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University of Edinburgh

2023-09-28T16:53:13Z

Harhsbhusari: Public university in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

{{Short description|Public university in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Edinburgh
| latin_name = Universitas Academica Edinburgensis
| image_name = University of Edinburgh ceremonial roundel.svg
| image_upright = 0.7
| motto = 
| established = {{start date and age|1583|df=yes}}<ref name="Our History"/>
| type = [[public university|Public]] [[research university]]<br />[[Ancient university]]
| endowment = £541.0 million (2022)<ref name="Financial report"/>
| budget = £1.262 billion (2022)<ref name="Financial report"/>
| academic_staff = 4,952 [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] (2022)<ref name="HR 2022">{{cite web |title=Staff Headcount & Full Time Equivalent Statistics (FTE) as at Oct-22 |url=http://www.docs.csg.ed.ac.uk/HumanResources/StaffNumbers.htm |publisher=Human Resources, The University of Edinburgh |date=October 2022 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
| administrative_staff = 6,215 FTE (2022)<ref name="HR 2022"/>
| principal = [[Peter Mathieson (nephrologist)|Sir Peter Mathieson]]
| rector = [[Debora Kayembe]]
| chancellor = [[Anne, Princess Royal]]
| students = 41,250 (2021/22)<ref name="HESAStudents">{{cite web |title=Where do HE students study? {{!}} HESA |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider |website=www.hesa.ac.uk}}</ref>{{efn|[[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]] numbers given here are significantly lower than those reported by the university, since HESA does not include non-graduating and visiting students, postgraduates writing up, and online learning students living abroad.<ref name="Student Figures 2020/21"/>}}
| undergrad = 26,000 (2021/22)<ref name="HESAStudents"/>
| postgrad = 15,245 (2021/22)<ref name="HESAStudents"/>
| city = [[Edinburgh]]
| country = Scotland, UK
| coordinates = {{Coord|55|56|50.6|N|3|11|13.9|W|type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], [[suburban area|suburban]]
| former_names = Tounis College<br />King James' College
| affiliations = [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]<br />[[Coimbra Group]]<br />[[European University Association|EUA]]<br />[[League of European Research Universities|LERU]]<br />[[Russell Group]]<br />[[Una Europa]]<br />[[Network of Universities from the Capitals of Europe|UNICA]]<br />[[Universitas 21]]<br />[[Universities Scotland]]<br />[[Universities UK]]
| colours = <span style="background:#D50032; border:1px; color:#fff; padding:2px 16px;">Red</span> <span style="background:#041E42; border:1px; color:#fff; padding:2px 16px;">Blue</span><ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh's core colours |url=https://uoe.sharepoint.com/sites/Brand/SitePages/Corporate-colours.aspx |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.ed.ac.uk}}
| logo = University of Edinburgh Corporate Logo Colour.svg
| logo_upright = 1.1
}}
[[File:The Temple of Fame, McEwan Hall, Edinburgh, 4.jpg|thumb|Interior dome of the [[McEwan Hall]] after restoration in 2017]]

The '''University of Edinburgh''' ({{lang-sco|University o Edinburgh}}, {{lang-gd|Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann}}; abbreviated as '''''Edin.''''' in [[Post-nominal letters|post-nominals]]) is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] based in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. Founded by the [[City of Edinburgh Council|town council]] under the authority of a [[royal charter]] of King [[James VI and I|James VI]] in 1582 and officially opened in 1583, it is one of Scotland's [[Ancient universities of Scotland|four ancient universities]] and the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|sixth-oldest university]] in continuous operation in the [[English-speaking world]].<ref name="Our History">{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Opening_of_Edinburgh_University,_1583 |title=Opening of Edinburgh University, 1583 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> The university played an important role in Edinburgh becoming a chief intellectual centre during the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] and contributed to the city being nicknamed the "[[Etymology of Edinburgh#Athens of the North|Athens of the North]]."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moss |first=Michael S. |date=June 2004 |title=Reviewed Work: The University of Edinburgh: An Illustrated History by Robert D. Anderson, Michael Lynch, Nicholas Phillipson |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3489575 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=119 |issue=482 |pages=810–811 |doi=10.1093/ehr/119.482.810 |jstor=3489575 |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lowrey |first=John |date=June 2001 |title=From Caesarea to Athens: Greek Revival Edinburgh and the Question of Scottish Identity within the Unionist State |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/991701 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=136–157 |doi=10.2307/991701 |jstor=991701 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

In academic rankings, Edinburgh is positioned among the top universities in the [[United Kingdom]] and the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=World University Rankings – University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking |accessdate=28 September 2023 |publisher=Times Higher Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/universities/university-of-edinburgh |title=The University of Edinburgh Ranking UK 2022 / 2023 |publisher=Complete University Guide |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-edinburgh-505832 |title=University of Edinburgh |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/the-university-of-edinburgh |title=Shanghai Ranking-Universities |publisher=Shanghairanking.com |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-edinburgh |title=The University of Edinburgh : Rankings, Fees & Courses Details |publisher=Top Universities |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> It is a member of several associations of research-intensive universities, including the [[Coimbra Group]], [[League of European Research Universities]], [[Russell Group]], [[Una Europa]], and [[Universitas 21]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/mission-governance/affiliations |title=Affiliations |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> In the [[fiscal year]] ending 31 July 2022, it had a total income of £1.262 billion, of which £331.6 million was from research grants and contracts. It has the [[List of universities in the United Kingdom by endowment|third-largest endowment]] in the UK, behind only [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].<ref name="Financial report">{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/atoms/files/202207_uoe_annual_accounts_2022_20.pdf |title=Annual Report and Accounts for the Year to 31 July 2022 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> The university occupies five main campuses in the city of Edinburgh, which include many buildings of historical and architectural significance such as those in the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]].<ref name="University Heritage">{{cite web |title=University Heritage |date=24 November 2017 |url=https://ewh.org.uk/trails/university-heritage/ |access-date=16 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh World Heritage}}</ref>

Edinburgh is the [[List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment|seventh-largest university]] in the UK by enrolment<ref name="HESAStudents"/> and receives over 75,000 undergraduate applications per year, making it the second-most popular university in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] by volume of applications.<ref name="admissions">{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/student-recruitment/admissions-advice/admissions-statistics |title=Undergraduate admissions statistics |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> Edinburgh had the eighth-highest average [[UCAS Tariff|UCAS points]] amongst British universities for new entrants in 2020.<ref name="UCAS tariff">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards |title=Complete University Guide 2023 – Entry Standards |publisher=The Complete University Guide |date=5 July 2021 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> The university continues to have links to the [[British royal family|royal family]], having had [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] as its [[Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh|chancellor]] from 1953 to 2010 and [[Anne, Princess Royal]] since March 2011.<ref name="Princess Anne">{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/chancellor-040411 |title=New Chancellor elected |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

[[List of University of Edinburgh people|Alumni of the university]] include inventor [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[natural history#Before 1900|naturalist]] [[Charles Darwin]], philosopher [[David Hume]], physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]], and writers such as Sir [[J. M. Barrie]], Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], [[J. K. Rowling]], Sir [[Walter Scott]], and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni in history |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques |title=Commemorative plaques |access-date=19 November 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The university counts several heads of state and government amongst its graduates, including [[List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education|three British Prime Ministers]]. Three [[Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court Justices of the UK]] were educated at Edinburgh. {{As of|2023|January|df=yes}}, 19 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, four [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, three [[Turing Award]] winners, and an [[Abel Prize]] laureate and [[Fields Medal]]ist have been affiliated with Edinburgh as alumni or academic staff.<ref name="Nobel Prizes">{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/prize-winners/nobel |title=Nobel Prizes |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> Edinburgh alumni have won a total of ten [[Olympic medal|Olympic gold medals]].{{efn|[[Eric Liddell|Liddell]] (1), [[Jackie Robinson (basketball, born 1927)|Robinson]] (1), [[Bob Braithwaite|Braithwaite]] (1), [[Chris Hoy|Hoy]] (6), [[Katherine Grainger|Grainger]] (1)}}

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Robert Rollock, first principal of the University of Edinburgh.jpg|left|thumb|[[Robert Rollock]], Regent (1583–1586) and first principal (1586–1599) of the University of Edinburgh]]

In 1557, Bishop [[Robert Reid (bishop)|Robert Reid]] of [[St Magnus Cathedral]] on [[Orkney]] made a [[Will and testament|will]] containing an endowment of 8,000 [[Merk (coin)|merks]] to build a college in Edinburgh.<ref name="Will">{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Will_of_Bishop_Robert_Reid,_1557 |title=Will of Bishop Robert Reid, 1557 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> Unusually for his time, Reid's vision included the teaching of [[rhetoric]] and [[poetry]], alongside more traditional subjects such as [[philosophy]].<ref name="Will"/> However, the bequest was delayed by more than 25 years due to the religious revolution that led to the [[Scottish Reformation Parliament|Reformation Parliament]] of 1560.<ref name="Will"/> The plans were revived in the late 1570s through efforts by the [[Edinburgh Town Council]], first minister of Edinburgh [[James Lawson (minister)|James Lawson]], and [[Lord Provost of Edinburgh|Lord Provost]] [[William Little (Lord Provost)|William Little]].<ref name="Our History"/> When Reid's descendants were unwilling to pay out the sum, the town council petitioned King [[James VI and I|James VI]] and his [[Privy Council of Scotland|Privy Council]]. The King brokered a monetary compromise and granted a [[royal charter]] on 14 April 1582, empowering the town council to create a college of higher education.<ref name="Will"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Charter_by_King_James_VI,_14_April_1582 |title=Charter by King James VI |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Alexander |title=The Story of the University of Edinburgh During Its First Three Hundred Years |date=1884 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyuniversity01grangoog |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> A college established by secular authorities was unprecedented in [[Scottish Reformation|newly Presbyterian]] Scotland, as all previous Scottish universities had been founded through [[papal bull]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Horner |first=Winifred Bryan |title=Nineteenth-century Scottish Rhetoric: The American Connection |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSffiLqVtuUC&pg=PA19 |date=1993 |page=19 |isbn=9780809314706 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> Notably, Edinburgh was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the richer and more populous [[Tudor period|England]] had only two.

[[File:King James' College, Edinburgh c.1647.JPG|thumb|Main buildings of King James' College in 1647, lying in a double courtyard on the lower left]]
[[File:0169731c.jpg|left|thumb|Frontispiece to earliest laureation (graduation) register (1587)]]
Named ''Tounis College'' (Town's College), the university opened its doors to students on 14 October 1583, with an attendance of 80–90.<ref name="Our History"/> At the time, the college mainly covered [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]] and [[Divinity (academic discipline)|divinity]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Edinburgh |access-date=19 August 2021 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hermans |first1=Jos. M. M. |last2=Nelissen |first2=Marc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE-P0ffkTUoC&pg=PA4 |title=Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=90-5867-474-6 |page=42 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Instruction began under the charge of a graduate from the [[University of St Andrews]], theologian [[Robert Rollock]], who first served as Regent, and from 1586 as principal of the college.<ref name="Robert Rollock">{{cite web |title=Our History – Robert Rollock (1555-1599) |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Robert_Rollock_(1555-1599) |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> Initially Rollock was the sole instructor for first-year students, and he was expected to tutor the 1583 intake for all four years of their degree in every subject. The first cohort finished their studies in 1587, and 47 students graduated (or 'laureated') with an [[Master of Arts (Scotland)|M.A.]] degree.<ref name="Robert Rollock"/> When King James VI visited Scotland in 1617, he held a [[disputation]] with the college's professors, after which he decreed that it should henceforth be called the "Colledge ''[sic]'' of King James".<ref>{{cite book |last=Wormald |first=Jenny |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1tqxtnk |title=Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland 1470-1625 |date=1983 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-2901-5 |jstor=10.3366/j.ctt1tqxtnk |edition=2nd |page=288 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our History – James VI and I |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/James_VI_and_I |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> The university was known as both ''Tounis College'' and ''King James' College'' until it gradually assumed the name of the University of Edinburgh during the 17th century.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/University_of_Edinburgh |title=Our History – University of Edinburgh |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

After the deposition of King [[James II of England|James II and VII]] during the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] passed legislation designed to root out [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] sympathisers amongst university staff.<ref name="Jacobite Staff">{{cite web |title=Our History – Purge of Episcopalian and Jacobite Staff, 1690 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Purge_of_Episcopalian_and_Jacobite_Staff,_1690 |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> In Edinburgh, this led to the dismissal of Principal [[Alexander Monro (educator)|Alexander Monro]] and several professors and regents after a government visitation in 1690. The university was subsequently led by Principal [[Gilbert Rule]], one of the inquisitors on the visitation committee.<ref name="Jacobite Staff"/>

===18th and 19th century===
{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = left
| width = 24em
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| quote = "You are now in a place where the best courses upon earth are within your reach... Such an opportunity you will never again have. I would therefore strongly press on you to fix no other limit to your stay in Edinborough than your having got thro this whole course. The omission of any one part of it will be an affliction & loss to you as long as you live."
| author = [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| source = writing to his son-in-law [[Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr.]] in 1786.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomas-jefferson/letters-of-thomas-jefferson/jefl48.php |title=To Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. Paris, Aug. 27, 1786 |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=15 August 2013}}</ref>
}}

The late 17th and early 18th centuries were marked by a power struggle between the university and town council, which had ultimate authority over staff appointments, curricula, and examinations.<ref name="Town Council">{{cite web |title=Our History – Town Council |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Town_Council |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> After a series of challenges by the university, the conflict culminated in the council seizing the college records in 1704.<ref name="Town Council"/> Relations were only gradually repaired over the next 150 years and suffered repeated setbacks.

The university expanded by founding a Faculty of Law in 1707, a Faculty of Arts in 1708, and a Faculty of Medicine in 1726.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our history| url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Main_Page |access-date=11 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> In 1762, Reverend [[Hugh Blair]] was appointed by King [[George III]] as the first [[Regius Chair of Rhetoric and English Literature|Regius Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Foundation of Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 1760 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Foundation_of_Chair_of_Rhetoric_and_Belles_Lettres,_1760 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> This formalised literature as a subject and marks the foundation of the English Literature department, making Edinburgh the oldest centre of literary education in Britain.<ref name="Anniversary">{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/english-literature/news-events/250-anniversary-english-literature/250-anniversary-english |title=250th Anniversary of English Literature |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501142221/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/english-literature/news-events/250-anniversary-english-literature/250-anniversary-english |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref>

During the 18th century, the university was at the centre of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mullett |first=Charles F. |date=1 February 1968 |title=A Short History of the University of Edinburgh, 1556–1889. By D. B. Horn.
|url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/73.3.808 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=73 |issue=3 |page=808 |doi=10.1086/ahr/73.3.808 |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> The ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] fell on especially fertile ground in Edinburgh because of the university's democratic and secular origin; its organization as a single entity instead of loosely connected colleges, which encouraged academic exchange; its adoption of the more flexible Dutch model of professorship, rather than having student cohorts taught by a single regent; and the lack of land endowments as its source of income, which meant its faculty operated in a more competitive environment.<ref name="Scottish Enlightenment">{{cite journal |last=Thornton |first=Robert |date=Fall 1968 |title=The University of Edinburgh and the Scottish Enlightenment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40755174 |journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=415–422 |jstor=40755174 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> Between 1750 and 1800, this system produced and attracted key Enlightenment figures such as chemist [[Joseph Black]], economist [[Adam Smith]], historian [[William Robertson (historian)|William Robertson]], philosophers [[David Hume]] and [[Dugald Stewart]], physician [[William Cullen]], and early sociologist [[Adam Ferguson]], many of which taught concurrently.<ref name="Scottish Enlightenment"/> By the time the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] was founded in 1783, the university was regarded as one of the world's preeminent scientific institutions,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morrell |first=J. B. |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/350728 |title=The University of Edinburgh in the Late Eighteenth Century: Its Scientific Eminence and Academic Structure |date=1971 |journal=Isis |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=158–171 |doi=10.1086/350728 |s2cid=144076477 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> and [[Voltaire]] called Edinburgh a "hotbed of genius" as a result.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scottish Enlightenment |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Scottish-Enlightenment |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Benjamin Franklin]] believed that the university possessed "a set of as truly great men, Professors of the Several Branches of Knowledge, as have ever appeared in any Age or Country".<ref>{{cite book |last=Nolan |first=J. Bennett |date=1938 |title=Benjamin Franklin in Scotland and Ireland 1759 and 1771 |url=https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512805048 |page=50 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia
|doi=10.9783/9781512805048 |isbn=9781512805031 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> [[Thomas Jefferson]] felt that as far as science was concerned, "no place in the world can pretend to a competition with Edinburgh".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-15-02-0207 |title=From Thomas Jefferson to Dugald Stewart, 21 June 1789 |publisher=Founders Online |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Edinburgh University 1827.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The east facade of [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] facing onto [[South Bridge, Edinburgh|South Bridge]], as built in 1827. A [[dome]] similar to Adam's original design was added in 1887 by Sir [[Robert Rowand Anderson]].]]
[[File:Charter for University of Edinburgh.jpg|alt=piece of parchment of charter of novodamus from King James VI of Scotland in 1582|thumb|upright=1.3|A [[Charter of novodamus|Charter of Novodamus]] from King [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland]] in 1582, to establish a college]]
In 1785, [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Henry Dundas]] introduced the [[South Bridge Act 1785|South Bridge Act]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]; one of the bill's goals was to use [[South Bridge, Edinburgh|South Bridge]] as a location for the university, which had existed in a hotchpotch of buildings since its establishment. The site was used to construct [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]], the university's first custom-built building, by architect [[William Henry Playfair]] to plans by [[Robert Adam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Laying_of_Foundation_Stone_of_Old_College,_1789 |title=Laying of Foundation Stone of Old College |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> During the 18th century, the university developed a particular forte in teaching [[anatomy]] and the developing science of [[surgery]], and it was considered one of the best medical schools in the English-speaking world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medicine at the University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/medicine-vet-medicine/about/history/medicine |access-date=19 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Bodies to be used for [[dissection]] were brought to the university's Anatomy Theatre through a secret tunnel from a nearby house (today's College Wynd student accommodation), which was also used by murderers [[Burke and Hare murders|Burke and Hare]] to deliver the corpses of their victims during the 1820s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campus curiosities 17: Tunnels |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/campus-curiosities-17-tunnels/199679.article |date=11 November 2005 |access-date=13 September 2021 |publisher=Times Higher Education}}</ref><ref name="Central Area">{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/edinburgh-self-guided-tour.pdf |title=Self-guided tour to Central Area |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

After 275 years of governance by the town council, the [[Ancient university governance in Scotland|Universities (Scotland) Act 1858]] gave the university full authority over its own affairs.<ref name="Town Council"/> The act established governing bodies including a university court and a general council, and redefined the roles of key officials like the chancellor, rector, and principal.<ref name="Universities Act">{{cite web |title=Our History – Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1858 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

[[File:Edinburgh Seven Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque commemorating the [[Edinburgh Seven]] at the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]]]

The [[Edinburgh Seven]] were the first group of matriculated undergraduate female students at any British university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh Seven |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/equality-diversity/celebrating-diversity/inspiring-women/women-in-history/edinburgh-seven |access-date=19 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Led by [[Sophia Jex-Blake]], they began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869. Although the university blocked them from graduating and qualifying as doctors, their campaign gained national attention and won them many supporters, including [[Charles Darwin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Wendy |date=5 July 2019 |title=Trailblazing women in medicine: laurels at last for Edinburgh Seven |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31565-X |journal=Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10195 |pages=294–295 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31565-x |pmid=31285040 |s2cid=205990929 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Their efforts put the rights of women to higher education on the national political agenda, which eventually resulted in legislation allowing women to study at all Scottish universities in 1889. The university admitted women to graduate in medicine in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/First_Graduation_of_Female_Students,_1893 |title=First Graduation of Female Students, 1893 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-46180368 |title=Sophia Jex-Blake: The battle to be Scotland's first female doctor |work=BBC News |date=16 November 2018 |last=McCullins |first=Darren |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> In 2015, the Edinburgh Seven were commemorated with a plaque at the university,<ref>{{cite news |title='Edinburgh Seven' honoured with plaque in Edinburgh |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-34207742 |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref> and in 2019 they were posthumously awarded with medical degrees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pioneering Edinburgh Seven students awarded honorary degrees |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17753320.pioneering-edinburgh-seven-students-awarded-honorary-degrees/ |date=6 July 2019 |access-date=19 August 2021 |work=The Herald |location=Glasgow}}</ref>

[[File:Exterieur van universiteitsgebouwen in Edinburgh University Buildings, Edinburgh., RP-F-F00877-K.jpg|thumb|Buildings of the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School#Teviot Place|Old Medical School]] at Teviot Place, photographed in the late 19th century]]
[[File:McEwan Hall, Bristo Square, University of Edinburgh (6443726423).jpg|thumb|left|Exterior of the [[McEwan Hall]]]]

Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded. After a bequest from Sir [[Sir David Baxter, 1st Baronet|David Baxter]], the university started planning new buildings in earnest. Sir [[Robert Rowand Anderson]] won the public architectural competition and was commissioned to design new premises for the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|Medical School]] in 1877.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Medical_School |title=Our History – Medical School |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> Initially, the design incorporated a [[Bell tower|campanile]] and a hall for examination and graduation, but this was seen as too ambitious. The new Medical School opened in 1884, but the building was not completed until 1888.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening of New Medical School, 1884 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Opening_of_New_Medical_School,_1884 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> After funds were donated by politician and brewer [[William McEwan]] in 1894, a separate graduation building was constructed after all, also designed by Anderson.<ref>{{cite web |title=William McEwan |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/mcewan |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> The resulting [[McEwan Hall]] on [[Bristo Square]] was presented to the university in 1897.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opening of McEwan Hall, 1897 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Opening_of_McEwan_Hall,_1897 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Teviot Row House, Edinburgh, pen drawing, c1888.jpg|thumb|[[Teviot Row House]], drawn by architect [[Sydney Mitchell]] in 1888]]

The [[Students' Representative Council]] (SRC) was founded in 1884 by student Robert Fitzroy Bell.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Foundation_of_Students%27_Representative_Council,_1884 |title=Foundation of Students' Representative Council, 1884 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Wintersgill |first=Donald |date=8 October 2009 |title=Bell, Robert Fitzroy (1859–1908) |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/100753 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/100753 |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> In 1889, the SRC voted to establish Edinburgh University Union (EUU), to be housed in [[Teviot Row House]] on Bristo Square.<ref name="university union">{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Opening_of_University_Union,_1889 |title=Opening of University Union, 1889 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> [[Edinburgh University Sports Union]] (EUSU) was founded in 1866, and [[Edinburgh University Women's Union]] (renamed the Chambers Street Union in 1964) in October 1905.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History – Edinburgh University Women's Union |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Edinburgh_University_Women%27s_Union |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The SRC, EUU and Chambers Street Union merged to form [[Edinburgh University Students' Association]] (EUSA) on 1 July 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foundation of Edinburgh University Students' Association, 1973 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Foundation_of_Edinburgh_University_Students%27_Association,_1973 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Catto |first=Iain |title='No spirits and precious few women': Edinburgh University Union 1889-1989 |url=http://www.opengrey.eu/item/display/10068/462570 |date=1 January 1989 |access-date=22 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh University Union}}</ref>

===20th century===
During [[World War I]], the Science and Medicine buildings had suffered from a lack of repairs or upgrades, which was exacerbated by an influx of students after the end of the war.<ref name="King's Buildings">{{cite web |title=Laying of Foundation Stone of King's Buildings, 1920 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Laying_of_Foundation_Stone_of_King%27s_Buildings,_1920 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> In 1919, the university bought the land of West Mains Farm in the south of the city for the development of a new satellite campus specialising in the sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/King%27s_Buildings |title=Our History – King's Buildings |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> On 6 July 1920, King [[George V]] laid the foundation of the first new building (now called the [[Joseph Black]] Building), housing the [[School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh|Department of Chemistry]].<ref name="King's Buildings"/> The campus was named [[King's Buildings]] in honour of George V.

[[File:Echoes from Edinburgh, 1910; an account and interpretation of the World missionary conference (1910) (14778715714).jpg|left|thumb|Facade of [[New College, Edinburgh|New College]] facing onto [[The Mound]] in 1910]]

[[New College, University of Edinburgh|New College]] on [[The Mound]] was originally opened in 1846 as a [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] college, later of the [[United Free Church of Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Foundation of New College, 1846 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Foundation_of_New_College,_1846 |access-date=15 August 2021|publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Since the 1930s it has been the home of the School of Divinity. Prior to the 1929 reunion of the [[Church of Scotland]], candidates for the ministry in the United Free Church studied at New College, whilst candidates for the Church of Scotland studied in the university's Faculty of Divinity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty of Divinity |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Faculty_of_Divinity |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> In 1935 the two institutions merged, with all operations moved to the New College site in Old Town.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Stewart J. |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/disruption-to-diversity-9780567085177/ |title=Disruption to Diversity: Edinburgh Divinity 1846-1996 |date=1 July 1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0567085177 |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=David F. |editor2-last=Badcock |editor2-first=Gary D. |location=Edinburgh |pages=29–50 |chapter=The Disruption and the Dream: The Making of New College 1843–1861 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> This freed up Old College for [[Edinburgh Law School]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Merger of New College and University Faculty of Divinity |url=https://exhibition.div.ed.ac.uk/merger-of-new-college-and-university-faculty-of-divinity/ |date=14 October 2020 |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=New College Past, Present & Future}}</ref>

[[File:Polish School of Medicine plaque, Edinburgh Medical School.jpg|thumb|Plaque honouring the [[Polish School of Medicine]] at the old Medical School]]

The [[Polish School of Medicine]] was established in 1941 as a wartime academic initiative. While it was originally intended for students and doctors in the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]], civilians were also allowed to take the courses, which were taught in Polish and awarded Polish medical degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh (1941-1949) |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/medicine-vet-medicine/about/history/polish-school |date=23 June 2015 |access-date=20 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> When the school was closed in 1949, 336 students had matriculated, of which 227 students graduated with the equivalent of an [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBChB]] and a total of 19 doctors obtained a doctorate or [[Doctor of Medicine|MD.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Foundation of Polish School of Medicine, 1941 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Foundation_of_Polish_School_of_Medicine,_1941 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> A bronze plaque commemorating the Polish School of Medicine is located in the Quadrangle of the old Medical School in Teviot Place.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Polish School of Medicine |url=http://polishscottishheritage.co.uk/?heritage_item=the-polish-school-of-medicine-at-the-university-of-edinburgh-1941-1949 |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=Polish-Scottish Heritage}}</ref>

On 10 May 1951, the ''Royal (Dick) Veterinary College'', founded in 1823 by [[William Dick (veterinary surgeon)|William Dick]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/vet/about/history/william-dick |title=William Dick – a pioneer of veterinary education |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> was reconstituted as the [[Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]] and officially became part of the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integration of Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, 1951 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Integration_of_Royal_(Dick)_Veterinary_College,_1951 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> It achieved full faculty status as Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in 1964.

By the end of the 1950s, there were around 7,000 students matriculating annually, more than doubling the numbers from the turn of the century.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9XZAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3357%2C5107619 |title=Edinburgh's student roll now 7,400 |work=The Herald |location=Glasgow |date=5 October 1960 |page=6 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> The university addressed this partially through the redevelopment of [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]], demolishing much of the area's historic houses and erecting modern buildings such as [[40 George Square]], [[Appleton Tower]] and the [[Edinburgh University Library|Main Library]].<ref>{{cite web |title= George Square |date=24 November 2017 |url=https://ewh.org.uk/iconic-buildings-and-monuments/george-square/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh World Heritage}}</ref>

On 1 August 1998, the ''Moray House Institute of Education'', founded in 1848, merged with the University of Edinburgh, becoming its Faculty of Education. Following the internal restructuring of the university in 2002, Moray House became known as the [[Moray House School of Education]].<ref name="Moray House">{{cite web |title=Merger with Moray House Institute of Education, 1998 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Merger_with_Moray_House_Institute_of_Education,_1998 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> It was renamed the Moray House School of Education and Sport in August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/arts-humanities-soc-sci/news-events/news/current-news/school-of-education-name-change-honours-sport |title=School of Education name change honours sport |publisher=College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences |date=1 August 2019 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

===21st century===
In the 1990s it became apparent that the old [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]] buildings in [[Lauriston|Lauriston Place]] were no longer adequate for a modern teaching hospital. [[Donald Dewar]], the [[Secretary of State for Scotland|Scottish Secretary]] at the time, authorized a joint project between private finance, local authorities, and the university to create a modern hospital and medical campus in the [[Little France]] area of Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst9697.html |publisher=The Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> The new campus was named the [[Edinburgh BioQuarter|BioQuarter]]. The Chancellor's Building was opened on 12 August 2002 by [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], housing the new [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|Edinburgh Medical School]] alongside the new Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.<ref name="BioQuarter">{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Opening_of_New_Medical_School,_2002 |title=Opening of New Medical School, 2002 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> In 2007, the campus saw the addition of the [[Euan MacDonald Centre]] as a research centre for [[motor neuron disease]]s, which was part-funded by Scottish entrepreneur [[Euan MacDonald]] and his father Donald.<ref>{{cite news |last=Donnelly |first=Brian |title=Hotel chain's founder gives cash for motor neurone centre |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/hotel-chain-s-founder-gives-cash-for-motor-neurone-centre-1.860435 |work=The Herald |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=15 September 2014 |location=Glasgow}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Barry |title=Motor neurone sufferer gives £1m to create research centre |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/motor-neurone-sufferer-gives-163-1m-to-create-research-centre-1-906583 |work=The Scotsman |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=29 September 2014 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> In August 2010, author [[J. K. Rowling]] provided £10 million in funding to create the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic,<ref>{{cite news |title=JK Rowling gives £10m for Edinburgh MS centre |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-11136654 |work=BBC News |date=31 August 2010 |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> which was officially opened in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=JK Rowling's MS clinic is officially opened at Edinburgh University |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-24434961 |work=BBC News |date=8 October 2013 |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Centre for Regenerative Medicine]] (CRM) is a [[stem cell]] research centre dedicated to the development of [[regenerative medicine|regenerative]] treatments, which was opened in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-18237207 |title=Princess Royal opens Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine |work=BBC News |date=28 May 2012}}</ref> CRM is also home to applied scientists working with the [[Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service]] (SNBTS) and Roslin Cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine |url=http://www.healthsciencescotland.com/118_ScottishCentreForRegenerativeMedicine.html |publisher=Health Science Scotland |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Informatics Forum Atrium turned.jpg|left|thumb|[[Atrium (architecture)|Atrium]] of the [[Informatics Forum]]]]

In December 2002, the [[Edinburgh Cowgate Fire]] destroyed a number of university buildings, including some {{cvt|3,000|m2}} of the [[School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh|School of Informatics]] at 80 [[South Bridge, Edinburgh|South Bridge]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Seenan |first=Gerard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/dec/09/gerardseenan |title=Fire devastates Edinburgh's Old Town |work= The Guardian |date=9 December 2002 |access-date=13 September 2021 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Fire_Damage_to_School_of_Informatics,_2002 |title=Fire Damage to School of Informatics, 2002 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> This was replaced with the [[Informatics Forum]] on [[Bristo Square]], completed in July 2008. Also in 2002, the [[Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre]] (ECRC) was opened on the [[Western General Hospital]] site.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2548055.stm |title=Royal launch for cancer centre |work=BBC News |date=6 December 2002 |access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> In 2007, the [[MRC Human Genetics Unit]] formed a partnership with the Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine and the ECRC to create the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (renamed the Institute of Genetics and Cancer in 2021) on the same site.<ref>{{cite news |title=Experts join up for cancer fight |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7113440.stm |work=BBC News |date=26 November 2007 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

In April 2008, the [[Roslin Institute]] – an [[animal science]]s research centre known for [[cloning]] [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] – became part of the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roslin Institute – History |url=http://www.roslin.ac.uk/information/roslin.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129033748/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/information/roslin.php |archive-date=29 November 2009 |publisher=Roslin Institute |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> In 2011, the school moved into a new £60 million building on the Easter Bush campus, which now houses research and teaching facilities, and a hospital for small and farm animals.<ref name="Easter Bush">{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Opening_of_Easter_Bush_Veterinary_Campus,_2011 |title=Opening of Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, 2011 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=9 July 2011 |title=New home for Roslin Institute |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/fe0ed89dab1290eb067881bab280b28b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2041027 |journal=Veterinary Record |location=London |volume=169 |issue=2 |page=34 |doi=10.1136/vr.d4061 |s2cid=219199064 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref>

[[File:3W6A4986.jpg|thumb|[[Edinburgh College of Art]]]]

[[Edinburgh College of Art]], founded in 1760, formally merged with the university's School of Arts, Culture and Environment on 1 August 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Merger_with_Edinburgh_College_of_Art,_2011 |title=Merger with Edinburgh College of Art, 2011 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/merger-discussions |title=ECA merger |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=14 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902012740/http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/merger-discussions |archive-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute]] (ZJE) was founded as an international joint institute offering degrees in biomedical sciences, taught in English.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Bridget |title=Edinburgh University teams up with Chinese in joint campus venture |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15610954.Edinburgh_University_teams_up_with_Chinese_in_joint_campus_venture/ |work=The National |date=21 October 2017 |access-date=13 September 2021 |location=Glasgow}}</ref> The campus, located in [[Haining]], [[Zhejiang Province]], [[China]], was established on 15 March 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.intl.zju.edu.cn/en/about/history
|title=Historical Timeline |publisher=Zhejiang University |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

The university began hosting a [[Wikimedian in Residence]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thinking.is.ed.ac.uk/wir/tag/university-of-edinburgh/ |title=Balance for Better – Teaching Matters |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |date=27 June 2019 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> The residency was made into a full-time position in 2019, with the Wikimedian involved in teaching and learning activities within the scope of the [[Bharatpedia:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh WikiProject]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikimedian in Residence |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/help-consultancy/is-skills/wikimedia |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

In 2018, the University of Edinburgh was a signatory to the £1.3 billion ''Edinburgh and South East Scotland City Region Deal'', in partnership with the UK and Scottish governments, six local authorities and all universities and colleges in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOME |url=http://esescityregiondeal.org.uk/ |access-date=12 September 2021| publisher=The Edinburgh and South East Scotland City Region Deal}}</ref> The university committed to delivering a range of economic benefits to the region through the ''Data-Driven Innovation'' initiative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official website |url=https://ddi.ac.uk/ |publisher=Data-Driven Innovation |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> In conjunction with [[Heriot-Watt University]], the deal created five innovation hubs: the Bayes Centre, Edinburgh Futures Institute (EFI), Usher Institute, Easter Bush, and one further hub based at Heriot-Watt, the National Robotarium. The deal also included creation of the Edinburgh International Data Facility, which performs high-speed data processing in a secure environment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Forsdick |first=Sam |title=Edinburgh's city deal bets £791m on technology |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/devolution/2018/08/edinburgh-s-city-deal-bets-791m-technology |work=New Statesman |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=13 September 2021 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kemp |first=Kenny |title=First tranche of Edinburgh City Region deal investment unveiled |url=https://www.insider.co.uk/news/edinburgh-city-region-deal-concert-13755105 |work=Scottish Business Insider |date=19 December 2018 |access-date=13 September 2021 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

In September 2020, the university completed work on the ''Richard Verney Health Centre'' at its central area campus on Bristo Square. The facility houses a health centre and pharmacy, and the university's disability and counselling services.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Health and Wellbeing Centre opens |date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/students/2020/new-health-and-wellbeing-centre-opens |access-date=20 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The university's largest current expansion project is the conversion of some of the historic Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh buildings in Lauriston Place, which had been vacated in 2003 and partially developed into the [[Quartermile]]. The £120 million renovations and extension will provide space for the ''Edinburgh Futures Institute'', an interdisciplinary hub linking arts, humanities, and social sciences with other disciplines in the research and teaching of 'complex futures'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh Futures Institute at Quartermile |date=29 January 2021 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/estates/campus-development/central-campus/current-projects/edinburgh-futures-at-quartermile |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ethos |url=https://efi.ed.ac.uk/ethos/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh Futures Institute}}</ref>

===Historical links===
Edinburgh has a number of historical links to other universities, chiefly through its influential Medical School and its graduates, who established and developed institutions elsewhere in the world.

* [[College of William & Mary]]: the [[Colonial colleges|second-oldest college]] in the US was founded in 1693 by Edinburgh graduate [[James Blair (clergyman)|James Blair]], who served as the college's founding president for fifty years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/international/country/north-america/usa/links |title=Edinburgh's Links to the USA |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2013}}</ref>
* [[Columbia University]]: had its [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons|Medical School]] founded by [[Samuel Bard (physician)|Samuel Bard]], an Edinburgh medical graduate.
* [[Dalhousie University]]: Edinburgh alumnus [[George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie|George Ramsay]], the 22nd [[List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia|Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]], wanted to establish a non-denominational college in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] open to all.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Tradition |url=https://www.dal.ca/about-dal/history-tradition.html |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Dalhousie University}}</ref> The school was modelled after the University of Edinburgh, which students could attend regardless of religion or nationality.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie |url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3625&&PHPSESSID=1va25nth57jsr84i5grvcioua6 |access-date=4 December 2010 |publisher=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online}}</ref>
* [[Dartmouth College]]: had its [[Geisel School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] founded by [[Nathan Smith (physician, born 1762)|Nathan Smith]], an alumnus of Edinburgh Medical School.<ref>{{cite journal |last=White |first=Paul Dudley |date=June 1973 |title=Review of 'Dartmouth Medical School: The First 176 Years' |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/364128 |journal=The New England Quarterly |pages=306–308 | volume=46| doi=10.2307/364128 |jstor=364128 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Harvard University]]: had its [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]] founded by three surgeons, one of whom was [[Benjamin Waterhouse]], an alumnus of Edinburgh Medical School.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schatzki |first1=Stefan C. |title=Benjamin Waterhouse |url=https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.05.2125?src=recsys |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=187 |issue=2 |page=585 |doi=10.2214/AJR.05.2125 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16861568 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[McGill University]]: had its [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|Faculty of Medicine]] founded by four physicians, which included Edinburgh alumni [[Andrew Fernando Holmes]] and [[John Stephenson (physician)|John Stephenson]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Cruess |first=Richard L. |date=26 November 2007 |title=Brief history of Medicine at McGill |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/medicine/about/glance/history |access-date=4 December 2010 |publisher=Mcgill University}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanaway |first1=Joseph |url=http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=911 |title=McGill Medicine, Volume 1: The First Half Century, 1829-1885 |last2=Cruess |first2=Richard |date=8 March 1996 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=9780773513242 |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref>
* [[University of Pennsylvania]]: had its [[Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|School of Medicine]] founded by Edinburgh graduate [[John Morgan (physician)|John Morgan]], who modelled it after Edinburgh Medical School.<ref>{{cite web |title=School of Medicine: A Brief History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives |url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/schools/med.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322013158/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/schools/med.html |archive-date=22 March 2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=13 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosner |first=Lisa |date=1 April 1992 |title=Thistle on the Delaware: Edinburgh Medical Education and Philadelphia Practice, 1800–1825 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/5.1.19 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=19–42 |doi=10.1093/shm/5.1.19 |pmid=11612775 |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Princeton University]]: had its academic syllabus and structure reformed along the lines of the University of Edinburgh and other Scottish universities by its sixth president [[John Witherspoon]], an Edinburgh theology graduate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh and the USA |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/edinburgh-global/regional-focus/focus-north-america/edinburgh-usa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125745/http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/edinburgh-global/regional-focus/focus-north-america/edinburgh-usa |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=15 August 2013 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=John Witherspoon |url=https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/witherspoon/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321195234/https://pr.princeton.edu/pub/presidents/witherspoon/ |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=The Presidents of Princeton University |publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>
* [[University of Sydney]]: founded in 1850 by Sir [[Charles Nicholson]], a graduate of Edinburgh Medical School.
* [[Yale University]]: had its [[Yale School of Medicine|School of Medicine]] co-founded by [[Nathan Smith (physician, born 1762)|Nathan Smith]], an alumnus of Edinburgh Medical School.

==Campuses and buildings==
{{Location map+ | Scotland Edinburgh | width = 400px
| caption = Main locations of the University of Edinburgh. Easter Bush is located 7 miles south of the city.
| places =
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[#Central Area|Central Area]]
| position = left
| background = khaki
| marksize = 11
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 56 | lat_sec = 37 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 3 | lon_min = 11 | lon_sec = 19 | lon_dir = W}}
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[King's Buildings]]
| position = left
| background = khaki
| marksize = 11
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 55 | lat_sec = 22 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 3 | lon_min = 10 | lon_sec = 30 | lon_dir = W}}
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[Edinburgh BioQuarter|BioQuarter]]
| position = bottom
| background = khaki
| marksize = 11
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 55 | lat_sec = 19 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 3 | lon_min = 8 | lon_sec = 11 | lon_dir = W}}
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[#Western General|Western General]]
| background = khaki
| marksize = 11
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 57 | lat_sec = 44 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 3 | lon_min = 13 | lon_sec = 56 | lon_dir = W}}
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[#Holyrood|Holyrood]]
| background = khaki
| marksize = 11
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 56 | lat_sec = 59.76 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 3 | lon_min = 10 | lon_sec = 46.10 | lon_dir = W}}
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[Pollock Halls of Residence|Pollock Halls]]
| background = khaki
| marksize = 11
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 56 | lat_sec = 21.65 | lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 3 | lon_min = 10 | lon_sec = 11.03 | lon_dir = W}}
{{Location map~ | Scotland Edinburgh
| label = [[#Easter Bush|Easter Bush]]
| background = khaki
| mark = Red Arrow Down.svg
| marksize = 15
| lat_deg = 55.893402
| lon_deg = -3.199528}}
}}

The university has five main sites in Edinburgh:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/campus-maps.pdf |title=Campus maps |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* Central Area
* King's Buildings
* BioQuarter
* Easter Bush
* Western General

The university is responsible for several significant historic and modern buildings across the city, including [[St Cecilia's Hall]], Scotland's oldest purpose-built [[concert hall]] and the second oldest in use in the [[British Isles]];<ref>{{cite web |title=St Cecilia's Hall – About The Museum |url=https://www.stcecilias.ed.ac.uk/about/ |publisher=St Cecilia's Hall Concert Room and Music Museum |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> Teviot Row House, the oldest purpose-built [[students' union]] building in the world;<ref name="university union"/> and the restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence at the head of the [[Royal Mile]].<ref name="University Heritage"/>

===Central Area===
[[File:Main Library, George Square.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Edinburgh University Library|Main Library]] viewed from [[The Meadows, Edinburgh|The Meadows]]]]
[[File:Old College, University of Edinburgh (24923171570).jpg|thumb|[[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] Quadrangle]]
[[File:Old College Quad Colorized.png|thumb|[[New College, University of Edinburgh|New College]]]]

The Central Area is spread around numerous squares and streets in Edinburgh's ''Southside'', with some buildings in Old Town. It is the university's oldest area, occupied primarily by the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences and the [[School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh|School of Informatics]]. The highest concentration of university buildings is around [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]], which includes [[40 George Square]] (formerly David Hume Tower), [[Appleton Tower]], [[Edinburgh University Library|Main Library]], and [[Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre]], the area's largest lecture hall. Around nearby [[Bristo Square]] lie the [[University of Edinburgh School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences|Dugald Stewart Building]], [[Informatics Forum]], [[McEwan Hall]], [[Potterrow Student Centre]], [[Teviot Row House]], and [[University of Edinburgh Medical School#Teviot Place|old Medical School]], which still houses pre-clinical medical courses and biomedical sciences.<ref name="Central Area" /> [[The Pleasance]], one of [[Edinburgh University Students' Association]]'s main buildings, is located nearby, as is [[Edinburgh College of Art]] in [[Lauriston]]. North of George Square lies the university's [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] housing [[Edinburgh Law School]], [[New College, Edinburgh|New College]] on [[The Mound]] housing the School of Divinity, and [[St Cecilia's Hall]]. Some of these buildings are used to host events during the [[Edinburgh International Festival]] and the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] every summer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh Festival Fringe |date=23 July 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/events/festivals/highlights/fringe |access-date=21 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

====Pollock Halls====
{{main|Pollock Halls of Residence}}
[[File:Pollock House (39757100421).jpg|thumb|[[St Leonard's Hall]]]]

Pollock Halls, adjoining [[Holyrood Park]] to the east, is the university's largest residence hall for undergraduate students in their first year. The complex houses over 2,000 students during term time and consists of ten named buildings with communal green spaces between them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pollock Halls |date=25 March 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/transport/travelling-here/travelling-to-pollock |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The two original buildings, [[St Leonard's Hall]] and [[Salisbury Green]], were built in the 19th century, while the majority of Pollock Halls dates from the 1960s and early 2000s. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002, and a new building, Chancellor's Court, was built in their place and opened in 2003. Self-catered flats elsewhere account for the majority of university-provided accommodation. The area also includes the John McIntyre Conference Centre opened in 2009, which is the university's premier conference space.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lourie |first=Emma |date=10 November 2019 |title=John McIntyre Conference Centre celebrates a decade in business |url=https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2019/11/john-mcintyre-conference-centre-celebrates-a-decade-in-business/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The Edinburgh Reporter |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

====Holyrood====
{{see also|Moray House School of Education}}

The Holyrood campus, just off the [[Royal Mile]], used to be the site for ''Moray House Institute for Education'' until it merged with the university on 1 August 1998.<ref name="Moray House"/> The university has since extended this campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/student-administration/timetabling/staff/rooms/opening-hours/holyrood-campus-opening-hours |title=Holyrood Campus – buildings and opening hours |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> The buildings include redeveloped and extended Sports Science, Physical Education and Leisure Management facilities at St Leonard's Land linked to the Sports Institute in the [[The Pleasance (street)|Pleasance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/estates/buildings-information/building-profile/564 |title=St Leonard's Land building profile |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> The £80 million O'Shea Hall at Holyrood was named after the former principal of the university Sir [[Timothy O'Shea]] and was opened by [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] in 2017, providing a living and social environment for postgraduate students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/halls-given-royal-seal-of-approval |title=Halls given royal seal of approval |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> The Outreach Centre, Institute for Academic Development (University Services Group), and Edinburgh Centre for Professional Legal Studies are also located at Holyrood.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/estates/buildings-information/building-profile/591 |title=Outreach Centre building profile |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/institute-academic-development/about-us/find |title=Institute for Academic Development |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh Centre for Professional Legal Studies |url=http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/professional_development/edinburgh_centre_for_professional_legal_studies |publisher=Edinburgh Law School |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

===King's Buildings===
{{main|King's Buildings}}
[[File:Royal Observatory, Edinburgh complex.jpg|left|thumb|[[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh]]]]

The King's Buildings campus is located in the south of the city. Most of the Science and Engineering College's research and teaching activities take place at the campus, which occupies a 35-hectare site. It includes the [[Alexander Graham Bell]] Building (for mobile phones and digital communications systems), [[James Clerk Maxwell]] Building (the administrative and teaching centre of the [[School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh|School of Physics and Astronomy]] and School of Mathematics), [[Joseph Black]] Building (home to the [[School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh|School of Chemistry]]), [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh|Royal Observatory]], [[Michael Swann|Swann]] Building (the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology), [[C. H. Waddington|Waddington]] Building (the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh), [[William Rankine]] Building (School of Engineering's Institute for Infrastructure and Environment), and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/kb-self-guided-tour.pdf |title=Self-guided tour to King's Buildings |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> Until 2012, the KB campus was served by three libraries: Darwin Library, James Clerk Maxwell Library, and Robertson Engineering and Science Library. These were replaced by the Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library opened for the academic year 2012/13.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library Open to Students |url=https://www.austinsmithlord.com/noreen-and-kenneth-murray-library-open-to-students/ |publisher=Austin-Smith:Lord |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.austinsmithlord.com/projects/university-of-edinburgh-noreen-and-kenneth-murray-library/ |title=University of Edinburgh Noreen & Kenneth Murray Library |publisher=Austin-Smith:Lord |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> The campus also hosts the National e-Science Centre (NeSC), [[Scotland's Rural College]] (SRUC), Scottish Institute for Enterprise (SIE), Scottish Microelectronics Centre (SMC), and Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC).

===BioQuarter===
{{main|Edinburgh BioQuarter}}
[[File:Edinburgh Research Centre, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh - geograph.org.uk - 432992.jpg|thumb|left|[[Edinburgh BioQuarter]]]]

The BioQuarter campus, based in the Little France area, is home to the majority of medical facilities of the university, alongside the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The campus houses the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, [[Centre for Regenerative Medicine]], Chancellor's Building, [[Euan MacDonald Centre]], and Queen's Medical Research Institute, which opened in 2005.<ref name="BioQuarter"/> The Chancellor's Building has two large lecture theatres and a medical library connected to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by a series of corridors.

===Easter Bush===
The Easter Bush campus, located seven miles south of the city, houses the Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, [[Roslin Institute]], Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and Veterinary Oncology and Imaging Centre.<ref name="Easter Bush"/>

The [[Roslin Institute]] is an animal sciences research institute which is sponsored by [[Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council|BBSRC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/history |title=History of the Institute |date=18 May 2020 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> The Institute won international fame in 1996, when its researchers Sir [[Ian Wilmut]], [[Keith Campbell (biologist)|Keith Campbell]] and their colleagues created [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]], the first [[mammal]] to be cloned from an adult cell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=K. H. S. |author-link1=Keith Campbell (biologist) |last2=McWhir |first2=J. |last3=Ritchie |first3=W. A. |last4=Wilmut |first4=I. |author-link4=Ian Wilmut |title=Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/380064a0 |doi=10.1038/380064a0 |journal=Nature |volume=380 |issue=6569 |pages=64–66 |date=7 March 1996 |pmid=8598906 |bibcode=1996Natur.380...64C |s2cid=3529638 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Firn |first=David |title=Roslin Institute upset by human cloning suggestions |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=5 |issue=3 |page=253 |date=March 1999 |doi=10.1038/6449 |pmid=10086368 |s2cid=41278352 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A year later [[Polly and Molly]] were cloned, both sheep contained a human gene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Cloning_of_Dolly_the_Sheep,_1996 |title=Cloning of Dolly the Sheep, 1996 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>

===Western General===
The Western General campus, in proximity to the [[Western General Hospital]], contains the Biomedical Research Facility, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, and Institute of Genetics and Cancer (formerly the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine).

<gallery widths="165" heights="160" class="center" caption="Modern architecture at the University of Edinburgh">
File:Appleton Tower (39773534912).jpg|[[Appleton Tower]]
File:Edinburgh Architecture - The University of Edinburgh Business School, Buccleuch Place (geograph 2458971).jpg|[[University of Edinburgh Business School|Business School]]
File:Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh.jpg|[[Centre for Regenerative Medicine]]
File:Erskine Williamson Building.jpg|[[Erskine Douglas Williamson|Erskine Williamson]] Building, [[King's Buildings]]
File:Informatics Forum University of Edinburgh.JPG|[[Informatics Forum]], [[School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh|School of Informatics]]
File:No Canter Today (geograph 6738087).jpg|[[Roslin Institute]]
File:Main Entrance, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary - geograph.org.uk - 432996.jpg|[[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]], [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|School of Medicine]]
File:Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Main Building.jpg|[[Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]]
</gallery>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
{{further|Ancient university governance in Scotland}}

In common with the other [[ancient universities of Scotland]], and in contrast to nearly all other pre-1992 universities which are established by [[royal charter]]s, the University of Edinburgh is constituted by the [[Universities (Scotland) Acts 1858 to 1966]]. These acts provide for three major bodies in the governance of the university: the [[University Court]], the [[General council (Scottish university)|General Council]], and the [[Academic Senate|''Senatus Academicus'']].<ref name="Universities Act"/>

====University Court====
The University Court is the university's governing body and the [[legal person]] of the university, chaired by the [[Rector of the University of Edinburgh|rector]] and consisting of the principal, [[Lord Provost of Edinburgh]], and of [[Assessor (law)|Assessors]] appointed by the rector, chancellor, [[Edinburgh Town Council]], General Council, and ''Senatus Academicus''. By the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889, it is a body corporate, with perpetual succession and a common seal. All property belonging to the university at the passing of the Act was vested in the Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/University_Court |title=University Court |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> The present powers of the Court are further defined in the Universities (Scotland) Act 1966, including the administration and management of the university's revenue and property, the regulation of staff salaries, and the establishment and composition of committees of its own members or others.

====General Council====
The General Council consists of [[Alumnus|graduates]], [[Academic personnel|academic staff]], current and former University Court members. It was established to ensure that graduates have a continuing voice in the management of the university. The Council is required to meet twice per year to consider matters affecting the wellbeing and prosperity of the university. The Universities (Scotland) Act 1966 gave the Council the power to consider draft ordinances and resolutions, to be presented with an [[annual report]] of the work and activities of the university, and to receive an audited [[financial statement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/General_Council |title=General Council |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> The Council elects the chancellor of the university and three Assessors on the University Court.

====''Senatus Academicus''====
The ''Senatus Academicus'' is the university's supreme academic body, chaired by the principal and consisting of the professors, heads of departments, and a number of [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]]s, [[Principal Lecturer|lecturer]]s and other teaching and research staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Senatus_Academicus |title=''Senatus Academicus'' |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> The core function of the ''Senatus'' is to regulate and supervise the teaching and discipline of the university and to promote research. The ''Senatus'' elects four Assessors on the University Court. The ''Senatus'' meets three times per year, hosting a presentation and discussion session which is open to all members of staff at each meeting.

====University officials====
{{main|Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh|Rector of the University of Edinburgh|List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Princess_Anne_October_2015.jpg
| caption1 = [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]], current [[Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh|Chancellor]]
| image2 = Debora kayembe as the new Rector.jpg
| caption2 = [[Debora Kayembe]], current [[Rector of the University of Edinburgh|Lord Rector]]
| image3 = Peter Mathieson 2019.jpg
| caption3 = [[Peter Mathieson (nephrologist)|Sir Peter Mathieson]], current [[List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh|Principal and Vice-Chancellor]]
}}

The university's three most significant officials are its chancellor, rector, and principal, whose rights and responsibilities are largely derived from the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858.

The office of [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] serves as the titular head and highest office of the university. Their duties include conferring degrees and enhancing the profile and reputation of the university on national and global levels.<ref name="Chancellor">{{cite web |title=The Chancellor |date=14 May 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/officials/chancellor |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The chancellor is elected by the university's [[General council (Scottish university)|General Council]], and a person generally remains in the office for life. Previous chancellors include former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] [[Arthur Balfour]] and novelist Sir [[J. M. Barrie]].<ref name="Chancellor"/> [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] has held the position since March 2011 succeeding [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]].<ref name="Princess Anne"/> She is also Patron of the university's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies.

The office of [[Rector (academia)|rector]] is elected every three years by the staff and matriculated students. The primary role of the rector is to preside at the University Court.<ref name="Rector">{{cite web |title=The Rector |date=March 2021 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/officials/rector |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The rector also chairs meetings of the General Council in absence of the chancellor. They work closely with students and [[Edinburgh University Students' Association]]. Previous rectors include [[microbiologist]] Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], and former Prime Ministers Sir [[Winston Churchill]] and [[David Lloyd George]]. The current rector is human rights lawyer [[Debora Kayembe]], who has held the position since March 2021.<ref name="Rector"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Debora Kayembe elected as Rector |date=5 February 2021 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/staff/2021/debora-kayembe-elected-as-rector|access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

The [[Principal (academia)|principal]] is responsible for the overall operation of the university in a [[Chief executive officer|chief executive]] role.<ref name="Principal">{{cite web |title=The role of Principal and Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/principals-office/principal-and-vice-chancellor-role |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The principal is formally nominated by the Curators of Patronage and appointed by the University Court. They are the President of the [[Academic Senate|''Senatus Academicus'']] and a member of the University Court [[Ex officio member|''ex officio'']].<ref name="Principal" /> The principal is also automatically appointed vice-chancellor, in which role they confer degrees on behalf of the chancellor. Previous principals include physicist Sir [[Edward Victor Appleton|Edward Appleton]] and [[Religious philosophy|religious philosopher]] [[Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood|Stewart Sutherland]]. The current principal is [[Nephrology|nephrologist]] [[Peter Mathieson (nephrologist)|Sir Peter Mathieson]], who has held the position since February 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Principal and Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/principals-office/principal-biography |access-date=17 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

===Colleges and schools===
In 2002, the university was reorganised from its nine [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] into three 'Colleges'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Reconstitution_of_Faculties_into_Colleges,_2002 |title=Reconstitution of Faculties into Colleges, 2002 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> While technically not a [[collegiate university]], it comprises the Colleges of [[#Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences|Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences]] (CAHSS), [[#Science and Engineering|Science & Engineering]] (CSE) and [[#Medicine and Veterinary Medicine|Medicine & Vet Medicine]] (CMVM). Within these colleges are 'Schools', which either represent one academic discipline such as Informatics or assemble adjacent academic disciplines such as the School of History, Classics and Archaeology. While bound by College-level policies, individual Schools can differ in their organisation and governance. As of 2021, the university has 21 schools in total.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/colleges-schools |title=Colleges and schools |date=20 May 2019 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

====Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences====
[[File:Old George Watson's Ladies College, George Square - geograph.org.uk - 1350591.jpg|right|thumb|Department of Psychology building at 7 [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]]]]
[[File:Edinburgh, Teviot Place, University Of Edinburgh, Medical School, New Building - main quad.jpg|right|thumb|[[Elsie Inglis]] Quad at the Old Medical School, currently hosting the [[University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology|School of History, Classics and Archaeology]]]]

The College took on its current name of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences in 2016 after absorbing the Edinburgh College of Art in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/students/2016/college-renamed-to-reflect-growth-in-arts |title=College renamed to reflect growth in arts |date=28 July 2016 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> CAHSS offers more than 280 undergraduate degree programmes, 230 taught postgraduate programmes, and 200 research postgraduate programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate degree finder |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/undergraduate/degrees |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=University of Edinburgh |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Postgraduate degree finder |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/postgraduate/degrees |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=University of Edinburgh |language=}}</ref> Twenty subjects offered by the college were ranked within the top 10 nationally in the 2022 ''Complete University Guide''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teaching and learning |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/arts-humanities-soc-sci/about-us/teaching-learning |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |date=10 September 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> It includes the oldest English Literature department in Britain,<ref name="Anniversary"/> which was ranked 7th globally in the 2021 ''[[QS World University Rankings|QS]] Rankings by Subject'' in English Language & Literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2021: English Language and Literature |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2021/english-language-literature |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> The college hosts Scotland's [[Economic and Social Research Council|ESRC]] [[Doctoral Training Centre]] (DTC), the Scottish Graduate School of Social Science. The college is the largest of the three colleges by enrolment, with 26,130 students and 3,089 academic staff.<ref name="HR 2021">{{cite web |title=Staff Headcount & Full Time Equivalent Statistics (FTE) as at Sep-21 |url=http://www.docs.csg.ed.ac.uk/HumanResources/StaffNumbers.htm |publisher=Human Resources, The University of Edinburgh |date=September 2021 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Student Figures 2020/21">{{cite web |title=Factsheet of Student Figures |url=http://www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/gasp/factsheet/Student_Factsheet_31072021.pdf |publisher=Strategic Planning, The University of Edinburgh |date=11 August 2021 |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

{{columns-list | colwidth=25em |
* [[University of Edinburgh Business School|Business School]]
* [[Edinburgh College of Art]]
* [[Moray House School of Education|Moray House School of Education and Sport]]
* [[New College, Edinburgh|School of Divinity]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Economics|School of Economics]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science|School of Health in Social Science]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of History, Classics and Archaeology|School of History, Classics and Archaeology]]
* [[Edinburgh Law School|School of Law]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures|School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences|School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Social and Political Science|School of Social and Political Science]]
* [[Centre for Open Learning, University of Edinburgh|Centre for Open Learning]]
* Edinburgh Futures Institute
}}

====Medicine and Veterinary Medicine====
{{main|University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine}}
[[File:Members of the medical faculty at Edinburgh University, gath Wellcome M0010552.jpg|thumb|left|Members of the medical faculty at Edinburgh in the first half of the 19th century. ''Seated'' (L–R): [[James Young Simpson|J. Y. Simpson]], [[James Miller (surgeon)|J. Miller]], [[John Hutton Balfour|J. H. Balfour]] and [[John Hughes Bennett|J. H. Bennett]]. ''Standing'' (L–R): [[Robert Jameson|R. Jameson]], [[William Alison|W. Alison]] and [[Thomas Stewart Traill|T. S. Traill]].]]

[[Edinburgh Medical School]] was widely considered the best medical school in the English-speaking world throughout the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century and contributed significantly to the university's international reputation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eddy |first=Matthew D. |title=The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School, 1750–1800 |date=15 November 2016 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315238807 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315238807 |isbn=9781138265646}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=College Overview |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/medicine-vet-medicine/about/history/medical-school |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> Its graduates founded medical schools all over the world, including at five of the seven [[Ivy League]] universities ([[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons|Columbia]], [[Geisel School of Medicine|Dartmouth]], [[Harvard Medical School|Harvard]], [[Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], and [[Yale School of Medicine|Yale]]); those in [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill]], [[Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine|Montréal]], [[Sydney Medical School|Sydney]], and [[Robert Larner College of Medicine|Vermont]]; the [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]] (now part of [[Imperial College School of Medicine|Imperial College London]]), [[Middlesex Hospital]], and the [[London School of Medicine for Women]] (both now part of [[UCL Medical School|UCL]]).

In the 21st century, the medical school has continued to excel, and it is associated with 13 Nobel Prize recipients: seven recipients of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] and six of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel Prizes|date=6 November 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/prize-winners/nobel|publisher=University of Edinburgh|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> In 2021, it was ranked third in the UK by [[The Times]] University Guide,<ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=Best universities for medicine: The Times league table |work=The Times |location=London |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/best-universities-for-medicine-the-times-league-table-v5kfjnwp0 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> and the Complete University Guide. In 2022, it was ranked the UK's best medical school by the [[The Guardian|Guardian]] University Guide,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2021/sep/11/the-best-uk-universities-2022-rankings |title=University guide 2021: Medicine | work=The Guardian | location=London | date=11 September 2021 | access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> It also ranked 21st in the world by both the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] and the [[QS World University Rankings]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-medicine|title=QS World Rankings by Faculty Life Science/Medicine|year=2021 |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>

The [[Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]] is a world leader in veterinary education, research and practice. The eight original faculties formed four Faculty Groups in August 1992. Medicine and Veterinary Medicine became one of these, and in 2002 became the smallest of the three colleges, with 7,740 students and 1,896 academic staff.<ref name="HR 2021"/><ref name="Student Figures 2020/21"/> The university's teaching hospitals include the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]], [[Western General Hospital]], [[St John's Hospital, Livingston]], [[East Lothian Community Hospital|Roodlands Hospital]], and [[Royal Hospital for Children and Young People]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About The Royal|url=https://www.med.scot.nhs.uk/hospitals/rie/information/about|publisher=NHS Lothian's Medical Education Directorate |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Western General Hospital |date=5 December 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/surgery/clinical-specialties/colorectal-surgery/for-patients-and-families/hospitals/western-general-hospital |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/inflammation-research/child-life-and-health/about-child-life-and-health |title=About Child Life and Health |website=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>

====Science and Engineering====
{{main|University of Edinburgh College of Science and Engineering}}
[[File:GeoScience Buildings (32812893640).jpg|thumb|right|Old Surgical Hospital in [[Drummond Street, Edinburgh|Drummond Street]], once part of the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh|Royal Infirmary]], today houses the university's Institute of Geography.]]

In the 16th century, science was taught as "[[natural philosophy]]" in the university. The 17th century saw the institution of the University Chairs of Mathematics and Botany, followed the next century by Chairs of Natural History, Astronomy, Chemistry and Agriculture. It was Edinburgh's professors who took a leading part in the formation of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] in 1783. [[Joseph Black]], Professor of Medicine and Chemistry at the time, founded the world's first Chemical Society in 1785.<ref name="cse">{{cite web |title=About the College |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/science-engineering/about/history |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=18 December 2011}}</ref> The first named degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science was instituted in 1864, and a separate Faculty of Science was created in 1893 after three centuries of scientific advances at Edinburgh.<ref name="cse"/> The [[Regius Professor of Engineering (Edinburgh)|Regius Chair in Engineering]] was established in 1868, and the Regius Chair in Geology in 1871. In 1991 the Faculty of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science and Engineering, and in 2002 it became the College of Science and Engineering. The college has 11,745 students and 2,937 academic staff.<ref name="HR 2021"/><ref name="Student Figures 2020/21"/>

{{columns-list | colwidth=25em |
* School of Biological Sciences
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Chemistry|School of Chemistry]]
* School of Engineering
* [[University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences|School of GeoSciences]]
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Informatics|School of Informatics]]
* School of Mathematics
* [[University of Edinburgh School of Physics and Astronomy|School of Physics and Astronomy]]
}}

====Sub-units, centres and institutes====
[[File:Edinburgh Futures Institute under construction.jpg|thumb|Edinburgh Futures Institute taking shape on the former site of the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]]]]

Some subunits, centres and institutes within the university are listed as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-units, centres and institutes |date=30 March 2021 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/sub-units |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>

{{columns-list | colwidth=25em |
* [[Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute]] (AIAI)
* [[Bayes Centre]]
* [[Centre for the History of the Book]] (CHB)
* [[Centre for Regenerative Medicine]] (CRM)
* [[Centre for the Study of World Christianity]] (CSWC)
* [[Centre for Theology and Public Issues]] (CTPI)
* [[Digital Curation Centre]] (DCC)
* [[Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre]] (ECRC)
* [[Edinburgh Dental Institute]] (EDI)
* [https://efi.ed.ac.uk/ Edinburgh Futures Institute] (EFI)
* [[Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre]] (EPCC)
* [[Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture]] (ESALA)
* [[Euan MacDonald Centre]]
* [https://higgs.ph.ed.ac.uk/ Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics]
* [[Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities]] (IASH)
* [[International Centre for Mathematical Sciences]] (ICMS)
* [[Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation]] (ISSTI)
* [[Koestler Parapsychology Unit]]
* [[Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science]] (LFCS)
* [[MRC Human Genetics Unit]] (MRC HGU)
* [https://www.ed.ac.uk/inflammation-research MRC Centre for Inflammation Research]
* [[Nursing Studies, University of Edinburgh|Nursing Studies]]
* [[Roslin Institute]]
* [https://www.ed.ac.uk/salvesen-research Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre]
* [[School of Scottish Studies|Scottish Studies]]
* [[UK Centre for Astrobiology]] (UKCA)
* [https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher Usher Institute]
}}

=== Staff, Community and Networking ===

In June 2023, the University employed over 11,800 [[full time equivalent]] staff:<ref>[https://www.docs.csg.ed.ac.uk/HumanResources/StaffNumbers.htm Staff Population Statistics]. Official site.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|[[#Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences|College of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences]]
|<div style="text-align: right;">2,804</div>
|-
|[[#Medicine and Veterinary Medicine|College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine]]
|<div style="text-align: right;">2,868</div>
|-
|[[#Science and Engineering|College of Science & Engineering]]
|<div style="text-align: right;">2,709</div>
|-
|Corporate Services Group
|<div style="text-align: right;">2,145</div>
|-
|Information Services Group
|<div style="text-align: right;">685</div>
|-
|University Secretaries Group
|<div style="text-align: right;">674</div>
|-
|'''University of Edinburgh Total:'''
|<div style="text-align: right;">'''11,885'''</div>
|}

As part of the university's support for researchers,<ref>[https://support-for-researchers.ed.ac.uk/getting-started/community-networking Community & Networking]. Official site.</ref> each College has Research Staff Societies that include [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoc]] societies, and organisations specific to each school.<ref>[https://support-for-researchers.ed.ac.uk/getting-started/community-networking/research-staff-societies Current Research Staff Societies]. Official site.</ref> Cross-curricula Research Networks bring together researchers working on similar topics.<ref>[https://support-for-researchers.ed.ac.uk/getting-started/community-networking/research-networks University Research Networks & Centres]. Official site.</ref>

Independently of the College hierarchy, aligned with the university's [[Equality, Diversity and Inclusion|EDI]] policy, seven Staff Networks bring together and represent diverse staff groups:<ref>[https://support-for-researchers.ed.ac.uk/getting-started/community-networking/staff-networks Staff Networks]. Official site.</ref>

# [[Disability rights movement|Disabled]] Staff Network<ref>[https://www.ed.ac.uk/equality-diversity/edi-groups/disabled-staff-network Disabled Staff Network].</ref>
# Staff [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|BAME]] Network<ref>[https://www.ed.ac.uk/equality-diversity/edi-groups/staff-bame-network/about Staff BAME Network]</ref>
# Edinburgh [[Racism in the United Kingdom|Race Equality]] Network<ref>[https://blogs.ed.ac.uk/eren/ Edinburgh Race Equality Network],</ref>
# Staff [[LGBT pride|Pride]] Network <ref>[https://www.ed.ac.uk/equality-diversity/edi-groups/staffpride-network/about Staff Pride Network].</ref>
# [[University and College Union|University & College Unions]] incorporating the national academic union<ref>[https://www.ucu.org.uk/ University & College Union].</ref> and the in-house Edinburgh University Union<ref>[https://www.ucuedinburgh.org.uk/ UCU].</ref>
# Long-term Research Staff Network<ref>[https://blogs.ed.ac.uk/iad4researchers/2021/06/28/new-long-term-research-staff-network/ IAD4RESEARCHERS]</ref>
# Support for Technicians<ref>[https://www.ed.ac.uk/technicians Support for Technicians].</ref> and Steering Committee<ref>[https://www.ed.ac.uk/technicians/technician-steering-committee Technician Steering Committee]</ref>

==== Industrial action ====
Staff at the university have been engaged in the sector-wide [[2018–2023 UK higher education strikes]] called by the University and College Union over disputes regarding [[Universities Superannuation Scheme|USS pensions]], pay, and working conditions. A Marking and Assessment Boycott<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marking and Assessment Boycott FAQs |url=https://www.ucuedinburgh.org.uk/marking-and-assessment-boycott-faqs |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=UCU Edinburgh |language=en-gb}}</ref> that commenced on 20 April 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-10 |title=University of Edinburgh staff condemn marking boycott response |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-65546992 |access-date=2023-09-12}}</ref> was called off on 6 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=University of Edinburgh pauses pay deductions as strike action called off |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23703003.university-edinburgh-strike-cancelled-pay-deductions-halted/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> However, the UCU voted to continue strike action throughout the rest of September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More strike action to hit universities as employers refuse to negotiate |url=https://www.ucu.org.uk/article/13141/More-strike-action-to-hit-universities-as-employers-refuse-to-negotiate |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.ucu.org.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Industrial Action 2023/24 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/human-resources/news/industrial-action |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=The University of Edinburgh |language=en}}</ref>

==Academic profile==
The university is a member of the [[Russell Group]] of research-led British universities, and the ''[[Sutton 13]]'' group of top-ranked universities in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2007 |title=Old school 'key to student place' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7003253.stm |access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> It is the only British university to be a member of both the [[Coimbra Group]] and the [[League of European Research Universities]], and it is a founding member of [[Una Europa]] and [[Universitas 21]], both international associations of research-intensive universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Universities Initiative launches UNA Europa |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2019/research-in-europe-focus-of-edinburgh-event |access-date=20 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The university maintains historically strong ties with the neighbouring [[Heriot-Watt University]] for teaching and research. Edinburgh also offers a wide range of free online [[Massive open online course|MOOC]] courses on three global platforms [[Coursera]], [[EdX|Edx]] and [[FutureLearn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The University of Edinburgh Online Courses |url=https://www.coursera.org/edinburgh |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=Coursera}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EdinburghX – Free online courses from The University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.edx.org/school/edinburghx |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=edX}}</ref>

===Admissions===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+ Undergraduate admission statistics<ref name="admissions"/>
!
! 2022
! 2021
! 2020
! 2019
! 2018
|-
| '''Applications'''
| 75,438
| 68,954
| 62,220
| 60,983
| 58,411
|-
| '''Offers'''
| 25,210
| 32,432
| 31,510
| 27,878
| 25,532
|-
| '''Offer Rate (%)'''
| 33.0
| 47.0
| 50.6
| 45.7
| 43.7
|-
| '''Enrolls'''
| 6,111
| 8,083
| 7,344
| 6,346
| 6,221
|-
| [[Yield (college admissions)|'''Yield (%)''']]
| 24.2
| 24.9
| 23.3
| 22.8
| 24.4
|-
| '''Applicant/Enrolled Ratio'''
| 12.34
| 8.53
| 8.47
| 9.61
| 9.39
|-
| '''[[UCAS Tariff|Average Entry Tariff]]'''<ref name="UCAS tariff"/>
| {{n/a}}
| 197
| 190
| 186
| 187
|}
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible mw-collapsible"; style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" |HESA Student Body Composition
|-
!Domicile<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider|title=Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider|work=HESA|at=HE student enrolments by HE provider|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> and Ethnicity<ref name="HESA ethnicity">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he/characteristics|title=Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics|date=31 January 2023|publisher=HESA|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
|[[White people in the United Kingdom|British White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|47|%|2||background:red}}
|-
|[[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom#Collective terms for minority ethnic groups|British Ethnic Minorities]]{{efn|Includes those who indicate in their UCAS application that they identify as [[British Asian|Asian]], [[Black British people|Black]], [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed Heritage]], [[British Arabs|Arab]] or any other ethnicity except White.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:green}}
|-
|[[European Union|International EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
|[[International students in the United Kingdom|International Non-EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|35|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |Undergraduate [[Widening participation|Widening Participation]] Indicators<ref>{{cite web |title=Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators: Table T2a - Participation of under-represented groups in higher education |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/performance-indicators/widening-participation |website=Higher Education Statistics Authority |publisher=hesa.ac.uk |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Times23">{{cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Good University Guide: Social Inclusion Ranking |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/good-university-guide-in-full-tp6dzs7wn |work=The Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Feminism in the United Kingdom#Education|Female]]
|align=right| {{bartable|61|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
|[[Private schools in the United Kingdom|Private School]]
|align=right| {{bartable|36|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
|Low Participation Areas{{efn|Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the [[Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation]] (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:black}}
|}

In 2021, the University of Edinburgh had the seventh-highest average entry standards amongst universities in the UK, with new undergraduates averaging 197 [[UCAS Tariff|UCAS points]], equivalent to just above AAAA in [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)|A-level]] grades.<ref name="UCAS tariff"/> It gave offers of admission to 33% of its 18 year old applicants in 2022, the fourth-lowest amongst the [[Russell Group]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucas.com/file/309681/download?token=f2SO62sC |title=Sex, area background and ethnic group: E56 The University of Edinburgh |date=8 January 2020 |publisher=UCAS |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, excluding courses within [[Edinburgh College of Art]], the most competitive courses for Scottish applicants were Oral Health Science (9%), Business (11%), Philosophy & Psychology (14%), Social Work (15%), and International Business (15%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland and EU tuition fee status admissions statistics |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/atoms/files/scotland_fee_rate_admissions_statistics_0.pdf |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> For students from the rest of the UK, the most competitive courses were Nursing (5%), Medicine (6%), Veterinary Medicine (6%), Psychology (8%), and [[Philosophy, politics and economics|Politics, Philosophy and Economics]] (10%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rest of UK (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) tuition fee status admissions statistics |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rest_of_uk_and_republic_of_ireland_admissions_statistics_1.pdf |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> For international students, the most competitive courses were Medicine (5%), Nursing (7%), Business (11%), Politics, Philosophy and
Economics (12%), and Sociology (13%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Overseas (Non-EU) tuition fee status admissions statistics |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/atoms/files/overseas_admissions_statistics_1.pdf |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

For the academic year 2019/20, 36.8% of Edinburgh's new undergraduates were [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|privately educated]], the second-highest proportion among mainstream British universities, behind only [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators 2019/20 |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/performance-indicators/widening-participation |publisher=Higher Education Statistics Authority |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> As of August 2021, it has a higher proportion of female than male students with a male to female ratio of 38:62 in the undergraduate population, and the undergraduate student body is composed of 30% Scottish students, 32% from the rest of the UK, 10% from the EU, and 28% from outside the EU.<ref name="Student Figures 2020/21"/>

===Graduation===
{{see also|Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh}}
[[File:Edinburgh Graduation Ceremony (21492219015).jpg|thumb|Edinburgh graduation ceremony in the [[McEwan Hall]]]]

At graduation ceremonies, graduates are being 'capped' with the ''Geneva bonnet'', which involves the university's principal tapping them on the head with the cap while they receive their graduation certificate.<ref name="Edinburgh Graduations">{{cite web |title=Edinburgh Graduations – The real story behind the 'Geneva bonnet' |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/medicine-vet-medicine/postgraduate/postgraduate-life/postgraduate-blog/geneva-bonnet |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The velvet-and-silk hat has been used for over 150 years, and legend says that it was originally made from cloth taken from the breeches of 16th-century scholars [[John Knox]] or [[George Buchanan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Omniana |url=http://www.cpa.ed.ac.uk/edit/2.03/021_omniana.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050816194723/http://www.cpa.ed.ac.uk/edit/2.03/021_omniana.html |archive-date=16 August 2005 |access-date=14 January 2007 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> However, when the hat was last restored in the early 2000s, a label dated 1849 was discovered bearing the name of Edinburgh tailor Henry Banks, although some doubt remains whether he manufactured or restored the hat.<ref name="Edinburgh Graduations"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Gently does it with hat used on 100,000 students |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12183001.gently-does-it-with-hat-used-on-100000-students/ |date=18 July 2000 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=The Herald |location=Glasgow}}</ref> In 2006, a university emblem that had been taken into space by astronaut and Edinburgh graduate [[Piers Sellers]] was incorporated into the ''Geneva bonnet''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=927792006 |last=Luscombe |first=Richard |title=One small step for John Knox, one giant leap for university |date=25 June 2006 |work=Scotland on Sunday |location=Edinburgh |access-date=14 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016182754/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=927792006 |archive-date=16 October 2007 }}</ref>

===Library system===
{{main|Edinburgh University Library}}
[[File:Playfair Library, Old College, University of Edinburgh (30093147677).jpg|thumb|Playfair Library Hall in [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]]]]

Pre-dating the university by three years, Edinburgh University Library was founded in 1580 through the donation of a large collection by Clement Litill, and today is the largest academic library collection in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Bequest_of_Clement_Litill%27s_Library,_1580 |title=Bequest of Clement Litill's Library, 1580 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sturges |first=Paul |date=1983 |title=Edinburgh University Library 1580-1980: A Collection of Historical Essays by Jean R. Guild, Alexander Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541382 |journal=The Journal of Library History |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=200–202 |jstor=25541382 |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> The [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]] style eight-storey Main Library building in [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]] was designed by Sir [[Basil Spence]]. At the time of its completion in 1967, it was the largest building of its type in the UK, and today is a [[Category B listed building|category A listed building]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History – Main Library |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Main_Library |access-date=2 June 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The library system also includes many specialised libraries at the college and school level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Library locations
|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/information-services/library-museum-gallery/using-library/lib-locate |access-date=2 October 2021
|publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

===Exchange programmes===
[[File:Agreement between Peking University and Edinburgh University (7084194833).jpg|thumb|The former principal Sir [[Timothy O'Shea]] signed an agreement with [[Peking University]] in 2012.]]

The university offers students the opportunity to study in Europe and beyond via the [[European Union]]'s [[Erasmus+]] programme{{efn|Following [[Brexit]], the UK will no longer participate in the next Erasmus+ programme (2021–2027), but funding remains available for students to go abroad under the current programme until 31 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Erasmus+ grant |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/global/exchanges/funding/erasmus-grant |access-date=16 August 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>}} and a variety of international exchange agreements with around 300 partners institutions in nearly 40 countries worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/global/exchanges/where |title=Where can I go? |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

University-wide exchanges are open to almost any student whose degree permits a year abroad and who can find a suitable course combination. The list of partner institutions is shown as follows (part of):<ref name="Exchange destinations">{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/exchange_destinations.pdf |title= 2022/2023 Exchange Destinations |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

* '''[[Asia-Pacific]]''': [[Fudan University]], [[University of Hong Kong]], [[University of Melbourne]], [[Seoul National University]], [[University of Sydney]], [[National University of Singapore]], [[Nanyang Technological University]]
* '''[[Europe]]''': [[University of Amsterdam]], [[University of Copenhagen]], [[University of Helsinki]], [[Lund University]], [[Sciences Po]], [[University College Dublin]], [[Uppsala University]]
* '''[[Latin America]]''': [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], [[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]], [[University of São Paulo]]
* '''[[Northern America]]''': [[Boston College]], [[Barnard College of Columbia University]], [[University of California]] (except for [[University of California, Merced|Merced]] and [[University of California, San Francisco|San Francisco]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes of Guidance for University of California |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/uc_final2016.pdf |access-date=28 July 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], [[University of Chicago]], [[Cornell University]], [[Georgetown University]], [[McGill University]], [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[University of Texas at Austin]], [[University of Toronto]], [[University of Virginia]], [[Washington University in St. Louis]]

Subject-specific exchanges are open to students studying in particular schools or subject areas, including exchange programmes with [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [[Emory University]], [[Ecole du Louvre]], [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]], [[ETH Zurich]], [[ESSEC Business School]], [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|ENS Paris]], [[HEC Paris]], [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], [[Karolinska Institute]], [[Kyoto University]], [[LMU Munich]], [[University of Michigan]], [[Peking University]], [[Rhode Island School of Design]], [[Sorbonne University]], [[TU München]], [[Waseda University]], [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], and others.<ref name="Exchange destinations"/>

===Rankings and reputation===
{{Infobox UK university rankings
| ARWU_W = 38
| QS_W = 22
| THE_W = =30
| LINE_1 = 0
| Complete = 12
| The_Guardian = 14
| Times/Sunday_Times = 13
| LINE_2 = 0
| TEF =
| REF =
}}
[[File:Edinburgh 10 Years.png|thumb|upright=1.2|University of Edinburgh's [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|national league table]] performance over the past ten years]]
In the 2021 [[Research Excellence Framework]] (REF), which evaluated work produced between 2014 and 2021, Edinburgh ranked 4th by research power and 15th by GPA amongst British universities.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-2021-research-excellence-framework-results-announced |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref> The university fell four places in GPA when compared to the 2014 REF, but retained its place in research power.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=REF 2021 Main Online Table |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/content/ref2021mainonlinetable |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref> 90 per cent of the university's research activity was judged to be 'world leading' (4*) or 'internationally excellent' (3*), and five departments – Computer Science, Informatics, Sociology, Anthropology, and Development Studies – were ranked as the best in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research rankings confirm Edinburgh as world leader |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2022/research-ranking-edinburgh-world-leader |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

In the 2015 ''THE Global Employability University Ranking'', Edinburgh ranked 23rd in the world and 4th in the UK for graduate employability as voted by international recruiters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/carousels/global-employability-university-ranking-2015-results |publisher=Times Higher Education |title=Global Employability University Ranking 2015 results |date=6 November 2015 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> A 2015 government report found that Edinburgh was one of only two Scottish universities (along with [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]]) that some London-based elite recruitment firms considered applicants from, especially in the field of financial services and investment banking.<ref>{{cite web |title=A qualitative evaluation of non-educational barriers to the elite professions |publisher=Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission |pages=14, 79–80 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/434791/A_qualitative_evaluation_of_non-educational_barriers_to_the_elite_professions.pdf |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> When ''[[The New York Times]]'' ranked universities based on the employability of graduates as evaluated by recruiters from top companies in 20 countries in 2012, Edinburgh was placed at 42nd in the world and 7th in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |work=The New York Times |title=What the job market wants |date=25 October 2012 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/10/25/world/asia/25iht-sreducemerging25-graphic.html |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>

Edinburgh was ranked 24th in the world and 5th in the UK by the 2021 [[College and university rankings#Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities|''Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities'']], a league table based on the three major world university rankings, [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|''ARWU'']], [[QS World University Rankings|''QS'']] and [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|''THE'']].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=ARTU 2021 |url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/artu-results |publisher=University of New South Wales |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> In the 2022 [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking|''U.S. News & World Report'']], Edinburgh ranked 32nd globally and 5th nationally.<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref> The 2022 [[Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings|''World Reputation Rankings'']] placed Edinburgh at 32nd worldwide and 5th nationwide.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=World Reputation Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/reputation-ranking |access-date=28 September 2023 |publisher=Times Higher Education}}</ref> In 2023, it ranked 73rd amongst the universities around the world by the ''[[SCImago Institutions Rankings]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ. |publisher=SCImago Institutions Rankings |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

The disparity between Edinburgh's research capacity, [[List of universities in the United Kingdom by endowment|endowment]] and international status on the one hand, and its ranking in national league tables on the other, is largely due to the impact of measures of 'student satisfaction'.<ref>{{cite news |last=Turner |first=Camilla |date=9 August 2017 |title=Two of Britain's leading universities fall well below benchmark for student satisfaction, survey finds |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/08/08/two-britains-leading-universities-fall-benchmark-student-satisfaction/ |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> Edinburgh was ranked last in the UK for teaching quality in the 2012 [[National Student Survey]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Edinburgh University worst for teaching |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/article1137185.ece |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |access-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930024207/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/article1137185.ece |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> with the 2015 ''[[Times Good University Guide|Good University Guide]]'' stating that this stemmed from "questions to do with the promptness, usefulness and extent of academic feedback", and that the university "still has a long way to go to turn around a poor position".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://st.hitcreative.com/education/university_guide/active/UniversityGuide/university/year/2015/id/3268/university-of-edinburgh |title=Good University Guide 2015 – University of Edinburgh |work=The Times |access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> Edinburgh improved only marginally over the next years, with the 2021 ''Good University Guide'' still ranking it in the bottom 10 domestically in both teaching quality and student experience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://st.hitcreative.com/education/university_guide/active/UniversityGuide/university/id/4191/university-of-edinburgh |title=Good University Guide 2021 – University of Edinburgh |work=The Times |date=18 September 2020 |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Edinburgh was ranked 122nd out of 128 universities for student satisfaction in the 2022 ''[[The Complete University Guide|Complete University Guide]]'', although it was ranked 12th overall.<ref name="Complete University Guide">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/universities/university-of-edinburgh |title=Complete University Guide 2022 – University of Edinburgh |publisher=The Complete University Guide |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> The 2024 ''[[The Guardian University Guide|Guardian University Guide]]'' ranked Edinburgh 14th overall, but 50th out of 120 universities in teaching satisfaction, and lowest among all universities in satisfaction with feedback.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=The Guardian University Guide 2024 – the rankings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2023/sep/09/the-guardian-university-guide-2024-the-rankings |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2022 ''Complete University Guide'', 32 out of the 49 subjects offered by Edinburgh were ranked within the top 10 in the UK, with Asian Studies (4th), Chemical Engineering (4th), Education (2nd), Geology (5th), Linguistics (5th), Mechanical Engineering (5th), Medicine (5th), Music (5th), Nursing (1st), Physics & Astronomy (5th), Social Policy (5th), Theology & Religious Studies (4th), and Veterinary Medicine (2nd) within the top 5.<ref name="Complete University Guide"/> The 2021 ''THE World University Rankings by Subject'' ranked Edinburgh 10th worldwide in Arts and Humanities, 15th in Law, 16th in Psychology, 21st in Clinical, Pre-clinical & Health, 22nd in Computer Science, 28th in Education, 28th in Life Science, 43rd in Business & Economics, 44th in Social Sciences, 45th in Physical Sciences, and 86th in Engineering & Technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=World University Rankings by Subject |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject |publisher=Times Higher Education |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> The 2023 ''QS World University Rankings by Subject'' placed Edinburgh at 10th globally in Arts & Humanities, 23rd in Life Sciences & Medicine, 36th in Natural Sciences, 50th in Social Sciences & Management, and 59th in Engineering & Technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2023 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=QS Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> According to ''CSRankings'', computer science at Edinburgh was ranked 1st in the UK and 36th globally, and Edinburgh was the best in [[natural language processing]] (NLP) in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSRankings: Computer Science Rankings |url=http://csrankings.org/#/index?all&world |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Students' Association===
{{main|Edinburgh University Students' Association}}
[[File:Student Union buildings in the Pleasance.jpg|thumb|[[The Pleasance]], one of EUSA's main buildings, is a theatre, bar, sports and recreation complex.]]

Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA) consists of the [[students' union]] and the [[students' representative council]]. EUSA's buildings include [[Teviot Row House]], [[The Pleasance]], [[Potterrow Student Centre]], [[King's Buildings#Other Facilities|Kings Buildings House]], as well as shops, cafés and refectories across the various campuses. Teviot Row House is considered the oldest purpose-built student union building in the world.<ref name="university union"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Teviot Row House |date=24 November 2017 |url=https://ewh.org.uk/iconic-buildings-and-monuments/teviot-row-house/ |publisher=Edinburgh World Heritage |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Most of these buildings are operated as [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] venues during August. EUSA represents students to the university and the wider world, and is responsible for over 250 student societies at the university. The association has five [[sabbatical]] office bearers – a president and four vice presidents. EUSA is affiliated with the [[National Union of Students (United Kingdom)|National Union of Students]] (NUS).

===Performing arts===
Amateur dramatic societies benefit from Edinburgh being an important cultural hub for [[comedy]], [[Amateur Theatre|amateur]] and [[Fringe Theatre|fringe theatre]] throughout the UK, most prominently through the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 February 2008 |title=Edinburgh festival news and reviews |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/edinburghfestival |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Eums symphonyorchestra greyfriars2.jpg|thumb|[[Edinburgh University Music Society]], performing Mahler in [[Greyfriars Kirk]]]]

The [[Edinburgh University Music Society]] (EUMS) is a student-run musical organisation, which is Scotland's oldest student's musical society; it can be traced back to a concert in February 1867.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oakeley |first=Edward Murray |date=1 January 1904 |title=The Life of Sir Herbert Stanley Oakeley |edition=1st |publisher=University of California Libraries |isbn=0217800548}}</ref> It performs three concert series throughout the year whilst also undertaking a programme of charity events and education projects.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://eums.org.uk/history/ |publisher=Edinburgh University Music Society |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Bedlam Theatre, Edinburgh.JPG|left|thumb|The student-run [[Bedlam Theatre]], home to the Edinburgh University Theatre Company]]

The Edinburgh University Theatre Company (EUTC), founded in 1890 as the Edinburgh University Drama Society, is known for running [[Bedlam Theatre]], the oldest student-run theatre in Britain and venue for the Fringe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000053/18900524/014/0008 |title=Theatrical Gossip |work=The Era |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bedlamfringe.co.uk/ |title=Fringe 2013 – Bedlam Theatre, Venue 49 |publisher=Bedlam Fringe |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> EUTC also funds acclaimed [[Improvisational theatre|improvisational comedy]] troupe [[The Improverts]] during term time and the Fringe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/fringe/2010/the_improverts/ |title=The Improverts – Edinburgh Fringe 2010 – British Comedy Guide |publisher=British Comedy Guide |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edfringe.com/whats-on/comedy/improverts |title=The Improverts |publisher=The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society |access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Alumni include Sir [[Michael Boyd (director)|Michael Boyd]], [[Ian Charleson]], [[Kevin McKidd]], and [[Greg Wise]].

The Edinburgh Studio Opera (formerly Edinburgh University Opera Club) is a student [[opera]] company in Edinburgh. It performs at least one fully staged opera each year.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=About |url=https://edinburghstudioopera.org/ |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh Studio Opera}}</ref> The Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group (EUSOG) is an opera and [[musical theatre]] company founded by students in 1961 to promote and perform the comic operettas of Sir [[W. S. Gilbert|William Gilbert]] and Sir [[Arthur Sullivan]], collectively known as [[Savoy Opera]]s after the theatre in which they were originally staged.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eusog.org/bio |title=About us |publisher=Edinburgh University Savoy Opera Group |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>

The Edinburgh University Footlights are a musical theatre company founded in 1989 and produce two large scale shows a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Footlights |url=http://www.edfootlights.com/about-footlights |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Edinburgh University Footlights |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Footlights |url=http://www.edfootlights.com/about-footlights |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=The Edinburgh University Footlights}}</ref> One of the founders is the Theatre Producer Colin Ingram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=InTheatre Productions |url=http://intheatreproductions.com/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=intheatreproductions.com}}</ref> Theatre Parodok, founded in 2004, is a student theatre company that aims to produce shows that are "experimental without being exclusive". They stage one large show each semester and one for the festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eusa.ed.ac.uk/activities/view/theatreparadok |title=Theatre Paradok – About us |access-date=13 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh University Students' Association}}</ref>

===Media===
[[Student (newspaper)|''The Student'']] is a fortnightly [[List of student newspapers in the United Kingdom|student newspaper]]. Founded in 1887 by writer [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], it is the oldest student newspaper in the United Kingdom.<ref name="The Student">{{cite web |url=https://studentnewspaper.org/about |title=About us |publisher=The Student |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> Former writers of the newspaper include politicians [[Gordon Brown]], [[Robin Cook]], and [[David Steel|Lord Steel of Aikwood]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vavasour |first=Harry |date=13 October 2018 |title=Exclusive: Gordon Brown speaks to The Student |url=https://studentnewspaper.org/article/exclusive-gordon-brown-speaks-to-the-student |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=The Student |location=Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Curtis |first=Polly |date=24 May 2002 |title=Edinburgh Student newspaper folds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/may/24/highereducation.uk |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> It has been independent of the university since 1992, but was forced to temporarily fold in 2002 due to increasing debts. The newspaper won a number of student newspaper awards in the years following its relaunch.<ref name="The Student"/>

''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'' was an independent publication, established in 2007 by three students and former writers for ''The Student.'' It was also distributed to other higher education institutions in the city, such as [[Heriot-Watt University]], [[Edinburgh Napier University]], and [[Telford College]]. It was the largest such publication in Scotland, with a print run of 10,000 copies. Despite winning a number of awards for its journalism, the magazine folded in 2015 due to financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Journal Served with Winding-up Petition |url=http://windinguppetitionsolicitors.co.uk/insolvency-lawyers-london/the-journal-served-with-winding-up-petition/ |date=3 September 2015 |publisher=Winding Up Petition Solicitors |location=London |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

[[FreshAir.org.uk|FreshAir]], launched on 3 October 1992, is an alternative music [[student radio]] station. The station is one of the oldest surviving student radio stations in the UK, and won the "Student Radio Station of the Year" award at the annual [[Student Radio Association#The Student Radio Awards (SRAs)|Student Radio Awards]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's a breeze as Fresh Air is voted best student radio |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/its-breeze-fresh-air-voted-best-student-radio-2509058 |date=24 November 2004 |work=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

In September 2015, the Edinburgh University Student Television (EUTV) became the newest addition to the student media scene at the university, producing a regular magazine-style programme, documentaries and other special events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eusa.ed.ac.uk/activities/view/eutv |title=Television Society – About us |publisher=Edinburgh University Students' Association |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

===Sport===
{{main|Edinburgh University Sports Union}}
[[File:University of Edinburgh Mountaineering Club.jpg|right|thumb|Edinburgh University Mountaineering Club at the [[cairn]] on [[Ciste Dhubh]], 1964]]

Student sport at Edinburgh consists of clubs covering the more traditional [[Edinburgh University RFC|rugby]], [[Edinburgh University A.F.C.|football]], [[Edinburgh University Boat Club|rowing]] and [[judo]], to the more unconventional [[korfball]], [[gliding]] and [[mountaineering]]. In 2021, the university had over 65 sports clubs run by Edinburgh University Sports Union (EUSU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sports Clubs |url=https://www.eusu.ed.ac.uk/clubs/ |access-date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh University Sports Union}}</ref>

[[The Scottish Varsity]], known as the "world's oldest varsity match", is a rugby match played annually against the [[University of St Andrews RFC|University of St Andrews]] dating back over 150 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 August 2015|title=A renewed rivalry|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/news/news/a-renewed-rivalry|access-date=15 August 2021|publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Discontinued in the 1950s, the match was resurrected in 2011 and was staged in London at the home of [[London Scottish F.C.|London Scottish RFC]]. It is played at the beginning of the academic year, and since 2015 has been staged at [[Murrayfield Stadium]] in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's oldest varsity match returns to Scotland |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13214474.World_s_oldest_varsity_match_returns_to_Scotland/ |date=19 May 2015 |work=The Herald |location=Glasgow |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Scottish Boat Race|The Scottish Boat Race]] is an annual [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] race between the [[Glasgow University Boat Club]] and the [[Edinburgh University Boat Club]], rowed between competing [[Eight (rowing)|eights]] on the [[River Clyde]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. Started in 1877, it is believed to be the third-oldest university boat race in the world, predated by the [[The Boat Race|Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race]] and the [[Harvard–Yale Regatta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh Glasgow Boat Race |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/clubs/Boat/boatrace/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315120353/http://www.gla.ac.uk/clubs/Boat/boatrace/ |archive-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Walter Scott & Partners Limited |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

Edinburgh athletes have repeatedly been successful at the [[Olympic Games]]: Sprinter [[Eric Liddell]] won gold and bronze at the [[1924 Summer Olympics]]. At the [[1948 Summer Olympics]], alumnus [[Jackie Robinson (basketball, born 1927)|Jackie Robinson]] won a gold medal with the American Basketball team. [[Trap shooting|Trap shooter]] [[Bob Braithwaite]] secured a gold medal at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]. Cyclist Sir [[Chris Hoy]] won six gold and one silver medal between 2000 and 2012. Rower Dame [[Katherine Grainger]] won a gold medal at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], and four further silver medals between 2000 and 2016. Edinburgh was the most successful UK university at the 2012 Games with two gold medals from Hoy and one from Grainger.<ref>{{cite news |title=Edinburgh tops university medals table |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9470776/Edinburgh-tops-university-medals-table.html |date=12 August 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London}}</ref>

===Student activism===
There are a number of campaigning societies at the university. The largest of these include the environment and poverty campaigning group [[People & Planet]] and [[Amnesty International]] Society. International development organisations include [[Edinburgh Global Partnerships]], which was established as a student-led charity in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.egpscotland.org/about-us.html |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=Edinburgh Global Partnerships}}</ref> There is also a significant [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] presence on campus,<ref>{{cite news |title=EUSA democracy abolished in massive coup |work=The Journal |date=1 April 2012 |url=http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/8932-eusa-democracy-abolished-in-massive-coup |location=Edinburgh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420164753/http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/8932-eusa-democracy-abolished-in-massive-coup |archive-date=20 April 2013 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> including an [[Anti-austerity movement|anti-austerity]] group, Edinburgh University [[Anarchism|Anarchist]] Society, [[Edinburgh University Socialist Society]], Edinburgh [[Scottish Green Party|Young Greens]], [[Feminism|Feminist]] Society, [[LGBT Pride|LGBT+ Pride]],<ref>[https://www.eusa.ed.ac.uk/adviceplace/wellbeing/generalhealth/lgbthealth 'LGBTQ+ Health and Wellbeing']. [[Edinburgh University Students' Association|EUSA]].</ref> [[Marxism|Marxist]] Society, and [[Students for Justice in Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement on Palestine |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Students' Association]] |url=https://www.eusa.ed.ac.uk/news/article/palestine/ |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>

Protests, demonstrations and occupations are regular occurrences at the university.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-14950251 |title=Protest students occupy Edinburgh University hall |date=16 September 2011 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.studentnewspaper.org/news/452-appleton-tower-comes-under-occupation |title=Appleton Tower comes under occupation |date=17 December 2010 |work=The Student |access-date=8 August 2012 |location=Edinburgh |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323000124/http://www.studentnewspaper.org/news/452-appleton-tower-comes-under-occupation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://local.stv.tv/edinburgh/271974-students-plan-to-disrupt-royal-visit-in-protest-over-tuition-fees/ |title=Students disrupt royal visit in protest over tuition fees |date=26 September 2011 |work=STV News |access-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419011008/http://local.stv.tv/edinburgh/271974-students-plan-to-disrupt-royal-visit-in-protest-over-tuition-fees/ |archive-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref> The activist group People & Planet took over Charles Stewart House in 2015 and again in 2016 in protest over the university's investment in companies active in arms manufacturing or fossil fuel extraction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/edinburgh-university-student-protesters-occupy-building-over-fossil-fuel-divestment-a6969441.html |title=Edinburgh University student protesters occupy building over fossil fuel divestment |date=5 April 2016 |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/students-vow-continue-occupation-over-fossil-fuels-1504960 |title=Students vow to continue occupation over fossil fuels |work=Edinburgh Evening News |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=16 December 2016 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> In May 2015, a security guard was charged in relation to the occupations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Learmonth |first=Andrew |date=22 May 2015 |title=Security guard charged after protest clash |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14897849.security-guard-charged-after-protest-clash/ |access-date=25 August 2021 |work=The National |location=Glasgow}}</ref>

===Student co-operatives===
There are three student-run [[Cooperative|co-operatives]] on campus: [[Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative]], providing affordable housing for 106 students;<ref>{{cite news |title=100 flats at £250 a month: Co-op housing project moves closer to goal |url=http://www.studentnewspaper.org/blog/2014/01/22/100-flats-at-250-a-month/|access-date=21 February 2014 |work=The Student |date=22 January 2014 |location=Edinburgh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302060518/http://www.studentnewspaper.org/blog/2014/01/22/100-flats-at-250-a-month|archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref> The Hearty Squirrel Food Cooperative, providing 'local, organic and affordable food to students and staff';<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://heartysquirreledinburgh.weebly.com/ |publisher=Hearty Squirrel Food Cooperative
|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> and The SHRUB Coop, a 'swap and re-use hub' aimed at reducing waste and promoting [[sustainability]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.shrubcoop.org/about-us/ |publisher=SHRUB Coop |access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> The co-operatives form part of the [[Students for Cooperation]] network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.students.coop/tag/scotland-co-op-list/ |title=Scotland Co-op List| access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=Students for Cooperation}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of University of Edinburgh people|List of University of Edinburgh medical people}}

The university is associated with some of the most significant intellectual and scientific contributions in human history, which include: the foundation of [[antiseptic#Usage in surgery|Antiseptic surgery]] ([[Joseph Lister]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph Lister (1827–1912) |date=31 May 2013 |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/lister-joseph |publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref> [[Bayesian statistics]] ([[Thomas Bayes]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bellhouse |first=D. R. |title=The Reverend Thomas Bayes, FRS: A Biography to Celebrate the Tercentenary of His Birth |journal=Statistical Science |publisher=Institute of Mathematical Statistics |date=February 2004 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=3–43 |doi=10.1214/088342304000000189 |bibcode=2004StaSc..19....3B |s2cid=106737201 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Economics]] ([[Adam Smith]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/smith.htm |title=Adam Smith, 1723–1790 |publisher=The History of Economic Thought |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> [[Electromagnetism]] ([[James Clerk Maxwell]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Who was James Clerk Maxwell? |url=https://clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/about_maxwell.html |publisher=James Clerk Maxwell Foundation |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref> [[Evolution]] ([[Charles Darwin]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Darwin (1809–1882) |date=2 February 2016 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/charles-darwin |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mann |first=Rosemary |url=https://blog.nms.ac.uk/2019/06/07/darwin-in-edinburgh/ |title=Darwin in Edinburgh 1825–1827 |publisher=National Museum of Scotland |date=7 June 2019 |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> [[Knot theory]] ([[Peter Tait (physicist)|Peter Guthrie Tait]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Peter Guthrie Tait 1831–1901 |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst832.html |publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> modern [[Geology]] ([[James Hutton]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/james-hutton |title=James Hutton (1726–1797) |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> [[Nephrology]] ([[Richard Bright (physician)|Richard Bright]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Bright (b.September 1789 d.16 December 1858) |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/richard-bright |publisher=Royal College of Physicians Museum |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> [[Endocrinology]] ([[Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer]]),<ref name=Sykes>{{Cite journal| pmid = 16845462| year = 2006| last1 = Sykes| first1 = A. H.| title = Edward Schafer (1850-1935) and artificial respiration| journal = Journal of Medical Biography| volume = 14| issue = 3| pages = 155–62 | doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2006.05-86| s2cid = 23147853}}</ref> [[Hematology]] ([[William Hewson (surgeon)|William Hewson]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06037.x|title=William Hewson (1739-74): The father of haematology|year=2006|last1=Doyle|first1=Derek|journal=British Journal of Haematology|volume=133|issue=4|pages=375–381|pmid=16643443|s2cid=35774229|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Dermatology]] ([[Robert Willan]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6358286/|pmid = 6358286|year = 1983|last1 = Sharma|first1 = O. P.|title = Robert Willan remembered|journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume = 9|issue = 6|pages = 971–976|doi = 10.1016/s0190-9622(83)80098-x}}</ref> [[Epigenetics]] ([[C. H. Waddington]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid = 27291929|year = 2016|last1 = Deichmann|first1 = U.|title = Epigenetics: The origins and evolution of a fashionable topic|journal = Developmental Biology|volume = 416|issue = 1|pages = 249–254|doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.005|doi-access = free}}</ref> [[Gestalt psychology]] ([[Kurt Koffka]]), [[Thermodynamics]] ([[William Rankine]]),
[[Colloid chemistry]] ([[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/colloid|title=Colloid | Definition & Facts | Britannica}}</ref> and [[Undulatory theory|Wave theory]] ([[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]]); the discovery of [[Brownian motion]] ([[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/biology/about/notable-alumni/robert-brown |title=Notable alumni – Robert Brown |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=School of Biological Sciences |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> [[Magnesium]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[latent heat]] and [[specific heat]] ([[Joseph Black]]),<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=W. P. |url=http://www.chem.ed.ac.uk/about-us/history/professors/joseph-black |title=Joseph Black (1728–1799) |publisher=School of Chemistry |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/12/magnesium|title = Magnesium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table}}</ref> [[Chloroformed|chloroform anaesthesia]] (Sir [[James Young Simpson]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/simpson |title=James Young Simpson |date=16 October 2015 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> [[Hepatitis B vaccine]] (Sir [[Kenneth Murray (biologist)|Kenneth Murray]]),<ref>{{cite news |title=Sir Kenneth Murray leaves millions in will |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-25883640 |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=BBC News |location=London}}</ref> [[Cygnus X-1|Cygnus X-1 black hole]] ([[Paul Murdin]]),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Webster |first1=B.L. |last2=Murdin |first2=P. |journal=Nature|title=P. Cygnus X-1—a Spectroscopic Binary with a Heavy Companion?|volume= 235 |pages=37–38|year=1972|issue=5332 |doi=10.1038/235037a0 |bibcode=1972Natur.235...37W |s2cid=4195462 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/235037a0}}</ref> [[Higgs mechanism]] (Sir [[Tom Kibble]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gauntlett |first=Jerome |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/534622a |title=Thomas Kibble (1932–2016) |journal=Nature |date=29 June 2016 |volume=534 |issue=7609 |page=622 |doi=10.1038/534622a |pmid=27357788 |bibcode=2016Natur.534..622G |s2cid=4401102 |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duff |first1=M.J. |author-link1=Michael Duff (physicist) |last2=Stelle |first2=K. S. |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbm.2020.0040 |title=Sir Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble. 23 December 1932–2 June 2016 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=24 March 2021 |volume=70 |pages=225–244 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2020.0040 |arxiv=2011.13257 |s2cid=227209669 |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref> structure of [[DNA]] (Sir [[John Randall (physicist)|John Randall]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1987.0018|doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1987.0018|title = John Turton Randall, 23 March 1905 - 16 June 1984|year = 1987|last1 = Wilkins|first1 = Maurice Hugh Frederick|journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume = 33|pages = 491–535|pmid = 11621437|s2cid = 45354172}}</ref> [[HPV vaccine]] ([[Ian Frazer]]), [[Iridium]] and [[Osmium]] ([[Smithson Tennant]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wisniak |first=Jaime |title=Smithson Tennant |journal=Educación Química |date=July 2015 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=250–259 |doi=10.1016/j.eq.2015.05.009 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Nitrogen]] ([[Daniel Rutherford]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Rutherford (3 November 1749 – 15 November 1819) |date=9 February 2017 |url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/college-history/daniel-rutherford |publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> [[Strontium]] ([[Thomas Charles Hope]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chem.ed.ac.uk/about-us/history/professors/thomas-charles-hope|title = Thomas Charles Hope, MD, FRSE, FRS (1766-1844) | School of Chemistry}}</ref> and [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS coronavirus]] ([[Zhong Nanshan]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/being-edinburgh-award/2020-being-edinburgh-award |title=Winner of 2020 Being Edinburgh Award |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref> and the invention of the [[Stirling engine]] ([[Robert Stirling]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/robert-stirling|title = Robert Stirling (1790-1878)| date=29 June 2016 }}</ref> [[Cavity magnetron]] (Sir [[John Randall (physicist)|John Randall]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scihi.org/john-randall-cavity-magnetron/|title = John Randall and the Cavity Magnetron|date = 23 March 2021}}</ref> [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] ([[John Shepherd-Barron]]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell-Kelly |first=Martin |title=John Shepherd-Barron obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/may/23/john-shepherd-barron-obituary |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> [[refrigerator]] ([[William Cullen]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-refrigerator-and-freezers-4072564|title = The History of the Refrigerator}}</ref> [[diving chamber]] ([[John Scott Haldane]]),<ref>{{cite web |last=Bock |first=Benedikt |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/john-scott-haldane |title=Lecturers & Authors – John Scott Haldane |date=18 August 2014 |publisher=The Gifford Lectures |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> [[reflecting telescope]] ([[James Gregory (mathematician)|James Gregory]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.collections.ed.ac.uk/agents/people/1640|title = Gregory, James, 1753-1821 (Professor of medicine, University of Edinburgh) | University of Edinburgh Archive and Manuscript Collections}}</ref> [[hypodermic syringe]] ([[Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Wood (1817–1884) |date=28 April 2021 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/alexander-wood |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Wood (10 December 1817 – 26 February 1884) |date=9 February 2017 |url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/college-history/daniel-rutherford |publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> [[kaleidoscope]] (Sir [[David Brewster]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History – Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Sir_David_Brewster_(1781-1868) |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> [[Tire|pneumatic tyre]] ([[John Boyd Dunlop]]),<ref>{{cite news |last=MacPherson |first=Hamish |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17979732.tribute-scottish-inventor-john-boyd-dunlop/ |title=A tribute to Scottish inventor John Boyd Dunlop |date=20 October 2019 |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=The National |location=Glasgow}}</ref> [[telephone]] ([[Alexander Graham Bell]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/b/alexandergrahambell.html |title=Alexander Graham Bell: Biography |publisher=Undiscovered Scotland |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> [[Aerial tramway#Telpherage|telpherage]] ([[Fleeming Jenkin]]), and [[vacuum flask]] (Sir [[James Dewar]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir James Dewar (1842–1923) |url=http://kincardinehistory.com/?page_id=191 |publisher=Kincardine Local History Group |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

Other notable alumni and academic staff of the university have included signatories to the [[United States Declaration of Independence|US Declaration of Independence]] [[Benjamin Rush]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/rush |title=Benjamin Rush |date=13 May 2015 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A Biography of James Wilson (1742–1798) |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/james-wilson/ |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> and [[John Witherspoon]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/john-witherspoon |title=John Witherspoon (1723–1794) |date=17 November 2020 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> actors [[Ian Charleson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/ian-charleson |title=Ian Charleson (1949–1990) |date=23 October 2017 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> [[Robbie Coltrane]] and [[Kevin McKidd]], architects [[Robert Adam]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/adam |title=Robert Adam |date=16 October 2015 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> [[William Thornton]], [[William Henry Playfair]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/playfair |title=William Henry Playfair |date=13 May 2019 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Sir [[Basil Spence]] and Sir [[Nicholas Grimshaw]], astronaut [[Piers Sellers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/biology/about/notable-alumni/piers-sellers |title=Notable alumni – Piers Sellers |date=August 2019 |publisher=School of Biological Sciences |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> biologists Sir [[Adrian Bird]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Adrian Bird Lab |url=https://birdlab.bio.ed.ac.uk/ |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> Sir [[Richard Owen]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Carter |first=Richard |url=http://friendsofdarwin.com/articles/owen/ |title=Sir Richard Owen: the archetypal villain |publisher=The Friends of Charles Darwin |date=15 July 2012 |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> and Sir [[Ian Wilmut]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Autobiography of Ian Wilmut |url=https://www.shawprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/life-science-and-medicine/2008/autobiography-of-ian-wilmut |publisher=The Shaw Prize Foundation |date=9 September 2008 |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> business executives [[Tony Hayward]], [[Alan Jope]], [[Lars Rasmussen (software developer)|Lars Rasmussen]] and [[Susie Wolff]], composer [[Max Richter]], economists [[Kenneth E. Boulding]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/boulding.htm |title=Kenneth E. Boulding, 1910–1993 |publisher=The History of Economic Thought |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Thomas Chalmers]], historians [[Thomas Carlyle]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Carlyle |date=13 May 2015 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/carlyle |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Neil MacGregor]], journalists [[Laura Kuenssberg]] and [[Peter Pomerantsev]], judges [[Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir|Lord Reed]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/edinburgh-law-school-alumni-appointed-top-positions-uk-supreme-court |title=Biographies of the Justices |publisher=The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> and [[Patrick Hodge, Lord Hodge|Lord Hodge]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/biographies-of-the-justices.html |title=Edinburgh Law School alumni appointed to top positions in UK Supreme Court |publisher=Edinburgh Law School |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> mathematicians Sir [[W. V. D. Hodge]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Atiyah |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Atiyah |url=https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1976.0007 |title=William Vallance Douglas Hodge, 17 June 1903 – 7 July 1975 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |publisher=The Royal Society |date=1 November 1976 |volume=22 |pages=169–192 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1976.0007 |s2cid=72054846 |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> [[Colin Maclaurin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History – Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746) |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Colin_Maclaurin_(1698-1746) |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> and Sir [[E. T. Whittaker]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker (1873-1956) |url=https://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Sir_Edmund_Taylor_Whittaker_(1873-1956) |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> philosophers [[Benjamin Constant]], [[Adam Ferguson]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History – Adam Ferguson (1723–1816) |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Adam_Ferguson_(1723-1816) |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> [[Ernest Gellner]] and [[David Hume]],<ref>{{cite web |title=David Hume (1711–1776) |date=22 April 2016 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/david-hume |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> physicians [[Thomas Addison]],<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Thomas Addison (1793-1860)| year=2004 | pmc=1079500 | last1=Pearce | first1=J. M. | journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume=97 | issue=6 | pages=297–300 | doi=10.1177/014107680409700615 | pmid=15173338 }}</ref> [[William Cullen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chem.ed.ac.uk/about-us/history/professors/william-cullen |last=Doyle |first=W. P. |title=William Cullen (1710–1790) |publisher=School of Chemistry |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> [[Valentín Fuster]], [[Thomas Hodgkin]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Thomas Hodgkin: medical immortal and uncompromising idealist| year=2005 | pmc=1255947 | last1=Stone | first1=M. J. | journal=Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) | volume=18 | issue=4 | pages=368–375 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928096 | pmid=16252028 }}</ref> and [[James Lind]],<ref>{{cite web |title=James Lind (1716 – 1794) |date=19 October 2016 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/james-lind |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> pilot [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Hilary |title='A true inspiration': the extraordinary life of legendary Edinburgh pilot Eric 'Winkle' Brown |url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/a-true-inspiration-extraordinary-life-15712117 |date=21 January 2019 |access-date=8 December 2021 |work=Edinburgh Live |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> surgeons [[James Barry (surgeon)|James Barry]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/james-barry |title=James Barry (1795–1865) |date=9 January 2018 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> [[Joseph Bell]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archiveandlibrary.rcsed.ac.uk/surgeon/3769275-joseph-bell |title=Joseph Bell |publisher=The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> [[Robert Liston]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archiveandlibrary.rcsed.ac.uk/surgeon/3770447-robert-liston |title=Robert Liston |publisher=The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> and [[B. K. Misra]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Basant Kumar Misra, President NSI 2008 |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.org/site/Past-president/Basant%20Kumar%20Misra,%20President%20NSI%202008.pdf |publisher=Neurological Society of India |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> sociologists Sir [[Patrick Geddes]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Patrick Geddes |date=13 May 2015 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/geddes |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> and [[David Bloor]],<ref>{{cite web |title=David Bloor |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Bloor-2 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> writers Sir [[J. M. Barrie]],<ref>{{cite web |title=J M Barrie (1860–1937) |date=30 August 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/jm-barrie |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Arthur Conan Doyle |date=16 October 2015 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/doyle |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arthurconandoyle.com/biography.html |title=Arthur Conan Doyle: Biography |publisher=The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> [[John Fowles]], [[Oliver Goldsmith]], [[J. K. Rowling]],{{efn|Rowling attended the [[Moray House School of Education]] in 1995, before it merged with the university in 1998.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=University to honour JK Rowling|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-30134236.html|access-date=12 May 2022|website=The Irish Examiner|date=14 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref> Sir [[Walter Scott]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/walter-scott |title=Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) |date=17 September 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894) |date=31 August 2017 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/robert-louis-stevenson |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> [[Chancellor of the Exchequer|Chancellors of the Exchequer]] [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|John Anderson]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bridges |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Bridges, 1st Baron Bridges |title=John Anderson, Viscount Waverley, 1882–1958 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1958.0024 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |publisher=The Royal Society |date=1 November 1958 |volume=4 |pages=306–325 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1958.0024 |s2cid=71236411 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> and [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Henry Petty]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Death of Lord Lansdowne. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/02/17/archives/death-of-lord-lansdowne.html |date=17 February 1863 |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=The New York Times |location=New York}}</ref> former [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand]] Sir [[Michael Cullen (politician)|Michael Cullen]], current [[Vice President of Syria]] [[Najah al-Attar]], former [[Director General of MI5]] [[Stella Rimington]], [[First Lord of the Admiralty|First Lords of the Admiralty]] [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Lord Melville]], [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]], [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] and [[George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk|Lord Selkirk]], [[Foreign Secretary|Foreign Secretaries]] [[Robin Cook]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Robin Cook (1946—2005) politician |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095636676 |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=Oxford Reference}}</ref> and Sir [[Malcolm Rifkind]],<ref name="BBC News Profile">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4534085.stm |title= Profile: Sir Malcolm Rifkind |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=10 May 2005 |access-date=31 May 2022 }}</ref> former acting [[First Minister of Scotland]] [[Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness|Jim Wallace]], and [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medallists [[Bob Braithwaite]], [[Katherine Grainger]], Sir [[Chris Hoy]] and [[Eric Liddell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/eric-liddell |title=Eric Liddell (1902–1945) |date=26 August 2020 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable Edinburgh alumni before the 20th century">
File:Robert-adam.jpg|[[Robert Adam]], neoclassical architect
File:J. M. Barrie, 1892. (7893554540).jpg|[[J. M. Barrie]], novelist and playwright
File:James Barry.jpg|[[James Barry (surgeon)|James Barry]], surgeon
File:Thomas Bayes.gif|[[Thomas Bayes]], statistician
File:Black Joseph.jpg|[[Joseph Black]], physicist and chemist
File:Richard Bright physician.jpg|[[Richard Bright (physician)|Richard Bright]], physician, father of [[nephrology]]
File:BrownRobert.jpg|[[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]], botanist, discovered [[Brownian motion]]
File:Portrait of Carlyle in 1876.jpg|[[Thomas Carlyle]], essayist, historian and philosopher
File:John Watson Gordon (1788-1864) - Reverend Thomas Chalmers (1780–1847), Preacher and Social Reformer - PG 1094 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|[[Thomas Chalmers]], political economist
File:Charles Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron, c. 1868.jpg|[[Charles Darwin]], naturalist and biologist
File:ProfAdamFerguson.jpg|[[Adam Ferguson]], philosopher and historian
File:David Hume Ramsay.jpg|[[David Hume]], philosopher
File:Hutton James portrait Raeburn.jpg|[[James Hutton]], geologist, father of modern [[geology]]
File:James Clerk Maxwell profile.jpg|[[James Clerk Maxwell]], mathematician and physicist
File:Richard Owen 1856.jpg|[[Richard Owen]], biologist, coined the term [[dinosaur]]
File:William Rankine 1870s.jpg|[[Macquorn Rankine]], engineer, founding contributor to [[thermodynamics]]
File:Benjamin Rush Painting by Peale.jpg|[[Benjamin Rush]], signatory of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]
File:Sir Walter Scott - Raeburn-2.jpg|[[Walter Scott]], novelist and poet
File:Simpson James Young signature picture.jpg|[[James Young Simpson]], physician
File:Rsl1.jpg|[[Robert Louis Stevenson]], novelist and poet
File:DugaldStewart.jpg|[[Dugald Stewart]], philosopher and mathematician
File:JusticeJamesWilson.jpg|[[James Wilson (founding father)|James Wilson]], [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father of the United States]]
File:Peale, Charles Willson, John Witherspoon (1723-1794), President (1768-94).jpg|[[John Witherspoon]], Founding Father of the United States
File:Thomas Young by Briggs cropped.jpg|[[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]], [[polymath]]
</gallery>

===Nobel and Nobel equivalent prizes===
{{See also|List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation}}
[[File:Max Born 1954.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|[[Max Born]], [[Peter Tait (physicist)|Tait]] Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh from 1936 to 1953, was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1954.<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Born |date=17 April 2019 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/born |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>]]
[[File:Peter higgs chalkboard.jpg|upright|thumb|200px|[[Peter Higgs]], faculty at Edinburgh since 1960 and Emeritus Professor after 1996, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Award of Nobel Prize to Peter Higgs, 2013 |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Award_of_Nobel_Prize_to_Peter_Higgs,_2013 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>]]

{{As of|2023|August|df=yes}}, 19 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty members or researchers (three additional laureates acted as administrative staff),<ref name="Nobel Prizes" /> including one of the fathers of [[quantum mechanics]] [[Max Born]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1954/born/biographical/ |title=Max Born – Biographical |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] [[Peter Higgs]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2013/higgs/biographical/ |title=Peter Higgs – Biographical |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> chemist Sir [[Fraser Stoddart]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir J. Fraser Stoddart – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2016/stoddart/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> [[Immunology|immunologist]] [[Peter C. Doherty]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter C. Doherty – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1996/doherty/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> economist Sir [[James Mirrlees]],<ref>{{cite web |title=James A. Mirrlees – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1996/mirrlees/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> discoverer of [[Characteristic X-ray]] ([[Charles Glover Barkla]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Glover Barkla – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1917/barkla/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> and the mechanism of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] synthesis ([[Peter D. Mitchell]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Mitchell – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/mitchell-bio.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> and pioneer in [[Cryogenic electron microscopy|cryo-electron microscopy]] ([[Richard Henderson (biologist)|Richard Henderson]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Henderson – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2017/henderson/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> and [[In vitro fertilisation|in-vitro fertilisation]] (Sir [[Robert Edwards (physiologist)|Robert Edwards]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert G. Edwards – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2010/edwards/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> [[Turing Award]] winners [[Geoffrey Hinton]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Haigh |first=Thomas |title=Geoffrey E Hinton: Canada – 2018 |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hinton_4791679.cfm |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> [[Robin Milner]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Fourman |first=Michael |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/milner_1569367.cfm |title=Arthur John Robin Gorell: United Kingdom – 1991 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> [[Leslie Valiant]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Leslie Gabriel Valiant: United States – 2010 |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/valiant_2612174.cfm |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> and mathematician Sir [[Michael Atiyah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hitchin |first=Nigel |author-link=Nigel Hitchin |title=Sir Michael Atiyah OM. 22 April 1929 – 11 January 2019 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |publisher=The Royal Society |date=2 September 2020 |volume=69 |pages=9–35 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2020.0001 |s2cid=221399691 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Fields Medal]]ist and [[Abel Prize]] laureate, are associated with the university.

In the following table, the number following a person's name is the year they received the Nobel prize. In particular, a number with an asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at the university (including [[emeritus]] staff). <u>A name underlined</u> implies that this person has been listed previously (i.e., multiple affiliations).

{| class="wikitable" style="width:74%; float:center; border:5px solid #bbb; margin:.96em 0 0 .9em;"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Category
! Alumni
! Long-term academic staff
! Short-term academic staff
|-
| ''Physics (4)''
|
# [[Igor Tamm]] – 1958
|
# [[Peter Higgs]] – 2013*
# [[Max Born]] – 1954*
# [[Charles Glover Barkla]] – 1917*
|
|-
| ''Chemistry (6)''
|
# [[Richard Henderson (biologist)|Richard Henderson]] – 2017
# [[Fraser Stoddart]] – 2016
|
# [[Peter D. Mitchell]] – 1978
|
# [[Kurt Wüthrich]] – 2002
# [[Alexander R. Todd]] – 1957
# [[Vincent du Vigneaud]] – 1955
|-
| ''Physiology or Medicine (7)''
|
# [[Robert Edwards (physiologist)|Robert G. Edwards]] – 2010
# [[Peter C. Doherty]] – 1996
|
# [[Hermann J. Muller]] – 1946
|
# [[Michael Rosbash]] – 2017
# [[Edvard Moser]] – 2014
# [[May-Britt Moser]] – 2014
# <u>Robert G. Edwards</u> – 2010
# [[Paul Nurse]] – 2001
|-
| ''Economics (1)''
|
# [[James Mirrlees]] – 1996
|
|
|-
| ''Peace (1)''
|
|
|
# [[Joseph Rotblat]] – 1995
|}

===Heads of state and government===
[[File:Gordon Brown (2008).jpg|upright|thumb|200px|[[Gordon Brown]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] and consecutive 10-year-long [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], is an alumnus ([[Master of Arts (Scotland)|MA]] '72, PhD '82) and former [[Rector of the University of Edinburgh|rector]] of the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election of Gordon Brown as Rector, 1972
|url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Election_of_Gordon_Brown_as_Rector,_1972 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" width="74%" style="float: center; border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"
|-
! width=200px | Leader
! width=240px | State/government
! Office
|-
| [[Hastings Banda]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26382821 |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda: the Edinburgh Years |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |publisher=Society of Malawi – Historical and Scientific |date=2017 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |jstor=26382821 |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uncover-ed.org/hastings-banda/ |title=Hastings Banda |publisher=UncoverED |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|Malawi}}''
| [[Prime Minister of Malawi|Prime Minister]] (1964–1966), [[President of Malawi|President]] (1966–1994)
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sir [[Robert Black (colonial administrator)|Robert Black]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Keatley |first=Patrick |date=23 November 1999 |title=Sir Robert Black – Tough Scot sorting out the end of Britain's empire
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/nov/23/guardianobituaries1 |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| ''{{flagicon|Singapore|colonial}} [[Colony of Singapore]]''
| [[List of governors of Singapore|Governor]] (1955–1957)
|-
| ''{{flag|British Hong Kong}}''
| [[Governor of Hong Kong|Governor]] (1958–1964)
|-
| Sir [[Thomas Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/thomas-brisbane |title=Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860) |date=19 January 2017 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|New South Wales}}''
| [[Governor of New South Wales|Governor]] (1821–1825)
|-
| [[Gordon Brown]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/gordon-brown |title=The Rt Hon Gordon Brown |website=GOV.UK |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''
| [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] (2007–2010)
|-
| [[Chang Taek-sang]] {{small|(張澤相)}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoare |first=James E. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538119754/Historical-Dictionary-of-the-Republic-of-Korea-Fourth-Edition |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2004 |pages=115 |isbn=978-1-5381-1975-4}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|South Korea|1949}}''
| [[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] (1952)
|-
| [[John Crawfurd]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst2606.html |title=Dr. John Crawfurd 1783–1868 |publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flagicon|East India Company}} [[History of Singapore#1819–1942: Colonial Singapore|Colonial Singapore]]''
| [[List of governors of Singapore|Resident]] (1823–1826)
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sir [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliott]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst2576.html |title=Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (1st Earl of Minto) 1751–1814 |publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flagicon|Corsica}} [[Anglo-Corsican Kingdom]]''
| [[Viceroy]] (1793–1796)
|-
| ''{{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]''
| [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] (1807–1813)
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sir [[Dawda Jawara]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Arnold |last2=Perfect |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of The Gambia |url=http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/ef/50/e9a759614ebc8a2e8ed4d65d787f/63510482-553c-4a2d-8aaf-1d4b49ef00bf.pdf |date=2008 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |page=113 |isbn=978-0-8108-5825-1 }}</ref>
| ''{{flagicon|Gambia|colonial}} [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate]]''
| [[Prime Minister of the Gambia|Prime Minister]] (1962–1965)
|-
| ''{{flagicon|Gambia}} [[The Gambia]]''
| Prime Minister (1965–1970), [[President of the Gambia|President]] (1970–1994)
|-
| [[Yusuf Lule]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.race.ed.ac.uk/uncovering-university-of-edinburghs-black-history/ |title=Uncovering University of Edinburgh's black history |date=30 April 2021 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|Uganda}}''
| [[President of Uganda|President]] (1979)
|-
| [[Fawzi Mulki]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&q=Fawzi+El-Mulki&pg=PA1675 |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |publisher=The Routledge |page=1975 |author=Harris M. Lentz |date=4 February 2014 |isbn=978-1-134-26497-1 |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|Jordan}}''
| [[Prime Minister of Jordan|Prime Minister]] (1953–1954)
|-
| [[William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil|Lord Dunrossil]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/5423b0cc-feae-3a52-8510-0c1cee3b5078 |title=Letters of William Shepherd Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil (1893–1961) to his brother, Dr. Donald John Morrison, and other items |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|Australia}}''
| [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] (1960–1961)
|-
| [[Daniel Chanis Pinzón]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&dq=Daniel+Chanis+Pinz%C3%B3n+university+of+edinburgh&pg=PA1910 |title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 |publisher=The Routledge |page=1910 |author=Harris M. Lentz |date=4 February 2014 |isbn=978-1-134-26497-1 |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|Panama|1949}}''
| [[President of Panama|President]] (1949)
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Julius Nyerere]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/nyerere |title=Julius Kambarage Nyerere |date=24 June 2015 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uncover-ed.org/julius-nyerere/ |title=Julius Nyerere |publisher=UncoverED |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flagcountry|Republic of Tanganyika}}''
| [[Chief Minister of Tanganyika|Chief Minister]] (1960–1961), [[Prime Minister of Tanganyika|Prime Minister]] (1961–1962), [[President of Tanganyika|President]] (1962–1964)
|-
| ''{{Flag|Tanzania}}''
| [[President of Tanzania|President]] (1964–1985)
|-
| [[Paul Reeves]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iash.ed.ac.uk/timeline/1993/ |title=1993 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|New Zealand}}''
| [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] (1985–1990)
|-
| [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bloy |first1=Marjie |last2=Little |first2=Tony |last3=Parry |first3=Jonathan |url=https://liberalhistory.org.uk/history/russell-lord-john/ |title=Lord John Russell (Earl Russell), 1792–1878 |publisher=The Liberal Democrat History Group |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''
| Prime Minister (1846–1852; 1865–1866)
|-
| [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/viscount-palmerston |title=Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865) |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''
| Prime Minister (1855–1858; 1859–1865)
|-
| Sir [[Charles Tupper]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farr |first1=D.M.L. |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-charles-tupper |title=Sir Charles Tupper |date=21 February 2008 |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| '' [[File:Flag of Canada (1896).svg|25px]] [[Canada]]''
| [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] (1896)
|-
| [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]]
| '' [[File:Flag of Nicaragua under William Walker (1856-1857).svg|25px]] [[Nicaragua]]''
| [[President of Nicaragua|President]] (1856–1857)
|-
| [[Yun Posun]] {{small|(尹潽善)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/yun-posun |title=Yun Posun (1897–1990) |date=5 December 2018 |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
| ''{{flag|South Korea|1949}}''
| [[President of South Korea|President]] (1960–1962)
|}

==In popular culture==
The University of Edinburgh has featured prominently in a number of works of [[popular culture]].

* The events of the [[Burke and Hare murders]], involving Edinburgh lecturer [[Robert Knox]] and the anatomical department, have made a wide range of appearances in popular culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Things You Didn't Know About Burke & Hare |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/medicine-vet-medicine/postgraduate/postgraduate-blog/things-you-didnt-know-burke-hare |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> They became the basis for [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s short story ''[[The Body Snatcher]]'' (1884), and most recently in 2010 for ''[[Burke & Hare (2010 film)|Burke & Hare]]'', a [[black comedy]] film starring [[Simon Pegg]] and [[Andy Serkis]]. Scenes were filmed at the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|old School of Anatomy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmed Here: Burke and Hare |url=https://www.filmedinburgh.org/Filmed-Here/Burke-and-Hare |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Film Edinburgh}}</ref>
* Many of [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s works drew inspiration from his mentors at the university. [[Joseph Bell]], a lecturer and surgeon famous for drawing conclusions from minute observations, became the archetype for Conan Doyle's fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]]. [[William Rutherford (physiologist)|William Rutherford]], Conan Doyle's physiology professor provided the template for [[Professor Challenger]], the protagonist of his science fiction work ''[[The Lost World (Doyle novel)|The Lost World]]'' (1912). Edinburgh is also Challenger's ''[[alma mater]]'' in the books.
* [[Fu Manchu|Dr. Fu Manchu]], a fictional supervillain created by [[Sax Rohmer]] in 1912, stated that "I am a doctor of philosophy from Edinburgh, a doctor of law from [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], a doctor of medicine from [[Harvard University|Harvard]]. My friends, out of courtesy, call me 'Doctor'."{{efn|''[[The Mask of Fu Manchu]]'', 1932}} In 2010, Fu Manchu's connections with the University where he supposedly obtained a doctorate were investigated in a mockumentary by [[Miles Jupp]] (also an Edinburgh alumnus) for [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/mysteries-super-villains-city-past-revealed-1724371 |title=Mysteries of super villain's city past revealed|date=17 April 2010 |publisher=The Scotsman|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fu Manchu in Edinburgh|publisher=BBC Radio 4 Extra|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rt91z |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
* In the movie ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' (1959), an adaptation of [[Jules Verne]]'s [[Journey to the Center of the Earth|novel of the same name]], the protagonist Sir Oliver Lindenbrook is a Professor of Geology at the university. An early scene where Lindenbrook addresses the students is filmed at the central [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] of [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Journey to The Center Of The Earth (1959) filming location: Sir Oliver addresses the students |url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/scene-2i2/Journey-to-The-Center-Of-The-Earth-1959 |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=British Film Locations}}</ref>
* The historical film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' (1981) is based on the story of Olympic runner and Edinburgh graduate [[Eric Liddell]], and includes scenes filmed outside of [[General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland|Assembly Hall]], New College.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edinburgh on screen |date=13 April 2016 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/screen-050811 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Liddell is played by [[Ian Charleson]], who is also an Edinburgh alumnus.
* In the novel ''[[The Last King of Scotland]]'' (1998) by [[Giles Foden]], the fictional protagonist Dr. Nicholas Garrigan is a medical doctor recently graduated from Edinburgh. The 2006 [[The Last King of Scotland (film)|film of the same name]] stars [[James McAvoy]] in the role of Dr. Garrigan with the same background.
* In the American television show ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' (2003–present), the chief medical examiner, [[Dr. Donald "Ducky" Mallard]] studied medicine at Edinburgh. [[Ari Haswari]], the show's main antagonist for the first two seasons, also studied medicine at Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Profile of Ducky Mallard of NCIS |url=https://www.forensicpsychologyonline.com/ducky-mallard-ncis/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |publisher=Forensic Psychology Online}}</ref>
* In the novel ''[[One Day (novel)|One Day]]'' (2009), the lead characters Dexter and Emma both graduated from Edinburgh. A feature film based on the book, also titled ''[[One Day (2011 film)|One Day]]'' and starring [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Jim Sturgess]] was released in August 2011, with some scenes filmed at the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmed Here: One Day |url=https://www.filmedinburgh.org/Filmed-Here/One-Day |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Film Edinburgh}}</ref> A [[Netflix]] adaptation of the movie started production in 2021, with filming occurring in the grounds of [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Netflix series One Day spotted filming 'grad ball' at Edinburgh University |date=20 July 2022 |url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/new-netflix-series-one-day-24543092 |access-date=29 August 2022 |publisher=edinburghlive}}</ref>
* The [[BBC]] legal drama ''[[Garrow's Law]]'' (2009-2011) was largely filmed in Edinburgh, despite being set in London. [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] and the [[Edinburgh University Library|Playfair Library]] are prominently featured.<ref>{{cite web |title=Garrow's Law Film Locations in Edinburgh |url=https://edinburgh.org/edinburgh-on-film/edinburgh-crime-drama-film-locations/garrows-law/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Forever Edinburgh}}</ref>
* The thriller television series [[Clique (TV series)|''Clique'']] (2017-2019) produced by [[BBC Three]] focuses on two students at the university. The series was shot largely on location in Edinburgh, including [[The Meadows, Edinburgh|The Meadows]], [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]], and [[Potterrow Student Centre|Potterrow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Clique Moves to BBC One |url=https://www.filmedinburgh.org/News/Clique-Moves-to-BBC-One-44261 |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Film Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Edinburgh streets to feature in second series of BBC's Clique |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/edinburgh-streets-feature-second-series-bbcs-clique-219187 |date=9 November 2018 |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Edinburgh Evening News}}</ref>
* ''[[F9 (film)|Fast & Furious 9]]'' (2021), partly set in Edinburgh, featured scenes in and around [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] filmed in September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast and Furious 9: Police called as drone used in filming crashes at University of Edinburgh set |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/people/fast-and-furious-9-police-called-drone-used-filming-crashes-university-edinburgh-set-641659 |date=20 September 2019 |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Edinburgh Evening News}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Edinburgh|Scotland}}
{{columns-list | colwidth=22em |
* [[Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh]]
* [[Armorial of UK universities]]
* [[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]]
* [[Edinburgh University Press]]
* [[Edinburgh University Settlement]]
* [[Epistemics]], a term for [[cognitive science]] coined in 1969 by the University of Edinburgh
* [[Gifford Lectures]]
* [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]]
* [[List of early modern universities in Europe]]
* [[List of organisations with a British royal charter]]
* [[List of professorships at the University of Edinburgh]]
* [[List of universities in the United Kingdom]]
}}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Robert D. |last2=Lynch |first2=Michael |last3=Phillipson |first3=Nicholas T. |title=The University of Edinburgh: An Illustrated History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrfz5 |date=2003 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=10.3366/j.ctvxcrfz5 |isbn=9780748616466 }}
* {{cite book |last=Craufurd |first=Thomas |title=History of the University of Edinburgh, from 1580 to 1646: To Which is Prefixed the Charter Granted to the College by James VI of Scotland, in 1582 |date=1808 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCsBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 |publisher=A. Neill & Co. |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalzel |first=Andrew |title=History of the University of Edinburgh from Its Foundation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3JLAAAAcAAJ&dq=History+of+the+University+of+Edinburgh+from+Its+Foundation&pg=PA1 |date=1862 |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |location=Edinburgh}}
* {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp4z46xElzsC&dq=The+Story+of+the+University+of+Edinburgh+During+Its+First+Three+Hundred+Years&pg=PA1 |title=The Story of the University of Edinburgh During Its First Three Hundred Years |date=1884 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Haynes |first1=Nick |last2=Fenton |first2=Clive B. |title=Building Knowledge: An Architectural History of the University of Edinburgh |date=2017 |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |isbn=9781849172462}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons=Category:University of Edinburgh | b=no | n=University of Edinburgh | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q160302}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.euppublishing.com/ Edinburgh University Press website]
* [https://www.eusa.ed.ac.uk Edinburgh University Students' Association website]
* [https://www.eusu.ed.ac.uk/ Edinburgh University Sports Union website]

{{University of Edinburgh}}
{{Navboxes
|titlestyle = background:#041E42; color: white;
|list1 =
{{Edinburgh}}
{{Coimbra Group}}
{{League of European Research Universities}}
{{Russell Group}}
{{Una Europa}}
{{UNICA}}
{{Universitas 21}}
{{Universities in Scotland}}
{{Universities in the United Kingdom}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edinburgh, University of}}
[[Category:University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Russell Group]]
[[Category:Universities in Scotland]]
[[Category:Universities in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1582 establishments in Scotland|University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1580s]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Edinburgh with royal patronage|University of Edinburgh]]

Rajni Sekhri Sibal

2023-09-17T04:36:52Z

Harhsbhusari: Added a new entry to the collection.

{{Short description|Indian retired government officer}}

'''Rajni Sekhri Sibal''' is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] government officer of the Haryana cadre, from the 1986 batch.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Woman IAS didn't give in to INLD pressure |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/woman-ias-didnt-give-in-to-inld-pressure/articleshow/18067942.cms |access-date=2023-09-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Currently, she serves as the Independent External Monitor (IEM) of the Security Exchange Board of India ([[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]]) and [[Exim Bank of India|EXIM]] (Export-Import) Bank.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former IAS officer Rajni Sekhri Sibal to unveil her next book, a virtual fiction |work=ANI News |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/former-ias-officer-rajni-sekhri-sibal-to-unveil-her-next-book-a-virtual-fiction20201223135416/}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1986, she became the first female topper of the [[Indian Civil Services]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomsbury.Domain.Store.Site |title=Rajni Sekhri Sibal: Bloomsbury Publishing (IN) |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/author/rajni-sekhri-sibal/#:~:text=Rajni%20Sekhri%20Sibal%20is%20an,Home%20Affairs,%20Government%20of%20India. |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.bloomsbury.com |language=en}}</ref> During her service tenure, she has held various roles in the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best IAS Officer in India - PWOnlyIAS |url=https://pwonlyias.com/best-ias-officer-in-india/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=pwonlyias.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, she was named the Director General, of Employment and Training under the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajni Sekhri Sibal appointed DG of govt entrepreneurship inst. |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajni-sekhri-sibal-appointed-dg-of-govt-entrepreneurship-inst-117091401588_1.html}}</ref> During this period, she also headed the National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajni Sekhri Sibal appointed DG of govt entrepreneurship inst. {{!}} Kalvimalar - News |url=https://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?id=25956&cat=1 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=kalvimalar.dinamalar.com}}</ref> Prior to that, she was Additional Secretary, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajni Sekhri Sibal IAS appointed Secretary- Fisheries Department, GoI {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/rajni-sekhri-sibal-ias-appointed-secretary-fisheries-department-goi/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, she retired after having served as the first secretary of the Ministry of Fisheries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Rajni Sekhri Sibal, IAS {{!}} Department of Fisheries, GoI |url=https://www.dof.gov.in/whos-who/ms-rajni-sekhri-sibal-ias |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.dof.gov.in}}</ref>

== Notable work ==
During her tenure as Director - Primary Education, [[Government of Haryana]] in 2002, Sibal played a crucial role in exposing and prosecuting the JBT teachers recruitment scam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajni Sekhri Sibal back in CMO |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/rajni-sekhri-sibal-back-in-cmo-201534}}</ref> This scam involved the illegal recruitment of over 3,000 teachers in 1999-2000, with the use of forged documents. Sibal's efforts led to the case being brought to the attention of the Supreme Court, which subsequently ordered a [[CBI special court|CBI]] probe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Best Bureaucrats in India You Should Know |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/5-amazingly-badass-bureaucrats-you-would-be-proud-to-know-part-2/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result of the investigation, 55 individuals, including former Chief Minister [[Om Prakash Chautala]] and his son Ajay, were convicted. Sibal, who served as the Director of Primary Education at the time, was succeeded by IAS officer Sanjiv Kumar, who was also implicated and convicted in the case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lone heroine against 55 'villains' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130117/haryana.htm}}</ref>

== Books ==
Sibal is an author and poet. She has authored various books, namely: Cloud’s End and Beyond, Fragrant Words,<ref>{{Cite web |last=bloomsbury.com |title=Fragrant Words |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/fragrant-words-9789388912792/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Bloomsbury |language=en}}</ref> Kamadhenu, Are You Prepared for a Disaster?, The Haunting Himalayas, Asariri,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former IAS officer Rajni Sekhri Sibal to unveil her next book, a virtual fiction |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/former-ias-officer-rajni-sekhri-sibal-to-unveil-her-next-book-a-virtual-fiction20201223135416/}}</ref> Women of Influence and The Guru - Guru Nanak's Saakhis.<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Guru – Guru Nanak's Saakhis' review: The compassionate, courageous and undeterred 'Guru' |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/books/2023/04/17/the-guru-guru-nanaks-saakhis-review-the-compassionate-courageous-and-undeterred-guru.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibal, Rajni Sekhri}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Action of 29 January 1654

2023-09-10T09:33:40Z

Harhsbhusari: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Action of 29 January 1654
|partof=the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]]
| image=
| image_size =
|caption=
|date=29 January 1654
|place=near [[Bandar Abbas]], or near [[Sindh]]
|casus=
|territory=
|result=Dutch victory
* [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] in complete hands of the Dutch{{sfn|Lorimer|1915|page=66}}
|combatant1={{flag|Commonwealth of England}}
|combatant2={{flag|United Provinces}}
|commander1={{flagicon|Commonwealth of England}}[[Mr. Hargreave]]<br>{{flagicon|Commonwealth of England}}[[Mr. Walterer]]
|commander2={{flagicon|United Provinces}}Unknown Admiral
|strength1=4 ships
|strength2=5 ships
|casualties1=1 ships captured<br>1 ship sunk<br>30-80 Prisoners{{sfn|Lorimer|1915|page=65}}<br> unknown deaths
|casualties2= no ships lost<br>unkown deaths
|campaignbox=
{{Campaignbox First Anglo-Dutch War}}
}}
The '''Action of 29 January 1654''' was a naval battle between the Dutch and the English, either near [[Bandar Abbas]] or [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Lorimer|1915|page=65}}{{sfn|Melville|2021|page=276}}

==Backgound==
Following the commencement of the First Anglo-Dutch War in December 1653, three English ships, namely the Falcon, Dove, and Welcome, set sail from [[Diu]] with the purpose of proceeding to Gombroon to load cargo onto the Endeavour.{{sfn|Danvers|1894|page=304}} Upon reaching the [[Persian Gulf]] these ships engaged two Dutch vessels in battle for a couple of hours. Despite having a superior force, they eventually withdrew. Subsequently, they set sail towards the Endeavour, which was being pursued by a Dutch fleet. They anchored at Gombroon Roads and remained there for two days. Finally, on January 29, they arrived in Gombroon{{sfn|Danvers|1894|page=305}}

==Battle==
During the naval battle, the Dutch Admiral's ship was rendered ineffective by a broadside from the English ship "Welcome," which had 21 cannons on that side. The English ship "Falcon" initially collided with the Dutch Admiral's ship but was soon cleared, only to engage another Dutch ship and lose its [[foremast]]. The Falcon was eventually [[Naval boarding|boarded]] by the Dutch from the laden ship, resulting in an hour-long struggle with considerable losses on both sides. However, a groundless fear of a fire led the Falcon's crew to abandon their ship and escape in [[Rowboats|boats]], leaving behind over 60 able-bodied men who hadn't been injured. The Welcome and the Dove managed to avoid significant harm during the battle. The Endeavour, although initially engaged with two Dutch ships, eventually sank after taking many shots under the waterline, resulting in the loss of English and Dutch lives. The Dutch ships pursued the 2 retreating English ships later in the day. The battle was poorly managed on both sides, with reports of drunkenness among the Dutch and likely similar conditions among the English. The Welcome and the Dove safely reached [[Surat]] on February 9, 1653–4. Two days later, two Dutch ships arrived at [[Surat]], bringing the captured Falcon and about 80 English prisoners, which was seen as a dishonorable outcome for the English. {{sfn|Charles|1892|page=62-63}}

==Aftermath==
After the battle, the English lodged a complaint about the Dutch attack with the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] authorities and requested assistance.{{sfn|Lorimer|1915|page=65}}{{sfn|Melville|2021|page=276}} However, their plea for aid was declined because the Safavid Empire was preoccupied with other pressing matters. Moreover, the Safavids assured the English that they had no intention of taking action against the Dutch, primarily due to their substantial trade interests with the Dutch that they did not want to ruin.{{sfn|Melville|2021|page=276}} The Dutch dominance in the Gulf was so big that after this battle that the English Agent in [[Basrah]] received orders to relocate to a safer location. There was even consideration of sending silk bought in [[Safavid Empire|Persia]] to Europe via [[Isfahan]]. Fortunately, news of peace eventually put an end to this precarious situation.{{sfn|Lorimer|1915|page=66}} This also destroyed England's ideas of an alliance with [[Portugal]] to expel the Dutch from [[Dutch India|India]].{{sfn|Danvers|1894|page=304}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |title=Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on the Portuguese records relating to the East Indies, contained in the Archivo da Torre do Tombo, and the public libraries at Lisbon and Evora |last=Charles |first=Danvers, Frederick |publisher=W.H. Allen |year=1892|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report_to_the_Secretary_of_State_for_Ind/LAMoAAAAYAAJ?hl=nl&gbpv=0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Gazetteer Of The Persian Gulf Oman And Central Arabia Vol-i Part-i |last=Lorimer |first=John Gordon |publisher=Government Printing, Calcutta |year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206962/}}
* {{Cite book |title=Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires The Idea of Iran Vol. 10 |last=Melville |first=Charles |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9780755633791 |edition=E-book}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894 |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |publisher=W.H. Allen & Company, limited |year=1894 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Portuguese_in_India_A_D_1571_1894/LhxBAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}

[[Category:Naval battles of the First Anglo-Dutch War|Bandar Abbas]]
[[Category:1654 in Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1654]]
[[Category:1650s in Iran]]

Amar Dhesi

2023-08-10T12:47:02Z

Harhsbhusari: new

{{short description|Canadian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| full_name = Amarveer Singh Dhesi
| nationality = Canadian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|09|02|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Surrey, British Columbia]], Canada
| height =
| weight = 125 kg
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[freestyle wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{CAN}} }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 125 kg|125 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Pan American Wrestling Championships|Pan American Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Pan American Wrestling Championships|2022 Acapulco]]|125 kg }}
{{MedalSilver|[[2020 Pan American Wrestling Championships|2020 Ottawa]]|125 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Junior Wrestling Championships|Junior World Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Junior World Wrestling Championships|2014 Zagreb]]|120 kg }}
{{MedalSport|[[Collegiate wrestling|Collegiate Wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry|the [[Oregon State Beavers wrestling|Oregon State Beavers]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships|2018 Cleveland]]|285 lb}}
}}

'''Amarveer Singh Dhesi''' (born September 2, 1995), commonly known as '''Amar Dhesi''', is a Canadian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]], competing in the 125 kg weight class.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wrestling.ca/amar-dhesi/ |title=Amar Dhesi |website=wrestling.ca |publisher=Wrestling Canada Lutte |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

==Wrestling career==
===Junior level===
In 2014, Dhesi won silver at the 2014 Junior World Championships in [[Zagreb]], Croatia, which was later upgraded to gold, after the winner tested positive for doping.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wrestling.ca/amar-dhesi-awarded-2014-junior-world-championships-gold-medal/ |title=Amar Dhesi Awarded 2014 Junior World Championships Gold Medal |website=wrestling.ca |publisher=Wrestling Canada Lutte |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

After this tournament, Dhesi suffered three ACL tears in his knee in six years, limiting his ability to compete.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympic.ca/team-canada/amar-dhesi/ |title=Amar Dhesi |website=olympic.ca |publisher=[[Canadian Olympic Committee]] |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

===Collegiate===
Dhesi competed [[Collegiate wrestling|collegiately]] for the [[Oregon State Beavers wrestling|Oregon State Beavers]], where he was a three-time [[NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships|NCAA Division I]] All-American in the 285-pound weight class.<ref>[https://nwhof.org/national-wrestling-hall-of-fame/champions-database?wrestler=13155 Omar Dhesi - All-Americans]. ''nwhof.org''. Retrieved July 23, 2023.</ref>

===Senior level===
In December 2019, Dhesi won the Canadian trials, which allowed him to represent Canada at the [[2020 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament]]. In March 2020, he finished in the top two at the tournament, which officially qualified him for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sowa |first=Jesse |date=2 May 2020 |title=Amar Dhesi realizes his family's dream in qualifying for the Olympics |url=https://www.gazettetimes.com/sports/beavers-sports/wrestling/amar-dhesi-realizes-his-familys-dream-in-qualifying-for-the-olympics/article_123dcfd7-11b2-5198-99af-ca952d9de1bb.html |work=[[Corvallis Gazette-Times]] |location=Corvallis, Oregon, United States |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2020 |title=Amar Dhesi of Surrey qualifies for first Olympics |url=https://voiceonline.com/amar-dhesi-of-surrey-qualifies-for-first-olympics/ |work=The Voice |location=Surrey, British Columbia Canada |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> Dhesi would also go onto win the [[Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series 2021]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/canadian-wrestler-amar-dhesi-wins-gold-rome-1.5939938 |title=Amar Dhesi secures gold as Canada's medal haul continues at Rome wrestling event |date=6 March 2021 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=[[CBC Sports]] |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, Dhesi was officially named to [[Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Canada's 2020 Olympic team]].<ref name=wrestling>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Paula |title=Four wrestlers ready to go to the mat for Canada at Tokyo 2020 |url=https://olympic.ca/2021/05/19/four-wrestlers-ready-to-go-to-the-mat-for-canada-at-tokyo-2020/ |publisher=[[Canadian Olympic Committee]] |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> He competed in the [[Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 125 kg|men's 125 kg]] event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.<ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2020">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807164330/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=Tokyo 2020 Olympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref> Two months after the Olympics, he competed in the [[2021 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 125 kg|men's 125 kg]] event at the [[2021 World Wrestling Championships]] held in Oslo, Norway.<ref name="uww_results_book_world_wrestling_championships_2021">{{Cite web |title=2021 World Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/results_10_oslo.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016114828/https://uww.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/results_10_oslo.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=UWW.org |publisher=[[United World Wrestling]]}}</ref>

At the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], Dhesi won the gold medal in the [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 125 kg|125 kg]] event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/commonwealth-games-roundup-day-8-august-5-1.6542247 |title=Canada's Mia Vallée, Amar Dhesi win gold medals at Commonwealth Games |date=5 August 2022 |website=cbc.ca/sports/ |publisher=[[CBC Sports]] |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> He competed in the [[2022 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 125 kg|125{{nbsp}}kg]] event at the [[2022 World Wrestling Championships]] held in Belgrade, Serbia.<ref name="results_book_world_wrestling_championships_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 World Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918183512/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IWD|DC0C968721A6458B9B808CDAB9E407BF|Amarveer Dhesi}}
* {{UWW|dhesi-amarveer|Amarveer Dhesi}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|45088|Amarveer Dhesi}}
* {{Olympics.com profile|amarveer-dhesi|Amarveer Dhesi}}
* {{Olympedia|name=Amar Dhesi}}
* {{COC profile|amar-dhesi|Amar Dhesi}}
* [https://wrestling.ca/amar-dhesi/ Amar Dhesi] at [[Wrestling Canada Lutte]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhesi, Amar}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for Canada]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Surrey, British Columbia]]
[[Category:Canadian sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian people]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

{{Canada-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Khem Singh Grewal

2022-09-13T14:13:46Z

Harhsbhusari: Created page with '{{subst:unreviewed}}  Khem Singh Grewal (1894-1965) was a well establish pharmacol...'

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
'''Khem Singh Grewal''' (1894-1965) was an Indian pharmacologist. He worked at the [[King Edward Medical University|King Edward Medical College]] in [[Lahore]], and the [[Assam Medical College]] in [[Dibrugarh]]. He had varied research interests, including the study of medicinal plants. He participated in a large study of [[cancer]] incidence in India. He was key in founding pharmaceutic education at the [[University of the Punjab|University of Punjab]] in Lahore.

== University of Punjab ==

The initiation of pharmaceutical education in [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] of undivided India was in 1944, when in King Edward Medical College at Lahore Dr. Khem Singh Grewal thought of starting the B. Pharm. degree course. Dr. Grewal who was Professor of Pharmacology in the medical college had been in association Col. [[Ram Nath Chopra|R. N. Chopra]] at [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine|School of Tropical Medicine]] in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and with Dr. J. H. Burn at the [[UCL School of Pharmacy|London School of Pharmacy]].<ref>[http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol43_4_5_HSingh.pdf Historical notes], ''Indian Journal of Science'', 43.4 (2008) 631-644</ref> These associations had been instrumental in arousing his interest in pharmacy and promoting pharmacy education. Following the [[partition of India]] the didactical facilities to run the B. Pharm. course shifted from Lahore to Amritsar till 1959. The consolidated pharmacy instructional facilities under the banner of Department of Pharmacy were shifted to the [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]] campus at Chandigarh. Dr. K. N. Gaind was given the reigns of the department.<ref>[http://www.kppub.com/articles/nov2012/the_drug_discovery_that_escaped_by_a_whisker.html The Drug Discovery that Escaped by a Whisker]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Khem Singh}}
[[Category:Indian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]