Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1991

2026-05-08T10:24:26Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Kamali. S.

2026-05-05T11:13:17Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: new

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Kamali. S.''' (born 1998) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamali.S, AVANASHI (SC) constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/kamali-s-664/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Avanashi Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Tiruppur district]] representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=R. |date=2026-05-04 |title=TVK tastes victory in four out of eight constituencies in Tiruppur district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tvk-tastes-victory-in-four-out-of-eight-constituencies-in-tiruppur-district/article70939759.ece |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kamali is from [[Rasipuram]], Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu. She married Senthilnathan. She completed her Master of Arts in english literature in 2018 at Pavai Girls Arts and Science College, Rasipuram and did B.Ed. at Vidhya Mandir College, Guruswamypalayam in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamali.S(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- AVANASHI (SC)(TIRUPPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=664 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kamali began her political life with TVK and became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Avanashi Assembly constituency]] representing the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. She polled 84,209 votes and defeated her nearest rival and union minister of state, [[L. Murugan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 15,373 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=P. |date=2026-05-05 |title=Tamil Nadu polls: MoS Murugan loses again, this time from Avinashi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/May/05/tamil-nadu-polls-mos-murugan-loses-again-this-time-from-avinashi |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=Avanashi Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: TVK’s Kamali S wins by 15,373 vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/avanashi-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-dmks-v-kokila-mani-tvks-s-kamali-and-bjps-l-murugan-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130699875.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She also defeated another greenhorn and a 28 year old doctor, Gokilamani. V. of DMK, who finished third behind Murugan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-10 |title=Tamil Nadu polls: A 28-year-old doc takes on a Union minister in Avinashi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-polls-a-28-year-old-doc-takes-on-a-union-minister-in-avinashi/articleshow/130160374.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S., Kamali}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]

Battle of Jajau

2026-05-01T21:58:15Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: made article

{{Short description|Part of Mughal war of succession (1707)}}
{{good article}}
{{Unreliable sources |date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Jajau
| partof = [[Mughal war of succession (1707)]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 20 June 1707
| place = [[Agra|Jajau]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| result = [[Bahadur Shah I]]'s victory
| combatant1 = {{ublist|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mughals under [[Bahadur Shah I]]}}
'''Supported by''' [[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max |title=The Sikh religion, its gurus, sacred writings, and authors Volume 5 |year=1909 |pages=230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W.H |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=99|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{ublist|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mughals under [[Azam Shah]]}}
| commander1 = [[Bahadur Shah I]] Muhammad Azim Aghar Khan Khanazad Khan Saf Shikan Khan [[Jahandar Shah]] [[Azim-ush-Shan]] [[Farrukhsiyar]] [[Munim Khan II]] [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Hasan Ali Khan Barha]] {{WIA}} [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Husain Ali Khan Barha]] {{WIA}} Nur-ud-din Ali Khan Barha {{KIA}} Mirza Namdar Lucknowi{{KIA}} Sayyid Husain Khan {{KIA}} Sayyid Abu Said Khan {{KIA}} Inayat Khan [[Thaheem (tribe)|Thaheem]] {{KIA}} [[Isa Khan Manj]] Supported by {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Guru Gobind Singh]]{{sfn|Irvine|p=89}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max |title=The Sikh religion, its gurus, sacred writings, and authors Volume 5 |year=1909 |pages=230}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Bhai Dharam Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W.H |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=99|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}Kuldeep Singh <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit |title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh |date=2004 |isbn=8172053061 |pages=323|publisher=Singh Bros. }}</ref>
| commander2 = [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]{{KIA}} [[Bidar Bakht]] {{KIA}} [[Alivardi Khan]] Jawan Bakht {{KIA}} Sikandar Shan {{KIA}} Wala Jah {{KIA}} Ali Tabar{{KIA}} Khan Alam Dakhvini{{KIA}} Munawwar Khan [[Zulfikar Khan]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] Amanullah Khan {{KIA}} Rao Dalpat Bundela {{KIA}} Ram Singh Hada {{KIA}} Mirza Sadr-ud-din Muhammad Khan Tarbiyat Khan {{KIA}} Mutallib Khan Salabat Khan {{KIA}} Aqil Khan {{KIA}} Safawi Khan Bakhshi {{KIA}} Shujat Khan {{KIA}} Ibrahim Khan Tabrizi Usman Khan Matlab Khan {{WIA}} Khudabanda Khan {{WIA}} Muhammad Bakir {{KIA}} Mir Atash {{KIA}} Muhammad Ishaq {{KIA}} Ibrahim Khan {{KIA}} Ahmad Khan {{KIA}} Darya Khan {{KIA}} Sayyid Abdullah {{KIA}} Sherani Khan {{KIA}} Abdullah Beg {{KIA}} Hazrat Quli Sistani {{KIA}} Dilawar Khan {{KIA}} Ibrahim Beg Babari {{KIA}} Ismail Khan {{KIA}} Sher Afkan Khan {{KIA}} Mast Ali Khan {{KIA}} Mir Nayaz {{KIA}} Janbaz Khan {{KIA}} Tari Khan {{KIA}}
| strength1 = 170,000 [[sowar|cavalry]] {{sfn|Irvine|p=22}} 195,000 infantry
| strength2 = 90,000 [[sowar|cavalry]] {{sfn|Irvine|p=23}} 40,000 infantry {{sfn|Irvine|p=23}}
| casualties1 = 10,000 soldiers{{sfn|Irvine|p=34}}
| casualties2 = 10,000 soldiers{{sfn|Irvine|p=34}} 12,000 cavalry {{sfn|Irvine|p=34}}
| notes = Azam Shah was buried in Khuldabad, and his 3 sons were buried in [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''Battle of Jajau''' was fought between the two Mughal princes and half-brothers [[Bahadur Shah I]] and [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] on 20 June 1707. In 1707, their father [[Aurangzeb]] died without having declared a successor; instead leaving a will in which he instructed his sons to divide the empire between themselves. Their failure to reach a satisfactory agreement led to a military conflict. After Azam Shah and his three sons were killed in the Battle of Jajau, Bahadur Shah I was crowned the [[Mughal emperor]] on 19 June 1707 at the age of 63.

== Background and preparations ==
Azam was appointed as the [[heir-apparent]] (''Shahi Aali Jah'') to his father on 12 August 1681 and retained that position until Aurangzeb's death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=Anecdotes of Aurangzib|year=1925|publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons|pages=21}}</ref> Even before Aurangzeb died, Bahadur Shah I had made preparations for a battle for the Mughal throne. With the help of Munim Khan, the ''naib subahdar'' of [[Lahore Subah|Lahore]], he gathered troops from local rulers in [[Beas]] and [[Satluj valley|Satluj]]. He had built bridges and improved the roads between Lahore and Peshawar. He was also successful in persuading Rao Budh Singh (the king of [[Bundi]]) and Bijai Singh of [[Kachhwa]] to send their soldiers to him.

After a 49-year reign, the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] died in 1707. He left a will advising his sons to divide the empire between themselves.{{cn|date=November 2020}} At the time of Aurangzeb's death, his eldest son, [[Bahadur Shah I]], was stationed at [[Jamrud]], 12 miles west of [[Peshawar]]. The next morning, Azam who had tarried outside [[Ahmednagar]] instead of proceeding to Malwa, arrived at the imperial camp and conveyed his father's body for burial at his tomb at [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the peacock throne : the saga of the great Mughals|year=2000|publisher=Penguin books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780141001432|edition=[Rev. ed.].|pages=510–513}}</ref> With the distance between Jamrud and [[Agra]] being 715 miles and the distance between Ahmednagar and Agra being 700 miles, whoever reached the capital city of Agra first would capture the Mughal throne.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=577}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2022}}

On 20 May Bahadur Shah called upon [[Guru Gobind Singh]] to join him in the battle. The Guru agreed and sent Kuldeep Singh as a liaison officer. The Guru further sent 200 - 300 men under [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)|Bhai Dharam Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit |title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh |date=2004 |isbn=8172053061 |pages=323|publisher=Singh Bros. }}</ref>

With his children, [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Khujista Akhtar]] and [[Rafi-ush-Shan]], Bahadur Shah reached Lahore and declared himself the Mughal ruler on 3 May 1707. After taking 28 lakh rupees, he left the city on 5 May 1707. By 1 June, he reached [[Delhi]]. Reaching the city, he visited the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] and the shrine of [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]]. From the [[Red Fort]], he took 30 lakh rupees, and on 3 June, he resumed his journey.{{sfn|Irvine|p=20}} By 12 June, he had reached Agra and camped in Poyah Ghat on the outskirts of the city. Baqi Khan Qul, commandant of the [[Agra Fort]], surrendered the fort to Munim Khan, who subsequently sealed the treasury.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=577}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2022}}

Bahadur Shah sent a letter to Azam Shah asking him to be content with Southern India, the part of India which had been willed to him by their father Aurangzeb. He also wrote that, if he was not happy with his part, then he was ready to give him the territories of [[Mughal Gujarat|Gujarat]] and [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]]. He added that, if Azam Shah was not satisfied with this offer, he would have to use the "sword to decide" the monarch of the empire.{{sfn|Irvine|p=22}} In his reply, Azam wrote: <blockquote>My share is from the floor to the roof of the house. Yours is from the roof to the firmament.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=587}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2022}}</blockquote>

== Conflict ==
Realising that a battle could not be avoided, Bahadur Shah I marched towards Agra, having decided to fight a battle at [[Dholpur]] (34 miles from the city). Under his command, prince [[Azim-ush-Shan]] was dispatched with 80,000 horsemen, with 11 crore rupees that he had collected from [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], where he was the governor. He was ordered to capture the forts in [[Chambal division|Chambal]] (one mile from Dholpur).{{sfn|Irvine|p=23}}

As soon as Azam Shah heard that Bahadur Shah I had started preparing for a march towards Agra, he left the fort of [[Gwalior fort|Gwalior]] in charge of the ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'', [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]]. He crossed the Chambal at the Kamthra crossing and made for Dholpur. He made his son, [[Bidar Bakht]], the commander of the vanguard of the troops. Leading 25,000 horsemen, he was accompanied by his brother, Mirza Wala-Jah, and other Rajput chiefs.{{sfn|Irvine|p=23}} When they neared Dholpur, Azam Shah made Bakht the commander of a further 65,000 horsemen and 40,000 infantry. The army was divided into four branches commanded by Bidar Bakht, Azam Shah himself, and his sons Ali Tabar and Wala Jah. Though the army did not have "large cannons" and "mortars", it possessed [[Zamburak|camel-guns]] and elephant-guns. Azam Shah was of the opinion that "an artillery fight was a stripling's pastime and the only real weapon was the sword".{{sfn|Irvine|p=24}}

On 17 June, Azam Shah and his battalion reached [[Mania, Dildarnagar|Mania]] near Dholpur.{{sfn|Irvine|p=24}} After this intelligence reached him, Bahadur Shah I reached Jajau and camped four miles from the city on 18 June. Taking advice from astrologers, he decided to strike on 20 June.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=587}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2022}}

To collect water, on 20 June, Bidar Bakht and his men headed towards Jajau without knowing that Bahadur Shah was camped there.{{sfn|Irvine|p=26}} He came across a village where he found a flowing stream of water. To inform Azam Shah, he sent his messenger, Iradat Khan, to him with the message. When he returned, he informed Bidar Bakht that he had seen Bahadur Shah's advance tents. Khan Alam Dakhvini and Munavvar Khan, who were in charge of the central wing of the troops, were dispatched to attack the tents. Azim-ush-Shan's 500 elephants failed to mount a resistance against the invading forces. The attackers looted the tents and then set them on fire.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=589}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2022}}{{sfn|Irvine|p=28}}

Unable to put up a strong fight, Azim-ush-Shan wrote to Bahadur Shah for reinforcements. He responded by sending Munim Khan and [[Jahandar Shah]]. Meanwhile, [[Zulfikar Khan]], who was in charge of the left wing of Azam Shah's army, advised him to wait until the next day to start a full-fledged battle. However, Shah paid no heed.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=589}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2022}} Seeing 50,000 horsemen approaching, Iradat Khan informed Azam Shah about their advance. In reply, he said that he was "coming to his son".{{sfn|Irvine|p=28}}

Bidar Bakht found it difficult to mobilise all of his men to fight since they were "scattered to plunder camp". The attacking force started raining arrows on them and discharging rockets at them. Khan Alam Dakhini charged Bahadur Shah's army with three hundred soldiers.{{sfn|Irvine|p=29}} He threw a spear towards Azim-ush-Shan seated in the ''[[howdah]]'' of the elephant. It missed him and instead hit his attendant, Jalal Khan. Dakhini was killed by an arrow as he attempted to jump on the prince's howdah. Jalal Khan boarded a separate elephant, and after he inflicted an injury on Munavvar Khan, Munavvar Khan's soldiers fled. This exposed the wing of Prince Wala-Jah. Seeing this, Amanullah Khan, who was in charge of a separate wing, hastened to render assistance. But his elephant was set on fire, and his troops fled, thinking that their leader was dead. This made Wala-Jah retreat from the battle.{{sfn|Irvine|p=29}}

After this confrontation, Bahadur Shah's [[Rajput]] chiefs attacked Zulfikar Khan. Though Khan's army was successful in repelling them, he was wounded in the leg. As Azim-ush-Shan's entire army charged Khan, he fled the battle. Khan was followed by Jai Singh Kchwa, who fled from Bidar Bakht's left wing.{{sfn|Irvine|p=30}} Even after the death of most of his commanders and soldiers and his two sons, [[Bidar Bakht]] and Ali Tabar, Azam Shah himself charged the enemy on his elephant. Court historian Kamraj, in ''Ibratnama'', wrote that he was wounded "several times by arrows, but he paid no heed to the wounds". He was ultimately killed by a musket ball which struck him on his forehead, according to Mughal sources, it was [[Isa Khan Main]], a zamindar who belonged to the Lakhi Jangal of Subah Lahore and was at the point of time serving with the troops of Prince Muizz-ud-din had killed Azam Shah.{{sfn|Irvine|p=33}}Sikh accounts state that Guru Gobind Singh killed Azam Shah with an arrow.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh |pages=324}}</ref>

As soon as Bahadur Shah learned of his brother's death, he sent men to retrieve the corpse. They were attacked by Wala-Jah, but Wala-Jah fainted and died. Around 8 o'clock in the evening, Bahadur Shah's aide, Rustam Dil Khan, mounted the dead prince's elephant, beheaded the prince, and made his way to Bahadur Shah. However, instead of praises, he received reproaches for his action. His elephant was followed by two other elephants; the first one contained the dead body of Ali Tabar, the other one carried the dead prince's women, who were assured protection by Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Irvine|p=34}}

== Aftermath ==
The ''Ibratnama'' estimates that 12,000 horsemen of Azam Shah lay dead on the battlefield. It further estimates that at least 10,000 infantry soldiers from both sides were dead. Khan Zaman and Khan Alam Dakhini's bodies were sent to [[Gwalior]] for burial. Ram Singh Hada and Rao Dalpat Bundela's bodies were sent to Nurabad for cremation. Azam Shah and his three dead sons{{sfn|Irvine|p=34}} were buried at [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Irvine|p=34}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book|title=Muntakhab-ul Lubab|first=Muhammad |last=Khafi Khan|year=2006 |isbn=9693518829|publisher=Sang-e-Meel|ref={{sfnref|Khafi Khan}}}}
*{{cite book|title=The Later Mughals; Volume 1|author-link=William Irvine (historian)|first=William |last=Irvine|publisher=[[Low Price Publishers]]}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Jajau]]
[[Category:Military history of Agra]]
[[Category:1707 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1707]]

Ramswaroop Kasana

2026-04-20T09:38:11Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: created some info v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ramswaroop kasana
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 
| constituency1 = [[Kotputli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kotputli]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| office = [[Parliamentary Secretary]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| predecessor1 = [[Subhash Chandra]]
| successor1 = [[Rajender Singh Yadav]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| term_start = 18 Nov 2011
| term_end = 2013

| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Putli Village, Kotputli, Rajasthan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_name =
| party = Indian national congress(May 2024-Present)[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] (2018 - 2024)
| other_party = [[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]] (2008–2013)
| spouse = Hemlata Kasana
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician, Agriculture
| cabinet =
| committees = Graduate
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Businessman, Farmer
| portfolio =
| website =
}}

'''Ramswaroop Kasana''' is an Indian politician from the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|Rashatriya loktantrik party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramswaroop(Rashtriya Loktantrik Party):Constituency- KOTPUTLI(JAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3571 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He was a Member of [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly (MLA) in Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 2008 to 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-26 |title=राजस्थान: 14 फ़ीसदी वोट भी बना देते हैं विधायक |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2013/11/131126_assembly_election_2013_rajasthan_aa |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> and was the Parliamentary Secretary in the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-18 |title=Parliamentary secretaries sworn in |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/parliamentary-secretaries-sworn-in/articleshow/10775408.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasana, Ramswaroop}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Pulakeshi Singh

2026-04-20T08:48:29Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: created the biography and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pulakeshi Singh
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[Nanda Kishore Sinha]]
| successor = [[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]]
| constituency = [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Pulakeshi Singh''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai constituency]] in the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=election2962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Assam Election Results, 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1962–67 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pulakeshi}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Fantasy sports in India

2026-04-19T12:44:44Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Starting new info...

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

'''[[Fantasy sport]]s''' came to India in the later half of the 2010s and was banned in 2025, The [[Federation of Indian Fantasy Sports]] (FIFS) served as the primary self-regulatory industry body. {{As of|2023|12}}, the sector was valued at approximately {{INRConvert|45000|c|0|lk=on|year=2023}} with over 180 million active users.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} On August 21, 2025, Indian government banned all fantasy sports games and other real money-based online games as they were considered online gambling.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=India's government bans fantasy sports games |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/08/24/indias-government-bans-fantasy-sports-games |access-date=2025-08-26 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Will Dream11, Gameskraft challenge India's new online gaming law in court after ban? What they said |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/will-dream11-gameskraft-challenge-indias-new-online-gaming-law-after-ban-what-they-said-101756186897558.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
India has numerous fantasy gaming mobile applications that allow users to create virtual teams for various sports. The [[Google Play|Google Play Store]] does not allow these apps on their platform for download, requiring users to download them directly from their websites. These platforms attract users through [[sports league]] sponsorships,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream11 is new IPL 2020 title sponsor with winning bid of Rs 222 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-title-rights-dream11-is-new-ipl-2020-title-sponsor-with-winning-bid-of-rs-222-crore/articleshow/77609893.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821075720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-title-rights-dream11-is-new-ipl-2020-title-sponsor-with-winning-bid-of-rs-222-crore/articleshow/77609893.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-08-21 |website=www.timesofindia.com |access-date=2024-04-22}}</ref> [[celebrity endorsement]]s, and [[advertising campaign]]s.

=== Market size ===
According to a 2022 [[NITI Aayog]] report, the industry is expected to attract ₹10,000 crore (₹100 billion) in foreign direct investment, and reach a market value of ₹50,000 crore (₹500 billion) and expand to 200 million users or more by 2025.

== Legality ==
On August 21, 2025, Indian government banned all fantasy sports games and other real money-based online games as they were considered online gambling.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Supreme Court ruling ===
On 8 August 2021, the [[Supreme Court of India]] officially declared fantasy sports legal, classifying them as [[games of skill]] rather than [[gambling]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supreme Court upholds Dream11 fantasy sports format as game of skill |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/supreme-court-upholds-dream11-fantasy-sports-format-as-game-of-skill/articleshow/85040855.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>

=== High court judgments ===
Several [[High courts of India|high courts]] have ruled on fantasy sports. The [[Rajasthan High Court]] in July 2021 affirmed fantasy sports as games of skill based on the 276th Law Commission Report.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Rajasthan High Court dismisses Plea against Online Fantasy Games |url=https://www.lawinsider.in/news/rajasthan-high-court-dismisses-plea-against-online-fantasy-games |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Law Insider}}</ref> In April 2019 the [[Bombay High Court]] recognized fantasy sports as a legitimate skill-based industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bombay HC rules fantasy sports not gambling |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bombay-hc-rules-fantasy-sports-not-gambling-11555062891850.html |work=Mint |access-date=2024-01-15}}</ref> The [[Kerala High Court]] determined fantasy sports as games of skill under section 14(A) of the Kerala Gaming Act in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala HC Rules Fantasy Sports as Game of Skill |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-hc-fantasy-sports-game-of-skill-7774521/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}

=== State-level regulations ===
{{As of|2024|1}}, states fall into three categories:{{Update inline|date=August 2025|reason=Particularly the "pending" section}}

==== States permitting fantasy sports ====
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Rajasthan]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Haryana]]
* [[West Bengal]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]

==== States with bans ====
* [[Telangana]] (complete ban since 2017)
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] (banned under Gaming Act)
* [[Odisha]] (under Gaming Act restrictions)
* [[Assam]] (under Gambling and Betting Act)
* [[Nagaland]] (requires special license)
* [[Sikkim]] (only with state license)

==== States with pending regulations ====
* [[Tamil Nadu]] (new policy under consideration)
* [[Kerala]] (reviewing regulations)
* [[Gujarat]] (draft policy in progress)

== Taxation ==
=== Changes ===
{{As of|2023|10}}, key tax reforms related to fantasy sports include:

* A [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|goods and services tax]] (GST) rate of 28% on full contest entry amounts
* [[Tax deduction at source]] requirements of 30% on winnings above ₹10,000, with net winnings calculated monthly
* Platform taxes, with a [[corporate tax]] on platform revenue, and state-specific gaming taxes where applicable

=== Impact ===
Tax changes have led to decreased user participation and a reduction of 20–25% in industry revenue. This has in turn generated market consolidation trends and platform operational adjustments.

== Major platforms ==
=== Market leaders ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Platform
!User base (2023)
!Key features
|-
|[[Dream11]]
|130+ million
|[[Cricket]], football, [[NBA]]
|-
|[[Mobile Premier League]] (MPL)
|99+ million
|Multi-game platform
|-
|My11Circle
|50+ million
|Cricket-focused
|-
|Gamezy
|30+ million
|Multiple sports
|-
|Vision11
|20+ million
|Cricket, football
|}

=== Market share ===
Dream11 has an approximate 55% [[market share]], MPL a ~15% share, and other companies share the remaining ~30% of the market.{{When|date=August 2025}}

== Challenges ==
=== Legal issues ===
* State-level [[regulatory compliance]]
* GST implementation disputes
* [[Age verification system|Age verification mechanisms]]
* [[Consumer protection]] measures
* [[Payment gateway]] restrictions

=== Court cases ===
* Tamil Nadu's appeal against fantasy sports{{When|date=August 2025}}
* GST classification disputes
* State [[jurisdiction]] challenges
* Consumer protection petitions

== Advertising guidelines ==
In November 2020, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting Ministry]]'s [[Advertising Standards Council of India]] (ASCI) created guidelines for fantasy gaming apps doing business in India, such as:<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sandhu |first1=Veenu |last2=Munjal |first2=Dhruv |date=2020-11-24 |title=Ctrl-Alt-Del: Advertising council to misleading online gaming ads |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ctrl-alt-del-advertising-councilto-misleading-online-gaming-ads-120112400006_1.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Fantasy apps must not permit persons under 18 to play,
*Every fantasy gaming app ad must showcase a [[disclaimer]] occupying 20% of the ad's space,
*Ads should not promote online gaming as an income opportunity,
*No ads should suggest that players are more successful than non-players.
The disclaimer must state "This game involves an element of financial risk and may be addictive. Please play responsibly and at your own risk."

== Criticism ==
=== User experiences ===
In 2019, a person claimed in an article published by ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' that he lost ₹50,000 in just two games on [[Dream11]], arguing that outcomes were based on [[Game of chance|chance]] rather than skill.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 May 2019 |title=Dream11: 'Skill? Rubbish. It's Sophisticated Gambling', Says A Loser |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dream11-skill-rubbish-its-sophisticated-gambling-says-a-loser/301585 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405084055/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dream11-skill-rubbish-its-sophisticated-gambling-says-a-loser/301585 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Video games in India]]
* [[Online gaming in India]]
* [[Sports betting]]
* [[Indian Premier League]]

== References ==
{{Portal bar|India|Gaming|2010s|Sports|Business}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sport in India|Fantasy]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gaming organizations]]
[[Category:Fantasy sports websites]]

Modinagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T07:21:43Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding the entry more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Modinagar
| constituency_no = 57
| map_image = 57-Modinagar.svg
| mla = [[Manju Shiwach]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,42,965 (2019)
| established = 1956
| type= SLA
}}
'''Modinagar''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the delimitation order was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=24 Oct 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=16 Oct 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Wards / areas==
Extent of Modinagar Assembly constituency is KCs Modinagar, Bhojpur, Modinagar MB, Faridnagar NP, Patla NP & Niwari NP of Modi Nagar Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Modinagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/modinagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Vichitra Narain Sharma
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sarju Prasad Tyagi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sher Ali Khan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Megh Nath Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sohan Bir
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sukhbir Singh Gahlot
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Vimla Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Sukhbir Singh Gahlot
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" |Narendra Singh Sisodiya
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Rajpal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Sudesh Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manju Shiwach]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Modinagar<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manju Shiwach]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:113349}}
|percentage = 50.63
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Sudesh Sharma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78730}}
|percentage = 35.17
|change = {{increase}}21.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Poonam Garg
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:26729}}
|percentage = 11.94
|change = {{decrease}}7.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Neeraj Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2073}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
|Nota and other candidates= 1045
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:869}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change = {{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34619}}
|percentage = 15.46
|change = {{decrease}}15.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223867}}
|percentage = 67.36
|change = {{increase}}2.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Modinagar<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manju Shiwach]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:108631}}
|percentage = 50.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Wahab Chaudhary]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42049}}
|percentage = 19.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Asray Sharma
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:32507}}
|percentage = 15.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sudesh Sharma]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:29477}}
|percentage = 13.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1074}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:66582}}
|percentage = 30.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215867}}
|percentage = 64.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Modinagar<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=24 Oct 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Sudesh Sharma]]
|votes = 58,635
|percentage = 33.08
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajpal Singh
|votes = 44,686
|percentage = 25.21
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramasray Sharma
|votes = 41,317
|percentage = 23.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 candidates
|votes = 32,625
|percentage = 18.39
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,949
|percentage = 7.87
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177,263
|percentage = 62.61
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Ghaziabad district, India]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Modinagar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ghaziabad district]]

Karhal Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:52Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karhal
| mla = [[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| type = SLA
| map_image = 110-Karhal.svg
| constituency_no = 110
| loksabha_cons = [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
| alliance =
| map_caption =
}}

'''Karhal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 Dec 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 110.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 10 Dec 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=10 Dec 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/karhal.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=10 Dec 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Formerly this constituency is represented by [[Samajwadi Party|Samajwadi Party's]] national president [[Akhilesh Yadav]] who has been elected in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party's]] candidate [[S. P. Singh Baghel|S.P Singh Baghel]].

[[Akhilesh Yadav]] is formerly serving as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|leader of opposition]] in [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] and had previously also hold the office of [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of the state from 2012 to 2017.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Assembly
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |2nd Assembly
|Nathu Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|Ram Din
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|3rd Assembly
|Ram Singh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|4th Assembly
| rowspan="2" |Munshilal Chamar
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|5th Assembly
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|6th Assembly
| rowspan="2" |Nathu Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|7th Assembly
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|8th Assembly
|Sheo Mangal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|9th Assembly
| rowspan="5" |Babu Ram Yadav
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Dal}}"|
|[[Lokdal|Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|10th Assembly
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|11th Assembly
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|12th Assembly
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|13th Assembly
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|14th Assembly
| rowspan="4" |[[Sobaran Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|15th Assembly
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| rowspan="5" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|16th Assembly]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|17th Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Assembly]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Assembly]]
|[[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]]
|-
|}
^ denotes bypoll

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Karhal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tej Pratap Singh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,04,304
|percentage = 50.45
|change = {{down}}9.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kunwar Anujesh Pratap Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 89,503
|percentage = 43.33
|change = {{up}}10.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Avanish Kumar Shakya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 8,409
|percentage = 4.07
|change = {{down}}2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradip
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = 2,499
|percentage = 1.21
|change = {{up}}1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 791
|percentage = 0.38
|change = {{down}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,801
|percentage = 7.12
|change = {{down}}20.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,06,734
|percentage = 54.1
|change = {{down}}12.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{down}}9.68
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Karhal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:148196}}
|percentage = 60.12
|change = {{increase}}10.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:80692}}
|percentage = 32.74
|change = {{increase}}1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kuladip Narayan
|votes = {{formatnum:15701}}
|percentage = 6.37
|change = {{decrease}}7.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1909}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{increase}}0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:67504}}
|percentage = 27.38
|change = {{increase}}9.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246498}}
|percentage = 66.02
|change = {{increase}}6.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{up}}10.13
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Karhal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sobaran Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:104221}}
|percentage = 49.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rama Shakya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65816}}
|percentage = 31.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Dalvir]]
|votes = {{formatnum:29676}}
|percentage = 14.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Kaushal Yadav (politician)|Kaushal Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4683}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1014}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38405}}
|percentage = 18.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210268}}
|percentage = 59.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{up}}2.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Karhal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sobaran Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 92,536
|percentage = 46.9
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaivir Singh
|votes = 61,593
|percentage = 31.22
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Yadav
|votes = 13,114
|percentage = 6.65
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 30,072
|percentage = 15.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,943
|percentage = 15.68
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 197,315
|percentage = 60.96
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=10 Dec 2015}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Karhal Assembly constituency is KC Barnahal, Karhal & Karhal NP of Karhal Tehsil; KCs Ghiror, Kuchela & Ghiror NP of Mainpuri Tehsil.

==See also==

*[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Mainpuri district]]
*[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{coord|26.9975978|N|78.9415151|E|display=inline,title}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Mainpuri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Karthi Selvam

2026-04-13T06:21:25Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: info.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Karthi Selvam
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|09|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ariyalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Forward]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2018–2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps(goals)1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 35
| nationalgoals2 = 13
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Jakarta]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Chennai]]|}}
| updated = 8 June 2022
}}

'''Karthi Selvam''' (born 1 September 2001) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]]. He was a member of the [[India men's national field hockey team|India national team]] that played in the [[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Asia Cup]].

== Early life ==
Karthi hails from [[Ariyalur]], a town in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|State]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. His father Selvam works as a security guard at a government-run college. Karthi is the second of three children.<ref name="hi1">{{cite web |title=For Junior Men's Hockey Striker S Karthi, hopes are pinned on hockey for a financially stable life |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/for-junior-mens-hockey-striker-s-karthi-hopes-are-pinned-on-hockey-for-a-financially-stable-life |website=Hockey India |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523113055/https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/for-junior-mens-hockey-striker-s-karthi-hopes-are-pinned-on-hockey-for-a-financially-stable-life |archive-date=23 May 2022 |language=en |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>

Karthi trained as a hockey player at the Sports Hostel for Excellence in [[Kovilpatti]], which functioned under Sports Development Authority, the official sports organ of the government of Tamil Nadu. As of 2022, he was student at the SS Duraisamy Mariammal Arts College near Kovilpatti pursuing his graduation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dass |first1=S. Godson Wisely |title=Two Kovilpatti players make it into Indian hockey squad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/12/twokovilpatti-players-make-it-into-indian-hockey-squad-2452500.html |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 May 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2018, Karthi was included in the [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India national under-21 team]] after a series of good performances for Tamil Nadu in the Junior National Championships.<ref name="hi1"/> In May 2022, he was named in India's squad for the [[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]. Alongside Mareeswaran Sakthivel, he was the first to be selected for the Indian national team from Tamil Nadu in 13 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ashok |first1=M. |title=Asia Cup 2022: In Tamil Nadu, All Eyes Are On Two Youngsters Who Ended A 13-Year Hockey Drought |url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/asia-cup-2022-hockey-begins-today-who-are-tn-youngsters-who-ended-a-13-year-drought-know-details-ind-vs-pak-hockey-match-1533083 |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=news.abplive.com |date=23 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Karthi scored on debut in the opening match against [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] in the 9th minute. The match ended in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey, Asia Cup: In a game with wasted chances, Pakistan’s last minute goal holds India to 1-1 draw |url=https://scroll.in/field/1024606/hockey-asia-cup-in-a-game-with-wasted-chances-pakistans-last-minute-goal-holds-india-to-1-1-draw |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=23 May 2022}}</ref> India finished third defeating [[Japan men's national field hockey team|Japan]] 1–0.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nalwala |first1=Ali Asgar |title=Asia Cup hockey: Rajkumar Pal’s solitary goal secures bronze medal for India |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asia-cup-hockey-2022-bronze-medal-playoff-india-vs-japan-result |access-date=8 June 2022 |work=olympics.com |date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/s-karthi-profile-4463 Selvam Karthi] profile at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FH Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}

[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ariyalur district]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Lolita Chakrabarti

2026-04-13T03:17:31Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding a post and citations

{{Short description|British actress and writer (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}}
| image = 
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[Kingston upon Hull]], England
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
| occupation = {{flat list|
* Actress
* writer}}
| years_active = 1990–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| television =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Adrian Lester]]|1997|2024|end=div}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Reeta Chakrabarti]] (sister)
| awards =
| website = 
}}

'''Lolita Chakrabarti''' (born 1969) is a British actress and writer.

==Early life and education ==
Lolita Chakrabarti was born in [[Kingston upon Hull]], England, to [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] parents from India in 1969. She grew up in [[Birmingham]], where her father worked as an orthopaedic surgeon at [[Selly Oak Hospital]].<ref name=Roy-Dec2012>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=2 December 2012 |title=Play it again, Lolita |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/play-it-again-lolita/cid/349599#.VJl1LdZAKA |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolcata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411014701/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/play-it-again-lolita/cid/349599 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

She was educated at the Convent of the Holy Child Jesus in Birmingham before moving to London, after being accepted at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]], where she studied acting for three years,<ref name=Roy-Dec2012/> graduating in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rada.ac.uk/profiles?aos=acting&yr=1990&fn=lolita&sn=chakrabarti|title=RADA: The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art - Student|website=www.rada.ac.uk|access-date=2017-11-22}}</ref>

==Career==
===Acting===
From 1993 to 1996, Chakrabarti presented the BBC children's educational programme ''[[Numbertime]].''{{cn|date=January 2025}} Other screen credits include ''[[Vigil (TV series)|Vigil]]'', ''[[Showtrial (TV series)|Showtrial]]'', and ''[[The Wheel of Time (TV series)|The Wheel of Time]]''.<ref name="WoT">{{cite web |url=https://dragonmount.com/news/tv-show/emondsfieldcast/ |title=Casting Announcement for Six Emond's Field characters |last=Denzel |first=Jason |date=June 25, 2020 |website=Dragonmount |access-date=June 25, 2020 }}</ref> She appearred in ''[[The Bill]]'' as WPC Jamila Blake from 1996 to 1999.

Her theatre credits include ''Fanny and Alexander'' for [[The Old Vic]] (2018), Gertrude in ''[[Hamlet#21st century|Hamlet]]'' starring [[Tom Hiddleston]] and directed by [[Kenneth Branagh]] for RADA (2017), ''[[The Great Game: Afghanistan]]'' for the [[Tricycle Theatre]] (2009), ''Last Seen'' for the [[Almeida Theatre|Almeida]] (2009) (which she co-wrote), ''Free Outgoing'' for the [[Royal Court Theatre|Royal Court]] (2008), ''[[John Gabriel Borkman]]'' for the [[Donmar Warehouse]] (2007), and ''[[The Hunt (play)|The Hunt]]'' for [[St. Ann's Warehouse]] (2024).{{cn|date=January 2025}}

In 2025, it was announced she would be portraying Mrs. Darling in the London production of [[Ella Hickson|Ella Hickson's]] 2013 play [[Wendy & Peter Pan]], alongside [[Toby Stephens]] and [[Alexander Molony]], directed by Jonathan Munby.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-21 |title=Wendy & Peter Pan {{!}} Barbican |url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/whats-on/2025/event/royal-shakespeare-company-wendy-peter-pan |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=www.barbican.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

===Writing===
==== ''Red Velvet'' (2012) ====
''[[Red Velvet (play)|Red Velvet]]'', Chakrabarti's play about [[Ira Aldridge]], an African-American actor at the centre of controversy in 1833 when he takes over from [[Edmund Kean]] in ''[[Othello]]'' at the [[Royal Opera House|Theatre Royal]] in [[Covent Garden]], premiered in 2012 at the Tricycle Theatre, London.<ref name="Billington-Oct2012">{{cite news |last=Billington |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Billington (critic)|date=17 October 2012 |title=Red Velvet – Review |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/oct/17/red-velvet-review |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913091351/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/oct/17/red-velvet-review |archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Chakrabarti-Jan2014">{{cite news |last=Chakrabarti |first=Lolita |date=28 January 2014 |title=Lolita Chakrabarti, 'Red Velvet', and what's wrong with theatre today |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/lolita-chakrabarti-red-velvet-and-whats-wrong-with-theatre-today-9088989.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129202343/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/lolita-chakrabarti-red-velvet-and-whats-wrong-with-theatre-today-9088989.html |archive-date=29 January 2014}}</ref> It returned to The Tricycle in 2014 before transferring to [[St. Ann's Warehouse]] in [[New York City|New York]]. It returned again to the [[Garrick Theatre]] in London's West End as part of Kenneth Branagh's season in 2016. [[Chicago Shakespeare Theater]] and San Diego's [[Old Globe Theatre]] presented ''Red Velvet'' in 2017–18. ''Red Velvet'' has had more than 25 productions in the United States.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

The play won Chakrabarti the Charles Wintour Award for Most Promising Playwright at the [[2012 Evening Standard Theatre Awards]]. That same year she was nominated for Best New Play and London Newcomer of the Year at the [[WhatsOnStage Awards]]. She won the award for Most Promising Playwright at the [[Critics' Circle Award]]s in January 2013 and received the AWA Award for Arts and Culture that same year. ''Red Velvet'' was also nominated for an [[Olivier Award]] in 2013.<ref name="Brantley-Apr2014">{{cite news |last=Brantley |first=Ben |date=1 April 2014 |title=Grandeur Under Siege: 'Red Velvet' Recalls One Shocked London Audience |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/theater/red-velvet-recalls-one-shocked-london-audience.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402012806/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/theater/red-velvet-recalls-one-shocked-london-audience.html |archive-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>

==== ''The Greatest Wealth'' (2018) ====
In 2018, Chakrabarti curated this event for The Old Vic, London. She commissioned eight monologues, of which she also wrote one in recognition of the 70th birthday of the [[National Health Service|NHS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-16 |title=The Greatest Wealth, curated by Lolita Chakrabarti. |url=https://www.londontheatre1.com/theatre-news/the-greatest-wealth-curated-by-lolita-chakrabarti-and-directed-by-adrian-lester/ |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=LondonTheatre1 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musbach |first=Julie |title=The Old Vic Announces Casting for THE GREATEST WEALTH |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/The-Old-Vic-Announces-Casting-for-THE-GREATEST-WEALTH-20180613 |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> The season was relaunched online during the pandemic in 2020, with a new monologue written by Booker prize winning novelist [[Bernardine Evaristo]].

==== ''Invisible Cities'' (2019) ====
She adapted [[Italo Calvino]]'s 1972 novel ''[[Invisible Cities]]'', in collaboration with [[59 Productions]], [[Rambert Dance Company]], and [[Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui]]. Presented at [[Manchester International Festival]] and [[Brisbane Festival]] in 2019, it was reimagined as a [[virtual reality]] film named ''Stones of Venice'' for Hong Kong New Vision Festival.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==== ''Life of Pi'' (2019) ====
Chakrabarti's adaptation of ''[[Life of Pi (play)|Life of Pi]]'', based on [[Life of Pi|Yann Martel's 2001 novel]], premiered at the [[Crucible Theatre|Crucible Theatre, Sheffield]] in June 2019. Following critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-10 |title='It's a hit' - five-star reviews for Life of Pi on stage in Sheffield |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-48925006 |access-date=2022-04-13}}</ref> the production transferred to the [[Wyndham's Theatre|Wyndham's Theatre, West End]] in November 2021. Life of Pi was nominated for 9 [[Olivier Award]], winning 5 of them. Chakrabarti was awarded the [[Olivier Award]] for [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play|Best New Play]] for her work,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-10 |title=Olivier awards 2022: the full list of winners |first=Chris |last=Wiegand |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/apr/10/olivier-awards-2022-the-full-list-of-winners |access-date=2022-04-13 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and numerous other accolades, including a [[WhatsOnStage Awards|WhatsOnStage Award]], [[UK Theatre Awards|UK Theatre Award]] and CAMEO Award.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==== ''A Working Diary'' (2020) ====
''Adrian Lester and Lolita Chakrabarti: A Working Diary'' was published by [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] in 2020, charting a year in the working life of Chakrabarti and her ex husband.

==== ''Hymn'' (2021) ====
In 2020 during the height of the pandemic Lolita's play Hymn opened at the Almeida Theatre in London. It was live streamed for seven performances in January 2021 and returned for live performances in July and August that year. An original play with music about two men who meet at a funeral and discover they are brothers.

==== ''Hamnet'' (2023) ====
Chakrabarti adapted [[Maggie O'Farrell]]'s novel ''[[Hamnet (novel)|Hamnet]]'' for the stage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=2022-11-08 |title=RSC to stage play about plague death of William Shakespeare's son Hamnet |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/nov/08/rsc-to-stage-play-about-plague-death-of-william-shakespeare-son-hamnet-maggie-ofarrell |access-date=2023-05-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ''Hamnet'' had its world premiere at [[Stratford-upon-Avon|Stratford-Upon-Avon]]'s [[Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon|Swan Theatre]] on 1 April 2023. After its sold-out Stratford engagement closing on 17 June 2023, the show transferred to the West End's [[Garrick Theatre]]. It opened on 30 September 2023 and played until 17 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Margaret |date=1 April 2023 |title=Royal Shakespeare Company Production of Hamnet Begins Performances In Statford-Upon-Avon April 1 |url=https://playbill.com/article/royal-shakespeare-company-production-of-hamnet-begins-performances-in-statford-upon-avon-april-1 }}</ref>

==== Dramaturg ====
In 2020 Lolita was [[dramaturg]] on ''[[Message in a Bottle (film)|Message in a Bottle]]'' for [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] and ZooNation. She also dramaturged ''Sylvia'' which played at [[The Old Vic]] in 2023. Both were created and realised by [[Kate Prince]].{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==== Other work ====
''The Goddess'' for ''[[Woman's Hour]]'' on [[BBC Radio 4]],
''Faith, Hope and Blue Charity'' for on [[BBC Radio 4]],
''Last Seen : Joy'' for Slung Low Theatre Company and the Almeida Theatre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last Seen |url=https://www.slunglow.org/last-seen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411023533/https://www.slunglow.org/last-seen/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=Slung Low}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gardner |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn Gardner|date=14 July 2009 |title=Last Seen |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/jul/14/last-seen-theatre-review-almeida |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919072027/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/jul/14/last-seen-theatre-review-almeida |archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>

===Producing===
Chakrabarti ran Lesata Productions with Rosa Maggiora.{{cn|date=January 2025}} In 2011, they produced ''Of Mary'', a short film that won the Best Short Film Award at [[Pan African Film Festival|PAFF]], Los Angeles, 2012.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Chakrabarti and Maggiora were nominated for the Best Producer Award at the [[Underwire Film Festival]], London, 2011.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Personal life==
Chakrabarti is divorced<ref>{{citation|first=Adrian|last=Lester|title=Adrian Lester: 'Sometimes I'll eat out on my own on Saturday night'|work=[[Telegraph Magazine]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/my-saturday-adrian-lester-history-journal-london-dining/|date=30 March 2024}}</ref> from actor [[Adrian Lester]]. They have two daughters.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-05-28 |access-date=2022-06-25 |first=Rosanna |last=Greenstreet |title=Lolita Chakrabarti: 'I got caught stealing crisp money aged seven. I've been unbelievably honest since' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/may/28/lolita-chakrabarti-i-got-caught-stealing-crisp-money-aged-seven-ive-been-unbelievably-honest-since |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

She was appointed [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the [[2021 Birthday Honours]] for services to drama.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 63377
| date = 12 June 2021
| page = B11
| supp = y
}}</ref>

She is the sister of BBC News presenter [[Reeta Chakrabarti]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0149808}}

{{Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Most Promising Playwright}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarti, Lolita}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kingston upon Hull]]
[[Category:Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century English dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century English women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kingston upon Hull]]
[[Category:Writers from Birmingham, West Midlands]]

Nikhil Chinapa

2026-04-09T02:36:48Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: created initial data more to come

{{Short description|Indian DJ}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikhil Chinapa
| image = Nikhil chinappa.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kalengada Bhemaiah Chinapa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|06|06}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management]],[[B.M.S. College of Engineering]], [[Bangalore]]
| occupation = [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] [[DJ]] [[Television presenter|Host]]
| years_active = 1999–present
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| television =
| partner =
| spouse = {{marriage|DJ Pearl|2006}}
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nikhil Chinapa''' (born 6 June 1973) is an Indian DJ, host and festival curator, often credited with popularizing [[electronic dance music|EDM]] among the youth in India. He has been associated with [[MTV India]] since the late 1990s and has appeared in multiple television shows including ''[[MTV Roadies|Roadies]]'' and ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla]]''.<ref name="IMDb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0157814/|title=Nikhil Chinappa|website=IMDb}}</ref> He has been instrumental in popularizing DJing as a profession and leading the music scene at the [[Sunburn Festival]] in its early years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/nikhil-chinapa-moves-on-from-sunburn-to-a-new-edm-festival/cid/249345|title=Nikhil Chinapa moves on from Sunburn to a new EDM festival|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Chinapa was born in [[Bangalore]]. His father was a [[paratrooper]] in the Indian Army,<ref name=interview>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmcworld.net/features/nikhil-chinapa/ |title=Nikhil Chinapa |website=DMC World |type=interview |date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> and as a result he did his early education from different schools in India, including Begumpet's Hyderabad Public School, Hyderabad and Faust High School, Secundarabad, after which he studied in St. George High School Agra. He earned a degree in architecture from [[B.M.S. College of Engineering|BMS College of Engineering]] in Bangalore with a thesis on the design of hospitals.<ref name=interview/> His interest in music grew during his college life when he used to do gigs as a DJ in parties to earn his pocket money.

==Personal life==
Chinapa married his long-time girlfriend DJ Pearl Miglani in 2006 after a six-year-long relationship. In February 2018, they welcomed their daughter.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roadies-nikhil-chinapa-turns-father-welcomes-a-baby-girl/articleshow/63067011.cms |title=Roadies' Nikhil Chinapa becomes a father to baby girl |newspaper=Times of India |date=25 February 2018 }}</ref>

Chinapa is also a keen scuba diver, and loves exploring oceans around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maldives.net.mv/977/99-greater-than-100/|title=99 > 100: A True Story – Maldives Insider|date=23 May 2011 |language=en-US|access-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>

==Career==
Chinapa's career as a television personality started when he won the [[MTV VJ Hunt]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/vj-sunanda-and-gaelyn-mendonca-wins-idea-mtv-vj-hunt-113100901122_1.html|title=VJ Sunanda and Gaelyn Mendonca wins Idea MTV VJ Hunt!|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref> Thereon he hosted [[MTV Select]], a show which introduced popular music and bands from the various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/nikhil-chinapa-the-coolest-mtv-vj-ever/|title=To Every 90s Kid, Nikhil Chinapa Made The Job Of A VJ Look Like The Coolest Thing Ever|first=Tatsam|last=Mukherjee|date=6 June 2017|website=ScoopWhoop}}</ref> In 2000 he debuted as an actor with the film ''Snip!''. Later, he hosted shows like ''[[India's Got Talent|India's Got Talent 2]]'' with [[Ayushmann Khurana]] and several seasons of ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''. He also judged shows like ''Rock On'', ''MTV Mashups'', ''Fame X'' and seasons 4, 5 and 7 of ''MTV Roadies''.<ref name="IMDb" /> Since the thirteenth season of Roadies, Chinapa has been playing the role of a gang leader in the show.

Chinapa co-founded [[Submerge (nightclub)|Submerge]] in 2003 along with his wife Pearl and Hermit Sethi; it went on to be one of the largest EDM companies in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/submerge-to-launch-music-label-118111000251_1.html|title=Submerge to launch music label|date=10 November 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="sub">{{Cite web|url=https://www.submerge.in/about/|title=About|website=Submerge}}</ref> In 2007, he co-founded [[Sunburn Festival|Sunburn]], but parted ways with the franchise in 2013 due to internal issues and co-founded [[Vh1]] Supersonic with his wife Pearl. It continues to be one of India's biggest dance music festivals.<ref name="sub"/>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film <ref name="IMDb"/>
! Role
|-
|2000
|''Snip!''
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaatha]]''
|Ravi S. Pillai
|-
|2006
|''[[Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana]]''
|
|-
|2009
|''42 kms''
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]''
| Sandeep Srivastava
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show <ref name="IMDb"/>
! Role
|-
|1999
|''[[MTV VJ Hunt]]''
|Contestant
|-
|1999-2000
| ''[[Hello Friends (TV series)|Hello Friends]]''
| Vikram and Akram
|-
|2000
|''[[MTV Select]]''
|Host
|-
|2009
|''[[MTV Rock On]]''
|Host
|-
|2009–2014
|''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''
|Host
|-
|2010
|''[[India's Got Talent]]''
|Host
|-
|2017–present
|''[[MTV Roadies]]''
|Gang Leader/Leader
|-
|2021
|''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''
|Guest Presenter
|}

==Discography==

*''Stop!'' ("Nachle - Remix") (2004)
*''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (Salaam Namaste (Dhol Mix)) (2005) along with DJ Naved Khan
*''[[Dus]]'' (Z version, "Deedar De") (2005)
*''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]'' (Writer: "Maula", "Maula - Remix", "Zinda Hoon Main", "Zinda Hoon Main - Remix") (2006)
*''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' ("Unke Nashe Mein - Remix", "Aakhri Alvida - Remix") (2007)
*''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (Writer: "Dastaan-E-Om Shanti Om" (The Dark Side)) (2007) <ref name="IMDb"/>

== Accolades ==
{| class=wikitable
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2003
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Anchor - Music/Film Based Show
| ''MTV Fresh''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=316|title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2002|website=gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Sunburn Festival]]
*[[List of MTV VJs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nikhil Chinapa}}
* [https://nikhilchinapa.graphy.com/ Nikhil Chinapa's Online School]
* {{IMDb name|id=0157814|name=Nikhil Chinapa}}
* [https://www.submerge.in/about/ About page on the official website of Submerge, The Music company co-founded by Nikhil Chinapa]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinapa, Nikhil}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian DJs]]
[[Category:Festival directors]]

Pulbangash metro station

2026-04-04T06:40:05Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Pulbangash
| style = Delhi Metro
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Red|line2=Magenta}}
| image = PULBANGDELHI.jpg
| image_caption = Pul Bangash metro station
| address = Aram Ganj, Sabzi Mandi, Old Delhi, Pul Bangash, Delhi, 110006
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}} (upcoming)
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}}}}
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| bicycle =
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| zone =
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{start date and age|2003|10|3|df=yes}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers = 12,495 /day 387,359/ Month average
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Red|left1=Pratap Nagar|right1=Tis Hazari
|header2=Future service|line2=Magenta|left2=Sadar Bazar|to-left2=Inderlok|right2=Ghanta Ghar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Red Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Pulbangash''' metro station is located on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=2010-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tis Hazari}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Red|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Pratap Nagar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==

[[Cash machine|ATM]]s are available at Pulbangash metro station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|red line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2003]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in North Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Aab gosh

2026-03-28T23:29:30Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: made a stub

{{Short description|Traditional Kashmiri dish made from lamb}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Abb Gosh
| image = File:Kashmiri Aab Gosht.jpg
| caption = Abb Gosh
| image_size =
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin = [[Kashmir]]
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| creator =
| course = Main course
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = Lamb, milk
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Aab Gosh''' ({{IPA|ks|aːb ɡoːʃ}}) is a traditional Kashmiri mutton curry made with tender pieces of lamb cooked in a milk-based gravy. It is a popular dish in Kashmiri cuisine and is commonly served as part of the traditional multi-course meal called [[Wazwan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slurrp.com/recipes/kashmiri-mutton-curry-aab-gosht-1611375187 |title=Kashmiri Mutton Curry Aab Gosh |author=Slurrp |publisher=Slurrp |date=2021-01-23 |accessdate=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/aab-gosht |title=Aab Gosht |publisher=TasteAtlas |accessdate=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times of India |first= |date=2021-11-14 |title=The classic tale of royal Kashmiri Wazwan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-classic-tale-of-royal-kashmiri-wazwan/articleshow/87685773.cms |accessdate=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wazwan: Culinary Legacy |work=Sahapedia |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/wazwan-culinary-legacy# |accessdate=2025-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipe: Kashmiri Aab Gosh (Dodhe Maaz) |last=Syed |first=Kainaat |website=Rising Kashmir |date=23 April 2023 |url=https://risingkashmir.com/recipe-kashmiri-aab-gosh-dodhe-maaz/ |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5 Delicious Kashmiri Dishes We Ought To Be Thankful For |url=https://lbb.in/delhi/5-delicious-kashmiri-dishes-we-ought-to-be-thankful-for/ |website=LBB Delhi |publisher=Little Black Book |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The origin & evolution of Kashmir's emblematic cuisine Wazwan |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/the-origin-evolution-of-kashmirs-emblematic-cuisine-wazwan/ |website=The Kashmir Walla |publisher=The Kashmir Walla |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920071748/https://thekashmirwalla.com/the-origin-evolution-of-kashmirs-emblematic-cuisine-wazwan/ |archive-date=2021-09-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Wazwan]]
* [[Rogan josh]]
* [[Goshtaab]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Lamb and mutton dishes]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza

2026-03-27T13:42:04Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Short description|Safavid prince}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza
| succession = Governor of [[Qandahar]]
| reign = 1578–1595
| predecessor = Fulad Khalifa Shamlu
| regent = Kur Hamza Beg
| birth_date = 1563
| birth_place = Qandahar, [[Safavid Iran]]
| death_date = 1600
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| issue = Sons and daughters, among which, [[Qandahari Begum]]
| house = [[Safavid dynasty]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi]]
}}

'''Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza''' ({{Langx|fa|مظفر حسین میرزا}}; 1563–1600) was an Iranian nobleman from the [[Safavid dynasty]] that held the governorship of Qandahar from 1578 until his defection to [[Mughal Empire|India]] in 1595. His rule was characterized by his constant conflict with his younger brother, [[Rustam Mirza Safavi|Rustam Mirza]], and his regent, Kur Hamza Beg. In 1593, he killed Hamza Beg and captured Rustam's lands. He was then faced with raids from the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] of [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] wanting to conquer Qandahar. Unable to drive the Uzbeks away, he surrendered Qandahar to Akbar and defected to India. He was honoured greatly by Akbar and his daughter, [[Kandahari Begum]], was married to Akbar's son, the future [[Shah Jahan]]. His son and grandson became high-ranking officials in the Mughal bureaucracy.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Mozaffar-Hosayn Mirza was born {{Circa|1563}} to [[Soltan Hosayn Mirza Safavi|Soltan Hosayn Mirza]], the governor of [[Qandahar]] province in [[Safavid Iran]] (now in [[Afghanistan]]). Mozaffar was a member of the [[Safavid dynasty]], his paternal great-grandfather being [[Ismail I]], the founder of the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid empire]].{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=313, 294}} He had four other brothers and one sister.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=198}}{{Sfn|Munshi|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/monshi-shah-abbas-english/Monshi_Shah-Abbas_English/page/219 220]}} His family were initially loyal to the imperial line; Soltan Hosayn had been treated kindly by his uncle, [[Tahmasp I]], and was awarded with the governorship of Qandahar in 1558.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=309, 307}} However, Tahmasp was succeeded by [[Ismail II]] in 1576, to whom Mozaffar's family had less loyalty, perhaps because they wished to become independent rulers of their own rights.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=309}}

Ismail initiated a purge of his male family members, in fear of their potential threat to his rule.{{Sfn|Ghereghlou|2016}} Among the victims were Mozaffar's eldest brother, Mohammad Hosayn Mirza, who was first [[Blinding (punishment)|blinded]] and then killed, and his two uncles, [[Ibrahim Mirza]] and [[Badi-al Zaman Mirza Safavi|Badi-al Zaman Mirza]].{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=311}}{{Sfn|Ghereghlou|2016}} Mozaffar's father, Soltan Hosayn, revolted against Ismail, but died from unknown reasons in 1577.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=309}}{{Efn|1=Contemporary chroniclers propose different causes of death among which are suicide, assassination and natural causes.{{sfn|Geevers|2015|p=309}}}} Ismail prevented the governorship to be passed down to Soltan Hosayn's sons, and instead appointed Fulad Khalifa of the [[Shamlu]] tribe to rule over Qandahar.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=309}} According to the contemporary historian [[Iskandar Beg Munshi]], Ismail had sent the orders for the murder of Mozaffar and his remaining brothers, but he died in 1577, before the royal agents could carry out the plot.{{Sfn|Munshi|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/monshi-shah-abbas-english/Monshi_Shah-Abbas_English/page/651/mode/2up 651]}}

=== Governor of Qandahar ===
[[File:9 Hashim. Mirza Rustam Safavi. (1569-1641) LACMA 1635-40.jpg|alt=Portrait of an old man with a cane|thumb|Indian portrait of Rustam Mirza, Mozaffar's brother.]]
Ismail was succeeded by his brother, [[Mohammad Khodabanda]] ({{Reign|1578|1587}}), who was more tolerant of the existence of a [[cadet branch]] collateral to the royal family.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=312}} Urged by the powerful groups of Qandahar, who wanted Soltan Hosayn's offspring to continue their rule, Khodabanda split the province of Qandahar between Mozaffar and his younger brother, [[Rustam Mirza Safavi|Rustam Mirza]]; the eastern half of the province with Qandahar itself were given to Mozaffar and Rustam received the western half with the [[Zamindawar]] and [[Garmsir]] districts.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=39}} Since Mozaffar and Rustam were young, fifteen and twelve respectively, Hamza Beg Zul-Qadr known as Kur (blind) became their joint {{Transliteration|fa|[[Vekil|vakil]]}} (regent).{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=199}} Around this time, the [[Khanate of Bukhara|Uzbeks of Bukhara]] approached the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, [[Akbar]], urging him to conquer Qandahar. Hamza Beg in turn reassured Akbar that the commercial traffic was stable despite the rapid political changes and there was no need for his intervention.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=40}}{{Sfn|Burton|2019|p=30}}

The division of Qandahar caused hostilities between the two brothers, as Mozaffar possessed the richer parts of the province and Rustam was unsatisfied with his share. The brothers also quarreled over [[Sistan]], a region to the south of their lands.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=199}} Sistan had once been ruled by their uncle, Badi-al Zaman Mirza, but the new ruler of the region was Najm al-Din Mahmud, a nobleman from the local [[Mihrabanids|Mihrabanid dynasty]].{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=314}}{{Sfn|Mir Jafari|1977|p=65}} Both Rustam and Mozaffar invaded Sistan but failed to gain any territories, however, Mozaffar negotiated with Najm al-Din and gained favourable results: he married Najm al-Din's daughter, and Najm al-Din's son married the daughter of Hamza Beg, and thereafter Najm al-Din and his successors were to treat Mozaffar and his offspring with [[good faith]].{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=199}} Rustam Mirza envied his brother and plotted with Hamza Beg, who had a difficult relationship with Mozaffar, to conquer Qandahar.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=40}}

Rustam led several attacks into Qandahar, but Mozaffar defended himself with the support of Sistan.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=199}} In 1588, Rustam briefly conquered Qandahar but failed to consolidate his position.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=314}} Mozaffar on the other hand increased his authority by murdering Hamza Beg and his successor, Mohammad Beg.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=314}}{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=199}} External pressure from all sides forced Rustam Mirza to [[Emigration of Iranians to India during the 16-18th centuries|leave Iran for India]] in 1593, which allowed Mozaffar to take control of Zamindawar.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=199}}

=== Defection to India ===
In the early 1590s, the Qandahar region experienced constant raids from the Uzbeks of Bukhara under the leadership of [[Abdullah Khan II]]. Simultaneously, the defection of Rustam had encouraged the Mughal emperor Akbar to send an army to Qandahar.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=316}} Mozaffar accepted the Mughal sovereignty to drive away the Uzbeks, who did not have the power to fight the Mughals. He sent his mother and son to the Mughal court in [[Delhi]]; although he intended to remain in Qandahar as the governor, Akbar summoned him to the court.{{Sfn|Geevers|2015|p=316}} Eventually in 1595, Mozaffar left Qandahar for India and was received graciously by Akbar.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=46}}{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=202}} He received the highest {{Transliteration|fa|[[Mansabdar|mansab]]}} (courtly rank) in Akbar's administration, the rank of 5,000, which indicated the number of his retinue and his closeness to the sovereign.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=43, 46}} Akbar honoured Mozaffar as his "son", a status conferred to special collaborators and foreign monarchs.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=46}}

According to Iskandar Beg, Mozaffar always harboured a desire to return to Iran and felt disenchanted by India, this caused some estrangement between him and Akbar.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=202}} He died in 1600 in [[Delhi]], only five years after his defection, thus leaving Rustam Mirza as the head of his family in India.{{Sfn|Ibáñez|2024|p=46}}

== Family ==
Sources differ on the number and names of Mozaffar's children.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=204}} The most accomplished of his sons was Mirza Haidar, who at the time of his death in 1631 had the {{Transliteration|fa|mansab}} of 1000.{{Sfn|Ali|1985|p=115}} Mozaffar's grandson, Nauzar Mirza, bore the rank of 4000; the Nauzar Katra neighbourhood in [[Patna]] (in [[North India|northern India]]) is named after him.{{Sfn|Askari|1944|p=348}} One of Mozaffar's daughters, called [[Kandahari Begum]], was married to Prince Khurram (the future [[Shah Jahan]]). The pair had a daughter named [[Parhez Banu Begum]], born in 1611.{{Sfn|Afshar|Sarafrazi|2018|p=205}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|1}}

== Bibliography ==
===Primary sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Munshi|first1=Iskandar Beg|author-link=Iskandar Beg Munshi |title=[[Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi]]|trans-title=History of Shah 'Abbas the Great |year=1978|orig-year=1629| series=Persian Heritage Series |volume=1 |translator-first=Savory|translator-last=Roger M.|oclc=659933391|publisher=Westview Press|publication-place=Boulder, Colorado |isbn=9780891582960}}{{free access}}{{refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Ali|first=M.|title=The Apparatus of Empire: Awards of Ranks, Offices, and Titles to the Mug̲h̲al Nobility, 1574-1658|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Delhi|year=1985|isbn=9780195615005|oclc=12944552}}
* {{cite journal|title=Bihar in the Time of Shahjahan|last=Askari|first=Syed Hasan|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|publisher=Indian History Congress|date=1944|oclc=1179373062|volume=7|pages=348–359}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Afshar|first1=Hamideh Malekpour|last2=Sarafrazi|first2=Abbas|title=نقش شاهزادگان صفوی در دربار مغولان هند |trans-title=Role of Safavid Princes in the court of Indian Mugals|url=https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_4623.html|journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches|date=2018|volume=10|issue=35|issn=2538-5062|oclc=1430190247|pages=78–99|language=fa|publisher=University of Sistan and Baluchestan|publication-place=Zahedan}}
* {{cite book|last=Burton|first=Audrey|title=The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702|publisher=Routledge|publication-place=London|year=2019|isbn=9781136788680|oclc=1222806154|doi=10.4324/9781315026527}}
* {{cite journal|last=Geevers|first=Liesbeth|title=Safavid Cousins on the Verge of Extinction: Dynastic Centralization in Central Asia and the Bahrāmī Collateral Line (1517-1593)|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|date=2015|volume=58|issue=3|doi=10.1163/15685209-12341376|pages=293–326|jstor=43919246 |issn=1568-5209|oclc=46849781|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43919246|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|year=2016|title=Esmāʿil II|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition|location=New York|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-02|last=Ghereghlou|first=Kioumars|pages=}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ibáñez|first=Marc Morató-Aragonés|title=Welcoming the Future Safavid Sovereign: The Significance of Rustam Mirza's Exodus to the Mughal Empire (1593)|date=2024|volume=29|issue=1|oclc=43272438|issn=1462-9712|doi=10.1080/14629712.2024.2321783|pages=33–49|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14629712.2024.2321783|publisher=[[The Society for Court Studies]]|publication-place=London|journal=[[The Court Historian]]|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mir Jafari|first=Hossein|title=سیستان در عصر صفویه|trans-title=Sistan During the Age of Safavids|journal=Historical Research|url=http://noo.rs/tHSRE|oclc=1519175|issn=1010-2825|publisher=Sitād-i Buzurg-i Artishtārān|publication-place=Tehran|year=1977|volume=12|issue=4|pages=49–76}}{{refend}}

[[Category:1563 births]]
[[Category:1600 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kandahar]]
[[Category:Safavid governors of Qandahar]]
[[Category:Safavid princes]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century nobility]]

Heterophrictus

2026-03-27T10:43:21Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: improve details based on references per sources

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Heterophrictus
| authority = [[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1900<ref name=NMBE />
| type_species = ''[[Heterophrictus milleti|H. milleti]]''
| type_species_authority = Pocock, 1900
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 4, [[#Species|see text]]
}}
'''''Heterophrictus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[India]]n [[Theraphosidae|tarantulas]] that was first described by [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] in 1900.<ref name=Poco1900>{{cite book| last=Pocock| first=R. I.| year=1900| title=[[The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma|The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida]]| publisher=London, pp| pages=1–279| author-link=Reginald Innes Pocock}}</ref>

==Species==
{{as of|2020|03}} it contains four species, found in [[India]]:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Heterophrictus Pocock, 1900| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=2020-04-17| year=2020| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3368| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
*''[[Heterophrictus aareyensis]]'' Mirza & Sanap, 2014 – [[India]]
*''[[Heterophrictus blatteri]]'' (Gravely, 1935) – India
*''[[Heterophrictus milleti]]'' Pocock, 1900 ([[Type_species|type]]) – India
*''[[Heterophrictus raveni]]'' Mirza & Sanap, 2014 – India

'''In synonymy:'''
*''H. mahabaleshwari'' (Tikader, 1977, Tikader, 1977) = ''Heterophrictus blatteri'' (Gravely, 1935)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q3134876}}

[[Category:Theraphosidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Reginald Innes Pocock]]
[[Category:Theraphosidae]]

{{Theraphosidae-stub}}

Kiran Raj

2026-03-23T15:07:51Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiran Raj
| image =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|07|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2010{{endash}}present
| relatives =
| title =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards =
| website = www.kiranraj.me
| works = ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]'' (2017–18) ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]'' (2020–23) ) ''Karna'' (2025-present)
}}

'''Kiran Raj''' (born 5 July)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chitkala Biradar sends birthday wishes to on-screen son Kiran Raj from San Diego; says, "You are the reason behind Ammamma's fame" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chitkala-biradar-sends-birthday-wishes-to-on-screen-son-kiran-raj-from-san-diego-says-you-are-the-reason-behind-ammammas-fame/articleshow/92703241.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian actor and model who works in [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] television and cinema. He is best known for portraying Harsha Kumar in the drama series ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]'' (2020–2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-12 |title=Kiran Raj on winning 'Best Actor' award for the third time: This award solidifies my beliefs and inspires me to work even harder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-on-winning-best-actor-award-for-the-third-time-this-award-solidifies-my-beliefs-and-inspires-me-to-work-even-harder/articleshow/94813341.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiran Raj: Always ready for a great performance |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/kiran-raj-always-ready-for-a-great-performance/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[Eastern Eye]] |language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, Raj is reported to be among the highest-paid actors in Kannada television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕರ್ಣ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಗೆ ನಟ ಕಿರಣ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತಾ? ಇದು ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಿರುತೆರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಭಾವನೆ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/photo-gallery/karna-serial-fame-kiran-raj-remuneration-324537 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Padamshree |date=11 March 2025 |title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಿರುತೆರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಪಡೆದ ಕಿರಣ್‌ ರಾಜ್! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/karna-serial-hero-interview-actor-kiran-raj-is-highest-paid-actor-in-kannada-tv-industry-ssyigj |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=Asia Net News |language=kn}}</ref>

== Career ==
As of June 2025, Raj is playing the titular character of a [[gynaecologist]] in [[Zee Kannada]]'s ''Karna''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kiran Raj reigns as TRP king: Karna tops ratings yet again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-reigns-as-trp-king-karna-tops-ratings-yet-again/articleshow/123051734.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kiran Raj makes a triumphant return to Kannada television as a gynecologist in 'Karna' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-makes-a-triumphant-return-to-kannada-television-as-a-gynecologist-in-karna/articleshow/118883310.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Pratibha |date=13 June 2025 |title=Kiran Raj on his return to the small screen: The honest and practical truth is… |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kiran-raj-on-his-return-to-the-small-screen-the-honest-and-practical-truth-is/ad721b1f5e488 |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=OTT Play}}</ref> The show gained the highest TRP ratings on Kannada television in the first three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. |first=Manohara |date=2025-07-26 |title=Karna Serial: ಬಂದಿದ್ದು ಲೇಟಾದ್ರೂ ಮುನ್ನುಗ್ಗಿದ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/entertainment/kiran-raj-tv-serial-karna-sets-new-trp-records-every-week-421843.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=One India |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=ಟಿಆರ್ ಪಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಿರಣ್ ರಾಜ್ ನಂಬರ್ 1 |url=https://tv9kannada.com/web-stories/entertainment/kiran-raj-starrer-karna-serial-became-number-1-serial |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Kannada News |language=kn}}</ref>

Following the release of Ronny: The Ruler (2024), Raj received increased attention for his performance, which contributed to his growing presence in Kannada cinema. In interviews, he stated that the film marked an important phase in his career and expressed interest in exploring a wider range of roles across different genres.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kiran Raj soars after Ronny: The Ruler success, sets sights on diverse new roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-soars-after-ronny-the-ruler-success-sets-sights-on-diverse-new-roles/articleshow/113520424.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>

In 2021, Raj became the first Kannada television actor to trend on Google Search in India, reflecting his popularity at the time among television audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kiran Raj becomes the first Kannada TV actor to trend on Google Search; details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-becomes-the-first-kannada-tv-actor-to-trend-on-google-search-details-inside/articleshow/86672694.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>

In 2025, Raj garnered further attention with the teaser of his upcoming film Jockey 42, which received significant online viewership shortly after its release. The teaser highlighted a restrained performance by the actor and generated anticipation for the film prior to its theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kiran Raj shines in a silent yet powerful Jockey 42 teaser, breaks the internet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-shines-in-a-silent-yet-powerful-jockey-42-teaser-breaks-the-internet/articleshow/125259193.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>

During the same period, Raj continued his work in Kannada television with Karna, which recorded high viewership ratings during its initial weeks of broadcast.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kiran Raj reigns as TRP king: Karna tops ratings yet again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kiran-raj-reigns-as-trp-king-karna-tops-ratings-yet-again/articleshow/123051734.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Huli (film)|Huli]]'' || || Uncredited role<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-31 |title=Did you know eminent actor Kiran Raj started his career as a junior artist? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-eminent-actor-kiran-raj-started-his-career-as-a-junior-artist/articleshow/91915213.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[March 22 (film)|March 22]]'' || Rahul ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Asathoma Sadgamaya'' || Raghava ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asathoma Sadgamaya Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/asathoma-sadgamaya/movie-review/64881890.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024|| ''[[Bharjari Gandu (2024 film)|Bharjari Gandu]]'' || Akash || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-04-12 |title='Bharjari Gandu' movie review: Interesting premise let down by an unfocused execution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/06/bharjari-gandu-movie-review-interesting-premise-let-down-by-an-unfocused-execution |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Megha (2024 film)|Megha]]'' || Megha ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-12-03 |title='Megha' movie review: Impactful illustration of communication in relationships |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Nov/30/megha-movie-review-impactful-illustration-of-communication-in-relationships |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ronny (2024 film)|Ronny: The Ruler]]'' || Raghava / Ronny || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronny: The Ruler Movie Review: Ronny review: Yet another gangster drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ronny-the-ruler/amp_movie_review/113278526.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
| ''Jockey 42'' || Kiran and Raj
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
*''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (cameo)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addicted to acting since childhood: TV star Kiran Raj |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/addicted-to-acting-since-childhood-tv-star-kiran-raj-934205.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Tu Aashiqui]]'' (2017–18) as Murali "Monty" Shetty<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kiran Raj, who has been a part of TV shows like Tu Aashiqui and Chandramukhi, wishes to explore life to the fullest |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kiran-raj-who-has-been-a-part-of-tv-shows-like-tu-aashiqui-and-chandramukhi-wishes-to-explore-life-to-the-fullest-359565/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Life Super Guru]]'' as himself<ref name=":1" />
*''Devathe'' (2015–17)<ref>{{Cite web |last=SM |first=Shashiprasad |date=2018-06-21 |title=Kiran Raj straddles 2 worlds |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/210618/kiran-raj-straddles-2-worlds.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
*''Chandramukhi'' (2020) as Rakesh<ref name=":0" />
*''Kinnari'' (2020) as Nakul (replaced by Pavan Kumar)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-25 |title=Pavan Kumar aka Nakul of Kinnari fame gets candid about his journey in the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/pavan-kumar-aka-nakul-of-kinnari-fame-gets-candid-about-his-journey-in-the-show/photostory/76625352.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]'' (2020–23) as Harsha Kumar<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-30 |title=Kannada serials revolve around emotions and sentiment, says Kiran Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-serials-revolve-around-emotions-and-sentiment-says-kiran-raj/articleshow/76106644.cms |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''Karna'' (2025–present) as Karna

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11825536}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Kiran}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Mustafa Castle

2026-03-22T02:49:00Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding the entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Building in Meerut, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Mustafa Castle
| native_name = 'Nawab Kothee'
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption = Mustafa Castle edifice
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within India
| building_type =
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost = Undisclosed
| location = [[Meerut]], [[India]]
| client = Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan
| owner = Descendants of the original owner
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.99673|77.69593|display=inline}}
| altitude =
| construction_start_date = 1886/1887
| completion_date = 1900
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| architect = Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| awards =
| parking =
| url =
| references = [[Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]]
}}

'''Mustafa Castle''' is a building of profound historical relevance located in [[Meerut]], [[India]]. It was commemoratively built by [[Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan]] [1860-1918] to serve as a memorial to [[Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta]], his father, [1804-1869] who was one of the most eminent and accomplished poets and critics of his era.

==Establishment==

The construction commenced in 1896/1897 and the building was completed in 1900. The first structure, the grandiose gate, was completed in 1899; following which was the Castle itself. The Castle was completed by 1900 after a span of 4–5 years of construction. The structure was built by Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan in honour of his father, the Persian and Urdu poet [[Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta]]. Nawab M. Ishak Khan designed the building himself, and the imposing project, upon 30 acres of land. It was designed with the help of assistants who possessed considerable experience in building barracks for the British Army. The Nawab amalgamated many styles of architecture in building Mustafa Castle. It offers facilities akin to British bungalows and shares prominent features with the buildings of the realm of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Oudh State|Oudh]]—mainly Lucknow. However, the amalgam meant that the edifice of Mustafa Castle was to be peerless amongst others seen in the cities of [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], and [[Lahore]]. A hoard of antiques within can be attributed to Nawab M. Ishak Khan's epic tours around the world and his penchant for collecting artifacts. Historical accounts make mention of clay from [[Mecca]] being used in the construction procedure and the replacement of an inward [[gallows]] with an Islamic [[mosque]].
[[File:Mustafa Castle -- night shot.jpg|thumb|550px|center|Mustafa Castle as at 2012.]]

==Muse==
Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta was a close friend, admirer and, in times of need, a patron of [[Mirza Ghalib]] – who was a classical Urdu and Persian poet from India during British colonial rule. A man of letters, he found himself in trouble after the British succeeded in regaining control of Delhi in 1857. Nawab Mustafa Khan's mother was the daughter of the Commander in Chief of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army, Ismail Baig Hamadani. Even after the surrender of the Mughal army, Ismail Baig continued his fight for liberation against the British and, as a result, retreated to [[Nepal]]. Nawab Mustafa Khan was tried for allegedly supporting the uprising which had emanated from [[Meerut]]. He was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment and confined in a cell which had been improvised – and later abandoned – for the convicts of the 1857 uprising. This small jail happened to be the centre of the area which is now enclosed by Mustafa Castle. Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta died in 1869 when Nawab M. Ishak Khan was 9 years of age. The spot of the poet's imprisonment was purchased by Nawab M. Ishak Khan along with the adjoining area, which comprised nearly 30 acres of land. He then had Mustafa Castle built as his homage to the memory and honour of his father. The cell, in which the poet was imprisoned, has been retained in its original form so as to keep the memory of the hardship faced by Nawab Mustafa Khan Shefta during his imprisonment. That particular chamber, therefore, had been left unaltered by Nawab M. Ishak Khan. The family, that had been previously based in Delhi and Jehangirabad, had established Mustafa Castle as its main home after the building's completion in the year 1900. A similar building to Mustafa Castle, originally belonging to the same family, exists in the erstwhile family capital of Jehangirabad.

==Post-War Political Headquarters==

Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan died on 28 October 1918, leaving his eldest son, [[Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]], at the helm. It was during Nawab M. Ismail Khan's career in the national struggle [1918–1958] that Mustafa Castle was markedly transformed into a hub of political activity. Mustafa Castle bore some of the greatest events in Meerut which were significant post-World War I/post-World War II political activities with regard to the prospective nations in question at the time—which were to be India and Pakistan. Nawab M. Ismail Khan was a highly accomplished politician and an independent activist of the Indian Subcontinent who presided as Chairman over the All-India Muslim League in the state of Uttar Pradesh [United Provinces]. In general, it was Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan who transformed his home, Mustafa Castle, into a haven for political proceedings during his reign. Apart from being Chairman of the League, this 'transformation' ensued due to the numerous other roles that he upheld in politics. The stratum of obligations involved rendering his services as the Chairman of the All-India Muslim Civil Defense Association, Chairman of the All-India Muslim League Committee of Action, Chairman of the Parliamentary Board, President of the All-India Khilafat Committee, President of the All-Parties Muslim Conference, President of the Unity Board, and other political and academic affiliations. Albeit Nawab M. Ismail Khan is one of the founding fathers of Pakistan, he never migrated towards the 'promising land' due to his steadfast commitment towards the thousands of Muslims left behind in India itself. He, in all consciousness, decided to share the same fate despite being persistently enticed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan. Some of the politicians who have visited and/or stayed in Mustafa Castle are as follows:

* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] [three days during the [[Khilafat Movement]]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaher Lal Nehru]] [three days during the [[Khilafat Movement]]]
* [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] [twice during the [[Pakistan Movement]]]
* [[Sarojini Naidu]]
* [[Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad]]
* [[Maulana Mohammad Ali]]
* [[Maulana Hasrat Mohani]]
* [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit|Vijaya Lakshmi Pundit]]
* [[Bahadur Yar Jang]] of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
* [[Vithalbhai Patel]]
* [[Bhulabhai Desai]]
* [[Govind Vallabh Pant]]
* Nawabzada [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* [[Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri|Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri]]

==The Inner Portion of the Castle==

Several chambers within the Castle are named after colours such as 'Basanti', 'Gulabi' and so forth. They are used distinctly in summer or winter months with the relevant color schemes. Some of the originality that remains in the Castle includes furniture that had been imported by Nawab Mohammad Ishak Khan from [[London]], to various showpieces that the Castle displays with pride. Pendulum clocks, ornately designed lamps, antique chandeliers, carved wooden cabinets, chests, dressing tables, cupboards and drawers, antique lampshades, candle-stands, mirrors and historic portraits are amongst some of the rare artifacts that have been preserved throughout Mustafa Castle's century-old lifetime.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Nawab Ishak Khan and company.jpg|Nawab M. Ishak Khan [bearded gentleman on the left] alongside other notables of the time
File:Encircling Room, Mustafa Castle..jpg|Dinner being hosted in the encircling room, [circa] 1911
File:Mustafa Castle plaque.jpg|A photograph of the marble plaque, atop the gate
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Mohammad Ismail Khan (Indian politician)|Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]]
* [[All-India Muslim League]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web
| last = Adani
| first = Iftikar A. Khan
| author-link = Iftikar A. Khan Adani
| title = A Note about Mustafa Castle
| publisher =
| date = 15 August 2002
| url = http://meerutup.tripod.com/mustafa.htm
| doi =
}}

* {{cite web
| last = Gupta
| first = Deepa
| author-link = Deepa Gupta
| title = Mustafa Castle: Fading Histories
| work = ET Bureau
| publisher =
| date = 20 November 2008
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-20/news/28483684_1_rooms-nawabs-histories
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120509211241/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-20/news/28483684_1_rooms-nawabs-histories
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 9 May 2012
| doi =
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* http://www.meerutdistrict.com/overview_1.htm

[[Category:Palaces in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Meerut]]

Shahran Market

2026-03-21T16:42:57Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: corrected formatting per standard format to improve readability

{{Short description|Ladies' Market in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Shahran Market
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'''Shahran Market''', also known as '''Shahran Bazaar''', is located in [[Hyderabad, India]] near [[Charminar]] and [[Laad Bazaar]].

It is a modern market which has stores particularly selling ready to wear [[burqa]] and [[hijab]] related clothing and material. It is in general a ladies' market. It is considered one of its kind in [[India]]. It houses a manufacturing industry which imports raw material and exports manufactured burqa and hijab within India and globally worth of millions of {{INR}} (Indian rupees).<ref name="times_burqa">{{cite news| title=Burqa sale on the rise in Old City| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-28/hyderabad/28265232_1_burqas-young-muslim-women-traders| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524153830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-28/hyderabad/28265232_1_burqas-young-muslim-women-traders| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 May 2013| date=28 December 2010| work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="siasat">{{cite web| title=Old City defies bandh for Ramzan shopping| url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/old-city-defies-bandh-ramzan-shopping | publisher=siasat.com| date=11 August 2011| access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>

The market got its name from the adjacent Shahran Restaurant, which is famous for its [[Hyderabadi Haleem]] and other foods.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Arabber]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[Bazaari]]
* [[Begum Bazar|Begum Bazaar]]
* [[Chatta Bazaar]]
* [[Hawker centre]] (Asia) a centre where street food is sold
* [[Haat bazaar]]
* [[Laad Bazaar]]
* [[Market (place)]]
* [[Peddler]]
* [[Retail]]
* [[Street vendor]]
* [[Street food]]
* Shahran Bazaar
* [[Sultan Bazar|Sultan Bazaar]]
}}

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Bazaars in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

{{Hyderabad-geo-stub}}

K. T. Paul

2026-03-17T17:44:28Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: cleanup structure further and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian religious leader (1876–1931)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=February 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2017}}
}}

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{infobox person
| name = K. T. Paul
| image = File:K.T.Paul.jpg
| birth_name = Kanagarayan Thiruselvam Paul
| birth_date = 24 March 1876
| birth_place = Salem, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[British India]]
| occupation = General Secretary
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1931|4|11|1876|3|24}}
}}
'''Kanakarayan Tiruselvam Paul''' (24 March 1876 – 11 April 1931) was an [[India|Indian]] leader who served as the president of the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]], representing the Christian community of [[colonial India]] in the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|First Round Table Conference]] in London.<ref name="BlackHymanSmith2014"/> Paul was the first Indian-born National General Secretary of the National Council of YMCAs of India. A devout Christian himself, he explored the relationship between Christianity and national identity. He was the President of the Governing Council of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], General Secretary of the National Missionary Society (India), and Chairman of the National Christian Council of India. Paul's lasting legacy was rural reconstruction, which he initiated through the YMCA in India. He was an ardent follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who praised K.T. Paul for his nationalism.<ref name="BlackHymanSmith2014">{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Brian |last2=Hyman |first2=Gavin |last3=Smith |first3=Graham M. |title=Confronting Secularism in Europe and India: Legitimacy and Disenchantment in Contemporary Times |date=2014 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-78093-607-9 |pages=88–91 |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kanakarayan Tiruselvam Paul was born on 24 March 1876 in a Christian family in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Presidency]], India. After matriculation and intermediate studies, he joined [[Madras Christian College]] in 1892 to earn his bachelor's degree.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kt-paul-remembered/article7552239.ece | title=K.T. Paul remembered | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 August 2015 }}</ref>

He worked in the Government secretariat and resigned after his marriage. He joined the Coimbatore London Mission High School as a teacher and later became the Headmaster of the Punganur [[Arcot Mission]] High School.

In 1902, he joined the Teacher's College at [[Saidapet]]. The following year, he returned to his [[alma mater]], Madras Christian College, as a tutor in the Department of History.

== Christian leader ==
Paul's contributions to the church in India may be seen in his work at the National Missionary Society (NMS). In 1905, he helped Vedanayagam [[Samuel Azariah]] to establish the National Missionary Society at Serampore and became its Honorary Treasurer; the following year, he became its Organising Secretary and, from 1909 to 1914, general secretary. In this capacity, he became aware of the need for unity in Christian witness and social activity. As general secretary, he visited churches, conducted personal interviews, and organized branch meetings all over India. In North India, he initiated a civic body called 'Premsabha' (meaning 'Council of Love' in Hindi), which did social and religious work among poor Christians of the depressed classes. His contacts with Christian missionaries of other denominations also led Paul to think about the need for unity among Christians and to take part in the formation of the South Indian United Church.

Paul worked for the transformation of the National Missionary Council of India into the National Christian Council of India, in which the Indian churches, as well as missions from overseas, were members. He became the first Chairman of the National Christian Council of India. Paul also showed much interest in theological education. At the time of his death, he was the President of the Governing Council of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]. He was also the convener of the SIUC committee on theological education. Paul became the president of the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] in 1923 and represented the Indian Christian community at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|London Round Table Conferences]] in 1930–1932, along with [[Surendra Kumar Datta]].<ref name="BlackHymanSmith2014"/>

== Indian Nationalism and Christian Leaders ==
The massacre of innocent Indians by General Dyer at the [[Jallianwala Bagh]] in Amritsar, Punjab, in 1918 had fanned the fire of anti-British feelings all over India. Mahatma Gandhi, launching his first attack on British rule using the weapon of Satyagraha, gave a call for the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. Indian Christians could not sit on the fence and had to reveal where their sympathies lay. The leaders [[Surendra Kumar Datta|S. K. Datta]] and K. T. Paul published an article in the 'Young Men of India' in July 1920, protesting against the insensitive behavior of the British in Punjab. Though the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh had shocked Indian Christians, Paul had not lost his belief that India could build its future through organic links with Western Christianity and British contact. However, his hopes of transforming the Indian polity in cooperation with the British rule strengthened by the diarchy turned into dismay in 1918.

The [[history of India]] since the second half of the 19th century had been distinguished by a national movement for political independence. In its initial stages, Indian Christians had seldom participated, and during the first Non-cooperation Movement of Gandhi (1920–23), there was hardly any Christian participation. But in the latter phases of the struggle, an increasing number of Christians began to identify with the national movement, and the maintenance of a secular state – especially from among the Reformed Churches: [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee|H.C. Mukherjee]], Raja Sir Maharaj Singh, K.T. Paul, S.K. Datta, and V.S. Azariah and V.Santiago are examples. Between 1900 and 1930 K.T. Paul, S.K. Datta, V.Santiago, and [[Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah|V.S. Azariah]] formed a trio who instilled feelings of responsible nationalism in the Christian community – despite opposition from some western missionaries as well as some Indian Christians.

In the 1930s and 40s Christians were mainly on the side of the [[Indian National Congress]] in its struggle for independence. Several Christian organizations such as the Christian Patriot Group of Madras, and the Indian Christian Association, were organized to express Christian views on political matters.

=== K.T. Paul as the conscience of Indian Christians ===
Paul grew to adulthood at a time when the Indian National Congress was voicing the growing demand of educated Indians for representative Government. Paul was committed to political nationalism, seeing in it also a self-awakening of India that would transform the totality of its traditional life. In his speech at the second session of the Round Table Conference in London (7 to 11 September 1931), Gandhi said of K.T. Paul, "I miss as I have no doubt all of you miss, the presence in our midst of K.T. Paul. Although, I do not know, so far as I know, though he never officially belonged to the Congress, he was a nationalist to the full."

As the secretary of the National Missionary Society, and later as the National General Secretary of the YMCA, Paul helped to prevent the Christian community from becoming a 'communal' group. He saw a 'designed place of necessity' for nationalism in the purpose of God for mankind.

Paul as a nationalist recommended the indigenization of even the structure of the Indian Church. He was opposed to the Western type of church structure in India, especially episcopacy. He argued that episcopacy was a product of the West, that it was foreign to the genius of India, that the prophet and not the priest would suffice for the religious life of India, that if the united church in South India fell into the clutches of episcopacy it would be fettered perpetually by western forms since such a union would be a patched-up union, unrelated in any way to what was essentially Indian.

=== Christian Nationalist ===
As a Christian Nationalist and a devote Christian leader, Paul saw the rising nationalist feelings in a different dimension. In order to understand his position as a true nationalist one has to look into the then political situations from 1919 to 1930. In 1919 [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] were introduced which were not accepted by Congress. At this time the Government also passed the [[Rowlatt Act]] under the pretext of eradicating terrorism. Most of the Indian leaders thought that these measures were against liberty and thus a betrayal. As a result, the Satyagraha Movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi. At first, Paul did not agree with Gandhi's policy. In the tragedy of Chauri Chaura, a number of policemen were brutally beaten to death by a gang of people who claimed to be Gandhi's followers. This was followed by the Bombay riot. Gandhi suspended the whole Satyagraha indefinitely. But on 10 March 1922, Gandhi was arrested.

Immediately after this, Paul was invited by the Viceroy to become a member of the first Round Table Conference. There his main emphasis was on national unity, although he was unable to influence matters much in the political fields of India.

With the partition of Bengal in 1905, the [[Swadeshi movement]] had been inaugurated. One way in which the Indian Christians responded to it was by developing indigenous leadership and freedom from foreign domination and dependence within the church. With this idea, the National Missionary Council was founded. It was founded on the principle that it will use only indigenous personnel, methods, and money for its work. The Society was never active in politics but because it was purely Indian in its personal and management, it continued to express sympathy for the national movement. The National Missionary Council (NMC) was established in 1912 in Calcutta. NMC comprised British and Indian missionaries. Paul was one of the prominent leaders of this council for many years.

== YMCA and K T Paul ==
Paul was appointed the Joint National General Secretary of the [[Young Men's Christian Association]] (YMCA) in India in 1913. [[John R. Mott|Dr. John R. Mott]], who had attracted Paul to YMCA service later supported his appointment in 1916 as the first Indian National General Secretary of the YMCA in India. Paul began the process of indigenization of the organization at a time when practically all Christian institutions were headed by Europeans. Paul was able to Indianise the policy and programs, leading to the implementation of new and innovative programs for the marginalized sections of India. The Rural Reconstruction Scheme was one such program. His vision for the future of the Indian YMCA was rooted in his understanding of his own people – their fears, their hopes, and their desperate needs.

The YMCA has thus far been an urban movement with specific objectives. Paul took it in a new direction, mindful of the peculiar problems of rural Indian society as compared to the industrialized, urban, and literate Western society for whose specific needs the YMCA had been created. This however was a herculean task, as Paul had to work out substantial details explaining why the Indian YMCA should take up the rural program and deviate completely from its set path of working for the urban youth.

=== Rural Reconstruction ===
Paul was moved by the appalling conditions of poverty of the rural masses who constituted 90 per cent of India's population. Thus he established Rural YMCA Centres to work for the upliftment of rural young men. At this stage, the missionaries too looked to the YMCA for help in the Mass Movement areas where a large number of Christians who were coming over to Christianity brought their problems of poverty, debt, and depression with them. Such problems could not be solved in a day. The large number of such converts entering the Church proved to be a burden. Therefore, it was at the urgent request of the missionaries that the YMCA began to render help in the field, seeking the cooperation of the church to make it economically possible for those Christians to become honest and self-respecting citizens. Paul worked for the village education scheme and rural reconstruction program through the YMCA and the church.

By launching the Rural Work Programme, Paul had in fact opened a 'campaign against Indian poverty'. No government has so far succeeded in eliminating poverty, but Paul experimented with a methodology to tackle it at its roots. As a keen student of the Indian situation he had taken note of the Co-operative Act passed by [[Lord Curzon]] in 1904, followed by another in 1912, meant to help farmers to overcome their serious financial problems. Neither the Co-operative Credit banks of the Government nor its agricultural development departments had succeeded in solving the problem of poverty in rural India.

Paul took an intensive study tour of the poverty-stricken districts to supplement the existing knowledge of both the theory and practice of Indian agriculture. He thought that every Indian problem had its roots in rural conditions.

Under the guidance of Paul, the YMCA took up responsibility for depressed classes in four districts and set up YMCA Credit Societies to help bankrupt farmers. However, it ran into difficulty as the regular District Co-operative Banks of the Government were not willing to give loans to these Societies without adequate property securities of the community who took the loan. Paul's appeal to take the character of the borrower as his credit was rejected by the banks. Social disability which deprived the lower castes, of memberships of government Co-operative Credit societies, was a problem faced by Christians both in north and south India. Paul argued that the disabilities of Christians are so great that if special attention was not given to them it would take a century for the advantages to reach them. Therefore, special treatment was given to them while non-Christians could become shareholders and beneficiaries.

==== Madras Christian Co-operative Bank Ltd ====
Paul decided that if other banks did not give credit, the YMCA should organize a Central Co-operative Bank of its own. He was encouraged in his venture by his friend L. D. Swamikannu Pillai, the Registrar of Co-operative Societies. Madras Christian Co-operative Bank Ltd was started in 1916, with the intention of 25 per cent of net profits being carried to the Reserve Fund and 9 per cent paid as dividends. Although organizations established by Paul were never exclusively for Christians, the presence of Christian communities in the area was a pre-requisite.

==== Paul's Anti-Poverty Strategy ====
Then as it is now illiteracy was the bane of India and has been largely responsible for poverty and uncontrolled population growth breeding greater illiteracy and thus creating a vicious circle. The Rural Reconstruction Programme was aimed at removing this ignorance and illiteracy in the villages. The slogan, "5 Ds are the enemies of the villagers" (Debt, Drink, Disease, Darkness, and the Devil), was adopted. By 1921, rural work had begun to produce productive results. Nearly 40,000 people had been reached and helped towards gaining economic independence. In one of the Districts in Bengal, an entire village of outcastes had been liberated. In another village in Madras, the crops of the outcaste converts had increased a hundredfold.

=== Social Work ===
Paul began his social work when he was in the YMCA, which before his time was entirely an urban organization. In the rural areas of India, Christians suffered without any monetary or other kinds of help. In 1912, he decided to extend the cooperative credit movement to rural areas. This formed the basis of his other work in rural areas, which had social, physical, and religious themes also.

An important outcome of this Rural Work was the appeal it made to the young educated Indian Christians. With the prevailing wave of Nationalism, the young men were asking "How can I best serve India?” A large number of young men were responding positively to this nationalistic fervour in developing the rural work started by Paul. It provided scope for such Christian young men to identify themselves with the nationalistic aspirations of the people by working for their upliftment. Nationalistic zeal and drive for indigenization among Indian Christians found fulfilment in rural work.

== Bibliography ==
* "Indian Christian Leadership." ''Harvest Field,'' March 1913: 94–104.
* K. T. Paul, ''The British Connection With India'' (1928).
* K. T. Paul, ''Christianity and Indian Nationhood.''
* opley, Herbert A. ''K. T. Paul.'' 1938. Reprint, Chennai: Christian Literature Society, 1987.
* Eddy, Sherwood. ''Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade''. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1945.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* K.A.: Baago: ''History of the National Christian Council of India 1914–64''. Maharashtra: National Christian Council, 1965.
* M.D. David: ''The YMCA and the Making of Modern India [A Centenary History]''. New Delhi: National Council of YMCAs of India., 1992.
* E.R. Hambye, A.C. Perumalil (eds): ''Christianity in India''. Alleppey (India), Prakasam Publications, 1972.
* Jeyakumar, D. Arthur: ''Christians and the National Movement:The Memoranda of 1919 and the National Movement''. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1999.
* H.A. Popley: ''K.T. Paul Christian Leader'' Calcutta: Y.M.C.A Publishing House, 1938.
* Thomas Abraham Vazhayil: ''Christians in Secular India''. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson, 1974.
* Thomas, Joseph. ''K. T. Paul and His Contribution to the Discussion on the Relation between Christianity and Indian Nationalism in the First Half of the 20th Century''. Senate of Serampore, 1976.
* M.M. Thomas and P.T Thomas: ''Towards an Indian Christian Theology, Life and Thought of Some Pioneers''. Thiruvalla: New Day Publications of India, 1992.

== External links ==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/kt-paul K. T. Paul materials on the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/paul-k-t

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, K. T.}}
[[Category:YMCA leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christian nationalists]]

Seeta (1960 film)

2026-03-15T07:14:03Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seeta
| image = Seetha 1960.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kunchacko]]
| screenplay = [[J. Sasikumar]]
| producer = M. Kunchacko
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Kusalakumari]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Hari (actor)|Hari]]
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| studio = Udaya
| released = {{Film date|1960|09|03|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Seeta''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by [[Kunchacko]], based on the ''[[Ramayana]]'' epic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=3 August 2014 |title=Films and the Ramayana |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/films-and-the-ramayana/article6277395.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202044210/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/films-and-the-ramayana/article6277395.ece |archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Kusalakumari]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[Hari (actor)|Hari]]. The musical score is by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]].<ref name="malayalasangeetham.info">{{Cite web |title=സീത (1960) |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2530 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014200821/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2530 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=Malayalam}}</ref> ''Seetha'' was a box office hit.<ref name="Mathai" />

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as [[Rama]]
*[[Kusalakumari]] as [[Sita]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=3 October 2016 |title=Mariakutty: 1958 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Mariakutty-1958/article15079932.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914054518/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Mariakutty-1958/article15079932.ece |archive-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as [[Valmiki]]
*[[Hari (actor)|Hari]] as [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]]
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Malini
*Dr. N. Rajan Nair as [[Lakshmana]]
*[[J. Sasikumar]] as [[Vasishtha]]
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as [[Kausalya]]
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Mooshakan

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], with [[R. K. Shekhar]] acting as his assistant to make musical arrangements.<ref name="malayalasangeetham.info" /> ''Seeta'' was the first film on which Dakshinamoorthy and Shekhar collaborated, and Shekhar would continue working as Dakshinamoorthy's assistant for the next fourteen years.<ref name="Mathai">{{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8 |pages=14}}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Abhayadev]]. The song "Pattupadi Urakkam Njan", sung by [[P. Susheela]], became a hit. This was Susheela's first Malayalam song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Seena |date=15 November 2021 |title=Gomathi Sree calls P Susheela her guru and greatest inspiration |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2021/11/15/gomathi-sree-on-susheela-birthday-guru-inspiration.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127052122/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2021/11/15/gomathi-sree-on-susheela-birthday-guru-inspiration.html |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers
|-
| 1 || "Kaanmu Njan" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 2 || "Kanne Nukaru Swargasukham" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 3 || "Lankayil Vaana" || P. B. Sreenivas
|-
| 4 || "Mangalam Neruka" || [[S. Janaki]], Chorus
|-
| 5 || "Nerampoyi Nadanada" || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[Jikki]]
|-
| 6 || "Paattupaadiyurakkaam" || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 7 || "Paavana Bharatha" || P. B. Sreenivas, [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 8 || "Prajakalundo Prajakalundo" || P. B. Sreenivas, A. M. Rajah, Jikki, Punitha
|-
| 9 || "Raamaraajyathinte" || A. M. Rajah, Chorus
|-
| 10 || "Rama Rama" || A. M. Rajah, Chorus
|-
| 11 || "Seethe Lokamaathe" || P. B. Sreenivas
|-
| 12 || "Unni Pirannu" || A. M. Rajah, Chorus
|-
| 13 || "Veene Paaduka" || P. Susheela
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0234688}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kunchacko]]
[[Category:Films based on the Uttar Ramayana]]

Farce

2026-03-13T19:17:50Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: refine section after review per sources

{{Short description|Comedy genre}}
[[File:Theatre Farce (Petrov-Vodkin).jpg|thumb|[[Petrov-Vodkin]]'s ''Theatre. Farce.'' (c. 1870s)]]
[[File:Contempt of Court 1879 poster.jpg|thumb|Poster for a production of [[Dion Boucicault|Boucicault]]'s farce ''Contempt of Court'', c. 1879]]

'''Farce''' is a form of [[comedy]] that relies on [[Exaggeration|exaggerated]], improbable, or [[ridiculous]] situations to [[Entertainment|entertain]] an [[audience]]. It is typically marked by [[Physical comedy|physical humor]], [[absurdity]], [[satire]], [[tongue-in-cheek]] humor or [[parody]], [[Probability|improbable]] scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly [[Style (visual arts)|stylized]] characters and [[Performance|performances]].

== Genre ==
Despite involving absurd situations and characters, the genre generally maintains at least a slight degree of realism and narrative continuity within the context of the irrational or ludicrous situations, often distinguishing it from completely absurdist or fantastical genres. Farces are often episodic or short in duration, often being set in one specific location where all events occur. Farces have historically been performed for the [[theatre|stage]] and film.

== Historical context ==
The term ''farce'' is derived from the French word for "stuffing", in reference to improvisations applied by actors to medieval [[Liturgical drama|religious dramas]]. Later forms of this drama were performed as comical interludes during the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{cite book
| title=The Oxford Companion to English Literature
| editor1-first=Dinah | editor1-last=Birch
| edition=7th | publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] | year=2009
| isbn=978-0191030840 | page=1043
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJoyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1043 }}</ref> The oldest surviving farce may be ''[[Le Garçon et l'aveugle]]'' (''The Boy and the Blind Man'') from after 1266, although the earliest farces that can be dated come from between 1450 and 1550. The best known farce is ''[[La Farce de maître Pathelin]]'' (''The Farce of Master Pathelin'') from c. 1460, although, at some 1500 verses long, it is among the most unusual.<ref>{{cite book
| title=A New History of French Literature
| editor1-first=Denis | editor1-last=Hollier
| editor2-first=R. Howard | editor2-last=Bloch
| publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]
| year=1994 | isbn=0674615662 | page=126
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGQOodBVG9YC&pg=PA126 }}</ref> The entire repertoire of typically shorter pieces experienced a heyday in medieval and Renaissance France, where over 200 such comedies survive. Over 70 of these have been translated into English, many of which can be found in these anthologies:

* Axton, Richard, and John Stevens, trans. ''Medieval French Plays''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971.
* Boucquey, Thierry, trans. ''Six Medieval French Farces''. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1999.
* Denny, Neville, ed. and trans. ''Medieval Interludes.'' London: Ginn, 1972.
* Enders, Jody, ed. and trans. ''“The Farce of the Fart” and Other Ribaldries: Twelve Medieval French Plays in Modern English''. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
* Enders, Jody. ''“Holy Deadlock” and Further Ribaldries: Another Dozen Medieval French Plays in Modern English''. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
* Enders, Jody, ed. and trans. ''Immaculate Deception and Further Ribaldries: Yet Another Dozen Medieval French Plays in Modern English.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.
* Enders, Jody, ed. and trans. ''Trial by Farce: A Dozen Medieval French Comedies in Modern English for the Stage. '' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2023.
* Mandel, Oscar, trans. ''Five Comedies of Medieval France''. 1970; rpt. Boston and London: University Press of America, 1982.

Spoof films such as ''[[Spaceballs]]'', a comedy based on the ''Star Wars'' movies, are farces.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=farce|url=https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/farce|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Vocabulary.com]]}}</ref>

Sir [[George Grove]] opined that the "farce" began as a [[canticle]] in the common French tongue intermixed with [[Latin]]. It became a vehicle for satire and fun, and thus led to the modern Farsa or Farce, a piece in one act, the subject of which is extravagant and the action ludicrous.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grove|first=Sir George|title=Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=1908|location=New York|page=8}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Screwball comedy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Source-attribution|{{cite book |last1=Grove |first1=Sir George |title=[[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] |year=1908 |publisher=New York, McMillan.}}}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/interest/in0000036/ IMDb list of film and television farces]
* Example: [https://x.com/tatuya01/status/1988354947432452230 Cat playing musical instruments] [[Twitter|x.com]]
{{Comedy footer}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Comedy genres]]

Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation

2026-03-06T14:43:57Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Short description|Former government ministry of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation
| type =
| seal = Emblem of India.svg
| seal_width = 70px
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1985|09}}
| dissolved = May 2019<ref name="Jal Shakti">{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-forms-jal-shakti-ministry-by-merging-water-resources-and-drinking-water-ministries-119053100711_1.html | title=Govt forms 'Jal Shakti' Ministry by merging Water Resources and Drinking Water Ministries | publisher=Business Standard | date=31 May 2019 | access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
| preceding1 = Ministry of National Resources and Scientific Research (1951-52)
| preceding2 = Ministry of Irrigation and Power (1952-74; 1985)
| preceding3 = Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (1974-80)
| preceding4 = Ministry of Energy and Irrigation (1980)
| preceding5 = Ministry of Irrigation (1980-85)
| preceding6 =
| superseding1 = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]] (2019-present)
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Ministry of Water Resources, Shram Shakti Bhawan, Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = {{currency|243134089|USD}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Budget turns spotlight on railways, roads|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Budget-turns-spotlight-on-railways-roads/articleshow/38183680.cms|access-date=20 August 2014|agency=Times of India}}</ref>
| parent_department =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/}} 
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
| deputy =
}}
The '''Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation''' was the apex body for formulation and administration of rules and regulations relating to the development and regulation of the water resources in [[India]]. The Ministry was formed in January 1985 following the bifurcation of the then Ministry of Irrigation and Power, when the Department of Irrigation was re-constituted as the Ministry of Water Resources. In July 2014, the Ministry was renamed to “Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation”, making it the [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]] for conservation, development, management, and abatement of pollution in the river [[Ganges]] and its tributaries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation |title=Organizational history of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation |url=http://mowr.gov.in/about-us/history |website=Website of MoWRRDGR |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> In May 2019, this ministry was merged with the [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] to form the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]].

==Organisations==
* Bansagar Control Board
* Betwa River Board
* Brahmaputra Board
* Central Ground Water Board<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/|title=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, RD &GR Government of India|website=Cgwb.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
* Central Soil and Materials Research Station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csmrs.gov.in/|title=Home Page: Central Soil and Materials Research Station|website=Csmrs.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Central Water and Power Research Station]]
* Central Water Commission<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cwc.gov.in|title=Central Water Commission - An apex organization in water resources development in India|website=Cwc.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Farakka Barrage|Farakka Barrage Project]]
* Ganga Flood Control Commission
* Narmada Control Authority
* [[National Institute of Hydrology]], Roorkee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nihroorkee.gov.in/|title=National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India|website=Nihroorkee.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
* National Projects Construction Corporation Limited
* National Water Development Agency
* North Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management (NERIWALM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neriwalm.gov.in/|title=Welcome to NERIWALM, INDIA|website=Neriwalm.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
* Sardar Sarovar Construction Advisory Committee
* Tungabhadra Board
* Upper Yamuna River Board
* [[WAPCOS Limited]]

==CGWB==
{{anchor | CGWB | Central Ground Water Board }}

'''Central Ground Water Board''' (CGWB), created in 1970 under the Ministry of Water Resources of India, for regulation of ground water development to ensure long-term sustainability. It is responsible for "providing scientific inputs for management, exploration, monitoring, assessment, augmentation and regulation of ground water resources of the country." It is a multi-disciplinary scientific entity comprising [[Hydrology|Hydrologists]], [[Hydrometeorology|Hydrometeorologists]], [[Hydrogeology|Hydrogeologists]], [[Geophysics|Geophysicists]], [[Chemist]]s, and Engineers. It is headquartered at [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]] (old NH-4) in [[Faridabad]] in [[Haryana]].<ref name=cg1>[http://cgwb.gov.in/aboutcgwb.html#:~:text=Central%20Ground%20Water%20Board%20(CGWB)%2C%20a%20subordinate%20office%20of,of%20ground%20water%20resources%20of Central Ground Water Authority info], cgwb.gov.in, accessed 20 July 2021.</ref>

It has following 4 wings:<ref name=cg1/>
# Sustainable Management & Liaison (SML)
# Survey, Assessment & Monitoring (SAM)
# Exploratory Drilling & Materials Management (ED&MM)
# Water Quality & Training and Technology Transfer (WQ&TT)

== Cabinet Ministers ==
'''Note''': MoS (I/C) {{ndash}} Minister of State (Independent Charge)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Irrigation and Power
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
| 6 June 1952
| 17 April 1957
| {{ayd|1952|6|6|1957|4|17}}
| rowspan="13"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6" style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Miss India Indrani Rehman, S.K. Patil, and two of the sponsors of the contest (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[S. K. Patil]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 2 April 1958
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1958|4|2}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Hafiz Mohammad Ibrahim.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1968) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 2 April 1958
| 10 April 1962
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1958|4|2|1963|6|26}}
|-
| 10 April 1962
| 26 June 1963
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:O. V. Alagesan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[O. V. Alagesan]]''' {{small|(1911{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}} (Minister of State)
| 26 June 1963
| 19 July 1963
| {{ayd|26 Jun 1963|19 Jul 1963}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}} (Minister of State)
| 19 July 1963
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1963|7|19|1964|6|9}}
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:H. C. Dasappa official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[H. C. Dasappa]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1964) MP for Bangalore}}
| 9 June 1964
| 19 July 1964
| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1964|7|19}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}} (Minister of State)
| 19 July 1964
| 11 January 1966
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|7|19|1966|1|24}}
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1977) MP for [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 13 November 1966
| {{ayd|1966|1|24|1966|11|13}}
| rowspan="2"|[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}} (Minister of State)
| 13 November 1966
| 13 March 1967
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|13 Nov 1966|9 Nov 1973}}
|-
| 13 March 1967
| 18 March 1971
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| 18 March 1971
| 9 November 1973
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri K.C Pant (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. C. Pant]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}} (Minister of State)
| 9 November 1973
| 10 October 1974
| {{ayd|1973|11|9|1974|10|10}}
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged with [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation]] during this interval''}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Irrigation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Indian Minister Ghani Khan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]}}
| 16 January 1980
| 8 June 1980
| {{ayd|1980|1|16|1980|6|8}}
| rowspan="8"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kedar Pandey.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kedar Pandey]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]}}
| 8 June 1980
| 12 November 1980
| {{ayd|1980|6|8|1980|11|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Birender Singh b1921 2023 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Mahendragarh]]}}
| 12 November 1980
| 15 January 1982
| {{ayd|1980|11|12|1982|1|15}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kedar Pandey.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kedar Pandey]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 29 January 1983
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|1|29}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 29 January 1983
| 2 August 1984
| {{ayd|1983|1|29|1984|8|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
| 2 August 1984
| 31 October 1984
| {{ayd|1984|8|2|1984|10|31}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Veteran Leader Ck jaffer Sharief on a Hartal (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| {{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Shankaranand]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of Water Resources
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Shankaranand]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}
| 25 September 1985
| 22 August 1987
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1987|8|22}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 22 August 1987
| 10 November 1987
| {{ayd|1987|10|22|1987|11|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 10 November 1987
| 14 February 1988
| {{ayd|1987|11|10|1988|2|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]}}
| 14 February 1988
| 25 June 1988
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1988|6|25}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Shankaranand]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}
| 25 June 1988
| 4 July 1989
| {{ayd|1988|6|25|1989|7|4}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:M.M. Jacob photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. M. Jacob]]''' {{small|(1926{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Kerala]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 4 July 1989
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1989|7|4|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Manubhai Kotadia Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Manubhai Kotadia]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2003) MP for [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 5 Nov 1990)
| 6 December 1989
| 5 November 1990
| {{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|5}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| 21 November 1990
| 26 April 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|4|26}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 26 April 1991
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1991|4|26|1991|6|21}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]}}
| 21 June 1991
| 17 January 1996
| {{ayd|1991|6|21|1996|1|17}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 17 January 1996
| 7 February 1996
| {{ayd|1996|1|17|1996|2|7}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A. R. Antulay]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2014) MP for [[Kolaba Lok Sabha constituency|Kolaba]]}}
| 7 February 1996
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1996|2|7|1996|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) ''Unelected''}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Janeshwar Mishra Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Janeshwar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 29 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|6|9}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 21 April 1997
| 9 June 1997
| rowspan="2"| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}"|
| [[File:Sis Ram Ola (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sis Ram Ola]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 9 June 1997
| 19 March 1998
| {{ayd|1997|6|9|1998|3|19}}
| [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|10|13}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pramod jee.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pramod Mahajan]]''' {{small|(1949{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Maharashtra]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 13 October 1999
| 22 November 1999
| {{ayd|1999|10|13|1999|11|22}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:C. P. Thakur PIB 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. P. Thakur]]''' {{small|(born 1931) MP for [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]}}
| 22 November 1999
| 27 May 2000
| {{ayd|1999|11|22|2000|5|27}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Arjun Charan Sethi Image.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]]}}
| 27 May 2000
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2000|5|27|2004|5|22}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi PIB.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 18 November 2005
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2005|11|18}}
| rowspan="10"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="10"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Mohan Dev addressing the press conference in New Delhi on November 20, 2008 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Mohan Dev]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 18 November 2005
| 29 January 2006
| {{ayd|2005|11|18|2006|1|29}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Saifuddin Soz in September 2007 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Saifuddin Soz]]''' {{small|(born 1937) MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 29 January 2006
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2006|1|29|2009|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Meira Kumar in 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Meira Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1945) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 31 May 2009
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2009|5|31}}
| rowspan="7"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932–2024) MP for [[Assam]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 May 2009
| 14 June 2009
| {{ayd|2009|5|31|2009|6|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}
| 14 June 2009
| 19 January 2011
| {{ayd|2009|6|14|2011|1|19}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Salman Khurshid portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Salman Khurshid]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 12 July 2011
| {{ayd|2011|1|19|2011|7|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}
| 12 July 2011
| 28 October 2012
| {{ayd|2011|7|12|2012|10|28}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:HarishRawat.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Harish Rawat]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 1 February 2014
| {{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|2|1}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]''' {{small|(born 1949) MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 1 February 2014
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2014|2|1|2014|5|26}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Bharti]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|2014|5|27|2017|9|3}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Nitin Gadkari on March 3, 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
! colspan="10" | {{nobold|''Merged into the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]''}}
|-
|}

==Ministers of State==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!style="width:6em"| Period
|-
!colspan="9"| Minister of State for Irrigation and Power
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:O. V. Alagesan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
|'''[[O. V. Alagesan]]''' {{small|(1911{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}}
|{{small|8 May}} 1962
|{{small|19 July}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|5|8|1963|7|19}}
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]'''
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}}
|{{small|9 June}} 1964
|{{small|19 July}} 1964
!{{ayd|1964|6|9|1964|7|19}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|{{small|13 November}} 1966
!{{ayd|1966|1|24|1966|11|13}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
!colspan="9"| Minister of State for Agriculture and Irrigation
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Annasaheb Shinde Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
|'''[[Annasaheb Shinde]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency|Kopargaon]]}}
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
|{{small|24 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shah Nawaz Khan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}1993) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
|{{small|24 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Bhanu Pratap Singh Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Bhanu Pratap Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1935) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
|{{small|14 August}} 1977
|{{small|15 July}} 1979
!{{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|15}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="#1F75FE"| '''[[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]'''
|[[Morarji Desai]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
|
|'''[[Nathuram Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]}}
|{{small|4 August}} 1979
|{{small|25 October}} 1979
!{{ayd|1979|8|4|1979|10|25}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#6495ED"| '''[[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Charan Singh]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
|
|'''[[M. V. Krishnappa]]''' {{small|(1918{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]}}
|{{small|4 August}} 1979
|{{small|14 January}} 1980
!{{ayd|1979|8|4|1980|1|14}}
|-
!colspan="9"| Minister of State for Irrigation
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ziaur Rahman Ansari Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]}}
|{{small|19 January}} 1980
|{{small|29 January}} 1983
!{{ayd|1980|1|19|1983|1|29}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Harinath Mishra.jpg|70px]]
|'''Harinath Mishra''' {{small|MP for [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]}}
|{{small|2 August}} 1984
|{{small|31 October}} 1984
!{{ayd|1984|8|2|1984|10|31}}
|-
!colspan="9"| Minister of State for Water Resources
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Krishna Sahi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Krishna Sahi]]''' {{small|(born 1931) MP for [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]}}
|{{small|14 February}} 1988
|{{small|4 July}} 1989
!{{ayd|1988|2|14|1989|7|4}}
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]'''
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prem Khandu Thungan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prem Khandu Thungan]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]}}
|{{small|19 January}} 1993
|{{small|10 February}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|1|19|1995|2|10}}
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Rao ministry|'''Rao''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:P. V. Rangayya Naidu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[P. V. Rangayya Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1933) MP for [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]}}
|{{small|10 February}} 1995
|{{small|16 May}} 1996
!{{ayd|1995|2|10|1996|5|16}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Sompal Shastri]]''' {{small|(born 1942) MP for [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]}}
|{{small|3 February}} 1999
|{{small|13 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|2|3|1999|10|13}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Bijoya Chakravarty in August 2015.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Bijoya Chakravarty]]''' {{small|(born 1939) MP for [[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]}}
|{{small|13 October}} 1999
|{{small|22 May}} 2004
!{{ayd|1999|10|13|2004|5|22}}
|style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]'''
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]}}
|{{small|23 May}} 2004
|{{small|6 November}} 2005
!{{ayd|2004|5|23|2005|11|6}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan I''']]
|rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
|{{small|24 October}} 2006
|{{small|22 May}} 2009
!{{ayd|2006|10|24|2009|5|22}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vincent Pala distributing awards (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Vincent Pala]]''' {{small|(born 1968) MP for [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]}}
|{{small|28 May}} 2009
|{{small|28 October}} 2012
!{{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|28}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|'''Manmohan II''']]
|-
!colspan="9"| Minister of State for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}}
|{{small|27 May}} 2014
|{{small|9 November}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|5|27|2014|11|9}}
|rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="6" style="background:#FFA551;"| '''[[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]'''
|rowspan="6"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Sanwar Lal Jat (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Sanwar Lal Jat]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]}}
|{{small|9 November}} 2014
|{{small|5 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|7|5}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]''' {{small|(born 1954) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
|{{small|5 July}} 2016
|{{small|3 September}} 2017
!{{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|9|3}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Sanjeev Kumar Balyan.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Sanjeev Balyan]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MP for [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]}}
|{{small|5 July}} 2016
|{{small|3 September}} 2017
!{{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|9|3}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Arjun Ram Meghwal 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]}}
|{{small|3 September}} 2017
|{{small|30 May}} 2019
!{{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Satyapal Singh.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]}}
|{{small|3 September}} 2017
|{{small|30 May}} 2019
!{{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
!colspan="9"| {{nobold|''Ministry merged with [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] to form [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]''}}
|-
|}

==Deputy Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!style="width:6em"| Period
|-
!colspan="9"| Deputy Minister of Irrigation and Power
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Jaisukhlal Hathi]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha), until 1957 MP for Halar, from 1957}}
|{{small|12 September}} 1952
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1952|9|12|1962|4|10}}
|rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
|{{small|10 April}} 1962
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]'''
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Shyam Dhar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]}}
|{{small|15 June}} 1964
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|6|15|1966|1|24}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|-
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Siddheshwar Prasad Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Siddheshwar Prasad]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]}}
|{{small|13 November}} 1967
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1967|11|13|1971|5|2}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
|{{small|2 May}} 1971
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baijnath Kureel]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Ramsanehighat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramsanehighat]]}}
|{{small|2 May}} 1971
|{{small|4 February}} 1973
!{{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|2|4}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balgovind Verma]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]}}
|{{small|5 February}} 1973
|{{small|9 November}} 1973
!{{ayd|1973|2|5|1973|11|9}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Siddheshwar Prasad Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Siddheshwar Prasad]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]}}
|{{small|9 November}} 1973
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|11|9|1974|10|10}}
|-
!colspan="9"| Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]''' {{small|MP for [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]}}
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
|{{small|24 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabhudas Patel.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prabhudas Patel]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Dabhoi]]}}
|{{small|23 October}} 1974
|{{small|14 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|23|1977|3|14}}
|-
|}

==Projects==
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mowr.gov.in Ministry website]

{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation}}
[[Category:Ministry of Water Resources (India)| ]]
[[Category:Defunct government ministries of India]]
[[Category:Water management authorities]]

MLA Fatakeshto

2026-03-04T03:45:54Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: fixed section further and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = MLA Fatakeshto
| image = M.L.A.-Fatakesto.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = [[N.K. Salil]]
| story = [[N. K. Salil]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Koel Mallick]] [[Debashree Roy]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|4|14|India}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| budget = {{INR}} 2 crores
| gross = {{INR}} 7.50 crores<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=মিঠুন চক্রবর্তী|url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Health/Sarir-O-Sasthya/1604202322|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.magzter.com|publisher=[[Anandalok]]|language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''MLA Fatakeshto''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Action film|political action film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]] and produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. The film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]] in the titular role alongside [[Debashree Roy]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]] and [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] in supporting roles. This film is famous for its screenplay and dialogues written by [[N. K. Salil|N.K Salil]], songs composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]] and action sequences designed by Judo Ramu. It was declared to be an all-time blockbuster at the box office, helped by the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].

The film received generally positive reviews upon its release. Critics were particularly appreciative of the political issues and portrayal in the film, catchy dialogues, the performances of Mithun Chakraborty, Koel Mallick, Rajatava Dutta, the music, and the slick action sequences. ''MLA Fatakeshto'' emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2006|highest grossing Bengali film of 2006]]. It won [[Anandalok Puraskar|Anandalok Awards for the best Villain]]. ''MLA Fatakeshto'' was followed by ''[[Minister Fatakeshto]]'', which released in 2007.

It has gained fame for its dialogues such as "''Saala'' {{Transliteration|bn|Marbo ekhaney, lash porbe sashane}}"(Here by me you will be hit and in the cremation ground your body will be fit) and "''Fatakeshto khobor dekhe na, khobor pore na, khobor toiri kore''" (Neither Fatakeshto watches news, nor reads, he makes news).<ref name="Mithunda">{{cite web|title=Tollywood top draws 2006|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061231/asp/calcutta/story_7204391.asp|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|accessdate=3 October 2016|date=31 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721060048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061231/asp/calcutta/story_7204391.asp|archive-date=21 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bandopadhyay|first1=Sabyasachi|title=Pranab-Mithun no-show at Jangipur|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pranabmithun-noshow-at-jangipur/448334/|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=3 October 2016|date=18 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=These dialogues were written in marginalized people's language, so it has become relevant in election campaign, says NK Salil dgtl|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/these-dialogues-were-written-in-marginalized-peoples-language-so-it-has-become-relevant-in-election-campaign-says-nk-salil-dgtl/cid/1270553|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> The film collected {{INR|7.5 crore}} at the Box Office.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|date=January 2026}}
It is the tale of seven days of a small time goon who becomes an [[M.L.A]].

== Cast ==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Krishno "Fatakeshto" Deb Chatterjee; a local goon who initially worked for Home Minister Ranadeb Pal and later becomes the Home Minister with the help of the [[Chief minister|CM]]
* [[Koel Mallick]] as Chaitali Roy, news reporter of 'Khobor Kolkata'
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as the Chief Minister
* [[Debashree Roy]] as Nandini Chatterjee, Fatakeshto's wife
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as the Home Minister Ranadeb Pal
* [[Shantilal Mukhopadhyay]] as Haridas Pal, Ranadeb's PA
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Durjoy Naag
* [[Sanjib Dasgupta]] as Atim Ghosh, leader of the Opposition
* [[Sumit Ganguly]] as Ratan Basak, Ranadeb's henchman
* [[Shyamal Dutta]] as chief editor of Khabor Kolkata
* [[Anshu Bach]] as Krishno's "Fatakeshto" and Nandini's Son

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = MLA Fatakeshto
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Priyotoma
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Refugee (2006 film)|Refugee]]
| next_year = 2006
| misc = {{Singles
| name = MLA Fatakeshto
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Ami MLA Fatakeshto
| single1date = 7 Feb 2019
| single2 = Bibi Asol Hero
| single2date = 7 Feb 2019
| single3 = Khusir Aalo
| single3date = 7 Feb 2019
| single4 =
| single4date =
| single5 =
| single5date =
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Gautam Sushmit
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = Bibi Asol Hero
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
| length1 = 2:42
| title2 = Ami MLA Fatakeshto
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Amit Kumar
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Khusir Aalo
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Amit Kumar, Pamela Jain
| length3 = 5:19
| title4 = MLA Fatakesto (Theme Song)
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Chaturvedi, Jeet Gannguli
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
Made at the budget of {{INR}} 2 crore, the film was released with 61 prints and collected over {{INR}} 7.50 crore in 75 days.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Kushali |title=Mithun vs Mithun |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mithun-vs-mithun/cid/963255 |access-date=13 July 2021 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=11 October 2007}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient and Nominees
! Result
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Anandalok Awards]]
| Best Villain
| [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4771812|MLA Fatakeshto}}

{{Swapan Saha}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MLA Farakeshto}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Political action films]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about medical malpractice]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]
[[Category:2006 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about mass media people]]
[[Category:Political films by century]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Masala films by decade]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]

Madhusudan (film)

2026-03-03T23:17:34Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adjusted content further and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madhusudan
| image =

| caption =
| director = Balwant Bhatt
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =Badri Prasad
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1941}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Madhusudan ''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1941|1941]]. It was directed by Balwant Bhatt and starred Badri Prasad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hindi Movie |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 July 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]]
*Maya Bannerji
*Badri Prasad
*Jeevan
*Gulab
*[[Ashalata Biswas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0155843 |title =Madhusudan }}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Manju Rajendra Dadu

2026-02-26T13:48:25Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding first article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manju Rajendra Dadu
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Nepanagar Assembly constituency|Nepanagar]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Manju Rajendra Dadu''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Nepanagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Burhanpur district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite web |title=Manju Rajendra Dadu Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Madhya-pradesh Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/manju-rajendra-dadu-12179-1 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dadu was born in [[Vadnagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Rajendra Dadu Madhya-Pradesh Nepanagar candidate Profile - ABP Hindi News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/manju-rajendra-dadu-madhya-pradesh-nepanagar-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> She hails from an agricultural family. Her late father was Rajendra Shyamlal Dadu. She completed her BBA in 2013 from Poonam Chand Vocational College, Khandwa affiliated to [[Devi Ahilya University]], Indore, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Rajendra Dadu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NEPANAGAR (ST)(BURHANPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1179 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="मध्यप्रदेश : नेपानगर विधानसभा सीट पर सत्तारूढ़ भाजपा की मंजू दादू विजयी">{{cite news |title=मध्यप्रदेश : नेपानगर विधानसभा सीट पर सत्तारूढ़ भाजपा की मंजू दादू विजयी |url=https://ndtv.in/india/mp-ruling-party-bjp-candidate-manju-dadu-victory-on-nepanagar-assembly-seat-1628619 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304052248/https://ndtv.in/india/mp-ruling-party-bjp-candidate-manju-dadu-victory-on-nepanagar-assembly-seat-1628619 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dadu won the 2016 Madhya Pradesh byelection from Nepanagar defeating Antarsingh Devisingh Barde Amba of Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Bye-Election-2016/12_179/Form21E_Nepanagar.pdf|title=Election to the Assembly Bye Election 2016 from 179 Nepanagar Constituency}}</ref> She won for the second time as an MLA in the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] again on BJP ticket from Nepanagar. She defeated Gendu Bai of Indian National Congress by a huge margin of 45,805 votes.<ref name="NDTV.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates Detail: Manju Rajendra Dadu |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/manju-rajendra-dadu-candidate-25959 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref name="www.news18.com">{{Cite web |title=Manju Rajendra Dadu, BJP Candidate from Nepanagar Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/manju-rajendra-dadu-assembly-candidate-s12aed2008a179e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> She lost the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by a narrow margin of 1,264 votes to [[Sumitra Devi Kasdekar]] of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="www.news18.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=What tilted MP in favour of Congress: Seats with margin of less than 1000 votes and NOTA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/what-tilted-mp-in-favour-of-congress-6-seats-with-margin-of-less-than-1000-votes-and-nota-1407908-2018-12-12 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadu, Manju Rajendra}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

TMS Jogani High School

2026-02-21T05:39:10Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Made some details initial version...

{{Infobox school
| name = TMS Jogani Vidhyala
| address = Ward No.1, At & Post:Khimat - 385545, Dhanera Taluka, Gujarat
| city = [[Khimat]]
| postal_code = 385545
| country = India
| logo =
| image =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.49547|72.18664|region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date and age|2012}}
| founder = Jogani Family
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal =
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades = 9–12
| gender = Co-Ed
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| houses =
| colours =
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''TMS Jogani Vidhyala''' is a co-educational [[High School]] located in [[Khimat]] Village of [[Dhanera]] [[Taluka]] of [[Vav-Tharad district]] of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="b" /><ref name=db1>{{cite news|title=ખીંમતની જોગાણી શાળામાં મટકી ફોડ કાર્યક્રમ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/uguj-bsk-omc-mat-costly-provision-school-matti-pod-program-142010-5345616-nor.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |agency=Divya Bhaskar |date=13 August 2020}}પાલનપુર |ખીંમતની ટી. એમ. એસ જોગાણી વિદ્યાલય ખાતે જન્માષ્ટમીની ઉજવણી કરવામાં આવી હતી.આ કાર્યક્રમ ની ઉજવણી મા વાલીઓ તેમજ શાળાનાં ટ્રસ્ટીગણ જોડાયા હત</ref><ref name=db2>{{cite news|title=Palanpur News Palanpur At The Tsm Jogani Vidyalaya In Khyamat Village In Dhanera Taluka|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/uguj-bsk-omc-mat-palanpur-at-the-tsm-jogani-vidyalaya-in-khyamat-village-in-dhanera-taluka-032657-3877481-nor.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |agency=Divya Bhaskar}}પાલનપુર | ધાનેરા તાલુકાના ખિંમત ગામે આવેલી ટી.એસ.એમ જોગાણી વિદ્યાલયમાં ક્વિઝ સ્પર્ધાનું આયોજન રાખવામાં આવ્યું હતું. જેમાં ધોરણ 9 થી ધોરણ 12ના વિદ્યાર્થીઓએ ભાગ લીધો હતો .જેમાં વિજેતા વિદ્યાર્થીઓને શાળા પરિવાર વતી પ્રમાણપત્ર અને જનરલ નોલેજની બુક આપવામાં આવી હતી.</ref><ref name=db3>{{cite news |title=ધાનેરાના ખીંમતમાં આરોગ્ય વિભાગની ટીમ દ્વારા વ્યસન મુક્તિ કાર્યક્રમ યોજાયો {{!}} A de-addiction program was conducted by the health department team at Khimmat in Dhanera |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/banaskantha/news/a-de-addiction-program-was-conducted-by-the-health-department-team-at-khimmat-in-dhanera-130347916.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |work=web.archive.org |date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923180840/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/banaskantha/news/a-de-addiction-program-was-conducted-by-the-health-department-team-at-khimmat-in-dhanera-130347916.html |archive-date=23 September 2022 }}</ref> The full name of school is '''Smt. Taraben Manchhalal Samjibhai Jogani Vidhyala'''. It is named after founder and chief donor Jogani family's mother, which they named as a memorial to her.

The high school was established in 2012, and it grew out of ''TMS Jogani Jagruti Primary School''. Firstly, Primary School was founded in 1997, which consists of class from 1st to 8th.<ref name="a">{{cite web |title=T.M.S. Jogani Jagruti Pri. Sch.. - Khimat District Banas Kantha (Gujrat) |url=https://schools.org.in/banas-kantha/24020703405/t-m-s-jogani-jagruti-pri-sch.html |website=schools.org.in}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): Khimat (ખીંમત) |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-khimat-156165 |website=localbodydata.com |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=T.M.S. Jogani Vidhyalaya - Khimat District Banas Kantha (Gujarat) |url=https://schools.org.in/banas-kantha/24020703407/t-m-s-jogani-vidhyalaya.html |website=schools.org.in |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref> As need for high school arose, the trustees decided to start high school in village, so students do not have to go out of village for higher classes. Thus in 2012 TMS Jogani Vidhyala was founded, which consists of class of 9th to 12th.<ref name="b"/>

The school is privately run school, run by private charitable trust. It is affiliated to [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]]<ref name=b/>

The school also often organises many social, cultural, quiz and educational programs.<ref name=db1/><ref name=db2/> The Gujarat State Health department under National Tobacco Control Program also held awareness and drugs awareness and de-addiction program in school in 2022.<ref name=db1/><ref name=db2/><ref name=db3/><ref>{{cite news |title=ધાનેરાના ખીંમતમાં આરોગ્ય વિભાગની ટીમ દ્વારા વ્યસન મુક્તિ કાર્યક્રમ યોજાયો |url=https://bauddhikbharat.in/archives/amp/7756 |access-date=12 February 2025 |work=Bauddhik Bharat |date=22 Sep 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Private schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]

List of awards and nominations received by Bipasha Basu

2026-02-17T14:51:18Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: further refine details to improve readability and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox awards list
| name = [[Bipasha Basu]]
| image = Bipasha iifa singapore press.jpg
| caption = Basu at a press meet for the [[13th IIFA Awards]] in 2012
| wins = 38
| nominations = 71
}}

[[Bipasha Basu]] is an Indian actress who appears in [[Hindi]] language films. She has also worked in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.

She debuted in a negative role in ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' (2001) which earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. Her first commercial success was ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'' (2002). She was then noticed for her bold role in the erotic thriller film, ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'' (2003). She starred in top-grossing films like – ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005), ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'', ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (both 2006) – her biggest commercial success till date and ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008). Her performances in ''[[Apharan]]'' (2005), ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]'' (2006) and ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008) won her multiple nominations for several awards. She then appeared in commercially successful films such as ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]] ''(2009), ''[[Raaz 3]]'' (2012). She made her international film debut with the 2013 [[Cinema of Australia|Australian film]] ''[[The Lovers (2013 film)|The Lovers]]''. She was one of the leading and highest-paid actresses of Bollywood from 2000-2009.

She has been nominated twice for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] three times along with one nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]]. Roles apart, she is renowned for her [[Item number|item songs]] like "Phoonk De" in ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007), and "Beedi" and "Namak Ishq Ka" in ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006) amongst others.

== [[Filmfare Awards]] ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
|2001
| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
|-
|2002
| ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|2003
| ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[No Entry]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|2006
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== [[Stardust Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2002
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{N/a}}
|Fashion Icon
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Thriller or Action|Best Actress in a Thriller or Action]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''[[Lamhaa]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress in a Thriller or Action
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Raaz 3]]''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|{{N/a}}
| Style Icon of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Star Screen Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
| |[[Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] (along with [[Dino Morea]])
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| [[Star Screen Award Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}<ref name="Screen for corporate">{{cite web|title=imdb.com|work=bipasha basu nominated Screen Best Actress for corporate|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0420332/awards|access-date=16 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
|''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
| {{nom}}<ref name="Screen for All The Best">{{cite web|title=bollywoodhungama.com|work=bipasha basu nominated Screen Best Actress in popular category for All The Best|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/7498/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216103629/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/7498/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Raaz 3]]''
| [[Star Screen Award Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Raaz 3]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress (Popular Choice)
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
| [[Zee Cine Award Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
| [[Zee Cine Award Dynamic Duo|Dynamic Duo]] (with [[Dino Morea]])
|{{won}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="ZCAcorporate">{{cite web|title=imdb.com|work=bipasha basu nominated Zee cine best actress for corporate|url=https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Zee_Cine_Awards/2007|access-date=20 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
|''[[Raaz 3]]''
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| rowspan="3" | [[Ajnabee (2001 film)|''Ajnabee'']]
| IIFA Sony faces of the year Award | Best Debut (shared with [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Gracy Singh]])
| {{won}}
|-
|Fresh Face of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| |[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Race (2008 film)|''Race'']]
| [[IIFA Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{N/a}}
| [[IIFA Style Diva of the Year Award|Style Diva of the Year]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Raaz 3]]''
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== [[Bollywood Movie Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
|2002
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|Best Debutan
|{{Nom}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''
| Best Villain
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| Best Actress
| {{Won}}<ref name="Bollywood Winner for Corporate ">{{cite web | title=bollywoodawards.com| work=Winner for Corporate| url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/| access-date=13 June 2007}}</ref>
|-
|}

==[[Star Guild Awards|Star Guild Award]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| [[Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Raaz 3]]''
| [[Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|}
== [[Global Indian Film Awards|Global Film Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2006
| ''[[corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| [[Global Indian Film Awards|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| |[[Global Indian Film Awards|Critics Award for Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''
| [[Global Indian Film Awards|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]''
| [[Global Indian Film Awards|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|2012
|{{N/a}}
|Gitanjali Style Icon
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Entertainment Award]]==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Raaz 3]]''
|Most Entertaining Actress in a Thriller Film
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[BIG Star Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female|Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|}

== [[Anandalok Awards|Anandalok Puraskar Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
|2009
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Annual Central European Bollywood Awards, India ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
|2006
|''[[Apaharan (2005 film)|Apahran]]''
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
|Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]] ''
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]] ''
|Best on Screen Couple(with [[Ranbir Kapoor]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|2011
|''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]] ''
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nom}}
|}
== Dainik Bhasker Bollywood Web Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2011
| [[Aakrosh (2010 film)|''Aakrosh'']]
|SuperStar of the Year
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2012
| [[Ajnabee (2001 film)|''Dum Maaro Dum'']]
| Awards|SuperStar of the Year
| {{Nom}}
|-
|2012
|{{N/a}}
|Hottie of The Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2013
|[[Raaz 3: The Third Dimension|''Raaz3'']]
|SuperStar of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2013
|[[Raaz 3: The Third Dimension|''Raaz3'']]
|Antisocial Character of the Year
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== [[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards|Sansui Viewer's Choice Awards]] ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|Most Promising Debut Actress
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2002
| [[Ajnabee (2001 film)|''Ajnabee'']]
| Awards|Best Supporting Actress
| {{Nom}}
|-
|}
== Bollywood Hungama Surfers choice Movie Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|{{nom}}
|}

==Other awards and recognitions==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|2010
|NDTV Indian of the Year - Entertainer of the Decade - ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2009
| Durban Film Festival Award for Best Actress – ''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2009
|Sabsey Favourite Fashion Icon - [[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2011
| Bramptonshire Walk of Fame – Contribution in Indian Cinema
|{{Won}}
|-
|2013
|Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Awards(Best Performance by an Actor in a Negative Role) ''[[Raaz 3: The Third Dimension|Razz3]]''
|{{won}}
|-
| 2013
| Kolkata International Film Festival – Pancha Kanya Memorial Honour
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2013
| Top 99 Most Desirable Women of the World by AskMen.com
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #68
|-
| 2013
| Top 10 Most Desirable Women of the World by Playboy Magazine
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #6
|-
| 2005 and 2007
| Sexiest Woman of Asia by ''Eastern Eye''
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2009
| Sexiest Woman of Asia by ''FHM''
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2013
| NDTV Fittest Icon of the Year
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2014
| Scariest Performer of the Year – South African Horror Fest – [[Aatma (2013 film)|''Aatma'']]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2013
|Best Actress – New York Indian Film Festival – [[Aatma (2013 film)|''Aatma'']]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2005
|Top Bollywood Actresses of the Year Reddiff.com
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #6
|-
|2006
|Top Bollywood Actresses of the Year Reddiff.com
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #4
|-
|2008
|Top Bollywood Actresses of the Year Reddiff.com
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #1
|-
|2010
|Top Sexiest Actresses in India of the decade (2000-2010) IMDb.com
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #9
|-
|2010
|Top Beautiful Actresses in India of the decade (2000-2010) IMDb.com
| style="background:#B0E0E6" | Ranked #10
|-
|2016
|GeoSpa asiaSpa Awards - Fitness Icon of The Year - Female
|{{Won}}
|-
|2024
|Pride of Bengal - Contribution to Hindi Cinema by Indian Chambers of Commerce Youth Forum
|{{Won}}
|-
|2008
|Cosmopolitan Fearless Awards( Most fearless Bollywood Actress)
| {{ Won }}
|-
|2013
|Times of India Film Awards(Best Performance by an Actor in a Negative Role)''[[Raaz 3: The Third Dimension|Razz3]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2003
| MTV Asia Awards (Style Icon of the year)
| {{ Won }}
|-
|2006
| MTV Immies Best Performance in a song ( Omkara)
| {{ Won }}
|-
|2003
| Star Sabsey Nayi Heroine (Raaz)
| {{ Won }}
|-
|2006
| Star Sabsey Stylish Heroine (Dhoom 2 and Corporate)
| {{ Won }}
|-
|2009
| Star Sabsey Fit Heroine
| {{ Won }}
|-
|2004
|Sabsey Favourite Nayi Heronie ([[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]])
|{{ Won }}
|-
|2004
|HT Cafe Film Awards - Best Actress ([[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]])
|{{ nom }}
|-
|2006
|Most Amazing Actress – (Pogo voice Awards) – [[phir Hera Pheri]]
|{{ nom }}
|-
|2007
|Queen of hearts- All India Filmgoers Awards - [[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2003
|V Shantaram Awards - Best Actress ([[Raaz (2002 film)|Razz]])
|{{ nom }}
|-
|2020
|Star Eminence Awards - Best Actress - [[Dangerous (web series)|Dangerous]]
|{{ nom }}
|-
|2021
|Best Actress in a Web Series - (International Iconic Awards) - [[Dangerous (web series)|Dangerous]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2015
|Bollywood Life Awards - Fittest Actress
|{{ nom }}
|-
|2024
|Most-Loved jodi of the Year (shared with [[Karan Singh Grover]])
|{{ nom }}
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Bipasha}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Surendra Prasad

2026-02-12T03:05:01Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Made a article w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian communications engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Surendra Prasad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|7|10}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Electrical engineering]] | [[Communications engineering]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IIT Delhi]] | Bharti School of Telecom Technology and Management | [[Pennsylvania State University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Kharagpur]] | [[IIT Delhi]] | [[Loughborough University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Signal processing]]
| awards = {{ublist|1987 Vikram Sarabhai Research Award | 1988 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1994 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] | 2006 [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK Award]] | 2007 SySI Rajkumar Varshney Award | 2007 [[IIT Kharagpur]] Distinguished Alumnus Award }}
}}
'''Surendra Prasad''' (born 1948) is an Indian communications engineer, a former director and an Usha chair professor of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref name="Institute Professors (Honorary)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/people/adjunct-visiting |title=Institute Professors (Honorary) |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is also an emeritus professor of Bharti School of Telecommunication Technology And Management, a joint venture of IIT Delhi<ref name="Emeritus professor">{{Cite web |url=http://bhartischool.iitd.ac.in/Faculty.php |title=Emeritus professor |date=2017 |publisher=Bharti School Of Telecommunication Technology And Management}}</ref> and is known for developing new techniques, algorithms and hardware in [[signal processing]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=242 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Prasad,_Prof._Surendra |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N94-1156 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044529/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-04-03 |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1988.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:IIT Delhi.JPG|thumb|235px|left|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]
Surendra Prasad, born on 10 July 1948, did his graduate studies in electronics and electrical communication engineering and after passing BTech from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] in 1969, he moved to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] from where he completed MTech in 1971.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/people/sprasad.html |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Delhi |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926122826/http://ee.iitd.ernet.in/people/sprasad.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he joined IIT Delhi the same year as a member of faculty and simultaneously enrolled for his doctoral studies there to secure a PhD in 1974.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> In 1976, he took a sabbatical to work at [[Loughborough University of Technology]] as a visiting research fellow and returning to India in 1977, he resumed his career at IIT Delhi where he served till his superannuation as the director, a post he held from 2006 to 2011.<ref name="Brief Biography : Professor Surendra Prasad">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbaind.org/files/Brief_Biography_Chairperson.pdf |title=Brief Biography : Professor Surendra Prasad |date=2017 |publisher=National Board of Accreditation |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053229/http://www.nbaind.org/files/Brief_Biography_Chairperson.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In between, he had a second stint abroad at [[Pennsylvania State University]] as a visiting faculty during 1985-86. At IIT Delhi, he served in various positions as a professor, coordinator of the Bharti School of Telecom Technology and Management (BSTTM), dean of undergraduate studies and deputy director.<ref name="Academic Advisory Council">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitgn.ac.in/aac/administration_aac_prof_prasad.html |title=Academic Advisory Council |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Kharagpur}}</ref> Post-retirement, he is an Usha Chair Professor at IIT Delhi<ref name="Institute Professors (Honorary)" /> and an emeritus professor at BSTTM.<ref name="Emeritus professor" /> He also serves as the chair of the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA), an autonomous agency of the [[All India Council of Technical Education]].<ref name="Administrative Structure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nbaind.org/En/1007-administrative-structure.aspx |title=Administrative Structure |date=2017 |publisher=National Board of Accreditation |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235752/http://www.nbaind.org/En/1007-administrative-structure.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Prasad's wife is also an academic at [[University of Delhi]] and the family lives in [[Gurgaon]], a city in the [[National Capital Region of India]].<ref name="27-year-old son of IIT-Delhi professor commits suicide">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/27-year-old-son-of-IIT-Delhi-professor-commits-suicide/articleshow/45790390.cms |title=27-year-old son of IIT-Delhi professor commits suicide |date=7 January 2015 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> One of the two sons of the couple died an unnatural death in 2015.<ref name="Son of former IIT professor jumps to death">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/son-of-former-iit-professor-jumps-to-death/article6765901.ece |title=Son of former IIT professor jumps to death |date=8 January 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Kumar |first1=Ashok }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Prasad's early researches have been primarily in the fields of Signal Processing, [[Communication Theory]] and [[Speech Processing]] and he is known to have contributed to the development of new techniques, algorithms and hardware.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He is reported to have done notable work on optimum signals and receivers, array pattern synthesis, optimum MTI filters, time delay estimation and underwater data communication, [[Deconvolution#Optics and other imaging|deconvolution]] of [[seismic]] signals and [[Silicon compiler|silicon compilation]]; the last one having applications in the designing of [[Very-large-scale integration|very large scale integrated circuits]]. Later, he worked on broadband communications, specifically on [[Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line]] (VDSL) and [[Wireless communications]].<ref name="Prasad on SERB">{{Cite web |url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_Surendra_Prasad.pdf |title=Prasad on SERB |date=2017 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board}}</ref> His researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected articles'' section}} the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 67 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Prasad=3ASurendra=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He is the author of a number of video courses on communications engineering<ref name="Video Lectures on Communication Engineering by Prof. Surendra Prasad ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.satishkashyap.com/2014/09/video-lectures-on-communication.html |title=Video Lectures on "Communication Engineering " by Prof. Surendra Prasad |date=2017 |publisher=Satish Kashyap}}</ref> and has been associated with several government agencies including the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research as a member of its governing body and society (CSIR Society).<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has edited three books and served as the guest editor of Journal of Research of the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]] for its June 2015 issue.<ref name="Guest Editorial">{{Cite journal |last=Surendra Prasad |title=Guest Editorial |journal=IETE Journal of Research |date=June 2015 |volume=35 |issue=1989 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.1080/03772063.1989.11436790}}</ref> He was also on the jury panel for the ICT Business Awards for the year 2014.<ref name="ICT Business Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://ictawards.in/jury.asp |title=ICT Business Awards |date=2017 |publisher=Dataquest |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128083311/http://ictawards.in/jury.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Prasad received Vikram Sarabhai Research Award in 1987<ref name="Guest Editorial" /> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1988.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> Six years later, he was selected for the 1994 [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]<ref name="OPB Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html | title=OPB Award | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2017}}</ref> and the [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] reached him in 2006.<ref name="Vasvik Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vasvik.org/Information_%26_Communication_Technology.html |title=Vasvik Award |date=2017 |publisher=Vividhlaxi Audyogik Samshodhan Vikas Kendra |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114192056/http://www.vasvik.org/Information_%26_Communication_Technology.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year 2007 brought him two awards; Systems Society of India awarded him the Rajkumar Varshney Award for lifetime achievement in [[systems theory]]<ref name="Rajkumar Varshney Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sysi.org/nsc-2007.html |title=Rajkumar Varshney Award |date=2017 |publisher=Systems Society of India}}</ref> and his alma mater, Indian Institute of Kharagpur chose him for the Distinguished Alumnus Award.<ref name="IITKgp Distinguished Alumnus Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://iitkgp.ac.in/institute-honors |title=IITKgp Distinguished Alumnus Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Kharagpur}}</ref> Besides, he became a ''graduand'' of [[Loughborough University]] when he received the degree of Doctor of Technology ([[honoris causa]]) in July 2007.<ref name="Honorary Graduands and University Medallists 2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/admin/ar/graduation/hongrads/2007/index.htm |title=Honorary Graduands and University Medallists 2007 |date=2017 |publisher=Loughborough University |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000701/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/admin/ar/graduation/hongrads/2007/index.htm |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Honorary Degree Orations">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/degree_days/2007/Summer/Prasad.html |title=Honorary Degree Orations |date=2017 |publisher=Loughborough University}}</ref> He was elected as a fellow by the Indian National Science Academy in 1994<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and the Indian Academy of Sciences followed suit in 1997.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He became an elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India in 2009.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering.<ref name="INAE fellows" /> The award orations delivered by him include 2010 Kariamanikkam Srinivasa Krishnan Memorial Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="K. S. Krishnan Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#ksml |title=K. S. Krishnan Memorial Lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#ksml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Selected articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Agrawal M., S. |title=A modified likelihood function approach to DOA estimation in the presence of unknown spatially correlated Gaussian noise using a uniform linear array |journal=IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing |date=2000 |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=2743–2749 |doi=10.1109/78.869024|bibcode=2000ITSP...48.2743A |citeseerx=10.1.1.21.3723 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Agrawal M., Prasad S., Dutta Roy S. C. |title=A simple solution for the analytic inversion of Van der Monde and Confluent Van der Monde matrices |journal=IETE Journal of Research |date=2001 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=217–219|doi=10.1080/03772063.2001.11416229 |s2cid=120342460 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Al-Bayati A. K. S., Prakriya S., Prasad S. |title=Block modulus precoding for blind multiuser detection of DS-CDMA signals |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |date=2003 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=52–56 |doi=10.1109/TCOMM.2002.807599 |bibcode=2003ITCom..51...52A }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Al-Bayati A. K. S., Prakriya S., Prasad S. |title=Block phase-precoding for blind multiuser detection of BPSK/DS-CDMA signals |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |date=2004 |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=1043–1046 |doi=10.1109/TCOMM.2004.831355|bibcode=2004ITCom..52.1043A |citeseerx=10.1.1.107.9220 |s2cid=6396500 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gupta A., Joshi S. D., Prasad S. |title=A new approach for estimation of statistically matched wavelet |journal=IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing |date=2005 |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1778–1793 |doi=10.1109/TSP.2005.845470|bibcode=2005ITSP...53.1778G |s2cid=786749 }}

=== Selected video lectures ===
* {{Cite web |last=Surendra Prasad |title=Introduction to Communication Engineering - Lecture 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPm0XSPxld8&list=PL7748E9BEC4ED83CA&index=1 |work=Video lecture |date=15 September 2013 |publisher=National Programming on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)}}
* {{Cite web |last=Surendra Prasad |title=Communication channel - Lecture 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8uP2koj_KQ&list=PL7748E9BEC4ED83CA&index=2 |work=Video lecture |date=15 September 2013 |publisher=National Programming on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)}}
* {{Cite web |last=Surendra Prasad |title=Brief Review of Signal and Systems - Lecture 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAmmL9ms2iU&list=PL7748E9BEC4ED83CA&index=3 |work=Video lecture |date=15 September 2013 |publisher=National Programming on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)}}
* {{Cite web |last=Surendra Prasad |title=The Hilbert Transform - Lecture 4 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITOWbmXtGeU&index=4&list=PL7748E9BEC4ED83CA |work=Video lecture |date=15 September 2013 |publisher=National Programming on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)}}
* {{Cite web |last=Surendra Prasad |title=Analytic Representation of bandpass Signals - Lecture 5 |work=Video lecture |date=21 September 2013 |publisher=National Programming on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Code division multiple access]]
* [[Vandermonde matrix]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Digital Signal Processing}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/staff/news/archive/pdf/newsletter53.pdf |title=What happened in 2007… |date=2017 |publisher=Loughborough University|work=News@lboro}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://freevideolectures.com/Course/2314/Communication-Engineering |title=Lecture Series on Communication Engineering by Prof.Surendra Prasad |work=Free Video Lectures |date=2017 }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFwk2vzBdLQ |title=Roadmap for IITs to become global leaders in education and research |last=Surendra Prasad |date=28 August 2009 |publisher=OMShare |work=Lecture at PanIIT 2008, Chennai}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Surendra}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Academics of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Aparna Rao

2026-02-10T06:58:17Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: made bio

{{short description|German anthropologist}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name= Aparna Rao
| image= Aparna Rao (anthropologist).jpg
| birth_date= {{birth date|1950|02|03|df=y}}<ref name="de1"/>
| birth_place= New Delhi, India
| citizenship = Germany<ref>{{cite journal |title=Current Issues and Future Directions in Hunter-Gatherer Studies |journal=Anthropos |volume=102 |issue=2 |year=2007 |first=Mathias |last=Guenther |editor1-first=Othmar |editor1-last=Gächter |editor2-first=Joachim |editor2-last=Piepke |editor3-first=Anton |editor3-last=Quack |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |page=377 |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2007-2-371 |jstor=40389730 |jstor-access=free |quote=They occupy what the German anthropologist Aparna Rao dubs the "peripatetic niche" (1993: 503-509) - and Alan Barnard (1993: 35) refers to as the ''san'' in any city.}}{{registration required}}</ref>
| death_date= {{death date and age|2005|06|28|1950|02|03|df=y}}
| spouse= Michael Casimir
| awards= [[Choice Reviews#Outstanding Academic Titles|Choice]]
| education= [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater= {{br separated entries|[[University of Strasbourg]] (M.A.)|[[Paris-Sorbonne University]] (Ph.D.)}}
| thesis_title= {{br separated entries|Les Sinté du Pays Rhénan. Essai d'une Monographie d'un Sous–groupe Tsigane (M.A.)|Les Ghorbat d'Afghanistan. Aspects Économiques d'un Groupe Itinerant '[[Jat of Afghanistan|Jat]]'{{refn|group=note|name=first|''The Ghorbat of Afghanistan. Economic Aspects of an Itinerant Group 'Jat' ''}} (Ph.D.)}}<ref name="de1"/>
| doctoral_advisor= [[Xavier de Planhol]]<ref name="de1"/>
| discipline= Anthropology
| sub_discipline= {{br separated entries|Ethnography|Ethnology}}
| workplaces= Former co-chairperson, Commission on Nomadic Peoples of the [[International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences|International Union of Ethnological and Anthropological Sciences]]
}}
'''Aparna Rao''' (3 February 1950 – 28 June 2005) was a German [[anthropologist]] who performed studies on [[social groups]] in Afghanistan, France, and some regions of India. Her doctorate studies focused on [[anthropogeography]], ethnology, and [[Islamic studies]]. Rao taught anthropology at the University of Cologne, serving for a brief time as chair of the Department of Ethnology at the South Asia Institute of [[Heidelberg University]], Germany.

Rao's research focused on [[Nomad#Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Europe and Asia|peripatetic]], agrarian populations in Afghanistan, France, [[Jammu Division|Jammu]], [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]], and western [[Rajasthan]]. Rao researched the impact of the [[conflict in Kashmir]] on the environment and lives of people. Her 1982 work, ''Les Ġhorbat d'Afghanistan. Aspects Économiques d'un Groupe Itinérant 'Jat''', researched the ethnic makeup and local economy of Afghanistan. Her book ''Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender, and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists'' received the 1999 [[Choice Reviews#Outstanding Academic Titles|Choice]] award.

==Early life and education==
Aparna Rao was born in New Delhi, India to [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]–educated parents who were political activists.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Obituary for Aparna Rao (1950–2005) |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2009 |publisher=White Horse Press |page=2 |first=Michael |last=Bollig |doi=10.3167/np.2009.130101 |editor-first=Saverio |editor-last=Krätli |jstor=43124142 |jstor-access=free |quote=Aparna was born on 3 February 1950 in New Delhi as the third child of a historian and an Anglicist. Both her parents had studied at Oxford and both had been engaged in the political struggles of India during their time. Through her parents, Aparna was confronted with the grave socioeconomic problems of India and became acquainted with the role of academia in societal struggles. Although belonging to an elite family, social conscience and personal responsibility were core motivations for her later academic engagements.}}{{registration required}}</ref> In 1980, she married Michael J. Casimir (b. 1942 in Berlin), an ethnologist who retired in 2020 as [[professor emeritus]] from the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology of the [[University of Cologne]], Germany.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="SCA"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Michael J. Casimir {{!}} Faculty of Humanities, Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Cologne |url=http://ethnologie.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/content.php?kid=194 |website=University of Cologne |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>

Rao studied French literature, linguistics, [[cultural anthropology]], [[physical anthropology]], sociology, and [[ethnology]] at the University of Strasbourg.<ref name="obituary">{{cite journal |title=Obituary for Aparna Rao (1950–2005) |journal=Nomadic Peoples |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2009 |publisher=White Horse Press |pages=1–4 |first=Michael |last=Bollig |doi=10.3167/np.2009.130101 |editor-first=Saverio |editor-last=Krätli |jstor=43124142 |jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref><ref name="de1">{{cite journal |title=Aparna Rao, 1950–2005 |language=de |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume=133 |issue=1 |year=2008 |publisher=[[:de:Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH]] |pages=3–5 |first1=Martin |last1=Rössler |first2=Birgitt |last2=Röttger-Rössler |jstor=25843125}}{{subscription required}}</ref> She received her M.A. in anthropology from the University of Strasbourg in 1974, and later in 1980, completed her Ph.D. in ethnology from the Paris-Sorbonne University.<ref name="obituary"/><ref name="de1"/> Rao studied [[anthropogeography]], ethnology, and [[Islamic studies]] during her doctorate studies. She spoke multiple languages including Bengali, English, French, German, Hindi, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Romanes]], and Urdu.<ref name="de1"/>

==Academic career==
Rao taught anthropology as an associate professor at the University of Cologne.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation and Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-grDwAAQBAJ&q=Aparna+Rao+Associate+Professor |editor-first1=Imtiaz |editor-last1=Ahmad |editor-first2=Helmut |editor-last2=Reifeld |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |chapter=Contributors |isbn=978-1351384322 |quote=APARNA RAO (1950-2005) The Late Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Cologne, Germany}}</ref> She became a member of the ''[[Société Asiatique]]'' in 1981.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal Asiatique |volume=269 |year=1981 |pages=539–540 |publisher=Société Asiatique |place=Paris, France |title=Changements Survenus Dans La Liste Des Membres De La Société Asiatique |trans-title=Changes in the List of Members of the Asian Society |author1=Société Asiatique |author2=Centre national de la recherche scientifique |author2-link=Centre national de la recherche scientifique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWoxoTWmn4EC&pg=PA540 |language=fr}}</ref> From 1993 to 1995, she was chair of the Department of Ethnology at the South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University, Germany.<ref name="de1"/><ref name="Bulletin 41"/><ref name="SCA"/> From 1995 to 1998, she served as the co-chairperson of the ''Commission on Nomadic Peoples of the International Union of Ethnological and Anthropological Sciences,'' along with Michael Casimir.<ref name="SCA">{{cite book |title=Disappearing Peoples? Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |edition=illustrated |year=2007 |pages=273–275 |editor1-first=Barbara |editor1-last=Brower |editor2-first=Barbara Rose |editor2-last=Johnston |section=Contributors |publisher=Left Coast Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ppw7-NEsEsC&pg=PA273 |isbn=978-1598741216}}</ref> She had been on the board of directors of the ''Association of Gypsy Lore Studies.''<ref name="greenwood">{{cite book |title=Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia |editor-first1=Joseph C. |editor-last1=Berland |editor-first2=Aparna |editor-last2=Rao |section=About the Contributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAv53wlHfoC&pg=PA341 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |year=2004 |page=341 |isbn=978-0897897716}}</ref> She was editor-in-chief of the ''Nomadic Peoples''{{refn|group=note|Journal of the Commission of International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences on the Nomadic Peoples<ref>{{cite web |website=White Horse Press |title=Nomadic Peoples |url=http://www.whpress.co.uk/NP.html |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>}} journal.<ref name="Bulletin 41">{{citation |title=Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research |number=41 |year=2001 |page=80 |publisher=Committee's Secretariat |place=Vienna, Austria |work=International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHR_AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Commission+on+Nomadic+Peoples+of+the+International+Union+of+Ethnological+and+Anthropological+Sciences%22 |oclc=2447750 |quote=Aparna Rao has taught anthropology at the University of Cologne and acted as Head of Department, Ethnology, at the South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg. She was cochairperson of the ''Commission on Nomadic Peoples of the International Union of Ethnological and Anthropological Sciences'' and is chief editor of the journal ''Nomadic Peoples''. She has spent several years doing field research among peripatetic pastoral and farming communities.}}</ref>

Between 1995 and 1997, she was invited as a [[visiting scholar]] by the Institute of Development Studies at [[Jaipur]], and between 2003 and 2004, by the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] at Delhi.<ref name="de1" /> Before her death in June 2005, she was scheduled to be the research director at the ''[[Ecole des Hautes Etudes]]'' in Paris.<ref name="SCA"/>

==Research==
Rao performed field studies on the farming, [[Pastoralism|pastoral]], and [[Nomad#Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Europe and Asia|peripatetic]] peoples.<ref name="Bulletin 41"/> She researched the economy, ethnicity, gender relations, and social organization of pastoralist and peripatetic peoples in Afghanistan, France, and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=Muslim Communities of South Asia: Culture, Society, and Power |edition=3, illustrated, revised |year=1995 |page=525 |publisher=Manohar |editor-first=Triloki Nath |editor-last=Madan |editor-link=Triloki Nath Madan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRduAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-8173040900 |quote=APARNA RAO did her schooling in India before studying Social Anthropology, Sociology, Human Geography, Islamic Studies and French Literature at the Universities of Paris (Sorbonne) and Srasbourg. She has researched mobile populations of peripatetics and pastoralists, in France, Afghanistan and the Western Himalayas (Kashmir), and published extensively on aspects of social organisation, economy, gender relations and ethnicity. She has taught Anthropology at Cologne University and is acting Head of Department, Anthropology, University of Heidelberg.}}</ref> She studied cognition, economy, environment, and social change in the midst of social groups in Rajasthan and Kashmir.<ref>{{citation |title=Newsletter, Issue 15 |year=2002 |page=22 |publisher=E. Stiglmayr |place=Vienna, Austria |section=Answers to the QUESTIONNAIRES according to the research areas |author=International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Commission on Urgent Anthropological Research. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adMiAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Aparna+Rao%22 |oclc=13178939 |quote=Dr. Aparna Rao At present: Institut für Völkerkunde der Universität zu Köln Albertus–Magnus Platz D-50923 Köln Germany Present research: in South Asia, among various communities in Kashmir and Rajasthan Subject: economy, cognition, social change, environment}}</ref> According to Jadwiga Pstrusińska, utilizing her native-level knowledge of an Indian language, she discovered previously unobserved phenomena on the languages of Afghanistan during her ethnological studies on the country's peripatetic populace in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Secret Languages of Afghanistan and Their Speakers |chapter=Polish Research on The Secret Languages of Afghanistan |first=Jadwiga |last=Pstrusińska |year=2014 |pages=31–32 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ptUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |isbn=978-1443864411 |quote=In so far as we are concerned with works on secret languages (and similar phenomena) and their speakers from Afghanistan itself, relevant information can be found in works by French researchers (Kieffer 1983; Dor 1977). Among the most valuable of these we can list the works of Aparna Rao, who, while conducting ethnological research on peripatetic groups, made important observations in relation to their "own languages." This research dates back to the 1980s—that is, it emerged subsequent to the Polish findings which will be discussed later. Rao's chief asset was her knowledge of a language from the Indian group at a level attainable only by a native speaker. This enabled her to perceive phenomena not previously noticed by anyone else, during her field studies in Afghanistan. The archives of the author of the present book preserve fragments of her correspondence with Aparna Rao and Andreas Tietze, dating from 1987–1988, related to research on secret languages.}}</ref> In her research in Afghanistan, Rao identified the ''Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz'' and ''Vangawala'' peoples as four clans of "industrial nomads" who speak a north Indian dialect and have characteristics of [[gypsies]]. In 2004, the four clans' total estimated population in Afghanistan was 7,000.<ref name= "Kenrick">{{cite book |title=Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames |edition=illustrated |year=2004 |pages=80–81 |chapter=Gypsies in India, Central Asia and the Middle East |first=Donald |last=Kenrick |publisher=[[University of Hertfordshire Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=df2mIOnbrDoC&pg=PA80 |isbn=978-1902806235 |quote=Afghanistan is the first country to the west of India and Pakistan where we can identify industrial nomads who do not speak any of the local languages but a dialect from North India, in this case, Inku. Aparna Rao has identified four clans – Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz and Vangawala – who fall into this definition of 'Gypsy'. The locals call them 'Jat', which is used in a pejorative way. [..] They number in total some 7,000 and live on the edge of Afghan society.}}</ref> Between 1980 and 1992, she performed ethnographic research on the agency and autonomy within the [[Bakarwal]]s whose traditions have incorporated elements from those of the [[Pashtuns]] and [[Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[International Quarterly for Asian Studies]] |volume=31 |number=1–2 |year=2000 |pages=149–150 |publisher=Arnold Bergstrasser Institute |place=Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |title=Reviews: APARNA RAO, Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists |first=Christoph |last=Antweiler |url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/iaf/article/view/863/833 |issn=2566-686X |eissn=2566-6878 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721161539/https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/iaf/article/view/863/833 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Rao's research works included the impact of the [[conflict in Kashmir]] on the environment and lives of people,<ref name="j1">{{cite journal|author=John (Jack) Shrader|year=2005|others=Jeff Kwgel|title=Memorial: Remembering Aparna Rao 1950-2005|url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1285&context=himalaya|format=PDF|journal=Himalaya|volume=25|issue=1|access-date=17 April 2020|via=[[Macalester College]]}}</ref> and from 1991 to 1994, she did research on the ethnic, religious, and political conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="de1"/> Rena C. Gropper of [[Hunter College]] noted that Rao was one of the few anthropologists who had carried out research studies in the midst of groups who draw their basic livelihood from other cultural groups.<ref name="RCG"/> The term "peripatetic peoples", that was coined by her, has become a part of academic terminology.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle East, Africa and Asia by Joseph C. Berland, Aparno Rao |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=11 |issue=4 |date=December 2005 |page=847 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |first=Robert M. |last=Hayden |editor1-first=Glenn |editor1-last=Bowman |editor2-first=Geert |editor2-last=De Neve |editor3-first=Maureen |editor3-last=Bloom |jstor=3804056 |jstor-access=free |quote=The terminology used for this adaptation had not always been consistent in these studies, but the term 'peripatetic peoples' proposed by Rao has now gained general acceptance.}}{{registration required}}</ref> She defined the peripatetic peoples as "the endogamous groups who employ regular spatial mobility as an economic strategy".<ref>{{cite book |title=Romani Writing: Literacy, Literature and Identity Politics |edition=illustrated |year=2013 |pages=190–191 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |first=Paola |last=Toninato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ec1iAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 |isbn=978-1317970859 |quote=The concept of peripatetics has been introduced in Romani studies by scholars such as Aparna Rao (1985, 1987), Joseph Berland (1982) and Salo and Salo (1982). Peripataticism is a mode of subsistence of great adaptive value. Peripatetics are endogamous groups who "employ regular spatial mobility as an economic strategy" (Rao 1987, 1).}}</ref>

== Written work ==
In ''Les Ġhorbat d'Afghanistan. Aspects Économiques d'un Groupe Itinérant 'Jat,'{{refn|group=note|name=first}}'' Rao discussed the livelihood of the [[Jat people (Afghanistan)|Jat people of Afghanistan]], with a focus on the [[Ghorbati|Ghorbat people]].<ref name="AO">{{cite journal|last=Olesen|first=Asta|year=1983|editor1-last=Luzbetak|editor1-first=Louis J.|editor2-last=Thiel|editor2-first=Josef Franz|title=Reviewed Work: Les Ġorbat d'Afghanistan: Aspects économiques d'un groupe itinérant "ǰat" by Aparna Rao|journal=Anthropos|publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|volume=78|issue=3/4|pages=608–610|jstor=40460673|jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Jon W.|date=December 1983|title=Reviewed Work: Les Ġorbat d'Afghanistan: Aspects économiques d'un groupe itinérant "̌at." by Aparna Rao|journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin|publisher=[[Middle East Studies Association of North America]]|volume=17|issue=2|page=247|doi=10.1017/S0026318400013766|issn=0026-3184|jstor=23057629|jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref> Asta Olesen suggested that in the book, Rao had filled "an almost complete gap in the knowledge of the ethnic puzzle of Afghanistan".<ref name="AO" /> According to [[University of North Carolina]]'s Jon W. Anderson, the book made accessible the 19 months of fieldwork presented in it.<ref name=":0" />

Gropper suggested that her book ''The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross–Cultural Perspective (1987)'' lacked structure and relevancy to future work.<ref name="RCG">{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective by Aparna Rao |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New |volume=90 |issue=1 |date=March 1988 |pages=228–229 |publisher=American Anthropological Association |first=Rena C. |last=Gropper |doi=10.1525/aa.1988.90.1.02a00910 |jstor=678541 |jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref>

While reviewing ''Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice'', a book that was co–authored by Rao in 2000, [[Ann Grodzins Gold]] of [[Syracuse University]] pointed out that a large proportion of its content had been drawn from anthropological field studies concluded or initiated in the 1970s and early 1980s and that the book lacked "new ethnography".<ref name="Gold">{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: Culture, Creation and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice by Monika Böck, Aparna Rao |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |volume=31 |issue=3 |year=2003 |pages=588–590 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |first=Ann Grodzins |last=Gold |author-link=Ann Grodzins Gold |editor1-first=Syed Farid |editor1-last=Alatas |editor2-first=Chan Kwok |editor2-last=Bun |editor3-first=Vineeta |editor3-last=Sinha |editor4-first=Medha |editor4-last=Kudaisya |editor5-first=Suriani |editor5-last=Suratman |editor6-first=Anne |editor6-last=Raffin |editor7-first=Leonard Y. |editor7-last=Andava |editor8-first=Zaheer |editor8-last=Baber |editor9-first=Eyal |editor9-last=Ben-Ari |editor10-first=Romain |editor10-last=Bertrand |editor11-first=Eldar |editor11-last=Braten |editor12-first=Hans–Dieter |editor12-last=Evers |editor13-first=James J. |editor13-last=Fox |editor14-first=Ananta Kumar |editor14-last=Giri |editor15-first=Riaz |editor15-last=Hassan |editor16-first=Kevin |editor16-last=Hewison |editor17-first=Michael Hsiao |editor17-last=Hsin–Huang |editor18-first=Frans |editor18-last=Husken |editor19-first=Hubb |editor19-last=De Jonge |editor20-first=Joel S. |editor20-last=Kahn |editor21-first=Rance P. L. |editor21-last=Lee |editor22-first=Terence G. |editor22-last=McGee |editor23-first=T. K. |editor23-last=Oommen |editor24-first=Janet |editor24-last=Salaff |editor25-first=Alvin |editor25-last=So |editor26-first=Wong |editor26-last=Siu–Lun |display-editors=4 |jstor=23654736 |jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref> Gold also said that a one-sided presentation of [[cultural essentialism]] didn't give much credence to a postcolonial interpretation. She noted that the authors substantially covered the "geographic and ethnographic contexts" of South Asia.<ref name="Gold" />

Rao's coauthored book ''Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia'', published in 2004, was a set of mainly ethnographic essays surrounding the role of interactions between settled and displaced peoples. In one of the essays, she analyzed research conducted on some Afghan nomadic people in 1975–1978, their self-perception, and how they were perceived by the sedentary populace of Afghanistan.<ref name=":1" /> In the book, Rao built off previous work conducted by [[Georg Simmel]]. [[University of Pittsburgh]]'s Robert M. Hayden reviewed the book, believing that the book might in the future serve as a benchmark study of displaced peoples. Hayden also believed that Rao's explanation for why the peripatetic lifestyle is successful was a good summary of the scholarly consensus surrounding the peripatetic lifestyle.<ref name=":1" />

Rao's co-authored and co-edited book ''Nomadism in South Asia'' is a series of essays on nomadism in South Asia.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Vinay Kumar Srivastava said that the ethnographic investigations done on nomadism by the authors were extensive. He further added that "...this is the first volume of its kind that brings together different writings, from different cultural contexts on nomads".<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: Nomadism in South Asia by Aparna Rao, Michael J. Casimir |journal=Anthropos |volume=100 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=290–292 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |first=Vinay Kumar |last=Srivastava |editor1-first=Othmar |editor1-last=Gächter |editor2-first=Joachim |editor2-last=Piepke |editor3-first=Anton |editor3-last=Quack |jstor=40466520 |jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref> According to [[Denison University]]'s Bahram Tavakolian, the book clarified the understanding of how "environment, structure, and agency" interacted in nomadic cultures.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last=Tavakolian|first=Bahram|year=2004|editor1-last=Saberwal|editor1-first=Vasant|editor2-last=Agrawal|editor2-first=Arun|title=Reviewed Works: Greener Pastures: Politics, Markets, and Community among a Migrant Pastoral People by Arun Agrawal; Nomadism in South Asia by Aparna Rao, Michael J. Casimir; Pastoralists: Equality, Hierarchy, and the State by Philip Carl Salzman|journal=Nomadic Peoples|series=New|publisher=White Horse Press|volume=8|issue=2, ''Whither South Asian Pastoralism?''|pages=274–277|doi=10.3167/082279404780446069 |jstor=43123738|jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref>

Rao was given the ''[[Choice Reviews#Outstanding Academic Titles|Choice]]'' award in 1999, for her book ''Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender, and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists''.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Nomadic Peoples |series=New |volume=8 |number=2, ''Special Issue: Whither South Asian Pastoralism?'' |year=2004 |page=2 |publisher=White Horse Press |title=Front Matter |jstor=43123722 |jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}</ref>

==Death==
Rao died of cancer on 28 June 2005.<ref name="j1"/><ref name="de1"/>

==Works==

===Books authored===
*{{cite book |title=Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender, and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists |year=1998 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |place=New York |first=Aparna |last=Rao |lccn=97015842}}
*{{cite book |title=Entstehung und Entwicklung Ethnischer Identität bei einer Islamischen Minderheit in Südasien: Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Bakkarwal im Westlichen Himalaya |trans-title=Origin and Development of Ethnic Identity among an Islamic Minority in South Asia: Comments on the History of the Bakkarwal in the Western Himalayas |year=1988 |publisher=[[:de:Das arabische Buch|Das Arabische Buch]] |place=Berlin |first=Aparna |last=Rao |lccn=88204809}}
*{{cite book |title=Les Ġhorbat d'Afghanistan. Aspects Économiques d'un Groupe Itinérant 'Jat' |trans-title=The Ghorbat of Afghanistan. Economic Aspects of an Itinerant Group 'Jat' |publication-date=1982 |orig-year=Composed 1980 |publisher=A.D.P.F. |place=Paris |first=Aparna |last=Rao |lccn=83174197}}
*{{cite book |title=Note Préliminaire sur les Jat d'Afghanistan /cAparna Rao |trans-title=Preliminary Note on the Jat of Afghanistan |edition=Reprinted from: Studia Iranica, t.8, fasc. 1 |year=1979 |publisher=Association pour l'avancement des Études Iraniennes |first=Aparna |last=Rao |oclc=1039700457 |language=fr}}

===Books edited===
*{{cite book |title=The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence |publication-date=2007 |publisher=Berghahn Books |place=New York; Oxford |editor1-first=Aparna |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=Bollig |editor3-first=Monika |editor3-last=Böck |lccn=2008299236}}
*{{cite book |title=Nomadism in South Asia |series=Oxford in India Readings in Sociology and Social Anthropology |editor1-first=Aparna |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Michael J. |editor2-last=Casimir |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=New Delhi |year=2003 |lccn=2003321544}}
*{{cite book |title=Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia |year=2004 |publisher=[[Praeger Publishing|Praeger]] |place=Westport, Connecticut |editor1-first=Aparna |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Joseph C. |editor2-last=Berland |lccn=2003060424}}
*{{cite book |title=Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice |editor1-first=Aparna |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Monika |editor2-last=Böck |publisher=Berghahn Books |place=New York |year=2000 |lccn=00060885}}
*{{cite book |title=Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial Boundaries Among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists, and Peripatetics |type=Conference papers and proceedings: Outcome of a conference held under the auspices of the [[:de:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde|Deutsche Gesellschaft für Völkerkunde]], in Cologne in October 1987 |publication-date=1992 |orig-year=Composed 1987 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]] |place=New York |editor1-first=Aparna |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Michael J. |editor2-last=Casimir |lccn=91023207}}
*{{cite book |title=Krieg und Kampf: die Gewalt in Unseren Köpfen |trans-title=War and Struggle: The Violence in Our Heads |year=1996 |publisher=[[:de:Dietrich Reimer Verlag|D. Reimer]] |place=Berlin |editor1-first=Aparna |editor1-last=Rao |editor2-first=Erwin |editor2-last=Orywal |editor3-first=Michael |editor3-last=Bollig |oclc=36406067 |language=de}}
*{{cite book |title=The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross–Cultural Perspective |series=Kölner Ethnologische Mitteilungen, Volume 8 |year=1987 |publisher=[[Böhlau Verlag]] |place=[[Köln]] |editor-first=Aparna |editor-last=Rao |lccn=87153302}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |title=The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross–Cultural Perspective |series=Kölner Ethnologische Mitteilungen, Volume 8 |year=1987 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |place=Köln |editor-first=Aparna |editor-last=Rao |article=The Concept of Peripatetics: An Introduction |first=Aparna |last=Rao |lccn=87153302}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |date=August 1985 |pages=221–232 |publisher=[[International Mountain Society]] |title=Vertical Control in the Western Himalaya: Some Notes on the Pastoral Ecology of the Nomadic Bakrwal of Jammu and Kashmir |first1=Aparna |last1=Rao |first2=Michael J. |last2=Casimir |doi=10.2307/3673355 |jstor=3673355 |jstor-access=free}}{{registration required}}
*{{Cite journal |journal=[[Human Nature (journal)|Human Nature]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=241–272 |date=September 1995 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |title=Prestige, Possessions, and Progeny: Cultural Goals and Reproductive Success Among the Bakkarwal |first1=Aparna |last1=Rao |first2=Michael J. |last2=Casimir |doi=10.1007/BF02734141|pmid=24203092 |s2cid=3119534 }}
*{{cite web |title=Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packages: Some Evidence |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/Development%20Studies/socialprotection_fiscalstimulus_sept2009.pdf |first1=Aparna |last1=Rao |first2=Yanchun |last2=Zhang |first3=Nina |last3=Thelen |publication-date=September 2009 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |place=New York |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917223342/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/Development%20Studies/socialprotection_fiscalstimulus_sept2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |journal=[[L'Homme]] |number=95 |pages=97–120 |date=July–September 1985 |publisher=[[École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales]] |place=Paris |title=Des Nomades Méconnus: Pour une Typologie des Communautés Péripatétiques |first=Aparna |last=Rao |volume=25 |doi=10.3406/hom.1985.368592 |jstor=25132145 |jstor-access=free |language=fr}}{{registration required}}
*{{Cite journal |journal=[[Human Ecology (journal)|Human Ecology]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=113–134 |date=March 1998 |publisher=Springer |title=Sustainable Herd Management and the Tragedy of No Man's Land: An Analysis of West Himalayan Pastures Using Remote Sensing Techniques |first1=Aparna |last1=Rao |first2=Michael J. |last2=Casimir |doi=10.1023/A:1018701001793|bibcode=1998HumEc..26..113C |s2cid=151112196 }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Aparna}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:University of Strasbourg alumni]]
[[Category:Paris-Sorbonne University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Cologne]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Members of the Société Asiatique]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:German women anthropologists]]
[[Category:Human geographers]]
[[Category:20th-century German geographers]]
[[Category:Anthropology educators]]
[[Category:Anthropology writers]]
[[Category:German women academics]]
[[Category:German anthropologists]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German anthropologists]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of South Asia Institute Heidelberg]]

Kallakurichi district

2026-02-08T16:26:20Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Article updated with latest changes

{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallakurichi district
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = View of Kalvarayan Hills from Arasampattu.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalvarayan Hills from Arasampattu
| mapframe =
| mapframe-point =
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Kallakurichi district'''
|type=shape |id=Q60493360
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Tirupathur district of Tamil Nadu
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.738|N|78.962|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = 
| subdivision_type3 = Municipalities
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kallakurichi]], [[Tirukoilur]], [[Ulundurpet]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 26 November 2019
| founder = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| named_for = Sugarcane, cotton, maize, tapioca
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = 
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kallakurichi]]
| seat1_type = Largest City
| seat1 = [[Kallakurichi]]
| government_type = District Administration, Kallakurichi
| governing_body = District Administration, Kallakurichi
| leader_title1 = Collector
| leader_name1 = M S Prasanth, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Rajath Chaturvedi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = Plain area
| area_rank = 1
| area_total_km2 = 3530.58
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 1,347,204
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=Kallakurichi>{{cite AV media |title=புதிதாக பிரிக்கப்பட்ட கள்ளக்குறிச்சி மாவட்டம் இன்று உதயம் |language=ta |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXL0gRoNmZo |publisher=[[News7 Tamil]] |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 606202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04151 04149 04153
| registration_plate = TN - 15 TN-32
| website = {{URL|kallakurichi.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kallakurichi district''' is one of the 38 districts in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. The district headquarter is [[Kallakurichi]]. Kallakurichi District was announced on 8 January 2019 and it came into existence on 26 November 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu govt announces creation of Kallakurichi District. Kallakurichi is all set to become Tamil Nadu's 33rd district. Chief Minister Edappadi K Palaniswami made the announcement on the floor of the assembly on Tuesday.
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-govt-announces-creation-of-kallakurichi-district/articleshow/67435035.cms|newspaper=Times of india|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-is-33rd-district-of-tn/article25944404.ece|title=Kallakurichi is 33rd district of T.N.|date=2019-01-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
During Ancient times, the region was under the rules of [[Cholas]], Pallavas and various Local Chieftains like Tirukoilur king Malaiyaman. Due to its location between Chola naadu and Thondai naadu, the region was aptly called Nadu naadu (Mid-land). In later times, it passed between the hands of Gingee Nayaks, Arcot Nawabs. During the British Rule, the whole region was a part of the South Arcot District of Madras Presidency.

Prior to 1960, the town of Kallakurichi was considered a village. In 1960, Kallakurichi became a town panchayat, and then was subsequently upgraded to special-grade town panchayat. On 20 October 2004, it was further upgraded to the third-grade municipality. On 7 September 2010, the municipality was upgraded to first-grade municipality. On 8 January 2019, the region surrounding the municipality of Kallakurichi was announced as the 33rd district of Tamil Nadu by bifurcating Villupuram. The area of this municipality is 11.69&nbsp;km2 divided into 21 wards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-has-a-new-district-kallakurichi-will-be-33rd/story-0IDWirqrUz3QgpDHXje47I.html|title=Tamil Nadu has a new district: Kallakurichi will be 33rd|date=2019-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kallakurichi District is bounded by [[Thiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]] district in the north, [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]] district in the east, [[Dharmapuri District|Dharmapuri]] and [[Salem district|Salem]] districts in the west, [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]] and [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] districts in the south. The greater part of the district is covered by the metamorphic rocks belonging to gneiss family. There are also three great groups of sedimentary rocks belonging to different geological periods. The [[Kalrayan Hills|Kalvarayan Hills]] in the North represents a continuous range of hills covered with some thorny forests and vegetation, which are part of [[Eastern Ghats]]. Major rivers in the district include the [[Ponnaiyar River|Thenpennai]], [[Manimuktha River|Manimuthar]], [[Gomukhi River|Gomukhi]], and [[Gadilam River|Gadilam]]. Major source of irrigation is through lakes, canals and wells.

<mapframe text="Kallakurichi District" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q60493360"}</mapframe>

===Kalvarayan Hills===
The Kalvarayan Hills are a major range of hills situated in the Eastern Ghats. Along with the Pachaimalai, Alavaimalai, Javadi, and Shevaroy hills, they separate the Kaveri River basin to the south from the Palar River basin to the north. The hills range in height from 2000 feet to 3000 feet and extend over an area of 1,095 square kilometres.

==Climate==
The climate is moderate to hot, with the maximum temperature being 39&nbsp;°C and the minimum at 21&nbsp;°C. The District gets its rainfall from the northeast monsoon during the winter months and the southwest monsoon during the summer months. The average annual rainfall is 1,070&nbsp;mm(107 cm).<ref>{{Citation |title=Kallakurichi |date=2025-08-22 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallakurichi&oldid=1307284873 |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Kallakurichi district}}
|}

==Divisions==
The district is divided into the 6 taluks of [[Kallakkurichi taluk|Kallakkurichi]], [[Sankarapuram taluk|Sankarapuram]], [[Chinnasalem Taluk|Chinnasalem]], [[Ulundurpet taluka|Ulundurpet]], [[Tirukkoyilur taluk|Tirukkovilur]] and [[Kalvarayan Hills taluk|Kalvarayan Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kallakurichi.nic.in/about-district/district-map/|title = District Map &#124; Kallakurichi District, Govt. Of Tamil Nadu, &#124; India}}</ref>

'''Administrative Divisions'''

<big>Municipalities</big>

1) [[Kallakurichi]]

2) [[Tirukoilur|Thirukovilur]]

3) [[Ulundurpettai|Ulundurpet]]

'''Town Panchayats'''

1) [[Sankarapuram]]

2) [[Chinnasalem]]

3) [[Thiagadurgam|Thiyagadurugam]]

4) [[Vadakkanandal]]

5) [[Manalurpet]]

'''Unions'''

1) Kallakurichi

2) Sankarapuram

3) Thirukovilur

4) Rishivandiyam

5) Thiyagadurugam

6) Ulundurpet

7) Chinnasalem

8) Thirunavalur

9) Kalvarayanmalai

== Demographics ==
At the time of the 2011 census, Kallakurichi district had a population of 13,47,204. This includes male population of 6,79,900 and a female population of 6,67,304.Kallakurichi district had a sex ratio of 981 females per 1000 males. 197,385 (14.65%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 30.56% and 3.74% of the population respectively. Most tribals are [[Malai Vellalar]] who live in the Kalavarayan Hills.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Viluppuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1104/download/3430/DH_2011_3306_PART_A_DCHB_VILUPPURAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kallakurichi district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|4.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|4.24}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

Hindus are the majority religion with 91.03% of the population. Christians, who are mostly Dalits and live in rural areas, are 4.45% of the population. Muslims are 4.24% of the population, living predominantly in urban areas.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Tamil Nadu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kallakurichi district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 95.97 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 2.48 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 1.38 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.17 |color4 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the predominant language, spoken by 95.97% of the population as their mother tongue. 2.48% of the population speaks [[Urdu]] and 1.38% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Kallakurichi is an emerging agricultural district. It is also known as "Home of Agriculture". There are numerous rice-processing units or modern rice mills, both small and big throughout the district. Textiles, jewellery and agricultural feeds are major businesses. The District has two government co-operative sugar mills and one private sugar mill, and one solvent extraction plant. There are many poultry farms in and around Kallakurichi. The name is derived due to the green nature of this town along the banks of the river Gomuki which nourishes the town by its water.

==Education==
The District has numerous colleges and schools, both government and private. Notable colleges are Government Kallakurichi Medical College, Government arts college, Polytechnic college in Sankarapuram, A.K.T Engineering College. There was an announcement by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in March 2020 to build a medical college with the initial funding of 370 crores near Pumputhottam, in Siruvangur village, which is 3.5 kilometers from Kallakurichi town and 1st batch of 150 students have started from the academic year 2021/2022.

==Transport==
The District is connected by roads and railways to major cities and to the rest of the state.
The major roads are, National Highway, NH – 79 connecting Salem to Ulundurpet, The District is connected by Railway through [[Chinnasalem Railway station|Chinnasalem Railway Station]] on Salem – Vridhachalam Railway Line.

NH-79 [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]-[[Kallakurichi]]-[[Ulundurpet]]

NH-534 [[Chinnasalem]]-[[Veppur taluk|Veppur]]-[[Vridhachalam]]

SH-9 Cuddalore-Panruti-Tirukoilur-Tiruvannamalai-Vellore

SH-9A Tiruvannamalai-Thiyagadurugam

SH-6 [[Kallakurichi]]-[[Sankarapuram]]-[[Tiruvannamalai]]

SH-68 [[SH-68|Cuddalore-Thirukovilur-Sankarapuram]]

SH-69 [[Vridhachalam]]-[[Ulundurpet]]-[[Villupuram]]

SH-7 [[Tirukoilur|Thirukoilur]]-[[Villupuram]]

SH-204 [[Kallakurichi]]-[[Koothakudi]]-[[Trichy]]

SH-211 [[Tirukoilur|Thirukovilur]] Bypass Road -[[Kandachipuram]]

SH-245 Kallakurichi-Kachirayapalayam-Sankarapuram

SH-137 Thirukoilur-Asanur

SH-246 Tirukkovilur- Thiyagadurgam

==See also==
* [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Vilandai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://kallakurichi.nic.in/ Official website]

{{kallakurichi district}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Kallakurichi district]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]

Yelagiri Express

2026-01-30T08:36:26Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Yelagiri Express.jpg|thumb|'''Yelagiri Express name board''']]

The '''Yelagiri Express''' is an Indian daily train which runs between [[Jolarpettai]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Salient Features of Southern Zone Railway Time Table |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1372737891591-salient%20features-2013-july.pdf |publication-date=Jul 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033151/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1372737891591-salient%20features-2013-july.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Railways |archive-date=4 Mar 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Southern-railway-plans-more-trains-from-Chennai/2013/07/02/article1662339.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706012820/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Southern-railway-plans-more-trains-from-Chennai/2013/07/02/article1662339.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 July 2013 | title=Southern railway plans more trains from Chennai}}</ref> The train stops at [[Vaniyambadi]], [[Ambur]], [[Melpadi]], [[Valathoor]], [[Gudiyattam]], [[Katpadi Junction]],Mukundarayapuram, [[Walajapet|Walajah Road]], [[Sholingur]], Anavardikanpettai, [[Chitteri]], [[Arakkonam Junction]], [[Thiruvallur]], [[Perambur]] and [[MGR Chennai Central]].

==Relevance==
This train traces its name to the Yelagiri hills near Jolarpettai. [[Jolarpettai]] is at the foothills of Yelagiri.

[Once before 2013 it runs from Tiruppathur to mgr chennai central.

After 2013 it announced to run from Jolarpettai(JTJ) to Mgr chennai central (MAS)].

The regional people and regular passengers call it as JP (JP-Jolarpet)

This train carries average of 3k to 5k peoples daily express, There was a Huge attachment between passengers and train.

==Composition==
The train is usually hauled by a powerful '''Arakkonam WAP4 locomotive or Royapuram WAP 7 '''. As the train completes its to-fro journey in a single day, The train has 24 coaches. The coaches include 20 General second class, 1 First class, 2 luggage cum-brake van coaches. First 3 and Last 3 compartments are dedicated ladies coaches.

==Service==
Even though it is classified as Express, this train stops in many stations but not all. , which can accelerate and decelerate the 24 carriage train between frequent stoppages. The train arrives Chennai Central by 9:10 and departs by 17:55 which helps the passengers to attend their work everyday even from a distant home.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/yelagiri-express-16089-mas-to-jtj/2657/35/37 | title=16089/Yelagiri Express (UnReserved) - Chennai to Jolarpettai SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yelagiri Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Raj Bharath (racing driver)

2026-01-30T05:53:22Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: created a location from scratch

{{short description|Indian professional race car driver|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{for|the actor|Raj Bharath (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Raj Bharath
| image = Raj Bharath profile photo.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| caption =
| nationality = {{flag|IND|name=Indian}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|20|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| current_series = [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship season|MRF Challenge]]
| car_number = 20
| former_teams = [http://www.mecomotorsports.co.in Meco Motorsport]
| starts = 70
| wins = 6
| podiums = 12
| poles = 2
| fastest_laps = 2
| best_finish = 1st
| year = [[2013 Formula Masters China season|2013]], [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship season|2014]]
| prev_series = 2013 Formula Masters China 2012 Formula Pilota China 2011 Formula BMW Asia Pacific
}}

'''Raj Bharath Swaminathan''' (born 20 November 1994) is an Indian professional racing driver from Bangalore. He has competed in multiple single-seater and karting championships, and is particularly noted for his performance in the [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000]] series, where he finished third overall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=Toby Sowery crowned MRF Challenge 2014 champion |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/toby-sowery-crowned-mrf-challenge-2014-champion-392962 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Raj started his motorsport career with karting in 2008, winning the ‘Most promising rookie of the year’ trophy in his debut year, in the National Karting Championship. After winning the Rotax Max Karting National Champion title in 2010, he progressed to the [[2011 JK Racing Asia Series|JK Racing Asia Series]] in 2011, followed by the [[2012 Formula Pilota China|Formula Pilota China]] in 2012 and the [[2013 Formula Masters China|Formula Masters China]] in 2013, where he achieved a single win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overdrive.in/news/raj-bharath-wins-formula-masters-race-at-the-shanghai-international-circuit/|title=Raj Bharath wins Formula Masters race at the Shanghai International Circuit|date=29 May 2013|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> He won the Young Star Driver program from Mercedes-Benz India in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cd/raj-bharath-wins-mercedes-benz-young-star-driver-programme-season-ii-114080801175_1.html|title=Raj Bharath wins Mercedes-Benz 'Young Star Driver Programme' Season II|date=8 August 2014|first=Akshit|last=Juneja|accessdate=19 August 2022}}</ref> In 2012, Bharath became a part of the [[Aston Martin Racing|Aston Martin Racing Driver Academy]]. In the [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship]] Raj achieved four podiums including one win and finished third overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrfracing.in/racing/news/raj-bharath-makes-it-two-successive-wins-for-indians|title=Raj Bharath makes it two successive wins for Indians|date=20 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>

==Racing record==
===Career summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Podiums
!Points
!Position
|-
! 2010
|align=left| JK Tyre National Racing Championship - Formula Rolon
|align=left| Meco Racing
|2
|0
|?
|?
|0
|1
|12th
|-
! 2011
|align=left| [[2011 JK Racing Asia Series|JK Racing Asia Series]]
|align=left| [[Team Meritus|www.Meritus.GP]]
|18
|0
|0
|0
|0
|22
|13th
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2012
| rowspan="2" align=left| [[2012 JK Racing Asia Series season|JK Racing Asia Series]]
|align=left| Atlantic Racing Team
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
| rowspan="2" |0
| rowspan="2" |NC†
|-
|align=left| Meco Racing
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|align=left| [[2012 Formula Pilota China|Formula Pilota China]]
|align=left| Meco Motorsport
|18
|0
|0
|0
|4
|104
|6th
|-
! 2013
|align=left| [[2013 Formula Masters China|Formula Masters China]]
|align=left| Meco Motorsports
|18
|1
|1
|2
|6
|120
|6th
|-
! 2013-14
|align=left| [[2013–14 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship]]
|align=left| [[MRF Racing]]
|11
|0
|0
|0
|0
|10
|13th
|-
! 2014-15
|align=left| [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship|MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship]]
|align=left| [[MRF Racing]]
|12
|1
|1
|1
|4
|148
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
|}
† As Bharath was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

===MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! Pos
! Points
|-
| 2014-15
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Losail International Circuit|LOS]] 9
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Losail International Circuit|LOS]] 7
| bgcolor=ffffbf| [[Losail International Circuit|LOS]] 1
| bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[Losail International Circuit|LOS]] 2
| bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR]] 2
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR]] 4
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR]] 4
| bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[Bahrain International Circuit|BHR]] 3
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Madras Motor Race Track|MMR]] 5
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Madras Motor Race Track|MMR]] 6
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Madras Motor Race Track|MMR]] 4
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Madras Motor Race Track|MMR]] 7
!style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3rd
!style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 148
|}

===Formula Masters China results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! Points
|-
| 2013
| bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[Zhuhai International Circuit|CHN]] 3
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Zhuhai International Circuit|CHN]] 6
| bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[Zhuhai International Circuit|CHN]] 3
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 4
| bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 2
| bgcolor=ffffbf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 1
| bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 3
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 6
| bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[Inje Speedium|KOR]] 3
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Inje Speedium|KOR]] 12
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Inje Speedium|KOR]] Ret
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Inje Speedium|KOR]] 4
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] Ret
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 5
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 5
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 12
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 9
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 9
! 120
|}

===Formula Pilota China results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! Points
|-
| 2012
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 8
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] Ret
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Shanghai International Circuit|CHN]] 4
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 5
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 5
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 8
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 4
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 7
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Ordos International Circuit|CHN]] 5
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Guangdong International Circuit|CHN]] Ret
| bgcolor=ffdf9f| [[Guangdong International Circuit|CHN]] 3
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Guangdong International Circuit|CHN]] 6
| bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 2
| bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 2
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 6
| bgcolor=dfdfdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 2
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] Ret
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] Ret
! 104
|}

===JK Racing Asia Series results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! Points
|-
| 2011
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 16
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 12
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 12
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 9
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 12
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] Ret
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sentul International Circuit|IDN]] 9
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sentul International Circuit|IDN]] 11
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sentul International Circuit|IDN]] 8
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Sentul International Circuit|IDN]] Ret
| bgcolor=efcfff| [[Marina Bay Street Circuit|SIN]] Ret
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Marina Bay Street Circuit|SIN]] 7
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Buddh International Circuit|IND]] 12
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Buddh International Circuit|IND]] 15
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 11
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 11
| bgcolor=cfcfff| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 11
| bgcolor=dfffdf| [[Sepang International Circuit|MAL]] 10
! 22
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rajracing.com/index.html}}
* {{DriverDB driver|raj-bharath}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharath, Raj}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Masters China drivers]]
[[Category:MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:JK Tyre National Level Racing Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Team Meritus drivers]]

Dahivali, Ratnagiri

2026-01-23T13:59:16Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: quick cleaned up citations per standard format and added references after review

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{for|the village in Pune district|Dahivali, Mawal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Dahivali
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = mr
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}
'''Dahivali''' is a small [[village]] in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name="COI-1"/> The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a total of 465 residents in the village.<ref name="COI-1"/> Dahivali's geographical area is approximately {{convert|726|hectare|acre}}.<ref name="COI-1"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="COI-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook | publisher=[[Census of India]] | accessdate=16 April 2016|page=96}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

Siege of Bahawalpur

2026-01-11T20:00:00Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Short description|1780 siege of Timur Shah Durrani's Indian campaign}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Bahawalpur
| partof =
| date = 1780
| place = [[Bahawalpur]], [[Durrani Empire]]
| result = Durrani victory
| combatant1 = [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Bahawalpur State]]
| commander1 = [[Timur Shah Durrani]] Madad Khan Ishaqzai
| commander2 = Muhammad Bahawal Khan{{surrendered}}
| strength1 = 20,000
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy
}}

The '''Siege of Bahawalpur''' took place during [[Timur Shah Durrani]]’s Indian expedition of 1780-81 after the ruler of [[Bahawalpur]] refused to pay tribute. Afghan forces occupied the city and besieged the Nawab’s fortress, where an internal explosion forced his submission and the restoration of Durrani authority in southern Punjab.
== Background ==
Following the death of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the authority of the Durrani Empire in the Punjab weakened as several tributary chiefs withheld payments and asserted de facto independence. Among them was Rukn-ud-Daulah Muhammad Bahawal Khan, ruler of Bahawalpur, who had previously acknowledged Ahmad Shah’s suzerainty but ceased paying tribute to his successor, [[Timur Shah Durrani]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls |pages=438-439 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282887 |title=Studies In Later Mughal History Of The Punjab 1707 To 1793 |date=1944 |pages=243-244}}</ref>

Bahawal Khan’s defiance coincided with similar actions by regional chiefs in [[Multan]] and [[Sindh|Sind]], who occupied revenue districts and suspended payments to Durrani officials. These developments posed a direct challenge to imperial authority in southern Punjab and threatened the strategic corridor between Multan and the Indus.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Determined to reassert control, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] marched toward India during the cold weather of 1780 with a substantial force. The campaign was intended both as a punitive expedition and as a demonstration of continued Afghan dominance in the region. The main Durrani army advanced to Multan under several senior chiefs, while Timur Shah followed with the imperial camp. Upon receiving news of the Shah’s approach, Bahawal Khan abandoned the town of [[Bahawalpur]], evacuating his family, treasury, and provisions on camels. Anticipating a prolonged confrontation, he withdrew into a fortified stronghold situated deep within a waterless desert, designed specifically to withstand siege conditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fayz Muhammad Kitab Hazarah |url=http://archive.org/details/the-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.- |title=The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah’s Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami (trans.,ann.) |date=2012 |pages=64}}</ref>

== Siege ==
Durrani advance detachments entered Bahawalpur ahead of the Shah, plundering the town and setting fire to several buildings. After [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] arrived, the remaining property of the Nawab was confiscated by the royal administration, further weakening Bahawal Khan’s position. [[Timur Shah Durrani|Timur Shah]] then dispatched Sardar Madad Khan Ishaqzai with 20,000 cavalry to conduct the siege of the desert fortress. The force was initially provisioned for only three days, reflecting expectations of a short operation. Recognizing that water scarcity was the critical obstacle, Madad Khan oversaw the digging of wells in the surrounding area. These efforts proved successful, yielding sufficient water to sustain the besieging army and allowing the operation to continue indefinitely.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The defenders mounted determined resistance and repelled repeated attempts to capture the fort by direct assault. Artillery bombardment was therefore intensified. During one engagement, the fort’s powder magazine caught fire, triggering a major explosion that killed a large number of defenders and caused significant structural damage to the fortifications. The explosion proved decisive. With morale shattered and defenses compromised, Bahawal Khan abandoned further resistance and sought terms.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Aftermath ==
Bahawal Khan sued for peace by sending his son to Timur Shah’s camp at Bahawalpur as a sign of submission. He agreed to pay the accumulated arrears of tribute, formally acknowledged Timur Shah as his sovereign, and pledged continued loyalty to the Durrani crown. Under the settlement, Bahawal Khan undertook to: Resume regular payment of tribute and taxes to imperial officials and Provide military assistance to the [[Durrani Empire]] in the event of conflict with the [[Sikh Confederacy]] Timur Shah accepted the submission, pardoned the Nawab, and confirmed him in his position. Bahawal Khan’s son accompanied the Shah as a hostage to guarantee future compliance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

After securing Bahawalpur, Timur Shah withdrew toward Peshawar and later returned to Kabul, having restored Durrani authority over southern Punjab. The campaign alarmed the Sikhs, who feared a renewed Afghan advance and subsequently attacked a Durrani military post near Multan in November 1780, extracting ''rakhi'' tribute before withdrawing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century sieges]]
[[Category:1780 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1780]]

National School of Drama, Varanasi

2025-12-27T16:33:39Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding some stub from scratch

{{Short description|Drama School}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National School of Drama, Varanasi
| type = [[Public]]
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|08|19}}
| parent = [[National School of Drama]]
| affiliation = [[Sangeet Natak Academy]]
| director = Pravin Kumar Gunjan <ref>{{Cite web |title=Varanasi: बनारस एनएसडी के निदेशक बने प्रवीण गुंजन, बोले- काशी की परंपराओं से जुड़ेंगे संस्थान के कलाकार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/praveen-kumar-gunjan-became-director-of-banaras-nsd-said-artists-will-join-traditions-of-kashi-2023-09-07 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
| address = Shri Nagari Natak Mandali, Kabir Churaha, Kotwali, Varanasi (U.P.) – 221001
| city = [[Varanasi]]
|coor = {{coord|25.321712|83.005976|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://varanasi.nsd.gov.in/}}
}}

'''National School of Drama, Varanasi''' is a new extension center of [[National School of Drama]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-13 |title=National School of Drama to set-up new centre in Varanasi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/varanasi-the-new-destination-of-nsd/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-06 |title=Government actively considering Institute of National Importance tag for National School of Drama |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-actively-considering-institute-of-national-importance-tag-for-national-school-of-drama/article34006229.ece |access-date=2022-10-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=With more centres, National School of Drama plans to light up stages across India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/with-more-centres-national-school-of-drama-plans-to-light-up-stages-across-india/story-AuBHd9EZ6twpFpg1x7waRM.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> New Delhi, established in 2018 to provide one-year training on [[Indian classical theatre|Indian Classical Theatre]] and [[Natya Shastra|Natyashashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-19 |title=‘New directors should do Sanskrit theatre’: Varanasi NSD director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/new-directors-should-do-sanskrit-theatre-5265195/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Meera Vohra|date=19 Jul 2018 |title=Varanasi to have a centre of National School of Drama {{!}} Varanasi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/varanasi-to-have-a-centre-of-national-school-of-drama/articleshow/65040075.cms |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-07 |title=NSD’s new chapter in Varanasi will revive Sanskrit plays |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/nsds-new-chapter-varanasi-will-revive-sanskrit-plays |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> It is an autonomous institution under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]].

== Course ==
The center only accepts students from India for a one-year residential training on [[Indian classical theatre|Indian Classical Theatre]] and [[Natya Shastra|Natyashashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch video: Students of NSD Varanasi learn 'travel dance' at Udupi's Yakshagana Kendra |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-video-students-of-nsd-varanasi-learn-travel-dance-at-udupis-yakshagana-kendra |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Plays Curated ==

* Svapnavasavadattam
* Satyavadi Raja Harish Chandra
* Bhagwadajjukam
* Abhijjan Shakuntalam
* Abhijjan Shakuntalam
* Rang Sangeet

== Festivals ==

* Rang Kashi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Three-day 'Kashi Utsav' begins on November 16 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/three-day-kashi-utsav-begins-on-november-16-1051285.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* Bharat Rang Mahotsav<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=National School of Drama to organize the festival “Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav – 22nd Bharat Rang Mahotsav, 2022 (Azadi Segment)” from 16th July to 14th August |url=https://orissadiary.com/national-school-of-drama-to-organize-the-festival-azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav-22nd-bharat-rang-mahotsav-2022-azadi-segment-from-16th-july-to-14th-august/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Benaras Rang Mohatsav<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Sunil |title=After listing "Godse" play on 30 Jan in Varanasi fest, organisers NSD–RSS affiliate backtrack |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/godse-play-on-thirtieth-january-varanasi-national-school-of-drama-rss-saanskar-bharti |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>

== Repertory ==
Dedicated to the tradition of natya shastra, the [[National School of Drama]] has set up a Repertory Varanasi centre, a one-of-its-kind, the center in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-19 |title=Varanasi to have a centre of National School of Drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/varanasi-to-have-a-centre-of-national-school-of-drama/articleshow/65040075.cms |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Education in India]]
* [[Education in Varanasi]]
* [[National School of Drama]]
* [[Bharatendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://varanasi.nsd.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Film schools in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Drama schools in India]]
[[Category:Film schools in India]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 2018]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2018]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]

Venadu, Andhra Pradesh

2025-12-06T07:15:27Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: New info

{{about|a village in Andhra Pradesh|the former kingdom in south India|Venad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Venadu
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Telugu,Tamil(Spoken language).
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tada mandal|Tada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Venadu''' is an island village in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Tada mandal and surrounded by [[Pulicat Lake]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Tada mandal |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=25 May 2015|pages=228,240|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

{{coord|13|38|N|80|08|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
{{Nellore district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]
[[Category:Islands of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Tourism in Mizoram

2025-11-29T08:41:44Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mizoram
| native_name =
| type = State
| image_skyline = Kawtchhuah_Ropui_Vangchhia_Mapuia_Hnamte_(1).JPG
| image_caption = [[Kawtchhuah Ropui]]
| image_map = India Mizoram location map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Mizoram (marked in red) in [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.36|92.8|region:IN-MZ|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Aizawl
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Aizawl]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1091014
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_info_sec2 = 91.58%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/mizoram.html|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> (3rd)2011 Census
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Official language]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]].<ref>{{citation |last=Commissioner, Linguistic Minorities |title=41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 |page=paras 28.4, 28.9 |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm | access-date = 16 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm  |archive-date = 24 February 2007}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://mizoram.gov.in}}
| footnotes = {{ref|cap|†}} It was elevated to the status of a full State by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986
}}

'''[[Mizoram]]''' is a state in the northeast of [[India]]. There have been many attempts to increase revenue but the lack of amenities makes it a hurdle for tourists. However, the State continues to promote itself and many projects have been initiated. The tourism ministry continues to maintain or upgrade its tourist lodges throughout the state. Foreign tourists are required to obtain an 'inner line permit' under the [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)|special permit]] before visiting. The permit can be obtained from Indian missions abroad for a limited number of days or direct from Mizoram Government authorities within India. The state is rich in bird diversity, which has the potentiality to make it a major [[birding]] destination.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2008) '' A pocket guide to the birds of Mizoram''. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK]</ref> Mizoram is a stronghold for [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant]] (''Syrmaticus humiae'').<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2002). ''Survey of Mrs Hume's pheasant in North East India''. Technical Report No. 5. The Rhino
Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 30pp. [Final report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK]</ref> There is also a rare record of the [[wild water buffalo]] from the state.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). ''The vanishing herds: wild water buffalo''. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan Forestry Bureau]</ref> There are several past records of the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] from Mizoram, then [[Lushai Hills]].<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1997) The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India. ''Oryx'' 31(2):151–152</ref> The small population of wild elephants can be seen in [[Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary|Ngengpui]] and Dampa Sanctuaries.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2001) The wild elephant ''Elephas maximus'' in Mizoram. ''J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc''. 98(3): 439–441</ref>

==Major towns and cities of Mizoram==
{{wide image|Aizawl Panoramic View.jpg|800px|A panorama of Aizawl taken from Zemabawk||none}}

===Aizawl===
[[Aizawl]] is the capital of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Mizoram]] in [[India]]. It is also the centre of all important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The main tourist attraction in Aizawl are:[[File:View of the ridgetop city of Aizawl, state capital of Mizoram.jpg|thumb|300px|View of Aizawl]]

*'''[[Hmuifang]]''' is about 50 km from [[Aizawl]] with an elevation of 1619 metres. The mountain is still covered with virgin forests reserved since the Mizo Chief's time<ref name="HMUIFANG TOURIST RESORT">{{cite web|title=HMUIFANG TOURIST RESORT|url=http://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/hmuifang-tourist-resort.html|publisher=Govt of Mizoram|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref>

===Khawbung===
'''[[Khawbung]]''' is a sub-town and the administrative headquarters of Khawbung RD Block<ref>[http://khawbung.mizoram.gov.in/ The Official Website of Khawbung RD Block] Khawbung RD Block</ref> in Champhai District. The village has an interesting tourist site {{cite web | url=http://www.hlakungpui.com | title=Mizo Poets' Square | access-date=22 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926094232/http://www.hlakungpui.com/ | archive-date=26 September 2016 | url-status=dead}} which is also known as Mizo Hlakungpui Mual. [[File:Khawbung.JPG|thumb|300px|View of Khawbung Sub-Town]]
* '''[[Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]]'''- is a monument to commemorate [[Mizo language|Mizo]] poets.<ref name="Mizoram">{{cite web | url=http://tourismmizoram.com/destinations#HM | title=Mizoram Tourism | publisher=tourismmizoram.com | work=Hlakungpui Mual (Poets' Square) | access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> It was set up in 1986.<ref>[http://www.hlakungpui.com Hlakungpui website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926094232/http://www.hlakungpui.com/ |date=26 September 2016 }} Retrieved 21 January 2012</ref> It is located at the southern edge of Khawbung Village.
* '''Kawtchhuah Ropui'''<ref>[http://khawbung.mizoram.gov.in/Mizo%20Heritage%20Sites/Interim%20Report%20on%20the%20Ongoing%20Survey%20of%20Mirawng%20Kawng.htm Khawbung RD Block] Interim Report on Mirawng kawng</ref> is a cluster of megaliths found near Vangchhia Village. Nearly 200 stones were erected. Those stones were dressed with embossed figures. It was declared as National Importance of Heritage in India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000615/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120603/jsp/frontpage/story_15563719.jsp The Telegraph website] Kawtchhuah Ropui</ref>

===Thenzawl===
[[File:Thenzawl golf course.jpg|thumb|300px|Thenzawl golf course]]
[[Thenzawl]] is a town located in the middle of Mizoram, the main tourist attractions are:
* '''[[Vantawng Falls]]''' is located {{convert|5|km}} south of Thenzawl.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/Vantawng-Falls-14604.htm | title = Vantawng Falls | publisher =india9 | access-date = 2010-06-24 }}</ref>
*'''[[Thenzawl Golf Course]]''' extends over 105 acres with play area of 75 acres and comprises 18 holes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram Gets Its First Golf Resort |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2020/08/06/mizoram-gets-its-first-golf-resort/ |website=northeasttoday |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
*'''Benkhuaia Thlan''' is the founder of Thenzawl Bengkhuaia invaded Alexandrapur in 1871 kidnapping [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]] which brought about the British to Mizoram. He died in 1879.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vumson|title=British Invasion of 1871|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:79UOeFfvUqAJ:zomilibrary.com/main/files/download/738/fullsize+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgAbn9-lWlhl0U5xodC14_VSahGNYncV9XkQkQi-0Mh0zKKWg0m2cf3UoZrd1DehWNaZZZiqCoU5iylqywU6kguBvBlMJJ4tPDIIVrsLBZ8Rm0IH687Sq4itU2k_JUTaAUu3Iwj&sig=AHIEtbRE0ZB1HUD6HscYaFPPlz8qtUyfRw&pli=1|publisher=Zomi Library|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410092703/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A79UOeFfvUqAJ%3Azomilibrary.com%2Fmain%2Ffiles%2Fdownload%2F738%2Ffullsize+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgAbn9-lWlhl0U5xodC14_VSahGNYncV9XkQkQi-0Mh0zKKWg0m2cf3UoZrd1DehWNaZZZiqCoU5iylqywU6kguBvBlMJJ4tPDIIVrsLBZ8Rm0IH687Sq4itU2k_JUTaAUu3Iwj&sig=AHIEtbRE0ZB1HUD6HscYaFPPlz8qtUyfRw&pli=1|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Vaibiak''' is the place from where they took back Mary Winchester.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thenzawlah i kal dawn em?|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12694:thenzawlah-i-kal-dawn-em&catid=105:articles&Itemid=466|access-date=1 September 2012|newspaper=vanglaini}}</ref>
* '''Tualvungi Thlan''' - There are two graves at Phulpui village in the Aizawl district of Mizoram India. It is said that, Zawlpala, Chief of Phulpui village, married the legendary beauty, Talvungi of Thenzawl. Talvungi was subsequently married to the chief of Rothai, Punthia. But, Talvungi could not forget Zawlpala, her previous husband. After many years when Zawlpala died, grief-stricken Talvungi came to Phulpui, dug a pit by the side of Zawlpala's grave and asked an old woman to kill her and bury her in the grave.<ref>{{cite book|last=S. Gajrani|title=History, Religion and Culture of India, Volume 6|year=2004|publisher=Isha Books|pages=224|isbn=9788182050655|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQWMc7_qj4kC&q=Phulpui+Village+thenzawl&pg=PA224}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Malsawmliana|title=Zawlpala leh Tualvungi Thlan|url=http://malsawmliana.blogspot.in/2012/04/historical-sites-and-monuments-in.html|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510182400/http://malsawmliana.blogspot.in/2012/04/historical-sites-and-monuments-in.html|archive-date=10 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Chawngchilhi Puk''' is a cave located near the Lunglei-Thenzawl Road, a highway in this area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chawngchilhi Puk|url=http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154:chawngchilhi-puk&catid=1:latest-news|work=The Zozam Times|access-date=1 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415225322/http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154:chawngchilhi-puk&catid=1:latest-news|archive-date=15 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> This cave is featured in a folk tale of a love story between a lady and a snake.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rini Tochhong|title=Chawngchilhi|url=http://mizowritinginenglish.com/2008/04/chawngchilhi.html|publisher=Mizo writing in English|access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>
* '''[[Tuirihiau falls]]''' is a waterfall near Thenzawl, upstream of Vantawng fall.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lalruatsanga|title=photo|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/50373262@N06/5932873325/|publisher=flickr|access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>
* '''Thenzawl Deer Park''' has 17 deer (11 female and 6 male) in natural environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=ENVIRONMENT & FOREST MINISTER-IN THENZAWL DEER PARK TLAWH|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/environment-forest-minister-in-thenzawl-deer-park-tlawh|publisher=Mizoram DIPR|access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>

===Lunglei===
[[File:Lunglei View.jpg|thumb|300px|View of Lunglei]]
[[Lunglei]] is a serene town and a major urban hub, situated in the south-central part of [[Mizoram]]. Lunglei district borders Bangladesh on the west via Tlabung sub-division which is an up-and-coming trading center. The name Lunglei means 'stone- lung' and 'bridge- lei' or Stonebridge named after a natural bridge made of stones a few kilometers from the town's area which used to attract curious visitors. The Main tourist attractions in Lunglei are:
* '''Kawmzawl Park'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Kawmzawl park siam mek|url=http://www.ralvengtu.com/contact/621-kawmzawl-park-siam-mek.html|access-date=19 August 2012|newspaper=Ralvengtu}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>
*''' Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary'''
* '''Saikuti Hall'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Saikuti hall|url=http://archtechconsultants.com/big_images/saikuti-_hall.html|publisher=Architech Consultants|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> where most of the [[concerts]] and celebrations are held. A unique [[museum]] has also been established in the hall where local [[painters]] demonstrate their skill and exhibit their works.
==Hill stations==

===Hmuifang Tlang===
[[Hmuifang]] is a resort near [[Aizawl]], Mizoram. It is about 50 km from Aizawl. With an elevation of 1619 metres, the mountain is still covered with virgin forests reserved since the Mizo Chief's time.<ref name="HMUIFANG TOURIST RESORT"/> Hmuifang is on the way to Lunglei.

===Reiek Tlang===
[[Reiek]] is a location 12 km from Aizawl. It rests at an elevation of 1548 metres, overlooking Aizawl and offers a view of the surrounding valleys and hills, on a clear day the plains of [[Bangladesh]] can be seen from the top of the hill. Reiek Hill is surrounded by thick lush green temperate trees and bushes.<ref>{{cite news|title=ANTHURIUM FESTIVAL 2010|url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1154:anthurium-festival-2010-&catid=62:october|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Eastern Panorama}}</ref>

===Sakawrhmuituai Tlang===
[[Sakawrhmuituai]] is a location about 21.7 km from [[Aizawl]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakawrhmuituai Hills |url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/68 |website=mizoramtourism.com |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> [[Mizoram]], India. With an elevation of 1,535 metres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain in Mizoram |url=http://mizoram.nic.in/about/hill.htm |website=Mizoram.nic.in |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>

==Lakes==

===Palak Dil===
[[Palak dïl]] (lit. ''Palak Lake'') or Pala Tipo (in [[Mara language]]) is the biggest [[lake]]<ref>[http://www.maraland.net/content/view/452/106/ Mara History at Maraland.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818174059/http://www.maraland.net/content/view/452/106/ |date=18 August 2009 }}</ref> in Mizoram.

==Festivals==

===Chapchar Kut===
[[Chapchar Kut]] is another festival celebrated during March after completion of their most arduous task of Jhum operation i.e., jungle-clearing (clearing of the remnants of burning). This is a spring festival celebrated with great fervour and gaiety.<ref name="Origin of Chapchar Kut">{{cite web|last=Thanzawna|title=Origin of Chapchar Kut|url=http://www.mizoram.nic.in/about/oriofchapcharkut.htm|publisher=Mizoram.nic.in|access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

==Wildlife==
[[File:2007-blue-mountain-np.jpg|thumb|300px|Phawngpui]]

===Phawngpui===
[[Phawngpui]] is the highest mountain peak in Mizoram,<ref>{{cite web|title=Phawngpui|url=http://mizotourism.nic.in/phawngpui.htm|publisher=MizoTourism|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303183739/http://mizotourism.nic.in/phawngpui.htm|archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> rising about 2157<ref>{{cite book|last=Pachuau|first=Rintluanga|title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography|year=2009|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-8172112646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC&q=Phawngpui&pg=PA30}}</ref> metres high near the Myanmar border in Chhimtuipui District. Phawngpui Peak is famous for [[orchids]] and [[rhododendrons]].

===Dampa Tiger Reserve===
[[Dampa Tiger Reserve]] is the largest<ref>{{cite web|title=Dampa Wildlife|url=http://mizotourism.nic.in/dampa_wildlife.htm|publisher=Mizoram Tourism|access-date=20 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219050951/http://www.mizotourism.nic.in/dampa_wildlife.htm|archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref> wildlife sanctuary in Mizoram, was notified in 1985 and declared a tiger reserve in 1994. It is situated in the western part of Mizoram state, on the international border with Bangladesh about 127 km from Aizawl. It covers an area of approximately 550 km2.<ref name=mizotourism>{{Cite web| title = Mizoram Tourism - Dampa Tiger Reserve| access-date = 2011-06-26| url = http://mizotourism.nic.in/Dampa%20Wildllife.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110907071655/http://mizotourism.nic.in/Dampa%20Wildllife.htm| archive-date = 7 September 2011}}</ref> The tropical Forests of Dampa are home to rich flora and fauna. It consists of forest interpolated with steep precipitous hills, deep valleys, jungle streams, ripping rivulets, natural salts licks, with an altitudinal zone of 200 m to 800 m. Dampa Tiger Reserve is a part of [[Project Tiger]] funded by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Reserve Guide|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/printableguide_dampha.htm|publisher=Project Tiger|access-date=20 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112065229/http://projecttiger.nic.in/printableguide_dampha.htm|archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

===Murlen National Park===
[[Murlen National Park]] is a [[national park]] located in the Champhai district Mizoram in India.
The size of the park area is 200 km2.<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Chhanda|title=A Treatise on Wildlife Conservation in India|year=2007|publisher=Biswajit Das|isbn=9788187616221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlwjSnkh1EAC&q=Murlen+national+Park&pg=PA170}}</ref> The park is situated about 245 km east of Aizawl, and is close to the [[Chin Hills]]. It covers an area of approximately 100 km2. The Tropical, Semi evergreen and Sub montane Forests of Murlen are home to a rich variety of flora and fauna. About 15 species of mammals, 150 species of birds, 35 species of Medicinal plants. 2 species of bamboos & 4 species of orchids so far have been recorded in this Park.At present, 36 people are involved in conservation work of Murlen National Park.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lui dunga ngaw humhalh buaipui mek|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13577:lui-dunga-ngaw-humhalh-buaipui-mek&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2|access-date=22 August 2012|newspaper=Vanglaini}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Tourism in North East India]]
* [[Tourism in Assam]]
* [[Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Mizoram}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502114607/http://mizotourism.nic.in/index.htm Mizoram Tourism Official Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160926094232/http://www.hlakungpui.com/ Mizo Hlakungpui Mual]
*[http://khawbung.mizoram.gov.in/ The Official Website of Khawbung RD Block]

{{Mizoram}}
{{North East India}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourism in Mizoram| ]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]

Varnika Kundu stalking case

2025-11-21T18:49:45Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Made basic stub from scratch...

{{Short description|Incident on 4 August 2017, in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| date = 4 August 2017
| Location = [[Chandigarh]], India
| also known as = Chandigarh stalking case 2017
| accused = Vikas Barala and Ashish Kumar
}}

The '''Varnika Kundu stalking case''' refers to an incident on 4 August 2017, in [[Chandigarh]], India, where Varnika Kundu, a disc jockey, was allegedly stalked and harassed by Vikas Barala, son of a Haryana politician, and his friend Ashish Kumar. The case gained national attention due to its implications for [[Women's safety|women’s safety]], allegations of political influence, and a subsequent controversy in 2025 over Barala’s brief appointment as an Assistant [[Advocate general|Advocate General]] (AAG). Kundu’s viral social media post and the #AintNoCinderella hashtag sparked widespread public discourse, highlighting issues of gender-based violence and judicial delays. As of August 2025, the trial remains ongoing, with no final verdict.

== Incident ==
On the night of 4 August 2017, Varnika Kundu, then 29, was driving home in Chandigarh around midnight when she noticed a white [[Ford Endeavour]] SUV following her for approximately five kilometers.<ref name=":0" />

According to her [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR), the occupants, Vikas Barala, son of BJP leader [[Subhash Barala]] and his friend Ashish Kumar, attempted to block her path, tailgated her vehicle, and made gestures suggesting an intent to approach or enter her car.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Haryana BJP chiefs son held for stalking IAS officers daughter |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/haryana-bjp-chief-s-son-held-for-stalking-ias-officer-s-daughter-447807/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian politician's son 'attempts to kidnap' woman |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/8/8/chandigarh-stalking-haryana-police-accused-of-cover-up |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Kundu, daughter of former Haryana [[IAS officer]] VS Kundu, contacted the [[Chandigarh Police]] via the emergency helpline, leading to the apprehension of the accused near Sector 26.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2017 |title=Chandigarh stalking case: Vikas Barala and Ashish Kumar sent to two-day police custody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandigarh-staling-case-vikas-barala-varnika-kundu-bjp-haryana-4790560/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Chandigarh 'stalking' case: They blocked my way, tried to open door of my car, says daughter of IAS officer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandigarh-stalking-they-blocked-my-way-tried-to-open-door-of-my-car-says-daughter-of-ias-officer-4784535/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colaco |first=Jonita |date=7 August 2017 |title=I'm proud of my daughter: father of Haryana stalking victim {{!}} I'm proud of my daughter: father of Haryana stalking victim |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/070817/im-proud-she-took-on-worst-form-of-chauvinism-father-of-haryana-stalking-victim.html |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref>

In a detailed [[Facebook post]], Kundu described the incident as terrifying, alleging the accused were intoxicated and attempted to intimidate her.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Lucky, Wasn't Raped': Woman Stalked Allegedly By Haryana BJP Chief's Son |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chandigarh-news/am-lucky-not-raped-woman-stalked-by-bjp-leaders-son-says-on-facebook-1734051 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

CCTV footage from Sector 9 confirmed the accused purchasing alcohol earlier that evening, supporting claims of intoxication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2017 |title=Exclusive: Watch CCTV footage of Chandigarh accused buying alcohol before 'stalking' woman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/exclusive-watch-cctv-footage-of-chandigarh-accused-buying-alcohol-before-stalking-woman-4790121/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Legal proceedings ==
On 5 August 2017, the [[Chandigarh Police]] registered an FIR against Vikas Barala and Ashish Kumar under Sections 354D (stalking) and 341 (wrongful restraint) of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), and Section 185 of the [[Motor Vehicles Act]] (drunk driving).<ref name=":0" />

These were initially bailable offenses, and the accused were released within a few hours after arrest.<ref name=":1" />

Following public outcry and accusations of lenient handling, non-bailable charges under IPC Sections 365 (attempted abduction) and 511 (attempt to commit offences) were added on 9 August 2017. The accused were rearrested after failing to appear for a police summons.<ref name=":6" />

On 22 September 2017, a 300-page chargesheet was filed, supported by 48 pieces of evidence, including CCTV footage, Kundu’s testimony, her father’s statement, and accounts from PCR personnel and a friend on the phone during the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=22 September 2017 |title=Police submit chargesheet in Chandigarh stalking case |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/09/22/varnika-kundu-chandigarh-vikas-barala |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2017 |title=Chandigarh stalking case: After 41 days, police submit chargesheet against Vikas, Ashish |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-stalking-case-after-41-days-police-submit-chargesheet-against-vikas-barala-ashish-4855474/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The trial began on 13 October 2017, in a Chandigarh judicial magistrate court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandigarh Stalking Case: Court Frames Charges Against Vikas Barala, Friend |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chandigarh-news/chandigarh-stalking-case-court-frames-charges-against-vikas-barala-friend-1762645 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Vikas Barala, lodged in Burail Jail for five months, was granted bail on 11 January 2018, by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], with conditions not to influence the trial or contact Kundu.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=11 January 2018 |title=Haryana BJP chief's son Vikas Barala gets bail in stalking case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/haryana-bjp-chiefs-son-vikas-barala-gets-bail-in-stalking-case/article22421901.ece |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of August 2025, the trial remains ongoing, with over 100 hearings completed, prosecution evidence presented, and defense witness examination underway.<ref name=":7" />

== Public and political reaction ==
The case sparked widespread outrage across India, fueled by Kundu’s viral Facebook post and the #AintNoCinderella hashtag, where women shared photos of being out at night to challenge victim-blaming.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=9 August 2017 |title=#AintNoCinderella: Why Indian women are posting midnight photos |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/40872788 |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The incident, compared to the Bollywood film ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' (2016) for its depiction of stalking, raised concerns about women’s safety and privilege in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mahapatro |first=Abhipsha |date=22 September 2016 |title=The Quint's #PINK Debate in Light of the Chandigarh Stalking Case |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/the-quints-pink-debate-should-we-be-more-careful-or-carefree |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=Chandigarh stalking case: Varnika not at fault, says Haryana BJP MLA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandigarh-stalking-case-varnika-not-at-fault-says-haryana-bjp-mla-4794260/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Opposition parties, including [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Indian National Lok Dal]], criticised the BJP for alleged leniency.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Vikas Barala’s father, [[Subhash Barala]], then-president of the Haryana Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), faced accusations of influencing the police to initially file bailable charges, which he and Chandigarh [[DGP (India)|DGP]] Tejinder Singh Luthra denied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Chandigarh stalking case: Accused Vikas Barala to join police probe, Haryana BJP chief assures full cooperation |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chandigarh-stalking-case-vikas-barala-on-way-to-join-police-probe-haryana-bjp-chief-assures-full-cooperation/800465/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In July 2025, the case regained attention when Vikas Barala was appointed an Assistant [[Advocate general|Advocate General]] by the [[Government of Haryana|Haryana government]], prompting backlash.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2025 |title=Stalking case accused dropped from Haryana law officer post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stalking-case-accused-dropped-from-haryana-law-officer-post/articleshow/122963371.cms |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spandana/Ramya |first=Gurmehar Kaur,Divya |date=1 August 2025 |title=When public outcry fills the gaps justice leaves behind |url=https://theleaflet.in/due-process/when-public-outcry-fills-the-gaps-justice-leaves-behind |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref>

Varnika Kundu condemned the decision on [[Instagram]], stating it reflected poorly on the government’s values.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Stalking case victim questions Baralas appointment as Asst AG |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/stalking-case-victim-questions-baralas-appointment-as-asst-ag/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Forty-seven retired IAS officers wrote to Haryana [[Chief minister]] [[Nayab Singh Saini]], arguing the appointment undermined the "[[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao|Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao]]" initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=26 July 2025 |title=Retd IAS write to Haryana CM on engaging stalking accused Vikas Barala—'betrayal of Beti bachao' |url=https://theprint.in/india/retd-ias-write-to-haryana-cm-on-engaging-stalking-accused-vikas-barala-betrayal-of-beti-bachao/2703181/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Societal impact ==
The case highlighted systemic issues in India, including judicial delays, with Kundu noting her "wavering faith" in the legal system due to the trial’s eight-year duration.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Facing trial in stalking case, former Haryana BJP chief Barala's son Vikas is now assistant advocate general |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/facing-trial-in-varnika-kundu-stalking-case-former-haryana-bjp-chief-barala-s-son-is-now-assistant-advocate-general-101753213063414.html |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bassi |first=Aseem |date=23 July 2025 |title=Row erupts as Haryana BJP MP's son, facing stalking case, appointed law officer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vikas-barala-accused-in-attempted-abduction-of-haryana-ias-daughter-appointed-as-aag-2760171-2025-07-23 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

It fueled discussions on women’s safety, particularly for those traveling alone at night, and the influence of political connections in legal processes.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

The #AintNoCinderella movement inspired women to assert their right to public spaces, gaining traction across social media platforms.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Chandigarh stalking: Indian women fight victim-blaming with 'midnight selfies' |url=https://theweek.com/87640/chandigarh-stalking-indian-women-fight-victim-blaming-with-midnight-selfies |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

The 2025 AAG controversy further underscored tensions between political privilege and accountability, with media framing the case as a test of India’s commitment to gender justice.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stalking]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment in India]]
[[Category:Sexism in India]]
[[Category:2017 in India]]

Bharatas (Vedic tribe)

2025-11-17T02:41:45Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: made a data

{{short description|Tribe mentioned in the Regveda}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Bharatas
| local name =
| type =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = The Bharatas and other early Vedic tribes
| ethnicity = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]
| nisba =
| location = Northern Indian subcontinent
| varna =
| descended_label =
| descended =
| parent_tribe = Puru (originally)
| population =
| demonym =
| branches = Tr̥tsu. Sr̥ñjaya
| language = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]
| surnames =
}}
{{Hinduism small}}

The '''Bharatas''' were an early [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic Tribes|Vedic tribe]] that existed in the latter half of the [[2nd millennium BC|second millennium B.C.E.]]<ref name=Scharfe>{{citation |last=Scharfe |first=Hartmut E. |chapter=Bharat |editor=Stanley Wolpert |editor-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=Encyclopedia of India |volume=1 (A-–D) |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2006 |isbn=0-684-31512-2 |pages=143–144}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |publisher=Allen Lane; Penguin Press |year=2002 |publication-date=2003 |isbn=0141937424 |page=114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite FTP |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1995b |title=Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State. |volume=1-4 |pages=1–26 |url=ftp://ftp.uic.edu/pub/library/scua/Vedic%20Studies/1995.01.04.EJVS.pdf |access-date=2017-09-16 |url-status=dead |server=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies }}</ref>
The earliest mentioned location of the Bharatas was on the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī River]]. Led by the tribal king [[Divodasa|Divodāsa]], the Bharatas moved through the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains and defeated Śambara. Divodāsa's descendant, Sudās, won the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] against a [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Pūru]]-led coalition, after which the initial compilation of hymns of the [[Rigveda|R̥gveda]] was carried out.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} After the battle, the Bharatas and other Pūru clans eventually formed the [[Kuru kingdom]], which was the first attested state in Indian history.

== Etymology ==

The name ''Bharata'' is of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Iranian origin, meaning "bearers" or "carriers".{{sfn|Witzel|1999|p=19}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |date=1999b |title=Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages |journal=Mother Tongue |pages=3}}</ref>

== History ==
Two Bharatas, Devaśravas Bhārata and Devavāta Bhārata, are mentioned as living near the Āpayā, [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī]] and [[Drsadvati|Dr̥ṣadvatī]] rivers.{{sfn|Palihawadana|2017|p=38}}

Devavāta's son, Sṛñjaya Daivavāta, defeated the [[Turvashas|Turvaśas]], and is mentioned alongside Abhyāvartin Cāyamāna who defeated the Vṛcīvants under Varaśikha. These battles occurred at the [[Hariupiya|Hariyūpiyā]] (modern Hali-āb) and [[Yavyavati River|Yavyāvatī rivers]] (modern [[Zhob River|Zhob]]).{{sfn|Palihawadana|2017|pp=38–40}}{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=810–811}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|pages=380}}</ref>{{Sfn|Witzel|1995a|pp=247–248}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gonda|first=Jan|title=A History of Indian Literature: I.1 Vedic literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas)|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|year=1975|pages=130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Anusantatyai : Festschrift für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag|publisher=Dettelbach: Röll|year=2000|editor-last=Hintze|editor-first=A.|pages=34|chapter=The Home of the Aryans|editor-last2=Tichy|editor-first2=E.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Witzel|1999|p=31}} In a hymn to Sarasvatī, it is stated that she aided (or is sought to aid) Vadhryaśva in defeating niggards, foreigners, insulters of gods, haters, and the sons of Br̥saya. Witzel notes that the name Br̥saya is of non-Indo-Aryan origin,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=2001|title=Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts.|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=7|pages=23|doi=10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830}}</ref>{{sfn|Witzel|1999}} and Parpola proposes that the name came from the language of the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]]. He states that Br̥saya was a hereditary regnal title in the region, and that it existed even till the time of [[Alexander the Great]].{{Sfn|Parpola|2015|pp=81, 97–98, 105}} In addition, the poet expresses the desire not to leave the Sarasvatī river (modern [[Helmand River|Helmand]] and [[Arghandab River|Arghandab]]).{{Sfn|Palihawadana|2017|p=40}}{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=857–859}}{{Sfn|Parpola|2015|p=97}}<ref name=":1" /> Both hymns mentioning the two are attributed to [[Bharadvaja|Bharadvāja Bārhaspatya]].{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=810, 857}}

Under the chieftain Divodāsa Atithigva, the Bharatas moved through the [[Hindu Kush]] mountain range, which borders the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the northwest.{{sfn|Witzel|1995a|pp=244–246}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parpola|first=Asko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ&dq=seem+to+have+led+this+immigration+parpola&pg=PT152|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|page=94|isbn=978-0-19-022693-0 }}</ref> Divodāsa was adopted by Vadhryaśva after the former was given to him by the river goddess [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī]].{{Sfn|Parpola|2015|p=97}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Velankar|first=H. D.|date=1942|title=Divodāsa Atithigva and the other Atithigvas|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002604|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=23|issue=1/4|pages=659|jstor=44002604}}</ref> Divodāsa defeated the aboriginal mountain chief Śambara in the autumn of the fortieth year of campaigns, after destroying ninety-nine of the latter's forts.{{Sfn|Witzel|1995a|pp=244–246}}{{Sfn|Parpola|2015|p=97}} Under Divodāsa, the Bharatas were also enemies of the [[Yadu]]-[[Turvashas|Turvaśas]].{{Sfn|Velankar|1942|p=663}} Divodāsa's allies were Prastoka, Aśvatha, and Sr̥ñjaya's son. Scholars differ on whether Sr̥ñjaya's son was a different person from Prastoka or Aśvatha.{{Sfn|Palihawadana|2017|p=36}}{{Sfn|Witzel|1995a|p=247}} Several Rigvedic poets mention a patron-client relationship between Divodāsa and Bharadvāja. According to a hymn attributed to Suhotra Bhāradvāja, Bharadvāja was involved in Divodāsa's battles with Śambara. In another hymn, Garga Bhāradvāja enumerates the gifts that were donated to the Bharadvajas by Divodāsa and his allies, of which included part of the booty that was looted from Śambara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarmah|first=Thaneswar|title=The Bharadvājas in Ancient India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1991|isbn=81-208-0639-5|pages=7–8}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=815, 833, 837}}

Under [[Sudas|Sudās Paijavana]] (a descendant of Divodāsa){{sfn|Witzel|1995a|p=216}}{{sfn|Palihawadana|2017|p=37}} and his [[purohita]] [[Vishvamitra|Viśvāmitra Gāthina]], the Bharatas crossed the Vipāś and [[Sutudri|Śutudrī]] rivers (modern [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej]]).{{Sfn|Witzel|1995a|pp=248–249, 251}} Eventually Viśvāmitra was replaced by [[Vasiṣṭha|Vasiṣṭha Maitrāvaruṇi]].{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=465}}

=== Battle of the Ten Kings ===
{{Main|Battle of the Ten Kings}}
Under Sudās and Vasiṣṭha, the Tṛtsu-Bharatas win the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=978-3-11-081643-3|editor-last=Erdosy|editor-first=George|series=Indian Philology and South Asian Studies|location=|language=en|chapter=4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres|pages=85–125|doi=10.1515/9783110816433-009|s2cid=238465491 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433-009/html}}</ref> The first phase of the battle took place on the banks of the Paruṣnī river (modern [[Ravi River|Ravi]]) near Mānuṣa, west of Kurukṣetra.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Rigveda: A Guide|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780190633363|editor-last=Brereton|editor-first=Joel P.|pages=34|editor-last2=Jamison|editor-first2=Stephanie W.}}</ref> The principal antagonist is doubtful{{Efn|[[Karl Friedrich Geldner]] deemed it to be Bheda, incorrectly. Witzel proposes Trasadasyu. Palihawadana proposes Purukutsa, Trasadasyu's father.{{sfn|Palihawadana|2017|p=51}}}} and names of the participating tribes are difficult to retrieve, in light of the phonological deformations of their names.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="schmidt1980">{{cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Hans-Peter|date=March 1980|title=Notes on Rgveda 7.18.5–10|journal=Indica|volume=17|pages=41–47|issn=0019-686X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|editor-last=Brereton|editor-first=Joel P.|volume=I|pages=880, 902–905, 923–925, 1015–1016|editor-last2=Jamison|editor-first2=Stephanie W.}}</ref> Plausible belligerents of the tribal union include (in order) — [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Pūrus]] (erstwhile master-tribe of Bharatas), [[Yadu]] (probably commanded by Turvaśa), Yakṣu (relatively unimportant or a pun for Yadu), [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsyas]], [[Druhyus]], [[Pakthas]], [[Bhalanas|Bhalānas]], [[Alina people|Alinas]], Viṣāṇins, Śivas, Vaikarṇa, and [[Anu (tribe)|Anu]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name="schmidt1980" />

Though seemingly an unequal battle, going by the numbers (this aspect is highlighted multiple times in the hymns), Sudās decisively won against the tribal alliance by strategic breaching of a (natural) dyke on the river thereby drowning most (?) of the opponents; the victory is attributed to the benevolence and strategizing of [[Indra]], the patron-God of Bharatas, whose blessings were secured by Vasiṣṭha's poetics.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" />

Thereafter, the battleground (probably) shifted to the banks of river [[Yamuna|Yamunā]], wherein the local chieftain Bheda was defeated along with three other tribes — Ajas, Śighras, and the Yakṣus.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" />

==== Aftermath ====
The Battle of the Ten Kings led Bharatas to occupy the entire Pūru territory (Western Punjab) centered around [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvatī River]] and complete their east-ward migration.<ref name=":02" /> Sudās celebrated his victory with the [[Ashvamedha|Aśvamedha]] ritual to commemorate the establishment of a realm, free of enemies from the north, east, and west. He still had enemies in the [[Khandava Forest|Khāṇḍava Forest]] to the south, which was inhabited by the despised non-Indo-Aryan [[Kikata kingdom|Kīkaṭas]]<ref name=":02" />

A political realignment between Pūrus and Bharatas probably followed soon enough and might have included other factions of the tribal union as well; this is exhibited from how the core collection of Rigveda prominently features clan-hymns of both the sides.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=1997|title=The development of the Vedic canon and its schools: the social and political milieu|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/110/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|pages=263, 267, 320|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000110}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

There is no clear mention of Sudās' descendants or any succeeding Bharata king in the Rigveda.{{sfnm|Witzel|1995a|1p=337|Palihawadana|2017|2p=52}} The Bharatas eventually evolve into the [[Kuru kingdom]]; however, there is no record of this development due to the time gap between the [[Rigveda|R̥gveda]] and other [[Vedas]].{{Sfn|Witzel|1995b|pp=1–2}}<ref>{{cite book |editor=B. Kölver |year=1997 |title=Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien |trans-title=Law, State and Administration in Classical India |language=de |place=München |publisher=R. Oldenbourg |pages=27–52}}</ref>

== Legacy in later literature ==
In the epic [[Mahābhārata]], the ancestor of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]s becomes [[Emperor Bharata]], and his rule and empire is called Bhārata.<ref>[[Julius Lipner]] (2010) "Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices.", p.23</ref> The Bharata clan mentioned in Mahabharata is a Kuru clan which is a sub clan of the Puru clan who were the cousins of the Yadavas.<ref>National Council of Educational Research and Training, History Text Book, Part 1, India</ref> "[[Names of India#Bhārata|Bhārata]]" today is an official name of the [[Republic of India]].<ref>Article 1 of the English version of the [[Constitution of India]]: "India that is Bharat shall be a Union of States."</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Vedic period]]
* [[Puru (Vedic tribe)]]
* [[Yadava]]
* [[Janapada]]
* [[Rigvedic rivers]]
* [[Historical Vedic religion]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[Outline of ancient India]]
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |edition=6 |isbn=978-1-138-96114-2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Palihawadana|first=Mahinda|date=2017|title=The Indra Cult as Ideology: A Clue to Power Struggle in an Ancient Society|url=|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=19–166|doi=10.11588/ejvs.2017.2.2667}}
* {{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995a|editor-last=Erdosy|editor-first=George|pages=|chapter=Ṛgvedic history: poets, chieftains and polities}}
* {{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans, Evidence, Interpretation and Ideology.|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora|year=1999|editor-last=Bronkhorst|editor-first=J.|volume=3|chapter=Aryan and non-Aryan Names in Vedic India. Data for the linguistic situation, c. 1900–500 B.C|editor-last2=Deshpande|editor-first2=M.}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatas}}
[[Category:Bharatas| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Rigvedic tribes]]

Subal Kumbhakar

2025-11-07T14:05:54Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Made initial article from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian-American economist}}
{{Like resume|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox economist
| name = Subal C. Kumbhakar
| image = File:SUBAL C. KUMBHAKAR.jpg
| institution = [[State University of New York at Binghamton]]
| field = [[Econometrics]] Applied Microeconometrics Measurement of Efficiency and Productivity
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]] [[University of Southern California]]
| doctoral_students =
}}

'''Subal C. Kumbhakar''' is an Indian born American economist. He is a Distinguished Research Professor of Economics at Binghamton University.<ref name="r1">{{cite web |url=https://www.binghamton.edu/economics/faculty/tenure-track.html |title=Tenured/Tenure-Track Faculty - Economics, Binghamton University |date=February 4, 2020 |accessdate=February 11, 2020 }}</ref> He was awarded Doctor Honoris Causa, 1997, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.<ref name="r13">{{cite web |title=Hedersdoktorer vid Göteborgs universitet under 100 år, 1907 - 2007 |url=https://medarbetarportalen.gu.se/digitalAssets/1724/1724622_1410942_hd_vid_gu_1907-2007.pdf |accessdate=20 February 2020 |ref=Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Gothenburg}}</ref> He is a fellow of Journal of Econometrics,<ref name="r3">{{cite web |url=https://kundoc.com/pdf-announcement-fellows-of-the-journal-of-econometrics-.html |title=Announcement: Fellows of the journal of econometrics |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> distinguished author of Journal of Applied Econometrics,<ref name="r4">{{cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/10991255/homepage/distinguished_authors.htm |title=Journal of Applied Econometrics |date=1999–2019 |doi=10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1255 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> co-editor of the Social Science Citation Index journal Empirical Economics,<ref name="r12">{{cite web |title=Empirical Economics |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/181/editors |website=Empirical Economics, Editors |publisher=Springer |accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> coauthor of a highly cited book on Stochastic Frontier Analysis.<ref name="r11">{{cite book |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Lovell |first2=C.A. |title=A Practitioner's Guide to Stochastic Frontier Analysis Using Stata |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139174411 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/stochastic-frontier-analysis/510E56C2F890A0E6B38B4C4B241645B6 |accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> He is associated with the University of Stavanger, Norway<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumbhakar, Subal Chandra, UiS |url=https://www.uis.no/article.php?articleID=102108&categoryID=11198 |website=universitetet i stavanger |accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> and Inland School of Business and Social Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subal C. Kumbhakar, INN University |url=https://eng.inn.no/about-inn-university/employees/subal-kumbhakar |website=Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Search |accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> He advises Oxera Consulting LLP Oxford, UK<ref>{{cite web|title=Oxera Consulting LLP|url=https://www.oxera.com/|website=Oxera Compelling Economics|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> on regulatory performance measures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Subal C. Kumbhakar, Oxera Consulting LLP |url=https://www.oxera.com/people/professor-subal-c-kumbhakar/ |website=Oxera Compelling Economics |accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> He is internationally known for his research on efficiency and productivity. His models on efficiency and productivity are used by researchers worldwide.

== Academic career ==
Subal received his Ph.D. in economics from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1986. His main area of research is on econometric estimation of efficiency and productivity using Stochastic Frontier Approach. He has formulated a variety of panel data models to measure efficiency, which are applied by researchers and practitioners all over the world. His recent works include estimating green productivity and environmental efficiency. He also researched on economics. His current research includes productivity measurement.

Subal is currently a co-editor of [[Empirical Economics]].<ref name="r12">{{cite web |title=Empirical Economics |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/181/editors |website=Empirical Economics, Editors |publisher=Springer |accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> He has also been serving as a Board of Editors and/or associate editors of Journal of Productivity Analysis since 1998,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/11123/editors |title=Journal of Productivity Analysis, Editors |date=2020 |access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> Technological Forecasting and Social Change: An International Journal since 1991,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/technological-forecasting-and-social-change/editorial-board |title=Technological Forecasting and Social Change Editorial Board |date=2020 |accessdate=February 11, 2020}}</ref> Journal of Regulatory Economics since 2015,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/journal/11149/editors |title=Journal of Regulatory Economics, Editors |date=2020 |accessdate=February 11, 2020}}</ref> Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies since 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=reme20 |website=Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, Editorial board |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |accessdate=20 February 2020 |ref=Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, Editorial board}}</ref> Applied Econometrics since 2016,<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal "Applied Econometrics" |url=http://appliedeconometrics.cemi.rssi.ru/AppEc_en.html |website=APPLIED ECONOMETRICS |accessdate=20 February 2020 |ref=Journal "Applied Econometrics", Editor-in-Chief}}</ref> Ecos de Economia: A Latin American Journal of Applied Economics since 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/ecos-economia/about/editorialTeam |title=Editorial Team, Ecos de Economía: A Latin American Journal of Applied Economics |date=2018 |accessdate=February 11, 2020}}</ref>

Subal is a co-author of the books [[Stochastic Frontier Analysis]]<ref name="r11">{{cite book |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Lovell |first2=C.A. |title=A Practitioner's Guide to Stochastic Frontier Analysis Using Stata |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139174411 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/stochastic-frontier-analysis/510E56C2F890A0E6B38B4C4B241645B6 |accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> (2000) with Knox Lovell, and A Practitioner's Guide to Stochastic Frontier Analysis (2015) with H-J Wang and A Horncastle, both published by the [[Cambridge University Press]].

== Academic history ==
*1986 Ph.D., [[Economics]], [[University of Southern California]]
*1983 Masters of Arts, Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
*1977 Masters of Arts, Economics, [[Calcutta University]], Calcutta, India

== Positions held ==
*2005–present, Distinguished Research Professor of Economics, [[Binghamton University, State University of New York]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.binghamton.edu/academics/provost/faculty-resources/distinguished.html |title=Distinguished Faculty - Office of the Provost, Binghamton University |date=January 21, 2020 |accessdate=February 15, 2020 }}</ref>
*2001 - 2005, Professor, Economics Department, Binghamton University (State University of New York)
*1986 - 2000, Assistant, Associate and Full Professor, Economics Department, [[University of Texas at Austin]]
*1977 - 1981, Assistant Professor and Reader, Economics Department, [[University of Burdwan]], Burdwan, India.

== Honors ==

*Doctor Honoris Causa, [[University of Gothenburg]], Sweden, 1997<ref name="r13">{{cite web |title=Hedersdoktorer vid Göteborgs universitet under 100 år, 1907 - 2007 |url=https://medarbetarportalen.gu.se/digitalAssets/1724/1724622_1410942_hd_vid_gu_1907-2007.pdf |accessdate=20 February 2020 |ref=Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Gothenburg}}</ref>
*Fellow, [[Journal of Econometrics]], 1998.<ref name="r3">{{cite web |url=https://kundoc.com/pdf-announcement-fellows-of-the-journal-of-econometrics-.html |title=Announcement: Fellows of the journal of econometrics |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>
*Distinguished author, Journal of applied econometrics, 2017.<ref name="r4">{{cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/10991255/homepage/distinguished_authors.htm |title=Journal of Applied Econometrics |date=1999–2019 |doi=10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1255 |access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>
*Member/Opponent of Ph.D. Evaluation Committee (International): [[Athens University of Economics and Business]] (Greece), [[University of Western Australia]] (Perth), [[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]] (Umea, Sweden), [[Norwegian University of Life Sciences]] (As, Norway), [[Charles University]] (Czech Republic), [[Technical University of Dresden]] (Germany), [[University of Helsinki]] (Finland), [[University of Stavanger]] (Norway), [[Wageningen University]] (Netherlands), [[University of New England (Australia)|University of New England]] (Australia), [[University of Gothenburg]] (Sweden), Norwegian School of Business Administration (Bergen, Norway)[https://www.nhh.no/], [[Agricultural University of Norway]] (As, Norway), [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (Calcutta, India), [[Burdwan University]] (West Bengal, India), [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (New Delhi, India).

== Selected published works ==
=== Books ===
*{{cite book |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Lovell |first2=C.A. |title= Stochastic Frontier Analysis |publisher=Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2000 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139174411 |isbn=9781139174411 }} Paperback version, 2003; Fudan Translation Series (Chinese translation ), 2008.
*{{cite book | last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2= Parmeter |first2=Christopher |title=Efficiency Analysis: A Primer on Recent Advances |url=https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/ECO-023 |publisher=NOW Publishing Company monograph |date=2014 |isbn=978-1601988966}}
*{{cite book | last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2= Wang |first2=Hung-Jen |last3=Horncastle |first3=Alan |title=A Practitioner's Guide to Stochastic Frontier Analysis Using Stata |publisher=Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2015 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139342070 |isbn=9781139342070}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Subhash |editor12-last=Dua |editor12-first=Pami |title=Benchmarking for Performance Evaluation: A Production Frontier Approach |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |date=2015 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9788132222521 |isbn=978-81-322-2253-8 }}

===Journal special issue editor===
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Ray |first2=Subhash |title=Performance Measurement: Methodological and Empirical Issues |journal=Indian Economic Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |date=2010 |jstor=29793966 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Sickles |first2=Robin |title=Auction and Games |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-econometrics/vol/168/issue/1 |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=1–174 |date=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.09.014 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Førsund |first2=Finn |title=In Memoriam: Lennart Hjalmarsson, 1944–2012 |journal=Journal of Productivity Analysis |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=233–415 |date=2015 |doi=10.1007/s11123-015-0444-0 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Parmeter |first2=Christopher |title=Applications of Nonparametric and Semiparametric Models |journal=Empirical Economics |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=2015 |doi=10.1007/s00181-014-0889-4 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Schmidt |first2=Peter |title=Endogeneity in Econometric Models |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-econometrics/vol/190/issue/2 |journal=Empirical Economics |volume=190 |issue=2 |pages=209–374 |date=2016 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Malikov |first2=Emir |title=Good Modelling of Bad Outputs |journal=Empirical Economics |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |date=2018 |doi=10.1007/s00181-017-1231-8 |doi-access=free }}

=== Selected journal publications ===
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Jin |first2=Man |last3=Zhao |first3=Shunan |title=Information Asymmetry and Leverage Adjustments: A Semiparametric Varying Coefficient Approach |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society) |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=581–605 |date=2019 |doi=10.1111/rssa.12524 |s2cid=209980241 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Lai |first2=Hung-pin |title=Technical and Allocative Efficiency in a Panel Stochastic Production Frontier System Model |journal=European Journal of Operational Research |volume=278 |issue=1 |pages=255–265 |date=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.ejor.2019.04.001 |s2cid=132710806 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Delgado |first2=Michael |last3=Ozabaci |first3=Deniz |first4=Yiguo |last4=Sun |title=Smooth Coefficient Models with Endogenous Environmental Variables |journal=Econometric Reviews |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=158–180 |date=2020 |doi=10.1080/07474938.2018.1552413 |s2cid=159099212 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/7854824 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Yao |first2=Feng |last3=Zhang |first3=Fan |title=Semiparametric smooth coefficient stochastic frontier model with panel data |journal=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |date=2019 |doi=10.1080/07350015.2017.1390467 |s2cid=125322361 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/5496955 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Malikov |first2=Emir |last3=Restrepo-Tobón |first3=Diego |title=Heterogeneous Credit Union Production Technologies with Endogenous Switching and Correlated Effects |journal=Econometric Reviews |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=1095–1119 |date=2018 |doi=10.1080/07474938.2016.1222234 |s2cid=85536174 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71593/1/MPRA_paper_71593.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Henderson |first2=Daniel |last3=Li |first3=Qi |last4= Parmeter |first4=Christopher |title=Smooth coefficient estimation of a seemingly unrelated regression |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=148–162 |date=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.07.002 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Tsionas |first2=Efthymios |title=The Good, The Bad and The Technology: Endogeneity in Environmental Production Models |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=190 |issue=2 |pages=315–327 |date=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.06.008 |url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/74588/1/KT_feb15.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Sun |first2=Kai |last3=Restrepo-Tobón |first3=Diego |title=Obelix vs. Asterix: Size of U.S. Commercial Banks and Its Regulatory Challenge |journal=Journal of Regulatory Economics |volume=48 |pages=125–168 |date=2015 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11149-015-9275-1 |hdl=10784/7615 |s2cid=154452172 |url=https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/output/1417307/obelix-vs-asterix-size-of-us-commercial-banks-and-its-regulatory-challenge }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=McCloud |first2=Nadine |title=Institutions, foreign direct investment and growth: A hierarchical Bayesian approach |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society) |volume=175 |issue=1 |pages=83–105 |date=2012 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-985X.2011.00710.x |s2cid=119767541 |hdl=10.1111/j.1467-985X.2011.00710.x |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Bokusheva |first2=Raushan |title=Modeling Farm's Production Decisions under Expenditure Constraints |journal=European Review of Agricultural Economics |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=343–367 |date=2009 |doi=10.1093/erae/jbp031 |hdl=20.500.11850/413528 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Wang |first2=Hung-Jen |title=Pitfalls in the Estimation of Cost Function Ignoring Allocative Inefficiency: A Monte Carlo Analysis |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=317–340 |date=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.06.025 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Sarkar |first2=Subrata |title=Deregulation, Ownership and Productivity Growth in the Banking Industry: Evidence from India |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=403–424 |date=2003 |doi=10.1353/mcb.2003.0020 |jstor=3649838 |s2cid=153552779 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |title=Estimation of Profit Function when Profit is not Maximum |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |volume=83 |issue=1 |date=2001 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1111/0002-9092.00133 |jstor=1244296 |s2cid=154451078 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Hjalmarsson |first2=Lennart |title=Relative Performance of Public and Private Ownership under Yardstick Competition: Electricity Retail Distribution |journal=European Economic Review |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=97–122 |date=1998 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2921(96)00052-9 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Heshmati |first2=Almas |title=Technical Change and Total Factor Productivity Growth in Swedish Manufacturing Industries |journal=Econometric Reviews |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=275–298 |date=1996 |doi=10.1080/07474939608800356 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Wheelock |first2=David |title=Which Banks Chose Deposit Insurance? Evidence of Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in a Voluntary Insurance System |journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=186–201 |date=1995 |doi=10.2307/2077858 |jstor=2077858 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |title=Allocative Distortions, Technical Progress, and Input Demand in U.S. Airlines: 1970-1984 |journal=International Economic Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |date=1992 |pages=723–737 |doi=10.2307/2527135 |jstor=2527135 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Arunava |title=Price Distortions and Resource-Use Efficiency in Indian Agriculture: A Restricted Profit Function Approach |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v74y1992i2p231-39.html |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=231–239 |date=1992 |doi=10.2307/2109654 |jstor=2109654 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |last2=Ghosh |first2=Soumendra |last3=McGuckin |first3=Thomas |title=A Generalized Production Frontier Approach for Estimating Determinants of Inefficiency in U.S Dairy Farms |journal=Journal of Business and Economic Statistics |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=279–286 |date=1991 |doi=10.1080/07350015.1991.10509853 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kumbhakar |first1=Subal |title=The Specification of Technical and Allocative Inefficiency in Stochastic Production and Profit Frontiers |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=335–348 |date=1987 |doi=10.1016/0304-4076(87)90016-9 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=-rB5HVsAAAAJ Subal Kumbhakar at Google Scholar]
*https://meteor.springer.com/project/dashboard.jsf?id=552&tab=About
*http://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~kkar/index.html
*http://bingweb.binghamton.edu/~kkar/cv2_03.pdf

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumbhakar, Subal}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Econometricians]]
[[Category:20th-century American economists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of Gothenburg alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Binghamton University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Burdwan]]

Thang, Ladakh

2025-10-29T16:50:48Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thang
| other_name = Dhothang, Thanga Chathang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.926|N|76.795|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 103
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194401
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 911
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Thang''' (also called '''Dhothang''', '''Thanga Chathang''') is a small village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], India.<ref name="amenities">{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is in the historical [[Chorbat]] region of [[Baltistan]], divided between India and Pakistan by the 1972 [[Line of Control]]. Thang is part of the [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]] [[tehsil]] and the [[Turtuk]] community development block. It is twinned with the village of [[Frano, Gilgit-Baltistan]].

The village was seized from [[Pakistan]] along with three other villages in the area as a result of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. It is 2.5 kilometers from the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/featured/turtuk-story-of-a-promise-land|title=Turtuk, a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours|website=The Wire}}</ref> The area's population is largely [[Balti people|Balti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/exploring-the-breathtaking-landscapes-of-indo-pak-border/story-kv6FwkfBWS1vZAnY5VRAjP.html|title=Exploring the breathtaking landscapes of Indo-Pak border|date=March 15, 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Loc distance chart.jpg|right|thumb|distance chart]]
[[File:ThangViewPoints 1 23042019.jpg|thumb|Thang View point]]
[[File:ThagViewPoint 23042019.jpg|thumb|Thang View Point]]
See [[Turtuk#History|history of Turtuk and nearby areas]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Thang had 16 households in that year. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) was 63.41%.<ref name=amenities/><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 103 || 53 || 50
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 21 || 11 || 10
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 88 || 45 || 43
|-
| Literates || 52 || 27 || 25
|-
| Workers (all) || 48 || 25 || 23
|-
| Main workers (total) || 36 || 19 || 17
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 34 || 18 || 16
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 12 || 6 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 5 || 3 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 55 || 28 || 27
|}

==See also==
* [[Chewang Rinchen]]
* [[Frano, Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Jitaditya Narzary, [https://travellingslacker.com/thang-village-loc-turtuk/ Thang, That Village Beyond the LOC], Travelling Slacker (blog), 31 July 2019.

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nubra tehsil]]

Indian sillago

2025-10-05T09:09:46Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: new.

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sillago indica.jpg
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Heemstra, P.C. |author2=Lang, N. |year=2010 |errata=2017 |title=''Sillago indica'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T154955A115255868 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154955A4676523.en |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Sillago indica
| authority = [[R. J. McKay|McKay]], [[Someshwar Dutt Pathak|Dutt]] & [[Sujatha Kandula|Sujatha]], 1985
| synonyms =
*''Sillago parvisquamis'' Dutt & Sujatha, 1980
| range_map = S. indica distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the Indian sillago
}}

'''''Sillago indica''''', the '''Indian sillago''', is a poorly known [[species]] of [[coastal]] [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] of the smelt-whiting [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Sillaginidae]].<ref name = IUCN/><ref name = Fishbase/> The species was named in 1985, having previously being misidentified as another species of ''[[Sillago]]'', ''[[Sillago parvisquamis|S. parvisquamis]]''.<ref name = "McKay1985"/> The Indian sillago inhabits the coasts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Oman]].<ref name = IUCN/> Like all sillaginids,<ref name = "McKay1985"/> it is [[benthic]] in nature, living in depths to 30 m where it is caught by [[fishermen]] alongside other species of ''Sillago''.<ref name = IUCN/>

==Taxonomy and naming==
The Indian sillago is one of over 30 species in the genus ''[[Sillago]]'',<ref name = Fishbase2>{{FishBase genus|genus=Sillago|month=February|year=2024}}</ref> which is one of five genera belonging to the smelt whiting family [[Sillaginidae]], this family was previously considered to be part of the [[Percoidea]], a [[suborder]] of the [[Perciformes]].<ref name=McKay1985/> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies the Sillaginidae in the order [[Spariformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502–506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref>

The species was first named by McKay in his comprehensive review of the Sillaginidae, with [[coauthor]]s Dutt and Sujatha contributing the section on ''S. indica''. The species was previously misidentified as ''[[Sillago parvisquamis]]'' by the latter two authors in earlier publications, with McKay pointing out the only noticeable difference between the two is the [[swim bladder]] morphology, as well as an indistinct black band in the side of the fish.<ref name = "McKay1985">{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=R.J. |year=1985 |title=A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Silaginidae |journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–73 }}</ref> For this reason, the fish goes unidentified in most catches, usually referred to as a number of other sillaginids. The species [[binomial name|binomial]] and [[common name]] reflects the species geographical distribution, being at the time known from [[India]] only.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ramesh | first = S. | author2 = P.S. Lyla | title = Species (Animals) Named After India | volume = 11 | issue = 2 |page=11 | journal = Seshaiyana: ENVIS Newsletter on Estuaries, Mangroves, Coral Reefs and Lagoons | year = 2003 | url = http://casmbenvis.nic.in/pdf/Seshaiyana11-2.pdf | access-date = 2008-07-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410014112/http://www.casmbenvis.nic.in/pdf/Seshaiyana11-2.pdf | archive-date = 2009-04-10 }}</ref>

==Description==
As with other sillagids, the Indian sillago has an elongate body with a long conical snout, and a long soft dorsal and anal fin. The body is covered in small [[ctenoid]] [[Scale (zoology)|scales]] extending to the [[cheek]] and head. The first [[dorsal fin]] has 11 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|spines]] and the second dorsal fin has 1 leading spine with 21 to 22 soft rays posterior. The [[anal fin]] is similar to the second dorsal fin, but has 2 spines with 22 to 23 soft rays posterior to the spines. Other distinguishing features include 68 to 70 [[lateral line]] scales and a total of 34 [[vertebrae]].<ref name = "McKayFAO" >{{cite book |last=McKay |first=Roland J. |title=FAO species catalogue. Vol. 14. Sillaginid fishes of the world. (Family Sillaginidae). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the Sillago, Smelt or Indo-Pacific Whiting Species Known to Date |year=1992 |publisher=FAO |location=Rome |series=FAO Fisheries Synopsis |volume=125/7/1 |isbn=978-92-5-102340-2 |pages=45–46 |url=https://www.fao.org/4/t0538e/t0538e00.htm }} [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/255676.pdf pdf]</ref> The species has a known maximum total length of 34 cm.<ref name = Fishbase/>

The [[swim bladder]] is quite distinct, having a bifurcate [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anterior]] extensions, while the anterolateral extensions are recurved and extend to the ventral duct. There is a single [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|posterior]] extension.<ref name = "McKay1985"/>

The [[colour]] of the Indian sillago is a light tan with a dark brown—blackish band starting behind the upper part of the [[Operculum (fish)|opercle]] and curving down below [[lateral line]] for approximately two thirds the length and continuing slightly or directly on the lateral line as a broken band or elongate spots. The head, cheeks, [[Abdomen|belly]] and lower sides are covered in a sprinkling of black spots. The interspinous [[Biological membrane|membrane]] of the first dorsal fin, the individual soft rays and the [[caudal fin]] are also spotted, with the caudal fin heavily spotted.<ref name = "McKay1985"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
As suggested by its name, the Indian sillago was first known from [[India]].<ref name = "McKay1985"/> It is now also known from the coast of [[Oman]].<ref name = IUCN/> The species inhabits [[inshore]] [[coastal]] waters in a range of [[:wikt:depth|depth]]s from 0 to 30 m.<ref name = IUCN/><ref name = "McKayFAO" /> Due to its relatively recent naming and difficulty of identification, very little knowledge on the [[biology]] of the species has been collected.<ref name = "McKayFAO" />

==Relationship to humans==
Like all other species of ''Sillago'', the Indian sillago is taken amongst inshore catches but not distinguished from other sillaginids, with no specific information available on the [[fishery]]. It is often taken by [[drift net]], shore [[seine]] and [[Net casting|cast net]] by local fisheries, and by [[trawl|mini trawler]]s.<ref name = "somethiing">{{cite journal |last=Dutt |first=S. |author2=K. Sujatha |year=1980 |title=On the seven species of fishes of the family Sillaginidae from Indian waters |journal=Mahasagar: Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography |volume=13 |pages=371–375 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase | genus = Sillago | species = indica | year = 2024 | month = February }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2450782}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:whiting, Indian}}
[[Category:Sillago|Indian sillago]]
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1985|Indian sillago]]

Medieval Kannada literature

2025-09-20T16:59:37Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding a page and citations

{{short description|7th to 16th centuries Kannada literature}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''[[Medieval]] [[Kannada literature]]''' covered a wide range of subjects and genres which can broadly be classified under the [[Jain]], [[Virashaiva]], [[Vaishnava]] and secular traditions. These include writings from the 7th century rise of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya]] empire to the 16th century, coinciding with the decline of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The earliest known literary works until about the 12th century CE were mostly authored by the Jainas along with a few works by Virashaivas and [[Brahmin]]s and hence this period is called the age of Jain literature, . The 13th century CE, to the 15th century CE, saw the emergence of numerous Virashaiva and Brahminical writers with a proportional decline in Jain literary works. Thereafter, Virashaiva and Brahmin writers have dominated the [[Kannada]] literary tradition.<ref name="write1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p17</ref> Some of the earliest metres used by Jain writers prior to 9th century include the ''chattana'', ''bedande'' and the ''melvadu'' metres, writings in which have not been discovered but are known from references made to them in later centuries.<ref name="write1"/> Popular metres from the 9th century onwards when Kannada literature is available are the ''champu-kavyas'' or just ''[[champu]]'',<ref name="write2">Poems in verse of various metres interspersed with paragraphs of prose (Narasimhacharya 1988, p12)</ref> ''[[vachana]]''<ref name="wite5">Virashaiva poetic prose in simple and lucid Kannada from the 12th century (Narasimhacharya 1988, p17)</ref> ''sangatya'',<ref name="write3">sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument and introduced in 1232 by Sisumanayana (Sastri 1955, p359)</ref> ''shatpadi'',<ref name="write4">Six liners popular in later Jain, Brahminical and Virashaiva works (Narasimhacharya 1988, p17)</ref> ''ragale'',<ref name="lyr">lyrical poems with refrain (Sastri 1955, p361)</ref> ''tripadi'',<ref name="lyric">Three line poetry (Sastri 1955, p361)</ref> and ''kavya''.<ref name="kav">A poem in classical style. {{cite web|title=Kanaka Dasa-Poet among saints|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/kanakadasa.htm|author=Dr. Jytosna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref>

The Jain scholars wrote mostly about the life of [[Tirthankar]]s and about princes and persons who attained sainthood. These writings are called Jain ''[[purana]]s''. Virashaiva works centered on the Hindu god [[Shiva]], his various forms and his saintly devotees. A unique and native form of poetry called [[Vachana]] ''sahitya'' was born in the 12th century CE, as a reaction to the rigid social customs prevailing at that time. This form of poetry in pithy prose was heralded by the Virashaiva saints and remains popular even today.<ref name="vir">{{cite web|title=Veerashaivism and The Vachanas|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history4.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=History of Kannada literature-IV|access-date=2007-05-31}}</ref> Brahminical writings were on the [[Vaishnava]] Hindu epics, the [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Bhagavata]], the [[Purana]]s and subjects bearing on the [[Vedas]].<ref name="write6">Narasimhacharya (1988), p61</ref> Another devotional movement, inspired by the teachings of [[Madhwacharya]] heralded by Vaishnava saints ushered in a form of Kannada literature called the [[Haridasa]] ''sahitya'' (literature of slaves of god) in the 14th century CE, and resulted in the production of a vast corpus of devotional compositions over the next four centuries.<ref name="vai">{{cite web|title=Dasa Sahitya or Slave Literature|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/dasa.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=History of Kannada literature|access-date=2007-05-31}}</ref> A vast amount of literature came to be written on non-religious subjects generally classified as secular literature. Secular literatures were on such subjects as [[grammar]] (''sabdagama''), [[logic]] (''yuktyagama''), [[philosophy]] (''paramagama''), [[poetry]], [[Romanticism|romance]], [[drama]], [[rhetoric]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], [[lexicon]], [[biography]], [[history]], [[medicine]], [[veterinary science]], [[mathematics]], poetic inscriptions called ''kavya'', [[cookery]], [[fiction]], [[astrology]], [[meteorology]], [[toxicology]], [[eroticism]] etc.<ref name="write7">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp61-65</ref>

== Early literature ==
The verse form of inscriptions were popular in the 7th century and the [[Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena]] (7th century),<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/SHRAVANABELAGOLA%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm
|title = Inscriptions
|work = Official website of CIIL, Government of India
|publisher = Classicalkannada.org
|access-date = 2012-02-29
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130624002227/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/SHRAVANABELAGOLA%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm
|archive-date = 2013-06-24
}}</ref> and the [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of 700 in ''tripadi'' metre is considered the earliest available [[:wikt:lithic|lithic]] records of Kannada poetry.<ref name="lithic">Kamath (2001), p67</ref> The ''Karnateshwara Katha'', which was quoted later by Jayakirti, must have belonged to the period and was a eulogy of [[Pulakeshin II]].<ref name="karnateshwara">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (2001), p67</ref> Other Kannada writers of this time whose works are considered extinct are Syamakundacharya (650) who wrote ''Prabhrita'' and Srivaradhadeva, also called Tumubuluracharya (650) who wrote the ''Chudamani'' (Crest Jewel), a 96,000 verse commentary on [[logic]] (''Tattvartha-mahashastra'').<ref name="tumbu">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref name="tumbu2">Narasimhacharya (1988), p4-5</ref><ref name="tumbu1">{{cite web|title=History of Kannada Literature|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=Kamat's Potpourri, November 04,2006|access-date=2006-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403213846/http://kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm|archive-date=3 April 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other sources date the ''Chudamani'' to the 6th century or earlier.<ref name="chu">B.L. Rice (1897), p497</ref><ref name="dandin">6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced [[Saraswati]] from the tip of his tongue, just as [[Shiva]] produced the [[Ganges]] from the tip of his top knot (Rice E.P., 1921, p27)</ref> Bhattakalanka, a 17th-century Kannada grammarian, wrote of the ''Chudamini'' being a milestone which demonstrated that Kannada was well suited for [[scientific]] works.<ref name="scintific">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp4-5</ref> ''Gajashtaka'', a rare work on elephant management was written by the Western Ganga King [[Shivamara II]] around 800 but is now considered extinct.<ref name="shiv">Kamath (2001), p50</ref> Around 900, Gunavarma I authored the ''Shudraka'' and ''Harivamsha''. His writings are considered extinct but references to these writings are found in later years. He is known to have been patronised by King Ereganga Neetimarga II. In ''Shudraka'', he has favourably compared his patron to King Shudraka of ancient times.<ref name="shiv"/><ref name="ponn1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p18</ref> Sri Vijaya, court poet of [[Rashtrakuta]] King [[Amoghavarsha I]] wrote ''Chandraprabha-purana'' in the early 9th century.<ref name="ubhaya1">The author and this work were praised by later day poet Durgasimha of 1025 CE (Narasimhacharya 1988, p18)</ref> A prosody called ''Guna-gankiyam'' has been referenced in a Tamil work called ''Yapparungalakkarigai'' by Amritasagara and has been dated to the middle of the 9th century.<ref name="guna">Historians propose the name of the author to be Gunaga (or Gunaganka, Gunakenalla) (Narasimhacharya 1988, p29)</ref>

''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (850) written by King [[Amoghavarsha I]] and [[Sri vijaya]] is the earliest available book on [[rhetoric]] and [[poetics]],<ref name="tumbu"/><ref name="rhet">Kamath (2001), p90</ref> though it is evident from the book that several works and metres of Kannada literature and poetry had existed in previous centuries. ''Kavirajamarga'' is a guide to poets (''Kavishiksha'') that aims to standardize these various styles. The book refers to early Kannada writers such as the 6th century [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] King [[Durvinita]], a writer of prose. Hence it is proposed that a considerable volume of prose and poetry must have come into existence prior to 850.<ref name="tumbu"/><ref name="volume">Narasimhacharya (1988), p2, p17</ref> Other writers mentioned in ''Kavirajamarga'' are Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu for Kannada prose and [[Ravikirti]] (636), Kavisvara, Pandita, Chandra and Lokapala in Kannada poetry.<ref name="chu"/><ref name="earlypro1">Narasimhacharya, 1988, p2</ref><ref name="earlypro2">{{cite web|title=Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=The Rashtrakutas|access-date=2007-02-03}}</ref>

== Jain literature ==
[[File:Chavundaraya.jpg|thumb|right|10th century Kannada writer [[Chavundaraya]] with Nemichandra, © Kamat's Potpourri]]
[[File:Poetic old Kannada inscription of Bopanna dated 1180 CE at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|right|Poetic Inscription in old Kannada by Jain poet Boppana (1180 CE) at [[Shravanabelagola]]]]
The Jain age of literature in Kannada has been called as the "Augustan age" of Kannada literature with writings of nearly 200 authors considered important. Jain authors in Kannada are far more than in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or [[Telugu language]]s.<ref name="version"/> Kannada is the only language in which a Jain version of Ramayana and Mahabharata exists, in addition to Brahminical version of the same epics.<ref name="version">Narasimhacharya (1988), p66</ref> Famous among Jain writers were [[Adikavi Pampa]], [[Sri Ponna]], [[Chavundaraya]], [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]], Gunavarma I, Nagachandra, Nayasena, [[Nagavarma I]], Aggala, [[Janna]] etc.<ref name="jain">Narasimacharya (1988), p65</ref> [[Adikavi Pampa]], widely regarded as one of the greatest Kannada writers, became famous for his [[purana]], ''[[Adipurana]]'' (941). Written in ''champu'' style, it is the life history of the first Jain thirtankar [[Rishabhadeva]]. Pampa's other notable work was ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]'' (941), is a Jain version of the Hindu epic, [[Mahabharata]], with [[Arjuna]] as the hero.<ref name="bharata">Sastri (1955), p356</ref> Also called ''Pampa Bharata'', it praises the writer's patron, King [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Chalukya]] Arikeseri of [[Vemulwada, Karimnagar District|Vemulavada]] (a [[Rashtrakuta]] feudatory), comparing the king's virtues favorably to those of Arjuna. Pampa demonstrates such a command of classical Kannada that scholars over the centuries have written many interpretations of his work.<ref name="earlypro2"/>

Pampa's contemporary was [[Sri Ponna]], the court poet of Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]]. He received the title ''Kavichakravarthi'' (poet laureate) and ''Ubhaya-Chakravarthi'' (imperial poet in two languages, for his command over Sanskrit as well) from his patron. He became famous for his ''Santipurana'' written around 950, narrating the life history of the 16th tirthankar Santinatha. Other classics by Sri Ponna are ''Jinaksharamale'', a poem in praise of Jainas and ''Bhuvanai-karamabhyudaya'', the later considered extinct but known from citations in later works.<ref name="ponn1"/><ref name="bharata"/> Ranna was the court poet of Western Chalukya kings [[Tailapa II]] and [[Satyashraya]]. He along with Pampa and Sri Ponna are called the "three gems of Kannada literature". Ranna wrote ''[[Ajitha purana|Ajitapurana]]'' in 993, a ''champu'' writing in 12 chapters on the life of the second tirthankar. His other classics are ''Sahasabhimavijaya'' (or ''Gadayuddha'') written in 982, a ''champu'' writing in 10 chapters which narrates the story of the epic Mahabharata with particular reference to the duel with clubs between [[Pandava]] [[Bhima]] and [[Kaurava]] [[Duryodhana]]. In this writing, the poet favourably compares his patron king Satyashraya to ''Sahasabhima'' (daring Bhima). Earlier to this, Ranna was patronised by Western Ganga minister [[Chavundaraya]] when he wrote ''Parashurama charita'', in which he compares his patron to [[Parashurama]].<ref name="ponn1"/><ref name="bharata"/><ref name="paras2">Kamath (2001), p45</ref>

In 1105, Nagachandra, a poet and builder in the court of Hoysala [[Veera Ballala I]] who was responsible for the consecration of important Jain temples (''Jainalaya'') wrote the Jain version of Ramayana called ''Ramachandra-charitapurana''. The story which deviates from the [[Valmiki]] Ramayana narrates the legend of [[Rama]] in a ''champu'' of 16 sections. In this work, Rama becomes a Jain ascetic and attains ''[[nirvana]]'' at the end. A complement to ''Pampa Bharata'' by Adikavi Pampa, the effort earned Nagachandra the title ''Abhinava Pampa''.<ref name="nirvana">Sastri (1955), pp357-8</ref><ref name="bal">Kamath (2001), p133</ref> The earliest available [[prose]] in Kannada is ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'' (900) by [[Shivakotiacharya]]. The title means "worship of elders". The writing contains 19 stories mostly borrowed from the Sanskrit book ''Brihatkatha-Kosha'' and is about Jain tenets. The writing describes issues such as rebirth, ''[[karma]]'', plight of humans on earth, social issues of the time such as education, trade and commerce, magic, superstitions and condition of women in society.<ref name="bharata"/> Janna who was given the title ''Kavichakravarti'' (poet laureate) in the court of Hoysala Veera Ballala II was also a minister, builder of many Jain temples and came from a family of such famous writers of the Hoysala court as Sumanobana and Mallikarjuna. His ''Yasodhara charita'' (1209) and ''Ananthanathapurana'' (1230) are considered to be enduring classics. The former work narrates the story of a king who was about to sacrifice two boys to a local deity called Mariamma. On hearing their story, the king releases the boys and gives up the practice of sacrificing live victims.<ref name="cupid">Sastri (1955), p359</ref><ref name="kesi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref>

In the early 13th century, [[Andayya]] wrote the ''Madana Vijaya'' (also known as ''Kavana Gella'' – victory of [[Kama]] or ''Kabbigara Kava'' – poets defender or ''Sobagina Suggi'' – harvest of beauty). In this unique work, Andayya used only indigenous Kannada words (''desya'') and naturalised Sanskrit words (''tatbhava'') totally avoiding assimilated Sanskrit words (''tatsamas''). In the story, Shiva imprisons the [[moon]] and [[cupid]] (Kama) in his anger assails Shiva with his arrows. An angry Shiva curses cupid to be separated from his bride, when cupid contrives to free himself of the curse.<ref name="cupid" />

== Virashaiva literature ==
[[File:Basava statue crop.png|thumb|150px|right|Statue of [[Basavanna]] in Bangalore]]
Among early Shaiva writers Durgasimha who wrote ''Panchatantra'' in 1025. He was a minister in the court of [[Western Chalukya]] King [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]]. Here he mentions many of his predecessors and contemporaries.<ref name="durga">Narasimhacharya (1955), pp18-19</ref><ref name="cont">Sastri (1955), p357</ref> [[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]], (also known as Harisvara) was patronised by [[Hoysala]] King [[Narasimha I]] and wrote the ''Girijakalyana'' (1165) in the old ''champu'' style describing the marriage of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] in ten sections. He came from a family of accountants (''karanikas'') from [[Halebidu]] and spent many years in [[Hampi]] writing more than one hundred ''ragales'' (poems in blank verse) in praise of Virupaksha (a form of Shiva).<ref name="Parvati">Sastri (1955), pp361-2</ref><ref name="Parvati1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20, p52</ref> [[Raghavanka]] was the first to introduce the ''Shatpadi'' metre into Kannada in his ''Harishchandra kavya'' (1165) which is considered a classic even though it occasionally violates strict rules of Kannada grammar.<ref name="hari">Sastri (1955), p362</ref>

Prose was the medium chosen by the Virashaiva poets (also known as [[Lingayat]]) to write devotional poetry called ''Vachana Sahitya'' in the 12th century. They were led by such great saints as [[Basavanna]] (a minister in the court of [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Southern Kalachuri]] King [[Bijjala II]]), [[Akka Mahadevi]] and [[Allama Prabhu]]. Over 200 ''Vachana'' poets (''Vachanakara'') have been recorded from this period, more than 30 of whom were woman poets.<ref name="vac_rec">Sastri (1955), p361</ref> ''Vachanas'' are characterized as brief disconnected passages, each ending with one or more names of Shiva. The style was epigrammatical, parallelistic and elusive, dwelling on the vanity of riches and spiritual benefits of the worship of Shiva.<ref name="epi">E.P.Rice in Sastri (1955), p361</ref> These poems are still recited by Lingayat ''acharyas'' (priests). The poems have a section called ''Kalanjnana'' with a messianic forecast of the future mentioning the arrival of the ideal King Vira Vasanta Raya who would rebuild [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]], the geographical centre of the Lingayat movement and restore the Lingayat sect to its full glory. Other famous teachers were Sivalenka, Sripati Pandita, [[Mallikarjuna Panditaradhya]]. The five famous ''acharyas'' were Revanna Siddha, Marula Siddha, Panditaradhya, Ekorami Tande and Visvesvaracharya.<ref name="vac_rec"/> Well-known ''vachana'' writers of the time were Chennabasava, Prabhudeva, Siddharama, Kondaguli Kesiraja etc.<ref name="kesi"/>

==Vaishnava literature==



[[Rudrabhatta]], a [[Smartha]] Brahmin (believer of monistic philosophy), was an early [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahminical]] writer whose patron was Chandramouli, a minister of Hoysala King [[Veera Ballala II]]. Based on the earlier work of ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', he wrote ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' (1180) in the ''champu'' style relating the life of [[Krishna]] leading up to his fight with the demon [[Banasura]].<ref name="brahmin">Sastri (1955), p364</ref><ref name="ratna"/> Famous among Brahmin writers from the 15th century was [[Kumara Vyasa]]. His real name was Naranappa and hailed from modern [[Gadag district]] in Karnataka. He wrote the first ten chapters of ''Gadugina Bharata'' (1430), a Kannada adaptation of epic Mahabharata in the court of [[Deva Raya II]]. The work was later completed by Thimmanna in the court of King [[Krishnadevaraya]]. Dedicating the work to his patron king, Thimmanna called it ''Krishnaraya Bharata''.<ref name="brahmin"/> In the 15th century, Narahari wrote the earliest brahminical rendering of the epic Ramayana in Kannada called ''Torave Ramayana''. It is called so because it was written in Torave, [[Sholapur District]], modern [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="madwa1"/>

The Vaishnava ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotion) influence on Kannada literature was acute from the time of [[Vijayanagara Empire]], a direct impact of the [[dvaita]] philosophy propounded by [[Madhwacharya]] of [[Udupi]] in the 13th century.<ref name="madwa1">Sastri (1955), p365</ref> Over 150 well-known ''bhakti'' saints who wrote thousands of compositions are known. These compositions are broadly classified as general compositions, ''kavya'' (poetic compositions) and ''tatva'' (philosophical compositions). General compositions are further classified as ''keertanas'', ''ughabhogas'', ''suladis'', ''vruttanama'', ''dandaka'', ''tripadi'', ''pattadi'', ''sangathya'' and ''ragale''.<ref name="comp">{{cite web|title=Compositions and styles of Haridasas|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/style.html|author=Rao, Madhusudana C.R.|publisher=www.dvaita.org, Haridasa homepage|work=Haridasas of Karnataka|access-date=2007-02-03}}</ref> The period between the 14th century to 16th century produced the first wave of devotional literature called the ''[[Haridasa]] sahitya'' (literature). [[Vyasatirtha]] who composed songs in praise of [[Krishna]], [[Purandara Dasa]] whose compositions marked his devotion to Purandara Vittala (a form of Vishnu) and [[Kanaka Dasa]] who praised Adikeshava (a form of Krishna) in his poems were the great trinity of Vaishnava composers in Kannada.<ref name="trin">{{cite web|title=Dasa Sahitya or Slave Literature|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/dasa.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=History of Kannada literature|access-date=2007-02-03}}</ref> The contribution of Purandara Dasa to [[Carnatic music]] is immeasurable, and he is called the "Karnataka sangeeta pitamaha" (Father of Carnatic Music). Historians propose the number of his compositions were as many as 75,000–475,000 songs in Kannada and Sanskrit language, though only few hundreds are available today.<ref name="sanskrit_composition">{{cite book
|last = Moorthy
|first = Vijaya
|title = Romance of the Raga
|publisher = Abinav publications
|year = 2001
|pages = 67
|isbn = 81-7017-382-5
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&q=Romance+of+the+Raga&pg=PP1}}</ref> He codified and consolidated the school of Carnatic music by evolving several steps like ''sarali'', ''jantai'', ''thattu varisai'', ''alankara'' and ''geetham'' and laid down a framework for imparting formal training in this art form.<ref name="tattu">Iyer (2006), p93</ref> He became an inspiration to later day Carnatic composers.<ref name="father">{{cite web|title=Purandara Dasa|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm|author=Dr. Jytosna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name="father1">{{cite web|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name="father2">{{cite web|title=History of Music|url=http://carnatica.net/origin.htm|author=S. Sowmya, K. N. Shashikiran|publisher=Srishti's Carnatica Private Limited|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref>

Saint Kanaka Dasa of Kaginele in modern [[Haveri district]], who from various accounts belonged either to the community of shepherds (''kuruba'') or hunters (''beda'') or warriors (''kshatriya'') is an example of a non-Brahmin composer who made significant contribution to the ''bhakti'' (devotion) movement. Apart from his 200 compositions, he authored important works namely; ''Nalacharitre'' (story of Nala) and ''[[Haribhaktisara]]'' (devotion to Krishna in a book of morals for children) in ''shatpadi'' metre, ''Nrisimhastava'' (compositions in praise of Narasimha, an [[Avatar]] of Vishnu), ''Ramadhanyacharite'' (which narrates the superiority of the [[Finger millet|ragi]] [[millet]] over other grains in a book meant to address class inequalities) and ''[[Mohanatarangini]]'' (river of delight) which is a poem in ''kavya'' (poetic) style narration of stories of Krishna in ''sangatya'' metre.<ref name="madwa1"/><ref name="nala">{{cite web|title=Kanaka Dasa-Poet among saints|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/kanakadasa.htm|author=Dr. Jytosna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref>

== Secular literature ==

Kannada literary works treating [[algebra]], [[arithmetic]] and [[geometry]] have been written by Rajaditya, [[Bhaskaracharya]] of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], Thimmarasa and others.<ref name="keladi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p64</ref> The 9th century mathematician [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]], a native of [[Gulbarga]], was patronised by the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha I.<ref name="math1">Kamath (2001), p89</ref> Commentaries on the theories in his ''ganitasarasangraha'' (a [[Sanskrit]] work) were later translated to Kannada.<ref name="math1"/> Rajaditya (1190) showed skill in reducing to easy verse the mathematical subjects (''ganita'') in his writings called ''Vyavahara-ganita'', ''Kshetraganita'' and ''Lilavati''.<ref name="lila">Sastri (1955), p358</ref> In the court of Hoysala [[Veera Ballala III]], Ratta Kavi (1300) wrote ''Rattamala'' and ''Rattasutra'' bearing on the subjects of natural phenomena such as [[rain]], [[lightning]], [[earthquake]]s, [[planets]] and [[omen]]s.<ref name="cupid" /> The earliest available writing on [[astrology]] is ''Jatakatilaka'' by Sridharacharya (1049), a Jain who also authored a work on general [[science]] called ''Sastrakavita'' and was patronised by Western Chalukya King [[Someshvara I]].<ref name="cont"/> In the field of [[medicine]], Jagadalla Somanatha's ''Karnataka-Kalyanakara'' of 1150 prescribing a totally vegetarian and non-alcoholic diet, a translation of Pujyapada's Sanskrit ''Kalyanakaraka'' is the earliest available and is in ''champu'' style.<ref name="lila"/><ref name="med">Narasimhacharya (1988), p63</ref> Gajanakusha (also known as Gajaga or Narayana) who wrote on erotics in the mid 10th century was a minister in the court of Rashtrakuta King [[Krishna III]], though his works have not come down to us.<ref name="er">Sitaram Jagirdar in Kamath (2001), p90</ref> Chandraraja (1025), who was patronised by Machiraja, a feudatory of Western Chalukya Jayasimha II wrote the earliest available book on erotism called ''Madanakatilaka'', in ''champu'' metre in 18 chapters. The writing dwells on the subject as a conversation between the author's patron and his wife.<ref name="cont"/>

''Govidya'' is the earliest available writing on [[veterinary science]]. It was authored by prince Kirtivarma in 1100 in the court of his brother and the famous Western Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref name="vet">Kamath (2001), p115</ref> [[Nagavarma I]] (980), a Brahmin scholar from [[Vengi]] in modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] who was patronised by [[Chavundaraya]], a Western Ganga minister wrote ''Chandombudhi'' (ocean of prosody) addressed to his wife. This is considered the earliest available Kannada writing in [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]. He also wrote one of the earliest available [[Romanticism|romance]] classics called ''Karnataka Kadambari'' in sweet and flowing ''champu'' (mixed verse and prose). It is based on an earlier [[Romanticism|romance]] work in Sanskrit by poet Bana and is popular among critics.<ref name="ponn1"/><ref name="cont"/> The earliest known [[Linguist|grammarian]] in Kannada is Nayasena (1112) but his works are considered extinct. Among existing literature, [[Nagavarma II]]'s ''Karnataka-bhashabhushana'' is from 1145. Nagavarma II was the poet laureate in the court of Western Chalukya King [[Jagadhekamalla II]].<ref name="lau">Narasimhacharya (1988), p19</ref> In this book, the ''sutras'' and short explanation are in Sanskrit and the illustrations are from Kannada literature. In 1260, [[Kesiraja]] wrote a comprehensive book on Kannada grammar called ''[[Sabdamanidarpana]]'' (mirror of word jewels). The rules here are set forth in ''kanda'' metre and followed by a prose commentary by the author and is considered a writing of high value.<ref name="cupid"/>

Sisumayana introduced the earliest writings in the ''sangatya'' metre in his works ''Anjanacharita'' and ''Tripura-dahana'', the later being a poem on the destruction of the triple fortress of birth, decay and death.<ref name="cupid"/> The earliest known [[lexicon]] in Kannada is the ''Ranna Kanda'' (990) by the great poet [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] with each verse ending with ''kaviratna''. Ranna was the poet laureate (''Kavichakravarti'') of Western Chalukya kings [[Tailapa II]] and [[Satyashraya]] and was bestowed the royal attributes of golden rod, royal umbrella and an elephant by his patrons.<ref name="bharata"/> The earliest books on [[cookery]] were written by Jayabandhunandana, Mangarasa.<ref name="med"/> A book on [[toxicology]] was written by Mangaraja I in 1360 called ''Khagendramani-darpana''.<ref name="cupid"/> Among [[fiction]] writers, Nemichandra who was patronised by Hoysala [[Veera Ballala II]] wrote ''Lilavati'' in 1170. This story is a romance fiction based on an earlier work in 610 called ''Vasavadatta'' by Subhandu with the scene of action in [[Banavasi]]. A Kadamba prince and a princess dream of each other, meet after many delays and are finally wedded to live happily ever after.<ref name="lila"/><ref name="vasu">Rice (1982), p43</ref> [[Drama]]s make their arrival into Kannada literature with ''Malavi-Madhava'' by Karnaparya (1140) and ''Subhadraharana'' and ''Prabodhachandra'' by [[Kesiraja]] (1260) being the earliest dramas now considered extinct. Of the once that are available, ''Mitravinda-govinda'' by Singararaya (1680) is a Kannada version of Sriharsha's ''Ratnavali''.<ref name="ratna">Narasimhacharya (1988), p62, p38</ref> Writings of local history made their appearance after the fall of Vijayanagara Empire. Some well-known works of [[history]] are ''Maisururajara-charitre'', ''Chikkadevarajavamsavali'' (17th century), ''Keladinripavijaya'' by Linganna, the last book being an important source of information on the origin of Vijayanagara Empire, etc.<ref name="keladi"/><ref name="keladinripa">Kamath (2001), p157</ref> Among [[Biography|Biographies]], ''Rajanripa-vijaya'', ''Kanthiravanarasaraja-vijaya'', ''Chikkadevaraja-vijaya'' (17th century) and ''Bijjalaraya-charite'' etc., are well-known works.<ref name="keladi"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

'''Book'''

*{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Iyer|first= Panchapakesa A.S.|title= Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Zion Printers|location= Chennai}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= Kannada Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= B.L.|title= Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1|orig-year=1897|year=2001|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0977-8}}

'''Web'''
*{{cite web|author=Rao, Madhusudana C.R.|title=History of Haridasas|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa|work=Haridasas of Karnataka|access-date=2007-05-30}}
*{{cite web|author=Arthikaje|title=The Haridasa Movement — Part 2|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm
|publisher=OurKarnataka.Com|work=History of karnataka|access-date=2006-12-31}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history3.htm Medieval Kannada] by Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian literature]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]

Dagshai Central Jail & Museum

2025-09-06T11:41:22Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: Starting new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Dagshai Central Jail & Museum
| native_name = Dagshai Jail Museum
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = File:Dagshai_Museum_Front_Gate.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Dagshai Museum Front Gate
| alt = Dagshai Museum Front Gate
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_size = map_size=230
| map_relief =
| former_name =
| established =
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Dagshai]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|53|11.896|N|77|3|2.027|W|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Jail museum]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings = 54 cells, 16 were solitary imprisonment.
| collections = Old photographs, Jail cells, fire hydrant (1865)
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
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| parking = Outside jail museum gate
| car_park = Outside jail museum gate
| website = {{URL|https://sites.google.com/site/dagshaijailmuseum/}}
| network =
| embedded =
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| leader_type =
}}
The '''Dagshai Jail Museum''' or [[Dagshai]] Central Jail in [[India]] was built in 1847, a T-shaped building of local stone masonry with 54 tiny cells.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dagshai Jail Museum|url=https://sites.google.com/site/dagshaijailmuseum/|access-date=2020-06-21|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> Apart from the Cellular Jail in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], it is the only other Indian museum which once was a jail.<ref name="tourmyindia.com">{{Cite web|title=The Dagshai Jail Museum, Solan, Himachal Pradesh|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/the-dagshai-jail-museum.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=tourmyindia.com}}</ref>
It is situated {{convert|6087|ft}} above sea level, {{cvt|11|km}} from [[Solan]], in [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-10-15|title=Time stands still in this little hamlet situated in the heart of the Himalayas|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/travel/6903-time-stands-still-little-hamlet-situated-heart-himalayas|access-date=2020-06-21|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US}}</ref> and maintained by the Engineering Wing of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|first=Amitabh|last=Shukla|title=Kasauli, Dagshai and Subathu: The Quaint Cantonment Hill stations|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/kasauli-dagshai-and-subathu-the-quaint-cantonment-hill-stations.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> The structure holds 54 maximum security cells, out of which 16 cells were used for severe punishments. The cells were hardly ventilated and lacked any source of natural light. The details of each cell are mentioned on title boards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ram|first=Siji|date=2016-07-26|title=A Visit to the Dagshai Jail Museum in Solan|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/a-visit-the-dagshai-jail-museum-solan-002248.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The military prison in Dagshai Cantonment is a witness of Mahatma Gandhi's arrival in Himachal Pradesh. Britishers used to keep rogue soldiers in the prison. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent two days there, not as a prisoner but to meet the Irish prisoners. Gandhi's assassin [[Nathuram Godse]] was kept in the prison, he was believed to be the last prisoner of this jail.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=हिमाचल की डगशाई जेल में महात्मा गांधी थे मेहमान और गोडसे कैदी|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/himachal-pradesh/shimla-himachals-dagshai-jail-where-mahatma-gandhi-was-guest-and-godse-was-prisoner-hpvk-1673051.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=News18 India}}</ref>

It housed 50 prisoners at most, and well after the [[independence of India]] it was converted into a museum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=गांधी जयंतीः ये है वो जेल, जहां कैद था बापू का कातिल नाथूराम गोडसे, आज एक म्यूजियम है|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/mahatma-gandhi-jayanti-nathuram-godse-was-prisoned-in-dagshai-jail-kalka|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> The establishment of the museum in 2011 was due to the drive of [[Kasauli]]'s brigade commander, Brigadier Ananth Narayanan. Anand Sethi, a resident of Dagshai Hills, helped him in the curation of the museum with vintage and archival photographs and other material sourced from India, the U.K. and Ireland.<ref name=":0" />

== Construction and view ==
<mapframe latitude="30.8866379" longitude="77.0505632" zoom="15" width="200" height="100" align="right" />The Dagshai jail was constructed in 1849 at a cost of Rs 72,873. It has 54 maximum security cells, which have a floor area of 8’x12’ and 20-foot high ceilings.

The hamlet was founded in 1847 by the [[East India Company]] by securing five villages at no expense from the [[Maharaja of Patiala]].<ref name=":1"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dagshai Old Jail Gate.jpg
File:Dagshai Jail Museum Corridor view.jpg
File:Darkest Room of Dagshai Jail Museum.jpg
File:Corridor View - backside of Dagshai Jail.jpg
File:Garden view of Dagshai Jail Museum.jpg
File:Old Roman catholic European Cementary (1845) Dagshai.jpg
File:Board outside - Dagshai Jail Museum.jpg
</gallery>

== Jail museum ==
The museums in the jail compound has old photographs of houses which recreate the history of the place and some memorabilia from the [[British Raj|British rule]] period. The architecture of both the jail and the museum are typical British in green color.<ref name=":2" /> It was for prisoners guilty of treachery, who were subjected to cruel chastisement, barricaded windows and doors.<ref name=":1" />

Apart from the jail, there is also the Dagshai Heritage museum. There are photos of steam engines, railway lines, old customs of Dagshai, a brief mention of [[Kasauli|monkey point]] and some old notes on what the area was like during the war times.

== Other points of interest, nearby places ==
[[File:Old Roman catholic European Cementary Gate (1845) Dagshai.jpg|alt=Old Roman catholic European Cemetery Gate (1845) Dagshai|thumb|Old Roman catholic European Cemetery Gate (1845) Dagshai]]
* Nobody ever escaped from this jail.
* There is only one VIP cell in the jail.<ref name="tourmyindia.com"/>
* Outside the courtyard of the cell, one can see the solid [[Fire hydrant|gun-metal fire hydrant]] made in 1865 in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Deepak|first=Sukant|date=10 November 2017|title=Preserving dark secrets|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplements/simply-punjabi/story/20171120-preserving-dark-secrets-dagshai-jail-museum-gandhi-godse-1083475-2017-11-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623111952/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplements/simply-punjabi/story/20171120-preserving-dark-secrets-dagshai-jail-museum-gandhi-godse-1083475-2017-11-10 |archive-date=2020-06-23 |access-date=2020-06-21|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Fire hydrant (1865) Dagshai Jail Museum.jpg|alt=Fire hydrant (1865) Dagshai Jail Museum|thumb|Fire hydrant (1865) Dagshai Jail Museum]]
* Anand Sethi, a military historian and long-time resident of Dagshai whose father, Balkrishan Sethi was the first Indian to be a Cantonment Executive Officer (1941–42), is the man behind the project who funded it and collaborated with the Indian Army to make the museum.<ref name=":4" />
* Other nearby places are the Old Cemetery which was established in 1845, a Catholic church and a graveyard. The graveyard dates back to the early 1800s.<ref name=":1" />
* The area around Dagshai has about 11 forts constructed by the Nepalese [[Gurkha]]s under General [[Amar Singh Thapa]], when they ruled this part of North India from 1805 to 1816. The fort at Banasar is on a hill South of Dagshai.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct prisons in India]]
[[Category:Prisons in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Museums in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prison museums in India]]
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1840s]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dagshai Central Jail and Museum}}

Meenakshi Pahuja

2025-08-23T17:27:36Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding the entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{short description|Indian academic and marathon swimmer}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name =
| image = Meenakshi pahuja (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Meenakshi Pahuja receiving a 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award
| birth_name =
| full_name =
| nickname =
| nationality =
| national_team =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1978}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse =
| website =
| strokes =
| classification =
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| collegeteam =
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}}

'''Meenakshi Pahuja''' (born 1978) is an Indian lecturer and [[marathon swimming|marathon swimmer]]. After a successful career as a [[Swimming (sport)|competitive swimmer]], she became a teacher at [[Lady Shri Ram College]], and later entered [[open water swimming]]. She received a 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award.

== Early life ==
Meenakshi Pahuja was born in 1978<ref name="ToI" /> and grew up in [[Delhi]], the oldest of three children. Her father V. K. Pahuja taught swimming at the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]].<ref name="TH020611">{{cite news |last1=Pritam |first1=Norris |title=Water woman! |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Water-woman/article20252001.ece |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2011 |language=en}}</ref> She first entered swimming competitions at the age of five and became a junior age group national champion in the 50 metres breaststroke before she turned nine.<ref name="TH020611" />

== Career ==

Representing India, Pahuja won a medal in the 400 metres Individual Medley at the 1996 Asia Pacific Age Group swimming championships in [[Pusan]], South Korea.<ref name="TH020611" /> She was a three-time champion at the national games.<ref name="TDG">{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Neev |title=Swimming in India is a 'work in progress': Pahuja |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/swimming-in-india-is-a-work-in-progress-pahuja/ |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=The Daily Guardian |date=29 July 2020}}</ref> In 2001, she retired from swimming<ref name="TH020611" /> and became a lecturer in Physical Training at the [[Lady Shri Ram College]], part of the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="ToI" />

In August 2006, Pahuja started [[marathon swimming]]. She participated in a 19-km event over the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi-Hooghly river]] in [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="TH020611" /> She then travelled to Switzerland to compete in the 2007 [[Lake Zurich Swim|Lake Zürich Swim]] (26.4 km from [[Rapperswil]] to [[Zürich]] proper), where she was the fifth-place female finisher.<ref name="TH020611" /><ref name="DH" /> She was financially supported by her father and the Vice-Chancellor of [[Delhi University]], [[Deepak Pental]].<ref name="TH020611" />

Pahuja has tried twice to [[List of successful English Channel swimmers|swim the English Channel]]. Her first attempt was in 2008. One week before arriving in [[Dover]], she competed in an 81-km championship over the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River; although she dealt with "muddy water and river snakes", she finished in 12 hours and 27 minutes.<ref name="TH020611" /> However, as she was not experienced with ocean swimming, she struggled with the current in the channel and withdrew after 11 km due to seasickness.<ref name="DH">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Archana |title=She has a passion for swimming |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/426400/she-has-passion-swimming.html |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 August 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Pahuja made her second attempt in 2014, again starting from the English side. After she had swum 40 km in 14 hours and 19 minutes, she was forced to return due to changing tides. She was 3 km away from completion.<ref name="SCI">{{cite web |title=English Channel |url=https://indiaswimming.com/2020/06/14/english-channel/ |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=Swimming Coaching Institute}}</ref><ref name="CSA">{{cite web |title=Meenakshi Pahuja 2014 |url=https://www.channelswimmingassociation.com/swim/4260/meenakshi-pahuja |website=Channel Swimming Association |accessdate=18 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Pahuja was the first Indian to swim around [[Key West]] in Florida and to complete the [[Lake Travis]] Solo in Texas.<ref name="DH" /> She also was the first Indian to complete the [[Tex Robertson]] Highland Lakes Challenge, where she swam five lakes in five days: [[Lake Buchanan (Texas)|Lake Buchanan]], [[Inks Lake]], [[Lake LBJ]], [[Lake Marble Falls]], and Lake Travis.<ref name="TDG" /> She is the second-fastest female finisher among the Indian participants in the [[Robben Island]]-[[Bloubergstrand]] course (7.4 km).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Records Database|url=https://www.cldsa.co.za/records_data/skins|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Cape Long Distance Swimming Association}}</ref> She won a bronze medal in the 2012 [[Labuan]] Sea Cross race in Malaysia<ref name="DH" /> and finished third in the 2014 Manhattan Island Marathon Swim in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fastest at Manhattan Island Swim (Woman)|url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/fastest-at-manhattan-island-swim--woman-|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Coca-Cola Company|language=en-IN}}</ref> She is entered in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' as the first Indian swimmer to cross [[Lake Constance]] in the [[Alps]].<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Ajmal |first1=Anam |title=Test your limits, marathon swimmer tells Bennett University students |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/test-your-limits-marathon-swimmer-tells-bennett-university-students/articleshow/78770463.cms |accessdate=18 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

In an interview, Pahuja has listed four major challenges that open-water swimmers should be prepared to face: weather conditions, sea life, endurance, and mental tenacity.<ref name="TDG" /> She encountered a corpse in one of her river races at [[Murshidabad]], which she mistook for a competitor until it collided with a scout boat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Neev|date=30 July 2020|title="Want to see this whole world through water": Meenakshi Pahuja|url=https://www.newsx.com/sports/want-to-see-this-whole-world-through-water-meenakshi-pahuja.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 January 2021|website=NewsX|language=en}}</ref>

Pahuja has spoken of the need to increase public and government support for Indian athletes,<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2018|title=In conversation with Journalists|url=https://ccs.in/updates/conversation-with-journalists|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Centre For Civil Society|language=en}}</ref> especially female athletes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 July 2017|title=Panel Discussion at Session XI : Towards Gender Parity and Empowering Sports through Women|url=https://www.cii.in/VideoDetail.aspx?enc=vibtX7ue2YJFp+e6vZFe7uDw0LNukHjZ+bNXkAmx380=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Confederation of Indian Industry}}</ref> She was a co-producer of the short film "Break The Taboo. Period".<ref name="WOWSA" /> She has also promoted improved school facilities for [[disabled]] children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meenakshi Pahuja Seeks Better Sports Facilities for the Disabled at School Level – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OlUjD7KXXQ|access-date=2 January 2021|website=www.youtube.com| date=9 January 2017 }}</ref>

Due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] restrictions, many Indian swimmers faced restricted access to practice facilities. Pahuja increased her advocacy of the Indian swim community, writing news articles about athletes planning to participate in the upcoming [[2020 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] and arguing for increased access to facilities (maintaining distancing and sanitary guidelines).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=Kamesh|title=Indian swimming fraternity anxious to follow the world|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/swimming/swimming-coronavirus-pools-covid-19-sanitisation-chlorination/article31766813.ece|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Sportstar|date=6 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meenakshi Pahuja, Author at The Daily Guardian|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/author/meenakshi-pahuja/|access-date=2 January 2021|website=The Daily Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Pahuja received a 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] award (India's highest civilian award for women) from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="WOWSA">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=8 March 2020|title=Meenakshi Pahuja Honored For Her Achievements|work=WOWSA|url=https://openwaterswimming.com/meenakshi-pahuja-honored-for-her-contributions-and-achievements/|accessdate=18 November 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pahuja, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:Indian female swimmers]]
[[Category:Female long-distance swimmers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manhattan Island swimmers]]
[[Category:English Channel swimmers]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]

Battle of Amritsar (1634)

2025-08-22T14:45:51Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: enhance citations also and added references

{{Short description|Conflict between Sikhs and Mughal empire}}
{{About|the Battle of Amritsar, a conflict that took place in the year 1634|other Battles of Amritsar|Battle of Amritsar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Amritisar
| partof = [[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 14 April 1634 or 1628<ref name=Gopal>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n237/mode/2up|title=A History of the Sikh People|author=Gopal Singh|date=1979|pages=224–225}}</ref>
| place = Near [[Amritsar]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Sikh victory{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Akal Sena]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Guru Hargobind]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Bidhi Chand|Bhai Bidhi Chand]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Bhatt Kirat|Bhai Kirat Bhatt]]{{KIA}} Bhai Bhanno{{KIA}} Bhai Peda Das{{KIA}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534–537}} Rao Ballu{{KIA}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534–537}} Painde Khan Singha Purohit{{KIA}} Bhai Mohna{{KIA}}<ref name="Trilochan Singh Dr. 1967 46–47">{{Cite book |last=Trilochan Singh Dr. |url=http://archive.org/details/guru-tegh-bahadur-prophet-martyr |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur Prophet & Martyr |date=1967 |pages=46–47}}</ref>
| commander2 = Mukhlis Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}} Shamas Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}} Murtaza Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}} Mustafa Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}} Anwar Khan{{KIA}} Sultan Beg{{KIA}} Sayyad Muhammad Ali{{KIA}}{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}
| units1 = 700
| units2 = 7,000
| units3 =
| notes =
}}
{{Campaignbox Early Mughal-Sikh Wars}}The '''Battle of Amritsar''' was fought during Mukhlis Khan's campaign against [[Guru Hargobind]] and the Sikhs on 14 April 1634.{{sfn|Dhillon|1988|p=122}}{{sfn|Jaques|2010|p=47}} The battle took place over two days and was a result of increasing tensions between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal government]] and Guru Hargobind.

==Background==
[[File:Detail of Mughal general Mukhlis Khan from a Mughal painting.jpg|thumb|Detail of Mughal general Mukhlis Khan from a Mughal painting]]
After persecution from the Mughal government the Sikhs began organizing regular training exercises and became a rallying point for people disaffected by the Mughals.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} Increasing tensions erupted during a clash between a group of Sikh and Mughal hunting parties. On [[Vaisaki|Vaisakhi]] day, a hunting party of Sikhs set their hawk upon an imperial hawk and brought it down.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} When the Mughal hunting party came to retrieve their hawk they used abusive language and the Sikhs then refused to part with it. This altercation led to blows and the Mughals were forced to leave after two Mughals were killed and the leader of the hunting party, [[Faujdar]] Ghulam Rasul Khan, was injured.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} <ref name="Trilochan Singh Dr. 1967 46–47">{{Cite book |last=Trilochan Singh Dr. |url=http://archive.org/details/guru-tegh-bahadur-prophet-martyr |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur Prophet & Martyr |date=1967 |pages=46–47}}</ref> The incident with the hunting parties was used as an excuse to send out 7,000 soldiers with Mukhlis Khan to attack Guru Hargobind. The Sikhs were unprepared to face the Mughal force because of the impending marriage of Guru Hargobind's daughter.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}

==Battle==
The battle took place at [[Amritsar]] over two days. The day before the Mughals attacked, the Sikhs received information that they would be attacking and evacuated Lohgarh, a small mud fort on the outskirts of the city, except for a small garrison.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}

The second day of the battle saw fierce fighting where [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] is located now. Bhai Bhanno was killed in the fighting and Guru Hargobind took up command when he died.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} The battle ended when Mukhlis Khan's head was "cleft in twain" by a blow from Guru Hargobind.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}

==Aftermath==
This was the second conflict between the [[Mughals]] and [[Sikhs]] and legitimized the affirmation of [[Guru Hargobind]]'s efforts to militarize his followers.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} First two battles of Sikh's were [[Battle of Rohilla]] (1621) against a [[Khatri]] resulting in Sikh victory and Battle of Sangrana (1628) against Mughals resulting in Sikh victory (first of many Sikh battle against Mughals), followed by the Battle of Amritsar (1634) against Mughals with another Sikh victory (second battle against Mughals). All these battles were fought by the [[Akal Sena]] founded by the Guru Hargobind.

In addition, the Sikh victory destroyed the idea of Mughal invincibility and increased the Guru's support among peasants in [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}

[[Bhatt Kirat]] and Balu (son of Baba Mula) were killed in this battle fighting on the Sikh side.{{sfn|Dhillon|1988|p=122}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |first=Dalbir Singh |last=Dhillon |year=1988 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors }}
*{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA574|accessdate=31 July 2010|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 }}
*{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony |year=2010 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbMFCZyAcnQC|accessdate=31 July 2010 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Battle of Amritsar (1634)}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Amritsar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Amritsar]]
[[Category:History of Amritsar]]
[[Category:1634 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1634]]
[[Category:1630s in the Mughal Empire]]

Harbhajan Singh (mountaineer)

2025-08-09T07:39:10Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: creating.

{{short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harbhajan Singh
| image = Harbhajan Singh-Mountaineer.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = 2021 by Sarbjit Bahga
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Sportsperson
| yearsactive = Since 1986
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[President of India|President]]’s Police Medal [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]] Insignia Kishan Singh and Nain Singh Award
}}
'''Harbhajan Singh''' is an Indian mountaineer, known for his successful mountaineering expeditions of [[Mount Everest]], [[Nanda Devi|Mount Nanda Devi]] and many other peaks in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region.<ref name="ITBP">{{cite web | url=http://itbpacademy.nic.in/faculty_off1.html | title=ITBP | publisher=ITBP | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014 | archive-date=29 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104444/http://itbpacademy.nic.in/faculty_off1.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honored him in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080601/spectrum/main4.htm | title= On a prayer and wings of steel | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | first=Sanjeev | last=Singh Bariana | date=1 June 2008 | access-date=20 March 2018 }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''Will-power acts as fuel to the fire of training before any expedition. The toughest part of the training is to gauge the mood of the mountain, particularly in the last phase when the air becomes too thin to breathe. An able mountaineer should know when exactly to terminate his expedition in case of inclement weather,'' says Harbhajan Singh.<ref name="Tribune" />}}

Harbhajan Singh was born in a very small village named Dholowal of District Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India on the 10th of September 1956.<ref name="ITBP" /> As a child, he was known for his athleticism. He won several medals in various sports at the state level in the under 18 years old age group. He was considered the best athlete at Khalsa College Garhdiwala. When he was completing his post Graduation from Government college Hoshiarpur he learned judo and as it was a new sport in Punjab, he excelled and won medals in various state level competitions. He represented Punjab in Judo and won Gold medal in National judo championship held at Indore ( MP) in 1979. In addition to participating in sports he used to take active part in various other activities at the college. He remained NCC cadet and is “C” certificate holder, he was NSS volunteer and took part in various camps for social service activities, he remained editor of college magazine for punjabi section and an active member of student central association of the college .<ref name="Tribune" /> His career began in 1980 when he joined [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] as a gazetted officer through a national level competitive exam and is currently the incumbent Inspector General of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]].<ref name="ITBP" />

Singh is credited with three Mt. Everest expeditions and his performance remained remarkable for the significant successful attempts.<ref name="Tribune" /> Since then, he has to his credit successful expeditions to Mt.Nanda Devi,<ref name="Conquering the Invincible">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fnov2000/f031120001.html | title=Nanda Devi Expedition | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> the third highest peak in India, and many others<ref name="ITBP" /> such as Mount Abhigamin, Mt. Kamet & Mt.Abhigamin, Mount Mana, Mt. Stopanth, Mount Nunkun, Mt.White Needle (twice), Mount Pinnacle, Mount Pyramid, Mt. North Pyramid, Mt. Sphinx, Mt. Panchachuli, Mount Stok Kangri (twice in winters) Mount Kasket and four un-named peaks(03 in Leh-Ladakh and 01 in H.P)<ref name="Tribune" /> He also has led a team of skiers who skied down after climbing Mt. Abhigamin in 2007 and later on ski down from the 3rd camp (Ht.approximately 23000 ft.) of Mount Everest in 2009.<ref name="Everest Ski down">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/new-high-for-itbp-to-try-skiing-down-everest/412403/ | title=Everest Ski down | publisher=Indian Express | date=19 January 2009 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Harbhajan Singh is a recipient of various following Awards and recognitions conferred by the Government of India and Government of Punjab for his spectacular and significant achievements in the field of Mountaineering and adventure sports and outstanding and meaningful performance as an officer of elite ITBPOLICE Force :-

a) Padmashri Award in 2011.

b) [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] in 2016.

c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award (highest sports Award of Punjab) in 2019.

d) IMF Nain singh & Kishan singh life time achievement award in 2011.

e) President’s Police Medal for Distinguished services in 2011.

f) President’s Police medal for Meritorious services in 2005.

g) DG ITBPOLICE Insignia & Commendation roll -13 times.

Indian Mountaineering Foundation<ref name="IMF">{{cite web | url=http://www.indmount.org/ | title=IMF | publisher=IMF | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> has also extended life membership to him for his significant contributions in the field of mountaineering and promoting adventure activities at International and National level

.<ref name="ITBP" />

His name also figure in “Limca book of records and quiz competition books prepared for competitive exam” for his matchless and spectacular contribution in the field of mountaineering and promoting adventure activities at International and National level.

==See also==
* [[Adventure sports]]
* [[Limca Book of World Records]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-india/padmaawards2011/Article4-680261.aspx | title=Padma Investiture Ceremony | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202040824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-india/padmaawards2011/Article4-680261.aspx | archive-date=2 December 2014 }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vo08yl7BbScC&q=Harbhajan+Singh+mountaineering&pg=PA352 | title=The American Alpine Journal | publisher=American Alpine Club | author=H. Adams Carter | year=1997 | pages=354 | isbn=9780930410391}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{portalbar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harbhajan}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]

Nadanghat

2025-07-21T02:16:53Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding some details and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nadanghat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3764|N|88.2516|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,799
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713 515
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 3454
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Purbasthali Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbastali Dakshin]]
| website = {{URL|bardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nadanghat''' is a village, with a police station, in the [[Purbasthali I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in [[West Bengal]], India.

==History==
The Syeds were famed zemindars of the area during Muslim rule, and they continued during the British period.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 425.</ref> When the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] was formed in Dhaka in 1906, it did not have much of an influence in Bardhaman district. Most of the Muslim leaders were with the Congress. In 1919, when Mahatma Gandhi launched the [[Khilafat movement]] and followed it up with a [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]], Harihar Sen, played an important role in the area.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 433-435.</ref> In order to combat the [[Bengal famine of 1943|famine of 1943]], food committees were formed in Bardhaman district. The Kalna subdivisional conference was organised with great difficulty at Nadanghat. Haragobinda Rej, Talukdar Sheikh, Abodh Bihari Pandey and Abdul Hasnat played important roles in the movement.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, pp. 458, 478.</ref> In the same year flood relief was organised by the Communist Party in a commendable manner in Nadanghat area.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 478.</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Kalna subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: Historical/ religious centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|20|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Kalna | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Kalna, India]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|24|20|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Srirampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Srirampur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Hatsimla | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Hatsimla]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jaluidanga | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jaluidanga]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|18|54|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Gopinathpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|18|36|N|88|20|20|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nasratpur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nasratpur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|16|43|N|88|18|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dhatrigram | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dhatrigram]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|27|N|88|20|32|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Piarinagar | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Piarinagar]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|15|4|N|88|19|21|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Uttar Goara | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Goara]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Shashpur | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Shashpur]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|35|N|88|15|6|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nadanghat| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Nadanghat (R)| shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|28|0|N|88|19|58|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Purbasthali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Purbasthali]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|21|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Monteswar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Monteswar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|14|30|N|88|20|27|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Rangapara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rangapara, Kalna]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|10|15|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Singarkone| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singarkone]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|26|57|N|88|18|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Parulia| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Parulia, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|16|32|N|88|16|36|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Atgharia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Atgharia]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|24|N|88|16|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Badla| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|55|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Samudragarh| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Samudragarh]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|34|7|N|88|17|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Patuli| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Patuli]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|9|20|N|88|14|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Baidyapur Jora Deul| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.1327|88.4529}}| label22=Hooghly| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=-90| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.1787|88.4579}}| label23=River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-45| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.4564|88.2065}}| label24=Khari River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=55| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}

===Location===
Nadanghat is located in the flood plains of the Khargeswari river or Khari river.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp. 31-32, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

===Police station===
Nadanghat police station has jurisdiction over parts of [[Purbasthali I]] and [[Purbasthali II]] CD Blocks. The area covered is 60 km2.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
87.00% of the population of Kalna subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 13.00% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Nadanghat had a total population of 3,799 of which 1,951 (51%) were males and 1,848 (49%) were females. The population below 6 years was 396. The total number of literates in Nadanghat was 2,467 (72.49% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
The [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) passes through Nadanghat.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal| publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 27 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Nadanghat Rampuria High School, a coeducational institution With Science, is affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Burdwan_school_list.php?page=16& | title = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education| work=Budwan | publisher = WBCHSE |access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref>

Nadanghat Annapurna Balika Vidyalaya is affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbbse.org/sburdwan.htm | title = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education | work = Burdwan | publisher = WBBSE | access-date = 29 January 2019 | archive-date = 2 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502213643/http://wbbse.org/sburdwan.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Nadanghat (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nadanghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]⁣—defunct assembly constituency

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Osmond Memorial Church

2025-06-26T18:36:07Z

Haresh Kathrotiya:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Osmond Memorial Church
| fullname = Osmond Memorial Church
| image = Calcutta, Osmond Memorial Church.JPG
| imagesize =
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| landscape =
| caption = Osmond Memorial Church
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| location = 56, S. N. Banerjee Road, [[Taltala]], [[Kolkata]]
| country = India
| denomination =[[Church of North India|CNI]]
| tradition =
| membership =
| website = {{URL|http://www.osmondmemorial.com/}}
| former name = Wesleyan Methodist Church
| bull date =
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| status = Active
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| years built = {{start date and age|1868}}
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| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = Calcutta Diocese
| diocese start = 1813
| province =
| archbishop =
| bishop = The Rt. Revd. Paritosh Canning
| dean =
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'''Osmond Memorial Church''', previously known as '''Wesleyan Methodist Church''', is a historic church located at 56, S. N. Banerjee Road, [[Taltala]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. The Church was established by Walter Osmond in 1868.<ref name="Yule spirit at Raj-era churches">{{cite web|title=Yule spirit at Raj-era churches|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2009%2F12%2F25&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00300&AppName=1|newspaper=The Times of India (epaper)|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002441/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2009%2F12%2F25&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00300&AppName=1|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Walter Marsh Osmond was an Englishman, arriving in Kolkata via Dacca (now Bangladesh) in about 1864, and worked his way up to senior partner at Mackintosh, Burn & Co, a local firm of contractor, surveyors, architects and builders, before dying in 1994. At that time it was known as Wesleyan Methodist Church. Later it was named Osmond Memorial Church in the memory of the founder.

== Congregations ==
The Church has four congregations:–
~ The Bengali Congregation (at Taltala),
~ The Santhali Congregation ( at Taltala),
~ Kamardanga Chapel (at 2/2, Pottery Road) and
~ Ballygaunge Church ( at Bondel Road ).

== See also ==
* [[St. John's Church, Kolkata]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Churches in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]

Mohammad Naved

2025-05-28T13:56:55Z

Haresh Kathrotiya: adding the data initial version

{{for|the Pakistani cricketer|Mohammad Naved (cricketer)}}
'''Mohammad Naved''' aka Qasim/Usman is a Pakistani man who was arrested in [[Udhampur]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], for his alleged involvement with the terrorist organization [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[2015 Udhampur terrorist attack]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Omer Farooq Khan|title=Admission by captured terrorist Naved's father blows Pak denial sky-high|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Admission-by-captured-terrorist-Naveds-father-blows-Pak-denial-sky-high|accessdate=8 August 2015|work=Times of India|agency=TNN|date=7 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deeptiman Tiwari|first1=Bharti jain|title=Hardened Jihadi Naved changes versions, foxes interrogators|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hardened Jihadi Naved changes versions, foxe interrogators|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Times Of India|agency=TNN|date=7 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=timesindia> {{cite news|title=It's fun doing this|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Its-fun-doing-this-says-captured-terrorist-Mohammad-Naved-who-came-from-Pakistan/articleshow/48361636.cms|accessdate=27 January 2018|work=[[Times Of India]]|agency=TNN|date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naved, Mohammad}}
[[Category:Terrorism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]