HIDCO]]
| established = 30 April 2025
| groundbreaking = 2022
| year_completed = April 2025

| facade_direction = North
| site_area = {{convert|24|acre|ha|2}}
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =

| website = {{URL|jagannathdham-digha.in/}}

| footnotes =
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''Jagannath Temple''' at [[Digha]], officially named '''Digha Jagannath Dham''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-temple-impact-digha-rath-train-wl-crosses-100/articleshow/121682860.cms | title=New temple impact: Digha Rath train WL crosses 100 | work=The Times of India | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/digha-tourism-jagannath-dham-million-visitors-10007992/ | title=Bengal tourism gets Digha temple booster: 20 lakh people visited Jagannath Dham in 15 days | date=15 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thecsrjournal.in/digha-jagannath-dham-temple-doors-remain-closed-public-ahead-rath-yatra/ | title=Digha Jagannath Dham Temple Doors to remain closed for public ahead of Rath Yatra | date=6 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/digha-jagannath-dham-temple-in-west-bengal-celebrates-snan-yatra-1749633959274 | title=Digha Jagannath temple in West Bengal celebrates Snan Yatra }}</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Jagannath]], located in the coastal town of Digha, [[Purba Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]], India. The temple enshrines the deity Jagannath, a form of [[Vishnu]], along with his siblings [[Balarama]] and [[Subhadra]]. The temple was inaugurated on 30 April 2025 after a ''[[prana pratishtha]]'' (consecration) ceremony.

The temple is sacred to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]] and has been constructed as a replica of the famous [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple in Puri]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mamata woos Hindu voters with Puri Jagannath temple replica |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/investigation/mamata-woos-hindu-voters-with-puri-jagannath-temple-replica |work=The Sunday Guardian}}</ref> The project was announced in 2018, construction commenced in 2022, and the temple was officially inaugurated on 30 April 2025.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web |author1=Supratik Sengupta |title=Bengal government's Rs 100-crore Jagannath Temple in Digha to be complete by December 2023 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-governments-rs-100-crore-jagannath-temple-in-digha-to-be-complete-by-december-2023/cid/1888536 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-set-to-inaugurate-digha-jagannath-temple-what-it-means-politically-9410840/ | title=Mamata set to inaugurate Digha Jagannath temple: What it means politically | date=24 June 2024 }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Planning and construction ===
[[Mamata Bannerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], announced the construction of Jagannath Temple at [[Digha]] on 20 December 2018. The project aimed to create a grand temple complex to attract devotees and tourists, similar to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri-Like Jagannath Temple In Bengal's Digha Soon; BJP Says Mamata Wooing Hindus |url=https://www.news18.com/india/puri-like-jagannath-temple-in-bengals-digha-soon-bjp-says-mamata-wooing-hindus-9153050.html |work=News 18}}</ref>

The detailed project report of the temple was completed by August 2019.<ref name="anandabazar3"/> CM Mamata Banerjee announced on 20 August 2019 that the construction of the temple would be completed within two years.<ref name="anandabazar3">{{cite web |title=দু'বছরেই নয়া জগন্নাথ মন্দির |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/mamata-banerjee-to-build-jagannath-temple-in-digha-1.1034208 |website=Anandabazar |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Digha |language=bn |date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web |author1=Tanmay Chatterjee |title=Bengal to build replica of Jagannath temple; oppn says Mamata wooing Hindus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-to-build-replica-of-jagannath-temple-oppn-says-mamata-wooing-hindus/story-iyuLlVr4p6Fi8aBoNcGYwO.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |title=Mamata Banerjee: Digha will be turned into religious tourism destination |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-digha-will-be-turned-into-religious-tourism-destination-5922191/ |website=www.indianexpress.com |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=21 August 2019}}</ref>

There was talk of building a new temple on the site of the old Jagannath temple on the seashore. However, the temple could not be built there due to environmental restrictions. Later, land was selected for building the temple next to [[Digha railway station]]. Digha-Shankarpur Development Authority provided 20 acres of land for the temple. The construction of the temple was entrusted to [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation]] (HIDCO). State Minister [[Akhil Giri]] launched the Jagannath Temple construction work on the auspicious [[Akshaya Tritiya|Akshaya Tritiya Tithi]] in May 2022, an initiative of the [[Government of West Bengal|state government]].<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=জগন্নাথ মন্দিরের ভিত পুজোয় মন্ত্রী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/the-foundational-puja-of-the-new-jagannath-temple-in-digha-held/cid/1342149 |website=Anandabazar |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Digha |language=bn |date=4 May 2022}}</ref> 2 billion was allocated as construction cost.

Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] visited the under-construction temple on 4 April 2023.<ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite web |title=ফের দিঘায় মুখ্যমন্ত্রী, পুরনো অনেক প্রকল্প অসম্পূর্ণই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/mamata-banerjee-to-visit-digha-soon/cid/1418774 |website=Anandabazar |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Contai |language=bn |date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="bengali-indianexpress1">{{cite web |title=কাজ দেখে উচ্ছ্বসিত মুখ্যমন্ত্রী! দিঘায় জগন্নাথ মন্দিরের দরজা খোলা সময়ের অপেক্ষা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/cm-mamata-banerjee-visits-proposed-jagannath-temple-site-at-digha-569116/ |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Digha |language=bn |date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1">{{cite web |title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee visits new Jagannath Temple site in Digha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/kolkata/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-visits-new-jagannath-temple-site-in-digha/videoshow/99245936.cms?from=mdr |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=4 April 2023}}</ref> She said, {{blockquote|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ‘বিরাট একটা কর্মযজ্ঞ চলছে। হাজার হাজার বছর ধরে জগন্নাথের এই মন্দির প্রতিষ্ঠিত থাকবে।’ Translated into English: A huge construction work is going on. This Jagannath's temple will be established for thousands of years.<ref name="bengali-indianexpress1"/>}}

=== ''Prana pratishtha'' and inauguration ===
The temple was inaugurated on 30 April 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Digha Jagannath Temple: দিঘায় রাজকীয় জগন্নাথ মন্দিরের উদ্বোধন! একসাথে মঞ্চে প্রসেনজিৎ, দেব, জিৎ ও নচিকেতা! |url=https://www.tollywoodonline.in/tollywood-celebrities-are-present-at-digha-jagannath-temple-opening/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> but the [[yajna]] began on 24 April as a pre-inauguration activity. First, a yajna was performed to ''Vastu Purush'', with the aim of freeing the newly constructed structure from the clutches of evil spirits or negative forces. The "Maha Yajna" began on 29 April.

The priests, led by Rajesh Dayitapati, one of the chief devotees of the Jagannath Temple in Puri, have completed the process of ''[[prana pratishtha]]'' of the Jagannath ''[[murti]]'' made of [[Azadirachta indica|neem-]]wood. After this, [[ISKCON]] devotees performed the ritual of ''prana pratishtha'' of the stone made Jagannath ''[[murti]]''; at the same time, ''prana pratishtha'' was completed in stone idol of [[Radha Krishna]]. [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] inaugurated the temple on 30 April, on the auspicious occasion of [[Akshaya Tritiya]]—between 3 pm and 3:15 pm. On that day, after the inauguration, the temple was kept open to the public for five minutes to view the temple and the deities.<ref>{{cite news |title=দিঘার জগন্নাথ মন্দিরের দ্বার উন্মোচন করলেন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী, বিগ্রহের প্রাণপ্রতিষ্ঠা হয়ে গিয়েছিল সকালেই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/live-updates-of-digha-jagannath-temple-inauguration-program-led-by-cm-mamata-banerjee-dgtld/cid/1599197 |access-date=2 May 2025 |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |date=30 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Deities ==
[[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]], along with [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan]], will be worshipped as deities in the temple.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/>

== Architecture ==
This temple is conceived as a deliberate architectural homage to the iconic [[Jagannath Temple]] of [[Puri]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengal to build replica of Jagannath temple; oppn says Mamata wooing Hindus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-to-build-replica-of-jagannath-temple-oppn-says-mamata-wooing-hindus/story-iyuLlVr4p6Fi8aBoNcGYwO.html |work=HIndustan Times}}</ref> aiming to serve as a near-replica in both scale and style by Architecture Studio - Salient, based in Kolkata. It is built in the [[Kaḷinga architectural style|Kalingan architectural style]]. The height of this temple {{convert|65|m|ft}}.<ref name="thewall1">{{cite web |title=পুরীর মন্দিরের সমান উঁচু হবে দিঘার জগন্নাথ মন্দির, পরিদর্শন করে জানালেন মমতা |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/digha-jagannath-temple-will-be-equal-height-of-puri-temple/ |website=www.thewall.in |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Digha |language=bn |date=4 April 2023}}</ref> The temple features a grand vimana (tower). It is constructed with marble flooring imported from [[Vietnam]], adding elegance and durability.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Majestic Jagannath Temple in Digha: Unveiling Little-Known Facts |url=https://pune.news/culture/majestic-jagannath-temple-in-digha-unveiling-little-known-facts-109823/ |work=PUNE.NEWS}}</ref> Made with famous [[sandstone]] from [[Rajasthan]]'s Banshi Hills has been used to build this temple.<ref name="thewall1"/> Its intricate design elements and sculptural details reflect the craftsmanship of artisans from multiple states, while the overall layout and orientation pay homage to eastern India's spiritual and architectural traditions.

==Controversy==
===Opposition from Puri Servitor Nijogs===
The inauguration of the Jagannath Temple in Digha sparked controversy, particularly among servitor groups from the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Shree Jagannath Temple]] in Puri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri Jagannath temple servitors warned against taking part in Digha temple inauguration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/puri-jagannath-temple-servitors-digha-temple-inauguration-9972987/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Two major nijogs—''Suar-Mahasuar'' and ''Puspalaka''—issued formal warnings to their members, prohibiting participation in any rituals at the Digha temple,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two groups of Puri servitors ask members to stay away from Digha Jagannath temple rituals |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/04/29/cal21-od-jagannath-servitors.html |work=The Week}}</ref> including preparing bhoga ([[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]])<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri Jagannath temple sect threatens members of consequences if they cook bhog at Digha shrine |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/puri-jagannath-temple-sect-threatens-members-of-consequences-if-they-cook-bhog-at-digha-shrine-prnt/cid/2096052 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> or dressing the deities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri Puspalaka Servitors Warned Against Participation In Digha Jagannath Temple Inauguration |url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/puri-puspalaka-servitors-warned-against-participation-in-digha-jagannath-temple-inauguration/ |work=Ommcom News}}</ref> Notices and circulars were distributed within the Puri temple premises, stating that violators could face social boycott and expulsion from their respective associations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two groups of Puri servitors ask members to stay away from Digha Jagannath temple rituals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-groups-of-puri-servitors-ask-members-to-stay-away-from-digha-jagannath-temple-rituals-101745948956914.html |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri servitors preparing prasad at Digha Jagannath shrine inauguration to face boycott |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/puri-servitors-preparing-prasad-at-digha-jagannath-shrine-inauguration-to-face-boycott/articleshow/120594670.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The servitors argued<ref>{{Cite news |title=Row Over Inauguration Of Jagannath Temple In Bengal's Digha As Puri Servitors Decline Mamata's Invite |url=https://www.news18.com/india/row-over-inauguration-of-jagannath-temple-in-bengals-digha-as-puri-servitors-decline-mamatas-invite-ws-d-9308674.html |work=News18}}</ref> that replicating the sacred rituals of Puri outside the original Jagannath temple threatens the spiritual and cultural integrity of the centuries-old tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri Srimandira servitors welcome Digha's Jagannath temple, yet set boundaries to guard originality |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/puri-srimandira-servitors-welcome-dighas-jagannath-temple-yet-set-boundaries-to-guard-originality/ |work=Kalinga TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Controversy Over Digha Jagannath Temple: 'Unique Traditions of Puri Must Be Preserved,' Says Padmanava Mahasuar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/controversy-over-digha-jagannath-temple-unique-traditions-of-puri-must-be-preserved-says-padmanava-mahasuar |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

The issue was further exacerbated by reports of senior Daitapati servitor Ramakrushna Dasmahapatra participating in the Digha temple’s consecration, despite a directive from key servitor associations prohibiting their members from engaging in rituals outside [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri]]. They viewed the association with the Digha temple as a violation of tradition. Dasmahapatra, who serves as the secretary of a ''Nijog'', faced criticism from both former and current leaders in the servitor community, who questioned the legitimacy of his involvement and his claims surrounding the sourcing of the idols.

===Naming Dispute Over ''"Jagannath Dham"''===
Tensions escalated following promotional material for the Digha temple suggesting that devotees ''"need not go to Puri to see Jagannath Dham,"'' a claim that was widely criticised in [[Odisha]] as undermining the religious and historical uniqueness of the Puri temple. Furthermore, narratives implying that ''"Jagannath left Puri for Digha"'' were strongly opposed by many in [[Odisha]], who viewed them as distortions of deeply held religious beliefs and an affront to the cultural identity associated with the original shrine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagannath Dham controversy: Devotees in Odisha demand removal of tag from Bengal's Digha Temple |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jagannath-dham-label-controversy-odisha-devotees-sudarsan-pattnaik-demand-tag-removal-from-west-bengal-digha-temple-cm-mamata-banerjee-details-2025-05-02-988382 |work=India TV}}</ref>

The naming of the newly inaugurated Jagannath temple in Digha as ''"Jagannath Dham"'' has drawn widespread criticism from servitors, scholars, and devotees in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Devotees unhappy with Digha temple being labelled as 'Jagannath Dham' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/culture/devotees-unhappy-with-digha-temple-being-labelled-as-jagannath-dham-19598016.htm |work=CNBC TV18}}</ref> Many have objected to the West Bengal government's promotion of the temple using the term ''Dham'', which they argue traditionally refers to one of the four sacred pilgrimage sites ([[Char Dham]]) in Hinduism, of which [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri, the original Jagannath temple]], is one. Critics claim the use of this term for the Digha temple undermines the spiritual and cultural uniqueness of the 12th-century shrine in Puri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=12th Century Shrine, An Ancient Label: Row Erupts Over 'Jagannath Dham' Tag |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagannath-dham-row-pits-west-bengal-against-odisha-over-temple-legacy-8311237 |work=ND TV}}</ref> Devotees and servitors have strongly demanded the ''removal of this tag'', citing cultural and religious misrepresentation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uproar in Odisha as West Bengal govt calls Digha temple 'Jagannath Dham' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/jagannath-dham-dispute-west-bengal-odisha-puri-temple-row-125050201078_1.html |work=The Business Standard}}</ref>

===Allegations of Using Surplus [[Nabakalebara]] Daru===
Following the inauguration of the temple, a controversy emerged over claims that sacred ''Daru'' (neem wood) left over from the [[Nabakalebara 2015|2015]] [[Nabakalebara|Nabakalebara ceremony]] at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri]] had been used to carve the idols installed at the Digha temple.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Govt orders probe into naming Digha shrine as Jagannath Dham, use of Puri logs for creating idols |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/govt-orders-probe-into-naming-digha-shrine-as-jagannath-dham-use-of-puri-logs-for-creating-idols/articleshow/120830886.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

The controversy originated from a report in the Bengali media, which quoted Ramakrushna Dasmahapatra, a senior ''Daitapati'' servitor from Puri who officiated at the Digha temple's consecration. He was reported to have stated that he transported surplus ''Daru'' from the [[Nabakalebara 2015|2015 Nabakalebara]] ritual to craft the idols and further claimed that the idea of installing wooden idols came at the suggestion of [[West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]], whom he referred to as a disciple.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Odisha govt. orders probe into Puri Jagannath priests' role in West Bengal temple ceremony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha-govt-orders-probe-into-puri-jagannath-priests-role-in-west-bengal-temple-ceremony/article69531023.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The claim led to significant public and religious outcry in Odisha, with concerns raised over the sanctity and protocol of the Nabakalebara ritual. In response, [[Government of Odisha|Odisha's Law Minister]] [[Prithviraj Harichandan|Prithiviraj Harichandan]] ordered an official inquiry through the ''Shree Jagannath Temple Administration (SJTA)'', stating that any misuse of sacred ''Daru'' would be taken seriously, and appropriate legal action would be initiated against those found responsible.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Odisha to probe use of leftover wood from Puri at Digha's Jagannath temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-to-probe-use-of-leftover-wood-from-puri-at-digha-s-jagannath-temple-101746202256225.html |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Totally unacceptable': Odisha govt asks Puri Jagannath authorities to probe Digha temple row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/totally-unacceptable-odisha-govt-asks-puri-jagannath-authorities-to-probe-digha-temple-row-9979754/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Amid widespread backlash in [[Odisha]], Dasmahapatra later denied the allegations at a press conference in Puri, stating that his earlier comments had been misquoted or manipulated. He clarified that, when he first visited the site four months earlier, the idols were initially made of stone. As Lord Jagannath is traditionally worshipped only in neem wood form, he advised [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] to commission wooden idols. Consequently, wooden idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra, each measuring approximately 2.5 to 3 feet, were crafted in [[Puri]] from regular neem wood and brought to Digha for consecration. He denied using any sacred Daru from the [[Nabakalebara 2015|2015 Nabakalebara]] ceremony for the Digha temple idols.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Digha Jagannath Temple row: Puri servitor clears air over 'stone' idol, 'Jagannath Dham' |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/digha-jagannath-temple-row-puri-servitor-clears-air-over-stone-idol-jagannath-dham-ad-9025559 |work=Sambad English}}</ref> He later retracted the statement, calling it a slip of the tongue.

Subsequently, the SJTA submitted its inquiry report confirming that no ''Daru'' from the [[Nabakalebara 2015|2015 Nabakalebara]] ritual was used in the making of the Digha temple idols.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wood for Digha idols not from Puri shrine: Odisha government probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wood-for-digha-idols-not-from-puri-shrine-odisha-government-probe/articleshow/120910606.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Odisha Law Minister [[Prithviraj Harichandan|Harichandan]], addressing the media, reaffirmed this conclusion. He stated that the idols were carved by Bhubaneswar-based sculptor Sudarshan Maharana using ordinary neem wood and that the previously reported claim regarding the use of sacred ''Daru'' was unfounded.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Odisha govt clarifies no timber from Puri's Jagannath shrine used in Digha temple. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/odisha-govt-clarifies-no-timber-from-puris-jagannath-shrine-used-in-digha-temple/article69541388.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=No Srimandir Daru used in carving idols of deities: Law Minister Prithviraj Harichandan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/May/06/no-srimandir-daru-used-in-carving-idols-of-deities-law-minister-prithviraj-harichandan |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Wood for Digha idols not taken from Puri shrine, confirms Odisha govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/wood-for-digha-idols-not-taken-from-puri-shrine-confirms-govt/articleshow/120907389.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Suspension of Ramakrushna Dasmohapatra ===
In May 2025, the Shree Jagannath Temple Administration (SJTA) suspended Ramakrushna Dasmohapatra, a senior Daitapati servitor and secretary of the Daitapati Nijog, for one month following his involvement in the consecration ceremony of the Jagannath temple in Digha, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SJTA suspends Dasmohapatra for one month over Digha temple row |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/May/12/sjta-suspends-dasmohapatra-for-one-month-over-digha-temple-row |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The suspension was based on two show-cause notices. The first, issued on 4 May, asked him to explain why he allegedly violated temple tradition by claiming on a Bengali news channel that the idols at the Digha temple were carved from surplus ''Daru'' (sacred neem wood) from the [[Nabakalebara 2015|2015 Nabakalebara]] of the Puri temple—an assertion that sparked widespread outrage among devotees. Although he later retracted the statement, calling it a slip of the tongue, the SJTA considered the remarks serious enough to merit disciplinary action.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puri Jagannath temple suspends senior servitor, denies him entry to shrine for 30 days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/puri-jagannath-temple-suspends-senior-servitor-denies-him-entry-to-shrine-for-30-days-101746979497007.html |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The second notice, dated 9 May, questioned his participation in the Digha temple consecration in his capacity as a Puri servitor and whether he objected to the temple being referred to as a “Jagannath Dham,” a title traditionally reserved for the original temple in Puri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senior servitor suspended for misleading statements on Digha Jagannath Temple idols |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/senior-servitor-suspended-for-misleading-statements-on-digha-jagannath-temple-idols-prnt/cid/2098727 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

SJTA Chief Administrator Arabinda Padhee stated that the suspension aimed to preserve the dignity and discipline of Srimandir. He noted that Dasmohapatra’s actions had harmed the temple’s image and hurt the religious sentiments of devotees. As part of the disciplinary measure, Dasmohapatra was barred from performing any temple rituals during the suspension period.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senior Puri Jagannath temple servitor who took part in Digha shrine consecration suspended for 30 days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-puri-jagannath-temple-servitor-who-took-part-in-digha-shrine-consecration-suspended-for-30-days-9997002/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Political Reactions and Allegations of Politicisation===
Many view these developments as an attempt to politicize religious sentiments, labelling the project as political maneuvering rather than an act of genuine religious reverence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Temple politics heats up in Bengal as Mamata inaugurates Jagannath Dham amid BJP fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/temple-politics-heats-up-in-bengal-as-mamata-inaugurates-jagannath-dham-amid-bjp-fire/articleshow/120766888.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The inauguration of the Jagannath Temple in Digha by CM Banerjee in April 2025 led to significant political controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As Mamata Banerjee opens Jagannath temple in Digha, political row erupts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/as-mamata-banerjee-opens-jagannath-temple-in-digha-political-row-erupts-101746096819911.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Opposition parties, especially the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], accused the state government of misusing public funds for religious purposes,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Can Digha temple cancel out Murshidabad violence? Mamata Banerjee will be praying for that today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/digha-jagannath-temple-murshidabad-violence-mamata-banerjee-9973722/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> which they argued violates the constitutional principle of [[secularism]] and alleged the move was politically motivated to gain Hindu votes ahead of elections.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Opposition questions use of taxpayer money on building of Jagannath Dham in Digha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/opposition-questions-use-of-taxpayer-money-on-building-of-jagannath-dham-in-digha-prnt/cid/2096569 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> The BJP also criticized Banerjee’s perceived inconsistency in religious outreach, calling the temple a "cultural center" rather than a genuine shrine. In response to that, the [[Government of West Bengal]] defended it as a tourism initiative.

==See also==
*[[Bengali Hindus]]
*[[Hinduism in West Bengal]]
* [[List of Jagannath Temples outside Puri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jagannath Temple, Digha}}
{{Jagannath}}

[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Digha]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu temples]]

M. S. Raju (politician)

2026-04-20T01:30:06Z

Harish varma: creating details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the Indian film producer |M.S. Raju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M.S. Raju
| native_name_lang =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Politician
*}}
| predecessor = [[M. Thippeswamy]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''M.S. Raju''' is an Indian politician and a current [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won from [[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira Assembly Constituency]] in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 elections]].<ref name=ECI>{{Cite web |title=2024 Andhra Legislative Assembly Election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01156.htm}}</ref>

== Politics ==
He is the member of [[Telugu Desam Party]] and serves as the SC Cell President.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TDP likely to field party SC cell chief MS Raju |date=19 March 2024 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tdp-likely-to-field-party-sc-cell-chief-ms-raju-865966}}</ref>

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Opponent Party
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|- style="text-align: center;"
|1
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]]
|Iralakkappa.S.L
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
| 79,983
|351
|{{Won}}<ref name=ECI />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, M.S.}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029|Raju]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians|Raju]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Calcutta South East Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-14T03:39:35Z

Harish varma: Made Basic Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Former Constituency of the Indian parliament in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|name = Calcutta South East
|established = 1951
|abolished = 1957
|reservation = None
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|electors = 381,486
}}
'''Calcutta South East''' was a constituency of the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the [[Parliament of India]]), located in the city of [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]. It was used in the [[1951 Indian general election|parliamentary election of 1951–1952]] as well as in a [[1953 Calcutta South East by-election|1953 by-election]].<ref name="ButlerLahiri1991">{{cite book|author1=David Butler|author2=Ashok Lahiri|author3=Prannoy Roy|title=India Decides: Elections 1952–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwaLAAAAMAAJ|year = 1991|publisher=Living Media India|pages=358–359}}</ref><ref name="e">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls Bye-election results 1952–95]''</ref> The constituency elected a single member of the Lok Sabha.<ref name=e2>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF CONSTITUENCY DATA – SUMMARY]''</ref> As of 1952, the constituency had 381,486 eligible voters.<ref name=e2/>

==Political dynamics==
At the time, south-east Calcutta was viewed as the political nerve-centre of Calcutta, a city known for its vivid political life.<ref name=epw/> Calcutta South-East had a predominantly [[middle class]] character.<ref name=epw/> Whilst most of the assembly segments of Calcutta South East elected [[Indian National Congress]] legislators in the [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the constituency was politically diverse.<ref name=epw/> With a Bharatiya Jan Sangh MP, there was also a significant communist presence (at least two communist legislators elected from the area).<ref name=epw/> The area of the constituency belonged to the areas that had elected [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] ([[Netaji Subash Chandra Bose]]'s brother) against a Congress candidate.<ref name=epw/>

==1952 election==
In the first elections after the [[independence of India]], four candidates were in the fray in Calcutta South East: [[Mriganka Mohan Sur]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], Dr. [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] of the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]], [[Sadhan Gupta]] of the [[Communist Party of India]] and Satya Ranjan Bakshi of the Forward Bloc-National Synthesis.<ref name=e1951>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |date=2014-10-08 }}''</ref><ref name="Das2000">{{cite book|author=S. C. Das|title=Bharat Kesri Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee with Modern Implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MczOO0f1DYEC&pg=PA166|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-387-8|pages=166–167}}</ref> The result for the Calcutta South East seat was announced on 3 February 1952.<ref name="Das2000"/> Mukherjee won the seat with 65,026 votes (44.97%), Sur got 44,044 (30.46%), Gupta 32,168 (22.24%) and Bakshi 3,376 (2.33%).<ref name=e1951/>

==1953 by-election==
Mukherjee, a right-wing nationalist hardliner on the [[Kashmir conflict]], had been detained in June 1953 whilst trying to enter [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Nakazato2016">{{cite book|author=Nariaki Nakazato|title=Neonationalist Mythology in Postwar Japan: Pal's Dissenting Judgment at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3rTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=27 April 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-2836-8|pages=107–108}}</ref> Whilst detained he suffered a heart attack and died.<ref name="Nakazato2016"/> A by-election was called in fill the vacancy created by Mukherjee's death.<ref name=a>{{cite news | newspaper=The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/veteran-leftist-sadhan-gupta-passes-away/article7671154.ece | title=Veteran Leftist Sadhan Gupta passes away | agency=PTI | date=20 September 2015 | accessdate=30 April 2023}}</ref> Due to the dramatic circumstances of Mukherjee's death and the complexity of the Calcutta politics (whilst the constituency was seen as a Congress stronghold it had also elected a Bharatiya Jan Sangh MP as well as communist members of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]) the by-poll caught attention in national politics.<ref name=epw>''The Economic Weekly''. ''[http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1953_5/48/southeast_calcutta.pdf South-east Calcutta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525210137/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1953_5/48/southeast_calcutta.pdf |date=25 May 2023 }}''</ref><ref name="Nakazato2016"/>

The by-election was won by Gupta (CPI) with 58,211 votes (58.21%), [[Radhabinod Pal]] finished in second place with 36,319 votes (36.31%), J.P. Mitter (BJS) 5,431 (5.43%) and Bhupal Bose of the [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)]] got 5,415 votes (5.41%).<ref name="e"/><ref name="Chatterjee1953">{{cite book|author=Ramananda Chatterjee|title=The Modern Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAFAAAAMAAJ|volume=94|date=July 1953|publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited|page=421}}</ref>

The constituency was abolished ahead of the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 parliamentary election]].<ref name="ButlerLahiri1991"/> Sadhan Gupta contested and won the new [[Calcutta East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta East constituency]].<ref name="ButlerLahiri1991"/><ref>{{cite web |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/veteran-communist-sadhan-gupta-dies-91403.html |title=Veteran Communist Sadhan Gupta dies |url-status=dead |agency=IANS |date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127085153/http://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/veteran-communist-sadhan-gupta-dies-91403.html |archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Coord|22.5726723|N|88.3638815|E|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]

Pythonidae

2026-03-29T13:14:26Z

Harish varma:

{{Short description|Family of snakes}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Pythonides]], a genus of butterflies}} {{redir-dist|Pythons|the Pythons}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Pythonidae
| image = Python molurus molurus 2.jpg
| image_caption = [[Indian python]] (''Python molurus'')
| taxon = Pythonidae
| authority = [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1826
| synonyms = * Pythonoidia - Fitzinger, 1826
* Pythonoidei – Eichwald, 1831
* Holodonta – Müller, 1832
* Pythonina – Bonaparte, 1840
* Pythophes – Fitzinger, 1843
* Pythoniens – A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844
* Holodontes – A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844
* Pythonides – A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844
* Pythones – Cope, 1861
* Pythonidae – Cope, 1864
* Peropodes – Meyer, 1874
* Chondropythonina – Boulenger, 1879
* Pythoninae – Boulenger, 1890
* Pythonini – Underwood & Stimson, 1990
* Moreliini – Underwood & Stimson, 1990<ref name="McD99">{{cite book|last1=McDiarmid|first1=Roy W. |last2=Campbell|first2=Jonathan A. |last3=Touré|first3=T'Shaka A. |title=Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQOuswEACAAJ|volume=1|year=1999|publisher=Herpetologists' League|isbn=978-1-893777-01-9}}</ref>
}}{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
[[File:LRMEXPORT 187433861073166 20200523 062423632a.jpg|alt=pythons|thumb|Indian python (''[[Python molurus]]'')]]
The '''Pythonidae''', commonly known as '''pythons''', are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Venomous snake|nonvenomous]]  [[snake]]s found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Ten [[Genus|genera]] and 39 [[species]] are currently recognized. Being naturally non-venomous, pythons must [[Constriction|constrict]] their prey to induce cardiac arrest prior to consumption. Pythons will typically strike at and bite their prey of choice to gain hold of it; they then must use physical strength to constrict their prey, by coiling their muscular bodies around the animal, effectively suffocating it before swallowing whole. This is in stark contrast to venomous snakes such as the [[rattlesnake]], for example, which delivers a swift, venomous bite but releases, waiting as the prey succumbs to [[envenomation]] before being consumed. Collectively, the pythons are well-documented and studied as constrictors, much like other non-venomous snakes, including the [[Boidae|boas]] and even [[kingsnakes]] of the New World.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=563893 |taxon=Pythonidae |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>

Pythons are indigenous to the Old World Tropics, including sub-Saharan Africa, tropical to subtropical Asia, and Australia, Pythons are ambush predators that primarily kill prey by constriction, causing cardiac arrest. Pythons are oviparous, laying eggs that females incubate until they hatch. They possess premaxillary teeth, with the exception of adults in the Australian genus ''Aspidites''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/191269/1/03_vertebrate_zoology_70_3_2020_Georgalis_et_Smith.pdf |title=Constrictores Oppel, 1811 – the available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2020-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212102353/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/191269/1/03_vertebrate_zoology_70_3_2020_Georgalis_et_Smith.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5108151 | date=2016 | last1=Palci | first1=A. | last2=Lee | first2=M. S. | last3=Hutchinson | first3=M. N. | title=Patterns of postnatal ontogeny of the skull and lower jaw of snakes as revealed by micro-CT scan data and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics | journal=Journal of Anatomy | volume=229 | issue=6 | pages=723–754 | doi=10.1111/joa.12509 | pmid=27329823 }}</ref> While many species are available in the exotic pet trade, caution is needed with larger species due to potential danger. The taxonomy of pythons has evolved, and they are now known to be more closely related to sunbeam snakes and the Mexican burrowing python. {{cn|date=January 2025}}

Pythons are frequently poached for their skins, with the export market for skins from [[Southeast Asia]] estimated at a billion dollars in 2012. They are also sold and consumed as meat. They can carry diseases, such as salmonella and leptospirosis, which can be transmitted to humans. Pythons are also used in African traditional medicine to treat ailments like rheumatism and mental illnesses. Their body parts, including blood and organs, are believed to have various healing properties. In some African cultures, pythons have significant roles in folklore and mythology, often symbolizing strength or having sacred status.

==Distribution and habitat==
Pythons are found in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Southeast Asia]], southeastern [[Pakistan]], southern [[China]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="McD99"/>

===Invasive populations===
Two known populations of invasive pythons exist in the Western Hemisphere. In the United States, an introduced population of [[Burmese python]]s (''Python bivittatus'') has existed as an [[invasive species]] in [[Everglades National Park]] since the late 1990s. As of January 2023, estimates place the Floridian Burmese python population at around half a million. Local bounties are awarded and scientists study dead Burmese pythons to better understand breeding cycles and trends associated with rapid population explosion. The pythons readily prey on native North American fauna in Florida, including (but not limited to) [[American alligator]]s, birds, [[bobcat]]s, [[American bullfrog]]s, [[Virginia opossum|opossum]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[North American river otter|river otter]]s, [[white-tailed deer]], and occasionally domestic pets and livestock. They are also known to prey on other invasive and introduced animals to Florida, such as the [[green iguana]] and [[nutria]] (coypu), though not at a rate as to lower their numbers rapidly or effectively.<ref name="NGeo">{{cite web | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0603_040603_invasivespecies.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040611213130/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0603_040603_invasivespecies.html | archive-date = June 11, 2004 | title = Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades | work = National Geographic News | access-date = 16 September 2007 }}</ref>

In [[Puerto Rico]], a population of [[reticulated python]]s (''Malayopython reticulatus'') are known to be currently established, with a remarkably high rate of [[albinism]], suggesting establishment from domesticated pet stock. Records of reticulated pythons date back to as early as 2009, and the population was recognized as established by 2017.<ref name ="SerpResearch">{{cite web | url = https://serpentresearch.com/2022/08/07/malayopython-reticulatus-has-colonized-puerto-rico/ | title = Malayopython reticulatus has colonized Puerto Rico | work = Serpent Research | date = 7 August 2022 }}</ref>[[Image:Blackheaded python2.jpg|240px|thumb|[[Black-headed python]] (''Aspidites melanocephalus'')]]
==Conservation==
{{Expand section|date=November 2022}}
Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has greatly reduced the population of some, such as the [[Indian python]] (''Python molurus'') and the [[ball python]] (''Python regius'').<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Python molurus'' |name-list-style=amp |author1=Aengals, A. |author2=Das, A. |author3=Mohapatra, P. |author4=Srinivasulu, C. |author5=Srinivasulu, B. |author6=Shankar, G. |author7=Murthy, B.H.C. |year=2021 |article-number=e.T58894358A1945283 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T58894358A1945283.en |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Python regius'' |amends=2021 |name-list-style=amp |author1=D'Cruze, N. |author2=Wilms, T. |author3=Penner, J. |author4=Luiselli, L. |author5=Jallow, M. |author6=Segniagbeto, G. |author7=Niagate, B. |author8=Schmitz, A. |year=2022 |article-number=e.T177562A220378972 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T177562A220378972.en |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>

==Behavior==
{{Expand section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Python at Nairobi National Museum, Kenya.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Common Python at Nairobi National Museum, Kenya]]
Most members of this family are [[ambush predator]]s, in that they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position, and then strike suddenly at passing prey. Attacks on humans, although known to occur, are extremely rare.<ref name="Wang">{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Amy B. | name-list-style = vanc |title=An Indonesian man disappeared. Villagers found his body inside a 23-foot-long python. | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/03/29/an-indonesian-man-disappeared-villagers-found-his-body-inside-a-23-foot-long-python/ |access-date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Selk |first1=Avi | name-list-style = vanc |title=A woman went to check her corn — and was swallowed by a python |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/2018/06/17/woman-went-to-check-her-corn-and-was-swallowed-by-python/11946122007/#:~:text=by%20a%20python-,A%20woman%20went%20to%20check%20her%20corn,was%20swallowed%20by%20a%20python&text=For%20the%20second%20time%20in,according%20to%20the%20Jakarta%20Post.?wpisrc=nl_most&wpmm=1 |access-date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=16 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Feeding==
Pythons use their sharp, backward-curving teeth, four rows in the upper jaw, two in the lower, to grasp prey which is then killed by [[constriction]]; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, the python quickly wraps a number of coils around it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Death occurs primarily by [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | last1 = Hardy | first1 = David L | name-list-style = vanc | year = 1994 | title = A re-evaluation of suffocation as the cause of death during constriction by snakes | journal = Herpetological Review | volume = 25|issue=22 | pages = 45–47 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boback SM, McCann KJ, Wood KA, McNeal PM, Blankenship EL, Zwemer CF | title = Snake constriction rapidly induces circulatory arrest in rats | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 218 | issue = Pt 14 | pages = 2279–88 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26202779 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.121384 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Even the larger species, such as the [[reticulated python]] (''Malayopython reticulatus''), do not crush their prey to death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rossman |first=Sean |title=Pythons can kill a human in minutes and swallow them in an hour |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/30/pythons-can-kill-human-minutes-and-swallow-them-hour/99824246/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a domestic cat, but larger food items are known; some large Asian species have been known to take down adult [[deer]], and the [[Central African rock python]] (''Python sebae'') has been known to eat [[antelope]]. The [[reticulated python]] is the only python species known to sometimes eat humans in its natural habitat in Sulawesi, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/python-kills-woman-indonesia-swallowed-up-to-her-shoulders-officials-say|title=Woman dies in python attack after being swallowed up to her shoulders, Indonesia officials say |author = AFP |date=16 August 2024|via=www.cbsnews.com|newspaper=CBS News}}</ref> All prey is swallowed whole, and may take several days or even weeks to fully digest.[[File:Python skull rotation.gif|alt=What a python skull looks like|A python skull|right|thumb]]

==Reproduction==
Pythons are [[oviparous]]. This sets them apart from the family [[Boidae]] (boas), most of which bear live young ([[ovoviviparous]]). After they lay their eggs, females typically incubate them until they hatch. This is achieved by causing the muscles to "shiver", which raises the temperature of the body to a certain degree, and thus that of the eggs. Keeping the eggs at a constant temperature is essential for healthy embryo development. During the incubation period, females do not eat and leave only to bask to raise their body temperature.

==Captivity==
Most species in this family are available in the exotic pet trade. However, caution must be exercised with the larger species, as they can be dangerous; rare cases of large specimens killing their owners have been documented.<ref name="Anapsid">{{cite web | url = http://www.anapsid.org/coloburm.html | title = The Keeping of Large Pythons | work = Anapsid | access-date = 16 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Large Constrictor Snake Attacks | url = http://m.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/wildlife/captive/constrictor-snake-attacks.pdf | website = The Humane Society of The United States | date = July 2012 | access-date = 2018-05-13 | archive-date = 2015-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150922015025/http://m.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/wildlife/captive/constrictor-snake-attacks.pdf | url-status = deviated }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Obsolete classification schemes—such as that of [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]] (1890)—place pythons in Pythoninae, a [[subfamily]] of the boa family, [[Boidae]].<ref name="McD99"/> However, despite a superficial resemblance to boas, pythons are more closely related to the sunbeam snakes (''[[Xenopeltis]]'') and the Mexican burrowing python (''[[Loxocemus]]'').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyron RA, Burbrink FT, Wiens JJ | title = A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 13 | page = 93 | date = April 2013 | issue = 1 | pmid = 23627680 | pmc = 3682911 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013BMCEE..13...93P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Graham Reynolds R, Niemiller ML, Revell LJ | title = Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 71 | pages = 201–13 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24315866 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011 | bibcode = 2014MolPE..71..201G | url = http://www.rgrahamreynolds.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Reynolds_etal_2014_MPE.pdf | access-date = 2018-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202212953/http://www.rgrahamreynolds.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Reynolds_etal_2014_MPE.pdf | archive-date = 2015-12-02 }}</ref>

===Genera===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Genus<ref name="ITIS"/>
! Taxon author<ref name="ITIS"/>
! Species<ref name="ITIS"/>
! Subsp.{{efn|Not including the [[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]].}}<ref name="ITIS"/>
! Common name
! Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/>
|-
|''[[Antaresia]]''
|[[Wells and Wellington affair|Wells & Wellington]], 1984
| style="text-align:center;"|4
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|Children's pythons
|style="width:40%"|Australia in arid and tropical regions
|-
|''[[Apodora]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kluge AG |author-link=Arnold G. Kluge |title=''Aspidites'' and the phylogeny of pythonine snakes |journal=Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement|volume=19 |page=77 |date=1993 |doi=10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52 |isbn=0-7310-1164-3 |url=https://media.australianmuseum.net.au/media/Uploads/Journals/16847/52_complete.pdf}}</ref>
|[[Arnold G. Kluge|Kluge]], 1993
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|Papuan python
|Papua New Guinea
|-
|''[[Aspidites]]''
|[[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1877
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|pitless pythons
|Australia, except in the southern parts of the country
|-
|''Bothrochilus''
|[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1843
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|[[Bismarck ringed python]]
|the Bismarck Archipelago
|-
|''[[Leiopython]]''
|[[Ambrosius Hubrecht|Hubrecht]], 1879
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|white-lipped pythons
|Papua New Guinea
|-
|''[[Liasis]]''
|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1842
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|water pythons
|[[Indonesia]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], east through New Guinea and northern and western Australia
|-
|''[[Malayopython]]''
|[[species:Robert Graham Reynolds|Reynolds]], 2014
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|reticulated and Timor pythons
|from India to Timor
|-
|''[[Morelia (snake)|Morelia]]''
|Gray, 1842
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|tree pythons
|from Indonesia in the [[Maluku Islands]], east through New Guinea, including the Bismarck Archipelago, and Australia
|-
|''[[Nyctophilopython]]''
|[[species:Graeme Francis Gow|Gow]], 1977
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|[[Oenpelli python]]
|style="width:40%"|the Northern Territory, Australia
|-
|''[[Python (genus)|Python]]''{{efn|[[Type genus]].<ref name="McD99"/>}}
|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803
| style="text-align:center;"|10
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|true pythons
|Africa in the tropics south of the [[Sahara|Sahara Desert]] (not including southern and extreme southwestern [[Madagascar]]), [[Bangladesh]], Pakistan, India, [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Burma]], [[Indochina]], southern China, [[Hong Kong]], [[Hainan]], the Malayan region of [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]]
|-
|''[[Simalia]]''
|Gray, 1849
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| style="text-align:center;"|0
|amethystine python species complex
|found in Indonesia (Including the islands of [[Halmahera]], [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], [[Seram Island|Seram]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]), the [[Northern Territory]], northeastern [[Queensland]] into the [[Torres Strait]], and [[Papua New Guinea]]
|}

==Relationship with humans==
=== Skin and meat trade ===
Trade in python skins is a lucrative business with the export market from Southeast Asia estimated at US$1 billion as of 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-20509720|title=Python skin trade worth a billion – and often illegal |last=McGrath|first=Matt |website=[[BBC News]] | name-list-style = vanc |date=2012-11-28|access-date=2019-03-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> Much of the trade is illegal, and python farming is very expensive.<ref>{{cite news | first = Victoria | last = Turk | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/snake-farms-could-tackle-the-billion-dollar-black-market-for-python-skin/|title=Snake Farms Could Tackle the Billion Dollar Black Market for Python Skin|date=2014-04-02|work=Motherboard|access-date=2019-03-14|language=en-us}}</ref> Pythons are poached for their meat, mostly consumed locally as [[bushmeat]], and their skin, which is sent to Europe and North America for manufacture of accessories like bags, belts and shoes.<ref name = "Jensen_2017">{{cite web|first=Timm Juul|last=Jensen|name-list-style=vanc|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/09/05/large-snakes-are-on-the-menu-at-cameroons-nkoldongo-bushmeat-market/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108033842/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/09/05/large-snakes-are-on-the-menu-at-cameroons-nkoldongo-bushmeat-market/|archive-date=January 8, 2018|title=Large snakes are on the menu at Cameroon's Nkoldongo bushmeat market|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|date=5 September 2017|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

In [[Cameroon]] bushmeat markets, the [[Central African rock python]] (''Python sebae'') is sold for meat.<ref name = "Jensen_2017" /> Hunting, killing and selling pythons is illegal in [[Cameroon]] under national wildlife law, but there is little to no enforcement.<ref name = "Jensen_2017" />

=== Pythons and human health ===
Pythons are not venomous, but like other reptiles, they can be vectors for infections that affect humans, such as [[salmonella]]. Such diseases may be transmitted to humans through excreted waste, open wounds, and contaminated water.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Potential Zoonoses/Hazards Associated with Reptiles|url=https://ras.research.cornell.edu/care/documents/OHS/zoonosis_information_sheet_reptiles.pdf|journal=Cornell Center for Animal Resources and Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebani VV | title = Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review | journal = Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = 723–728 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28942820 | doi = 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.020 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11568/880208 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer Sauteur PM, Relly C, Hug M, Wittenbrink MM, Berger C | title = Risk factors for invasive reptile-associated salmonellosis in children | journal = Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 419–21 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23473215 | doi = 10.1089/vbz.2012.1133 | s2cid = 1311418 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/79426/1/Meyer_Vector-Borne_2013.pdf }}</ref>

Pythons are also integrated into some aspects of African health and belief use, often with the added risk of contacting zoonotic diseases. Python bodies and blood are used for African traditional medicines and other belief uses as well, one in-depth study of all animals used by the Yorubas of Nigeria for traditional medicine found that the African Python is used to cure rheumatism, snake poison, appeasing witches, and accident prevention.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Python habitats, diets, and invasion into new areas also impact human health and prosperity. A University of Florida Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences study found that the [[Burmese python]], as an invasive species, enters new habitats and eats an increasing number of mammals, leaving limited species for mosquitoes to bite, forcing them to bite disease-carrying [[hispid cotton rat]]s and then infect humans with the [[Everglades virus]], a dangerous infection that is carried by very few animals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoyer IJ, Blosser EM, Acevedo C, Thompson AC, Reeves LE, Burkett-Cadena ND | title = Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | article-number = 20170353 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28978755 | pmc = 5665769 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0353 }}</ref> While direct human-python interactions can be potentially dangerous, the risk of zoonotic diseases is always a concern, whether considering medical and belief use in Nigeria or when addressing invasive species impacts in Florida. In 2022, a woman who lived near a lake area in south-eastern [[New South Wales]] state, [[Australia]], was found to be infested with the [[Ophidascaris robertsi]] roundworm which is common in [[carpet python]]s - non-venomous snakes found across much of Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-29 |title=Live worm found in Australian woman's brain in world first |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-66643241 |access-date=2023-09-26}} </ref>

=== Traditional use ===
==== Skin ====
Python skin has traditionally been used as the attire of choice for medicine men and healers.<ref name="AlexanderMoshoeu2016">{{cite journal|last1=Alexander|first1=Graham J.|last2=Moshoeu|first2=Thibedi J.|last3=Williams|first3=Vivienne L.|title=Reptiles sold as traditional medicine in Xipamanine and Xiquelene Markets (Maputo, Mozambique)|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=112|issue= 7/8|year=2016|page=9 |issn=0038-2353|doi=10.17159/sajs.2016/20150416|doi-access=free}}</ref> Typically, [[South Africa]]n [[Zulu people|Zulu]] traditional healers will use python skin in ceremonial regalia.<ref name="AlexanderMoshoeu2016" /> Pythons are viewed by the Zulu tradition to be a sign of power. Healers are seen as all-powerful since they have a wealth of knowledge, as well as accessibility to the ancestors.<ref name="AlexanderMoshoeu2016" />

==== Fat ====
Typically, species are attributed to healing various ailments based on their likeliness to a specific bodily attribute. For example, in many cultures, the python is seen as a strong and powerful creature. As a result, pythons are often prescribed as a method of increasing strength.<ref name="AlexanderMoshoeu2016" /> It is very common for the body fat of pythons to be used to treat a large variation of issues such as [[joint pain]], [[Rheumatism|rheumatic pain]], [[toothache]] and [[eye sight]].{{Cn|date=May 2025}} Additionally, python fat has been used to treat those suffering from mental illnesses like [[psychosis]].<ref name="KajawuChingarande2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kajawu|first1=Lazarus|last2=Chingarande|first2=Sunungurai D.|last3=Jack|first3=Helen|last4=Ward|first4=Catherine|last5=Taylor|first5=Tonya|title=What do African traditional medical practitioners do in the treatment of mental disorders in Zimbabwe?|journal=International Journal of Culture and Mental Health|volume=9|issue=1|year=2015|pages=44–55|issn=1754-2863|doi=10.1080/17542863.2015.1106568 |s2cid=57728277| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283805674 }}</ref> Their calm nature is thought to be of use to treat combative patients. The fat of the python is rubbed onto the body part that is in pain. To improve mental illnesses, it is often rubbed on the temple.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} The existence of evidence for genuine anti inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of the refined 'snake oil' is ironic with respect to the expression "snake oil salesman".<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid = 19051590|year = 2008|last1 = Falodun|first1 = A.|last2 = Owolabi|first2 = O. J.|last3 = Osahon|first3 = O.|title = Physicochemical, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory evaluation of fixed oil from Boa constrictor|journal = Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica|volume = 65|issue = 4|pages = 477–480}}</ref>

==== Feces ====
The Sukuma tribe of [[Tanzania]] have been known to use python [[feces]] in order to treat back pain. The feces are frequently mixed with a little water, placed on the back, and left for two to three days.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vats R, Thomas S | title = A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania | journal = Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 38 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25947365 | pmc = 4472419 | doi = 10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==== Organs ====
In Nigeria, the [[gallbladder]] and [[liver]] of a python are used to treat poison or bites from other snakes.{{cn|date=May 2025}} The python head has been used to "appease witches". Many traditional African cultures believe that they can be cursed by witches. In order to reverse spells and bad luck, traditional doctors will prescribe python heads.{{Cn|date=May 2025}}

== Folklore ==
In northwestern [[Ghana]], people see pythons as a savior and have taboos to prevent the snake from being harmed or eaten. Their folklore states that this is because a python once helped them flee from their enemies by transforming into a log to allow them to cross a river.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Diawuo F, Issifu AK | title = Exploring the African traditional belief systems in natural resource conservation and management in Ghana. | journal = The Journal of Pan African Studies | date = December 2015 | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = 115–31 | url = http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol8no9/8.9-10-FDiawuo.pdf }}</ref>

In [[Benin]], Vodun practitioners believe that pythons symbolize strength and the spirit of Dagbe ["to do good" in [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]]. Annually, people sacrifice animals and proclaim their sins to pythons that are kept inside temples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41048840|title=Has voodoo been misjudged?|last=Fihlani|first=Pumza|date=2017-09-01|access-date=2019-05-19|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of pythonid species and subspecies]]
*[[Python (genus)|Python]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|32em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons}}
* {{NRDB family|page=pythonidae.php|family=Pythonidae|date=3 November|year=2008}}

{{Pythonidae}}
{{Snake families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q184018}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pythonidae| ]]
[[Category:Snake families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger]]
[[Category:Snakes]]

Shivaji Nagar railway station

2026-03-29T05:55:16Z

Harish varma:

{{Short description|Railway station in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shivaji Nagar railway station शिवाजी नगर रेल्वे स्थानक
| type = [[Pune Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Shivaji Nagar entrance.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Wakdewadi, Shivajinagar, Pune
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5326|73.8514|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Pune Suburban Railway]]
| other = [[File:Pune Metro logo.png|24px|link=Pune_Metro]] {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}} [[Shivaji Nagar metro station (Pune)|Shivaji Nagar]]
| elevation = {{convert|550.42|m|ft}}
| structure =
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 5
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = SVJR
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Suburban Railway|line=Lonavala Line|left=Khadki |right=Pune Junction }}
}}
{{Pune Junction – Lonavala RDT}}

[[File:Shivaji Nagar overview.jpg|thumb|Shivaji Nagar station from overpass]]
[[File:Koyna Express at Shivaji Nagar station.jpg|thumb|[[Koyna Express]] at Shivaji Nagar station]]
'''Shivaji Nagar railway station''' (earlier '''Bhamburde railway station''') is a train station serving [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]] (earlier Bhamburde) suburb of Pune. It has two [[railway platform|platforms]]. This is a halt for [[Pune Junction railway station#Suburban railway|suburban trains]] of [[Pune]]. The station is also halt for trains from [[Mumbai CSMT]] to {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}. This station is important because this is the nearest railway station to Pune's Session Court and many important building like the College of Engineering, [[Pune Municipal Corporation|PMC]] building etc. Trains which halt on this station generally halt for 2 to 3 minutes. The [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] runs behind the station. This station is just {{convert|2|km}} away from Pune Junction.

==Trains==
===Express/Mails===

{| Class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number
! Train name
! Frequency
! Platform
|-
| 11010
| [[Sinhagad Express]] (towards Mumbai CSMT)
| Daily
| 1
|-
| 11089
| [[Bhagat Ki Kothi-Pune Express]]
| Wednesday
| 2
|-
| 11091
| [[Bhuj–Pune Express]]
| Thursday
| 2
|-
| 11087
| [[Veraval–Pune Express]]
| Sunday
| 2
|-
| 22185
| [[Ahimsa Express]]
| Friday
| 2
|-
| 11007
| [[Deccan Express]] (towards Pune JN)
| Daily
| 2
|-
| 22105
| [[Indrayani Express]]
| Daily
| 2
|-
| 12127
| [[Mumbai–Pune Intercity Express]]
| Daily
| 2
|-
| 11029
| [[Koyna Express]] (towards Kolhapur)
| Daily
| 2
|-
| 11008
| [[Deccan Express]] (towards Mumbai CSMT)
| Daily
| 1
|-
| 11030
| [[Koyna Express]] (towards Mumbai CSMT)
| Daily
| 1
|-
| 12125
| [[Pragati Express]]
| Daily
| 2
|-
| 12123
| [[Deccan Queen|Deccan Queen Superfast Express]]
| Daily
| 2
|-
| 11009
| [[Sinhagad Express]] (towards Pune JN)
| Daily
| 2
|}

===Ordinary===

{| Class="wikitable"
|-
! Train name
! Frequency
|-
| [[Karjat]]–[[Daund]] 
Karjat–[[Pune]] Passenger
| Daily
|-
| [[Baramati]]–Karjat 
Pune–Karjat Passenger
| Daily
|-
| [[Mumbai]]–[[Bijapur]] Passenger
| Five days
|-
| Mumbai–[[Shirdi]] Passenger
| Daily
|-
| Mumbai–[[Pandharpur]] Passenger
| Two days
|}

===Train to Navi Mumbai===
A train service is proposed from this station to [[Kurla]]'s [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] via [[Navi Mumbai]]. This train will halt at [[Lonavala]], [[Karjat]], [[Panvel]], [[Vashi]] and [[CBD Belapur|Belapur]] stations. The current link from Navi Mumbai is [[Pragati Express]] which is run on trial basis between the two cities.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pune-may-soon-have-its-first-direct-train-to-navi-mumbai/1007024 Pune may soon have its first direct train to Navi Mumbai]</ref>

==Suburban trains==
There are two trains which originate from Shivajinagar for [[Lonavala]] and two trains from Lonavala that terminate at Shivajinagar. There are 15 trains which operate between [[Pune Junction]]–Lonavala–Pune Junction section and three between Pune Junction–[[Talegaon Dabhade]]–Pune Junction section. These trains have their halt at this station.

;Platform 1A:
A new platform for suburban trains was constructed at this station. This serves as origin & departure of some suburban trains at this stations. This can accommodate 12 coach emu train.

==Expansion==
A new platform is proposed to be constructed at the station for trains originating and terminating here.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130201173630/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/20120824/5643622055484677471.htm New amenities at S’nagar station]}}</ref> This will accommodate the local trains originating and terminating over here. This platform will be constructed near platform no. 1. There are also plans to start long-distance trains from here.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103102941/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/pune/32960225_1_local-trains-railway-station-railway-administration 'Upgrade facilities at railway station']</ref> Plans are there to construct three multistory buildings dedicated parking lots for vehicles, waiting rooms and commercial outlets at this station. One track will be increased for termination of long-distance trains. Land acquisition will be done on Patil Estate side. This station along with four other stations in [[Chandigarh]], {{stnlnk|Bijwasan}} and {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} in [[Delhi]] and {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}} in [[Bhopal]] are under development for world-class standard stations.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140712223106/http://sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5631518336648554129&SectionId=5627351519265371878&SectionName=Business&NewsDate=20140630&NewsTitle=Shivajinagar%20railway%20station%20to%20get%20a%20world%20class%20makeover Shivajinagar station upgradation to world class station]}}</ref>

The existing station will be demolished and new station will be constructed on the site of current station. Roughly 8.5 acres land will be required in addition. The new station will have connectivity to [[Pune Metro|Pune Metro project]], [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] and to neighboring bus stand.<ref>[http://www.revistanoticias.sener/en/news/master-plan-for-two-railway-stations-in-india/47/ Master plan for two railway stations in India ]</ref>

==See also==
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* [[Pune Station Bus Stand]]
* [[Swargate bus station]]
* [[Shivajinagar, Pune]]
* [[Shivajinagar Bus Stand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
#[http://www.discoverpune.com/Pune_BusStop_Shivajinagar.aspx Shivaji Nagar bus stand timetable]
#[http://maps.google.co.in/maps?q=Shivajinagar+pune&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=Shivaji+Nagar,+Pune,+Maharashtra&gl=in&ei=8143S_O6FMGLkAXb8JT_CA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CAsQ8gEwAA Shivaji Nagar, Pune]
#[http://wikimapia.org/10229030/Shivaji-Nagar-Station Shivaji Nagar Railway Station]

{{Pune topics}}
{{Central Railway}}
{{Pune Suburban Railway}}
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Pune]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Shivaji]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Pune railway division]]

Arjun Patiala

2026-03-26T22:02:46Z

Harish varma:

{{short description|2019 Indian Hindi-language parody film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arjun Patiala
| image = Arjun Patiala poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan|Rohit Jugraj]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Dinesh Vijan]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] Sandeep Leyzell
| writer = [[Ritesh Shah]] Sandeep Leyzell
| starring = [[Diljit Dosanjh]] [[Kriti Sanon]] [[Varun Sharma]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sachin–Jigar]] Akash D [[Guru Randhawa]] '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha
| narrator = Yogesh Grover
| cinematography = Sudip Sengupta
| editing = Huzefa Lokhandwala
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] [[Maddock Films]] Bake My Cake Films
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|07|26|df=y|ref1=<ref name="release" />}}
| runtime = 106 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Arjun Patiala |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/arjun-patiala-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724163833/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/arjun-patiala-2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}25 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala Box Office Collection Day 2: No magic in Diljit Dosanjh-Kriti Sanon starrer |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/arjun-patiala-box-office-collection-day-2-no-magic-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-starrer-216588-2019-07-28 |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}9.26 crore<ref name="boxoff">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/arjun-patiala/box-office/ |access-date=11 August 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
}}

'''''Arjun Patiala''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[spoof film|spoof comedy film]] directed by [[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan|Rohit Jugraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=26 April 2019 |title=Kriti Sanon: 'Arjun Patiala' is a spoofy kind of comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-sanon-arjun-patiala-is-spoofy-kind-of-comedy/articleshow/69053241.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511062533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-sanon-arjun-patiala-is-spoofy-kind-of-comedy/articleshow/69053241.cms |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], [[Dinesh Vijan]] and Sandeep Leyzell under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], Maddock Films and Bake My Cake Films, it stars [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Varun Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mimansa Shekhar |date=14 May 2018 |title=Arjun Patiala first look: Diljit Dosanjh, Kriti Sanon and Varun Sharma are ready to tickle your funny bones |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-patiala-first-look-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-5176051/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The narrative revolves around a newly appointed police officer who attempts to curb crime and corruption in his town with the help of his sidekick.

The film was theatrically released in India on 26 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Diljit Dosanjh-Kriti Sanon starrer 'Arjun Patiala' gets a new release date; to clash with 'Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-starrer-arjun-patiala-gets-a-new-release-date-to-clash-with-pal-pal-dil-ke-paas-2733760 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A director meets a producer, and he queries about all elements of a masala film (songs, villain, fights, comedy scenes, etc.) and approves it without even reading the script.

The director insists on reading out the script to him, to which the producer agrees. The script is about Arjun Patiala, who wins the national Judo championship. As a reward, he is offered the post of Sub-Inspector in [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], and he takes charge of Ferozpur police station, where Onida Singh, a constable, becomes his sidekick. He earns the respect of his colleagues on the first day with his wit and integrity. There is a rendezvous with Baby Narula, and as the director narrates, there is a needless item song inserted for entertainment.

Sometime later, he meets Ritu Randhawa, a journalist, and sparks fly between them. The next day ,DSP Amarjeet Singh Gill visits their police station and tells Arjun that a crime-free district is his dream. A local drug lord Baldev Singh Rana thrashes the constable from his station. Ritu expecting ignorance from the police for this incident, reaches the crime spot and berates the police for inaction. Arjun Singh also reaches the place and trashes Baldev, and arrests him. Ritu is impressed, and they start dating.

Arjun Singh meets her in her office and gets information on the crime scene in the district. She explains to him the rivalry between Baladev and Dilbaugh and Sakool, an emerging crime lord.

With limited resources and legal constraints, Arjun decides to instigate a gang war amongst the gangs, which is the only way to eliminate the criminals. He gives Sakool the location of Baladev, and he kills him in the presence of roadside vendors and Arjun Singh. At the media briefing, the police claim that there were no witnesses. Ritu believes that there have to be witnesses because the murder occurred on a busy street, she investigates and smells something fishy. She meets Arjun and expresses her concerns, and asks him to be honest with her. He lies to her that he has no role to play in this. DSP Gill introduces Arjun to MLA Makkad, who also appears to be upright and supports their action.

One by one, all the gangsters are killed except Sakool. Ritu is suspicious of all these gang wars and finally confronts Arjun. She offers him 2 choices, either she investigates all the killings, or they separate, which leads to their break-up. She meets Sakool and tells him about her suspicions, and tries to alert him of his possible death. Sakool tries to kill her because of her intricate knowledge of the crime world & she can become a possible witness to his plan of double-crossing the Police, but somehow she manages to escape.

While following a lead on Ritu's editor, Onida enters the home of Makkad and sees DSP Gill with the editor discussing their plans to take over the vacuum in the criminal world. Realising they are being toyed, he tries to alert Arjun. However, his cover is exposed, and he has to run for his life. The trio (MLA, DSP & editor) visit Arjun Singh, and Makkad gives him an ultimatum to kill Sakool and Onida. She further tells him that she would personally inspect their dead bodies in the morgue. Arjun calls Onida & asks him to meet near a bridge and shoots him in front of Makkad. Later in the day, he calls her to the morgue to inspect the bodies of Sakool & Onida. When she arrives at the morgue, Sakool and Onida shows up alive, and Arjun has double-crossed both Makkad and Sakool. There is a fist fight at the scene, and Arjun is able to escape with DSP Gill and Onida. Sakool and Makkad also escape in the morgue van. Sakool chases Arjun to his ancestral home, and after a long cat and mouse chase, Sakool is shot dead when his father accidentally fires Arjun's gun. Makkad is sent to jail, Arjun and Ritu reconcile, and there is a happy ending as expected of a Masala Film.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Sub-Inspector Arjun Singh, aka Arjun Patiala
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Reporter Ritu Randhawa
* [[Varun Sharma]] as Head Constable Onida Singh
* [[Ronit Roy]] as IPS Amarjeet Singh Gill<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawaz Kochra |date=9 April 2018 |title=FIRST LOOK: Turban clad Ronit Roy looks a tough cop in his Arjun Patiala avatar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/first-look-turban-clad-ronit-roy-looks-a-tough-cop-in-his-arjun-patiala-avatar-see-pics/215574 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Producer
* [[Seema Pahwa]] as MLA Prapti Makkad
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Sakool
* [[Amit Mehra]] as Baldev Singh Rana
* Yogesh Upadhyay as Danda
* [[Biswapati Sarkar]] as Editor
* Himanshu Kohli as Dilbaugh Singh
* [[Ritesh Shah]] as Arjun's father
* [[Nirmal Rishi]] as Arjun's mother
* Sumit Gulati as Anda
* Mithilesh Chaturvedi as Abhinav Bhatia Ji
* Ankush Kulshreshtha as Kundan
* Manvendra Tripathi as Dalbir Singh
* Tajender Singh as Gagandeep Mishra
* Pradeep Singh as Ajeet Singh
* Akshay Joshi as Kala Jamun
* Rajeev Tiwari as Doctor
* Jaspal Sandhu as ASI Kartar
* Nikita Grover as Nikki Ahuja
* Bharat Bhatia as Sukhi Bajwa
* Gurmeet Chawla as Jailor
* [[Sunny Leone]] as Baby Narula<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=Sunny Leone, Diljit Dosanjh party hard after Arjun Patiala shoot completion |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sunny-leone-diljit-dosanjh-party-hard-arjun-patiala-shoot-completion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714192947/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/sunny-leone-diljit-dosanjh-party-hard-arjun-patiala-shoot-completion/ |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Director
* Santosh Anand Pandey as PA of Producer
* [[Kanwalpreet Singh (actor)|Kanwalpreet Singh]]
}}

==Production==
The story is written by [[Ritesh Shah]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=3 June 2018 |title=Writing is a lonely and thankless job: Ritesh Shah |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/writing-is-a-lonely-and-thankless-job-ritesh-shah-118060300227_1.html |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in February 2018 and ended in July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=Here's what Diljit Dosanjh-Kriti Sanon starrer 'Arjun Patiala' is all about |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-here-s-what-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-starrer-arjun-patiala-is-all-about-2574152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164542/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-here-s-what-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-starrer-arjun-patiala-is-all-about-2574152 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2018 |title=Shooting for 'Arjun Patiala' wraps up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shooting-for-arjun-patiala-wraps-up/articleshow/64904235.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212074954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shooting-for-arjun-patiala-wraps-up/articleshow/64904235.cms |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=IASN}}</ref> It was shot in Chandigarh and some areas of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monika Rawal Kukreja |date=27 March 2018 |title=Punjabi fever grips Bollywood: Namaste England, Arjun Patiala, Gold, Paltan all set up camp in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/punjabi-fever-grips-bollywood-namaste-england-arjun-patiala-gold-paltan-all-set-up-camp-in-punjab/story-N3kAGe7z78CJwY9ymLWT5J.html |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arjun Patiala
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]], Akash D and [[Guru Randhawa]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 June 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/arjun-patiala/FKuZpCeGNJ0 |access-date=17 May 2022 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:09
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| prev_title = [[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]
| prev_year = 2018
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Made in China (2019 film)|Made In China]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|UoxmwG4dlnk|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The music is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], Akash D and [[Guru Randhawa]], with lyrics by Guru Randhawa, [[Priya Saraiya]] and Akash D.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehak Sabharwal |date=28 July 2018 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Out of Gold, Stree and Arjun Patiala, music duo Sachin-Jigar have chosen their favourite |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/exclusive-out-of-gold-stree-and-arjun-patiala-music-duo-sachin-jigar-have-chosen-their-favourite/261133 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

The first song released was ''Main Deewana Tera'', performed by Guru Randhawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala song Main Deewana Tera: Diljit woos Kriti in this peppy dance number |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-patiala-song-main-deewana-tera-video-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-varun-sharma-party-number-5800455/ |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline=Track listing
| total_length= 16:02
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1= Main Deewana Tera
|music1= [[Sachin–Jigar]], [[Guru Randhawa]]
| extra1= Guru Randhawa, [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| lyrics1 = Guru Randhawa
| length1= 3:14
| title2 =Crazy Habibi v/s Decent Munda
|music2= Sachin–Jigar
| extra2 = Guru Randhawa, [[Benny Dayal]]
| lyrics2 = Guru Randhawa
| length2 = 3:03
| title3= Dil Todeya
|music3 = Sachin–Jigar, Guru Randhawa
| extra3 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| length3 = 3:15
| lyrics3 = Guru Randhawa
| title4 = Sachiya Mohabbatan
|music4 = Sachin–Jigar
| extra4 = [[Sachet–Parampara|Sachet Tandon]]
| lyrics4 = [[Priya Saraiya]]
| length4 = 3:31
| title5 = Sip Sip
| music5 = Akash D
| extra5 = Guru Bhullar
| lyrics5 = Akash D
| length5 = 2:59
}}

==Marketing and release==
The film was supposed to open on 13 September 2018 but was first postponed to 3 May 2019, then to 19 July and finally to 26 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FP Staff |date=27 March 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala: Kriti Sanon, Diljit Dosanjh's film gets a new release date, will now hit theatres on 19 July |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arjun-patiala-kriti-sanon-diljit-dosanjhs-film-gets-a-new-release-date-will-now-hit-theatres-on-19-july-6336881.html |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala to release on July 26, box-office clash with Kangana Ranaut's Mental Hai Kya on the cards |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/arjun-patiala-to-release-on-july-26-box-office-clash-with-kangana-ranauts-mental-hai-kya-on-the-cards/438952 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126221832/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/arjun-patiala-to-release-on-july-26-box-office-clash-with-kangana-ranauts-mental-hai-kya-on-the-cards/438952 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=18 June 2019 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

[[Dinesh Vijan]] of Maddock Films has stated that the film won't be released in Pakistan due to the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama Attack]] that happened in [[Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2019 |title=Dinesh Vijan on canceling the release of Luka Chuppi in Pakistan: It's time we stand in solidarity of Pulwama attacks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dinesh-vijan-on-canceling-release-of-luka-chuppi-in-pakistan-its-time-we-stand-in-solidarity-of-pulwama-attacks-6112241.html |access-date=1 March 2019 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Reception ==

===Critical response===
Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars, noting that in the second half, the writing, direction, and execution seemed childish. He felt the music was average except for one number. In concluding, Kotecha wrote, "Spoof comedies can be a tricky affair, and this one is way too underwhelming to tickle your funny bone for full two hours."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=26 July 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/arjun-patiala/movie-review/70387359.cms |access-date=26 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 1/5 stars and felt that Shah and Leyzell's script failed and the film was lost between 'a parody and just another run-of-the-mill film'. Bawa opined, "Spoof as a genre has rarely been tried in Hindi cinema, and someone needs to crack that egg – heaven knows there is a lot waiting to be explored; ''Arjun Patiala'', alas, isn’t that film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma Bawa |first=Jyoti |date=26 July 2019 |title=Arjun Patiala movie review: Diljit Dosanjh, Kriti Sanon can't make up for lack of jokes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/arjun-patiala-movie-review-diljit-dosanjh-kriti-sanon-can-t-make-up-for-lack-of-jokes/story-79P9Sr04qgOVdsv4aVPauK.html |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Devesh Sharma reviewing for ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film with 2.5/5 stars, praising the supporting cast of [[Seema Pahwa]], [[Ronit Roy]], and [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]. He wrote, "More was expected from the film, but it just doesn’t aim high enough ... the ingredients are all there, but the execution isn’t up to mark. The film kind of over-promises but under-delivers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=26 July 2019 |title=Movie Review: Arjun Patiala |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-arjun-patiala-35080.html |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Arjun Patiala'' had the opening day collection of {{INR}}1.25 crore and the second day collection of {{INR}}1.50 crore, whereas the third day collection was {{INR}}1.75 crores, taking its total opening weekend collection to {{INR}}4.50 crore. The opening week gross of the film was {{INR}}9.18 crore.<ref name="boxoff" />

{{As of|2019|08|8}}, with a gross of {{INR}}7.88 crore in India and {{INR}}1.38 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}9.26 crore.<ref name="boxoff" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7881524}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|arjun-patiala}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/arjun_patiala}}

{{Rohit Jugraj Chauhan}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ritesh Shah]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian parody films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Guru Randhawa]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:2019 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Maddock Films films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Transport between India and Pakistan

2026-03-26T17:21:16Z

Harish varma: expand section based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
'''Transport between India and Pakistan''' has been developed for tourism and commercial purposes and bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which have possessed few transport links since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. In 2019, all public transport links between the two countries were severed because of Pakistani protest at India's [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The only way for travelers to make this journey is to cross on foot at [[Wagah]].<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-bus-idUSKCN1V00FB|title=Pakistan cuts last remaining transport link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-10|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Trucks on NH3, waiting to cross Wagah border.jpg|220px|thumb|Trucks on [[National Highway 1 (India)]], waiting to cross [[Wagah Border]]]]

The [[partition of India]] in 1947 led to the termination of most transport links between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]] had similarly divided the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] between the two rivals, causing termination of road links in the region. The line of control and the international border in the divided region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] were major [[Theater (warfare)|theatres of war]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]] of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]]. The train connecting the Indian city of [[Jaipur]] with the Pakistani city of [[Karachi]] across the [[Thar Desert]] was destroyed when the [[Pakistani Air Force]] bombed the tracks during the 1965 war.
<ref name="TE">{{cite web |title=Thar Express brings India, Pakistan closer |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/19/stories/2006021914640100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120927012819/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/02/19/stories/2006021914640100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-02-19 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref> In the 1990s, the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) demarcating the informal boundary along [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir]] was the scene of exchanges of fire between Pakistani and Indian forces and [[Espionage|infiltration]] of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militants]] into Indian-side. The [[Kargil War]] of 1999 broke out when Indian force sought to repel militants and Pakistani soldiers who had infiltrated across the LoC.

In 1977, both nations launched the [[Samjhauta Express]] connecting the Indian city of [[Attari]] with the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]]. Since the successful launch of the [[Delhi-Lahore Bus]] in 1999, both nations have worked to established multiple bus and train services connecting cities across the borders in the [[Punjab region]], [[Sindh]], [[Rajasthan]] as well as between [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir]] across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC){{spaced ndash}}the boundary line denoting rival areas of control in the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir]], which is not an official [[international border]].<ref name="H">{{cite web |title=India, Pakistan seal deal on Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus link |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021706050100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219034041/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021706050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-02-19 |date=2005-02-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref><ref name="I">{{cite web |title=Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service to be weekly |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/04/25/0804251523_rs-indopak.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]], Indiainfo.com |date=2005-04-25 |accessdate=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024160547/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/04/25/0804251523_rs-indopak.html |archivedate=2008-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="I2">{{cite web |title=PM flags off Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service on April 7 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/12/1203pakbus.html |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]], Indiainfo.com |date=2005-03-12 |accessdate=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720030723/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/12/1203pakbus.html |archivedate=2008-07-20 }}</ref>
India and Pakistan have no official trade relations due to ongoing tensions.

==Bus services==
The [[Delhi-Lahore Bus]] is a passenger [[bus]] service connecting the [[India]]n capital of [[Delhi]] with the city of [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] via the border transit post at [[Wagah]], which is the only border crossing point between India and Pakistan opened for international travelers. The bus was of symbolic importance to the efforts of the governments of both nations to foster peaceful and friendly relations.<ref name="DLB">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990313/ige13109.html|title=Delhi-Lahore bus service to start on March 16|date=13 March 1999|work=expressindia.com|accessdate=2008-04-21|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In its inaugural run on 19 February 1999, the bus carried the then-[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who was to attend a summit in Lahore and was received by his Pakistani counterpart, [[Nawaz Sharif]] at Wagah.<ref name="DLB"/><ref name="RD">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/20samblast2.htm|title=Delhi-Lahore bus leaves for Pak|date=20 February 2007|work=[[rediff.com]]|publisher=Rediff.com India limited|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> Its official name is the ''Sada-e-Sarhad'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]] for ''Call of the Frontier'').<ref name="RD"/> The duration of the entire journey is eight hours, covering a distance of 530 km (329 mi).<ref name="DTC">{{cite web|url=http://dtc.nic.in/lahorebus.htm|title=DTC's Delhi-Lahore-Delhi Bus Service|publisher=[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> While the bus service had continued to run during the Kargil War of 1999, it was suspended in the aftermath of the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] on 13 December 2001, which the Indian government accused Pakistan of instigating.<ref name="G">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/15/india.kashmir|title=India's shame|author=Arundhati Roy|date=15 December 2006|work=guardian.co.uk|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=2008-04-21|author-link=Arundhati Roy}}</ref> The bus service was resumed on 16 July 2003 when bilateral relations had improved.<ref name="RD"/> This service was suspended in 2019, as a result of Pakistani protest at the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Reuters"/>

In 2003, after a [[ceasefire]] in Kashmir improved bilateral relations, the two governments worked on the proposal for a bus connecting the city of [[Srinagar]] (India) to the city of [[Muzaffarabad]] (Pakistan) ([[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]]).<ref name="H"/> The official agreement was promulgated on 16 February 2005 when the then-[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] [[K. Natwar Singh]] visited [[Pakistani President]] [[Pervez Musharaff]] in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan.<ref name="H"/> The decision was announced along with agreements on establishing the Thar Express train service. The bus ran a distance of 183 kilometres and was officially launched on 7 April 2005 and was flagged-off by the [[Indian Prime Minister]] Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="H"/><ref name="I2"/> The service was suspended for after [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] due to after effects of road damage.

A bus service connecting [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] (India) with [[Rawalkote]] (Pakistan) over 55 km was also launched on 20 June 2006. On 5 June 2008 the passenger quota on the Poonch–Rawalkote bus was doubled. Bus services connecting Kargil (India) with Skardu (Pakistan), Jammu (India) with Sialkot (Pakistan) and [[Mirpur, Pakistan|Mirpur]] (Pakistan) are also being planned.<ref name="Z">{{cite web |title=Kargil-Skardoo bus service welcomed |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070318/j&k.htm#1 |publisher=Tribune India |date=2007-03-17 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Y">{{cite web |title=Beyond the bus service |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/apr/27sareen.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2005-04-27 |accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref>

The Indian official position viewed the Srinagar–Muzaffarabad bus service as a "humanitarian measure without prejudice" and not affecting the rival policies and stands of the two governments on the Kashmir dispute.<ref name="H"/> Both governments announced that Indian and Pakistani citizens could travel anywhere in Indian Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani Azad Kashmir, including the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which are part of India's claim on Jammu and Kashmir and pre-1947 Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="H"/> In India, all citizens would have to apply at the Regional Passport Office in Srinagar, which was the designated authority to evaluate applications, verify identities and issue entry permits.<ref name="H"/> As of 25 September 2019 all transport routes have been closed between India and Pakistan after India revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="H"/>

==Rail services==
As per the [[Shimla Agreement]] of 1972 and in a bid to restore peaceful ties after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], both nations launched the [[Samjhauta Express]] (''Samjhauta'' means "accord" or "compromise" in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]), connecting the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]] with the Indian town of [[Attari]], which is close proximity to the city of [[Amritsar]].<ref name="SE">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20000416/ina16011.html|title=Samjhauta only between Attari and Wagah|date=2000-04-16|publisher=[[United News of India]]|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> The [[Thar Express]] was launched to connect the Pakistani city of [[Karachi]] through the [[Khokhrapar]] station and the Indian city of [[Jodhpur]] through the [[Munabao]] station.<ref name="TE"/> Plans and negotiations are underway to launch a train service connecting the Pakistani city of [[Sialkot]] with the Indian city of [[Jammu]].

On 18 February 2007, 2 carriages of the train experienced alleged terrorist bombings near [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]] in India. The [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] claimed lives of 68 people.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Dozens dead in India train blast|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2007-02-19|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6374377.stm|access-date=2007-02-19}}</ref> Both the Indian and Pakistani governments condemned the attack, and officials on both sides speculated that the perpetrators intended to disrupt improving relations between the two nations, There have been a number of breaks in the investigation of the bombings. As of 2011, nobody has been charged for the crime yet. It has been allegedly linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group in India. Other allegations also concurred on Lashkar-e-Taiba (a Pakistani-based terrorist organization).<ref>{{cite news|publisher=DNA India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links_1463614|title=US review finds five warnings of Headley's militant links|date=8 November 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215025707/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links-1463614|archivedate=15 December 2013}}</ref> A United States report declared Arif Qasmani to be involved in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=indian express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/|title=US sanctions Pak Lashkar man, cites his Samjhauta blast link|date=3 July 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610070142/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/us-sanctions-pak-lashkar-man-cites-his-samjhauta-blast-link/484480/|archivedate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
The [[Thar Express]] is the other passenger railway link between the two countries, running from [[Karachi]], Pakistan to [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, India. It was not discontinued after [[Partition of India|Partition]] but was after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. On 18 February 2006, it was revived after a period of 41 years.

In 2019, as a result of the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]], Pakistan's railway minister [[Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]] decreed that there would be no more rail transport links between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-rail-idUSKCN1UZ0XV|title=Pakistan suspends final rail link to India over Kashmir dispute|date=2019-08-09|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-20|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Borders of India]]

* Railways
** [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|Geostrategic border rail lines of India]]
** [[List of railway stations in Punjab]]

* General
** [[Aerial lift in India]]
** [[Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation|Road transport in J&K]]
** [[Transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}

[[Category:Transport in India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:International transport in Asia]]

Yaz Mubarakai

2026-03-25T06:29:08Z

Harish varma: minor cleanup

{{short description|Australian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Yaz Mubarakai
| honorific_suffix = [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| image = Yaz Mubarakai 2019.jpg
| alt = Image of Mubarakai
| caption = Mubarakai in 2019
| assembly = Western Australian Legislative
| constituency_AM = [[Electoral district of Oakford|Oakford]]
| term_start = 8 March 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Seat created''
| successor =
| assembly1 = Western Australian Legislative
| constituency_AM1 = [[Electoral district of Jandakot|Jandakot]]
| term_start1 = 11 March 2017
| term_end1 = 8 March 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Joe Francis (politician)|Joe Francis]]
| successor1 = [[Stephen Pratt]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Dahanu]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/Memblist.nsf/(MemberPics)/21E2CB50A55F6D56482580F0002D97CE/$file/YazMubarakaiInaug2017.pdf
| title = Inaugural Speech – Yaz Mubarakai
| website = Parliament of Western Australia
| date = 2017
| access-date = 2025-02-23
}}</ref>
, [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)|Labor]]
| occupation = Small business owner and entrepreneur
| website = {{URL|https://jandakot.walabor.org.au/}}
| spouse = Jerestine Mubarakai
}}
'''Shahyaz Yezdi''' "'''Yaz'''" '''Mubarakai''' (born 24 October 1975) is an Indian-born Australian politician. He has been a [[Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)|Labor]] member of the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly]] since the [[2017 Western Australian state election|2017 state election]], representing [[Electoral district of Jandakot|Jandakot]] from 2017 to 2025. Following the [[2025 Western Australian state election|2025 Western Australia state election]], Mubarakai became the inaugural MP for the new electorate of [[Electoral district of Oakford|Oakford]].

Mubarakai was born in India in 1975. He later moved to Australia in 1997.<ref name="avenews">{{cite news|title=WA Labor's Yaz Mubarakai (of Indian Heritage), the winner for 2017 State Election for Jandakot : Joe Francis concedes defeat to Yaz in Jandakot|url=http://avenewz.com.au/labors-yaz-mubarakai-originally-from-india-the-winner-for-2017-state-election-for-jandakot/|access-date=20 March 2017|work=Avenews|date=20 March 2017|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307012754/http://www.avenewz.com.au/labors-yaz-mubarakai-originally-from-india-the-winner-for-2017-state-election-for-jandakot/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Parsis|Parsi]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianlink.com.au/yaz-mubarakai-peoples-mla/|title=Yaz Mubarakai: The people's MLA|work=Indian Link|date=16 October 2017|access-date=13 October 2019|first=Nisha|last=Joseph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516222453/https://www.indianlink.com.au/yaz-mubarakai-peoples-mla/|archive-date=16 May 2018|quote=In this sense, Yaz is a shining example of his people, the Parsis.}}</ref> He owns the post office at [[Success, Western Australia|Success]], a restaurant Majestic India and Cafe Royal in [[Cockburn Central]]. He previously served on [[City of Cockburn|Cockburn City Council]].<ref name=abc>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/wa-election-2017/guide/jand/|last=Green|first=Antony|author-link=Antony Green|title=Jandakot|work=ABC Elections|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|year=2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-wa-la}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joe Francis (politician)|Joe Francis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Jandakot|Jandakot]] | years=2017–2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stephen Pratt]]}}
{{s-new|seat}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Oakford|Oakford]] | years=2025–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{WACurrentMLAs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarakai, Yaz}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Australian people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:City of Cockburn councillors]]
[[Category:Australian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian politicians of Indian descent]]

{{Australia-Labor-WesternAustralia-MP-stub}}

ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings

2026-03-18T16:41:52Z

Harish varma: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|International cricket odi team rankings}}
{{Infobox cricket rankings
| name = ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| creation ={{start date and age|2002|df=y|p=y}}
| total_teams = 20
| current = {{cr|IND}} (119 rating)
| cumulative = {{cr|AUS}} (194 months)
| continuous = {{cr|WIN}} (65 months)
| highest = {{cr|AUS}} (142 rating)
| updated = 22 Aug 2025
}}

The '''ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings''' (formerly known as the '''ICC ODI Championship''') is an international [[One Day International]] (ODI) [[cricket]] rankings system of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). After every ODI match, the two teams involved receive points based on a mathematical formula. Each team's points total is divided by their total number of matches played to give a rating, and all the teams are ranked in a table in order of rating.<ref name="Formula"/>

By analogy to cricket [[batting average (cricket)|batting averages]], the points for winning an ODI match are always greater than the team's rating, increasing the rating, and the points for losing an ODI match are always less than the rating, reducing the rating. A drawn match between higher and lower rated teams will benefit the lower-rated team at the expense of the higher-rated team. An "average" team that wins as often as it loses while playing a mix of stronger and weaker teams should have a rating of 100.<ref name="Formula">{{cite news |title=Reliance ICC One-Day International Team Rankings -frequently asked questions|url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/536b1a48c16e5-Reliance%20ICC%20ODI%20Team%20Rankings%20FAQs%202014.pdf |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ICC |access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref>

As of 22 August 2025, [[India national cricket team|India]] leads the ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings, with a rating of 124 from 36 weighted matches, while the lowest rated team, [[UAE national cricket team|UAE]], has a rating of 08 from 32 weighted matches.<ref>https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi</ref>

Until 2013, the team ranked number one at the annual 1 April cut-off date received the ICC ODI Championship Shield and prize money.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/178076 |title=Dhoni receives Reliance ICC ODI Championship Shield and cheque |date=3 June 2013 |publisher=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 November 2020 }}</ref> The rankings was used to award direct qualification for the [[Cricket World Cup]] in 2019 and will be used in the 2027.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/explainer-2023-cricket-world-cup-052300258 |title=Explainer: With 2023 Cricket World Cup qualifying process underway, here's a breakdown of ICC's new-look league structure |date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Yahoo! Cricket |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207142400/https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/explainer-2023-cricket-world-cup-052300258 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Current rankings ==
{{static row numbers}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultcenter col1left"
|+ ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings
|-
! scope="col" | Team || Matches || Points || Rating
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || 45 || 5,377 || 119
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 47 || 5,370 || 114
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 38 || 4,134 || 109
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 44 || 4,475 || 102
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || 41 || 4,022 || 98
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || 47 || 4,600 || 98
|-
| {{cr|AFG}} || 28 || 2,657 || 95
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 43 || 3,782 || 88
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || 41 || 3,243 || 79
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 41 || 3,173 || 77
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 24 || 1,291 || 54
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || 18 || 938 || 52
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || 33 || 1,522 || 46
|-
| {{cr|USA}} || 38 || 1,668 || 44
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || 36 || 1,425 || 40
|-
| {{cr|OMA}} || 25 || 886 || 35
|-
| {{cr|NEP}} || 36 || 959 || 27
|-
| {{cr|NAM}} || 33 || 707 || 21
|-
| {{cr|CAN}} || 23 || 357 || 16
|-
| {{nowrap|{{cr|UAE}}}} || 36 || 396 || 11
|-
! colspan="4" | {{small|Source: [https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings], 15 March 2026 See [[ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings#Points calculations|points calculations]] for more details.}}
|}

== Associate rankings ==
[[File:Paras khadka.JPG|thumb|[[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] Captain Paras Khadka batting during the [[2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three]] in [[Bermuda]]]]

In late 2005, the [[International Cricket Council]] ranked the top non-Test nations from 11–30 to complement the [[Test cricket|Test]] nations' rankings in the ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings. The ICC used the results from the [[2005 ICC Trophy]] and [[2007 Cricket World Cup qualification#World Cup Qualifying Series Division 2 2005|WCQS Division 2 competition]] (i.e. the primary qualification mechanisms for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]]) to rank the nations.

These rankings were used to seed the initial stage of the global World Cricket League. Teams ranked 11–16 were placed into Division 1; teams 17–20 were placed into Division 2; teams 21–24 were placed into Division 3; the remaining teams were placed into the upper divisions of their respective regional qualifiers.

Before 19 April 2009, the top six associates gained one day status. Kenya and Ireland both qualified to appear on the main rating table, Kenya from its existing status and Ireland for its two victories in the 2007 World Cup. Following their victory over Bangladesh in July 2010, the Netherlands joined the main table. Afghanistan, Canada and Scotland remained on the secondary table. In May 2009, the ICC added a rankings table for all associate members. This contained both global and regional placings. In June 2018, the four associates with ODI status were moved to the main ranking list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23666283/four-new-teams-icc-odi-rankings|title=Four new teams in the ICC's ODI rankings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref>

== Historical rankings ==

The ICC provides ratings for the end of each month back to October 2002. This table lists the teams that have successively held the highest rating since that date, by whole month periods.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Start
! End
! Total months
! Cumulative months
! Highest rating
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2002}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2007}} || 52 || 52 || 140
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2007}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2007}} || 1 || 1 || 128
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2007}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2008}} || 12 || 64 || 130
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2008}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2008}} || 3 || 4 || 127
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2008}} || {{Date table sorting|December 2008}} || 7 || 71 || 131
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2009}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2009}} || 8 || 12 || 127
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2009}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2012}} || 35 || 106 || 134
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2012}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2013}} || 5 || 5 ||121
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2013}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2014}} || 12 || 12 ||124
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2014}} || 8 || 114 || 117
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}} || 1 || 13 || 113
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}} || 1 || 115 || 114
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/82629/south-africa-reclaims-number-one-odi-ranking-after-five-years|title=South Africa reclaims number-one ODI ranking after five years|date=28 October 2014|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044019/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/82629/south-africa-reclaims-number-one-odi-ranking-after-five-years|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||{{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{sort|0.5|½}} || 13 || 115
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{sort|0.5|½}} || 14|| 117
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2014}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2017}} || 26 || 141 || 129
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2017}} || 1 || 14 || 119
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2017}} || {{sort|0.13|4 days}} || 141 || 118
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || 6 || 20 || 123
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{sort|0.13|4 days}} || 14 || 120
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2017}} || {{sort|0.13|4 days}} || 20 || 119
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2017}} || {{sort|0.56|17 days}} || 15 || 120
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || {{Date table sorting|October 2017}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2018}} || 4 || 24 || 120
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2018}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2018}} || 3 || 18 || 123
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2018}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || 14 || 19 || 127
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || {{sort|0.16|5 days}} || 18 || 123
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|June 2019}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2021}} || 22 || 41 || 135
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2021}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2022}} || 16 || 16 || 121
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-rankings-new-zealand-lose-top-spot-in-odis-to-england-after-second-successive-loss-1333580|title=England overtake NZ to reclaim top spot in ODI rankings|date=8 September 2022|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> || {{Date table sorting|November 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2915250?sf173115478=1|title=England lose top spot in ODI rankings after series defeat in Australia|date=23 November 2022|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> || 2 || 43 || 119
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || {{Date table sorting|November 2022}} ||{{Date table sorting|January 2023}} || 2 || 18 || 116
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|January 2023}} || {{sort|0.1|3 days}} || 43 || 113
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|March 2023}} || 2 || 20 || 115
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|May 2023}} || 2 || 143 || 115
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2023}} ||{{Date table sorting|May 2023}} || {{sort|0.06|2 days}} || || 113
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|May 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2023}} || 3 || 146 || 118
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|August 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{sort|0.43|13 days}} || || 120
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 3 days || 146 || 121
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 6 days || 1 || 118
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 3 days || 146 || 115
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || 5 days || 1 || 115
|-
| style="background:gold;" | '''{{cr|IND}}''' || {{Date table sorting|September 2023}} || Present || {{age in months|10 September 2023|}}||51 || 124
|}

In 2011, the ICC applied its rating system to results since 1981, providing ratings for the end of each month back to 1981, further indicating Australia's historical dominance in ODI Cricket with the highest number of months ranked first (200 months). The table only begins from 1981 as, prior to this date, there is not enough data available due to the infrequency of matches and the small number of competing teams in the earlier periods.

The teams that have successively held the highest rating since January 1981 until September 2002, by whole month periods, are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Start
! End
! Total months
! Cumulative months
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1981}} || {{Date table sorting|February 1981}} || 2 || 2
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|June 1981}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1981}} || 6 || 6
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1981}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1981}} || 1 || 3
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1982}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1987}} || 65 || 71
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1987}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1988}} || 8 || 11
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1988}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1988}} || 2 || 73
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1988}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1989}} || 10 || 21
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1989}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1989}} || 5 || 78
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1990}} || 3 || 3
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1990}} || 1 || 79
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1990}} || 1 || 4
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|July 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|July 1990}} || 1 || 80
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1990}} || 4 || 8
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1990}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1991}} || 2 || 2
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|February 1991}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1991}} || 4 || 12
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1991}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1991}} || 1 || 3
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|October 1991}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1992}} || 8 || 20
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1992}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1993}} || 8 || 29
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1993}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1993}} || 1 || 81
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1993}} || {{Date table sorting|July 1993}} || 3 || 23
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1993}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1994}} || 16 || 97
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1994}} || {{Date table sorting|March 1995}} || 4 || 4
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1995}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1995}} || 2 || 99
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{Date table sorting|August 1995}} || {{Date table sorting|October 1995}} || 3 || 7
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || {{Date table sorting|November 1995}} || {{Date table sorting|December 1995}} || 2 || 31
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|January 1996}} || {{Date table sorting|April 1996}} || 4 || 27
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|May 1996}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2000}} || 46 || 46
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2000}} || {{Date table sorting|January 2002}} || 23 || 50
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2002}} || {{Date table sorting|February 2002}} || 1 || 47
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || {{Date table sorting|March 2002}} || {{Date table sorting|September 2002}} || 7 || 57
|-
|colspan=5|''Reference: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040151/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php Historical Rankings]''
|}

The summary of teams that have held the highest rating since 1981 until present by whole month periods, are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Total months
! Highest rating
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 204 || 140
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 99 || 141
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || 71 || 134
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 66 || 135
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || 58 || 127
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 18 || 121
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 4 || 131
|-
| colspan="3" |''Reference: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040151/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php Historical Rankings]'' updated to 9 March 2025
|}

;Consecutive months
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|-
!#!! Team !!Years
|-
|65
| {{cr|WIN}}
| Jan 1982-May 1987
|-
|59
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Mar 2002-Jan 2007
|-
|46
| {{cr|SA}}
| May 1996-Feb 2000
|-
|35
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Sept 2009-Aug 2012
|-
| 31*
| {{cr|IND}}
| Sept 2023-Present
|-
|26
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Nov 2014-Feb 2017
|-
|23
| {{cr|AUS}}
| Mar 2000-Jan 2002
|-
|22
| {{cr|ENG}}
| Jun 2019-May 2021
|-
|16
| {{cr|WIN}}
| Aug 1993-Nov 1994
|-
|16
| {{cr|NZ}}
| May 2021-Sept 2022
|-
|}

== ICC ODI championship (2002–2013)==
[[File:ICC ODI CHAMPIONSHIP SHIELD.jpg|thumb|ICC ODI Championship Shield]]
The rankings system was formerly called the '''ICC ODI championship''' and, until 2013, the team at the top of the table at the start of each April was awarded the ICC ODI Championship Shield. Like a [[2 euro coins|2 euro coin]], the shield features an inner circle of gold-coloured metal and is surrounded by a ring of silver-coloured metal. It was first presented in December 2002, when [[Australia cricket team|Australian]] captain [[Ricky Ponting]] received the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/130651.html|title=Australia increases lead in ODI standings|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 March 2003|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

It was last presented in July 2013, when [[India cricket team|Indian]] captain [[MS Dhoni]] received the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/178076|title=Dhoni receives Reliance ICC ODI Championship Shield and cheque|date=3 June 2013|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Nation
|-
| 2002
| rowspan="6" | {{cr|AUS}} (6)
|-
| 2003
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2005
|-
| 2006
|-
| 2007
|-
| 2008
| rowspan="2" | {{cr|RSA}} (2)
|-
| 2009
|-
| 2010
| rowspan="3" | {{cr|AUS}} (9)
|-
| 2011
|-
| 2012
|-
| 2013
| {{cr|IND}} (1)
|}

== Points calculations ==

===Time period===
{{ICC rankings time period}}

===Find the points earned from a match===
Each time two teams play another match, the rankings table is updated as follows, based on the ratings of the teams immediately before they played. To determine the teams' new ratings after a particular match, first calculate the points earned from the match:

If the gap between the ratings of the two teams before the match was less than 40 points, then:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Match result
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Points earned
|-
| Win || Opponent's rating + 50
|-
| Tie || Opponent's rating
|-
| Lose || Opponent's rating − 50
|}

If the gap between the ratings of the two teams before the match was at least 40 points, then:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Match result
! style="background: #BFB6A3;"| Points earned
|-
| Stronger team wins || Own rating + 10
|-
| Weaker team loses || Own rating − 10
|-
| style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Stronger team ties || style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Own rating − 40
|-
| Weaker team ties || Own rating + 40
|-
| style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Stronger team loses || style="border-width:4px 1px 1px 1px;border-style:solid;border-color:pale grey" | Own rating − 90
|-
| Weaker team wins || Own rating + 90
|}

* Each team's rating is equal to its total points scored divided by the total matches played. (Series are not significant in these calculations).
* Add the match points scored to the points already scored (in previous matches as reflected by the Table), add one to the number of matches played, and determine the new rating.<ref name="Formula"/>
* Points earned by teams depend on the opponent's ratings, therefore this system needed to assign base ratings to teams when it started.

See also a detailed example at: [[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings#Example]]

==Year end Historical Ranking==
In 2011, [[David Kendix]], the ICC's official statistician retrospectively applied its rating system to results since 1981, providing ratings for the end of each month back to 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php|title=ICC Historical Ranking | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120040151/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php | archive-date=2013-01-20}}</ref>
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=55|Year
!width=120|Team
!width=55|Rating
|-
|1981
| {{cr|ENG}}
| 121
|-
|1982
|rowspan="5" | {{cr|WIN}}
| 133
|-
|1983
| 132
|-
|1984
| 133
|-
|1985
| 139
|-
|1986
| 140
|-
|1987
|rowspan="3" | {{cr|ENG}}
| 133
|-
|1988
| 132
|-
|1989
| 119
|-
|1990
| rowspan="2" |{{cr|AUS}}
| 122
|-
|1991
| 127
|-
|1992
| {{cr|ENG}}
| 120
|-
|1993
|{{cr|WIN}}
| 115
|-
|1994
| {{cr|IND}}
| 114
|-
|1995
| {{cr|ENG}}
| 113
|-
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=55|Year
!width=120|Team
!width=55|Rating
|-
|1996
|rowspan="4" |{{cr|SA}}
| 121
|-
|1997
| 134
|-
|1998
| 132
|-
|1999
| 129
|-
|2000
|rowspan="11" | {{cr|AUS}}
| 125
|-
|2001
| 128
|-
|2002
| 131
|-
|2003
| 136
|-
|2004
| 136
|-
|2005
| 135
|-
|2006
| 131
|-
|2007
| 130
|-
|2008
| 131
|-
|2009
| 130
|-
|2010
| 128
|-
|}
{{col-break|gap=1em}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=55|Year
!width=120|Team
!width=55|Rating
|-
|2011
| {{cr|AUS}}
| 130
|-
|2012
| {{cr|ENG}}
| 121
|-
|2013
| {{cr|IND}}
| 120
|-
|2014
|rowspan="3" |{{cr|AUS}}
| 117
|-
|2015
| 127
|-
|2016
| 120
|-
|2017
| {{cr|SA}}
| 120
|-
|2018
|rowspan="3" | {{cr|ENG}}
| 126
|-
|2019
| 125
|-
|2020
| 123
|-
|2021
|rowspan="2" | {{cr|NZ}}
| 121
|-
|2022
| 116
|-
|2023
|rowspan="2" | {{cr|IND}}
| 121
|-
|2024
| 118
|-
|}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
*[[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings]]
*[[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings]]
*[[World Cricket League]]
*[[International cricket]]
*[[ICC Women's ODI and T20I rankings]]
*[[ICC Player Rankings]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings]

{{Sport world rankings}}

[[Category:International Cricket Council awards and rankings|ODI]]
[[Category:Sports world rankings|Cricket]]

Seven (2019 Indian film)

2026-03-18T05:33:24Z

Harish varma: typo fix

{{short description|2019 film directed by Nizar Shafi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seven
| image = Seven-poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nizar Shafi]]
| writer = Nizar Shafi [[Ramesh Varma]]
| screenplay =
| producer = [[Ramesh Varma]] MS Sharavanan
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Havish]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Nandita Swetha]] [[Regina Cassandra]] [[Pujita Ponnada]] [[Tridha Choudhury]] [[Anisha Ambrose]] [[Aditi Arya]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = [[Nizar Shafi]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = [[Sri Green Productions]]
| distributor = [[Abhishek Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|06|05}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Seven''''' is a 2019 Indian [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed and filmed by [[Nizar Shafi]], and produced by [[Ramesh Varma]]. Shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages, the film features [[Havish]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Nandita Swetha]] and [[Regina Cassandra]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Manimegalai |date=30 August 2018 |title=யார் அவன்..? 7 படத்தில் மிரட்டும் ரஹ்மான்..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/super-star-with-simbu-vikram-in-mani-ratnam-s-direction-pkv12l |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet]] Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=பிசியாகி விட்டார்:தென்னிந்திய சினிமாவில் கலக்கும் ரஹ்மான் |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/tamil/tamilscreen-epaper-tamscr/tenninthiya+sinimavil+kalakkum+rahman-newsid-95778112 |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=Daily Hunt}}</ref>

==Plot==
While investigating an enigmatic man named Karthik, ACP Vijay Prakash, a police officer is bewildered by the conflicting statements about his identity. Three young women seem to share a mysterious connection with him and claim Karthik as their husband who has gone missing a few days/months before. An old man from an asylum claims that he knew Karthik as Krishnamurthy, who had died 30 years ago. The next day, the old man was found killed.

After the man's death, another woman called Priya appears and claims Karthik as her husband, who has been missing since the previous day. The police officers are in shock with her claim because they had arrested Karthik two days before as the suspect of the old man's murder. During the investigation, Karthik fails to recognize the other three women who claimed him as their husband.

In the next scene the woman is brought to the imprisoned Karthik. When she sees Karthik, they both smile at each other, and suddenly, the woman pulls a gun and shoots him. Vijay Prakash stops her act and asks her intention for doing this. She reveals her love story and marriage with Karthik. After her marriage, due to some misunderstanding, Karthik leaves her. After a few months, she reads news about Karthik and the affairs he had with three other women (who claimed Karthik as their husband in the first half of the story). She was shocked with the news and assumed that Karthik is a playboy who had spoiled four women's lives (including hers), so she decides that he is not fit to live.

Karthik escapes from the hospital and with the help of a journalist and goes in search of those girls to know their intention to cause such trouble in his life. There, he finds all the allegations given towards him are false as they have staged a drama against Karthik on the request of Saraswati, an old lady. Sarswati, the woman behind the scene, is the main culprit who saved the girls from getting raped, which was staged by herself as she wanted the help of the girls to trouble Karthik for revenge. Sarswati is shown to be the ex-wife of Karthik's father Krishnamoorthy. Saraswati who kills her father and stages a drama to marry Krishnamoorthy. On their nuptial night, Krishnamurthy realizes that Saraswati has psychotic behavior and the murderer of her father and Krishnamoorthy's fiancée Bhanu's family. He escapes and jumps into a river. Saraswati is sent to an asylum and released after a few years. She sees Krishnamoorthy living a happy life with Bhanu and two children. She kills them on the same day, except for the son, who turned out to be Karthik

In the present, she still hallucinates Karthik for Krishnamoorthy and wants to kill him as revenge for rejecting her. She kidnaps Karthik's wife Priya and threatens him at gunpoint, telling him to kill himself. In an attempt to save Karthik, ACP Vijay Prakash gets injured. The police shoot her in the leg, and she finally shoots herself without letting them know Priya's hideout. Finally, Karthik and the police find Priya at the basement, she apologizes for misunderstanding Karthik, and they reunite.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Telugu)
!Cast (Tamil)
!Role
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Havish]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Karthik / Krishnamoorthy
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Vijay Prakash
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Regina Cassandra]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Saraswathi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nandita Swetha]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Ramya
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Anisha Ambrose]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Jenny
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Tridha Choudhury]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Priya
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Pujita Ponnada]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bhanu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Aditi Arya]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Abhinaya
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vidyullekha Raman]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Karthik's coworker
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Journalist
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Parithabangal Gopi–Sudhakar|Parithabangal Gopi]] || rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Karthik's coworkers
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Venu Yeldandi]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Parithabangal Gopi–Sudhakar|Parithabangal Sudhakar]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sudharshan]] || style="text-align:center;"|Kishore Rajkumar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Josh Ravi || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Vadlamani Srinivas || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Police officer
|}

==Production==
The film started production as a Telugu film, but the film became bilingual after producer M. S. Sharavanan expressed interest in a Tamil version. Havish requested that the makers rope in another artist for the Tamil version as he was not fluent in the language, but they were keen that Havish do it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Murali |date=4 June 2019 |title=I am still in the game: Actor Havish |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/jun/04/i-am-still-in-the-game-actor-havish-1985762.html |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2019 |title='An engaging thriller' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020619/an-engaging-thriller-2.html}}</ref>

==Music==
The music is composed by [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]].{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sampaddhoy Nanne
| extra1 = Madhushree

| title2 = Idhivarakepudu
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], Deepthi Parthasarathy

| title3 = Varshinchana
| extra3 = Haricharan, Alisha Thomas
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Niranjan Bharathi]]
| title1= En Aasai Macha
| extra1= [[Madhushree]]
| length1=3:41
| title2= En Aasai Macha
| extra2= [[Haricharan]], Deepthi Parthasarathy
| length2=3:12
| title3= Udhiranae Nee
| extra3= [[Haricharan]], Alisha Thomas
| length3=3:32
| total_length = 10:24
}}

==Home media==
The film became available as [[Video on demand|VOD]] on [[Netflix]] in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2019 |title=Seven |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81151899?s=a&trkid=13747225&t=cp |access-date=5 September 2019 |website=Netflix}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "The plot looks interesting on paper, and seems to have ample elements for an engaging thriller. But the weak screenplay, numerous logical loopholes and the lack of believability factor make it unappealing."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Seven Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Seven |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/seven/movie-review/69659644.cms |access-date=22 June 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Giving the same rating, Murali Krishna C. H. of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "''Seven'' is a moody investigative thriller with an unenthusiastic narrative and a lot of logical loopholes that undo the promising build-up of the first half."<ref>{{cite news |last1=CH |first1=Murali Krishna |title=Seven Movie Review: A bland thriller that messes with your brains |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/Jun/06/7-seven-movie-review-havish-regina-cassandra-nandita-swetha-12103.html |work=Cinema Express |date=6 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from [[TV9 Telugu]] found the story, cinematography, and a few twists of the film to be positives, while the screenplay and illogical scenes were the negatives.<ref>{{cite news |title='సెవెన్' తెలుగు మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/seven-telugu-movie-review-80014.html |work=TV9 Telugu |date=6 June 2019 |language=te}}</ref> With similar criticisms, the critics of [[News18 Telugu]] and [[Asianet News|Asianet News Telugu]] rated the film 2/5.<ref>{{cite news |title=రివ్యూ: ‘సెవెన్’.. కథ ఉన్నా కథనం లేని క్రైమ్ డ్రామా.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/national/seven-telugu-movie-review-havish-regina-crime-drama-fails-to-impress-pk-221268.html |work=[[News18 Telugu]] |date=6 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=7(సెవెన్) మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/7-movie-review-psnvt6 |work=Asianet News Telugu |date=6 June 2019 |language=te}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' wrote that the story is interesting, but the way it's narrated on screen falls flat.<ref>{{cite news |title=7(సెవెన్) మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Seven Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/seven-telugu-movie-review-1195542 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=6 June 2019 |language=te}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 2.25/5, writing that it could've worked if the script had been written better. The critic also criticized [[Havish]] for his facial expressions remaining almost the same in all scenes.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 - விமர்சனம் {2.25/5} - 7 Cinema Movie Review : 7 (ஏழு) - இன்னும் எழுதியிருக்கலாம்... |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemareview/2679 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Samayam]]'' rated the film 2/5, pointing out the dubbing issues in the Tamil version and the film's screenplay being dragged, which they found unusual for a thriller film. The critic praised the performances of [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Regina Cassandra]], which they found were the only relief in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=செவன் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/rahman-regina-cassandra-starrer-seven-tamil-movie-review-rating/moviereview/69662478.cms |work=Samayam Tamil |date=5 June 2019 |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9165458}}
{{Ramesh Varma}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2019 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chaitan Bharadwaj]]

Bolshevik Party of India

2026-03-17T10:28:21Z

Harish varma: brief correct formatting for consistency additionally and updated info

{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Bolshevik Party of India
| logo = [[File:Bolshevik Party of India symbol.jpg|200px]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Bolshevik Party of India}}
| leader =
| president =
| general_secretary =
| first_secretary =
| secretary_general =
| presidium =
| secretary =
| spokesperson =
| ideology = [[Communism]] [[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name=t/>
| headquarters = [[Nagpur]]
| international =
| website =
| country = India
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| lang1 =
| name_lang1 =
| lang2 =
| name_lang2 =
| lang3 =
| name_lang3 =
| lang4 =
| name_lang4 =
| caption =
| abbreviation = 
| chairperson = 
| founder = N. Dutta Mazumder
| leader1_title =
| leader1_name =
| leader2_title =
| leader2_name =
| leader3_title =
| leader3_name =
| leader4_title =
| leader4_name =
| leader5_title =
| leader5_name =
| founded = 1939
| legalised = 
| dissolved = 
| merger =
| split =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| newspaper =
| think_tank =
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| wing1_title =
| wing1 =
| wing2_title =
| wing2 =
| wing3_title =
| wing3 =
| wing4_title =
| wing4 =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| position =
| national = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| regional =
| european =
| continental =
| europarl =
| affiliation1_title =
| affiliation1 =
| colors = 
| slogan =
| anthem =
| blank1_title =
| blank1 =
| blank2_title =
| blank2 =
| blank3_title =
| blank3 =
| blank4_title =
| blank4 =
| seats1_title =
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| seats2_title =
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| symbol =
| flag =
| country_dab1 =
| parties_dab1 =
| elections_dab1 =
| country2 =
| country_dab2 =
| parties_dab2 =
| elections_dab2 =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Bolshevik Party of India''' (abbreviated '''BPI''') is an Indian political party in India. The party was founded in 1939.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007">{{cite book|author=S. Chowdhuri|title=Leftism in India, 1917–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_FZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205|date=7 November 2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-28804-1|pages=205–206}}</ref> The party had a certain role in the trade union movement in [[West Bengal]] and was briefly represented in the state government in 1969. In later years the party has played a negligible role in Indian politics.

==Background==
BPI traces its roots to the [[Bengal Labour Party]], founded in 1933 and led by [[Niharendu Dutt Mazumdar]].<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/><ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Prominent leaders of the Bengal Labour Party included [[Sisir Roy]], [[Sudha Roy]], Bishwanath Dubey, Kamal Sarkar, Nandalal Bose and Promode Sen.<ref name=so>{{cite book|title=Socialist Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyQsAAAAIAAJ|volume=17|year=1989|publisher=Council for Political Studies.|page=276}}</ref>

As of 1930s the Bengal Labour Party led various trade unions, such as
* Calcutta Port and Dock Workers Union
* Various unions of Jute mill workers in [[Titagarh]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Jagatdal]], [[Naihati]], [[Hajinagar]], [[Kankinara]], [[Shyamnagar]], [[Gouripore]], etc.
* All Bengal Iron and Steel Workers Union, [[Entally]]
* Metal and Engineering Workers Union, [[Garden Reach]]
* All Bengal Chemical Workers Union
* East India Railway Workers' Union, [[Liluah]]
* Saxby and Farmer Company Workers' Union
* Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Workers' Union
* Hukumchand Iron and Steel Workers, [[Ballyganj]]
* Bird and Company Workers Union
* Water Transport Workers Union
* Scavengers Union<ref name=so/>

The leaders of the Bengal Labour Party joined the [[Communist Party of India]] in the mid-1930s, but maintained the Labour Party as an open organisation.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Weiner2015">{{cite book|author=Myron Weiner|title=Party Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7841-3|pages=123–124}}</ref> However, they disagreed with the role of CPI around the [[Tripuri session]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and criticised the CPI for not siding with the [[All India Forward Bloc]] when [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] broke with the Congress.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/> These Bengal Labour Party leaders, such as N. Dutt Mazumdar, Sisir Roy (founding general secretary of the Calcutta Port Dock Workers Union), Biswanath Dubey and Ajit Roy founded BPI in 1939.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/><ref name="Research1997b">{{cite book|author=Indian Council of Historical Research|title=Towards freedom: documents on the movement for independence in India, 1943–1944|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnoMAQAAMAAJ|date=1 November 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=3509|isbn=978-0-19-563868-4 }}</ref> The Bolshevik Party of India was an underground Marxist–Leninist organisation, maintaining the Labour Party as its front organisation.<ref name="Weiner2015"/> In the discourse of the nascent BPI, CPI had reduced the Marxist–Leninist theory of [[united front]] to a "base theory of class-collaboration with the reactionary Gandhian leadership of the bourgeois Congress".<ref name="Talwar1985"/> BPI called on CPI cadres to revolt against their party leadership.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> N. Dutta Mazumdar was the founding general secretary of BPI.<ref name="Talwar1985">{{cite book|author=Sada Nand Talwar|title=Under the banyan tree: the Communist movement in India, 1920–1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW0cAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=201|isbn=9788170230052 }}</ref><ref name="Sinha1965">{{cite book|author=Lalan Prasad Sinha|title=The left-wing in India, 1919–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn49AAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=New Publishers|page=472}}</ref>

==Second World War==
When the [[Second World War]] broke out, BPI characterised the war as '[[imperialism|imperialist]]' and called for a revolutionary mass movement against British rule in India.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/> However, with the onset of [[Great Patriotic War|war between Germany and the Soviet Union]] the party did a U-turn and aligned with the CPI position and called for anti-fascist unity and support to the British war effort.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/>

However, N. Dutta Mazumdar did not agree with this position and supported the [[Quit India movement]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> The Labour Party was banned.<ref name="Weiner2015"/> He was detained for three years and joined the Indian National Congress and dissolved the Labour Party upon his release.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Weiner2015"/> On the other hand Nirmal Sen and some twenty key party member joined CPI in 1943.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> A group led by Promode Sen, student leader of BPI, joined the Indian National Congress in 1944.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/>

In early 1944 the BPI [[politburo]] dissolved the [[Bengal]] Committee of the party and formed a 4-member secretariat for the province consisting of [[Barada Mukutmoni]], Mani Bishnu Chaudhuri, Amar Naskar and Dinanath Gupta.<ref name="Research1997">{{cite book|author=Indian Council of Historical Research|title=Towards freedom: documents on the movement for independence in India, 1943–1944|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddM-AQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563868-4|page=1687}}</ref>

==Partition and independence==
Around the time of Indian independence Sisir Roy was the general secretary of BPI.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name=t/> BPI echoed other Indian left-wing formations in labelling the [[Partition of India]] as treason.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/> The party called for a United States of India, with linguistic states and tribal autonomy.<ref name=t>{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory & Yearbook, Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3YiAQAAIAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Times of India Press|page=1119}}</ref> It advocated breaking with the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] and instead orient India toward trade pacts with the [[Soviet Union]], China and the [[People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)|people's democracies]].<ref name=t/> The headquarter of the party was based in Ballygunj, Calcutta.<ref name=t/>

BPI joined [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]'s [[United Socialist Organisation of India]].<ref>''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2703/stories/20100212270300900.htm End of an era]''</ref> BPI, then recognised as a national party by the [[Election Commission of India]], fielded a single candidate (Sudha Roy, the sister of Sisir Roy, in [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]) in the [[1951 Indian general election|1951–1952 parliamentary election]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name=e1951/> Roy obtained 25,792 votes (16.2% of vote in the constituency).<ref name=e1951>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha Volume I (National and State Abstracts & Detailed Results)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |date=8 October 2014 }}''</ref> The party contested 8 seats in the [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. Together they obtained 20,117 votes (0.27% of the state-wide vote).<ref name="WBECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> In the [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] BPI fielded 1 candidate, Waman Jangloe Bhalekar in [[Nagpur IV (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagpur IV]]. Bhalekar obtained 1,077 votes (1.22% of the a votes in the constituency).<ref name=mp1951>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh]''</ref>

In the 1950s the [[Forward Communist Party (Anandi Mukherji)|Anandi Mukherji-led faction of the Forward Communist Party]] merged into BPI, bringing into BPI the Bengal, [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] branches of the [[Forward Communist Party]].<ref>Bose, K., ''Forward Bloc'', Madras: Tamil Nadu Academy of Political Science, 1988.</ref><ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> In June 1954 the Workers and Peasants League of Nepal Bhattacharya merged with the party.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/>

By the mid-1950s BPI claimed to have around 3,000 members.<ref name="Weiner2015"/> Most lived in West Bengal, but the party was also active in [[Assam]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Bihar]], [[Bombay Province|Bombay]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Weiner2015"/>

The trade unions led by BPI joined the [[United Trade Union Congress]].<ref name="Crouch1966"/> Sisir Roy became the general secretary of UTUC.<ref name="Crouch1966"/>

==In alliances==
The party joined the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUCI]]-led [[United Left Front (1957)|United Left Front]] ahead of the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 216.</ref> Amongst the BPI candidates, contesting as independents, was Barada Mukutmoni in [[Titagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titagarh]] (fourth place, 6.92%), Nepal Bhattacharya in [[Ekbalpore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ekbalpore]] (fourth place, 9.60%) and Sudha Roy in [[Fort (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Fort]] (fourth place, 9.75%).<ref name=s1957>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 To the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]''</ref>

In 1957 a split occurred between Sisir Roy, the party general secretary, and Bishwanath Dubey, a prominent trade union leader of the party.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Roy accused Dubey of acting in cahoots with US imperialist interests.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> The split broke the Dock Mazdoor Union into two, and also provoked a split in UTUC.<ref name="Bogaert1967">{{cite book|author=Michael v. d Bogaert|title=Dock Worker Unions in Calcutta and Bombay: A Case Study of Trade Union Growth in a Developing Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oVjAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Industrial Relations Research Institute, University of Wisconsin|page=101}}</ref> Dubey and his followers constituted a faction of their own, which in 1959 joined the Tagore faction of the [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> After Dubey was forced to leave the party, the BPI trade union work was significantly weakened.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> In 1963 Dubey founded a new, rival West Bengal Dock Mazdoor Union.<ref name="Bogaert1967"/>

The party was part of the CPI-led [[United Left Front (1962)|United Left Front]] during the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 220.</ref> Amongst the BPI candidates, contesting as independents, where Sita Seth in [[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]] (fourth place, 0.92%), Barada Mukutmoni in [[Deganga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deganga]] (second place, 32.83%) and Nepal Bhattacharya (second place, 24.41%).<ref name=s1962>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]''</ref>

==Bhattacharya era==
Sisir Roy died in 1960.<ref name="Crouch1966"/> Nepal Bhattacharya became the new general secretary of BPI.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Sudha Roy replaced Sisir Roy as UTUC general secretary.<ref name="Crouch1966">{{cite book|author=Harold A. Crouch|title=Trade Unions and Politics in India|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionspolit0000crou|url-access=registration|year=1966|publisher=Manaktalas|page=[https://archive.org/details/tradeunionspolit0000crou/page/233 233]}}</ref> At the 1965 party conference Sudha Roy called for a merger between BPI and CPI.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> The conference rejected a merger and Sudha Roy and her followers left BPI to join CPI.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/>

==United Front==
Ahead of the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] BPI joined the CPI-led [[People's United Left Front]].<ref name="rao">M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 227-229.</ref> BPI candidates, contesting on CPI tickets, included Barada Mukutmoni in [[Naihati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naihati]] (third place, 13.10%), Sita Seth in Bhatpara (fourth place, 1.99%) and Nepal Bhattacharya in [[Bijpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijpur]] (third place, 18.56%).<ref name=s1967>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 To the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]''</ref> Ahead the election the People's United Left Front joined the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] which formed a state government.<ref name="Paul2014">{{cite book|author=Bappaditya Paul|title=The First Naxal: An Authorised Biography of Kanu Sanyal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spc3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95|date=27 August 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-109-1|page=95}}</ref>

In March 1969 Barada Mukutmoni was named Minister of Tourism in the second United Front government of West Bengal.<ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=379|isbn=9788176260282 }}</ref><ref name="Sadasivan1977">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=Party and democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ2KAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|pages=90–92}}</ref>

==Split==
A split occurred in BPI in the wake of Mukutmoni joining the state government.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> To become a minister Mukutmoni had to resign from his post as secretary of the West Bengal State Committee of BPI, which he did.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> But when the State Committee met on 14 March 1969 Mukutmoni's candidate for new secretary was defeated in a vote.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Mukutmoni refused to hand over the secretary post to the secretary-elect Sita Seth and in July 1969 the [[Central Committee]] of BPI declared expelled Mukutmoni and his followers from the party.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Studies1969"/> In response Mukutmoni formed a Central Committee of his own at a meeting in Kalyani, [[Nadia District]] in July 1969, with three expelled West Bengal State Committee members: Sita Kanta Bhattacharjee, Jyotish Dutt and Santosh Mukherjee.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> The two factions clashed over control of the party headquarters on [[Chittaranjan Avenue|Central Avenue]].<ref name="Studies1969">{{cite book|author=Institute of Political and Social Studies|title=Institute of Political and Social Studies Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoZAAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|pages=11, 26}}</ref>

After the fall of the United Front cabinet and ahead of the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] the BPI (Nepal Bhattacharya group) joined the CPI(M)-led United Left Front whilst the BPI (Barada Mukutmoni) joined the CPI-led United Left Democratic Front.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Science Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOokAQAAMAAJ|volume=18–19|year=1979|publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan.|page=31}}</ref><ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book|author=Sudhir Ray|title=Marxist parties of West Bengal in opposition and in government, 1947–2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loYOAQAAMAAJ|date=1 November 2007|publisher=Progressive Publishers|isbn=978-81-8064-135-0|page=160}}</ref> When CPI later withdrew from front politics in West Bengal, the Mukutmoni faction aligned with the [[Janata Party]].<ref name="Basu1990">{{cite book|author=Sajal Basu|title=Factions, ideology, and politics: coalition politics in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTZuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 December 1990|publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications)|isbn=978-81-85195-26-1|page=133}}</ref> The Mukutmoni faction later merged into the [[All India Communist Party]].<ref name="Basu1990"/>

==Current status==
For many years, BPI went into decay and was isolated from other left forces.<ref name=gana>''Ganashakti''. [http://ganashakti.com/bengali/news_details.php?newsid=52142 তদন্ত প্রভাবিত করতেই অনুব্রতের প্রশংসা মমতার,মন্তব্য বিমান বসুর]</ref>

The party contested the 1991 elections as a partner of the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUCI]]-led electoral front.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Shiv Lal|title=Election Archives and International Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyIvAAAAYAAJ|edition=191–196|year=1992|publisher=Shiv Lal|page=194}}</ref>

In later years there were efforts to revive the party.<ref name=gana/> As of 2015 present BPI is headquartered in [[Nagpur]].<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/year2014/Notification%20English%2013.01.2015.pdf No.56/2015/PPS-II]''</ref> As of 2011 the party claimed having state committees in [[Delhi]], Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/mis-Political_Parties/AnnualAuditReports2011-12/Bolshevik%20Party%20of%20India.pdf Bolshevik Party of India]''</ref> As of 2014 Shashikant Waikar was the general secretary of the party and Chitta Nath the secretary of its West Bengal Committee.<ref name=gana/> As of 2014 the party had joined the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|West Bengal Left Front]].<ref name=gana/><ref>''Times of India''. ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/16-Left-parties-to-observe-December-6-as-communal-harmony-day-in-Bengal/articleshow/45168847.cms?from=mdr 16 Left parties to observe December 6 as communal harmony day in Bengal]''</ref><ref>''Ganashakti''. [http://ganashakti.com/bengali/news_details.php?newsid=45666 বামফ্রন্টে যোগ দিল বলশেভিক পার্টি]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bolshevik Party of India| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1939]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]

Sharda Mehta

2026-03-16T15:50:56Z

Harish varma: minor reworked details per sources and added references

{{Short description|Indian social worker and writer (1882-1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sharda Mehta
|image = Sharda Sumant Mehta.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Sharda Mehta
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1882|6|26}}
|birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1970|11|13|1882|6|26}}
|death_place = [[Vallabh Vidyanagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
|other_names =
|spouse = {{marriage |[[Sumant Mehta]] |1898|1968|end=d.}}
|children = Premlila Mehta, Sarla Mehta, Ramesh Sumant Mehta, Asoka Mehta, Indira Bhatt, Siddharth Mehta
|occupation =[[Social reformer]], educationist and writer
|awards =
|relatives = [[Vidyagauri Nilkanth]] (sister)
|education = Bachelor of Arts
|alma_mater=[[Gujarat College]]
|father = Gopilal Manilal Dhruva
| mother = Balaben
}}
'''Sharda Mehta''' (26 June 1882 – 13 November 1970) was an Indian social worker, proponent of [[female education|women's education]], and a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer. She was among the first two women to graduate in what is now the modern state of Gujarat, India. <ref name=":1" /> She established institutes for women's education and women's welfare. She wrote several essays and an autobiography as well as translated some works.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Gandhi and Tagore 1920.jpg|thumb|Sharda Mehta (right) with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (left) and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (centre) at Mahila Vidyalaya, Ahmedabad, 1920]]

Sharda was born to a family of social reformers, on 26 June 1882 in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":GVK">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Rajgor|first=Shivprasad|publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|volume=XV|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|date=January 2002|pages=535–536|language=gu|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|oclc=248968453}}</ref> She was the daughter of a judicial officer, Gopilal Manilal Dhruva, and Balaben; a [[Nagar Brahmin]] family.<ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="Forbes20052">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNEJwXLNQIC&pg=PA173|title=Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography|author=Geraldine Hancock Forbes|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2005|isbn=978-81-8028-017-7|pages=124–142, 173}}</ref><ref name="DeviPruthi1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t11uAAAAMAAJ|title=Women and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Sarojini Naidu|author1=Rameshwari Devi|author2=Romila Pruthi|publisher=Pointer Publishers|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7132-164-3|page=249}}</ref> She was a maternal great-granddaughter of [[Bholanath Divetia]], a social reformer and poet.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeaVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|journal=International Journal of Afro-Asian Studies|last=Sujata|first=Menon|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-1-61233-709-8|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Siddhartha|volume=4|pages=17–18|issue=1|title=An Historical Analysis of the Economic Impact on the Political Empowerment of Women In British India|issn=0974-3537}}</ref><ref name=":GVK" />

She received her primary education at Raibahadur Maganbhai Girl's High School. She later joined Anglo-vernacular classes at the Mahalakshmi Teachers Training College and [[Matriculation|matriculated]] in 1897. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Logic and Moral Philosophy in 1901 from [[Gujarat College]]. She and her elder sister [[Vidyagauri Nilkanth]] were the first two women graduates in Gujarat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":GVK" /><ref name=":20GW">{{Cite book|title=વીસમી સદીનું ગુજરાતી નારીલેખન|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=2005|isbn=8126020350|editor-last=Chaudhari|editor-first=Raghuveer|editor-link=Raghuveer Chaudhari|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|pages=349|language=gu|trans-title=20 Century Women's Writings in Gujarati|chapter=લેખિકા-પરિચય|trans-chapter=Introduction of Women Writers|oclc=70200087|editor-last2=Dalal|editor-first2=Anila|editor-link2=Anila Dalal}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married [[Sumant Mehta]] in 1898. He was a medical student then and four years senior to her.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":20GW" /> He later served as a personal doctor of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] of [[Baroda State]] and as a social worker.<ref name="PinkNoblit2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXLbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA390|title=Second International Handbook of Urban Education|author1=William T. Pink|author2=George W. Noblit|date=6 January 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-40317-5|pages=390–391}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== ''Social work'' ===
Mehta worked for social reforms and supported education, [[women's empowerment]], opposition of [[Caste system in India|caste]] restrictions, [[untouchability]] eradication, and Indian independence. She was influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. From 1906, she promoted [[Swadeshi movement|swadeshi]] (domestic) goods and [[khadi]] clothes. She organised a protest against [[indentured servitude]] ([[Girmityas|Girmitiya]]) in 1917.<ref name=":GVK" /> She helped [[Indulal Yagnik]] in editing ''[[Navajivan Trust|Navjivan]]'' in 1919.<ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="Forbes20052" />

She participated in the Gujarat Kisan Parishad (Gujarat Farmer's Conference) held in Ahmedabad in 1928.<ref name=":GVK" /> She met the Governor of Bombay as a member of the deputation for a settlement of the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]].<ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="Chatterjee1942">{{cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Ramananda|year=1942|title=The Modern Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvwEAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Prabasi Press Private Limited|volume=72|page=118}}</ref> In 1929, she presented in front of the [[Royal Commission on Labour]] regarding labour conditions in textile mills in Ahmedabad. She [[Picketing|picketed]] in front of the liquor shops during the civil disobedience movement in 1930.<ref name=":GVK" />{{efn-ua|During the disobedience movement, the protesters picketed liquor shops with the aim of opposing drinking habit as a social evil as well as decreasing the income of the British government earned as an excise duty on drinks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vijailakshmi|first=Usha R.|title=Gandhi's Leadership and Civil Disobedience Movement in Mumbai, 1930: Events and Inferences|url=https://www.academia.edu/10401665|journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Review|format=CD-ROM|issn=2165-6258|volume=1|issue=2|pages=383–391|year=2012}}</ref>}} In 1931, she established a [[khadi]] store and worked at her husband's [[ashram]] near Shertha, Ahmedabad. In 1934, she established a co-operative store called {{transliteration|gu|Apna Ghar Ni Dukan}}.<ref name=":GVK" />

Mehta was associated with several educational and women's welfare institutes in Ahmedabad, Baroda, and Bombay during these years, as well as being a member of Baroda Praja Mandal (Baroda People's Association). She was a member of the [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad Municipality]] from 1931 to 1935. In 1934, she established the Jyoti Sangh for women's welfare.<ref name=":GVK" />

She was a proponent of [[Female education|women's education]].<ref name=":1" /> She established the Vanita Vishram Mahila Vidyalaya in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Forbes20052" /> She also established a college affiliated with [[SNDT Women's University|SNDT (Karve) Women's University]].<ref name=":1" />

=== ''Literary career'' ===
Mehta had studied and was deeply influenced by [[Hindu texts]], [[Sanskrit literature]], and the works of [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo]], [[Sukhlal Sanghvi]], and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].<ref name=":GVK" />

She was an essayist, biographer, and translator.<ref name=":20GW" /><ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29f0ugEACAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram|last=Jani|first=Balvant|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8364-2423-2|editor=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|volume=VIII|location=New Delhi|pages=2658–2659}}</ref> She wrote essays on social issues in dailies and magazines.<ref name=":GVK" /> ''Puranoni Balbodhak Vartao'' (1906) is a collection of children's stories aimed at their development.<ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="Datta1988" /> She wrote ''Florence Nightingale Nu Jeevancharitra'' (1906), a biography of English social reformer [[Florence Nightingale]].<ref name=":20GW" /><ref name="Datta1988" /> She also wrote ''Grihavyavasthashastra'' (1920). ''Balakonu Gruhshikshan'' (1922) is a work on child education.<ref name=":GVK" />

In 1938, she wrote her autobiography, about her public life and her efforts for women's education in ''Jeevansambharana'' (Reminiscences: The Memoirs of Shardaben Mehta).<ref name=":20GW" /><ref name="Datta1988" /><ref name="Srivastava2000">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgHEF9QhJo8C&pg=PA157|title=Women's Higher Education in the 19th Century|author=Gouri Srivastava|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7022-823-3|page=157}}</ref> This work covers the period from 1882 to 1937 and includes the social, historical, and political situation and awakening of women.<ref name="Datta1988" /><ref name="Chavda1982">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIluAAAAMAAJ|title=Modern Gujarat|last=Chavda|first=V. K.|publisher=New Order Book Company|year=1982|pages=52, 62}}</ref>

With her sister, Mehta translated [[R.C. Dutt|Romesh Chunder Dutt]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''Sansar'' (''The Lake of Palms'', 1902) as ''Sudhahasini'' (1907)<ref name="Mukherjee2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUwlf7LZgrUC&pg=PT275|title=An Indian for All Seasons: The Many Lives of R.C. Dutt|author=Meenakshi Mukherjee|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2009|isbn=978-0-14-306789-4|pages=275–276}}</ref> and [[Baroda State|The Maharani of Baroda]] (Chimnabai II)'s ''Position of Women in Indian Life'' (1911) as ''Hindustanma Streeonu Samajik Sthan'' or ''Hindustanna Samajik Jeevanma Streenu Sthan'' (1915).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":20GW" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Vidyagauri-Nilkanth.html|title=વિદ્યાગૌરી નીલકંઠ|last=Bhatt|first=Pushpa|website=gujaratisahityaparishad.com|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language=gu|trans-title=Vidyagauri Nilkanth|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref> She also translated Sathe Annabhau's novel as ''Varnane Kanthe''.<ref name="Datta1988" />

== Death ==
She died on 13 November 1970 at [[Vallabh Vidyanagar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":GVK" />

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|title=Reminiscences : The Memoirs of Sharadaben Mehta|last=Sharadaben|first=Mehta|publisher=Zubaan Publications|year=2007|isbn=9788189013653|location=New Delhi, India|translator-last=Mehta Bhatt|translator-first=Purnima|oclc=269250818}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist-ua}}

===References===
{{reflist|30em}}
{{wikisourcelang|gu|સર્જક:શારદા મહેતા|Sharda Mehta}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Sharda}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Mehta family|Sharda]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]

Sibuta

2026-03-15T05:41:38Z

Harish varma: started new details more to come

{{Short description|Early Lushai chief (c. 1765 - c. 1840)}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sibuta
| image =
| title = Chief of [[Tachhip]] {{lang|lus|Tachhip Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Darpida
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Chawngawlun
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1765}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{circa|1840}}
| death_place = Tachhip
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = Chawngpawlun
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Palian (disputed)
| father = Purburha (disputed) Unknown
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Sibuta''' ({{circa|1765}}-{{circa|1840}}) was a Lushai chief. He is known for declaring independence from the sovereignty of [[Hill Tipperah]] and his cruelty as a chief.

==Early life==
Sibuta was the adopted son of a chief. Some accounts argue him to be an illegitimate son of Purburha while another argues him to be a captive of Chief Darpida. The chief recorded as his adoptive father is disputed. Reasons for why he was adopted has varied according to different sources. However, most agree that Sibuta was the brother of the chief's daughter Darlalpuii.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=32}} Darlalpuii would incessantly bully and torture Sibuta. Resisting lashing out against her, Sibuta warned her that one day if he becomes chief she will regret her treatment of him.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=106}} Sibuta around the age of eight soon begot a brother under the chief who would claim legitimacy as the next chief.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=35}} Accounts record that Sibuta learnt how to handle poison and mix it into his father's [[Zu (beverage)|zu]]. As for his brother, Sibuta took him to the fields and killed him. He would claim that his brother fell from a tree while trying to get a bird he had killed and had died in an unfortunate accident. Sibuta thus assumed power as chief.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=36}}{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=168}}
==Chieftainship==
As chief Sibuta migrated into [[Hill Tipperah]] around 1794.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=37}} Sibuta was married and he removed Darlalpuii and her husband from the chief's house. One time, Sibuta was visited by Lalngura, who was fond of Darlalpuii. Lalngura offered to take Darlalpuii's hand in marriage. However Sibuta simply replied that he had to complete the Khuangchawi ceremony first.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=39}}{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=168}}{{sfn|Hmar}}
===Darlalpuii Khuangchawi festival===
Sibuta, as chief, was due to perform the Khuangchawi ceremony. While this normally was done with a [[gayal|mithun]], Sibuta instead used Darlalpuii as the sacrifice. Unlike the killing of his father and brother, Sibuta wished brutality for the death of Darlalpuii. Darlalpuii was bound and marched along with the bulls without rest. Darlalpuii's mother attempted to feed Darlalpuii water but Sibuta stopped her and threw the gourd of water to the ground. The villager's quenched Darlalpuii's thirst in secret. After the march was complete, Sibuta ordered Darlalpuii's clothes to be removed and for her bareskin to be beaten with sticks and cane. Darlalpuii was tied to the ''Seluphan'' (sacrificial post).{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=106}} In front of his subjects Sibuta killed Darlalpuii with a spiked bamboo spear into her neck.{{sfn|Zawla|1964|p=169}} Her head was decapitated and hung up on top of the sacrificial post. The villagers, afraid of Sibuta's cruelty, did not protest him.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=107}}{{sfn|Hmar}}

Lalngura heard the news and visited Darlalpuii's mother. Lalngura hearing the recounting of the event drew his ''Dao'' ready to kill Sibuta. However, Darlalpuii's mother stated that the ''upa'' would support Sibuta and lead to both of their deaths for any retaliation. Lalngura however was determined to take revenge.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=42-43}}{{sfn|Hmar}}

The next day Lalngura took his ''dao'' and made his way to Sibuta. However on the way he saw Darlalpuii's head hanging in the courtyard of the chief's gate. This enraged Lalngura. Lalngura asked the ''upas'' of Sibuta's whereabouts. Knowing that Sibuta was in danger they stated that Sibuta was at the jhum fields. Lalngura went and searched for Sibuta but could not find him.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=43}}{{sfn|Hmar}}

Sibuta continued to rule however bad luck began to take on Sibuta. Sibuta began to experience a fear of ''ramhuai''(evil spirits). Seeing this as a bad omen, Sibuta believed he was to die soon. Thus Sibuta decided to build a great monument for his legacy as a chief. A large stone was found which the villagers extracted off Tacchip mountain with knives, axes and iron rods.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=44}}{{sfn|Hmar}}

The stone was too heavy to be moved by the villagers. Sibuta thus decided to appease the Gods by killing three of his subjects and smearing their blood on the rock. Through sheer effort the rock was moved. Sibuta finally placed a living subject in the pit and placed the rock on top of them. Hence Sibuta's monument the Sibuta Lung cost four lives to establish.{{sfn|Hmar}}

==Genealogy==
{{Sukpilal family tree}}

==See also==
*[[Lalchukla]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Zawla |first1=K. |title=Mizo Pi Pute leh an thlahte Chanchin |date=1964 |publisher=Gosen Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/mode/2up |access-date=5 March 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=1989 |title=Mizo Lal Ropuite |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467582/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=R.T.M Press|language=Mizo}}
*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}
*{{cite web |last1=Hmar |first1=Bonny |title=Mizo Lal Nunrawng Sibuta |url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2018/08/mizo-lal-nunrawng-sibuta.html |website=Times of Mizoram |access-date=10 March 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Early Lushai chiefs]]

Pitruroon

2026-03-04T09:47:27Z

Harish varma: added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pitruroon
| image =
| director = Nitish Bharadwaj
| alt =
| caption =
| producer =
| writer = Nitish Bharadwaj Pravin Tarde
| starring = Sachin Khedekar Tanuja Suhas Joshi
| music = Kaushal Inamdar
| cinematography = Mahesh Aney
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Pitruroon''''' is a 2013 Indian Marathi Language film directed by [[Nitish Bharadwaj]]. The film is a directional debut of Nitish Bharadwaj and it based on ''Runa, a'' Kannada story by [[Sudha Murty]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Pitruroon Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Pitruroon by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/pitruroon/movie-review/27003038.cms |access-date=2022-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Murthy makes acting debut with Pitruroon - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/author-murthy-makes-acting-debut-with-pitruroon/1204533/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An archeologist investigates history of his own family when coming across a lookalike during visit to a village.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Suhas Joshi]]
* [[Sachin Khedekar]]
* [[Tanuja]]
* [[Poorvi Bhave]]

{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt3133538}}

[[Category:2013 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

{{Marathi-film-stub}}

Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet

2026-03-03T23:33:36Z

Harish varma: refined article further

{{short description|1999 film directed by P. Vasu}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet
| image = Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| screenplay = Anwar Khan
| story = [[P. Vasu]]
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Neha Bajpai]] [[Mayuri Kango]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anand–Milind]] '''Score:''' [[Raj–Koti]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|05|07}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|155 million}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ%3D%3D|title=Box Office 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075057/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ%3D%3D|archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet''''' ({{translation|Love will win}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]] starring [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Neha Bajpai]], [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Mayuri Kango]].

==Summary==

Surjit finds out that his sister is in love with Manjit Singh, the younger brother of Thakur Gajendra Singh. Surjit goes to Thakur's house in order to get Manjit to marry his sister. Thakur humiliates him; making him, a vegetarian, eat dog food and beg on his knees. Surjit does so and is told to go home and make wedding preparations. The next day, Thakur visits Surjit and kills him and his wife in broad daylight. Surjit's last dying wish is that his two sons Raju and Kishan must marry Thakur's and his brother's two daughters Meena and Preeti and they must have Thakur come begging on their doorstep for this marriage alliance. Surjit's sister agrees to this and accordingly brings up the two children. Unfortunately, Raju goes missing, leaving her alone to bring up Kishan. Years later they are reunited when Raju returns home and they join to fulfill Surjit's last wish. What they do not know is Meena and Preeti are to be married to Minister Khurana's two sons and nothing in the world is going to make Thakur change his mind.

==Cast==
*[[Arshad Warsi]] as Kishan
*[[Ajay Devgan]] as Raju
*[[Neha Bajpai]] as Meena Singh
*[[Mayuri Kango]] as Preeti Singh
*Prithvi Vazir as Thakur Manjit Singh
*[[Firoz Khan]] as Arjun Singh
*[[Ketki Dave]] as Shalini
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as Thakur Gajendra Singh
*[[Adi Irani]] as Diga Diga Khurana
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Dum Dum Khurana
*[[Raza Murad]] as Minister Jagdish Khurana
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Truck Driver
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Surjeet
*Shashi Sharma as Sharada, Surjeet's wife, Raju's and Kishan's mother.
*[[Rajesh Puri]] as Pandit

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet
| type = album
| artist = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1999
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Anand–Milind]] and the lyrics written by Sameer.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| "Tere Pyar Mein Main"
| [[Roopkumar Rathod]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], Blaaze
| 04:15
|-
| "Dil Dewana Kehta Hai"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
| 05:57
|-
| "Kaun Hai Woh"
| Udit Narayan, [[Hema Sardesai]]
| 04:34
|-
| "Aa Gaye Din Sanam"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sonu Nigam]], Hema Sardesai, Jaspinder Narula
| 04:55
|-
| "Lakhon Aashiq Mar Jaate Hai"
| Udit Narayan, [[Alka Yagnik]], Abhijeet, Jaspinder Narula
| 04:22
|-
| "Main Hoon Tere"
| [[K.K]],[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 04:45
|-
| "Karlo Karlo Mera Aitbaar"
| Udit Narayan
| 04:32
|-
| "Taalon Mein Nainital"
| Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| 04:48
|}

== Reception ==
Suparn Verma of Rediff wrote, "Maybe, if your memory too was struck by the [[CIH (computer virus)|Chernobyl virus]] on April 26 and you lost all your recollection of old Hindi films, you'll certainly be charmed by the gags in this one".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Suparn |date=8 May 1999 |title=Lost and frowned |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/may/08pyar.htm |access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0281913}}
{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1990s action drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]

Oru Vadakkan Pranaya Parvam

2026-03-03T09:35:24Z

Harish varma: added new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Vijesh Chembilode Rishi Suresh
| writer = Vijesh Chembilode
| producer = Rajesh Vijesh Mahesh
| starring = Sooraj Sun [[Shabareesh Varma]] Anjana Prakash Vineeth Vishwam
| cinematography = Pramod K. Pillai
| editing = Thahir Hamsa
| music = Gichu Joy Harimurali Unnikrishnan
| studio = A-One Cine Food Productions
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|9|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Oru Vadakkan Pranaya Parvam''''' ({{translation|A Northern chapter of love}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Vijesh Chembilode and Rishi Suresh. This film stars Sooraj Sun, [[Shabareesh Varma]], and Anjana Prakash in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Vadakkan Pranaya Parvam - Official Trailer {{!}} Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/oru-vadakkan-pranaya-parvam-official-trailer/amp_videoshow/119417849.cms |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=എ വൺ സിനിമാസ് ഒരുക്കുന്ന 'ഒരു വടക്കൻ പ്രണയപർവ്വം', ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/oru-vadakkan-pranaya-parvam-shooting-started-1.9496442 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സൂരജ് സൺ, ശബരീഷ് വർമ്മ എന്നിവരുടെ 'ഒരു വടക്കൻ പ്രണയ പർവ്വം'; ട്രെയിലർ എത്തി - Sooraj sun movie Oru Vadakkan Pranaya Parvam - Asianet News Malayalam |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sooraj-sun-movie-oru-vadakkan-pranaya-parvam-trailer-sto6ho |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=asianetnews.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Sooraj Sun
*[[Shabareesh Varma]]
*Anjana Prakash
*Vineeth Vishwam
*Jenson Alappat
*Kaarthik Shankar
*Sreekanth Vettiyar
*Kunhikrishnan
*Kumar Sunil
*Rajesh Paravoor
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
*Dayyana Hameed
*Anupama V. P.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|tt35777241}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

Karuppu Roja

2026-03-03T04:49:13Z

Harish varma: cleanup article additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karuppu Roja
| image = Karuppu Roja.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = J. Paneer
| writer = [[Aabavanan]]
| producer = A. Karunamoorthy Indhumathy
| starring = [[Ramki]] Amar Siddique Yosika [[Vineetha]]
| cinematography = Selvakumar
| editing = R.T Annadurai
| studio = [[Ayngaran International]]
| music = M. S. V. Raja
| released = {{Film date|1996|12|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karuppu Roja''''' ({{translation|Black Rose}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[dark fantasy]] film directed by Paneer, written by [[Aabavanan]] and produced by [[Ayngaran International]]. The film stars [[Ramki]], Amar Siddique, Yosika, [[Vineetha]] amongst others. The project became the first [[DTS (company)|DTS]] film in Indian cinema, and had music composed by M. S. V. Raja, his first music composing venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2007 |title=From piano to oboe, he has played it all |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/11/stories/2007021117540200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213060700/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/11/stories/2007021117540200.htm |archive-date=13 February 2007 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2005 |title=Specials |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/tamilcinema-75.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724081959/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/tamilcinema-75.shtml |archive-date=24 July 2012 |access-date=25 May 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2023}}
Vinodh and Thulasi meet in college and fall in love and he manipulates her into marrying him. He then takes away her firstborn to kill him as an offering to please [[Satan]] in order to cure his mentally ill mother who has been insane since the death of her husband. But Aravindh, a kind exorcist who exorcises the ghosts in the [[Hindu mythology|Hindus]] by chanting Manthras, saves the child by praying to [[Shiva]], and Thulasi is also rescued by him finally. Vinodh dies at the former's hands for spreading [[Satanism]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ramki]] as Aravindh
* Amar Siddique as Vinod (voice dubbed by [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]])
* Yosika as Thulasi
* [[Vineetha]] as Meena
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Thulasi's mother
* S.R. Veeraraghavan as Thulasi's father
* [[Charle]]
* Srikanth
* Karikalan
* Kavithashree
* Kokila Gobinathan
* Sangeetha Balan
}}

== Production ==
''Karuppu Roja'' was written by [[Aabavanan]]. It was produced jointly by writer Indhumathi and by Karunamoorthy, who made his debut as a producer in the Tamil film industry with his studio [[Ayngaran International]]. The film was heavily publicised before releases, with the producers targeting magazines in particular to rave about the new sound system that the venture was introducing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=6 February 1996 |title=Movie info |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/UN2EcaI6Vkk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912014430/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/UN2EcaI6Vkk |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. V. Raja, with lyrics by Aabavanan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 1996 |title=Karuppu Roja (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/karuppu-roja-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1048078882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516153916/https://music.apple.com/in/album/karuppu-roja-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1048078882 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuppu Roja – Meendum Savithri |url=https://www.lakshmimusicshop.com/item/shop/2247-karuppu-roja-meendum-savithri-index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707102006/https://www.lakshmimusicshop.com/item/shop/2247-karuppu-roja-meendum-savithri-index.html |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=lakshmimusicshop.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mella Chirithal
| extra1 = [[Suresh Peters]]
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Mangala Roopini
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 1:25
| title3 = Siraiyil
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 2:13
| title4 = Karaiyil Oru
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 5:06
| title5 = Dealiya Poo
| extra5 = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| length5 = 4:54
| title6 = Thaayin Madiyil
| extra6 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| length6 = 1:24
| title7 = Thottu Vidava Naan
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length7 = 5:01
| title8 = Siraiyil
| extra8 = K. S. Chithra
| note8 = repeat
| length8 = 1:54
| title9 = Thaayin Madiyil
| extra9 = Jayachandran
| note9 = repeat
| length9 = 1:47
| title10 = Thaayin Madiyal
| extra10 =  —
| note10 = instrumental
| length10 = 1:26
| total_length = 30:13
}}

== Reception ==
Taramani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote uncharismatic lead pair, harsh music, logicless plot, dramatic dialogues are the troubles; however the only consolation is the screenplay, which is nothing short of horror while also panning the DTS sound system for being too loud and there is nothing appreciative about this film which has superstitions. Taramani concluded since the film had disgusting elements like spirits, black magic and sacrifice, they felt like bathing with [[dettol]] after coming out from the theatre.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தரமணி |date=5 May 1996 |title=கருப்பு ரோஜா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-05-05/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209084213/https://archive.org/details/kalki1996-05-05/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote " Iyngaran International's ''Karuppu Roja'' takes the viewer on a different plane of entertainment. Added to these is the technical expertise of Aabavanan (story, screenplay, lyrics and music) and his team, putting the computer graphics to good effect, the DTS sound system in Abirami cinema completing the picture."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=26 April 1996 |title=Cinema: Karuppu Roja/Chiraichalai/Sengottai/Raajali |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960427/03/2627a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221011936/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960427/03/2627a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[H. Sridhar]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer]], while D. Rajan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Cinema State Awards |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203152338/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archive-date=3 February 1999 |access-date=11 August 2009 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1990s dark fantasy films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films about mind control]]
[[Category:Films about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Aabavanan]]
[[Category:Indian dark fantasy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Baba Black Sheep (2023 film)

2026-03-03T02:32:03Z

Harish varma: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baba Black Sheep
| image = Baba_Black_Sheep_(2023_film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Rajmohan Arumugam]]
| writer = Rajmohan Arumugam
| producer = Rahul
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[RJ Vigneshkanth|Rj Vigneshkanth]]
* [[Ammu Abhirami]]
* Abdul Ayaz
}}
| cinematography = Sudarshan Srinivasan
| editing = Vijay Velukutty
| music = [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| studio = Romeo pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|2023|07|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Baba Black Sheep''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by [[Rajmohan Arumugam]]. The film stars [[RJ Vigneshkanth|Rj Vigneshkanth]], [[Ammu Abhirami]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=Abhirami to star in Baba Black Sheep |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/21/abhirami-to-make-comeback-with-baba-black-sheep-41346.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509051228/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/21/abhirami-to-make-comeback-with-baba-black-sheep-41346.html |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Abdul Ayaz, and Narendra Prasad. The film was produced by Raahul under the banner of Romeo Pictures. The film was released on 14 July 2023 in theatres.

==Plot==
A principal runs a school with a wall separating the Boys' school from the [[Mixed-sex education|coed]] school. The Boys' school hosts a gang with Ayaz as the head. The Girls' School has NP as the gang leader. The Principal dies suddenly, and the staff is unable to handle both schools. Instead, they combined the two. Eventually, a girl named Nila and Ayaz start to love each other. A fight breaks out between the gangs. Ayaz is given a TC and NP and her group come and save him, leading to the groups to unite. Nila, Ayaz, and NP find a suicidal letter. Whose is it?

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|

* Abdul Ayaz as Ayaz
* Narendra Prasath NP as Narendra Prasath (NP)
* [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] as Vignesh
* [[Ammu Abhirami]] as Nila
* Settai Sheriff as Sheriff
* Adhirchi Arun as Arun
* Pragatheeswaran as Pragadheesh (scientist)
* Harshath Khan as Harshath
* Kutty Moonji Vivek as Vivek
* Ram Nishanth as Nishanth
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Eshwari
* [[Bose Venkat]] as PT Sir and Arun's father
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Correspondent
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as NP's father
* Lollu Sabha Udhaya as Pragadheesh's father
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Councillor
* Suresh Chakravarthy as Nagarajan
* [[Rajmohan Arumugam|Rajmohan]] as a teacher
* KPY Pazhani as a teacher
* [[Madurai Muthu]] as a teacher
* [[Gundu Kalyanam]]
* G. P. Muthu as himself (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of the film started on 12 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Raj Mohan's directorial debut Baba Black Sheep goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/12/raj-mohans-directorial-debut-baba-black-sheep-goes-on-floors-37650.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331004547/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/12/raj-mohans-directorial-debut-baba-black-sheep-goes-on-floors-37650.html |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2. 5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Baba Black Sheep is a one-time watch, especially for 2K kids and those who want to revisit their school days."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baba Black Sheep Movie Review: Baba Black Sheep is fun and well-intentioned... in parts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/baba-black-sheep/movie-review/101734031.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716173310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/baba-black-sheep/movie-review/101734031.cms |archive-date=2023-07-16 |access-date=2023-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "In the opening credits of the film, Rajmohan mentions in a voiceover that the 2k kids brand everything as 'cringe' these days and it is hard to win over them. I thought with such self-awareness, things couldn't possibly go wrong, especially when it is made for the very own 2k kids, but alas!" and gave 2 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Baba Black Sheep Movie Review: The gags make you smile, but the pathos make you laugh |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/14/baba-black-sheep-movie-review-the-gags-make-you-smile-but-the-pathos-make-you-laugh-45634.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716173314/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/14/baba-black-sheep-movie-review-the-gags-make-you-smile-but-the-pathos-make-you-laugh-45634.html |archive-date=2023-07-16 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' critic gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Baba Black Sheep Review: 'சோதிக்காதீங்கண்ணா!' இது படமா, இல்ல சுமார் ரக யூடியூப் வீடியோ ஸ்க்ரிப்ட்டா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/baba-black-sheep-review-lack-of-proper-plot-and-scenes-with-outdated-jokes-tests-our-patience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716173315/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/baba-black-sheep-review-lack-of-proper-plot-and-scenes-with-outdated-jokes-tests-our-patience |archive-date=2023-07-16 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt11952832}}

[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Multani (caste)

2026-02-19T15:00:20Z

Harish varma: small corrected section after review further and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|Muslim community found in the Gujarat state in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{One source|date=September 2024}}
{{About-distinguish-text|the Indian caste|the [[Multani people]] of Pakistan}}

The '''Multani''' are a traditionally nomadic [[Labana]] community of Northern India who historically specialised in the transport and trade of grain, silk, diamond and gold.<ref>{{cite book |last=Habib|first=Irfan|authorlink=Irfan Habib |editor-first=James D. |editor-last=Tracy |chapter=Merchant Communities in Precolonial India|title=The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=371–99 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511563089 |isbn=978-0-52145-735-4}}</ref> They are Muslim and found in [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=N. K. |last1=Singh |first2=A. P. |last2=Mishra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8HT5OMWVssC&q=Mirasi&pg=PA563 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Enthnography Of Indian Muslim (3 vol. set) |date=August 2008 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-297-9 |pages=558–560 |language=en}}</ref>

Multani surname is also used by some Hindus and Muslims.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Multan District]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

List of Kannada films of 2013

2026-02-04T21:10:06Z

Harish varma: fixed intro per sources based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Sandalwood films}}

A list of Kannada language films produced in the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]] in India in 2013.
* Films are generally released every Friday . And Thursday
* In addition films can be released on specific [[festival|festival days]].

==Box office collection==
The [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films]] released in 2013, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.

The rank of the films in the following depends on the worldwide gross. The budget is only for knowledgeable purpose.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+The highest worldwide gross of 2013
|-
! Rank !! Title
! Production company !! Worldwide gross !! References
|-
|1
|''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]''
|Thoogudeepa Productions
|{{INRConvert|25|c}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2013-12-30 |title=Sandalwood Report Card |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/Dec/30/sandalwood-report-card-557121.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
|''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]''
|Sri Venkateshwara Krupa Entertainers
|{{INRConvert|20|c}}
|-
|3
|''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]''
|[[Jayanna Combines]]
|{{INRConvert|15|c}}
|-
|4
|''[[Varadhanayaka]]''
|Shankar Productions
|{{INRConvert|13|c}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=Sudeep ruled box-office in 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-ruled-box-office-in-2013/articleshow/27580381.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Bhajarangi]]''
|Film Entertainers Path
|{{INRConvert|12.5|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=From ‘Bajarangi’ to ‘Kavacha’: Here are the top five movies of Shivarajkumar in the last one decade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/from-bajarangi-to-kavacha-here-are-the-top-five-movies-of-shivarajkumar-in-the-last-one-decade/photostory/74176794.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Raja Huli]]''
|Lakshmisri Combines
|{{INRConvert|12|c}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|''[[Topiwala]]''
|Crazymindz
|{{INRConvert|11|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2013-12-17 |title=Comedies reaped gold for southern cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/comedies-reaped-gold-southern-cinema-2299684 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
|''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]''
|Vajreshwari Combines
|{{INRConvert|7|c}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|9
|''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]''
|R. Chandru Films
|{{INRConvert|5.7|c}}
|}

==Events==
* [[Karnataka State Film Awards|State Film Awards 2011–12]] announced on 14 March.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518070059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news-interviews/37712086_1_second-best-film-basanth-kumar-patil-sunil-kumar-desai|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-05-18|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[60th Filmfare Awards South]], held 20 July 2013 in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/And-the-Filmfare-Award-for-Kannada-goes-to--/articleshow/21215657.cms|title=And the Filmfare Award for Kannada goes to...|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]], on 12–13 September 2013 in UAE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siima.in/|title=South Indian International Movie Awards -- SIIMA|website=siima.in}}</ref>
* [[Suvarna Film Awards]], by Suvarna channel.
* [[Udaya Film Awards]], by Udaya Channel
* Bangalore Times Film Awards

==Released films==

===January–June===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;" | '''J A N'''
|rowspan="4" align="center"| '''11th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Galaate]]'' || [[M. D. Sridhar]] || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], Hardhika Shetty, [[Shashikumar]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by AMR Productions || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/news-interviews/36160861_1_prajwal-devaraj-varadanayaka-release|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214150922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/news-interviews/36160861_1_prajwal-devaraj-varadanayaka-release|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-14|title=Galaate is 2013's first release |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Ee Bhoomi Aa Bhanu]]'' || K. C. Venugopal || Patre Ajith, [[Saranya Mohan]], [[Suresh Heblikar]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Srishti Creations || align="center"|<ref name="Kannada box-office">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/kannadabo|title=Kannada Box Office|website=Facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Kotlallappo Kai'' || Rishi || Yathiraj, Dhanush, Nayana, Sangeetha Shetty || [[Adult film|Adult romance]] || ||align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/20038/sandalwood/kotlallappo-kai-film-on-sexual-addiction-news-details |title='Kotlallappo Kai' film on sexual addiction! |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123044909/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/20038/sandalwood/kotlallappo-kai-film-on-sexual-addiction-news-details |archive-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Manasina Putadali'' || Prashanth K. Shetty || Kishan Bhandary, Raksha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-watch-out-for-these-kannada-sankranti-releases/20130110.htm#1|title=Watch out for these Kannada Sankranti releases|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| '''18th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Lakshmi (2013 film)|Lakshmi]]''|| Raghava Loki || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Priyamani]], [[Saloni Aswani]], [[Komal Kumar]] ||[[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Bharani Minerals ||align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/2326-lakshmi-censored-u-a-release-on-11th.html|title=Lakshmi Censored U/A - Release on 11th - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| '''25th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' || [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]|| [[Sudeep]], [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Nikesha Patel]] ||[[Action film|Action]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' Produced by Shankar Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/kannadabo?ref=ts&fref=ts|title=Kannada Box Office|website=Facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|- February!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''1st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Bangari (2013 film)|Bangari]]'' || Ma. Chandru || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by Shivashankara Productions || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-movie-bangari--to-be-released-on-february-1/369781-71-205.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216071619/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-movie-bangari--to-be-released-on-february-1/369781-71-205.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-16|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Sandalwood Sa Re Ga Ma'' || Sharath Kadhri || [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Sindhu Lokanath]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Surabhi Talkies || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/308747/sandalwood-sa-ri-ga-ma.html|title=Sandalwood Sa Ri Ga Ma.. a movie out of the box|date=30 January 2013|website=Deccanherald.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''8th'''
|align="center"|''[[Charminar (2013 film)|Charminar]]'' || [[R. Chandru]] || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Meghana Gaonkar]], Kumudha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by R Chandru films || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kannada.indianfilmtube.co/chandru-completes-charminar/ |title=R Chandru completes 'Charminar' |access-date=2013-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116011736/http://kannada.indianfilmtube.co/chandru-completes-charminar/ |archive-date=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Gombegala Love]]'' || Santhosh || Arun, [[Paavana Gowda]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gombegala-love-review-this-kannada-film-is-a-balanced-romance-drama/372155-71-205.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225193213/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gombegala-love-review-this-kannada-film-is-a-balanced-romance-drama/372155-71-205.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-25|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| '''14th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Attahasa]]'' || [[A. M. R. Ramesh]] || [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]], [[Lakshmi Rai]], [[Bhavana Rao]] || [[Action film|Action]] / [[Crime film|Crime]] || Produced by Akshaya Creations || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/90933.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215082201/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/90933.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''15th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Padhe Padhe]]'' || Peenya Nagaraj || [[Tarun Chandra]], [[Akhila Kishore]], Mridula Sathe || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Nihal Movies || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref name="supergoodmovies">{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/54108/sandalwood/love-and-comedy-for-friday-news-details |title=Love and Comedy for Friday |access-date=14 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215094157/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/54108/sandalwood/love-and-comedy-for-friday-news-details |archive-date=15 February 2013 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Devarane'' || Lucky Shankar || [[Ravishankar Gowda]], [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Bank Janardhan]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Shiva – Shankar productions || align="center"|<ref name="supergoodmovies" />
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''22nd'''
|align="center"| ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]'' || [[Nagashekar]] || [[Chetan Kumar]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[R. Sarath Kumar]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Omkar Movies ||align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-film-myna-to-be-released-on-february-22-2013/374284-71-205.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106123436/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-film-myna-to-be-released-on-february-22-2013/374284-71-205.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Hejjegalu'' || P. R. Ramadas Naidu || Baby Prakruthi, [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Sudha Belawadi]], || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Basanth Productions || align="center"|
|-
|- March!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
|align="center"| '''1st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Rajani Kantha]]'' || Pradeep Raj || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] / [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by K. Manju Films || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91382.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531225007/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91382.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2015|title=Tamil Cinema News - Tamil Movie Reviews - Tamil Movie Trailers |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''8th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Simple Agi Ondh Love Story]]'' || [[Simple Suni|Sunil Kumar]] || [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Shwetha Srivatsav]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2013/simple-agond-love-story-review-104898.html|title=Simple Agi Ondh Love Story Review|date=8 March 2013|website=Oneindia}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Neenandre Ishta Kano'' || N T Jayarama Reddy || [[Dhruv Sharma]], Myna, [[Soumya Bollapragada|Roopanjali]], Venkatesh Prasad, [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Remake of Telugu film ''Ammayilu Abbayilu'' Produced by Rubi cine craft || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/91593.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130225/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/91593.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''15th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Topiwala]]'' || M G Srinivas || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravishankar]] || [[Action comedy film|Action comedy]] || Produced by RS Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12838-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106123438/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12838-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Yaarivanu'' || Madan Patel || Ravi Chetan, Madan Patel, Anuki, Neha, Riya Rao || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Media International || align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/26626/sandalwood/satyananda-ready-news-details |title='Satyananda' Ready |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125034844/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/26626/sandalwood/satyananda-ready-news-details |archive-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''22nd'''
|align="center"| ''[[CID Eesha]]'' || N. Rajesh Fernandes || [[Jaggesh]], [[Flora Saini|Mayuri]], [[Komal Kumar]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[CID Moosa]]'' || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-three-kannada-films-to-release-this-week/20130321.htm|title=Three Kannada films to release this weekend|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Ziddi (2013 film)|Ziddi]]'' || R. Anantha Raju || [[Prajwal Devraj]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Aishwarya Nag]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'' || align="center"|<ref name="rediff" />
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Nenapinangala]]'' || Dhanuchandra Mavinakunte || Hemanth, Supreetha, [[Sudha Belawadi]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Om Sai Cine Creations || align="center"|<ref name="rediff" />
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| '''29th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Veera (2013 film)|Veera]]'' || [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]|| [[Malashri]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Komal Kumar]], [[Mukul Dev]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Ramu Enterprises || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/news-interviews/37650249_1_veera-sandalwood-malashri|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426163204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/news-interviews/37650249_1_veera-sandalwood-malashri|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-26|title=Veera to release on March 29|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|- April!
| rowspan="16" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFDEAD; textcolor:#000;" | '''A P R'''
|rowspan="4" align="center"| '''5th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Andhar Bahar]]'' || Phaneesh Ramanathapura || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Srujan Lokesh]], [[Arundhati Nag]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Legends International || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/2682-andar-bahar-censored-releasing-on-april-5th.html|title=Andar Bahar Censored - Releasing on April 5th - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Bharath Stores]]'' || [[P. Sheshadri]] || [[Sudharani]], [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Chi Guru Dutt]], [[V. Manohar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Basant Kumar Patil || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bharat-stores-opens-tomorrow/article4577689.ece|title=Bharat Stores opens tomorrow|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|date=4 April 2013|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Ee Banna Lokadali'' || V. Rama Rao || [[Ramesh Bhat]], Veena Sundar, Rekha Das || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Ranga Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/ee_banna_lokadale_film.html|title=cinecircle - Kannada Movies News - Kannada Movies Gallery - TV News - Kannada Movie Reviews - cinecircle.in|website=cinecircle.in}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Arya's Love'' || Puneeth Arya || Shakti Kumar, [[Sukrutha Wagle]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Christel Juice Entertainment Limited || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/90184.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121150746/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/90184.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''11th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' || [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] || [[Sudeep]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]], [[Tulip Joshi]], [[Parul Yadav]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Sri Venkateshwara Krupa Creations || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/92610.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413070503/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/92610.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''12th'''
|align="center"| ''Manasa'' || [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || Anitha Rani, Shivadwaj, [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Ani Arts || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/92584.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414124656/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/92584.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Akka Pakka]]'' || UK Das || [[Ravishankar Gowda]], [[Tabla Nani]], Radhika Gandhi || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Lalitha Deep Arts || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/92668.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040929/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/92668.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2014|title=Malayalam Cinema News - Malayalam Movie Reviews - Malayalam Movie Trailers |website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" align="center"|'''19th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Parari (2013 film)|Parari]]'' || [[K. M. Chaitanya]] || Shravanth, [[Shuba Poonja]], [[Jahnavi Kamath]], Shrunga, [[Bullet Prakash]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Shakti Entertainment Pvt Ltd. || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/87042.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025173958/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/87042.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Koormavatara]]'' || [[Girish Kasaravalli]] || Shikaripura Krishnamurthy, [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Basant Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''Belakinedege'' || Ajay Kumar || [[Karibasavaiah]], [[Ramakrishna]], Mohan Juneja, Champa Shetty || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Tulsi Films || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kfi365.com/tag/2013/ |title=2013 | KFi365 |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015646/http://www.kfi365.com/tag/2013/ |archive-date=16 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Gajendra'' || J. G. Krishna || Vinod Prabhakar, [[Daisy Shah]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Arya Mourya Enterprises || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/12300/kannada/gajendra/index.htm|title=Gajendra (2013) - Kannada Movie Gajendra - Gajendra Cast & Crew, Trailers, Reviews|website=Nowrunning.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Sri Amareshwara Mahatme'' || Aravinda Mulagunda || [[Abhijeeth]], Sunanda Hospet, Ujwal, [[Bank Janardhan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Mangalore/Sri-Amareshwara-Mahatme/9176/ |title=Sri Amareshwara Mahatme, release date, showtimes in Mangalore, reviews, cast info - asklaila |website=www.asklaila.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616060713/http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Mangalore/Sri-Amareshwara-Mahatme/9176/ |archive-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''20th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu]]'' || [[S. Narayan]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[S. Narayan]], [[Mohan Shankar]], [[Umashri]], Manasi, Sanathini || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Padma Sundari creations || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu.html</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''26th'''
|align="center"| ''Jataayu'' || Raaj || Raaj, [[Surabhi Santhosh]], Roopasri, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Bullet Prakash]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Amogh Enterprises || align="center"|
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Benki Birugali (2013 film)|Benki Birugali]]'' || Basheed || [[Richard Rishi|Rishi]], [[Namitha]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]], [[Saloni Aswani]], [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Produced by SBK Films ||align="center"|
|-
|align="center"| ''Janma'' || Chandrachud || Santhu, Hemanth G Nag, Meenakshi, [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Santhosh Movie Makers || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/93119.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430010919/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/93119.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|- May!
| rowspan="11" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''10th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' || [[M. D. Sridhar]] || [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Rachita Ram]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] / [[Romance film|Romance]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' Produced by Thoogudeepa Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-06/news-interviews/39063657_1_film-elections-mandya-constituency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510052250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-06/news-interviews/39063657_1_film-elections-mandya-constituency|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-05-10|title=Bulbul to release in 180-plus theatres |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Madarangi]]'' || Mallikarjun || [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]], [[Sushma Raj]], Naksha Shetty, [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Krishna Talkies || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title= Madarangi Gets 'U/A' |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/93256.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130504020851/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/93256.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 May 2013 |work= Indiaglitz |date= 2 May 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''17th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Aane Pataaki]]'' || [[Chandrashekar Bandiyappa]] || [[Srujan Lokesh]], Parvathi Nirban, [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]|| Remake of Hollywood film ''[[The Party (1968 film)|The Party]]'' Produced by Ananya & Aishwarya Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/previews/39255484_1_srujan-lokesh-big-screen-film|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015740/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/previews/39255484_1_srujan-lokesh-big-screen-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-16|title=Ane Pataki |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Kumbha Rashi'' || Chandrahas || [[Chetan Chandra]], Roopika, [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], Harish Rai || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Revanna Siddeshwara Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kumbha-rashi-to-release-on-may-17-news-kannada-nfjkMecdjce.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214802/http://www.sify.com/movies/kumbha-rashi-to-release-on-may-17-news-kannada-nfjkMecdjce.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-08-26|title='Kumbha Rashi' to release on May 17!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Pagade'' || Hemanth G Nag || Vishwas Bharadwaj, Gamya || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sri Manjunatha Tele and Cine Productions || align="center"|<ref name="Kannada box-office"/>
|-
|align="center"|'''23rd'''
|align="center"| ''[[Election (2013 film)|Election]]'' || [[Om Prakash Rao]] || [[Malashri]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Suchendra Prasad]] || [[Action drama]] || Produced by Ramu Enterprises || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Election-to-hit-screens-on-May-23/articleshow/20068725.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-15/news-interviews/39280675_1_malashri-dayal-padmanabhan-movie|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-16|title=Election to hit screens on May 23|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''24th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Jinke Mari]]'' || Naveen Kumar || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], Sonia Gowda, [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Suman Ranganathan]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] / [[Romance film|Romance]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]'' Produced by Peacock Cinemas || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-15/news-interviews/39281129_1_jinke-mari-actress-suman-ranganath-mahesh-balekundri|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-15/news-interviews/39281129_1_jinke-mari-actress-suman-ranganath-mahesh-balekundri|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-16|title=Jinke Mari to hit screens on May 24 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Kaveri Nagara'' || Ravi Manjunath || [[Devaraj]], Supreetha, [[Lohithaswa]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/12553/kannada/kaveri-nagar/cast.and.crew.htm|title=Kaveri Nagar Cast and Crew - Kannada Movie Kaveri Nagar Cast and Crew|website=NOWRUNNING}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Story Kathe]]'' || K. R. Jagadisha || [[Thilak Shekar]], Pratap Narayan, Neha Patil, [[Parvathy Nair]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Produced by Nirvaana Films || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nirvaanafilms.com/|title=Story Kathe – The Film|website=Nirvaanafilms.com|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830010916/http://nirvaanafilms.com/|archive-date=30 August 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''31st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Director's Special (film)|Director's Special]]'' || [[Guruprasad]] || [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Tabla Nani]] || [[Satirical|Satire]] || Produced by Govindu || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/previews/Directors-Special/articleshow/20350600.cms|title=Director's Special |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]'' (Re-release) || [[S.K Bhagavan|Dorai – Bhagawan]] || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], Padmapriya, [[Vajramuni]], [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]] || [[Spy film|Spy]] || Original release in 1978 Produced by Anupam Movies || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/news-interviews/39579187_1_operation-diamond-racket-vajramuni-dr-rajkumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-28/news-interviews/39579187_1_operation-diamond-racket-vajramuni-dr-rajkumar|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|title=Operation Diamond Racket on screens again |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|- June!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U N'''
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''7th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Kaddipudi]]'' || [[Duniya Soori]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Radhika Pandit]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Ananth Nag]], Balu Nagendra || [[Action film|Action Crime]] || Produced by Sri Banashankari Chitralaya || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39628085_1_kaddi-pudi-suri-aindrita-ray|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106041049/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news-interviews/39628085_1_kaddi-pudi-suri-aindrita-ray|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|title=Kaddi Pudi to release on June 7|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''14th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Radhan Ganda]]'' || Murugan || [[Komal Kumar]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]], Poorna Kumar || [[Comedy drama]] || Produced by Shantha Pictures || align="center"|<ref name="Mahanadi Vs Radhan Ganda on Friday">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/94586.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015629/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/94586.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|title=Tamil Cinema News - Tamil Movie Reviews - Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil|website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Mahanadi (2013 film)|Mahanadi]]'' || Krishnappa Uppur || [[Sanjjana]], [[Dileep Raj]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Shobaraj]], [[Lokanath]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by JJ Cine Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''21st'''
|align="center"|''[[Auto Raja (2013 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || Uday Prakash || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Deepika Kamaiah]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] / [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by San City Films || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/news-interviews/39674575_1_auto-raja-shankar-nag-uday-prakash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731160530/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/news-interviews/39674575_1_auto-raja-shankar-nag-uday-prakash|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-31|title=Auto Raja to hit screens on June 21|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Gharbada Gudi'' || [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Mohan Shankar]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], Padmaja Rao, [[Tennis Krishna]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Apsara Movies || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-interviews/38462164_1_female-infanticide-film-anu-prabhakar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-interviews/38462164_1_female-infanticide-film-anu-prabhakar|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|title=Anu Prabhakar returns with Gharbada Gudi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| '''27th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' || [[Roopa Iyer]] || [[Shriya Saran]], [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || [[Period film|Period romance]] || Produced by India Classic Art A Kannada – Tamil Bilingual || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/94945.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106041049/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/94945.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2014|title=Telugu Cinema News - Telugu Movie Reviews - Telugu Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Telugu|website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''28th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]'' || [[Preetham Gubbi]] || Likhith Shetty, Sonia Gowda, [[Vinayak Joshi]], [[Sunil Nagappa|Krishna]], [[Milana Nagaraj]], [[Kavya Shetty]]|| [[Bromance]] || Produced by Gubbi Talkies || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Nam-Duniya-Nam-Style-gets-a-U-certificate/articleshow/20712313.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-22/news-interviews/40133135_1_nam-duniya-nam-style-u-certificate-preetham-gubbi|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-01-06|title=Nam Duniya Nam Style gets a U certificate |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Bidalare Endu Ninna'' || Umesh Badaradinni || [[Naveen Krishna]], Swathi, Bhumika Chabria, [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Horror film|Horror]] || Produced by Amma Talkies || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/88084.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116095018/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/88084.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2012|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Cycle'' || Agni || Agni, [[Harshika Poonacha]], Lahari Velu || [[Romance film|Romance]]|| Produced by Gelethana Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/?p=6985|title=chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image - Home|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|}

===July – December===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! width="13%" | Title
! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
|align="center"| '''5th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Chella Pilli]]'' || Saikrishna Kudla || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Aishwarya Nag]], [[Shobharaj]], [[M. S. Umesh]], [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by Shine City Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-21/news-interviews/40118126_1_vijay-raghavendra-aishwarya-nag-movie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712124631/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-21/news-interviews/40118126_1_vijay-raghavendra-aishwarya-nag-movie|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-12|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Chella Pilli to release on July 5}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''12th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Whistle (Kannada film)|Whistle]]'' || [[Prashant Raj]] || [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Pranitha Subhash]], [[Guruprasad]], [[Chi Guru Dutt]] || [[Romantic thriller]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' Produced by Nimma Cinema – Bangalore Brothers || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-10/news-interviews/40490837_1_movies-theatres-weekend|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713062226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-10/news-interviews/40490837_1_movies-theatres-weekend|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-13|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Three Kannada movies to release this weekend}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Ale'' || Gopikiran || Tanush, [[Harshika Poonacha]], Aviva Bidappa, [[Tabla Nani]], [[Ramakrishna]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by KKR Film House || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''Bhairavi'' || H. S. Rajashekar || Ayesha, [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Sathish Ninasam]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Sri Sankeshwara Combines || align="center"|<ref name="The Times of India"/>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''19th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Googly (2013 film)|Googly]]'' || [[Pawan Wadeyar]] || [[Yash (Kannada actor)|Yash]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Jayanna Films || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/news-interviews/40553731_1_googly-u-certificate-rocking-star-yash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719050016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/news-interviews/40553731_1_googly-u-certificate-rocking-star-yash|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-19|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Googly gets U certificate, set for a July 19 release}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Money Honey Shani'' || Rajesh Murthy || Monish Nagaraj, [[Bhavana Rao]], RJ Prithvi, Vasu Dixit, Kanchan Ramaprasad || [[Romantic comedy|Rom-Com]] || Produced by Rajesh Murthy || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/previews/40656276_1_rj-prithvi-money-honey-shani-bhavana-rao|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130725083732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/previews/40656276_1_rj-prithvi-money-honey-shani-bhavana-rao|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-25|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Money Honey Shani}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''26th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Loosegalu]]'' || Arun || [[Sri Murali]], Srikanth, [[Akul Balaji]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], Shravya, [[Aishwarya Nag]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by County Film Makers.|| align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref name="Three for Friday">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/95820.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030142947/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/95820.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya]]'' || Rajendra Karanth || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Harshika Poonacha]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], Sonia Gowda || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Sandesh Nagaraj || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-15/news-interviews/37118547_1_mangana-kaiyalli-manikya-nam-anna-don-rajendra-karanth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-15/news-interviews/37118547_1_mangana-kaiyalli-manikya-nam-anna-don-rajendra-karanth|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mangana Kaiyalli Manikya gets a U/A certificate}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Teenage (2013 Indian film)|Teenage]]'' || Srikanth || [[Kishan Shrikanth]], [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar|Tanvi Lonkar]], Priya Bharat Khanna, Apoorva Arora, Jayshree, Master Lakshman || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Salt N' Pepper Entertainment Limited || align="center"|<ref name="Three for Friday"/>
|-
|- August!
| rowspan="12" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#C2B280; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G'''
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''2nd'''
|align="center"| ''[[Dirty Picture: Silk Sakkath Maga|Silk Sakkath Hot]]'' || Trishul || [[Veena Malik]], Akshay, [[Srinivasa Murthy]] || biographical film / [[Drama film|Drama]] || Inspired by Hindi film ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' || align="center"|<ref>[http://www.indiawest.com/news/12548-veena-malik-s-silk-sakkath-hot-maga-ready-for-release.html Veena Malik's ‘Silk Sakkath Hot Maga’ Ready for Release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040452/http://www.indiawest.com/news/12548-veena-malik-s-silk-sakkath-hot-maga-ready-for-release.html |date=6 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Case No. 18/9]]'' || Mahesh Rao || Niranjan Shetty, [[Sindhu Lokanath]], Shweta Pandit, [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[Crime thriller]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref name="Case no 18/9 ready to release">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924640_1_movie-buffs-sindhu-lokanath-niranjan-shetty Case no 18/9 ready to release]</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Aashirvada'' || Surya Mohan || Surya Mohan, [[Disha Poovaiah]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/BO-fight-between-Silk--and-Case-No-18/9/articleshow/21527750.cms|title=BO fight between 'Silk..' and Case No 18/9|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''9th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]]'' || [[Jayatheertha]] || [[Srinagar Kitty]], Dileep Raj, [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Preeti Jhangiani]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || Produced by Sky Studios. || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''I am in Love'' || Nandakumar || Mahesh, [[Kavya Shetty]], Neha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Nakshatra Entertainment || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/BO-fight-between-Tony-and-I-am-in-Love/articleshow/21705804.cms|title=BO fight between Tony and I am in Love|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''15th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Jayammana Maga]]'' || Ravikiran Vikas || [[Duniya Vijay]], Bharathi, [[Rangayana Raghu]], Kalyani Raju || [[Dark fantasy]] || Produced by Vijay Enterprises and Duniya Talkies || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/3734-jayammana-maga-review.html|title=Jayammana Maga Movie Review - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''16th'''
|align="center"| ''Neralu'' || Vinod Khanadalli || Sanjeev, Akash, [[Shashikumar]], [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Sudha Belawadi]], [[Honnavalli Krishna]] || [[Dramatic film|Drama]] || Produced by Atul Kulkarni || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''23rd'''
|align="center"| ''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'' || [[Nanda Kishore]] || [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Asmita Sood]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravishankar]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by S.R.S. Media Vision || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-23/news-interviews/41439697_1_good-reviews-sharan-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101085024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-23/news-interviews/41439697_1_good-reviews-sharan-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-01|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sharan's Victory rakes in good reviews}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Nanda Gokula'' || M. N. Simha Joshi || [[Rakesh Adiga]], Tejaswini Prakash, [[Bank Janardhan]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], Padma Vasanthi || [[Dramatic film|Drama]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' Produced by B N Joshi Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/victory-nanda-gokula-to-release-this-week-news-kannada-nivk4Aaeadg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824031629/http://www.sify.com/movies/victory-nanda-gokula-to-release-this-week-news-kannada-nivk4Aaeadg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-24|title='Victory' & 'Nanda Gokula' to release this week!|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''30th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Barfi (film)|Barfi]]'' || Shekar || [[Diganth]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Harish Raj]], Dileep Raj, Samyuktha Belawadi || [[romantic comedy|Romantic Comedy]] || Produced by Chathurthi Creators || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Shathru (2013 film)|Shatru]]'' || [[JKS (director)|JKS]] || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Dimple Chopade]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Tabla Nani]] || [[Action film|Action]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || Produced by Sri Sai Ram Pictures || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/91649.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312121934/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/91649.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref> {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Mandahasa]]'' || Rajesh Nair || Chethan, [[Rakesh Adiga]], Nikki || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by ADVK Motion Picture Company Pvt Ltd. || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|- September!
|rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#F5DEB3; textcolor:#000;" | '''S E P'''
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''5th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Pyarge Aagbittaite (film)|Pyarge Aagbittaite]]'' || Kevin Bala || [[Komal Kumar]], Prarthana, [[Akul Balaji]], [[Tennis Krishna]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || Remake of Marathi film ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' Produced by Rakshita Films || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=8089&start=60|title=Account Suspended|website=Gandhadagudi.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''6th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'' || [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] || [[Sathish Ninasam]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], Hardhika Shetty, [[Achyuth Kumar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Audience Films & Home Talkies || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''12th'''
|align="center"| ''Umesh'' || Ashok Kumar || Jeetendra Simon, Voila Mathew, Nilopher || biographical film / [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by S. M. Cine Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news-interviews/41800261_1_umesh-reddy-high-court-postpones-filmmaker-joe-simon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news-interviews/41800261_1_umesh-reddy-high-court-postpones-filmmaker-joe-simon|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-06|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=High Court postpones the release of Umesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3858-umesh-releasing-on-12th.html|title=Umesh Releasing On 12th - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''13th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Appayya (2013 film)|Appayya]]'' || [[S. Narayan]] || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[S. Narayan]], Indrakumar || [[Drama film|Drama]] / [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Bhagyavathi Combines || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97426.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914144113/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97426.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''20th'''
|align="center"| ''Jungle Jackie'' || Ravi Kadooru || Rajesh, Aishwarya, [[Bullet Prakash]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] / [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Media House Studio || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''Blue Moon'' || B. S. Sanjay || Vishnuvardhan, Monisha Chowdhary, Vikram, Sathish || [[Adult film|Adult romance]] || Produced by SPR Productions || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97762.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922091349/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/97762.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''26th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Brindavana|Brundaavana]]'' || K. Madesha || [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Karthika Nair]], [[Milana Nagaraj]], [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Sampath Raj]] || [[Action drama]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' Produced by Sri Seetha Bhairaveshwara Creations || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3908-brindavana-censored-u-a-releasing-on-26th.html|title=Brindavana Censored U/A - Releasing on 26th - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|- October!
| rowspan="8" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFB7C5; textcolor:#000;" | '''O C T'''
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''4th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Dilwala]]'' || Anil Kumar || [[Sumanth Shailendra]], [[Radhika Pandit]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Jai Jagadish]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Shailendra Productions ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3962-dilwala-releasing-with-expectation.html|title=Dilwala Releasing With Expectation - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''11th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Jatta (film)|Jatta]]'' || Giriraj || [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], Sukrutha Wagle, Pavana, B. Suresh || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Omkar Movies ||align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jatta-coming-very-soon-news-kannada-nj4jnXajcbj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031162152/http://www.sify.com/movies/jatta-coming-very-soon-news-kannada-nj4jnXajcbj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-31|title='Jatta' coming very soon|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Dasavala]]'' || M. S. Ramesh || [[Prem (director)|Prem]], [[Akshara Menon]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Namana Films || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dasavala-blossoms-this-friday-news-kannada-nkilS6gebca.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011054723/http://www.sify.com/movies/dasavala-blossoms-this-friday-news-kannada-nkilS6gebca.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-11|title='Dasavala' blossoms this friday|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Kamini'' || Ramana || Shobina, Rajeev || [[Erotic thriller]] || || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/98175.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006020838/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/98175.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''18th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Sakkare]]'' || [[Abhaya Simha]] || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Vinaya Prasad]] || [[Romantic drama]] || Produced by Media House Studio || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''25th'''
|align="center"| ''Chitramandiradalli'' || Venkatachala || Shankar Aryan, Namitha Rao || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sharvari Communications || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Get-set-to-treat-those-grey-cells-with-Chitramandiradalli/articleshow/24672095.cms|title=Get set to treat those grey cells with Chitramandiradalli|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Dhanu'' || K. Devu || Santhosh, Kushi, [[Bullet Prakash]], Killer Venkatesh, Petrol Prasanna, [[Vijanath Biradar]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Lakshith Arts || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/1729-dhanu-launched.html|title=Dhanu Launched - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Case No.18/9'' (Re-release) || Mahesh Rao || Niranjan Shetty, [[Sindhu Lokanath]], Shweta Pandit, [[Rangayana Raghu]] || [[Crime thriller]] || Initial release on 2 August 2013 Remake of Tamil film ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref name="Case no 18/9 ready to release"/>
|-
|- November!
| rowspan="13" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''1st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Raja Huli]]'' || Guru Deshpande || [[Yash (Kannada actor)|Yash]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Charan Raj]], Harsha || [[Action film|Action]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' Produced by K Manju Films ||align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4062-raja-huli-censored-releasing-on-nov-1st.html|title=Raja Huli Censored - Releasing on Nov 1st - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|website=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Slum (film)|Slum]]'' || Mahesh Kumar || Mayur Patel, [[Disha Poovaiah]], Neha Patel, [[Achyuth Kumar]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sagar Films ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/news-interviews/38841944_1_police-story-3-paru-w-o-devdas-soundarya-jayamala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527214019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/news-interviews/38841944_1_police-story-3-paru-w-o-devdas-soundarya-jayamala|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-05-27|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Slum gets A certificate}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''8th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Sweety Nanna Jodi]]'' || Vijayalakshmi Singh || [[Auditya]], [[Kutty Radhika|Radhika Kumaraswamy]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Umashree]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Shamika Enterprises ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/news-interviews/43559319_1_sweety-nanna-jodi-movie-buffs-vijayalakshmi-singhSweety|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104105000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/news-interviews/43559319_1_sweety-nanna-jodi-movie-buffs-vijayalakshmi-singhSweety|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-04|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=News: India News, Latest Bollywood News, Sports News, Business & Political News, National & International News}}</ref> {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''15th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Ambara]]'' || Sen Prakash || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Harish Raj]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], Vishwa || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Aura Cinemas || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-08/news-interviews/43821694_1_ambara-bank-janardhan-sen-prakash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-08/news-interviews/43821694_1_ambara-bank-janardhan-sen-prakash|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ambara to release on November 15}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Aantharya'' || Aney Santhosh Gowda || Praveen, Apsara || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Sri Lakshmi Ventakeshwara Creations || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53610/sandalwood/antharya-ready-with-songs-news-details|title=Antharya ready with songs|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129011933/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53610/sandalwood/antharya-ready-with-songs-news-details|archive-date=29 January 2013|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Jeethu'' || Edwin || Edwin, Rachana Gowda, [[Vijanath Biradar]], [[Tabla Nani]], Dingri Nagaraj || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sri Shivalaya Movie Makers || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/95859.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130307/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/95859.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''22nd'''
|align="center"| ''[[Coffee With My Wife]]'' || Vidyasagar || [[Anish Tejeshwar]], [[Sindhu Lokanath]], Kumudha || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Neha Media Pvt Ltd. A Kannada – Telugu bilingual ||align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/coffee-with-my-wife-releases-today-news-kannada-nlwjkHidhjg.html |title=Coffee with my wife releases today |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226055916/http://www.sify.com/movies/coffee-with-my-wife-releases-today-news-kannada-nlwjkHidhjg.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Colors in Bangalore'' || Girish Srivatsa || Girish Srivatsa, Supriya, Upasana, [[Mimicry Dayanand]], Mico Manjunath || [[Romantic drama]] || Produced by Studio Line Movies ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/100090.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123100609/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/100090.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Khatarnak (2013 film)|Khatharnak]]'' || Malavalli Saikrishna || [[Ravi Kale]], Roopika, [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Crime thriller]] || Distributed by Jayanna Combines ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-18/news-interviews/44201067_1_film-certification-khatarnak-rapist-umesh-reddyKhatarnak|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122071400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-18/news-interviews/44201067_1_film-certification-khatarnak-rapist-umesh-reddyKhatarnak|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=News: India News, Latest Bollywood News, Sports News, Business & Political News, National & International News}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" align="center"|'''29th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Anubhava (film)|Anubhava]]'' (Re-release) || [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] || [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], Abhinaya, [[Umashri]], Dinesh || [[Adult film|Adult comedy]] || Initial release in 1984 Produced by Sri Gayatri Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-25/news-interviews/44448580_1_chaddi-dost-comedy-cool-ganesha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129065429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-25/news-interviews/44448580_1_chaddi-dost-comedy-cool-ganesha|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Comedy films to clash at the box office}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[6-5=2|6 – 5 = 2]]'' || Ashok || Pallavi, Tanuja, Darshan, Krishna Prakash, [[Vijay Chendoor]], Mruthyunjay || [[Horror film|Horror]] / [[Found footage (pseudo-documentary)|Found footage]] || Produced by Swarnalatha Productions ||align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/99492.html%276-5=2%27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207085227/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/99492.html%276-5=2%27|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Chaddi Dosth]]'' || P. C. Shekar || [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], Ashwini Gowda, Roopashree || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]|| Produced by SRS Media Vision ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/100089.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223833/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/100089.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|title=Bollywood Cinema News - Bollywood Movie Reviews - Bollywood Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Bollywood}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Cool Ganesha]]'' || Vasanth || [[Jaggesh]], [[Tashu Kaushik]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Mega Mind Productions ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/news-interviews/40832388_1_jaggesh-kannada-film-industry-neer-dose|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730221114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/news-interviews/40832388_1_jaggesh-kannada-film-industry-neer-dose|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-30|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Jaggesh's Cool Ganesha to release soon}}</ref>
|-
|- December!
| rowspan="12" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#B8860B; textcolor:#000;" | '''D E C'''
|rowspan="4" align="center"|'''6th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Advaitha (film)|Advaitha]]'' || B. M. Giriraj || [[Ajay Rao]], [[Harshika Poonacha]] || [[Romantic drama]] || Produced by Sri Thulajabhavani Arts ||align ="center"|<ref name="Kannada box-office"/>
|-
|align="center"| ''B3'' || Ghanshyam || Srikanth, [[Harshika Poonacha]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Alliance Pictures || align="center"|<ref name="Kannada box-office"/>
|-
|align="center"| ''Dyavre'' || Gadda Viji || [[Yogaraj Bhat]], [[Sathish Ninasam]], Sonia Gowda, [[Sruthi Hariharan]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Yogaraj Movies and Jayanna Combines ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dyavre-ready-for-release-imagegallery-kannada-njjmNKjeabh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912031952/http://www.sify.com/movies/Dyavre-ready-for-release-imagegallery-kannada-njjmNKjeabh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-12|title=Dyavre ready for release|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Thallana]]'' || N. Sudarshan || K. S. Shridar, [[Nirmala Chennappa]], Mamatha || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Thanmaya Chithra ||align="center"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thallanna Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/thallanna/movie-review/27036401.cms |date=6 December 2013|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 September 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|'''12th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' || [[Harsha (director)|Harsha]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Film Entertainer ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/shivaraj-kumar-bhajarangi-release-rajinikanth-birthday-125653.html|title=Confirmed: Shivaraj Kumar's Bhajarangi Releasing On Rajinikanth's Birthday|date=25 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''13th'''
|align="center"| ''Sri Adi Parashakti'' || Vemgal Jagannath Rao || [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Vinaya Prasad]] || [[wikt:devotion|Devotional]] || Produced by Sri Dhanalakshmi Movies ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/91085.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214073820/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/91085.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|title=Kannada Cinema News - Kannada Movie Reviews - Kannada Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Kannada}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Suri Gang'' || K. Anbu || Ram, Chayashri || [[Crime film|Crime]] || Produced by Sunlallamma Devi Productions ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-14/news-interviews/40569485_1_audio-release-audio-cd-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005092041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-14/news-interviews/40569485_1_audio-release-audio-cd-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-05|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Audio release of Suri Gang goes innovative}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''20th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Mugila Chumbana]]'' || B. Shankar || [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], Shravanthi, Shakuntala || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Manjunath Creations ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timescity.com/bangalore/movies/kannada-language/?byrunning=2&sfor=4&bywhichtype=Movies|title=Showing 3 Movies in Bangalore}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Gaali'' || Lakshmish (Lucky) || Jeevan, Roopa Nataraj || [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by Lucky Movies ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=8219&start=30|title=Account Suspended|website=Gandhadagudi.com}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Kalavu (2013 film)|Kalavu]]'' || B. Ravi || [[Umashree]], Jugari Avinash, Karisubbu || [[Drama film|Drama]] || Presented by Kannada arts || align="center"|<ref>[http://www.cineloka.co.in/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1065&start=40 Kalavu discussion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203523/http://www.cineloka.co.in/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1065&start=40 |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"|'''27th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' || Manju Swaraj || [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Amoolya]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Suresh Arts Productions || align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Chatrapathi (2013 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' || Dinesh Gandhi || Siddhanth, Priyadarshini, [[Bhanupriya]]|| [[Action film|Action]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Chhatrapati (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' Produced by S. S. Combines|| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Chatrapathi-takes-you-on-an-emotional-ride/articleshow/27974190.cms|title=Chatrapathi takes you on an emotional ride|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Deaths==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#dae3e7" align="center"
| '''Month''' || '''Date''' || '''Name''' || '''Age''' || '''Profession''' || '''Notable films'''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top" | '''[[Deaths in February 2013|February]]'''
| '''24''' || '''[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]''' || 63 || [[Film actor|Actor]], [[Film critic|Critic]] || ''[[Suryavamsha]]'' . ''[[Kutumba]]'' . ''[[Gowramma]]'' . ''Chikkamagaloora Chikkamallige'' . ''[[Snehitaru]]''
|-valign="top"
| rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top" | '''[[Deaths in March 2013|March]]'''
| '''5''' || '''[[Rajasulochana]]''' || 78 || [[Film actor|Actress]], Dancer || ''[[Gunasagari]]'' . ''[[Bedara Kannappa (film)|Bedara Kannappa]]'' .
|-valign="top"
| rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top" | '''[[Deaths in April 2013|April]]'''
| '''14''' || '''[[P. B. Sreenivas]]''' || 82 || [[Playback singer]] || ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]'' . ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]'' . ''[[Belli Moda]]'' . ''[[Sharapanjara]]'' . ''[[Kappu Bilupu]]'' . ''[[Bangarada Manushya]]'' . ''[[Naagarahaavu]]'' . ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' . ''[[Babruvahana]]'' . ''[[Maanasa Sarovara]]''
|-valign="top"
| rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"| '''[[Deaths in May 2013|May]]'''
| '''26''' || '''[[T. M. Soundararajan]]''' || 90 || [[Playback singer]] || ''[[Gunasagari]]'' . ''Sadarame'' . ''Krishnadevaraya''
|-valign="top"
| rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top"| '''[[Deaths in June 2013|June]]'''
| '''23''' || '''[[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]''' || 68 || Actor, screenwriter, Film director || ''Simhada Jodi'' . ''S. P. Sangliyana'' . ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' . ''Sahodarara Savaal''
|-
| '''25''' || '''[[Uma Shivakumar]]''' || 71 || Actress || ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]'' . ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' . ''Baddi Bangaramma'' . ''Maduve Madi Nodu'' . ''Chandanada Gombe'' . ''Maneye Mantralaya''
|-
| '''30''' || '''H. V. Prakash''' || 53 || Actor || ''Ondu Cinema Kathe'' . ''Ajagajantara'' . ''Keralida Kesari'' . ''Shwethagni''
|-valign="top"
| rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top"| '''[[Deaths in July 2013|July]]'''
| '''16''' || '''[[Shringar Nagaraj]]''' || 74 || [[Cinematographer]], Producer, Actor || ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' . ''[[Bangaaradha Manushya]]'' . ''Kesarina Kamala'' . ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]'' . ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]''
|-
| '''26''' || '''T.S. Narasimhan''' || 86 || Producer || ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]''
|-valign="top"
| rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top"| '''[[Deaths in October 2013|October]]'''
| '''9''' || '''[[Srihari]]''' || 49 || Actor || ''[[Ko Ko]]'' . ''Ondagona Baa'' . ''O Premave''
|-
| '''24''' || '''[[Manna Dey]]''' || 94 || [[Playback singer]] || ''Kalpavruksha'' . ''Kalavathi'' . ''Margadarshi'' . ''Sangolli Rayanna''
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top"| '''[[Deaths in November 2013|November]]'''
| rowspan="2"|'''3''' || '''[[D. Rajendra Babu]]''' || 62 || director, Writer || ''[[Haalunda Thavaru]]'' . ''[[Annayya (1993 film)|Annayya]]'' . ''[[Nandhi (2013 film)|Nandhi]]'' . ''[[Swathi Muthu|Swaathi Mutthu]]'' . ''Jeevanadhi'' . ''[[Diggajaru]]'' . ''[[Habba]]'' . ''[[Olavina Udugore]]'' . ''[[Jodi Hakki (film)|Jodi Hakki]]'' . ''Encounter Dayanaayak'' . ''[[Auto Shankar]]'' . ''[[Yaare Neenu Cheluve]]'' . ''[[Naanu Nanna Hendthi]]''
|-
| '''Rajesh''' || || Actor, Reality Show Contestant || ''Jungle Jackie'' . ''[[Love Is Poison]]'' . ''Halli Haida Pyatege Banda'' . ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada 1|Bigg Boss Kannada]]''
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"| '''[[Deaths in December 2013|December]]'''
|| '''10''' || '''Sundarnath Suvarna''' || || [[Cinematographer]], director, Producer || ''[[Anubhava (film)|Anubhava]]'' . ''[[Mussanjemaatu|Mussanje Maathu]]'' . ''[[Nammoora Mandara Hoove]]'' . ''[[Amrutha Varshini]]'' . ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' . ''[[Tamassu]]'' . ''[[Chellata]]'' . ''Agni Parva'' . ''Tiger Gangu'' . ''Nee Nanna Daiva'' . ''Kiladi Thaatha'' . ''Aarambha'' . ''Halliyadarenu Shiva''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&languages=kn|1&sort=num_votes&year=2013,2013 Kannada Movies of 2013] at [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/upcoming-movies.html]
* [http://www.musiqbuzz.info/upcoming-movies/kannada/]

{{CinemaofKarnataka}}
{{2013 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Films Of 2013}}
[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|2013]]
[[Category:Lists of 2013 films by language]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cinema]]

Big Foot Museum

2026-01-27T02:10:54Z

Harish varma: general adjust lead and fixed typos

{{Short description|Museum and theme park in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Big Foot Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Big Foot 2.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = The entrance of the museum, 2020
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|15.3396|N|73.9875|E|display=inline,title}}
| former_name =
| established = 
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Loutolim]], [[Goa]], India
| type = Private, [[ethnographic]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings = Statues, rural life
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder = Maendra Jocelino Araujo Alvares
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator = Maendra Alvares
| architect =
| historian =
| owner = Maendra Alvares
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| parking = Yes
| network =
| website = {{URL|bigfootgoa.in}}
| embedded =
}}

'''Big Foot Museum''' is a museum and [[theme park]] in the village of [[Loutolim]] in southern Goa, India, dedicated to rural [[Goan]] life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Bindu Gopal|date=2019-02-25|title=Lively Loutolim|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/250219/lively-loutolim.html|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> It was founded and run by the artist [[Maendra Alvares]].

It is privately owned and recreates a [[Goan]] village in miniature showing what local rural life was like in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Big Foot Museum in Goa - GoaTourismTravels|url=http://goatourismtravels.com/things-to-do/museums/big-foot-museum/#.X8LV6nUzbeQ|access-date=2020-11-28|website=goatourismtravels.com|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213021659/http://goatourismtravels.com/things-to-do/museums/big-foot-museum/#.X8LV6nUzbeQ|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Big Foot 13.jpg|thumb|Scenes from rural life at ''The Big Foot''.]]

==Left-Hander Museum==

The ''World-Famous Left-Hander Museum'' is also on its campus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 13, 2017|title=A museum for all ‘lefty’ luminaries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-museum-for-all-lefty-luminaries/articleshow/60039601.cms|access-date=2020-12-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iey3wgJ4t0A Video on Big Foot Museum]
*[http://www.bigfootgoa.com/ Big Foot website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925171758/https://bigfootgoa.com/ |date=2023-09-25 }}

[[Category:Museums in Goa]]
[[Category:Museums with year of establishment missing]]

Mayur Patel

2026-01-01T14:06:03Z

Harish varma: creating entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayur Patel
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| othername =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2000-present
| occupation = Actor, director
| parents = [[Madan Patel]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Mayur Patel''' is an Indian actor and director who works in Kannada-language films. He is known for his role in the film ''[[Mani (film)|Mani]]'' (2003).

==Career==
Mayur Patel made his lead debut in the film ''[[Mani (film)|Mani]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/21udees.htm|title=Udees is a mindless bloodbath|website=www.rediff.com|first=R G|last=Vijayasarathy|date=21 February 2005|accessdate=29 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/gunna/20050516.htm|title=Gunna disappoints|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|website=Rediff}}</ref> The film released to positive reviews although the film failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_mayurpatel_website.asp|title=Official Launch of www.mayurpatel.net - conceptualized by viggy.com|website=www.viggy.com}}</ref> He next starred in ''[[Love Story (2005 film)|Love Story]]'' (2005), a remake of the 1978 Telugu film ''[[Maro Charitra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_love_story02.asp|title=Mayur is counting on Love Story|website=www.viggy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112702460200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116080910/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112702460200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2006 |title=A frame-to-frame remake of Marocharitra |last=Venkatasubba Rao |first=K.N. |date=27 November 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> He was reported to act in the Kannada remake of ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' (2005), the Kannada remake of ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' (2006), the Kannada remake of ''[[Iddaru Attala Muddula Alludu]]'' (2006), the Tamil remake of ''[[Muniya]]'' (2009), and direct the Hindi remake of his father [[Madan Patel]]'s ''Yaarivanu'' (2013), but none of the films entered production.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/madan-patel-announces-four-films--news-62471 Madan Patel announces four films ''Indiaglitz'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mayur-patel-to-direct-yaarivanus-hindi-remake/articleshow/19065722.cms|title=Mayur Patel to direct Yaarivanu's Hindi remake - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=20 March 2013 }}</ref>

In 2014, he participated in the second season of [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)|Bigg Boss Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mayur-patel-out-of-bigg-boss-kannada-house/articleshow/39994889.cms|title=Mayur Patel out of Bigg Boss Kannada house - Times of India|website=The Times of India |date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> He made his comeback as a lead actor with ''[[Rajeeva]]'' (2020) but the film released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rajeeva-ias/movie-review/73083632.cms|title=Rajeeva IAS Movie Review: Mayur Patel shines in a lacklustre tale|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He turned director for ''Thamate'' (2024) starring his father [[Madan Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/dcm-dk-shivakumar-release-madan-patel-thamate-film-video-reel-show-article-114092786/amp|title=ಮದನ್‌ ಪಟೇಲ್‌ ನಟನೆಯ ʼತಮಟೆʼ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ವಿಡಿಯೊ ತುಣುಕು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಿದ ಡಿ.ಕೆ.ಶಿವಕುಮಾರ್..!|date=9 October 2024|website=TimesNowKannada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mayur-patel-turns-director/articleshow/70733398.cms|title=Mayur Patel turns director|date=19 August 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in Kannada.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Andhra Hendthi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Mani (film)|Mani]]'' || Kummi || Also singer
|-
| 2004 || ''Ok Saar Ok'' || Imaginary man || Special appearance and playback singer in "Wonder Lokada"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_ok_saar_ok_eng.asp|title= OK Saar OK audio cassette released | work= Viggy}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2005 || ''[[Udees]]'' || Sathya ||
|-
|''[[Gunna (film)|Gunna]]'' || Shambhu ||
|-
|''[[Love Story (2005 film)|Love Story]]'' || Ram || Also singer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''Hetthavara Kanasu'' || ||
|-
|''Student'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Ninade Nenapu]]'' || Vijay || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/03ninade.htm|title=Ninade Nenapu review|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Muniya]]'' || Muniya || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/27/muniya-one-more-underworld-film.htm|title=Muniya, one more underworld film|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''Hunja'' || Shivu/Kiran || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/hunja-cock-and-bull-story/articleshow/21794285.cms|title=Hunja : Cock and bull story|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''Yaarivanu'' || Madhav Swamy ||
|-
| ''[[Slum (film)|Slum]]'' || Lucky ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Rajeeva]]'' || Rajeeva, Bheemanna || Dual roles
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Pepe (2024 Indian film)|Pepe]]'' || Guna ||
|-
|''[[Yala Kunni]]'' || Maraka ||
|-
|''Thamate'' || {{n/a}} || As director
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5728962}}
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/madan-and-mayur-patel-to-contest-elections/articleshow/19341894.cms Madan and Mayur Patel to contest elections] ''The Times of India''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/actor-threatened-over-land-dispute/articleshow/80901213.cms Kannada actor Mayur Patel threatened over land dispute] ''The Times of India''
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/aug/25/mayur-makes-a-comeback-181163.html Mayur makes a comeback] ''The New Indian Express''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Mayur}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

In the Name of Buddha

2026-01-01T13:37:34Z

Harish varma:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = In the Name of Buddha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajesh Touchriver]]
| producer = K. Shanmughathas Sai George
| writer = Raja Chandrasekhar (dialogues)
| screenplay = Rajesh Touchriver
| story = Sai George
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shiju]] [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] Sunil Kudavattoor Jyothilal
| music = C Rajamani
| cinematography = Jain Joseph Raja Ratnam
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = Da'Sai Films International Sai Ann Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = [[United Kingdom]] Sri Lanka
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''In the Name of Buddha''''' is a 2002 multilingual [[survival]] [[satirical drama film|drama film]] directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver]] and produced by K. Shanmughathas and Sai George. Starting [[Shiju Abdul Rasheed|Shiju]] and [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]], the film tells the story of a [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamil]] doctor Siva, which is based on a true story heard by the producer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/an-indian-in-the-eye-of-a-storm/articleshow/46805522.cms|title=An Indian in the eye of a storm | undefined News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

After its world premiere at the [[Films from the South|Oslo International Film Festival]], the film proved controversial but garnered critical acclaim for its subject matter and was banned in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|author=Luke Harding |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/may/09/artsfeatures |title=Trouble in paradise | Film |work=The Guardian |date=2003-05-09 |access-date=2013-05-12}}</ref> It won the Best Foreign Film at the [[Beverly Hills Film Festival]] and the Audience Award at the [[Newport Beach Film Festival]].

==Cast==
* [[Shiju]] as Dr. Shiva / Buddha
* [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]]
* Sunil Kudavattoor
* Jyothilal

==Production==
In London, Rajesh Touchriver met Sai George, who narrated the story of a man in his final year of his MBBS studies in Colombo abandoned his studies and came as a refugee to England. Touchriver developed the story into a film, which was shot in 52 days in India as the director felt that some parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala resembled Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/25buddha.htm|title='Those who banned the film have not seen it!'}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://saiannfilm.com/ |title=Welcome to Saiann Film |publisher=Saiannfilm.com |access-date=2013-05-12 |archive-date=8 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108001140/http://saiannfilm.com/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{IMDb title|id=0414147|title=In the Name of Buddha}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:British drama films]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:2002 British films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Sri Lankan films]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan drama films]]

{{2000s-SriLanka-film-stub}}
{{2000s-UK-film-stub}}

Ghatkopar railway station

2025-12-22T18:48:01Z

Harish varma:

{{Short description|Railway station in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ghatkopar
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Ghatkopar platform board.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Ghatkopar]],
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.0857|N|72.9081|E|type:railwaystation|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| other = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|24px|link=Mumbai_Metro]] [[Ghatkopar metro station|Ghatkopar]]
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 7
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1877
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = G
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers = 465,000
| pass_year = 2014
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line1=Central|left1=Vidyavihar|right1=Vikhroli
|header2=Out-of-system interchange
|system3=Mumbai Metro One|line3=1|left3=Jagruti Nagar|transfer3=Ghatkopar}}
| map_type = India#Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Ghatkopar
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Ghatkopar''' is a railway station on the Central Line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network. It was opened in 1877,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang%3D0%26id%3D0%2C6%2C1191%2C1192%2C1394%2C1396%2C1410%2C1411|title=Historical Milestone| website=Central Railway| access-date=2014-10-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012252/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,1191,1192,1394,1396,1410,1411|archive-date=3 December 2013|df=dmy}}</ref> and serves the [[Ghatkopar]] suburb of Mumbai. About 465,000 commuters use the station daily as of 2014. An average of 35,000 tickets are sold daily.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-exclusive-metro-may-cause-dadar-like-congestion-at-ghatkopar-1990135| title=dna exclusive: Metro may cause Dadar-like congestion at Ghatkopar| website=DNA| author=Binoo Nair| date=May 21, 2014}}</ref>

The western side of Ghatkopar station is connected with the [[Ghatkopar metro station]] through a skywalk.<ref>{{cite web| author=Ateeq Shaikh|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ghatkopar-railway-station-to-soon-to-be-integrated-with-metro-station-1973677|title=Ghatkopar railway station to soon to be integrated with metro station|publisher=Dnaindia.com|date=2014-03-31|access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/|title=Commuters sandwiched between Mumbai Metro and railways| website=The Free Press Journal| date=June 12, 2014| access-date=2014-06-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182511/http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/|archive-date=14 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Ghatkopar railway station}}
{{Central Railway}}
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1877]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Kerlanada

2025-12-10T19:48:41Z

Harish varma: put up info...

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kerlanada
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.817941|72.768097|}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Osian Tehsil|Osian]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 12.6527
| population_total = 1429
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 342303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02927
| registration_plate = RJ-19
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map =
}}

'''Kerlanada''' is a village located in the [[Osian Tehsil|Osian tehsil]] of [[Jodhpur district]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. As per the 2011 Census, the village has a population of 1,429 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): Kerlanada (केरला नाडा ) |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-kerlanada-294791 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerlanada {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Kerlanada/Village |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=geoiq.io }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerlanada village in Osian taluka, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India |url=https://vill.co.in/rajasthan/jodhpur/osian-113005680/kerlanada-005680845450/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=inmap.in |title=Kerlanada Osian Jodhpur Rajasthan Information About All Villages Of India, Map Of Indian Villages inmap.in |url=https://inmap.in/Kerlanada/Osian/Jodhpur/Rajasthan |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=inmap.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerlanada Osiyan, Rajasthan, India - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12hkfj2cn&hl=en-IN&q=Kerlanada |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: KERLANADA, Post Bhikamkore BO (Jodhpur, Rajasthan) |url=https://pincodearea.in/KERLANADA-Pincode-PO-Bhikamkore-BO |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kerlanada is situated approximately 32 km away from the sub-district headquarters of [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] and 96 km away from the district headquarters of [[Jodhpur]]. It covers a total area of 12.6527 square kilometers.

== Demographics ==
The village comprises a total of 280 households. The population consists of 768 males and 661 females, with a literacy rate of 55.70%.

== Connectivity ==
Kerlanada is served by public bus services within a distance of 10+ km, and private bus services are available within the village. The nearest railway station is Bhikamkor Railway Station, located in close proximity.

== Nearby Villages ==
Nearby villages include Eramon Ki Dhani, Harlaya, Karni Nagar, Nathawat Nagar, Kasba Nagar, Indon Ki Dhani Ii, Indon Ki Dhani, Shri Ramdev Nagar, Karwaniyon Ki Dhani, and Hari Om Nagar.

== Politics ==
The major political parties in the area are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).

== Tourism ==
Tourist attractions near Kerlanada include the ancient town of [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]], known for its beautifully sculpted temples and historical significance.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

List of Tulu films of 2016

2025-12-07T08:22:10Z

Harish varma: updated page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
The list of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] films that are scheduled to be released in 2016.

== Releases ==

=== January – June ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:9%;" | Opening
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Source
|-
|15 January
| ''Jai Tulunadu''|| Praveen Thokottu || Avinash Shetty, Sonal Monthero, Shreya Anchal, Bhavya ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=349144 |title=Mangaluru: Music, trailers of 'Jai Tulunad' movie released |website=www.daijiworld.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901022012/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=349144 |archive-date=2015-09-01}} </ref>
|-
|5 February
| ''Pavitra''|| Nagavenkatesh || Shravanth, Chirashree, [[Naveen D Padil]], Bhojaraj Vamanjur, [[Aravind Bolar]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=375030 |title=Mangaluru: Tulu movie 'Pavitra' to hit screens this month |website=www.daijiworld.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809203653/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=375030 |archive-date=2016-08-09}} </ref>
|-
|12 February
| ''[[Kudla Cafe]]''|| Surya Menon || [[Naveen D Padil]], Jyothish Shetty, Raghu Pandeshwar, Shine Shetty, [[Aahana Kumra]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=380337 |title=Mangaluru: 'Kudla Cafe' Tulu movie hit theatres; screened at international film fest |website=www.daijiworld.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213093952/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=380337 |archive-date=2016-02-13}} </ref>
|-
|1 April
| ''Rambarooti''|| Prajwal Kumar Attavar || Vj Vineeth,Chirashri Anchan, Shruthi Kotyan ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/mangalore/movies/rambarooti/ET00040488|title = Rambarooti (2016) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in mangaluru-mangalore - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|8 April
| ''Namma Kudla''|| Ashwini Harish Nayak || Prakash Shetty Dharmanagara, Ashwini Harish Nayak ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/namma-kudla/ET00040732|title=Namma Kudla (2016) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|29 April
| ''Bollilu''|| Sharatchandra Kumar Kadri|| Shravan Kumar, Prateeksha, Peetambar Heraje, Saujanya Hegde ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seeandsay.in/23384/23384/ |title=Tulu Family Drama "Bollilu" to be Released on Friday, April 29 {{!}} SeeandSay |website=seeandsay.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427235849/http://seeandsay.in/23384/23384/ |archive-date=2016-04-27}} </ref>
|-
|27 May
| ''Shutterdulai''|| Shashikanth Gatti || Jai Jagadish, Anita Bhat ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/shutterdulai/|title=Shutterdulai|date=17 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|17 June
| ''Dostilu''|| Santhosh kumar || Santhosh kumar, Vidya, Vignesh, Deepak, Chaithra, Priyaaka, Rathan Shetty, Shreya ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=391364 |title=Mangaluru: CD of Tulu film ?Dostilu? Released |website=www.daijiworld.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820034631/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=391364 |archive-date=2016-08-20}} </ref>
|}

=== July – December ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:9%;" | Opening
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Source
|-
|5 August
| ''[[Dabak Daba Aisa]]''|| Prakash Pandeshwar || [[Devadas Kapikad]], [[Naveen D. Padil]], [[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/dabak-daba-aisa-tulu-film/|title = Dabak Daba Aisa Tulu Film|date = 20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|15 September
| ''Dombaraata''|| Ranjith Suvarna || Ammith Rao ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/august-25-dombarata-begins/|title = August DOMBARATA BEGINS|date = 23 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|13 October
| [[Barsa (Tulu film)|''Barsa'']]|| [[Devadas Kapikad]] || [[Arjun Kapikad]], Kshama Shetty, [[Naveen D Padil]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/barsa-13th-october/|title=Barsa|date=16 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|18 November
| ''Panoda Bodcha''|| Madhu Surathkal || Shivadhvaj ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tulucinema.com/panoda-bodcha-cinemas-30th-september |title=TuluCinema.com {{!}} Panoda Bodcha in Cinemas from 30th September {{!}} TuluCinema.com |website=www.tulucinema.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902075355/http://www.tulucinema.com/panoda-bodcha-cinemas-30th-september/ |archive-date=2016-09-02}} </ref>
|-
|9 December
| ''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]''|| K Sooraj Shetty || Pruthvi Ambar, [[Sonal Monteiro]], [[Naveen D Padil]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tulucinema.com/ranjith-suvarnas-dombarata-september-15/|title=Ranjith Suvarna's Dombarata|date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Tulu films of 2019]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2018]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2017]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2015]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2014]]
*[[List of Released Tulu films]]
*[[Tulu cinema]]
* [[:Category:Actors in Tulu cinema|Tulu Movie Actors]]
* [[:Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema|Tulu Movie Actresses]]
*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film]]
*[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}
{{2016 films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2016 films by language|Tulu]]
[[Category:Lists of Tulu films by year]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cinema|Tulu]]

Rat-hole mining

2025-12-02T13:35:12Z

Harish varma: added new article

{{Short description|Manual coal extraction technique}}
'''Rat-hole mining''' or '''Rat mining'''<ref>{{Citation |title=Operation Rat Mining : Dark Side Of Coal Mining In Meghalaya Exposed {{!}} |date=January 14, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KRZCxWD5u8 |access-date=2023-12-03 |place=Youtube |publisher=India Today Investigation |language=en}}</ref> is a process of [[digging]] employed in [[Northeast India|North East India]] to extract [[coal]], where a narrow [[hole]] is manually dug by extraction workers. The practice is banned by the [[National Green Tribunal]];<ref name="rh4" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |title=What are ‘rat-hole’ miners? Controversial specialists brought in for final stretch of India tunnel rescue |work=Independent UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/rat-hole-miners-uttarakhand-tunnel-rescue-drilling-b2454656.html |date= |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> however, the technique is still employed by [[artisanal mining]] operations in several parts of India, especially in [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2023-11-29 |title=Understanding rat-hole mining |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/understanding-rat-hole-mining-explained/article67588357.ece |access-date=2023-12-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Technique ==

Rat-Hole Mining technique is a procedure of digging manually<ref name="rh3">{{cite news |title=Explained: From rat-hole mining to vertical drilling — methods used at Uttarkashi tunnel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-what-is-rat-hole-mining-how-is-it-different-from-vertical-drilling-101701145433533.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=28 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rh11">{{cite news |title=Uttarkashi tunnel rescue: How the 12 'rat miners' reached the 41 trapped men |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarkashi-tunnel-what-is-rat-hole-mining-how-this-traditional-manual-method-came-to-the-rescue/articleshow/105564822.cms |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=28 November 2023}}</ref> wherein the worker involved in extraction can hardly crawl in and out, as a narrow tunnel is dug 3 to 4 feet in depth.<ref name="rh1">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=Understanding rat-hole mining |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/understanding-rat-hole-mining-explained/article67588357.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=The Hindu |date=29 November 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="rh8">{{cite news |title=What is rat-hole mining, being done to rescue trapped Uttarkashi tunnel workers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rat-hole-mining-uttarkashi-tunnel-explained-9044515/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=27 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> This technique is basically of two types:
* Side cutting method which is generally followed on slopes of hills by navigating through coal seams deposited on the rock layers and visible on the outer surface of rock and generally in darkish brown or black banded.
* Box cutting method which involves digging a round shape or square shape pit with a width of 5 square metre and depth of 400 feet. The method is followed in North Eastern India to extract coal.<ref name="rh7">{{cite news |title=What is rat-hole mining and how it saved trapped Uttarakhand workers? |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/what-is-rat-hole-mining-a-technique-being-used-to-help-rescue-uttarakhand-workers-663646 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=WION |date=28 November 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="rh10">{{cite news |last1=Kaushik |first1=Riddhi |title=Uttarkashi tunnel collapse: What is rat-hole mining & how does it work? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-what-is-rat-hole-mining-how-does-it-work-2787450 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=28 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Bans ==

As rat-hole mining involves working in dangerous conditions, causing environmental damage, and causes many accidents involving death and injuries, the technique is criticised and banned in many countries.<ref name="rh2">{{cite news |title=Uttarkashi tunnel collapse: How did 'banned' rat miners end ordeal of 41 workers |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/what-is-rat-mining-how-a-banned-practice-turned-the-tide-of-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-operations-11701166336046.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=mint |date=28 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Rat-hole mining is banned in India by [[National Green Tribunal]].<ref name="rh4">{{cite news |last1=Kala |first1=Rishi Ranjan |title=Rat hole mining: banned practice saves 41 lives from the collapsed Uttarakhand tunnel |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/rat-hole-mining-a-banned-practice-saves-41-lives-from-the-collapsed-uttarakhand-tunnel/article67584511.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=BusinessLine |date=28 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable incidents ==

=== 2018 Meghalaya accident ===
{{Excerpt|2018 Meghalaya mining accident|paragraphs=}}

=== 2021 incident near Rymbai ===
On 21 January 2021 six miners died in an incident in a mineshaft in an area of rat-hole mines in the [[East Jaintia Hills district]] of Meghalaya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Another year, another mining tragedy — why Meghalaya’s ‘rat holes’ won’t stop killing |quote=Two years after 15 miners were killed at an illegal coal mine in Meghalaya, six others lost their lives in another accident at another mine in January. |first=Karishma |last=Hasnat |date=2 February 2021 |url=https://theprint.in/india/another-year-another-mining-tragedy-why-meghalayas-rat-holes-wont-stop-killing/594667/ |access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Uttarakhand rescue ===
{{Main|2023 Uttarakhand tunnel rescue}}
In late 2023 rat-hole miners were instrumental in [[2023 Uttarakhand tunnel rescue|the rescue]] of 41 workers who were trapped for 17 days after the road tunnel in [[Uttarakhand]] that they were digging collapsed.<ref name="rh5">{{cite news |title=How India's 'rat-hole' miners freed 41 tunnel workers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67563247 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=bbc.com |date=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="rh6">{{cite news |title='If 1 dies to save 40 people...': Rat-hole miner on Uttarkashi rescue operation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-rat-hole-miner-munna-qureshi-workers-silkyara-2469188-2023-11-29 |access-date=1 December 2023 |date=29 November 2023 |ref=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rh9">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ishita |title=On all fours in ‘rat holes’, the heroes of Silkyara scrape by on the margins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/never-got-so-much-praise-for-doing-our-jobs-say-muslim-and-dalit-rat-hole-miners-who-rescued-trapped-silkyara-workers/article67587279.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=The Hindu |date=29 November 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== 2025 Assam incident ===
{{Main|2025 Assam mine incident}}
In January 2025, miners became trapped underground in an illegal rat-hole mine in the [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]] district of [[Assam]], which resulted in at least 9 confirmed deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=At least nine miners are trapped in a coal mine in India's northeastern Assam state |url=https://apnews.com/article/coal-mine-assam-india-trapped-87320ac112a2ba1725b349e83f42f6a6 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=Assam mine deaths: As more bodies turn up, a political war of words |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-mine-deaths-police-complaint-draws-bjp-link-to-illegal-mining-party-leader-calls-it-political-attack-9773793/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mining]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Coal mining in India]]

Kushalgarh Thikana

2025-12-01T05:46:02Z

Harish varma: put up a article...

{{Short description|Estate of Rathore Rajputs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = कुशलगढ़ ठिकाना
| conventional_long_name = Kushalgarh Thikana
| common_name = Kushalgarh
| year_start = 1670
| year_end = 1947
| event_end = Accession to the Dominion of India
| today = Rajasthan, India
| capital = Kushalgarh
| established = 1670
| stat_area1 = 881
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 16,222 (1901)
}}

'''Kushalgarh Thikana''' was a Rajput princely thikana ([[Feudal state|feudal estate]]) in present-day [[Banswara district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was historically part of the [[Rajputana Agency]] during the [[British Raj|British]] colonial period and was ruled by the Ramawat Rathores, a branch of the [[Rathore dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMeN-yV74_gC&q=kushalgarh+thikana |title=Census of India, 1991: Dungarpur |date=1994 |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Rajasthan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C&dq=kushalgarh+estate&pg=PA42 |title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ajmer-Merwara (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfo4AQAAMAAJ&dq=kushalgarh&pg=PA15 |title=Report on the Administration of Ajmer-Merwara |date=1902 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

According to traditional accounts, Kushalgarh was founded in the 16th century. There are two main narratives regarding its origin:

* The '''[[Banswara state|Banswara]] version''' claims that the territory was conquered from the Bhils by Kushal Singh of Banswara and granted to Akhai Raj for his service.<ref>James Tod, ''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan'', Vol II. Oxford University Press, 1920, pp. 472–475.</ref>

* The '''local Kushalgarh account''' holds that Akhai Raj himself defeated the Bhils and their chief Kushla, after which the territory was named Kushalgarh in his memory.<ref>Dasharatha Sharma, ''Rajasthan Through the Ages'', Vol. III: Feudal Polity. Rajasthan State Archives, 1990, p. 15</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=G. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PrkAAAAMAAJ&q=kushalgarh |title=Socio-cultural Environment of Tribal Landscapes |date=1992 |publisher=Arihant Publishers |isbn=978-81-7230-010-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Although initially under the suzerainty of Banswara State, Kushalgarh gradually acquired a degree of autonomy while maintaining tribute and ceremonial obligations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tORAAQAAMAAJ&dq=kushalgarh&pg=PA152 |title=Provincial Series: Central Provinces |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Gevernment Printing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gANt-dn7O98C&q=kushalgarh |title=Memoranda on the Indian States, 1940 (corrected Up to the 1st January 1940). |date=1940 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography and administration==

As of 1901, Kushalgarh Thikana spanned about 881 square kilometers and included 60 villages. The population was 16,222, and the estate earned an estimated annual revenue of ₹16,000.<ref>''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Vol. 15. Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 154.</ref> The estate’s capital was the town of Kushalgarh, near the present-day border with [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Great Britain India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quU-AAAAYAAJ&dq=kushalgarh&pg=RA1-PA318 |title=East India (famine): Papers Regarding Famine and Relief Operations in India. 1899-1900 |date=1902 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref>

==Ruling family==

Kushalgarh was ruled by the '''Ramawat Rathores''' of the '''Barsinghot sub-clan''', descended from Rao Barsingh of the Rathore lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=2013-02-02 |title=Kushalgarh (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kushalgarh |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> The estate followed customary Rajput norms of hereditary rule.

==List of rulers==
It was established in 1671 when Thakur Akhairaj, a descendant of the Mertia Rathore clan, was granted the jagir of Kushalgarh. The Mertia Rathores trace their lineage back to [[Rao Jodha]], the founder of Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=kushalgarh |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref>

*Thakur Akhairaj – Granted the jagir of Kushalgarh in 1671.

*Thakur Ajab Singh – Son of Akhairaj.

*Thakur Kirat Singh – Son of Ajab Singh.

*Thakur Achal Singh – Son of Kirat Singh.

*Thakur Bhagwat Singh – Son of Achal Singh.

*Rao Zalim Singh – Son of Bhagwat Singh; received the title of "Rao" from Maharana Bhim Singhji of Udaipur.

*Rao Hamir Singh – Adopted son of Zalim Singh; originally the son of Kunwar Salam Singh.

*Rao Zorawar Singh – Son of Hamir Singh; ruled until 1891.

*Rao Udai Singh – Son of Zorawar Singh; ruled from 1891 to 1916.

*Rao Ranjit Singhji – Son of Udai Singh; born on 2 May 1882, succeeded in 1916.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Herbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hYVyPVmrqkC&dq=kushalgarh&pg=PA210 |title=The Mayo College, "the Eton of India": A Record of Twenty Years, 1875-1895 |date=1897 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajputana (Agency) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aZCAAAAIAAJ&q=kushalgarh |title=List of Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages |date=1938 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref>

*Rao Harendra Singhji – Son of Ranjit Singhji; born on 11 May 1924, ruled until 1967.

==Post independence==

After India gained independence in 1947, Kushalgarh was merged into the Indian Union. Like other princely and jagirdari estates, it lost its political privileges with the implementation of land reforms and the abolition of feudal tenures in the early 1950s.

==Present day==

Today, Kushalgarh is a town and municipality in Banswara district. According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 10,096.<ref>Census of India 2011, ''District Census Handbook: Banswara'', Government of India.</ref> The region is primarily inhabited by Bhil tribal communities, and the main languages spoken are Vagdi and Hindi.

A notable religious site is the '''Andeshwar Parshwanath Jain Temple''', located atop a hill in Kushalgarh tehsil. The temple features 10th-century inscriptions and houses a black stone idol of Parshwanath dating to the 12th or 13th century.<ref>Kailash Chand Jain, ''Ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan: A Study of Culture and Civilization'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1972, p. 243.</ref> An annual fair is held here on Kartik Purnima.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Princely states]]
[[Category:Banswara district]]
[[Category:Rajput estates]]

Ala Hazrat Express (via Mahesana)

2025-11-20T16:56:59Z

Harish varma: Created New Data

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00FF00
| name = Ala Hazrat Express
| image = Ala Hazrat Express.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Ala Hazrat Express at [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]].
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], Delhi & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bareilly}} (BE)
| stops = 41
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhuj}} (BHUJ)
| distance =
{{convert|1543|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31h 50m
| frequency = 3 Days a week
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14311 / 14312
| speed = {{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| sharing = 14321/14322 [[Ala Hazrat Express (via Bhildi)]]
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14311 / 14312 '''Ala Hazrat Express''' (via '''Mahesana''') had been started in the memory of [[Ala Hazrat]] [[Ahmed Raza Khan]], a reformer of the 19th century.

==About the train==

''' Ala Hazrat Express'''
*14311/14312 Via [[Mahesana]] (Running 3 days per week)
*14321/14322 Via [[Bhildi]] (Running 4 days per week)
The Express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between [[Bareilly]] and [[Bhuj]] in India. It operates as train number 14311/14321 from [[Bareilly]] to [[Bhuj]] and as train number 14312/14322 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/ala-hazrat-express-14311-be-to-dli/29/337/349 | title=14311/Ala Hazrat Express (via Ahmedabad) – Bareilly to Old Delhi NR/Northern Zone – Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

It's coincidence they are arriving same time on [[palanpur Junction railway station|Palanpur Junction]].

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

1 AC II Tier
4 AC III Tier
10 Sleeper coaches
5 General
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Service==

The Ala Hazrat Express covers the distance of 1543 km in 32 hours as 14312/14311 & 1410 km in 28 hours 10 mins as 14322/14321.

==Route and halts==
The important stops of the train include:

* '''{{stnlnk|Bareilly}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Rewari}}
* {{stnlnk|Alwar}}
* {{stnlnk|Bandikui Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phulera Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Abu Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Palanpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahesana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandlodiya}} (Ahmedabad)
* {{stnlnk|Viramgam}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhachau}}
* {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anjar}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Bhuj}}'''

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 14321/14322 [[Ala Hazrat Express (via Bhildi)]].

==Direction reversal==

It reverses one time at,
* {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}}.

==Arrival and departure time==
Ala Hazrat Express 14311 leaves from its source point, [[Bareilly]] (BE) at 06:35 AM and reach its destination [[Bhuj]] at 02:00 PM next day.
Ala Hazrat Express 14312 leaves Bhuj at 12.25 PM and reach Bareilly (BE)at 08:30 PM next day. During its journey it travels via 42 stations before reaching its destination.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://runningstatus.in/status/14312 | title=Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Train Running Status}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bareilly Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhuj railway station]]
* [[Ala Hazrat Express (via Bhildi)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ala Hazrat Express (via Ahmedabad)}}
[[Category:Transport in Bhuj]]
[[Category:Trains from Bareilly]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Yadu (legendary king)

2025-11-18T08:04:20Z

Harish varma: reworked page per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|King in Hinduism}}
{{About|Yadu (legendary king)|the historical Rigvedic tribe|Yadu|the ancient cowherd clan that claimed descent from Yadu|Yadava|the modern community|Yadav|the Burmese form of poetry|Yadu (poetry)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image =
| caption =
| name = Yadu
| dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]
| father = [[Yayati]]
| mother = [[Devayani]]
| spouse =
| children = Sahasrajit, Krosta, Nala, and Ripu
| siblings = {{ubl|Turvasu (brother)|[[King Puru|Puru]], Druhyu, and Anu (step-brothers)}}
| region = Hastinapura
| texts = [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]]
| successor = Sahasrajit
}}

'''Yadu''' ({{Langx|sa|यदु|translit=Yadu}}) is the founder of the [[Yadu dynasty]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-01-18 |title=Yaduvansha, Yaduvaṃśa, Yadu-vansha: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yaduvansha#purana |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> He is described to be the eldest son of King [[Yayati]], and his queen, [[Devayani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Yadu, Yādu: 17 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yadu |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> He married five daughters of [[Nāga]] king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-14 |title=The Sons of Yadu and Their Conquests [Chapter 38] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/harivamsha-purana-dutt/d/doc485579.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-14 |title=An Account of Haryashva [Chapter 37] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/harivamsha-purana-dutt/d/doc485578.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
According to a narrative found in the [[Mahabharata]], and the [[Vishnu Purana]], Yadu refused to exchange his years of youth with his father, Yayati, when the latter was cursed with senility by his father-in-law, [[Shukra]]. Thus, he was cursed by Yayati to have his progeny disinherited of the dominion.<ref>{{cite book |first=Romila |last=Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |year=1996 |orig-year=1978 |edition=Reprinted |title=Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-0808-X |pages=268–269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Yayāti |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242086.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Due to this proclamation, Yadu was replaced by his half-brother, [[King Puru|Puru]], as the heir to the throne of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha dynasty]]. Yadu founded his own cadet branch of the dynasty, called the Yaduvamsha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Yadu |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242079.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Descendants ==
The [[Agni Purana]] states that Yadu's lineage was continued by his eldest son, Sahasrajit. Sahasrajit had three sons: Haihaya, Renuhaya, and Haya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-11-15 |title=Description of the dynasty of Yadu (yaduvaṃśa) [Chapter 275] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-agni-purana/d/doc1083504.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

A historical dynasty called the [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutaka]] claimed descent from Haihaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Chintaman Vinayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UkzAQAAMAAJ |title=History of Mediæval Hindu India: Circa 600-800 A.D |date=1921 |publisher=Oriental Book Supplying Agency |language=en}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2024}}

According to Historian T Padmaja, the [[Abhira people|Abhiras]] migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] and established their kingdoms and some of the inscriptions there mentions their descendant from the Yadu lineage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA34|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|last=Padmaja|first=T.|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=34|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Raghu]]
* [[Ikshvaku]]
* [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]]
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Rama]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kings in Indian mythology]]

St Gonsalo Garcia College

2025-10-05T11:18:29Z

Harish varma:

{{Short description|College in Vasai, Mumbai}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

'''St. Gonsalo Garcia College''' is a college in [[Vasai]], [[Mumbai]] established in 1984. The college is recognized by and is registered as an institute of the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-24|title=Mumbai University Third Merit List Released, Get Direct Links to College Merit Lists Here, Check at mu.ac.in|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/mumbai-university-admissions-2019-third-merit-list-to-be-released-today-check-at-mu-ac-in-150004|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> The college was converted into a 750-bed [[COVID-19]] care centre during the first wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2020|first=Sandhya |last=Nair |title=750-bed centre at Vasai college |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/750-bed-centre-at-vasai-college/articleshow/75920676.cms|access-date=2021-09-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Foundation==
It is dedicated to [[Saint Gonsalo Garcia]] (1556 – 5 February 1597), the diocesan patron saint of Vasai and the first Catholic Saint of India.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashley D'Mello|date=Oct 13, 2008|title=St Gonsalo Garcia: The 1st Indian saint |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/st-gonsalo-garcia-the-1st-indian-saint/articleshow/3587860.cms|access-date=2021-09-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He was martyred for preaching [[Christianity]] in [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]] along with the other martyrs.

== Academics ==
The following courses are available in this college:

Undergraduate Courses:-
* Bachelor of Commerce [[B.Com|(B.COM)]]
* Bachelor of Arts ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
* Bachelor of Commerce in Management Studies (B.M.S)
* Bachelor of Commerce in Financial Markets (B.F.M)
* Bachelor of Commerce in Banking and Insurance (B.B.I)
* Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting and Finance (B.A.F)
* Bachelor of Science in Information Technology [[Bachelor of Science in Information Technology|(BSc(I.T.)]])

Postgraduate Courses:-
* Master of Science in Information Technology [[MSc IT.|(MSc(I.T.)]])
* Master of Commerce in Accounting [[M.Com|(M.COM)]]
* Master of Arts [[Master of Arts|(M.A.-R.D.)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=GG College|url=https://www.ggcollege.ac.in/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=www.ggcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Gonsalo Garcia College}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Vasai-Virar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]

{{India-university-stub}}

National Digital Preservation Program

2025-09-18T08:37:04Z

Harish varma: creating a data

{{Short description|Indian digital preservation initiative}}
The '''National Digital Preservation Program''' is an initiative run by the Indian [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)]] to improve [[digital preservation]] efforts in India as a means to counter rapidly changing technology and [[digital obsolescence]]. The program was initially conceived of in 2008 by the Research & Development in IT (R&D in IT) division of MeitY<ref>{{Cite web |title=FICCI Workshop on Digital Preservation in India |url=http://www.ndpp.in/national-international-events/national-workshop-2008 |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Preservation {{!}} Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |url=http://meity.gov.in/content/digital-preservation |access-date=2017-12-13 |website=meity.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> and was further developed in March 24-25, 2009 during an Indo-US Workshop on International Trends in Digital Preservation that was organized by the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)]] of Pune, India, with sponsorship from [[Indo-US Science & Technology Forum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indo-US Workshop on International Trends in Digital Preservation |url=http://www.ndpp.in/national-international-events/indo-us-workshop-2009 |access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. & India Collaborate, Library of Congress Digital Preservation Newsletter, April 2009 |url=http://digitalpreservation.gov/news/newsletter/200904.pdf |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref> Following this workshop, C-DAC continued to implement further digital preservation efforts.

== National Study Report on Digital Preservation Requirements of India ==
During April 2010, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, [[Government of India]] entrusted the responsibility of preparing National Study Report on [[Digital preservation|Digital Preservation]] Requirements of [[India]] with [[Human-centered design|Human-Centred Design]] & [[Computing]] Group, C-DAC, Pune, which was already active in the thematic area of heritage computing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=mc_hc_national_digi_pre|title=National Digital Preservation Program|website=www.cdac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> The objective of this project was to present a comprehensive study of current situation in India versus the international trends of digital preservation along with the recommendations for undertaking the National Digital Preservation Program by involving all stakeholder organizations.

Technical experts from around 24 organizations representing diverse domains such as [[e-governance]], government and state [[archive]]s, [[Sound|audio]], [[video]] and [[film archives]], [[cultural heritage]] repositories, [[health]], [[science]] and [[Education in India|education]], [[insurance]] and [[bank]]ing, [[law]], etc. were included in the national expert group. Major institutions represented in the expert group were [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|Centre for Development of Advance Computing]] (C-DAC), [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC), Unique Identity Program, [[National Archives of India]], [[National Film Archive of India]], [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]], Information and Broadcasting ([[Doordarshan]] and [[All India Radio]]), [[National Remote Sensing Centre|National Remote Sensing Center]] (NRSC) / ISRO, Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA), National e-Governance Division (NeGD), [[Life Insurance Corporation]], [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] (NIO), [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]], [[Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre|Defense Scientific Information & Documentation Centre]] (DSIDC) and several other organizations. The expert group members were asked to submit position papers highlighting the short term and long-term plans for digital preservation with respect to their domain. The study report was presented before Government of India in two volumes as under -
* Volume –I Recommendations for National Digital Preservation Program of India
* Volume-II Position Papers by the National Expert Group Members
The report included an overview of international digital preservation projects, study of legal imperatives ([[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology ACT 2000]]/2008), study of technical challenges and standards, consolidated recommendations given by the national expert group for the National Digital Preservation Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndpp.in/national-study-report|title=National Digital Preservation Program|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>

One of the key recommendations given in this report was to harmonize Public Records Act, [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act]], [[Indian Evidence Act]], Copyright Act and other related Acts with the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology Act]] in order to address the digital preservation needs. The foresight of this recommendation has proved right, as in 2018, the Indian judiciary has initiated the drafting of electronic evidence rules to be introduced under the [[Indian Evidence Act]]. In this context, the Joint Committee of High Court Judges visited C-DAC, Pune on 10 March 2018 to examine the technical aspects of the proposed electronic evidence rules in terms of extraction, encryption, preservation, retrieval and authentication of e-evidence in the court of law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/c-dac-tools-to-help-admit-e-proof-in-court/articleshow/63291269.cms|title=C-DAC tools to help admit e-proof in court - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lokmat.com/pune/need-digital-repository/|title='डिजिटल रिपॉझिटरी'ची गरज|date=2018-03-13|work=Lokmat|access-date=2018-03-16|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_pr_prs_rl239|title=Visit of the Joint Committee of Hon'ble High Court Judges to C-DAC, Pune for Technical Inputs in draft Electronic Evidence Rules|website=www.cdac.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>

== Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation ==
As recommended in the national study report, during April 2011, Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation was launched as the flagship project under the National Digital Preservation Program, funded by [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]. The project was awarded to Human-Centred Design & Computing Group, C-DAC Pune, India. The objectives of Centre of Excellence were as under:
* Conduct research and development in digital preservation to produce the required tools, technologies, guidelines and best practices.
* Develop the pilot digital preservation repositories and provide help in nurturing the network of Trustworthy Digital Repositories (National Digital Preservation Infrastructure) as a long-term goal
* Define the digital preservation standards by involving the experts from stakeholder organizations, consolidate and disseminate the digital preservation best practices generated through various projects under National Digital Preservation Program, being the nodal point for pan-India digital preservation initiatives.
* Provide inputs to Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology in the formation of National Digital Preservation Policy <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katre|first=Dinesh|date=2012-07-18|title=Need of Legislation and Digital Preservation Policy Framework in Indian Context|url=http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/view/2526|journal=DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|doi=10.14429/djlit.32.4.2526|issn=0976-4658|url-access=subscription|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Spread awareness about the potential threats and risks due to digital obsolescence and the digital preservation best practices.
The major outcomes of this project are briefly summarised hereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/content/major-project-output|title=Major Project Output {{!}} Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India|website=meity.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=CDAC INDIA|title=Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation - Project Overview|date=2017-08-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLyYktS9SCQ|accessdate=2017-12-18}}</ref>

== Digital Preservation Standard and Guidelines ==
Digital preservation standard and guidelines are developed in order to help local data intensive projects in preparing for highly demanding standards such as [[ISO 16363]] for Audit and Certification of Trusted Digital Repositories. The standard is duly notified by [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]] Vide Notification No. 1(2)/2010-EG-II dated December 13, 2013 for all e-governance applications in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egovstandards.gov.in/notified-standards-0|title=Notified Standards {{!}} e-Governance Standards, Standards for e-governance Applications|website=egovstandards.gov.in|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref>

=== e-Governance standard for Preservation Information Documentation (eGOV-PID) of Electronic Records ===
The eGOV-PID provides standard [[metadata]] dictionary and schema for automatically capturing the preservation [[metadata]] in terms of [[cataloging]] information, enclosure information, [[provenance]] information, fixity information, representation information, [[digital signature]] information and access rights information immediately after an [[Records management|electronic record]] is produced by e-governance system. It helps in producing an acceptable Submission Information Package (SIP) for an [[Open Archival Information System]] (OAIS) ISO 14721:2012.

=== Best practices and guidelines for Production of Preservable e-Records ===
Best practices and guidelines introduce 5 distinct steps of e-record management namely e-record creation, e-record capturing, e-record keeping, e-record transfer to trusted digital repository and e-record preservation which need to be adopted in all [[e-governance]] projects. It also specifies the open source and standard based file formats for the production of e-records. The guidelines incorporate the [[Electronic records management|Electronic Records Management]] practice as per the ISO/TR 15489-1 and 2 Information and Documentation - [[Records management|Records Management]].

== Digital Preservation Tools and Solutions ==
However, it is difficult to implement the digital preservation standard due to unavailability required tools and solutions. Therefore, the standard and guidelines are supported with a variety of digital preservation tools and solutions which can be given to the memory institutions and records creating organizations for long term preservation. The project team at C-DAC Pune has developed a [[software framework]] for [[digital archiving]] named as DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय in Hindi language) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/c-dac-opens-a-centre-to-keep-born-digital-data-safe/articleshow/58103451.cms|title=C-DAC opens a centre to keep born-digital data safe|access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> which is customizable for various domains, data types and application contexts such as
* E-[[records management]] & [[Archive|archival]] (a variety of [[Born-digital|born digital]] records produced by organizations on day-to-day basis)
* Large volume of e-governance records
* [[Audiovisual]] archives
* [[Digital library|Digital libraries]] / [[Archive|document archives]]
DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय) is designed and developed as per the [[Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems|CCSDS]] [[Open Archival Information System]] (OAIS) Reference Model, ISO 14721: 2012.

A number of digital preservation tools are developed to help in processing the digital data
* e-SANGRAHAN (ई-संग्रहण): E-acquisition tool
* e-RUPĀNTAR (ई-रूपांतर): Pre-archival data processing tool
* DATĀNTAR (डेटांतर): E-records extraction tool
* SUCHI SAMEKAN (सूची समेकन): Metadata importing and aggregation tool
* META-PARIVARTAN (मेटा-परिवर्तन): Any to any metadata conversion tool
* DATA HASTĀNTAR (डेटा-हस्तांतर): Data encryption and transfer tool
* PDF/A converter tool
All the archival systems and digital preservation tools are developed in such a way that they enable in producing evidences / reports as required for the audit and certification of trustworthy digital repositories.

== Pilot Digital Repositories ==
In order to test and demonstrate the effectiveness of digital preservation tools, various pilot digital repositories were developed in collaboration with domain institutions such as Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts; New Delhi; [[National Archives of India]], New Delhi; Stamps and registration Department, Hyderabad; and e-District. C-DAC Noida developed the pilot digital repository for e-Court in collaboration with district courts of Delhi using e-Goshwara: e-Court Solution.

The pilot digital repositories were selected from different domains with following objectives:
* Understand different [[data set]]s in terms of [[metadata]], [[Virtual artifact|digital objects]], [[file format]]s, [[Authentication|authenticity]], [[access control]] and requirements of designated users
* Identify opportunities for development of tools and solutions in order to address domain specific requirements
* Involve the stakeholders in digital preservation process
* Generate proof of concept by deploying the solutions in the domain institutions

== ISO 16363 Certified Trusted Digital Repository ==
As a part of the pilot digital repositories, National Cultural Audiovisual Archive (NCAA) at IGNCA, New Delhi <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/captured-in-2-petabytes-23000-hours-of-beloved-music-dance-and-cultural-pieces-4980319/|title=Captured in 2 petabytes, 23,000 hours of beloved music, dance and cultural pieces|date=2017-12-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref> is established using DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncaa.gov.in/repository/|title=National Cultural Audiovisual Archives|website=National Cultural Audiovisual Archives|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> NCAA manages around 2 Petabytes of rare cultural audiovisual data. During June 2017, Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorization Body (PTAB), UK <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iso16363.org/|title=The ISO 16363 site {{!}} Accredited for ISO 16363 audit and certification|website=PTAB - Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorisation Body Ltd|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> got accredited by National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB), New Delhi, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/nabcb/accreditation/reg_bod_tdrms.php|title=List of Certification Bodies TDRMS|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> PTAB was involved to audit National Cultural Audiovisual Archive. Both NCAA and C-DAC teams worked together during the audit process. Finally, NCAA has been awarded the certified status as Trusted Digital Repository on 27 November 2017, as per [[ISO 16363]]. It happens to be the first Certified Trusted Digital Repository (Certificate No. PTAB-TDRMS 0001) as per ISO 16363 in India and world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iso16363.org/iso-certification/certified-clients/indira-gandhi-national-centre-for-the-arts/|title=INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE ARTS {{!}} PTAB – Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorisation Body Ltd|website=PTAB - Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorisation Body Ltd|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/c-dac-ncca-repository/articleshow/62199960.cms|title='एनसीएए' जगात विश्वासार्ह -Maharashtra Times|date=2017-12-22|work=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2017-12-26|language=mr}}</ref>

== Capacity Building for Audit and Certification ==
The High Level 3-day Training Course on ISO 16363 for Auditors and Managers of Digital Repositories was conducted during 11–13 January 2017 at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India. This training was organized as per the deliverable of Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation by C-DAC Pune in collaboration with Primary Trustworthy Digital Repository Authorization Body (PTAB), UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/keep-your-data-safe/articleshow/58057425.cms|title=मौल्यवान डेटा सुरक्षित ठेवा -Maharashtra Times|date=2017-04-07|work=Maharashtra Times|access-date=2017-12-13|language=mr}}</ref>

This initiative was helpful in formally introducing the ISO 16363 and ISO 16919 through the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (NABCB) for the audit and certification of Indian digital repositories. The first batch of potential technical auditors was trained which included 27 Participants from various stakeholder organisations. Apart from this, numerous digital preservation and DIGITĀLAYA (डिजिटालय) training sessions were organised for the staff of NAI, IGNCA and the 21 partner institutions contributing in NCAA project.

== Contribution to UNESCO Standard Setting Instrument on Preservation of Digital Heritage ==
The [[Principal Investigator]] of Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation, Dr. Dinesh Katre <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/article/india-for-digital-preservation/?upm_export=print|title=India for digital preservation: Digital meets Culture|website=www.digitalmeetsculture.net|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> represented India in the [[UNESCO]] International Experts Consultative Meet on Preservation and Access during June 25–26, 2014 at Warsaw, Poland, which drafted the Standard Setting Instrument for the protection and preservation of the [[digital heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/c-dac-opens-a-centre-to-keep-born-digital-data-safe/58101893|title=C-DAC opens a centre to keep born-digital data safe - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|website=ETtech.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> General Conference of [[UNESCO]] at its 38th session on 1 and 2 July 2015 unanimously adopted the Recommendation Safeguarding the [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World]] –Preservation of, Access to, Documentary Heritage in the [[Information Age|Digital Era]] (38 C/Resolutions – Annex V).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/programme/mow/recommendation-documentary-heritage|title=Safeguarding the Memory of the World – UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Preservation of, Access to, Documentary Heritage in the Digital Era|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>

Based on the experience gained from this project, Government of India is considering to create a national policy on digital preservation which will be instrumental in establishing national digital preservation infrastructure. The digital preservation initiative stands at the crux where it is crucial to fill up the gap between the [[Digital India]] and the challenges posed by rampant technological obsolescence, to make it a truly sustainable vision.

== See also ==

* [[National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program|National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)]], USA
* [[Internet Archive]], USA
* [[Wayback Machine]]
* [[Internet Memory Foundation]]
* [[Digital Curation Centre]], UK
* [[Digital Preservation Coalition]] (DPC), UK
* [[Trustworthy Repositories Audit & Certification]]
* [[Big data|Big Data]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Digital preservation]]
[[Category:Archival science]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]

Gangajalghati

2025-07-28T05:28:47Z

Harish varma: cleanup section additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangajalghati
| other_name =
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
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| area_footnotes =
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| demographics1_title1 = Official
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722 133 (Gangajalghati)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
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| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barjora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjora]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gangajalghati''' is a village in [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=500| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|87|6|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bankura Sadar subdivision in Bankura district''' M: municipal town/ city, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: hill centre, T: temple/ religious centre, B: barrage Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|19|48|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Beliatore| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Beliatore]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|25|48|N|87|16|48|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Barjora| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Barjora]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|26|44|N|87|15|8|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ghutgarya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ghutgarya]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|11|N|86|54|9|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jhantipahari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jhantipahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|15|0|N|87|4|12|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Bankura| numbered5=M| mark-title5 =[[Bankura]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|16|34|N|86|59|52|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Achuri| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Achuri]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|23|50|N|87|6|32|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Amarkanan| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Amarkanan]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|5|32|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bikna| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bikna]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|18|6|N|86|58|57|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Chhatna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chhatna]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|28|12|N|87|7|48|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Durlabhpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Durlabhpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|25|12|N|87|7|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gangajalghati| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Gangajalghati (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|18|51|N|87|5|38|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kanchanpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kanchanpur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|28|30|N|87|13|22|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Maliara| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maliara]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|6|22|N|87|11|5|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Medinipur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Medinipur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|6|0|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Mejia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Mejia, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|10|9|N|87|9|48|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Murakata| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Murakata]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|8|31|N|87|12|7|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Onda| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Onda, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|24|33|N|87|22|35|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Pakhanna| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Pakhanna]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|12|48|N|87|1|8|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Puabagan| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Puabagan]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|53|N|86|48|33|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Saldiha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Saldiha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|31|59|N|86|55|59|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=Saltora| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Saltora]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|24|0|N|86|59|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Susunia| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Susunia]] (H)| shape-color22=#87410E
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|29|N|86|55|57|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Biharinath| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Biharinath]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|9|55|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos24=top|label24=Bahulara| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Bahulara Ancient Temple]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|12|38|N|87|5|31|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25=Ekteswar| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Ekteswar]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|12|52|N|87|7|22|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Sonatapal| numbered26=T| mark-title26= [[Sonatapal]] (T) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|20|48|N|87|18|12|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27=Jagannathpur| numbered27=T| mark-title27= [[Jagannathpur, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Barrage| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=right| label-size28=10| mark-size28=12| numbered28=B|mark-title28 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.5088|87.2418}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=40| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.3028|86.8958}}| label30=Dwarakeswar| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=70| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23.2488|86.9318}}| label31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=20| label-pos31=top| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none}}

===Location===
Gangajalghati is located at {{coord|23|25|12.0|N|87|07|12.0|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is part of the Bankura Uplands in the west gradually merging with the Bankura-Bishnupur Rarh Plains in the north-east. The western portions are characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The soil is [[laterite]] red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] wood. Gradually it gives way to just uneven rolling lands but the soil continues to be lateritic. There are coal mines in the northern part, along the [[Damodar River]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 89% of the population living in rural areas and only 11% living in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Gangajalghati had a total population of 8,708 of which 4,454 (51%) were males and 4,254 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 930. The total number of literates in Gangajalghati was 6,054 (77.83% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Gangajalghati police station has jurisdiction over [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] CD block. The area covered is 371.2 km2 and the population covered is 162,007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/gangajalghati-ps/ |title = Gangajalghati PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 14 (India)|National Highway 14]], (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]), running from [[Morgram]] to [[Kharagpur]], passes through Gangajalghati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=14 October 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
Gangajalghati High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1884. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 6 computers and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130503903/gangajalghati-high-school.html |title = Gangajalghati High School |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

Gangajalghati Girls Junior High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 2010. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class VIII.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130503904/gangajalghati-girls-jr-h-s.html |title = Gangajalghati Girls Jr HS|publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

Nityanandpur High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1952. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 10 computers, a library with 500 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130507403/nityanandapur-high-school.html |title = Nityanandapur High School |publisher= Schools.org.in| access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Gobindaprasad Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1985 at [[Amarkanan]]. It is affiliated with the [[Bankura University]] and offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history and geography and a general course in arts.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://gpmbankura.in/ |title = Gobinda Prasad Mahavidyalaya | publisher=GPV | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Gangajalghati, with 4 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)

2025-05-27T13:12:33Z

Harish varma:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Selvaraj
| image =
திருப்பூர் க. செல்வராஜ்.jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
| successor = [[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
}}

'''K. Selvaraj''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021. And He is First Mayor of [[Tirupur City Municipal Corporation]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055847/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC114.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC114.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiruppur (South) Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a114|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||43.59% || [[S. Gunasekaran (AIADMK politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 40.87%|| <ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvaraj, K}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Saurashtra (region)

2025-05-26T00:40:56Z

Harish varma: minor added structure to improve readability additionally and added references

#REDIRECT [[Kathiawar]] {{R from merge}}

Kshirodakshayi Vishnu

2025-04-28T16:12:13Z

Harish varma: put up new pg

{{Short description|Form of Vishnu}}
[[File:Brahma is coming out from Maha Vishnu in Ocean of Milk.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Vishnu in the Kshira Sagara]]
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Ksirodakasayi Vishnu''' ({{Langx|sa|क्षीरोदक्शायीविष्णु|Kṣīrodakśāyīviṣṇu|lit=Vishnu's expansion who lies within the [[Kshira Sagara|Ocean of Milk]]}}) is a form of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. As the [[Paramatman|Paramatma]] (Ultimate Soul), he is described to "enter every atom and the heart of all beings as a witness, and gives remembrance, knowledge and forgetfulness”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=1970-01-01 |title=Kshirodakshayivishnu, Kṣīrodakśāyīviṣṇu, Kshirodakshayi-vishnu: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kshirodakshayivishnu |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gauḍīya Vaishnavism]], a school of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishṇavism]], the Sātvata-tantra describes three different forms, or aspects, of Vishnu as Mahavishnu also known as Karnodakshayi Vishnu (The form from whose breath the multiverse is born and from whose inhalation, whole multiverse of matter is drawn and engulfed), [[Garbhodaksayi Vishnu|Garbhodakśayī-Viṣṇu]] and Kṣīrodakaśāyī Vishnu (Each universe has [[Garbhodaksayi Vishnu|Garbhodakśayī-Viṣṇu]] as its base and Kṣīrodakaśāyī-Viṣṇu in every matter particles as a copied version) Kṣīrodakaśāyī-Viṣṇu resides in the heart of every living creature as a four hand expansion similar to that of [[Mahavishnu|Mahāviṣṇu]]. He is also referred to as the ''Paramātmā,'' or super soul. His abode is [[Vaikunta|Vaikunṭha]]. His personal abode is the [[Kshira Sagara]] (Ocean of Condensed Milk) and he is realised as the [[Caturvyūha|Aniruddha]] expansion of [[Narayana]].

==Sattva Guṇa==
Viṣhṇu, or the deity of the quality of goodness in the material world, is the ''puruṣāvatāra'' known as Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu or Paramātmā.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en |title=Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23 |access-date=November 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123213949/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en |archive-date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{refbegin|2}}
*[[Garbhodaksayi Vishnu]]
*[[Mahavishnu|Mahāviṣṇu]]
*[[Narayana|Nārāyaṇa]]

*[[Samudra Manthana]]
*[[Sattva]]
*[[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*A.C. Bhaktivedanta Svamī Prabhupāda. The Quest for Enlightenment. Los Angeles. Hard Cover 1997

[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

2016 Mumbai Indians season

2025-04-16T06:45:31Z

Harish varma:

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Mumbai Indians
| season = 2016
| coach = [[Ricky Ponting]]
| captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| comp1 = [[2016 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = league stage (5)
| prevseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2015|2015]]
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2017|2017]]
}}

[[Mumbai Indians]] (MI) are a franchise cricket team based in [[Mumbai]], [[India]], which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). Captained by [[Rohit Sharma]], they were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2016 Indian Premier League]].

==Season standings==
{{2016 Indian Premier League Points table|team=MI}}

=== Match summary ===
{{main|2016 Indian Premier League#Match summary}}

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps before the start of 2016 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|5|| '''[[Aaron Finch]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|ruled out of the season with an injury}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1986|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[off break|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|7|| [[Siddhesh Lad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1992|5|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|9|| '''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Occasional wicket-keeper
|-
|15|| [[Unmukt Chand]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1993|3|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player ||
|-
|45|| '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|54|| '''[[Lendl Simmons]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1985|1|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|90|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
||| [[Aiden Blizzard]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1984|6|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
||| '''[[Colin Munro]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1987|3|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Replacement signing || Overseas
|-
||| '''[[Alex Hales]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1989|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Replacement signing || Overseas
|-
| || [[Nitish Rana]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|19|| [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1993|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Kieron Pollard]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1987|5|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} || Overseas/[[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
|78|| '''[[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|ruled out of the season with an injury}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1990|12|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
|228|| [[Hardik Pandya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|27|| [[Aditya Tare]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|72|| '''[[Parthiv Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1985|3|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|3|| '''[[Harbhajan Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1980|7|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical}} ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Josh Hazlewood]]'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|withdrew citing rest before international cricket}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1991|1|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|12|| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1993|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.2|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} ||
|-
|16|| [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1994|1|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Vinay Kumar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1984|2|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Traded player ||
|-
|30|| '''[[Pragyan Ojha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1985|3|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|33|| [[Pawan Suyal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1989|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
|81|| '''[[Mitchell McClenaghan]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1986|6|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|90|| '''[[Marchant de Lange]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1990|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} || Overseas
|-
|99|| '''[[Lasith Malinga]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1983|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.5|c|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-4}} || Overseas
|-
| || '''[[Abhimanyu Mithun]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1989|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
| || [[Akshay Wakhare]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1985|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2016|mode=historical|round=-3}} ||
|-
||| '''[[Ben Hilfenhaus]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|8|1983|3|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || style="text-align:right;"| Replacement signing || Overseas
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Mumbai Indians}}
[[Category:2016 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]

Chaliyar

2025-03-02T08:28:57Z

Harish varma:

{{short description|River in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Chaliyar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = ചാലിയാർ
| name_etymology =

| image = Chaliyar River at Nilambur.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = A view of Chaliyar at [[Nilambur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[India]]
| map = Chaliyar map.PNG
| map_size =
| map_caption = Labelled map of Chaliyar
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[Pothukal]], [[Chungathara]], [[Nilambur]], [[Mampad]], [[Edavanna]], [[Kavanoor]], [[Perakamanna, Areekode|Perakamanna]], [[Areekode]], [[Kizhuparamba]], [[Elamaram]], [[cheekode]], [[Vazhakkad]], [[Vazhayur]], [[Cheruvadi]], [[Mavoor]], [[Peruvayal]], [[Perumanna]], Aakode, [[Feroke]], [[Chaliyam]].

| length = {{convert|169|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="shodhganga"/>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[mouth]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Elambaleri Hills]]
| source1_location = [[Western Ghats]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Lakshadweep Sea]]<ref name="shodhganga"/>
| mouth_location = [[Chaliyam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11.16|75.80|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|2933|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = [[Iruvazhinjipuzha]], [[Cherupuzha (Mavoor)|Cherupuzha]], [[Engappuzha]]
| tributaries_right = [[Cherupuzha (Mavoor)|Cherupuzha]] [[Nilambur]]
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Chaliyar River''' ({{IPA|ml|tʃaːlijaːr|lang}}) is the fourth longest river in [[Kerala]] at 169 km in length. The Chaliyar is also known as '''Chulika River''', '''Nilambur River''' or '''Beypore River''' as it is near the sea. [[Pothukal]], [[Chungathara]], [[Nilambur]], [[Mampad]], [[Edavanna]], [[Kavanoor]], [[Perakamanna, Areekode|Perakamanna]], [[Areekode]], [[Kizhuparamba]], [[Elamaram]], [[Cheekkode]], [[Vazhakkad]], [[Vazhayur]], [[Cheruvadi]], [[Edavannappara]], [[Mavoor]], [[Peruvayal]], [[Perumanna, Kozhikode|Perumanna]], [[Feroke]] and [[Beypore]] are some of the towns/villages situated along the banks of the Chaliyar. It mainly flows through [[Malappuram district]]. Its tributaries flow through both the districts of [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] and [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]. The bank of river Chaliyar in the Nilambur region is also known for its natural [[Gold]] fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61|title=Mineral Deposits in Kerala}}</ref> Explorations done at the valley of the river Chaliyar in Nilambur have shown reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold.<ref name="geographymalappuram">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website= censusindia.gov.in |title=Physical divisions of Malappuram |pages = 21–22}}</ref> It originates at the Ilambaleri hills of [[Nilgiri Mountains]] in [[Nilgiris district]] ([[Ooty]] district), which is also near [[Wayanad]]-[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] district border. It flows mainly through the erstwhile region of [[Eranad]] (present-day [[Malappuram district]]), and finally empties into the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Beypore]] port, opposite to [[Chaliyam]] harbour.

==Name==
[[File:Chaliyar - Areekode Bridge.jpg|thumbnail|Chaliyar at [[Areekode]]]]
The river has three names - Chaliyar, Nilambur River, and [[Beypore river|Beypore puzha]], of which the first one is more popular. The river meets the [[Lakshadweep Sea]]<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5850/14/14_chapter%206.pdf |title=Evolution of Chaliyar River Drainage Basin Insights from Tectonic Geomorphology |publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology |pages=220|access-date=2014-03-25 }}</ref> at an 'azhi' ([[estuary]]), the southern part of which is known as [[Chaliyam]] and northern part as [[Beypore]]. Unlike many other rivers in Kerala, Chaliyar does not dry up during the dry season in December and March.

Chaliyar is also the name of a place and a [[Grama panchayat]] in [[Nilambur]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]], which is located near the [[Nilambur]] Municipality, where Conolly's plot, the oldest manmade teak plantation in the world is located.<ref>{{cite web |title = Villages in Malappuram |url = https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/node/1030 |website = lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Course==
[[File:Chaliyar Edavanna (251932360).jpg|thumbnail|Chaliyar River at [[Edavanna]]]]
The Chaliyar originates in the [[Western Ghats]] range at Ilambaleri hills in the ranges of [[Nilgiri Mountains]] of [[Western Ghats]],<ref name="shodhganga2">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5850/8/08_chapter%201.pdf |title=Evolution of Chaliyar River Drainage Basin Insights from Tectonic Geomorphology |publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology |pages=8–11|access-date=2014-03-25 }}</ref> which is also near [[Wayanad]]-[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] district border. Chaliyar flows through [[Malappuram District]] for most of its length and then for around 17 km it forms the boundary between [[Malappuram District]] and [[Kozhikode District]] before entering the city of [[Kozhikode]] for its final 10 km journey and finally empties into the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] at [[Beypore]]. Six major streams Chaliyarpuzha, Punnapuzha, Kanjirapuzha,
Karimpuzha, Iruvahnipuzha and [[Cherupuzha (Areekode)|Thottumukkampuzha]] constitute the Chaliyar River drainage system. Other important tributaries are Kurumanpuzha, Pandipuzha, Maradipuzha, Kuthirapuzha and Karakkodupuzha. Most of these rivers have their origin in the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri hills]] in the east and Wayanad hills in the north, where they form a number of rapids and [[waterfalls]].<ref name="shodhganga2" /> Near the origin of river are the [[Meenmutty waterfalls|Meenmutty Falls]] at coordinates {{coord|11.527755|76.236534|type:landmark}} by [[Vaduvanchal]], [[Wayanad]] & [[Soochipara_Falls]] which situated in Chullikka River a part of Chaliyar River.

==Economy==
During late 19th century and early 20th century, the Chaliyar was extensively used as a waterway for carrying [[timber]] from the forest areas in and around [[Nilambur]] to the various mills in [[Kallayi|Kallai]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] city. [[Rafts]] made of logs were taken downstream during the [[monsoon]] season to Kallayi, where these were sawn to size in the [[timber]] mills dotting the banks of the river. Kallai was during this period one of the most important centers in the world for timber business. The place was famous for wood of superlative strength and durability like [[teak]], [[rosewood]], etc. Towards the second half of the 20th century, the activity came down drastically as tree felling was banned or strictly controlled with a view to stop deforestation. Many mills still operate in Kallai, though with far less output. Many have closed down.

==Ecology==
[[File:Mamminikkadavu Temple.jpg|thumb|Chaliyar river at Cheruvannur, Feroke]]
[[File:Edavannappara.1.jpg|thumbnail|Boat service in Chaliyar at Elamaram]]
[[File:Hanging Bridge Across Chaliyar 1.jpg|thumb|Hanging bridge across Chaliyar River in [[Nilambur]], which connects to [[Conolly Teak Plantation]].]]

Chaliyar River was in the news a few years ago because of the ecological damage caused by a [[Wood pulp|pulp]] factory at [[Mavoor]], that released effluents into the river and affected the marine life. This factory has since closed down.

[[K. A. Rahman]] led the agitation for cleanup of the river, and inspired the formation of an anti-pollution committee, Paristhithi Samrakshana Samithi, in 1999.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Tributaries==
* [[Cherupuzha (Mavoor)]]
**Engappuzha
**Iruthullippuzha
**Kadungampuzha
* [[Iruvanjippuzha]]
**Pulingappuzha
**[[Chalippuzha]]. The [[Thusharagiri Falls]] are situated on this river.
**Muthappanpuzha
* [[Cherupuzha (Areekode)|Thottumukkampuzha]]
* [[Kuthirappuzha]]
**[[Kottappuzha]]
* [[Kuruvanpuzha]]
* [[Kanjirappuzha (Mannarkkad)|Kanjirappuzha]]
* [[Karimpuzha (Malappuram)|Karimpuzha]]
**Cherupuzha (Karulai)
**[[Punnappuzha]] or [[Pandiyar]]
***[[Maruthappuzha]] or [[Kalakkanpuzha]]
****[[Karakkodan puzha]]
* [[Pandippuzha]]
* Neerppuzha
* Vadapurampuzha

In addition to these rivers some creeks also join Chaliyar from Neelithode, Poonkudi, Vadasseri, [[Edavanna]], Kunduthodu and [[Mampad]].

== Tourism ==
[[File:Chaliyar River at Feroke.jpg|alt=Chaliyar River|thumb|A view of the Chaliyar river from the famed [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Feroke+Old+Bridge/@11.1791779,75.8185045,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ba650a03f1ff87b:0xd54e082e201c07d!8m2!3d11.1806832!4d75.8290583 Feroke Old Bridge]]]

The banks of the Chaliyar River offer a variety of tourist attractions, rich in natural beauty, historical significance, and cultural heritage.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==Bridges==
Bridges on this river include:{{fact|date=August 2024}}
*Edavanna Bridge
*Areekkode Bridge
*Edasherikadavu Bridge
*Elamaram Bridge
*Oorkadavu Regulator cum Bridge
*Arappuzha Bridge (Part of NH 66 Bypass)
*Feroke New Bridge (Part of NH 66)
*Feroke Old Bridge
*Feroke Railway Bridge
*Myladi Bridge

== Ghost town==

Across the river Chaliyar lies the abandoned Grasim Industries factory which once employed 2,000 employees. Environmental agitations in 1998 caused the closure of the factory and the entire village went bankrupt because of the sudden development and eleven people even committed suicide because of not being able to face unexpected poverty.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Pilgrimage==

The Konnara Dargah is three kilometres away from [[Elamaram]] on the bank of the Chaliyar river. It is the holy resting place of a [[Muslim saint]] where hundreds of pilgrims visit regularly.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Nearby villages==
* Irumooliparamba, Ponnempadam, Channayil Palliyali (Santhigram), Akode, Virippadam, Korappadam, Mundumuzhi, Vazhakkad, Valillappuzha, Pancheeri, Elamaram, Mapram, Konnar, Vettathur, Cheruvadikavu, Neerad, Muthuvalloor, Moochikal, Mundakkulam, Muthuparamba, Vettukad, Omanoor, Ponnad, Iruppanthody Karatt Chola Kolambalam Edavannappara, Arappuzha, Cheruvannur.

== See also==
* [[Chaliyam]]
* [[Beypore]]
* [[Feroke]]
* [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web | title=Infobox facts | work=All Kerala River Protection Council| url= http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html | access-date=27 August 2005 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929201113/http://www.riverindia.in/index.php?sitesig=RI&page=RI_021_CHALIYAR The River Chaliyar, by M. P. Chandran]
*[http://puzhakal0.tripod.com/river.html About the Rivers of Kerala]
*[[K A Rahman]]{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chaliyar River}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110626083354/http://www.mynilambur.com/2011/01/mayladi-bridge-and-chaliyar-river.html Chaliyar River and Mayladi Bridge Nilambur]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051228123834/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug252005/national1439152005824.asp News report about the River after the pulp factory was closed.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061022234848/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug262005/national2030522005825.asp Life returns to Chaliyar river]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080401133802/http://www.keralaphotos.com/scriptfn/index.php/category_id/114/parent_id/3/photo_id/404/countdisplay/12/start/0.htm Adyanpara waterfalls]

{{Waters of Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Rivers of Malappuram district]]

Aga Khan case

2025-03-02T03:25:58Z

Harish varma: Created Post

{{Short description|1866 legal case in India}}
The '''Aga Khan case''' was an 1866 court decision in the [[Bombay High Court|High Court of Bombay]] by Justice Sir [[Joseph Arnould]] that established the authority of the first [[Aga Khan]], [[Hasan Ali Shah]], as the head of the [[Khoja]] community of [[Bombay]].<ref>Purohit, Teena (2001). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 4</ref>

The case was officially a property dispute between a subset of dissident leaders of the Bombay Khojas and the Aga Khan, a [[Persia]]n nobleman who had arrived in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in 1846 and was regarded by his followers, including most Khojas, as their rightful leader and the 46th imam of the [[Nizari Ismaili]] [[Muslims]].<ref>Hirji, Zulfikar (2011). The Socio-Legal Formation of the Nizari Ismailis of East Africa, 1800-1950 in A Modern History of the Ismailis, ed. Daftary, Farhad, 135</ref> The dissidents rejected the Aga Khan's claim on authority by arguing that he was not a Khoja and that the Khojas had always been [[Sunni Muslims]].<ref>Asani, Ali (2011). From Satpanthi to Ismaili Muslim: The Articulation of Ismaili Khoja Identity in South Asia in A Modern History of the Ismailis, ed. Daftary, Farhad, 106</ref>

As part of adjudicating the dispute, Arnould undertook an extensive examination of the religious background of the Khoja caste. After a 25-day trial, which included testimony from the Aga Khan and a review of numerous documents,<ref>Purohit, Teena (2012). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 5</ref> Arnould found in favor of the Aga Khan, ruling that the Khojas were Shia Ismailis and that the Aga Khan was their rightful leader.<ref>Hirji, Zulfikar (2011). The Socio-Legal Formation of the Nizari Ismailis of East Africa, 1800-1950 in A Modern History of the Ismailis, ed. Daftary, Farhad, 135</ref>

==Background==
In 1847, an inheritance dispute between two Khoja brothers led to the first legal dispute between a group of Khoja leaders and the Aga Khan, with the parties asserting that the dispute should be decided by [[caste]] custom and [[Quranic]] law, respectively. Though the judge, Sir Erskine Perry, decided the case in favor of the Khoja leaders, his findings included the assertion that the [[Khoja]]s were a “[[Muhammedian]]” group (one with primarily [[Hindu]] practices, according to Perry), and that the 14th century Ismaili [[da'i]], [[Pir Sadruddin]], had converted the Khojas to Islam.<ref>Purohit, Teena (2012). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 27</ref>

By 1851, the Bombay Khoja community was divided into two camps: a minority that rejected the Aga Khan's authority and called for self-governance, and the majority that had been followers of the Aga Khan even before his arrival in India. After years of disagreements between the two sides—which were heightened when the Aga Khan asked Khojas to sign a document in 1861 prescribing the beliefs of the Nizaris, including loyalty to him<ref>Daftary, Farhad (1998). A Short History of the Ismailis, 198</ref>—the dissident faction brought a case against the Aga Khan in 1866, seeking to overturn his claim as the community's leader.<ref>Asani, Ali (2011). From Satpanthi to Ismaili Muslim: The Articulation of Ismaili Khoja Identity in South Asia in A Modern History of the Ismailis, ed. Daftary, Farhad, 106</ref>

In terms of legal and political context, the Aga Khan case came between two important events in the history of [[British India]]: the [[Sepoy Mutiny|Rebellion of 1857]] and the resulting [[Government of India Act 1858|Government of India Act]], which led to the codification of the legal systems of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay presidencies]], and the [[1871 India Census|first Indian census in 1871]], which saw the formalization of religious and caste identities as categories of classification.<ref>Purohit, Teena (2012). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 36</ref> Amid this context, Arnould asserted that the case hung on the question of the “original religion” of the Khojas, as this would determine their identity and thus their rightful leader.

==Trial==
The [[plaintiffs]] formulated their case against the Aga Khan on religious grounds, arguing that the Khojas were [[Sunni Muslims]], and that, as a result, the Aga Khan had no authority over the community.

The plaintiffs asked the court to take four steps in order to remove Aga Khan's authority and institute a system of self-governance:<ref>Arnould, Joseph. Judgment Delivered Nov. 12, 1866, on the “Khoja Case” (Aga Khan Case)</ref> first, an accounting of all Khoja communal property in Bombay; second, the collection of all community property under the court's supervision; third, the institution of a regularized election procedure for selecting the leadership of the community; and fourth, an injunction prohibiting the Aga Khan from interfering in the community's property and affairs, influencing the election of the community's leadership, or asserting any power to [[excommunicate]] Khojas, deprive them of their privileges, or demand payments in a spiritual capacity.<ref>Arnould, Joseph. Judgment Delivered Nov. 12, 1866, on the “Khoja Case” (Aga Khan Case)</ref>

The Aga Khan's attorneys made several claims, notably that the Khoja community had a long history of loyalty to the Aga Khan and his ancestors. They presented letters from as early as 1793 from the Aga Khan's father to the Khoja [[Jama'at Khana|jamat]] in order to demonstrate that the Khojas had paid remittances to the Aga Khan and his ancestors.<ref>Purohit, Teena (2012). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 48</ref> Further, the attorneys sought to invalidate the argument that the Khojas had been Sunni: they disassociated the Khojas from “classical Islam” by citing Perry's 1847 ruling that “they possessed no translation of the Koran,” and asserted that since they had been identified as “[[Muslim]]” by Perry, this indicated they were Shia, as Perry had called them “[[Hindus]] with a ''Muslim'' cultivation and Muslim development of their creed.”

The crucial piece of evidence proved to be an analysis of the Ismaili poem [[Dasavatar]] (“the Ten [[Avatars]]”). The poem, part of the Ismaili devotional hymns known as the [[ginans]], is the work of [[Pir Sadruddin]], the founder of the Khojas.<ref>Daftary, Farhad (1998). A Short History of the Ismailis, 184</ref> While the first nine chapters of the ginan focus on Hindu avatars, the final chapter focuses on [[Ali]] ([[Prophet Muhammad|Muhammad]]’s son-in-law and the first [[imam]] in Shia Islam) and regards Ali as [[Kalki|Nakalanki]], the tenth avatar.<ref>Purohit, Teena (2012). The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India, 55</ref> The Aga Khan’s attorneys argued that Dasavatar, as both a uniquely Khoja and uniquely Ismaili work, was evidence of the Aga Khan’s previous connection with the Khojas via Pir Sadruddin.

==Decision==
In reaching his decision, Arnould attempted to answer five distinct yet related questions: first, who are the Sunni and Shia Muslims in relation to one another; second, who are the Shia Ismailis; third, who is the Aga Khan; fourth, who are the Khojas in general and what is their relationship to the Aga Khan; and fifth, what is the relationship between the dissident Khojas and the Aga Khan?

Arnould’s judgment answered these questions one at a time.

First, he argued that [[Sunnis]] were the "orthodox Mussulmans", as the [[Shia]] put [[Ali]] on almost equal position with [[Prophet Muhammad|Muhammad]]. Yet, Arnould favored the Shia interpretation of the issue of succession and wrote positively of Shia history in general. Second, Arnould wrote at length about persecution against the Ismailis; the concept of [[taqiyya]], or concealment of religious opinion and identity; and the history of the Assassins and the relationship of [[Hasan-i Sabbah]] and the Aga Khan. Third, Arnould asserted that while documentary gaps existed in the Aga Khan's claim to hereditary succession, he nevertheless agreed that the Aga Khan was a descendant, through Ali, of Muhammad.

Finally, Arnould turned to the questions of the Aga Khan's relationship to the Khoja community. First, Arnould ruled, the overwhelming majority of the Bombay Khojas had welcomed the Aga Khan and pledged allegiance to him, and that the Khojas had long made payments to him and his ancestors. Second, he said his decision hung on which form of Islam the Khojas had been converted to four hundred years previously. Arnould noted that Pir Sadruddin was an Ismaili missionary sent by one of the Aga Khan's ancestors, and accepted the defense's argument that Dasavatar was both a Khoja and an Ismaili text. Thus, Arnould concluded, the Khojas were Shia Ismaili, and the Aga Khan was their rightful leader.

==Effect==
Arnould's judgment had the effect of ending serious challenges to the Aga Khan's rule.<ref>Hirji, Zulfikar (2011). The Socio-Legal Formation of the Nizari Ismailis of East Africa, 1800-1950 in A Modern History of the Ismailis, ed. Daftary, Farhad, 135</ref> The Aga Khan administered the affairs of the Ismaili community, including the Khojas, until his death in 1881, when he was succeeded by his son, [[Aga Khan II]], who served as imam for four years before his death and succession by his son, [[Aga Khan III]].<ref>Daftary, Farhad (1998). A Short History of the Ismailis, 199</ref>

During the long [[imamate]] of Aga Khan III (1885 to 1957), the [[Nizari Ismailis]] emerged as one of the most prominent Muslim groups in India. As a member of the [[All India Muslim League]], Aga Khan III played a key role in the [[Indian independence movement]] and in the creation of [[Pakistan]].

==See also==
* [[Satpanth]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:History of Nizari Isma'ilism]]
[[Category:1866 in case law]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:1866 in British India]]

Jiran Gachhi

2024-12-22T20:36:31Z

Harish varma: put up new data

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jiran Gachhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5468|N|88.5397|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhangar II]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1.70
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_total = 5193
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700135
| area_code = +91 33
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhangar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhangar]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jiran Gachhi''' is a village within the jurisdiction of the [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] police station in the [[Bhangar II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|29|0|N|88|31|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Sonarpur, Bhangar I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|5|N|88|28|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Radhanagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Radhanagar, Sonarpur]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|25|10|N|88|21|25|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Danga | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Danga, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|0|N|88|22|25|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ramchandrapur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|35|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Bidyadharpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bidyadharpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|30|30|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Kalikapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|26|15|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Chak Baria | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Chak Baria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|29|30|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sahebpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Sahebpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|25|5|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rajpur Sonarpur| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] (M) |shape-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|50|N|88|23|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Narendrapur| numbered9=N| mark-title9= [[Narendrapur]] (N)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|25|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Subhashgram| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Subhashgram]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|30|40|N|88|35|38|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Maricha | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Maricha, Bhangar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|31|10|N|88|30|34|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Bhangar Raghunathpur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|30|25|N|88|37|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Gobindapur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Gobindapur, Bhangar]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|27|32|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bantala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bantala]] (R)|shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|34|35|N|88|35|12|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Uttar Kasipur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Uttar Kasipur]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|29|35|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Nalmuri| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nalmuri]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|32|48|N|88|38|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jiran Gachhi| numbered17=R| mark-title17= Jiran Gachhi (R) |shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black 
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Harinavi| numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Harinavi]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 10 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the northern part of the subdivision is a flat plain bordering the metropolis of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Jiran Gachhi is located at {{coord|22.5468|N|88.5397|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jiran Gachhi had a total population of 5,193, of which 2,724 (52%) were males and 2,769 (53%) were females. There were 773 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Jiran Gachhi was 3,136 (71.18% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 December 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Jiran Gachhi to the [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Healthcare==
Jiran Gachhi Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 December 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Poradanga Halt railway station

2024-07-30T06:25:30Z

Harish varma: further add layout for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description | Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Poradanga railway station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Poradanga, [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.1536|N|88.1334|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|24|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| line = [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] Line
| platform = 3
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PRDG
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Azimganj City|right=Mahipal Road|type=[[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Poradanga Halt railway station''' is a halt railway station on the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] of [[Malda railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated at Poradanga village of [[Murshidabad district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==
In 1913, the Hooghly–Katwa Railway constructed a {{track gauge|1676mm}}-wide {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line from [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] to [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]], and the Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa Railway constructed the {{track gauge|1676mm}}-wide {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web| url = http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| title = Indian Railway History timeline|first=R. P.|last=Saxena| accessdate = 16 April 2019| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archivedate = 14 July 2012| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |publisher=Rail India | accessdate = 16 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> With the construction of the [[Farakka Barrage]] and opening of the railway bridge in 1971, the railway communication picture of this line were completely changed. Total 13 trains including few local and passengers stop at Poradanga railway station.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/poradanga-halt-prdg/8909|title=PRDG/Poradanga Halt|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/poradanga-halt-prdg-station|title=PORADANGA HALT (PRDG) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Sen Brahmana

2024-05-31T08:39:24Z

Harish varma: started the data basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sen Brahmana
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.94|N|74.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1062
| population_total = 2159
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kashmiri language]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01992
| registration_plate = JK 14
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sen Brahmana''' is a [[village]] located in [[Udhampur Tehsil]] of [[Udhampur district]] near [[Chenab river]](Tawi) in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It is situated 22 km away from the town of Udhampur, which is also district & sub-district headquarter of Sen Brahmana village. The village is named after Sen Brahmin Clan.
<ref>{{Cite web|last=moni1706|date=2020-02-14|title=Temple in Kashmir, Mandi & Himachal Pradesh and Sen Dynasty|url=https://monidipa.net/2020/02/14/triloknath-trilokinath-temple-in-mandi-himachal-pradesh/|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Moni Gāthā|language=en}}</ref> According to Census 2011 information, the location code or village code of Sen Brahmana village is 004891. Sen Brahmana is a medium size village with total 249 families residing. The Sen Brahmana village has population of 1391 of which 699 are males while 692 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Sen Brahmana village population of children with age 0-6 is 195 which makes up 14.02% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Sen Brahmana village is 990 which is higher than Jammu and Kashmir state average of 889. Child Sex Ratio for the Sen Brahmana as per census is 1074, higher than Jammu and Kashmir average of 862.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

Sen Brahmana village has higher literacy rate compared to Jammu and Kashmir. In 2011, literacy rate of Sen Brahmana village was 77.93% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Sen Brahmana Male literacy stands at 85.95% while female literacy rate was 69.71%.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Sen Brahmana village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sen Brahmana, Jammu and Kashmir, India Current Weather | website=AccuWeather | date=30 January 2024 | url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/sen-brahmana/3031331/current-weather/3031331 | access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sen Brahmana Village Population - Udhampur - Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.census2011.gov.in/data/village/4891-sen-brahmana-jammu-and-kashmir.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sen Brahmana Village Population - Udhampur, Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/udhampur/udhampur/sen-brahmana-population.html|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Censusindia2011.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen Brahmana}}
[[Category:Udhampur]]
[[Category:Villages in Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]

Dadudan Gadhvi

2023-10-11T06:20:38Z

Harish varma: updated content further and updated info per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Kavi Daad]]

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