https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=HamzhaSaleem
Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]
2026-11-12T16:52:57Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.43.6
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sheikh_Asif_(1).jpg&diff=358761
File:Sheikh Asif (1).jpg
2022-11-12T07:02:14Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sheikh_Asif.jpg&diff=358609
File:Sheikh Asif.jpg
2022-11-11T08:29:08Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Licensing ==<br />
{{subst:Permission from license selector}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thames_Infotech_Logo.png&diff=358608
File:Thames Infotech Logo.png
2022-11-11T08:27:06Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Licensing ==<br />
{{subst:Permission from license selector}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usman_Enclave,_Lucknow&diff=354482
Usman Enclave, Lucknow
2022-10-07T08:22:25Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Residential colony in Uttar Pradesh, India}}{{unsourced|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=July 2012}}<br />
<br />
'''Usman Enclave''' <ref>{{cite web |title=Usman Enclave |url=https://maps.mapmyindia.com/place-usman+enclave-ushan+enclave-sector+o-aliganj-lucknow-uttar+pradesh-226021-RGMLUJ@zdata=MjYuODk4ODg1KzgwLjk1MjA0NisxNytSR01MVUorKw==ed |website=www.mappls.com |access-date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> is named after Brigadier [[Mohammad Usman]] who was the highest-ranking officer of the [[Indian Army]] killed in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. As a [[Muslim]], he became a symbol of India's inclusive secularism. This colony is a residential colony for ex-army men, at [[Aliganj]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Constructed in 1982, Usman Enclave is now shared by both army-men and citizens.<br />
<br />
==Houses==<br />
Having 108 houses and divided in five segments, this colony is known as one of the most posh colonies in Lucknow.<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
There is a central park which is used by the colony authorities for marriages and functions. This way money is generated for the welfare of the colony. In 2007 a [[badminton]] court was established, which was named ''Usman Enclave Badminton Club''.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Lucknow]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Prithika_Yashini&diff=354481
K. Prithika Yashini
2022-10-07T08:20:26Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: remove unwanted tags</p>
<hr />
<div>'''K Prithika Yashini''' is the first transgender woman to be a police officer in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indias-first-transgender-si-assumes-office/article19835828.ece|title=India's first transgender SI assumes office}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/chennai-prithika-yashini-india-s-first-transgender-madras-high-court-1920565.html|title=Chennai's Prithika Yashini set to become India's first transgender sub inspector|author=|date=|work=www.oneindia.com}}</ref> She became the first trans woman sub-inspector in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Prithika Yashini was born and brought up as Pradeep Kumar (a male name), the son of a driver-tailor couple in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She had a difficult childhood where her parents took her to temples, doctors, astrologers to 'set things right'. When she was in ninth grade, she felt different and didn't feel like a boy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/meet-k-prithika-yashini-indias-first-transwoman-subinspector/article7933079.ece|title=There's no looking back|last=Kannadasan|first=Akila|date=2015-11-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She completed her undergraduation in computer applications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/prithika-first-transgender-si-in-country-takes-charge/articleshow/57982654.cms|title=Prithika, first transgender SI in country, takes charge - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, she ran away to [[Chennai]], where she found acceptance and support in the transgender community of the city.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She began her career in Chennai working as a warden in a women's hostel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-k-prithika-yashini-india-s-first-transgender-si-2379291|title=Meet K Prithika Yashini, India's first transgender SI {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2017-04-03|work=dna|access-date=2017-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Yashini applied for recruitment as a sub-inspector of police to the [[Tamil Nadu]] Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB) to fill vacancies for 1087 posts. However, her application was rejected as being a trans woman because she did not belong to any of the two specified categories, namely, male or female. Subsequently, she challenged the decision of the TNUSRB in different courts, including the Madras High Court. <br />
<br />
Accordingly, the High Court of Madras ordered to conduct a written test for her. The test for the recruitment comprises written test, physical endurance test and a viva-voce. With legal recourse in a competent court, she was able to lower the minimum cut-off marks for written test for such a recruitment from 28.5 to 25.00. She cleared all physical endurance tests except missing 100 meter dash by one second. However, she was testified successful in the physical endurance test. <br />
<br />
In terms of judgement of the Madras High Court, which was delivered on 6 November 2015, directions were given to the Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB) to appoint K Prithika Yashini as a sub-inspector of police as she is "entitled to get the job". The judgement further directed the TNUSRB to include transgender people as a "third category", apart from the usual category of "male" and "female".<br />
<br />
Yashini received the appointment order from Chennai City Police Commissioner Smith Saran in April 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/94432/irst-transgender-sub-inspector-india/|title=India's First Transgender Sub-Inspector Takes Charge. And She's Beat Incredible Odds to Get Here|date=2017-04-05|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an interview, Prithika Yashini told, "I'm excited. It's a new beginning for the entire transgender community." She aspires to become an officer of [[Indian Police Service]] over a period of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indias-first-transgender-sub-inspector-to-take-charge-in-chennai/1/517659.html|title=India's first transgender sub-inspector to take charge in Chennai|author=|date=|work=intoday.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
She took charge as sub-inspector in [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]] district in [[Tamil Nadu]] on April 2, 2017 and is posted in the law and order wing.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
She got an award from Behindwoods 2019 as Icon of Inspiration for the 1st third gender police officer.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yashini, K Prit}}<br />
[[Category:People from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Transgender in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Transgender and transsexual women]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]<br />
[[Category:LGBT people from India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandeep_Vashist&diff=353870
Sandeep Vashist
2022-10-05T10:55:36Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Sandeep Vashist <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|06|08}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]<br />
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --><br />
| nationality = [[India | Indian]]<br />
| citizenship = [[India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Political Consultant]]<br />
| years_active = 2016 - Present<br />
| organization = PS Manglam<br />
| known_for = [[Social Media Marketing]]<br />
| website = {{URL|sandeepvashist.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sandeep Vashist''' (born 8 June 1993) is a political consultant and social media expert who works as a Social Media Expert for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], and [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeep Vashist is a leading digital marketer and political consultant in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/sandeep-vashist-is-a-leading-digital-marketer-and-political-consultant-in-delhi-101619696541381.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Engineer Turned Social Activist Sandeep Vashist is the New Voice Representing the Locals in India {{!}} 🛍️ LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/an-engineer-turned-social-activist-sandeep-vashist-is-the-new-voice-representing-the-locals-in-india-1767887.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=LatestLY |date=21 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Digital marketing expert Sandeep Vashist advises how to be cautious from "Work from home" Scams on social media |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/digital-marketing-expert-sandeep-vashist-advises-how-to-be-cautious-from-work-from-home-scams-on-social-media20210517122754/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career and Education==<br />
<br />
Sandeep attended Cambridge Foundation School and earned a Bachelor of Technology in the electronics and communication department. He has worked as a project manager for multinational companies including Bharti, Airtel Ltd., and Allianz Worldwide Partners. <ref>{{cite news |title=राजनीति के लिए जरूरी हो गई है डिजिटल मार्केटिंग: संदीप वशिष्ठ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/digital-marketing-became-important-for-politics-says-sandeep-vashist/articleshow/78166398.cms |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeep Vashist believes social media has immense power to change lives of masses for good |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/inspiration-hub/sandeep-vashist-believes-social-media-has-immense-power-to-change-lives-of-masses-for-good-1502925937.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कोरोना काल में राजनीति भी बढ़ी डिजिटल की तरफ, तेजी से आगे बढ़ रहे हैं संदीप वशिष्ठ जैसे युवा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/sandeep-vashist-is-fighting-social-problems-through-social-media-3165147.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=News18 हिंदी |date=28 June 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Life Choice Entrepreneur Award 2021<br />
*Digital marketing award 2022<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[https://sandeepvashist.com Personal website]<br />
*[https://www.facebook.com/RCSandeepVashist/ Sandeep Vashist Facebook]<br />
*[https://g.co/kgs/jMztmZ Sandeep Vashist Google Knowledge Graph]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandeep Vashist}}<br />
[[Category:1990s births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Entrepreneur]]<br />
[[Category:Youngest Entrepreneur]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandeep_Vashist&diff=353869
Sandeep Vashist
2022-10-05T10:54:46Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "'''Sandeep Vashist''' (born 8 June 1993) is a political consultant and social media expert who works as a Social Media Expert for the Bharatiya Janata Party, Indian National Congress, and Aam Aadmi Party. <ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeep Vashist is a leading digital marketer and political consultant in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/sandeep-vashist-is-a-leading-digital-marketer-and-political-consultant-in-delhi-101619696541381.html |acce..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sandeep Vashist''' (born 8 June 1993) is a political consultant and social media expert who works as a Social Media Expert for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], and [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeep Vashist is a leading digital marketer and political consultant in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/sandeep-vashist-is-a-leading-digital-marketer-and-political-consultant-in-delhi-101619696541381.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Engineer Turned Social Activist Sandeep Vashist is the New Voice Representing the Locals in India {{!}} 🛍️ LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/an-engineer-turned-social-activist-sandeep-vashist-is-the-new-voice-representing-the-locals-in-india-1767887.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=LatestLY |date=21 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Digital marketing expert Sandeep Vashist advises how to be cautious from "Work from home" Scams on social media |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/digital-marketing-expert-sandeep-vashist-advises-how-to-be-cautious-from-work-from-home-scams-on-social-media20210517122754/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career and Education==<br />
<br />
Sandeep attended Cambridge Foundation School and earned a Bachelor of Technology in the electronics and communication department. He has worked as a project manager for multinational companies including Bharti, Airtel Ltd., and Allianz Worldwide Partners. <ref>{{cite news |title=राजनीति के लिए जरूरी हो गई है डिजिटल मार्केटिंग: संदीप वशिष्ठ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/digital-marketing-became-important-for-politics-says-sandeep-vashist/articleshow/78166398.cms |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeep Vashist believes social media has immense power to change lives of masses for good |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/inspiration-hub/sandeep-vashist-believes-social-media-has-immense-power-to-change-lives-of-masses-for-good-1502925937.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=कोरोना काल में राजनीति भी बढ़ी डिजिटल की तरफ, तेजी से आगे बढ़ रहे हैं संदीप वशिष्ठ जैसे युवा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/sandeep-vashist-is-fighting-social-problems-through-social-media-3165147.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=News18 हिंदी |date=28 June 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Life Choice Entrepreneur Award 2021<br />
*Digital marketing award 2022<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[https://sandeepvashist.com Personal website]<br />
*[https://www.facebook.com/RCSandeepVashist/ Sandeep Vashist Facebook]<br />
*[https://g.co/kgs/jMztmZ Sandeep Vashist Google Knowledge Graph]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandeep Vashist}}<br />
[[Category:1990s births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Entrepreneur]]<br />
[[Category:Youngest Entrepreneur]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=353867
User:HamzhaSaleem
2022-10-05T10:34:09Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Draft:Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
# [[Irfan Amin Malik]]<br />
# [[Pranab Kr Nath]]<br />
# [[Javaid Mustafa Mir]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]<br />
a</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=135811
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-08-05T12:11:28Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{notability|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = [[Tripura University]] [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: '''প্রনব কর নাথ''' Born: '''18 December 1991''') is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in Modeling<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Pranab Kr Nath One Of The Awarded And Celebrated Actors Of Northeastern India. |url=https://caseyweekly.com.au/entertainment/6907/meet-pranab-kr-nath-one-of-the-awarded-and-celebrated-actors-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Casey Weekly |date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath The Renowned Actor And Award Winning Inspirational Speaker. |url=https://nagpuroranges.com/pranab-kr-nath-the-renowned-actor-and-award-winning-inspirational-speaker/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Nagpur Oranges |date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Digital |first1=Beer |title=Pranab Kr Nath: Widely Known As An Actor, Being he is also known as an entertainer. |url=https://foxinterviewer.com/people/pranab-kr-nath-widely-known-as-an-actor-being-he-is-also-known-as-an-entertainer/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Fox Interviewer |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath - Youngest Short Film Actor Of Northeastern India - Fab World Today |url=https://www.fabworldtoday.com/pranab-kr-nath-youngest-short-film-actor-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=22 January 2021}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role(s)<br />
!Language<br />
!Director<br />
!Genre<br />
! class="unsortable" |Notes<br />
! Ref(S)<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Tripura_(film) Tripura]<br />
|Side Role<br />
|Telugu<br />
|Raj Kiran<br />
|Drama<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai''<br />
|<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|Hridoypora<br />
|Casting Role<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|Dipanwita Datta<br />
|Romance <br />
|Directorial debut<br />
|<ref>http://neindia.com/NeIndiaArticle/hridoypora-a-bengali-short-film-from-the-land-of-creativity-i-e-tripura-by-sd-creation-directed-by-dipanwita-datta-bindusmita-bhowmik-22.html</ref><ref>https://thepresswalla.com/entertainment/hridoypora-starring-pranab-kr-nath-and-nisha-deb-from-sd-creations-is-now-a-short-film-hit/</ref><ref>https://www.yolodaily.com/pranab-kr-naths-movie-vaijaner-gram-safar-and-hridoypora-2020-2021-received-much-appreciation-upcoming-achena-shahar-much-awaited-in-2021/</ref><ref>https://indigenousherald.com/TripuraNews/hridoypora-%E2%80%93-a-romantic-short-film-from-sd-creation-17296.html</ref><ref>https://tripuranewslive.com/2021/05/17/movie-hridoypora-featuring-local-artists-of-tripura-released-on-hyderabad-and-bangladesh/</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*{{URL|https://pranabkrnath.com/}}<br />
*{{Facebook|pranabkrnathact}}<br />
*{{Instagram|pranabkrnathact}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=133782
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-20T15:31:20Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
# [[Irfan Amin Malik]]<br />
# [[Pranb Kr Nath]]<br />
# [[Javaid Mustafa Mir]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]<br />
a</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javaid_Mustafa_Mir&diff=133781
Javaid Mustafa Mir
2021-07-20T15:29:18Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian Politician}} {{en-Wikipedia}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Javaid Mustafa Mir | image = | imagesize = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|19..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Politician}}<br />
{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Javaid Mustafa Mir<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1969|12|24|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = [[B.A.]]<br />
| office = President of [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]]<br />
| term_start = 2020<br />
| term_end = <br />
| office1 = Minister for Disaster Management & Relief Rehabilitation and Floriculture [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2017<br />
| term_end1 = 2018<br />
| office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister for Revenue]] [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2015<br />
| term_end2 = 2016<br />
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start3 = 2014<br />
| term_end3 = 2018<br />
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2008<br />
| term_end4 = 2014<br />
| office5 = [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development Department]], [[Panchayati Raj]], Science & Technology and Information Technology<br />
| term_start5 = 2007<br />
| term_end5 = 2008<br />
| office6 = [[Minister of State]] for Power Development Department <br />
| term_start6 = 2003<br />
| term_end6 = 2006<br />
| office7 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start7 = 2002<br />
| term_end7 = 2008<br />
| constituency = [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br />
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]] (JKPM)<br />
| spouse = Rehana Javaid<br />
| children = <br />
| parents = Mir Mustafa (father), Aisha Begum (mother)<br />
| total assets =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Javaid Mustafa Mir''' is an [[Indian politician]] and president of [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]] (JKPM). He has been elected three times to [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=JAVAID MUSTAFA MIR(JKPDP):Constituency- CHADOORA(BUDGAM) - Expense Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/expense.php?candidate_id=498 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name='ht'>{{cite web |title=Shah Faesal gets first prominent leader into his party fold in PDP’s Javaid Mustafa Mir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shah-faesal-gets-first-prominent-leader-into-his-party-fold-in-pdp-s-javaid-mustafa-mir/story-Z3fH5x91sBbrDyrnx3jcwK.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=28 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education==<br />
Javaid Mustafa Mir was born in a political family in 1969. His father, Mir Mustafa, was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] twice in 1987 and 1990. He was abducted and assassinated by the militants after which Javaid started handling his family business until 2002 when his political journey began.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blow to PDP as senior leader Javed Mir quits |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/blow-to-pdp-as-senior-leader-javed-mir-quits-709377 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Javaid Mustafa Mir started his political career in 2002, twelve years after his father’s assassination. His father's supporters encouraged Javaid for fighting the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]. He joined [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP) who fielded Javaid from [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref name='ht'/> He contested and won from [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] with a huge margin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Faesal Says His Party Is Open To Politicians With Unblemished Record |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shah-faesal-says-jkpm-jammu-and-kashmir-peoples-movement-is-open-to-politicians-with-unblemished-rec-2015663 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
After winning the 2002 Assembly elections, he was inducted as the [[Minister of State]] for Power Development Department up to 2005. In 2007, he became the [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development Department]], [[Panchayati Raj]], Science & Technology and Information Technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Day celebrated at Budgam {{!}} District Budgam , Government of Jammu & Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://budgam.nic.in/event/republic-day-celebrated-at-budgam/ |website=budgam.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008 the government under the Chief Minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] collapsed and in [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], Mir was elected 2nd time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. During this term in the opposition, Mir was known in the Assembly for having a bold voice and as an honest personality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Tassaduq Mufti, Javaid Mustafa Mir take oath as Ministers of the State |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-and-kashmir-tassaduq-mufti-javaid-mustafa-mir-take-oath-as-ministers-of-the-state |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Javaid again fought the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] and emerged as a winner for the third term consecutively from [[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. After winning the elections, he was inducted into the [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]-[[BJP]] cabinet led by then [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] and in 2015 he became [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister for Revenue]], which he maintained until January 2016 when the Chief Minister passed away and the government collapsed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former minister Javed Mustafa Mir resigns from Mehbooba Mufti-led PDP |url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/politics/former-minister-javed-mustafa-mir-resigns-from-mehbooba-mufti-led-pdp.html |website=Republic World |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017 he was again inducted into the cabinet as the Minister for Disaster Management & Relief Rehabilitation and Floriculture and was in office until 2018 when the government collapsed after the collation was disbanded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Official Portal |url=https://www.jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=content/mr-javaid-mustafa-mir |website=www.jk.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Javaid left the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) in January 2019 after spending 18 years in it and joined the newly made [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]] as the chairman and was later elected as the president of the party in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three-time legislator and ex-PDP leader Javed Mustafa Mir joins Faesal's JKPM |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/three-time-legislator-and-ex-pdp-leader-javed-mustafa-mir-joins-faesal-s-jkpm-119032700691_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Javed Mustafa Mir elected President of JKPM unanimously |url=https://kashmirpulse.com/politics/javed-mustafa-mir-elected-president-of-jkpm-unanimously/47074.html |website=The Kashmir Pulse |date=28 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Positions held ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2002 || 2008 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] ([[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]) || elected<br />
|-<br />
| 02 || 2003 || 2006 || [[Minister of State]] for Power Development Department || <br />
|-<br />
| 03 || 2007 || 2008 || [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development Department]], [[Panchayati Raj]], Science & Technology and Information Technology || <br />
|-<br />
| 04 || 2008 || 2014 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] ([[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]) 2nd time || re-elected<br />
|-<br />
| 05 || 2014 || 2018|| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] ([[Chadoora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]) 3rd time || re-elected<br />
|-<br />
| 06 || 2015 || 2016 || [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister for Revenue]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 07 || 2017 || 2018 || Minister for Disaster Management & Relief Rehabilitation and Floriculture || <br />
|-<br />
| 08 || 2020 || Present || President of [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]] || elected<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Government of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=133780
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-20T15:26:13Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
# [[Irfan Amin Malik]]<br />
# [[Pranb Kr Nath]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]<br />
a</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133779
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:24:07Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* review */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in Modeling<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Pranab Kr Nath One Of The Awarded And Celebrated Actors Of Northeastern India. |url=https://caseyweekly.com.au/entertainment/6907/meet-pranab-kr-nath-one-of-the-awarded-and-celebrated-actors-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Casey Weekly |date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath The Renowned Actor And Award Winning Inspirational Speaker. |url=https://nagpuroranges.com/pranab-kr-nath-the-renowned-actor-and-award-winning-inspirational-speaker/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Nagpur Oranges |date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Digital |first1=Beer |title=Pranab Kr Nath: Widely Known As An Actor, Being he is also known as an entertainer. |url=https://foxinterviewer.com/people/pranab-kr-nath-widely-known-as-an-actor-being-he-is-also-known-as-an-entertainer/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Fox Interviewer |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timebulletin.com/pranab-kr-nath-a-real-life-hero-besides-an-actor-in-short-film/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=www.timebulletin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath - Youngest Short Film Actor Of Northeastern India - Fab World Today |url=https://www.fabworldtoday.com/pranab-kr-nath-youngest-short-film-actor-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=22 January 2021}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| Potrobondhu|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]<br />
<br />
== review ==<br />
<br />
kindly review it will improve it ...</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133778
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:23:09Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in Modeling<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Pranab Kr Nath One Of The Awarded And Celebrated Actors Of Northeastern India. |url=https://caseyweekly.com.au/entertainment/6907/meet-pranab-kr-nath-one-of-the-awarded-and-celebrated-actors-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Casey Weekly |date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath The Renowned Actor And Award Winning Inspirational Speaker. |url=https://nagpuroranges.com/pranab-kr-nath-the-renowned-actor-and-award-winning-inspirational-speaker/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Nagpur Oranges |date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Digital |first1=Beer |title=Pranab Kr Nath: Widely Known As An Actor, Being he is also known as an entertainer. |url=https://foxinterviewer.com/people/pranab-kr-nath-widely-known-as-an-actor-being-he-is-also-known-as-an-entertainer/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Fox Interviewer |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timebulletin.com/pranab-kr-nath-a-real-life-hero-besides-an-actor-in-short-film/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=www.timebulletin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath - Youngest Short Film Actor Of Northeastern India - Fab World Today |url=https://www.fabworldtoday.com/pranab-kr-nath-youngest-short-film-actor-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=22 January 2021}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| Potrobondhu|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133777
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:20:55Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{AFC submission/draft}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in Modeling<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Pranab Kr Nath One Of The Awarded And Celebrated Actors Of Northeastern India. |url=https://caseyweekly.com.au/entertainment/6907/meet-pranab-kr-nath-one-of-the-awarded-and-celebrated-actors-of-northeastern-india/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Casey Weekly |date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pranab Kr Nath The Renowned Actor And Award Winning Inspirational Speaker. |url=https://nagpuroranges.com/pranab-kr-nath-the-renowned-actor-and-award-winning-inspirational-speaker/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=Nagpur Oranges |date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| Potrobondhu|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133774
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:14:31Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in <br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Modeling<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| Potrobondhu|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133773
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:13:25Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranab Kr Nath|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102113866|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in <br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Modeling<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranab Kr Nath|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102113866|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| [[Potrobondhu]]|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133772
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:11:21Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranab Kr Nath|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102113866|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in <br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Modeling<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranab Kr Nath|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102113866|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| [[Potrobondhu]]|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Pranab_Kr_Nath&diff=133771
Draft:Pranab Kr Nath
2021-07-20T15:10:16Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "'''Pranab Kr Nath''' (Bengali: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian Actor<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|da..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pranab Kr Nath''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: প্রণব কর নাথ) (Born 18 December 1991) is an Indian [[Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne India|date=2020-12-14|title=Mr. Pranab KR Nath A talented artist has emerged from the North East, Tripura > Ne India News|url=https://www.neindianews.com/mr-pranab-kr-nath-a-talented-artist-has-emerged-from-the-north-east-tripura/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Ne India News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-11-06|title=Tripura: The wall tells an inspired story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tripura-the-wall-tells-an-inspired-story/article7850867.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadNews.asp?newsid=1268|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>. He usually works in Short Films and Bollywood Movie<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranab Kr Nath|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102113866|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=issuewire|title=Pranab Kr Nath: An Engineer from Tripura Develops A Career In Film Making- Becomes A Successful Short Film Actor|url=https://www.scoop24x7.com/api/createPageCache|access-date=2021-03-24|website=inewsguru|language=en}}</ref>. but has also appeared in <br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pranab Kr Nath<br />
| image = PKRN Image.jpg<br />
| caption = Pranab Kr Nath is a Short Film Actor of India<br />
| birth_place = Sabroom, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = ECE (Engineering)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| style = Comedy, Action, Romance<br />
| website = pranabkrnath.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Modeling<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Unique Hobbies and Personal Interests of Pranab Kr Nath Apart From Being An Model and Actor.|url=https://activepages.com.au/unique-hobbies-and-personal-interests-of-pranab-kr-nath-apart-from-being-an-model-and-actor|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Active Pages|language=en-US}}</ref>. He is also a Video Creator<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Model And Actor Pranab Kr Nath Wiki, Biography and Age|url=https://www.bucketbuff.com/model-and-actor-pranab-kr-nath-wiki-biography-and-age/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Bucketbuff|language=en-GB}}</ref>.<br />
==Early life==<br />
Pranab Kr Nath was born in a joint family, in the very small city of Sabroom<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pranab Kr Nath|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102113866|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|date=2021-01-21|title=Not For Representation, The Selfless Actor Pranab Kr Nath Comes Forward To Help The Society|url=https://theweeklymail.com/not-for-representation-the-selfless-actor-pranab-kr-nath-comes-forward-to-help-the-society|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Weekly Mail|language=en}}</ref>, Tripura. Just being born in such a remote area in Northeastern India did not stop him from achieving his goals<ref>https://www.thetimesofbengal.com/pranab-kr-nath-i-want-to-keep-doing-this-for-the-rest-of-my-life/</ref>. He pursued education from Tripura itself and then continued on to travel all over India including Delhi and Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Discover Tripura|url=http://discovertripura.com/ReadArticle.asp?articleid=18|access-date=2021-03-24|website=discovertripura.com}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year!!Title !! Role(s) !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| [[Tripura (film)|Tripura]]|| Uncredited Role ||Telugu<br />
|Telugu version of ''Thoranai'' <br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| [[Potrobondhu]]|| Casting Role ||Bengali<br />
|Remake of ''Friends'' (2021)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<references /><br />
==External links==<br />
[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11922723 Pranab Kr Nath] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Amin_Malik&diff=133411
Irfan Amin Malik
2021-07-16T16:58:32Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| image = Irfan_Amin_Malik.jpg<br />
| occupation = [[Journalist]]<br />
| organization = [[Rising Kashmir]]<br />
| caption = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|08|03}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tral]], [[Kashmir]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Irfan Amin Malik''' is a Journalist based in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Indian government to ease Kashmir restrictions {{!}} DW {{!}} 16.08.2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-government-to-ease-kashmir-restrictions/a-50049362 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=DW.COM}}</ref> His stories have have appeared through print media, videos and podcasts. <ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/irfan-amin-malik/id1516689470 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Apple Podcasts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik {{!}} Rising Kashmir Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Malik started his career as a staff correspondent with [[Greater Kashmir]] newspaper and currently he is working as Online Editor with [[Rising Kashmir]]. Malik is writing for the national and international media and his stories have regularly appeared in [[The Wire]], [[The Quint]], Article 14, The Citizen, [[Quartz India]], Ozy, [[Vice Media]]. <br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Irfan Malik was the first journalist in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] who was detained by [[Indian Security Forces|Indian security forces]] after [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]] led central government revoked [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K: Journalist detained, family clueless about charges |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-journalist-detained-family-clueless-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India independence day celebration takes place under strict security in Kashmir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/15/narendra-modi-defends-indias-decision-to-end-kashmir-special-status |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quint |first1=The |title=Detained ‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Irfan Malik Released on Bond |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/greater-kashmir-journalist-irfan-amin-malik-detained-by-security-forces-article-370 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=16 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nine Days After Centre Scrapped Article 370, I Was Detained': The Story of a J&K Journalist |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Detained By Security Forces Released |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik_in_5d55834ae4b0eb875f206e94 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>In March 2020 he was awarded with gold medal by [[Islamic University of Science and Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST)]] [[Awantipora]] for securing first position in masters in post graduation in [[mass communication]] and [[journalism]] <ref>{{cite news |title=KNS |url=http://www.knskashmir.com/iust-convocation--journalist-irfan-amin-malik-received-gold-medal-64190 |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=www.knskashmir.com}}</ref>. Malik hails from [[Tral]] township in south [[Kashmir|Kashmir’s]] [[Pulwama]] district.In the year 2020 amid covid19 pandemic Malik has also got two different media fellowships.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Scroll |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Local journalist detained in Tral, family says no idea about charges |url=https://scroll.in/latest/934059/jammu-and-kashmir-local-journalist-detained-in-tral-family-says-no-idea-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Ayush |title=Greater Kashmir journalist detained, his family says they have not been informed why |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/08/15/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-his-family-says-they-have-not-been-informed-why |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Newslaundry}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|34em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Irfan Amin}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian journalists]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-journalist-stub}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Amin_Malik&diff=133410
Irfan Amin Malik
2021-07-16T16:57:37Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| image = Irfan_Amin_Malik.jpg<br />
| occupation = [[Journalist]]<br />
| organization = [[Rising Kashmir]]<br />
| caption = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|08|03}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tral]], [[Kashmir]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Irfan Amin Malik''' is a [[Journalist]] based in [[Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir|Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Indian government to ease Kashmir restrictions {{!}} DW {{!}} 16.08.2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-government-to-ease-kashmir-restrictions/a-50049362 |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=DW.COM}}</ref> His stories have have appeared through print media, videos and podcasts. <ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/irfan-amin-malik/id1516689470 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Apple Podcasts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik {{!}} Rising Kashmir Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Malik started his career as a staff correspondent with [[Greater Kashmir]] newspaper and currently he is working as Online Editor with [[Rising Kashmir]]. Malik is writing for the national and international media and his stories have regularly appeared in [[The Wire]], [[The Quint]], Article 14, The Citizen, [[Quartz India]], Ozy, [[Vice Media]]. <br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Irfan Malik was the first journalist in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] who was detained by [[Indian Security Forces|Indian security forces]] after [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]] led central government revoked [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K: Journalist detained, family clueless about charges |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-journalist-detained-family-clueless-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India independence day celebration takes place under strict security in Kashmir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/15/narendra-modi-defends-indias-decision-to-end-kashmir-special-status |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quint |first1=The |title=Detained ‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Irfan Malik Released on Bond |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/greater-kashmir-journalist-irfan-amin-malik-detained-by-security-forces-article-370 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=16 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nine Days After Centre Scrapped Article 370, I Was Detained': The Story of a J&K Journalist |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Detained By Security Forces Released |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik_in_5d55834ae4b0eb875f206e94 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>In March 2020 he was awarded with gold medal by [[Islamic University of Science and Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST)]] [[Awantipora]] for securing first position in masters in post graduation in [[mass communication]] and [[journalism]] <ref>{{cite news |title=KNS |url=http://www.knskashmir.com/iust-convocation--journalist-irfan-amin-malik-received-gold-medal-64190 |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=www.knskashmir.com}}</ref>. Malik hails from [[Tral]] township in south [[Kashmir|Kashmir’s]] [[Pulwama]] district.In the year 2020 amid covid19 pandemic Malik has also got two different media fellowships.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Scroll |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Local journalist detained in Tral, family says no idea about charges |url=https://scroll.in/latest/934059/jammu-and-kashmir-local-journalist-detained-in-tral-family-says-no-idea-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Ayush |title=Greater Kashmir journalist detained, his family says they have not been informed why |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/08/15/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-his-family-says-they-have-not-been-informed-why |access-date=15 July 2021 |work=Newslaundry}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|34em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Irfan Amin}}<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian journalists]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-journalist-stub}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=133069
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-14T13:47:34Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Templates I created */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
# [[Irfan Amin Malik]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]<br />
a</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Amin_Malik&diff=133068
Irfan Amin Malik
2021-07-14T13:42:43Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| occupation = [[Journalist]]<br />
| organization = [[Rising Kashmir]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Irfan Amin Malik''' is a [[Journalist]] based in [[Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir|Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir]]. His stories have have appeared through print media, videos and podcasts. <ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/irfan-amin-malik/id1516689470 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Apple Podcasts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik {{!}} Rising Kashmir Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Malik started his career as a staff correspondent with [[Greater Kashmir]] newspaper and currently he is working as Online Editor with [[Rising Kashmir]]. Malik is writing for the national and international media and his stories have regularly appeared in [[The Wire]], [[The Quint]], [[Article 14]], The Citizen, [[Quartz India]], Ozy, [[Vice Media]]. <br />
<br />
== Early Life ==<br />
Irfan Malik was the first journalist in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] who was detained by Indian security forces after [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]] led central government revoked [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in August 2019. <ref>{{cite news |title=J&K: Journalist detained, family clueless about charges |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-journalist-detained-family-clueless-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India independence day celebration takes place under strict security in Kashmir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/15/narendra-modi-defends-indias-decision-to-end-kashmir-special-status |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quint |first1=The |title=Detained ‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Irfan Malik Released on Bond |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/greater-kashmir-journalist-irfan-amin-malik-detained-by-security-forces-article-370 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=16 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nine Days After Centre Scrapped Article 370, I Was Detained': The Story of a J&K Journalist |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Detained By Security Forces Released |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik_in_5d55834ae4b0eb875f206e94 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>In March 2020 he was awarded with gold medal by [[Islamic University of Science and Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST)]] [[Awantipora]] for securing first position in masters in post graduation in [[mass communication]] and [[journalism]]. Malik hails from [[Tral]] township in south [[Kashmir|Kashmir’s]] [[Pulwama]] district.In the year 2020 amid covid19 pandemic Malik has also got two different media fellowships.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Scroll |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Local journalist detained in Tral, family says no idea about charges |url=https://scroll.in/latest/934059/jammu-and-kashmir-local-journalist-detained-in-tral-family-says-no-idea-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{Reflist|34em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irfan Amin Malik}}<br />
[[Category:1990s births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]<br />
[[Category:Journalist]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Journalist]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=133067
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-14T13:41:37Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
# [[Irfan Amin Malik]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Amin_Malik&diff=133066
Irfan Amin Malik
2021-07-14T13:40:26Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| occupation = [[Journalist]]<br />
| organization = [[Rising Kashmir]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Irfan Amin Malik''' is a [[Journalist]] based in [[Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir|Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir]]. His stories have have appeared through print media, videos and podcasts. <ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/irfan-amin-malik/id1516689470 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Apple Podcasts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik {{!}} Rising Kashmir Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Malik started his career as a staff correspondent with [[Greater Kashmir]] newspaper and currently he is working as Online Editor with [[Rising Kashmir]]. Malik is writing for the national and international media and his stories have regularly appeared in [[The Wire]], [[The Quint]], [[Article 14]], The Citizen, [[Quartz India]], Ozy, [[Vice Media]]. <br />
<br />
== Early Life ==<br />
Irfan Malik was the first journalist in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] who was detained by Indian security forces after [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]] led central government revoked [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in August 2019. <ref>{{cite news |title=J&K: Journalist detained, family clueless about charges |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-journalist-detained-family-clueless-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India independence day celebration takes place under strict security in Kashmir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/15/narendra-modi-defends-indias-decision-to-end-kashmir-special-status |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quint |first1=The |title=Detained ‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Irfan Malik Released on Bond |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/greater-kashmir-journalist-irfan-amin-malik-detained-by-security-forces-article-370 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=16 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nine Days After Centre Scrapped Article 370, I Was Detained': The Story of a J&K Journalist |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Detained By Security Forces Released |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik_in_5d55834ae4b0eb875f206e94 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>In March 2020 he was awarded with gold medal by [[Islamic University of Science and Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST)]] [[Awantipora]] for securing first position in masters in post graduation in [[mass communication]] and [[journalism]]. Malik hails from [[Tral]] township in south [[Kashmir|Kashmir’s]] [[Pulwama]] district.In the year 2020 amid covid19 pandemic Malik has also got two different media fellowships.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Scroll |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Local journalist detained in Tral, family says no idea about charges |url=https://scroll.in/latest/934059/jammu-and-kashmir-local-journalist-detained-in-tral-family-says-no-idea-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{Reflist|34em}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Amin_Malik&diff=133065
Irfan Amin Malik
2021-07-14T13:39:49Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{AfC submission|t||ts=20210712104532|u=HamzhaSaleem|ns=118|demo=}} <!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->{{Infobox person | name..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{AfC submission|t||ts=20210712104532|u=HamzhaSaleem|ns=118|demo=}}<br />
<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Irfan Amin Malik<br />
| occupation = [[Journalist]]<br />
| organization = [[Rising Kashmir]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Irfan Amin Malik''' is a [[Journalist]] based in [[Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir|Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir]]. His stories have have appeared through print media, videos and podcasts. <ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/irfan-amin-malik/id1516689470 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Apple Podcasts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Irfan Amin Malik {{!}} Rising Kashmir Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack |url=https://muckrack.com/irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=muckrack.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Malik started his career as a staff correspondent with [[Greater Kashmir]] newspaper and currently he is working as Online Editor with [[Rising Kashmir]]. Malik is writing for the national and international media and his stories have regularly appeared in [[The Wire]], [[The Quint]], [[Article 14]], The Citizen, [[Quartz India]], Ozy, [[Vice Media]]. <br />
<br />
== Early Life ==<br />
Irfan Malik was the first journalist in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] who was detained by Indian security forces after [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]] led central government revoked [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in August 2019. <ref>{{cite news |title=J&K: Journalist detained, family clueless about charges |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-journalist-detained-family-clueless-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India independence day celebration takes place under strict security in Kashmir |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/15/narendra-modi-defends-indias-decision-to-end-kashmir-special-status |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Quint |first1=The |title=Detained ‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Irfan Malik Released on Bond |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/greater-kashmir-journalist-irfan-amin-malik-detained-by-security-forces-article-370 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=16 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nine Days After Centre Scrapped Article 370, I Was Detained': The Story of a J&K Journalist |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jk-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Greater Kashmir’ Journalist Detained By Security Forces Released |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/greater-kashmir-journalist-detained-irfan-amin-malik_in_5d55834ae4b0eb875f206e94 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=15 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>In March 2020 he was awarded with gold medal by [[Islamic University of Science and Technology|Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST)]] [[Awantipora]] for securing first position in masters in post graduation in [[mass communication]] and [[journalism]]. Malik hails from [[Tral]] township in south [[Kashmir|Kashmir’s]] [[Pulwama]] district.In the year 2020 amid covid19 pandemic Malik has also got two different media fellowships.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Scroll |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Local journalist detained in Tral, family says no idea about charges |url=https://scroll.in/latest/934059/jammu-and-kashmir-local-journalist-detained-in-tral-family-says-no-idea-about-charges |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{Reflist|34em}}</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:WikiDwarf&diff=133064
User talk:WikiDwarf
2021-07-14T13:38:50Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* please publish this */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User talk}}<br />
<br />
== Issue with Notice ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)<br />
<br />
:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)<br />
<br />
== Spamming ==<br />
<br />
I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.<br />
<br />
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"<br />
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |<br />
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''<br />
|-<br />
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)<br />
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== The Reviewer Barnstar ==<br />
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{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"<br />
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2" |<br />
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''<br />
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|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)<br />
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== How to submit the article ==<br />
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I have created the article help me in submitting the article <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) </span><br />
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:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)<br />
Sure thanks <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) </span><br />
Have edited & summited the draft..<br />
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How to disclose the paid contribution?<br />
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== Review of article ==<br />
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Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)<br />
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== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==<br />
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Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Article creation ==<br />
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Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)<br />
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?<br />
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Question ==<br />
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Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Please approve my page ==<br />
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Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)</span><br />
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)<br />
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)<br />
==A curious query==<br />
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia? <br />
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Talk back notice ==<br />
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Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me. <br />
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)<br />
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)<br />
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Issue in Reviewing ==<br />
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?<br />
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== Revert Rights ==<br />
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))<br />
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Index ==<br />
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Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Please approve my page ==<br />
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Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks<br />
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== Review Timeline ==<br />
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Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== User Rights ==<br />
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==<br />
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I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==<br />
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz<br />
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Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube<br />
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== Draft Request ==<br />
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==<br />
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Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.<br />
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Thank you.<br />
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== Asking a Favour ==<br />
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)<br />
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Vandalism ==<br />
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Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Draft Request ==<br />
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Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==<br />
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I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.<br />
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul<br />
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== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==<br />
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Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. <b>[[User:Marvel|<span style="color:black">Mar</span><span style="color:red">vel</span>]][[User talk:Marvel|(<span style="color:green">talk</span>)]]</b><br />
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== How to upload image ==<br />
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Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== AFC Submission cleaned? ==<br />
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.<br />
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you.<br />
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== Copyright issue ==<br />
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hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Photo upload ==<br />
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Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==<br />
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How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism.<br><br />
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])<br />
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== article review ==<br />
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Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .<br />
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--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==<br />
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Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Haters are editing the pages ==<br />
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Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.<br />
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I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.<br />
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Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Add me admin member group ==<br />
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I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia. <br />
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul<br />
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== please publish this ==<br />
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hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .<br />
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--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:WikiDwarf&diff=133053
User talk:WikiDwarf
2021-07-14T08:28:12Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* please publish this */ new section</p>
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<div>{{User talk}}<br />
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== Issue with Notice ==<br />
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Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)<br />
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:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)<br />
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== Spamming ==<br />
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I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.<br />
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{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"<br />
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |<br />
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''<br />
|-<br />
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)<br />
|}<br />
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== The Reviewer Barnstar ==<br />
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{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"<br />
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}<br />
|rowspan="2" |<br />
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''<br />
|-<br />
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)<br />
|}<br />
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== How to submit the article ==<br />
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I have created the article help me in submitting the article <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) </span><br />
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:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)<br />
Sure thanks <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) </span><br />
Have edited & summited the draft..<br />
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How to disclose the paid contribution?<br />
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== Review of article ==<br />
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Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)<br />
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== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==<br />
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Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Article creation ==<br />
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Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)<br />
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?<br />
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Question ==<br />
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Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Please approve my page ==<br />
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Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)</span><br />
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)<br />
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)<br />
==A curious query==<br />
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia? <br />
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Talk back notice ==<br />
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Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me. <br />
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)<br />
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)<br />
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Issue in Reviewing ==<br />
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?<br />
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== Revert Rights ==<br />
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))<br />
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Index ==<br />
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Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Please approve my page ==<br />
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Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks<br />
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== Review Timeline ==<br />
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Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)<br />
<br />
== User Rights ==<br />
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==<br />
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I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==<br />
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz<br />
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Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube<br />
<br />
== Draft Request ==<br />
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==<br />
<br />
Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.<br />
<br />
Thank you.<br />
<br />
== Asking a Favour ==<br />
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)<br />
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Vandalism ==<br />
<br />
Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Draft Request ==<br />
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Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)<br />
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* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==<br />
<br />
I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.<br />
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul<br />
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== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==<br />
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Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. <b>[[User:Marvel|<span style="color:black">Mar</span><span style="color:red">vel</span>]][[User talk:Marvel|(<span style="color:green">talk</span>)]]</b><br />
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== How to upload image ==<br />
<br />
Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== AFC Submission cleaned? ==<br />
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.<br />
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)<br />
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you.<br />
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== Copyright issue ==<br />
<br />
hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Photo upload ==<br />
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Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==<br />
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How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism.<br><br />
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])<br />
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== article review ==<br />
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Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .<br />
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--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==<br />
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Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)<br />
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Haters are editing the pages ==<br />
<br />
Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.<br />
<br />
I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.<br />
<br />
Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)<br />
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== Add me admin member group ==<br />
<br />
I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia. <br />
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul<br />
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== please publish this ==<br />
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hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .<br />
<br />
--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone&diff=133046
IPhone
2021-07-14T06:30:59Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{short description|Line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc.}} {{short description|Line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc.}} {{en-Wikipedia}} {{..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc.}}<br />
{{short description|Line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc.}}<br />
{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Infobox information appliance<br />
| name = iPhone<br />
| logo = [[File:IPhone Logo 2016.svg|150px]]<br />
| image = [[File:IPhone 12 Pro Gold.svg|186px]]<br />
| caption = The front face of an [[iPhone 12 Pro]] in Gold<br />
| developer = [[Apple Inc.]]<br />
| manufacturer = [[Foxconn]], [[Pegatron]], [[Wistron]] <br />([[contract manufacturer]]s)<br />
| type = [[Smartphone]]<br />
| os = [[iOS]]<br />
| power = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Built-in rechargeable<br />[[lithium-ion battery]]<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen:''' {{nowrap|3.7 [[Volt|V]] 5.18&nbsp;[[Kilowatt hour|W·h]] (1400}}&nbsp;[[ampere hour|mA·h]])<br />
| 2 = '''3G:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|4.12 W·h}} (1150&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 3 = '''3GS''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|4.51 W·h}} (1219&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 4 = '''4:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|5.25 W·h}} (1420&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 5 = '''4S:''' {{nowrap|3.7 V}} {{nowrap|5.3 W·h}} (1432&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 6 = '''5:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.45 W·h}} (1440&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 7 = '''5C:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.73 W·h}} (1510&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 8 = '''5S:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|5.92 W·h}} (1560&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 9 = '''6:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|6.91 W·h}} (1810&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 10 = '''6 Plus:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|11.1 W·h}} (2915&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 11 = '''6S:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|6.55 W·h}} (1715&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 12 = '''6S Plus:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|10.45 W·h}} (2750&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 13 = '''SE (1st):''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|6.21 W·h}} (1624&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 14 = '''7:''' {{nowrap|3.8 V}} {{nowrap|7.45 W·h}} (1960&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 15 = '''7 Plus:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|11.10 W·h}} (2900&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 16 = '''8''' and '''SE (2nd):''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|6.96 W·h}} (1821&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 17 = '''8 Plus:''' {{nowrap|3.82 V}} {{nowrap|10.28 W·h}} (2691&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 18 = '''X:''' {{nowrap|3.81 V}} {{nowrap|10.35 W·h}} (2716&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 19 = '''XS:''' {{nowrap|3.81 V}} {{nowrap|10.13 W·h}} (2658&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 20 = '''XS Max:''' {{nowrap|3.8V}} {{nowrap|12.08 W·h}} (3174&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 21 = '''XR:''' {{nowrap|3.81 V}} {{nowrap|11.21 W·h}} (2942&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 22 = '''11 Pro:''' {{nowrap|3.83 V}} {{nowrap|11.67 W·h}} (3046&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 23 = '''11 Pro Max:''' {{nowrap|3.79 V}} {{nowrap|15.04 W·h}} (3969&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 24 = '''11:''' {{nowrap|3.83 V}} {{nowrap|11.91 W·h}} (3110&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
| 25 = '''12 and 12 Pro:''' {{nowrap|3.83 V}} {{nowrap|10.78 W·h}} (2,815&nbsp;mA·h)<br />
}}<br />
| soc = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Chips used<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''' and '''3G:''' [[S5L8900]]<br />
| 2 = '''3GS:''' [[S5PC100]]<br />
| 3 = '''4:''' [[Apple A4]]<br />
| 4 = '''4S:''' [[Apple A5]]<br />
| 5 = '''5''' / '''5C:''' [[Apple A6]]<br />
| 6 = '''5S:''' [[Apple A7]]<br />
| 7 = '''6 / 6 Plus:''' [[Apple A8]]<br />
| 8 = '''6S / 6S Plus''' and '''SE (1st):''' [[Apple A9]]<br />
| 9 = '''7 / 7 Plus:''' [[Apple A10 Fusion]]<br />
| 10 = '''8 / 8 Plus / X:''' [[Apple A11 Bionic]]<br />
| 11 = '''XR / XS / XS Max:''' [[Apple A12 Bionic]]<br />
| 12 = '''11 / 11 Pro / 11 Pro Max''' and '''SE (2nd):''' [[Apple A13 Bionic]]<br />
| 13 = '''12 / 12 mini / 12 Pro / 12 Pro Max:''' [[Apple A14 Bionic]] <br />
}}<br />
| cpu = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = CPU<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''' and '''3G:''' [[Samsung]] [[32-bit]] [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 1176JZ(F)-S v1.0<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toucharcade.com/2008/07/07/under-the-hood-the-iphones-gaming-mettle |title=Under the Hood: The iPhone's Gaming Mettle |publisher=Touch Arcade |date=June 14, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref><br />
| 2 = '''3GS:''' 600&nbsp;MHz [[ARM Cortex-A8]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2782/2 |title=The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed |publisher=AnandTech |access-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref><br />
| 3 = '''4:''' 800&nbsp;MHz [[ARM Cortex-A8]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone-4-Teardown/3130/2 |title=iPhone 4 Teardown – Page 2 |publisher=iFixit |access-date=June 13, 2013|date=June 24, 2010 }}</ref><br />
| 4 = '''4S:''' 800&nbsp;MHz [[multi-core processor|dual-core]] [[ARM Cortex-A9]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Amar |last=Toor |title=Benchmarks clock iPhone 4S' A5 CPU at 800MHz, show major GPU upgrade over iPhone 4 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/11/benchmarks-clock-iphone-4s-a5-cpu-at-800mhz-show-major-gpu-upg/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
| 5 = '''5 / 5C:''' 1.3&nbsp;GHz dual-core Apple A6<br />
| 6 = '''5S:''' 1.3&nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A7<br />
| 7 = '''6 / 6 Plus:''' 1.4&nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A8<br />
| 8 = '''6S / 6S Plus''' and '''SE (1st):''' 1.85&nbsp;GHz 64-bit dual-core Apple A9<br />
| 9 = '''7 / 7 Plus:''' 2.34&nbsp;GHz 64-bit quad-core Apple A10 Fusion (2× Hurricane + 2× Zephyr)<ref name="iPhone 7 & 7 Plus">{{cite web | url=http://www.gsmarena.com/compare.php3?idPhone1=8064&idPhone2=8065| publisher= GSMArena| title=iPhone 7 & 7 Plus| access-date=January 14, 2017}}</ref><br />
| 10 = '''8 / 8 Plus / X:''' 2.39&nbsp;GHz 64-bit hexa-core Apple A11 Bionic (2× Monsoon + 4× Mistral)<br />
| 11 = '''XR / XS / XS Max:''' 2.49&nbsp;64-bit hexa-core Apple A12 Bionic<br />
| 12 = '''11 / 11 Pro / 11 Pro Max''' and '''SE (2nd):''' 2.65&nbsp;64-bit hexa-core Apple A13 Bionic<br />
| 13 = '''12 Mini / 12 / 12 Pro / 12 Pro Max:''' 3.10&nbsp;64-bit hexa-core Apple A14 Bionic<br />
}}<br />
| memory = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Memory<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''' and '''3G:''' 128&nbsp;[[megabyte|MB]] [[LPDDR]] [[Random-access memory|RAM]] (137&nbsp;MHz)<br />
| 2 = '''3GS:''' {{nowrap|256 MB}} LPDDR RAM (200&nbsp;MHz)<br />
| 3 = '''4:''' {{nowrap|512 MB}} [[LPDDR2]] RAM (200&nbsp;MHz)<br />
| 4 = '''4S:''' {{nowrap|512 MB}} LPDDR2 RAM<br />
| 5 = '''5 / 5C:''' 1&nbsp;GB LPDDR2 RAM<br />
| 6 = '''5S''' and '''6 / 6 Plus:''' 1&nbsp;GB [[LPDDR3]] RAM<br />
| 7 = '''6S / 6S Plus, SE (1st)''' and '''7:''' 2&nbsp;GB LPDDR4 RAM<br />
| 8 = '''8:''' 2&nbsp;GB [[Mobile DDR#LPDDR4X|LPDDR4X]] RAM<br />
| 9 = '''7 Plus''': 3&nbsp;GB [[LPDDR4]] RAM<br />
| 10 = '''8 Plus, X, XR''' and '''SE (2nd):''' 3&nbsp;GB LPDDR4X RAM<br />
| 11 = '''XS / XS Max, 11, 11 Pro / 11 Pro Max''' and '''12 Mini / 12:''' 4&nbsp;GB LPDDR4X RAM<br />
| 12 = '''12 Pro / 12 Pro Max''' 6&nbsp;GB LPDDR4X RAM<br />
}}<br />
| storage = 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 or 512&nbsp;GB{{efn|name=storageunits|1 GB {{=}} 1 billion bytes, 1 TB {{=}} 1 trillion bytes}} [[flash memory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html |title=iPhone 5 – View all the technical specifications |publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref><br />
| display = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Display<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''' and '''3G:'''<br />
| 2 = {{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}<br />
| 3 = 3:2 [[display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], scratch-resistant<ref name="jun18PressRelease">{{cite press release|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=June 18, 2007|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html|title=iPhone Delivers Up to Eight Hours of Talk Time|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521200837/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html|archive-date=May 21, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> glossy glass covered screen, 262,144-color ([[Color depth|18-bit]]) [[Liquid crystal display#Twisted nematic (TN)|TN]] LCD, 480 × 320&nbsp;[[pixel|px]] ([[HVGA]]) at 163&nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]], 200:1 [[contrast ratio]]<br />
| 4 = '''3GS:'''<br />
| 5 = In addition to prior, features a fingerprint-resistant [[lipophobicity|oleophobic]] coating,<ref>{{cite web|first=Eric|last=Slivka|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2009/06/10/more-wwdc-tidbits-iphone-3g-s-oleophobic-screen-find-my-iphone-live|title=More WWDC Tidbits: iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen, "Find My iPhone" Live lLP|work=Mac Rumors|date=June 10, 2009|access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref> and 262,144-color (18-bit) TN LCD with hardware spatial dithering<ref name=edepot>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/iphone.html|title=iPhone Secrets and iPad Secrets and iPod Touch Secrets|author=Po-Han Lin|work=Technology Depot|access-date=December 8, 2011}}</ref><br />
| 6 = '''4''' and '''4S:'''<br />
| 7 = {{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 3:2 aspect ratio, [[aluminosilicate]] glass covered 16,777,216-color (24-bit) [[In-plane switching|IPS]] LCD screen, 960 × 640&nbsp;px at 326&nbsp;[[pixels per inch|ppi]], 800:1 contrast ratio, 500 [[luminance|{{frac|cd|m²}}]] max brightness<br />
| 8 = '''5 / 5C / 5S / SE (1st):'''<br />
| 9 = {{convert|4.0|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 aspect ratio; 1136 × 640&nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 10 = '''6 / 6S / 7 / 8 / SE (2nd):'''<br />
| 11 = {{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 aspect ratio; 1334 × 750&nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 12 = '''6 Plus / 6S Plus / 7 Plus / 8 Plus:'''<br />
| 13 = {{convert|5.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}; 16:9 aspect ratio; 1920 × 1080&nbsp;px screen resolution at 401&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 14 = '''X / XS / 11 Pro:'''<br />
| 15 = {{convert|5.8|in|mm|abbr=on}}; ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio; OLED screen, 2436 × 1125&nbsp;px screen resolution at 458&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 16 = '''XS Max / 11 Pro Max:'''<br />
| 17 = {{convert|6.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}; ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio; OLED screen, 2688 × 1242&nbsp;px screen resolution at 458&nbsp;ppi <br />
| 18 = '''XR / 11:'''<br />
| 19 = {{convert|6.1|in|mm|abbr=on}}; ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio; 1792 × 828&nbsp;px screen resolution at 326&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 20 = '''12 mini:'''<br />
| 21 = {{convert|5.4|in|mm|abbr=on}}; ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio; OLED screen, 2340 × 1080&nbsp;px screen resolution at 476&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 22 = '''12 / 12 Pro:'''<br />
| 23 = {{convert|6.1|in|mm|abbr=on}}; ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio; OLED screen, 2532 × 1170&nbsp;px screen resolution at 460&nbsp;ppi<br />
| 24 = '''12 Pro Max:'''<br />
| 25 = {{convert|6.7|in|mm|abbr=on}}; ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio; OLED screen, 2778 × 1284&nbsp;px screen resolution at 458&nbsp;ppi<br />
}}<br />
| graphics = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Graphics<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''' and '''3G:'''<br />
| 2 = [[PowerVR]] [[PowerVR#MBX|MBX]] Lite 3D [[graphics processing unit|GPU]]<ref name="GPUmbx">{{cite web|url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=200900740|title=Update: UK graphics specialist confirms that iPhone design win|work=[[EE Times]]|access-date=July 8, 2007|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68DyboxOh?url=http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4188648/IPhone-code-trail-points-to-MBX-graphics-core|archive-date=June 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> (103&nbsp;MHz)<br />
| 3 = '''3GS:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX535]] GPU<br />
| 4 = (150&nbsp;MHz)<ref name="3G_S_Processor">{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/gadgets/showdoc.aspx?i=3579&p=2|title=The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed|last=Shimpi|first=Anand|date=June 10, 2009|work=AnandTech|access-date=June 10, 2009}}<br />{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/06/t-mobile-accidentally-posts-secret-iphone-3g-s-specs|title=Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews T-Mobile Accidentally Posts Secret iPhone 3G S Specs|last=Sorrel|first=Charlie|date=June 10, 2009|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=June 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name="4_Processor">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Apple-A4-Teardown/2204/3|title=Apple A4 Teardown|date=June 10, 2009|work=ifixit.com|access-date=September 9, 2010}}</ref><br />
| 5 = '''4:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX535]] GPU (200&nbsp;MHz)<ref name="3G_S_Processor" /><ref name="4_Processor" /><br />
| 6 = '''4S:''' PowerVR [[PowerVR#Series 5 (SGX)|SGX543MP2]] (2-core) GPU<br />
| 7 = '''5 / 5C:''' PowerVR SGX543MP3 (3-core) GPU<br />
| 8 = '''5S:''' PowerVR G6430 (4-core) GPU<br />
| 9 = '''6 / 6 Plus:''' PowerVR GX6450 (4-core) GPU<br />
| 10 = '''6S / 6S Plus''' and '''SE (1st):''' PowerVR GT7600 (6-core) GPU<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9686/the-apple-iphone-6s-and-iphone-6s-plus-review/5|title=A9's GPU: Imagination PowerVR GT7600 – The Apple iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus Review |work=AnandTech |date=November 2, 2015 |access-date=November 4, 2015}}</ref><br />
| 11 = '''7 / 7 Plus:''' PowerVR Series 7XT Plus (6-core) GPU<ref name="iPhone 7 & 7 Plus"/><br />
| 12 = '''8 / 8 Plus / X:''' Apple-designed (3-core) GPU<br />
| 13 = '''XR and XS through iPhone 12 and 12 Pro:''' Apple-designed (4-core) GPU<br />
}}<br />
| sound = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Bluetooth]]<br />
* stereo speaker (iPhone 7 and up)<br />
* microphone<br />
* 3.5&nbsp;mm [[Phone connector (audio)|stereo audio jack]] (until the iPhone SE (1st generation))<br />
* [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] port (requires iOS 10 or later)<br />
}}<br />
| connectivity = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = [[Wi-Fi]] and [[Bluetooth]]<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''', '''3G''', and '''3GS:'''<br /><br />
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]])<br />
| 2 = '''4''' and '''4S:'''<br /><br />
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])<br />
| 3 = '''5''', '''5C''', and '''5S:'''<br /><br />
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]])<br />
| 4 = '''6 / 6 Plus''', '''6S / 6S Plus''', '''SE''', '''7 / 7 Plus''', and '''8 / 8 Plus / X:'''<br /><br />
[[Wi-Fi]] ([[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]]/[[IEEE 802.11ac|ac]])<br />
| 5 = <!--- This is a blank placeholder. NO CONTENT goes in this parameter. ---><br />
| 6 = '''1st gen''', '''3G''', '''3GS''', and '''4:'''<br /><br />
[[Bluetooth v2.1+EDR|Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR]]<br />
| 7 = '''4S''', '''5''', '''5C''', '''5S''', and '''6 / 6 Plus:'''<br /><br />
[[Bluetooth v4.0|Bluetooth 4.0]]<br />
| 8 = '''6S / 6S Plus''', '''SE (1st)''' and '''7 / 7 Plus:'''<br /><br />
[[Bluetooth v4.2|Bluetooth 4.2]]<br />
| 9 = '''8 and X through iPhone 12 and 12 Pro:'''<br /><br />
[[Bluetooth 5.0]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''[[GSM]] models also include:'''<br />
{{flatlist|<br />
* [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] [[LTE frequency bands|700, 2100]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
* {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]/[[Evolved HSPA|HSPA+]] / [[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSDPA]]}} [[UMTS frequency bands|850, 900, 1900, 2100]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
* {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}} [[GSM frequency bands|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
'''[[code division multiple access|CDMA]] model also includes:'''<br />
* [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] [[LTE frequency bands|700]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
* [[code division multiple access|CDMA]]/[[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO Rev. A]] [[Multi-band device|800, 1900]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
* {{allow wrap|[[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] / [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]]/[[Evolved HSPA|HSPA+]]/[[Dual-Cell HSDPA|DC-HSDPA]]}} [[UMTS frequency bands|850, 900, 1900, 2100]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
* {{allow wrap|[[GSM]] / [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]]}} [[GSM frequency bands|850, 900, 1800, 1900]]&nbsp;MHz<br />
}}<br />
| dimensions = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Dimensions<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen:'''<br />
| 2 = {{convert|115|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 3 = {{convert|61|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 4 = {{convert|11.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 5 = '''3G''' & '''3GS:'''<br />
| 6 = {{convert|115.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 7 = {{convert|62.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 8 = {{convert|12.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 9 = '''4''' & '''4S:'''<br />
| 10 = {{convert|115.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 11 = {{convert|58.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 12 = {{convert|9.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 13 = '''5, 5S''' & '''SE (1st):'''<br />
| 14 = {{convert|123.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 15 = {{convert|58.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 16 = {{convert|7.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 17 = '''5C:'''<br />
| 18 = {{convert|124.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 19 = {{convert|59.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 20 = {{convert|8.97|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 21 = '''6:'''<br />
| 22 = {{convert|138.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 23 = {{convert|67|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 24 = {{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 25 = '''6 Plus:'''<br />
| 26 = {{convert|158.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 27 = {{convert|77.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 28 = {{convert|7.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 29 = '''6S''' & '''7:'''<br />
| 30 = {{convert|138.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 31 = {{convert|67.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 32 = {{convert|7.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 33 = '''6S Plus''' & '''7 Plus:'''<br />
| 34 = {{convert|158.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 35 = {{convert|77.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 36 = {{convert|7.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 37 = '''8''' & '''SE (2nd):'''<br />
| 38 = {{convert|138.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 39 = {{convert|67.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 40 = {{convert|7.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 41 = '''8 Plus:'''<br />
| 42 = {{convert|158.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 43 = {{convert|78.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 44 = {{convert|7.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 45 = '''X''' & '''XS:'''<br />
| 46 = {{convert|143.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 47 = {{convert|70.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 48 = {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 49 = '''XS Max:'''<br />
| 50 = {{convert|157.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 51 = {{convert|77.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 52 = {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 53 = '''XR''' & '''11:'''<br />
| 54 = {{convert|150.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 55 = {{convert|75.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 56 = {{convert|8.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 57 = '''11 Pro:'''<br />
| 58 = {{convert|144|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 59 = {{convert|71.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 60 = {{convert|8.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 61 = '''11 Pro Max:'''<br />
| 62 = {{convert|158|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 63 = {{convert|77.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 64 = {{convert|8.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 65 = '''12 mini:'''<br />
| 66 = {{convert|131.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 67 = {{convert|64.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 68 = {{convert|7.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 69 = '''12''' & '''12 Pro:'''<br />
| 70 = {{convert|146.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 71 = {{convert|71.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 72 = {{convert|7.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} D<br />
| 73 = '''12 Pro Max:'''<br />
| 74 = {{convert|160.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} H<br />
| 75 = {{convert|78.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} W<br />
| 76 = {{convert|7.4|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br />
}}<br />
| weight = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = Weight<br />
| 1 = '''1st gen''' and '''3GS:'''<br />
| 2 = {{convert|135|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 3 = '''3G:''' {{convert|133|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 4 = '''4:''' {{convert|137|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 5 = '''4S:''' {{convert|140|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 6 = '''5''' and '''5S:'''<br />
| 7 = {{convert|112|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 8 = '''5C:''' {{convert|132|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 9 = '''6:''' {{convert|129|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 10 = '''6 Plus:''' {{convert|172|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 11 = '''6S:''' {{convert|143|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 12 = '''6S Plus:''' {{convert|192|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 13 = '''SE (1st):''' {{convert|113|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 14 = '''7:''' {{convert|138|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 15 = '''7 Plus:''' {{convert|188|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 16 = '''8''' & '''SE (2nd):''' {{convert|148|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 17 = '''8 Plus:''' {{convert|202|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 18 = '''X:''' {{convert|174|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 19 = '''XS:''' {{convert|177|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 20 = '''XS Max:''' {{convert|208|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 21 = '''XR''' and '''11:''' {{convert|194|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 22 = '''11 Pro:''' {{convert|188|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 23 = '''11 Pro Max:''' {{convert|226|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 24 = '''12 mini:''' {{convert|135|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 25 = '''12:''' {{convert|164|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 26 = '''12 Pro:''' {{convert|189|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
| 27 = '''12 Pro Max:''' {{convert|228|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />
}}<br />
| related = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[iPad]]<br />
* [[iPod Touch]]<br />
* [[List of iOS and iPadOS devices|Comparison]]<br />
}}<br />
| website = {{URL|apple.com/iphone/}}<br />
| releasedate = {{Collapsible list<br />
| title = June 29, 2007<br />
| 1 = '''[[IPhone (1st generation)|iPhone (1st Generation)]]''': {{Start date|2007|06|29}}<br />
| 2 = '''[[iPhone 3G|3G]]:''' {{Start date|2008|07|11}}<br />
| 3 = '''[[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]''': {{Start date|2009|06|19}}<br />
| 4 = '''[[iPhone 4|4]]''': {{Start date|2010|06|24}}<br />
| 5 = '''[[iPhone 4S|4S]]''': {{Start date|2011|10|14}}<br />
| 6 = '''[[iPhone 5|5]]''': {{Start date|2012|09|21}}<br />
| 7 = '''[[iPhone 5C|5C]]''', '''[[iPhone 5S|5S]]''': {{Start date|2013|09|20}}<br />
| 8 = '''[[iPhone 6|6 / 6 Plus]]''': {{Start date|2014|09|19}}<br />
| 9 = '''[[iPhone 6S|6S / 6S Plus]]''': {{Start date|2015|9|25}}<br />
| 10 = '''[[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]''': {{Start date|2016|3|31}}<br />
| 11 = '''[[iPhone 7|7 / 7 Plus]]''': {{Start date|2016|09|16}}<br />
| 12 = '''[[iPhone 8|8 / 8 Plus]]''': {{Start date|2017|09|22}}<br />
| 13 = '''[[iPhone X|X]]''': {{Start date|2017|11|03}}<br />
| 14 = '''[[iPhone XS|XS / XS Max]]''': {{Start date|2018|09|21}}<br />
| 15 = '''[[iPhone XR|XR]]''': {{Start date|2018|10|26}}<br />
| 16 = '''[[iPhone 11|11]] / [[iPhone 11 Pro|11 Pro / 11 Pro Max]]''': {{Start date|2019|09|20}}<br />
| 17 = '''[[iPhone SE (2nd generation)|SE (2nd)]]''': {{Start date|2020|04|24}}<br />
| 18 = '''[[iPhone 12|12]]''' and '''[[iPhone 12 Pro|12 Pro]]''': {{Start date|2020|10|23}}<br />
| 19 = '''[[iPhone 12|12 Mini]]''' and '''[[iPhone 12 Pro|12 Pro Max]]''': {{Start date|2020|11|13}}<br />
}}<br />
| unitssold = 2.2 Billion (as of November 1, 2018)<ref name="Lifewire">{{cite news|url=https://www.lifewire.com/how-many-iphones-have-been-sold-1999500|title= How Many iPhones have been sold |work= Lifewire |access-date= July 27, 2019}}</ref><br />
| service = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[iTunes Store]]<br />
* [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]<br />
* [[iCloud]]<br />
* [[Apple Books]]<br />
* [[Podcasts (software)|Podcasts]]<br />
* [[Apple Music]]<br />
* [[Apple Wallet]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{iPhone models}}<br />
The '''iPhone''' is a line of [[smartphone]]s designed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.]] that use Apple's [[iOS]] [[mobile operating system]]. The [[iPhone (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone]] was announced by former Apple [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] [[Steve Jobs]] on January 9, 2007. Since then Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold.<br />
<br />
The iPhone has a [[user interface]] built around a [[multi-touch]] screen. It connects to [[cellular network]]s or [[Wi-Fi]], and can make [[Telephone call|calls]], [[web browser|browse the web]], [[camera phone|take pictures]], [[portable media player|play music]] and send and receive [[email]]s and [[text messaging|text messages]]. Since the iPhone's launch further features have been added, including larger screen sizes, [[video camera|shooting video]], [[waterproofing]], the ability to install third-party [[mobile app]]s through an [[app store]], and many [[Computer accessibility|accessibility]] features. Up to 2017, iPhones used a layout with a single button on the front panel that returns the user to the [[Springboard (iPhone)|home screen]]. Since 2017, more expensive iPhone models have switched to a nearly [[Screen bezel|bezel]]-less front screen design with app switching activated by [[gesture recognition]].<br />
<br />
The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone [[Computing platform|platforms]] in the world alongside [[Android (operating system)|Android]], forming a large part of the [[Luxury goods|luxury market]]. The iPhone has generated large profits for Apple, making it one of the world's [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|most valuable publicly traded companies]]. The first-generation iPhone was described as "revolutionary" and a "game-changer" for the mobile phone industry and subsequent models have also garnered praise. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and [[slate phone|slate form factor]], and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "[[Mobile app development|app economy]]". {{As of|2017|1}}, Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] contained more than 2.2&nbsp;million applications for the iPhone.<br />
<br />
==History and availability==<br />
===History===<br />
<br />
{{Main|History of the iPhone}}<br />
<br />
Development of what was to become the iPhone began in 2004, when Apple started to gather a team of 1,000 employees led by hardware engineer [[Tony Fadell]], software engineer [[Scott Forstall]] and design engineer Sir [[Jonathan Ive]]<ref name=":0">Gladwell, Malcolm (November 14, 2011). [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=2 "The Tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs."] ''[[The New Yorker]]''. p. 2</ref> to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Secret Origin Story of the IPHONE. An exclusive excerpt from the book "The One Device: The secret history of the iPhone"|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15782200/one-device-secret-history-iphone-brian-merchant-book-excerpt|access-date=|website=The Verge|page=|publication-date=2017}}</ref><ref name="RWW12">{{cite web|last=Rowinski|first=Dan|date=August 7, 2012|title=4 Real Secrets We've Learned So Far About Apple|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/mobile/2012/08/4-real-secrets-weve-learned-so-far-about-apple.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808131222/http://www.readwriteweb.com/mobile/2012/08/4-real-secrets-weve-learned-so-far-about-apple.php|archive-date=August 8, 2012|access-date=October 25, 2012|work=Readwriteweb.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] steered the original focus away from a tablet (which Apple eventually revisited in the form of the [[iPad]]) towards a phone.<ref>{{cite news|last=Murtazin|first=Eldar|date=June 20, 2010|title=Apple's Phone: From 1980s' Sketches to iPhone. Part 3|work=Mobile-review|url=http://mobile-review.com/articles/2010/iphone-history3-en.shtml|access-date=March 27, 2011}}</ref> Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with Cingular Wireless (which became [[AT&T Mobility]]) at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150&nbsp;million<!-- Wired, page 3 --> over thirty months.<ref name="Wired_Untold">{{cite news|date=January 9, 2008|title=The Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=http://archive.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone?currentPage=all|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213101032/http://archive.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone?currentPage=all|archive-date=February 13, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Steve Jobs]], the "i" word in "iMac" (and therefore "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad") stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform, and inspire.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 18, 2016|title=iPhone: What the "i" in Apple's handset names for|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/iphone-apple-name-imac-i-internet-phone-handset-a6881701.html|access-date=November 12, 2017|work=Andrew Griffin|publisher=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wei|first=Will|date=September 7, 2016|title=The meaning of the 'i' in 'iPhone' — as explained by Steve Jobs|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-i-means-iphone-2016-9|access-date=November 12, 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apple rejected the "[[design by committee]]" approach that had yielded the [[Motorola ROKR E1]], a largely unsuccessful collaboration with [[Motorola]]. Among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1's firmware limited storage to only 100 [[iTunes]] songs to avoid competing with Apple's [[iPod nano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Andreescu|first=Alex|date=September 27, 2005|title=iPod nano: The End of the Motorola-Apple Story – Ed Zander, Motorola CEO: "Screw the nano"|work=[[Softpedia]]|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/iPod-nano-The-End-of-the-Motorola-Apple-Story-9409.shtml|access-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rojas|first=Peter|date=September 8, 2005|title=It's official: ROKR E1 iTunes phone can only store max. 100 tracks|url=https://www.engadget.com/2005/09/08/its-official-rokr-e1-itunes-phone-can-only-store-max-100/|access-date=March 23, 2017|work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house<ref name="CNN secrets">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Peter|date=January 12, 2007|title=How Apple kept its iPhone secrets|publisher=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/01/10/commentary/lewis_fortune_iphone.fortune/index.htm|access-date=January 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vogelstein|first=Fred|date=January 9, 2008|title=The Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/magazine/16-02/ff_iphone|access-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref> and even paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G),<ref>{{cite web|last=Cheng|first=Jacqui|date=June 9, 2008|title=AT&T remains sole iPhone carrier in US, revenue sharing axed (Updated)|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2008/06/att-remains-sole-iphone-carrier-in-us-revenue-sharing-axed/|access-date=March 23, 2017|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011.<ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cite web|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=June 29, 2017|title=With iPhone, Apple showed AT&T and Verizon who's boss|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/with-iphone-apple-showed-att-and-verizon-whos-boss/|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jobs unveiled the [[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone]] to the public on January 9, 2007, at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo|Macworld]] 2007 convention at the [[Moscone Center]] in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web|last=Farber|first=Dan|date=January 9, 2014|title=When iPhone met world, 7 years ago today|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/when-iphone-met-world-7-years-ago-today/|access-date=March 23, 2017|publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref> The two initial models, a 4&nbsp;GB{{efn|name=storageunits}} model priced at US$499 and an 8&nbsp;GB model at US$599 (both requiring a two-year contract), went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00&nbsp;pm local time, while hundreds of customers lined up outside the stores nationwide.<ref name="AppleQ32007">{{cite press release|url=https://images.apple.com/pr/pdf/q307data_sum.pdf|title=Apple Inc. Q3 2007 Unaudited Summary Data|access-date=June 6, 2008|date=July 25, 2007|publisher=Apple Inc.|quote=Consists of iPhones and Apple-branded and third-party iPhone accessories.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529133618/http://images.apple.com/pr/pdf/q307data_sum.pdf|archive-date=May 29, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the 'Jesus phone'.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mackenzie|first=Iain|date=January 26, 2010|title=Speculation that Apple may launch touchscreen 'iSlate'|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/10005038/speculation-that-apple-may-launch-touchscreen-islate|access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 5, 2007|title=Where would Jesus queue?|work=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/node/9443542|access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008.<br />
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[[File:iPhone 3G Availability.svg|thumb|Worldwide iPhone availability:{{legend|#305ba3|iPhone available since its original release}}{{legend|#7e98ce|iPhone available since the release of iPhone 3G}}{{legend|#52cf0a|Coming soon}}]]<br />
On July 11, 2008, Apple released the [[iPhone 3G]] in twenty-two countries, including the original six.<ref name="iPhone 3G launch countries">{{cite web|url=http://ipod.about.com/od/iphone3g/a/iphone_3g_rel.htm|title=Initial iPhone 3G Country Availability List|last=Costello|first=Sam|work=about.com|access-date=January 11, 2009}}</ref> Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories.<!-- A precise number would be great! --><ref name=3G_countries>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/countries/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721021512/http://www.apple.com/iphone/countries/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 21, 2008|title=iPhone 3G Coming to countries everywhere|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 12, 2009}}</ref> Apple announced the [[iPhone 3GS]] on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the US, Canada and major European countries on June 19. Many would-be users objected to the iPhone's cost,<ref name="NPD demographics"/> and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000.<ref name="Nielsen demographics" /><br />
<br />
[[File:First iPhone Macworld 2007 DSCF1286.agr.jpg|thumb|228x228px|First iPhone on display under glass at the January 2007 Macworld show|left]]The back of the original first-generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent. The iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the [[GSM]] signal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple, AT&T mum on iPhone 3G issues |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-at-t-mum-on-iphone-3g-issues/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=August 19, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> The iPhone 3G was available in an 8&nbsp;GB black model, or a black or white option for the 16&nbsp;GB model. The iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity.<br />
<br />
The iPhone 4 has an [[aluminosilicate]] glass front and back with a [[stainless steel]] edge that serves as the [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]]. It was at first available in black; the white version was announced, but not released until April 2011, 10 months later.<br />
<br />
Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way. This became known as [[antennagate]].<ref>Ionescu, Daniel. (July 17, 2010) [http://www.pcworld.com/article/201297/apples_iphone_4_antennagate_timeline.html Apple's iPhone 4 Antennagate Timeline]. PCWorld. Retrieved November 6, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
On January 11, 2011, [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]] announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a [[CDMA2000|CDMA]] [[iPhone 4]]. Verizon said it would be available for pre-order on February 3, with a release set for February 10.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fasterforward/2011/01/liveblog_the_verizon_iphone.html|work=The Washington Post|title=Liveblog: The Verizon iPhone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703791904576075681886276172 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=Shayndi|last=Raice|title=Verizon Unwraps iPhone|date=January 12, 2011}}</ref> In February 2011, the Verizon iPhone accounted for 4.5% of all iPhone [[Impression (online media)|ad impressions]] in the U.S. on Millennial Media's mobile ad network.<ref name="VB ad network">{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/03/18/report-verizon-iphone-snagged-4-5-of-iphone-mobile-ad-impressions-in-feb|title=Report: Verizon iPhone snagged 4.5% of iPhone mobile ad impressions in February|last=Hardawar|first=Devindra|work=Venturebeat.com|date=March 18, 2011|access-date=March 24, 2011}}</ref><br />
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From 2007 to 2011, Apple spent $647&nbsp;million on advertising for the iPhone in the US.<ref name=RWW12/><br />
<br />
On Tuesday, September 27, Apple sent invitations for a press event to be held October 4, 2011, at 10:00&nbsp;am at the [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]] headquarters to announce details of the next generation iPhone, which turned out to be [[iPhone 4S]]. Over 1&nbsp;million 4S models were sold in the first 24 hours after its release in October 2011.<ref>[https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/10iPhone-4S-Pre-Orders-Top-One-Million-in-First-24-Hours.html Press Info – iPhone 4S Pre-Orders Top One Million in First 24 Hours]. Apple (October 10, 2011). Retrieved November 6, 2011.</ref> Due to large volumes of the iPhone being manufactured and its high selling price, Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue, in 2011, surpassing long-time leader [[Nokia]].<ref name="eon.businesswire.com">{{cite press release|url=http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20110421005965/en/Apple/Nokia/revenues|title=Strategy Analytics: Apple Becomes World's Largest Handset Vendor by Revenue in the first quarter of 2011|date=April 21, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133615/http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20110421005965/en/Apple/Nokia/revenues|archive-date=January 11, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> American carrier [[C Spire Wireless]] announced that it would be carrying the iPhone 4S on October 19, 2011.<ref name="cspire">{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/19/technology/cspire_iphone|title=Tiny regional carrier C Spire lands iPhone 4S|last=Goldman|first=David|date=October 19, 2011|publisher=CNN|access-date=October 18, 2011}}</ref><br />
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In January 2012, Apple reported its best quarterly earnings ever, with 53% of its revenue coming from the sale of 37&nbsp;million iPhones, at an [[average selling price]] of nearly $660. The average selling price has remained fairly constant for most of the phone's lifespan, hovering between $622 and $660.<ref name="Jordan">{{cite web|last=Jordan|first=Golson|title=iPhone Average Selling Price Remains Steady Even With Free 3GS Offer|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2012/01/26/iphone-average-selling-price-remains-steady-even-with-free-3gs-offer/|publisher=MacRumors|access-date=September 6, 2012|date=January 26, 2012}}</ref> The production price of the iPhone 4S was estimated by [[IHS Inc.|IHS iSuppli]], in October 2011, to be $188, $207 and $245, for the 16&nbsp;GB, 32&nbsp;GB and 64&nbsp;GB models, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hesseldahl|first=Arik|title=Apple's iPhone 4S Cracked Open, Money Spills Out|url=http://allthingsd.com/20111019/apples-iphone-4s-cracked-open-money-spills-out/|publisher=AllThingsD|access-date=September 6, 2012|date=October 19, 2011}}</ref> Labor costs are estimated at between $12.50 and $30 per unit, with workers on the iPhone assembly line making $1.78 an hour.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Mack |title=iPhone manufacturing costs revealed? |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-manufacturing-costs-revealed/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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In February 2012, [[ComScore]] reported that 12.4% of U.S. mobile subscribers used an iPhone.<ref name=post2>{{cite news|title=comScore Reports December 2011 US Mobile Subscriber Market Share|date=February 2, 2012|url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2012/2/comScore_Reports_December_2011_U.S._Mobile_Subscriber_Market_Share}}</ref> Approximately 6.4&nbsp;million iPhones are active in the U.S. alone.<ref name="Nielsen demographics"/><br />
<br />
On September 12, 2012, Apple announced the iPhone 5. It has a {{convert|4|in|mm}} display, up from its predecessors' {{convert|3.5|in|mm}} screen. The device comes with the same 326 pixels per inch found in the iPhone 4 and 4S. The iPhone 5 has the [[system on a chip|SoC]] A6 processor, the chip is 22% smaller than the iPhone 4S' A5 and is twice as fast, doubling the graphics performance of its predecessor. The device is 18% thinner than the iPhone 4S, measuring {{convert|7.6|mm|in|1}}, and is 20% lighter at {{convert|112|g|oz|0}}.<br />
<br />
On July 6, 2013, it was reported that Apple was in talks with Korean mobile carrier [[SK Telecom]] to release the next generation iPhone with LTE Advanced technology.<ref name="hngn 5S rumor 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hngn.com/articles/7048/20130705/iphone-5S-release-date-rumors-new-phone-will-4g-lte.htm|title=iPhone 5S Release Date Rumors: New Phone Will Have 4G LTE Advanced Capabilities : Tech : Headlines & Global News|publisher=Hngn.com|date=July 5, 2013|access-date=July 30, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
On July 22, 2013, the company's suppliers said that Apple is testing out larger screens for the iPhone and iPad. "Apple has asked for prototype smartphone screens larger than {{convert|4|in|mm}} and has also asked for screen designs for a new tablet device measuring slightly less than {{convert|13|in|mm}} diagonally, they said."<ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Apple Reportedly Testing Bigger iPhone And iPad Screens, Starting Production On New 9.7" iPad |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/07/22/apple-reportedly-testing-bigger-iphone-and-ipad-screens-starting-production-on-new-9-7-ipad/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |date=July 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 10, 2013, Apple unveiled two new iPhone models during a press event in Cupertino. The iPhone 5C, a mid-range-priced version of the handset that is designed to increase accessibility due to its price is available in five colors (green, blue, yellow, pink, and white) and is made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013.<ref name="cbc two phones released 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2013/09/10/technology-apple-iphone-event.html|title=Apple unveils 2 new iPhones including cheaper model|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=September 10, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at {{convert|4.7|in|mm}} and {{convert|5.5|in|mm}} respectively.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Dominic |last1=Rushe |first2=Alex |last2=Hern |first3=Samuel |last3=Gibbs |first4=Stuart |last4=Dredge |title=The Apple Watch, iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/live/2014/sep/09/apple-announcement-iphone-6-iwatch-ios8-event-live |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 9, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus was released, some users started complaining about the 6 and 6 Plus bending from normal use. This trend became known as "Bendgate",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sacco|first=Al|date=2014-09-29|title=Apple (Mostly) Not to Blame in iPhone 6 Plus 'Bendgate' Fiasco|url=https://www.cio.com/article/2688437/apple-mostly-not-to-blame-in-iphone-6-plus-bendgate-fiasco.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=CIO|language=en}}</ref> which later started "Touch Disease." However, they released the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, a more bend ressistant iPhone than the 6 and 6 Plus, to solve this issue.<br />
<br />
On September 7, 2016, Apple unveiled the [[iPhone 7|iPhone 7 and 7 Plus]], which added water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and featured the removal of the 3.5&nbsp;mm headphone jack from the iPhone.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Seifert |title=iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance, dual cameras, and no headphone jack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/7/12758236/apple-iphone-7-announced-features-price-release-date |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 12, 2017, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging, and improved system performance. It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near bezel-less design, a facial recognition feature dubbed "Face ID" with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/09/the-future-is-here-iphone-x/|title=The future is here: iPhone X|work=Apple Inc. |access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 12, 2018, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone XS, XS Max<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/iphone-xs-and-iphone-xs-max-bring-the-best-and-biggest-displays-to-iphone/|title=iPhone Xs and iPhone Xs Max bring the best and biggest displays to iPhone|work=Apple Inc. |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref> and XR<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/apple-introduces-iphone-xr/|title=Apple introduces iPhone XR|work=Apple Inc. |access-date=2018-09-12}}</ref> at the Steve Jobs theater at [[Apple Park]]. The XS and XS Max feature an improved Super Retina Display with Dolby Vision and HDR10 support with the XS Max featuring a larger {{convert|6.5|in|mm}} display, improved cameras with Smart HDR, and the A12 Bionic chip. The iPhone XS and XS Max are [[IP Code|IP68]] water, liquid, and dust resistant which allow the devices to be submerged in up to 2 meters for a duration of 30 minutes, while iPhone XR retained the IP67 certification found in the first-generation iPhone X and also features an IPS LCD display instead of the OLED displays found in the higher-end models. The iPhone XS/XS Max's IP68 certifications were tested using various [[liquid]]s such as [[Water chlorination|chlorinated-water]], saltwater, [[tea]], [[wine]], [[beer]], and [[juices]]. Apple also announced the fourth generation of Apple Watch, the [[Apple Watch Series 4]].<br />
<br />
On September 10, 2019, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 11 at [[Steve Jobs Theater]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/08/29/apple-will-unveil-the-next-iphone-september-10/|title=Apple will unveil the next iPhone September 10|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=Apple introduces dual camera iPhone 11 | website=Apple Inc. | date=September 10, 2019 | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/09/apple-introduces-dual-camera-iphone-11/ | access-date=September 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name="highlights">{{cite press release | title=Highlights from Apple's keynote event | website=Apple Inc. | date=September 10, 2019 | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/09/highlights-from-apples-keynote-event/ | access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> along with the iPhone 11 Pro and the iPhone 11 Pro Max.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-11-cheaper-xr-despite-trump-china-tariffs-2019-9|title=Apple's new iPhone 11 is $50 cheaper than last year's model, despite Trump's planned tariffs on Chinese imports|date=September 11, 2019|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max: the most powerful and advanced smartphones | website=Apple Inc. | date=September 10, 2019 | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/09/iphone-11-pro-and-iphone-11-pro-max-the-most-powerful-and-advanced-smartphones/ | access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="highlights" /><br />
<br />
The iPhone 12 and 12 Pro series were virtually announced on October 13, 2020, featuring a refreshed design, Super Retina XDR Displays across all models, and [[5G]] connectivity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple announces iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini: A new era for iPhone with 5G|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/10/apple-announces-iphone-12-and-iphone-12-mini-a-new-era-for-iphone-with-5g/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
==Production==<br />
Up to the [[iPhone 4]], all iPhone models, as well as other [[iOS device]]s were manufactured exclusively by [[Foxconn]], based in [[Taiwan]]. In 2011, after [[Tim Cook]] became CEO of the company, Apple changed its outsourcing strategy, for the first time increasing its supply partners. The [[iPhone 4s]] in 2012 was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn and [[Pegatron]], both based in Taiwan. Although Foxconn is still responsible for the larger share of production, Pegatron's orders have been slowly increased, with the company being tasked with producing a part of the [[iPhone 5C]] line in 2013, and 30% of the [[iPhone 6]] devices in 2014. The 6 Plus model was produced solely by Foxconn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan's Pegatron to get most iPhone 6S orders in 2015: brokerage|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201412020006.aspx|publisher=Focus Taiwan|access-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref> In 2019, there were reports stating that some of Foxconn's managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones, and that Apple was investigating the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/18/iphones-made-from-rejected-parts/|title=$43M fraud by Foxconn managers selling iPhones made from rejected parts|first=Ben|last=Lovejoy|date=December 18, 2019|website=9to5Mac}}</ref> In [[India]], Apple contracts [[Wistron]], a Taiwan-based manufacturer with a plant located near [[Bangalore]], to assemble iPhones to sell in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arrests as Indian workers ransack iPhone plant over wages |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55296433 |work=BBC News |date=December 14, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Models==<br />
{{See also|List of iOS devices#iPhone}}<br />
29 different iPhone models have been produced. The models in '''bold''' are devices of the latest generation:<br />
<br />
===Current devices===<br />
{{col-start}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[iPhone XR]] (2018–present)<br />
* [[iPhone 11]] (2019–present)<br />
* [[iPhone SE (2nd generation)|iPhone SE (2nd)]] (2020–present)<br />
* '''[[iPhone 12]]''' (2020–present)<br />
* '''[[iPhone 12|iPhone 12 Mini]]''' (2020–present)<br />
* '''[[iPhone 12 Pro]]''' (2020–present)<br />
* '''[[iPhone 12 Pro|iPhone 12 Pro Max]]''' (2020–present)<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
===Past devices===<br />
{{col-start}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone]] (2007–2008)<br />
* [[iPhone 3G]] (2008–2010)<br />
* [[iPhone 3GS]] (2009–2012)<br />
* [[iPhone 4]] (2010–2013)<br />
* [[iPhone 4S]] (2011–2014)<br />
* [[iPhone 5]] (2012–2013)<br />
* [[iPhone 5C]] (2013–2015)<br />
* [[iPhone 5S]] (2013–2016)<br />
* [[iPhone 6]] (2014–2016)<br />
* [[iPhone 6 Plus]] (2014–2016)<br />
* [[iPhone 6S]] (2015–2018)<br />
* [[iPhone 6S Plus]] (2015–2018)<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|iPhone SE (1st)]] (2016–2018)<br />
* [[iPhone 7]] (2016–2019)<br />
* [[iPhone 7 Plus]] (2016–2019)<br />
* [[iPhone 8]] (2017–2020)<br />
* [[iPhone 8 Plus]] (2017–2020)<br />
* [[iPhone X]] (2017–2018)<br />
* [[iPhone XS]] (2018–2019)<br />
* [[iPhone XS Max]] (2018–2019)<br />
* [[iPhone 11 Pro]] (2019–2020) <br />
* [[iPhone 11 Pro|iPhone 11 Pro Max]] (2019–2020)<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Timeline of iPhone models}}<br />
<br />
{{Wide image|IPhone size comparison.svg|900px|A comparison of iPhone sizes from the iPhone 5S to the iPhone 12.}}<br />
<br />
==Hardware==<br />
<br />
===Screen and input===<br />
The [[touchscreen]] on the first five generations is a {{convert|3.5|in|mm|-1}} [[liquid crystal display]] with scratch-resistant glass; The one on the iPhone 5, 5C, 5S, and first generation SE is {{convert|4|in|mm}}; The size of the iPhone 6, 6S, 7, 8, and second generation SE is {{convert|4.7|in|mm}}; the iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus, and 8 Plus is {{convert|5.5|in|mm}}; The iPhone X, XS, and 11 Pro with {{convert|5.8|in|mm}}; The iPhone XR, and 11 with {{convert|6.1|in|mm}}; and the iPhone XS Max and 11 Pro Max with {{convert|6.5|in|mm}}.<ref name="jun18PressRelease" /> The [[capacitive touchscreen]] is designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for [[multi-touch]] sensing. The screens on the first three generations have a resolution of 320×480 ([[HVGA]]) at 163&nbsp;[[pixel density|ppi]]; those on the [[iPhone 4]] and [[iPhone 4S]] have a resolution of 640×960 at 326&nbsp;ppi; the {{convert|4|in|mm}} models, with 640×1136 at 326&nbsp;ppi; the {{convert|4.7|in|mm}} models, with 750×1334 at 326&nbsp;ppi; the {{convert|5.5|in|mm}} models, with 1080×1920 at 401&nbsp;ppi; and the {{convert|5.8|in|mm}} model X, with 1125×2436 at 458&nbsp;ppi. The initial models were using [[twisted nematic|twisted-nematic (TN) LCDs]]. Starting with iPhone 4, the technology was changed to [[IPS panel|in-plane switching (IPS) LCDs]]. The iPhone 5 model's screen results in an aspect ratio of approximately 16:9. The [[iPhone X]] is the first iPhone to use an [[OLED]] display. It has a near bezel-less screen with a ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone-x/specs/|title=iPhone X – Technical Specifications|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:iPhone 5s top.jpg|thumb|The top and side of an [[iPhone 5S]], externally identical to the [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (2016)]]. From left to right, sides: wake/sleep button, silence switch, volume up, and volume down.]]<br />
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The touch and gesture features of the iPhone are based on technology originally developed by [[FingerWorks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=iGesture Game Mode Guide|last=Fingerworks, Inc.|year=2003|publisher=fingerworks.com|url=http://users.erols.com/rwservices/pens/biblio05.html|access-date=April 30, 2009 }}</ref> Most gloves and [[Stylus (computing)|styli]] prevent the necessary electrical conductivity;<ref name=HowiPhoneWorks>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Tracy|url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/iphone.htm|title=How the iPhone Works|work=[[HowStuffWorks]]|access-date=June 6, 2008|date=June 20, 2007}}</ref><ref name=pogueFAQ>{{cite news|author-link=David Pogue|last=Pogue|first=David|url=http://pogue.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/11/the-ultimate-iphone-frequently-asked-questions/|title=The Ultimate iPhone Frequently Asked Questions|work=The New York Times|date=January 11, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><ref name=pogueFAQ2>{{cite news|author-link=David Pogue|last=Pogue|first=David|url=http://pogue.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/13/ultimate-iphone-faqs-list-part-2/|title=Ultimate iPhone FAQs list, Part 2|work=The New York Times|date=January 13, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/iphone2.htm|title=How the iPhone's touchscreen Works|work=[[How Stuff Works]]|access-date=June 6, 2008|date=June 20, 2007}}</ref> although [[capacitive stylus|capacitive styli]] can be used with iPhone's finger-touch screen. The iPhone 3GS and later also feature a [[fingerprint]]-resistant [[Lipophobicity|oleophobic]] coating.<ref>{{cite web|first=Eric|last=Slivka|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2009/06/10/more-wwdc-tidbits-iphone-3g-s-oleophobic-screen-find-my-iphone-live|title=More WWDC Tidbits: iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen, "Find My iPhone" Live|work=Mac Rumors|date=June 10, 2009|access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Iphone back.jpg|thumb|The backs of a gold [[iPhone 6S]], a silver [[iPhone 6 Plus]], and a rose gold iPhone 6S.]]<br />
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The iPhone has a minimal hardware user interface, with most models featuring five [[Push-button|buttons]]. The only physical menu button is situated directly below the display and is called the "Home button" because its primary function is to close the active app and navigates to the home screen of the interface. Earlier models included a [[Squircle|rounded square]], reminiscent of the shape of icons on the home screen, however, new models which include Apple's [[fingerprint recognition]] feature [[Touch ID]] (which use the Home button as the fingerprint sensor) have no symbol. The [[iPhone X]] and later with the exception of the [[iPhone SE (2nd generation)]] don't have a Home button but instead [[Face ID]], a facial recognition authentication method.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibbs|first1=Samuel|title=iPhone X: new Apple smartphone dumps home button for all-screen design|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/12/iphone-x-release-date-apple-home-button-screen|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 12, 2017|date=September 12, 2017}}</ref><br />
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A multi-function sleep/wake button is located on top of the device on earlier models. In the newer models starting with the iPhone 6, it is on right of the device. It serves as the unit's power button, and also controls [[#Phone|phone calls]]. When a call is received, pressing the sleep/wake button once silences the ringtone, and when pressed twice transfers the call to voicemail. Situated on the left spine are the volume adjustment controls. The iPhone 4 has two separate circular buttons to increase and decrease the volume; all earlier models house two switches under a single plastic panel, known as a rocker switch, which could reasonably be counted as either one or two buttons.<br />
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Directly above the volume controls is a ring/silent switch that when engaged mutes telephone ringing, alert sounds from new & sent emails, text messages, and other push notifications, camera shutter sounds, Voice Memo sound effects, phone lock/unlock sounds, keyboard clicks, and spoken auto-corrections. This switch does not mute alarm sounds from the Clock application, and in some countries or regions it will not mute the camera shutter or Voice Memo sound effects.<ref>[http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/iphone_user_guide.pdf manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/iphone_user_guide.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308105745/http://manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/iPhone_User_Guide.pdf |date=March 8, 2012 }}. (PDF). Retrieved November 6, 2011.</ref> All buttons except Home were made of plastic on the original first-generation iPhone and metal on all later models. The touchscreen furnishes the remainder of the [[#Interface|user interface]].<br />
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A software update in January 2008<ref name="Update 1.1.3"/> allowed the first-generation iPhone to use cell tower and Wi-Fi network locations [[trilateration]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howardforums.com/printthread.php?t=1383413|title=Memo: iPhone does not use triangulation|last=XFF |display-authors=etal |date=June 13, 2008|publisher=HowardForums|access-date=June 1, 2009}}</ref> despite lacking [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] hardware. Since the iPhone 3G generation, the iPhone employs [[Assisted GPS|A-GPS]] operated by the United States. Since the iPhone 4S generation the device also supports the [[GLONASS]] global positioning system, which is operated by Russia. Since the iPhone 8 it supports [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://galileognss.eu/is-your-phone-using-galileo/|title=Is your phone using Galileo? {{!}} GALILEO|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><br />
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====3D Touch and Haptic Touch====<br />
{{Main|Force Touch}}<br />
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The [[IPhone 6S|iPhone 6S and 6S Plus]], introduced in 2015, feature [[Force Touch|3D Touch]] displays which allow the screen to recognize how hard it is being pressed using pressure-sensitive multi-touch technology, and a new Taptic Engine to provide haptic feedback.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Betters |first1=Elyse |title=What is Force Touch? Apple's haptic feedback technology explained - Pocket-lint |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/laptops/news/apple/133176-what-is-force-touch-apple-s-haptic-feedback-technology-explained |website=Pocket-lint |access-date=November 19, 2018 |date=March 11, 2015}}</ref> In addition to visual cues, 3D Touch uses the Taptic Engine to provide a tactile sensation relative to the force being applied to the display to indicate to the user that a light or deep press action has been completed. An example of how this technology was used is lightly pressing the screen to preview a photograph and deeply pressing to open it, a feature dubbed 'Peek and Pop' by Apple.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-04|title=iPhone 6s - 3D Touch - Apple|url=http://www.apple.com/iphone-6s/3d-touch/|access-date=2021-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204044155/http://www.apple.com/iphone-6s/3d-touch/|archive-date=December 4, 2015}}</ref><br />
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All iPhones starting with the iPhone 6s (with the exception of the [[IPhone SE (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone SE]] and [[iPhone XR]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Does the iPhone XR have 3D Touch? {{!}} The iPhone FAQ |url=https://www.iphonefaq.org/archives/976797 |website=www.iphonefaq.org }}</ref>) had this feature. Starting in 2019 however, 3D Touch was omitted on all iPhones starting with the [[iPhone 11]]/[[iPhone 11 Pro]], and its software features were removed from [[iOS 13]] and later in favour of Haptic Touch. Haptic Touch retains much of the functionality of 3D Touch but cannot detect pressure, as the display lacks integrated capacitive sensors. Actions that previously required a deep press now only require a long press, and the haptic feedback is no longer associated with the applied pressure but rather the touch duration. Due to the migration from 3D Touch to Haptic Touch, all [[iPad]] models that can update to [[iPadOS 13]], along with the [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone SE]] and [[IPod Touch (7th generation)|seventh-generation iPod touch]], which previously did not support 3D Touch, gained similar Haptic Touch functionality with the iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 updates, although without any haptic feedback.<br />
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===Sensors===<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2017}}<br />
iPhones feature a number of sensors, which are used to adjust the screen based on operating conditions, enable motion-controlled games, [[location-based service]]s, unlock the phone, and authenticate purchases with [[Apple Pay]], among many other things.<br />
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====Proximity sensor====<br />
A [[proximity sensor]] deactivates the display and [[touchscreen]] when the device is brought near the face during a call. This is done to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user's face and ears.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-turn-off-proximity-sensor-iphone|title=How to fix or reset the proximity sensor on your iPhone if it's not working properly|last=John|first=Steven|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-11-13|date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> The iPhone's proximity sensors detect the ear and switches off the light, saving power and stopping the face from unintentionally pressing buttons. A phone case, dirt or grime, or a software problem may cause the proximity sensor to malfunction.<ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Steven|title=How to fix or reset the proximity sensor on your iPhone if it's not working properly|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-turn-off-proximity-sensor-iphone|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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====Ambient light sensor====<br />
An [[photodetector|ambient light sensor]] adjusts the display brightness which saves battery power and prevents the screen from being too bright or too dark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifewire.com/sensors-that-make-iphone-so-cool-2000370|title=All About the Sensors That Make the iPhone So Cool|last=Costello|first=Sam|date=12 September 2019|website=Lifewire|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> True Tone, which is activated by default, uses advanced sensors to change the colour and intensity of the iPhone screen to match the ambient light, resulting in more natural-looking images. The [[ambient light sensor]] decides how much light is available around the iPhone and other apple products, such as the iPod and iPad. The device changes the screen brightness automatically based on this knowledge to save battery life and minimize eye strain.<ref name="Facebook">{{Cite web|last=Costello|first=Sam|title=All About the Sensors That Make the iPhone So Cool|url=https://www.lifewire.com/sensors-that-make-iphone-so-cool-2000370|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Lifewire|language=en}}</ref><br />
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====Accelerometer====<br />
A 3-axis [[accelerometer]] senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly, allowing the user to easily switch between [[page orientation|portrait and landscape]] mode.<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=R. Collin|url=http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=200900669|title=There's more to MEMS than meets the iPhone|work=[[EE Times]]|date=July 9, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095647/http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=200900669|archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref> Photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/guidedtour/tour/medium.html|title=iPod touch&nbsp;– A Guided Tour|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514121314/http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/guidedtour/tour/medium.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=May 14, 2008}}</ref> Unlike the [[iPad]], the iPhone does not rotate the screen when turned upside-down, with the Home button above the screen, unless the running program has been specifically designed to do so. The 3.0 update added landscape support for still other applications, such as email, and introduced shaking the unit as a form of input (generally for [[undo]] functionality).<ref name="3.0 official" /><ref name="3.0 Macworld" /> The accelerometer can also be used to control [[#Third-party applications|third-party apps]], notably games. It is also used for fitness tracking purposes, primarily as a [[pedometer]]. Starting with the iPhone 5S, this functionality was included in the M7 [[Motion coprocessor]] and subsequent revisions of the embedded chip.<br />
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====Magnetometer====<br />
A [[magnetometer]] is built-in since the iPhone 3GS, which is used to measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the device. Sometimes certain devices or radio signals can interfere with the magnetometer requiring users to either move away from the interference or re-calibrate by moving the device in a figure-eight motion. Since the iPhone 3GS, the iPhone also features a Compass app, which was unique at time of release, showing a compass that points in the direction of the magnetic field.<br />
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====Gyroscopic sensor====<br />
Since the iPhone 4, the 4th Generation iPod touch, and the iPad 2, a three-axis gyroscope was included. This sensor will run on six axes due to the combination of a gyroscope and an accelerometer. One of the main reasons of the implementation was to enhance gaming mechanics such as the sensitivity and responsiveness aspects. It is compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.<ref name="Facebook"/><br />
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==== Radio ====<br />
Some previous iPhone models contained a chip capable of receiving [[radio|radio signals]];<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/phones-fm-chips-radio-smartphone/|title=Your Phone Has an FM Chip. So Why Can't You Listen to the Radio? |journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=July 8, 2016 |last1=Glaser |first1=April }}</ref> however, Apple has the FM radio feature switched off because there was no antenna connected to the chip. Later iterations of the iPhone (starting with the iPhone 7), however, do not contain radio chips at all.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/09/28/iphone-7-iphone-8-fm-radio-features/|title=Apple says iPhone 7 and iPhone 8 do not contain FM radio chips or antennas, in response to FCC request|date=2017-09-28|work=9to5Mac|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> A campaign called "Free Radio On My Phone" was started to encourage cellphone manufacturers such as Apple to enable the radio on the phones they manufacture, reasons cited were that radio drains less power and is useful in an emergency such as the [[2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/fm-radio-cellphone-telecoms-1.3577447|title=Broadcasters push for unlocked radio on smartphones that won't drain your data|last=Harris|first=Sophia|date=May 15, 2016|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><br />
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==== Fingerprint sensor ====<br />
Until 2017, iPhone models starting from [[iPhone 5S]] (excluding the [[iPhone 5C]]) featured Apple's [[fingerprint recognition]] sensor. It is used for unlocking the device and authenticating Apple Pay purchases (since the [[iPhone 6]]) using [[Touch ID]]. It is located in the home button. Touch ID has been replaced by Face ID (excluding the [[iPhone SE (2nd generation)]]), starting with the [[iPhone X]]. The fingerprint sensor uses the user's biometric information to give the user quick access to the device. It can also be used to open applications and approve transactions. It's compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.<br />
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==== Barometer ====<br />
Included on the [[iPhone 6]] and later (excluding the [[iPhone SE (1st generation)]]), a [[barometer]] is used to determine air pressure and elevation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iphonetricks.org/iphone-6-barometer-sensor-features/|title=iPhone 6 Barometer Sensor Features {{!}} iPhoneTricks.org|website=www.iphonetricks.org|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> This sensor is used to provide position and navigational features by determining the altitude through evaluating air pressure. The barometers will allow the device to be pinpointed.<br />
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==== Facial recognition sensor ====<br />
Starting with the [[iPhone X]], a [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]] sensor, named the TrueDepth camera system, is featured. It is used for unlocking the device and for authenticating purchases using [[Face ID]]. It can also be used for [[Animoji]]s and [[augmented reality|AR]].<br />
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===Audio and output===<br />
[[File:Bottom of iPhone.jpg|thumb|From left to right is the headphone jack, microphone, Lightning connector, and built-in speaker on the base of the iPhone 5S.]]<br />
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On the bottom of the iPhone, there is a speaker to the left of the dock connector and a microphone to the right. There is an additional loudspeaker above the screen that serves as an earpiece during phone calls. The iPhone 4 includes an additional [[Noise-canceling microphone|microphone]] at the top of the unit for [[noise cancellation]], and switches the placement of the microphone and speaker on the base on the unit—the speaker is on the right.<ref name="4_tech_specs">{{cite web|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone 4&nbsp;– Size, weight, battery life, and other specs|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=July 1, 2010|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5quBTT6io?url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html|archive-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref> Volume controls are located on the left side of all iPhone models and as a slider in the iPod application.<br />
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The 3.5&nbsp;mm [[TRRS connector]]<!-- Not a typo, two Rs --> for the headphones is located on the top left corner of the device for the first five generations (original through 4S), after which time it was moved to the bottom left corner.<ref name="TRRS">{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tip+and+ring|title=tip and ring|publisher=The Computer Language Company Inc.|access-date=March 15, 2009}}</ref> The headphone socket on the first-generation iPhone is recessed into the casing, making it incompatible with most headsets without the use of an adapter.<ref name="CNET original iPhone review"/> Subsequent generations eliminated the problem by using a flush-mounted headphone socket. Cars equipped with an [[electrical connector|auxiliary jack]] allow handsfree use of the iPhone while driving as a substitute for [[Bluetooth]]. The iPhone 7 and later have no 3.5&nbsp;mm headphone jack,<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone-7/specs/|title=iPhone 7 – Technical Specifications|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> and instead headsets must connect to the iPhone by [[Bluetooth]], use Apple's [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning port]] (which has replaced the 3.5&nbsp;mm headphone jack), or (for traditional headsets) use the Lightning to 3.5&nbsp;mm headphone jack adapter, which is included with iPhone 7 up until iPhone X and plugs into the Lightning port. This adapter is available for purchase at several leading retailers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2016/09/07/apple-to-sell-replacement-lightning-to-3-5mm-headphone-adapter-for-9/|title=Apple to sell replacement Lightning to 3.5mm headphone adapter for $9|first=Chance|last=Miller|date=September 7, 2016}}</ref><br />
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Apple's own [[headset (audio)|headset]] has a multipurpose button near the microphone that can play or pause music, skip tracks, and answer or end phone calls without touching the iPhone. Some third-party headsets designed for the iPhone also include the microphone and control button.<ref name="Review: iPhone headsets">{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/133445/2008/05/iphoneheadsets.html|title=Review: iPhone headsets|last=Frakes|first=Dan|date=May 14, 2008|work=Macworld|access-date=January 10, 2009}}</ref> The current headsets also provide volume controls, which are only compatible with more recent models.<!-- 3GS & 4 --><ref name="Earbuds with volume">{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/us/product/MB770G/B?fnode=MTY1NDA1MA&mco=MTM3NTI1ODk|title=Apple Earphones with Remote and Mic|publisher=Apple Store|access-date=May 19, 2009}}</ref> A fourth ring in the audio jack carries this extra information.<br />
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The built-in [[Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR|Bluetooth 2.x+EDR]] supports wireless earpieces and headphones, which requires the [[Bluetooth profile#Headset Profile (HSP)|HSP]] [[Bluetooth profile|profile]]. Stereo audio was added in the 3.0 update for hardware that supports [[A2DP]].<ref name="3.0 official" /><ref name="3.0 Macworld" /> While non-sanctioned third-party solutions exist, the iPhone does not officially support the [[OBEX]] [[Bluetooth protocols#Object exchange (OBEX)|file transfer]] [[Bluetooth protocols|protocol]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Erica |last=Sadun |title=iBluetooth team achieves OBEX file transfer |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/01/ibluetooth-team-achieves-obex-file-transfer/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=January 26, 2009 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> The lack of these profiles prevents iPhone users from exchanging multimedia files, such as pictures, music and videos, with other Bluetooth-enabled cell phones.<br />
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Composite<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/us/product/MC748ZM/A?mco=MTY3ODQ5OTY|title=Apple Composite AV Cable|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> or component<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/us/product/MC917ZM/A?mco=MTY3ODQ5OTY|title=Apple Component AV Cable|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> video at up to [[576i]] and stereo audio can be output from the dock connector using an adapter sold by Apple. iPhone 4 also supports 1024×768 [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]] output<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/us/product/MC552|title=Apple VGA Adapter|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=April 3, 2011|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> without audio, and [[HDMI]] output,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/us/product/MC953ZM/A?fnode=MTc0MjU4NjE&mco=MjE1Mjg1OTQ|title=Apple Digital AV Adapter|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=March 11, 2011|access-date=September 7, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043237/http://store.apple.com/us/product/MC953ZM/A?fnode=MTc0MjU4NjE&mco=MjE1Mjg1OTQ|archive-date=August 7, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> with stereo audio, via dock adapters.<br />
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===Battery===<br />
[[File:IPhone Internals.jpg|thumb|Replacing the battery requires disassembling the iPhone unit and exposing the internal hardware]]<br />
The iPhone features an internal rechargeable [[lithium-ion battery]]. Like an iPod, but unlike most other mobile phones at the time of its launch, the battery is not user-replaceable.<ref name="CNET original iPhone review">{{cite web |first1=Kent |last1=German |first2=Donald |last2=Bell |title=Apple iPhone review |url=https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-iphone/review/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 30, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Mobile Burn review">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobileburn.com/review.jsp?Id=3526|title=Review: Apple iPhone, In-Depth|last=Oryl|first=Michael|date=July 3, 2007|work=Mobile Burn|access-date=January 10, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106163724/http://www.mobileburn.com/review.jsp?Id=3526|archive-date=January 6, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The iPhone can be charged when connected to a computer for syncing across the included USB to dock connector cable, similar to [[IPod#Connectivity|charging an iPod]]. Alternatively, a USB to AC adapter (or "wall charger", also included) can be connected to the cable to charge directly from an [[AC power plugs and sockets|AC outlet]]. Some models of the iPhone support wireless charging.<ref>{{cite web | title=How to wirelessly charge your iPhone X, iPhone 8, or iPhone 8 Plus | publisher=Apple Inc. | date=December 7, 2017 | url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208078 | access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref> A distinction to Android devices is that connecting an iPhone to a charger while powered off causes it to power on rather than showing a battery indicator without booting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/38715/why-does-my-iphone-turn-on-when-i-plug-it-in-to-charge|title=charger - Why does my iPhone turn on when I plug it in to charge?|website=Ask Different}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is there a way to charge my iPhone while it is turned off? {{!}} The iPhone FAQ |url=https://www.iphonefaq.org/archives/97310 |website=www.iphonefaq.org}}</ref><br />
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Apple runs tests on preproduction units to determine battery life. Apple's website says that the battery life "is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity after 500 complete charge cycles".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batteries - Service and Recycling|url=https://www.apple.com/batteries/service-and-recycling/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Apple|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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The battery life of early models of the iPhone has been criticized by several technology journalists as insufficient and less than Apple's claims.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jacqui |last=Cheng |title=The Second Coming: Ars goes in-depth with the iPhone 3G |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2008/07/iphone3g-review/6/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 14, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/5024412/iphone-3g-review|title=iPhone 3G Review|author-link=Brian Lam|first=Brian|last=Lam|work=[[Gizmodo]]|date=July 11, 2008|access-date=June 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/09/AR2008070900177.html|title=First iPhone 3G Reviews: Mossberg: Battery 'Significant Problem'; Pogue: Limited 3G, Good Audio|author=Kramer, Staci D.|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 9, 2008|access-date=June 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ptech.allthingsd.com/20080708/newer-faster-cheaper-iphone-3g|title=Newer, Faster, Cheaper iPhone 3G|author-link=Walter Mossberg|first=Walt|last=Mossberg|work=[[All Things Digital]]|date=July 8, 2008|access-date=June 23, 2009}}</ref> This is also reflected by a [[J. D. Power and Associates]] customer satisfaction survey, which gave the "battery aspects" of the iPhone 3G its lowest rating of two out of five stars.<ref name="JD_Power">{{cite web|url=http://www.jdpower.com/corporate/news/releases/pressrelease.aspx?id=2008240|title=2008 Business Wireless Smartphone Customer Satisfaction Study|date=November 6, 2008|publisher=[[J. D. Power and Associates]]|access-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Krazit |title=Apple's iPhone wins J.D. Power award |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apples-iphone-wins-j-d-power-award/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=November 6, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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If the battery malfunctions or dies prematurely, the phone can be returned to Apple and replaced for free while still under [[warranty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/support/iphone/service/faq/|title=iPhone Service Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> The warranty lasts one year from purchase and can be extended to two years with [[AppleCare]]. The battery replacement service and its pricing was not made known to buyers until the day the product was launched;<ref name=LeeEllen /><ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=May|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/08/AR2007070800562_pf.html|title=Apple Issues Battery Program for IPhone|work=The Washington Post|date=July 8, 2007|access-date=July 8, 2007}}</ref> it is similar to how Apple (and third parties) replace batteries for iPods. The [[Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights]], a [[consumer protection|consumer advocate]] group, has sent a complaint to Apple and [[AT&T]] over the fee that consumers have to pay to have the battery replaced.<ref name=LeeEllen>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Ellen|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/07/11/BUG34QU3921.DTL|title=Will a Cheaper iPhone click before Christmas?|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=July 11, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
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Since [[iOS 10]].2.1, Apple has instituted a [[Batterygate|policy]] of employing "performance management" techniques (including [[Dynamic frequency scaling|CPU throttling]]) on iPhone devices whose batteries are degraded, in order to maintain device stability and prolong their lifespan. These changes came in the wake of reported issues with unexpected shutdowns on certain iPhone models following the release of iOS 10.1.1. In response to criticism over the practice, including concerns over this being a form of [[planned obsolescence]], Apple announced that it would offer discounted battery replacements for iPhone 6 and newer in 2018, and that it would add additional battery health information on a future version of iOS ([[iOS 11]].3, which also allows users to disable this throttling).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-slowing-down-older-iphones-to-prevent-battery-issues/|title=Apple: Some older iPhones slowed to prevent battery issues|last=Smith|first=Jake|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref><ref name="verge-iosreplacement">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/28/16827248/apple-iphone-battery-replacement-price-slow-down-apology|title=Apple apologizes for iPhone slowdown drama, will offer $29 battery replacements for a year|last=Patel|first=Nilay|date=December 27, 2019|website=The Verge|access-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/7/16984234/how-to-iphone-throttling-ios-11-3|title=How to turn off iPhone throttling in iOS 11.3|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=2018-02-07|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since July 2007, third-party battery replacement kits have been available<ref>{{cite web |first=Joshua |last=Topolsky |author-link=Joshua Topolsky |title=iPhone's first sketchy battery replacement kit appears |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/31/iphones-first-sketchy-battery-replacement-kit-appears/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=July 31, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> at a much lower price than Apple's own battery replacement program. These kits often include a small screwdriver and an instruction leaflet, but as with many newer iPod models the battery in the first generation iPhone has been [[solder]]ed in. Therefore, a soldering iron is required to install the new battery. The iPhone 3G uses a different battery fitted with a connector that is easier to replace.<ref name="3G quasi-replaceable battery">{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/5023983/the-iphone-3g-battery-is-quasi+replaceable|title=The iPhone 3G Battery Is Quasi-Replaceable|last=Wilson|first=Mark|date=July 10, 2008|work=[[Gizmodo]]|access-date=January 10, 2009}}</ref> The iPhone X features a different battery, with two battery cells, and the adhesive pull tabs are adhered to the sides instead of folded over the top, therefore making repairs a little more difficult than before.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+X+Teardown/98975|title=iPhone X Teardown|date=2017-11-03|work=iFixit|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
A patent filed by the corporation, published in late July 2013, revealed the development of a new iPhone battery system that uses location data in combination with data on the user's habits to moderate the handsets' power settings accordingly. Apple is working towards a power management system that will provide features such as the ability to estimate the length of time a user will be away from a power source to modify energy usage and a detection function that adjusts the charging rate to best suit the type of power source that is being used.<ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Apple Working On Location-Aware Battery Management For iPhone |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/07/25/apple-working-on-location-aware-battery-management-for-iphone/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=July 25, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Camera===<br />
[[File:iPhone 4 cameras.png|thumb|The iPhone 4 is the first generation to have two cameras. The [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] [[flash (photography)|flash]] for the rear-facing camera (top) and the forward-facing camera (bottom) are available on the iPhone 4 and subsequent models.]]<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2017}}<br />
<!-- "IPhone camera history" redirects here, please fix that if you change this section header. Thanks! --><br />
The first-generation iPhone (2007) and iPhone 3G (2008) have a [[fixed-focus lens|fixed-focus]] 2.0-[[megapixel]] camera on the back for digital photos. It has no optical zoom, flash or [[autofocus]], and does not natively support video recording. Video recording is possible on the first-generation iPhone and iPhone 3G via a third-party app available on the App Store or through [[#Third-party applications|jailbreaking]]. iPhone OS 2.0 introduced [[geotagging]] for photos.<br />
<br />
The 2009 iPhone 3GS has a 3.2-megapixel camera with autofocus, auto [[white balance]], and auto macro (up to 10&nbsp;cm). Manufactured by [[OmniVision Technologies|OmniVision]], the camera can also capture 640×480 ([[Display resolution|VGA]] resolution) video at 30 frames per second.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/au/iphone/iphone3gs-specs.html|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone 3Gs&nbsp;– Technical Specifications|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611002036/http://www.apple.com/au/iphone/iphone3gs-specs.html|archive-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> The video can be [[video editing|cropped]] on the iPhone and directly uploaded to [[YouTube]] or other services.<br />
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The 2010 iPhone 4 introduced a 5.0-[[megapixel]] camera (2592×1936 pixels) that can record video at [[720p]] resolution, considered [[High-definition video|high-definition]]. It also has a [[Backside illumination|backside-illuminated]] sensor that can capture pictures in low light and an [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] [[Flash (photography)|flash]] that can stay lit while recording video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/au/iphone/specs.html|title=Apple&nbsp;— iPhone 4&nbsp;— Technical Specifications|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> It is the first iPhone that can natively do [[High dynamic range imaging|high dynamic range photography]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Foresman |title=HDR photography with iPhone 4 and iOS 4.1: how good is it? |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2010/09/hdr-photography-with-iphone-4-and-ios-41/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=September 13, 2010 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> The iPhone 4 also has a second camera on the front that can take [[Display resolution|VGA]] photos and record [[Standard-definition television|SD]] video. Saved recordings may be synced to the host computer, attached to email, or (where supported) sent by [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]].<br />
<br />
The 2011 iPhone 4S' camera can shoot 8-MP stills and 1080p video can be accessed directly from the lock screen and can be triggered using the volume-up button as a shutter trigger. The software makes use of the built-in gyroscope to [[electronic image stabilization|artificially stabilize]] the image while recording video.<br />
<br />
The [[iPhone 5]] (2012) and [[iPhone 4S]], running [[iOS 6]] or later, can take panoramas using the built-in camera app,<ref name="What's New in iOS 6">{{cite web|title=What's New in iOS 6|url=https://www.apple.com/ios/whats-new/|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=October 7, 2012}}</ref> and the [[iPhone 5]] can also take still photos while recording video, though only at 0.9 megapixels (1280×720), as with the later [[iPhone 5s]].<ref name="iPhone 5 Features">{{cite web|title=iPhone 5 Features|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=October 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snap Photos and Record Video on an iPhone at the Same Time |url=https://www.lifewire.com/take-photo-while-recording-video-iphone-1999621 |website=Lifewire |language=en |first1=sam|last1=Costello |date=2020-01-22}}</ref><br />
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The camera on the [[iPhone 5]] reportedly shows purple haze when the light source is just out of frame,<ref name="iPhone 5 Camera Problem">{{Cite web|url=http://pointerbrain.com/iphone-5-camera-has-a-problrm|title=iPhone 5 Camera Problem|access-date=October 9, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131111646/http://pointerbrain.com/iphone-5-camera-has-a-problrm|archive-date=January 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> although Consumer Reports said it "is no more prone to purple hazing on photos shot into a bright light source than its predecessor or than several Android phones with fine cameras..."<ref name="Our tests find 'purple haze' effect isn't limited just to the iPhone 5">{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2012/10/our-tests-find-purple-haze-problem-isnt-limited-just-to-the-iphone-5.html|title=Our tests find 'purple haze' effect isn't limited just to the iPhone 5|work=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=October 10, 2012|access-date=October 25, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028140852/http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2012/10/our-tests-find-purple-haze-problem-isnt-limited-just-to-the-iphone-5.html|archive-date=October 28, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
On all five model generations, the phone can be configured to bring up the camera app by quickly pressing the home key twice.<ref name=derspiegel>[http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/0,1518,789946,00.html Neues iPhone 4S], by ''Der Spiegel'', 05.10.2011 ([https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=de&u=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/0,1518,789946,00.html&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dder%2Bspiegel%2Biphone%2B4s%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D627%26prmd%3Dimvns Translation by Google])</ref> On all iPhones running [[iOS version history#iOS 5.x: fifth major OS release|iOS 5]], it can also be accessed from the lock screen directly.<br />
<br />
The 2013 iPhone 5S widens the aperture to {{f/}}2.2 and features ''True Tone Flash'', which has two LED lights, white and amber, that will improve white balance in low light by separately adjusting in 1,000 combinations of brightness level. Its image sensor is now 15 percent larger (1/3") than its previous model (1/3.2") at the same resolution to increase the surface size of individual pixels, allowing them to capture more light in the same time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shimpi |first1=Anand Lal |title=The iPhone 5s Review |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/7335/the-iphone-5s-review/10 |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=19 April 2021 |page=10 |date=2013-09-17}}</ref> The iPhone 5C, however, has the same camera hardware and features as the iPhone 5.<br />
<br />
The 2014 iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include [[phase detection autofocus]], while only the 6 Plus has [[Optical Image Stabilization]]. Both models can shoot 1080p videos at 60 frames per second, though optical image stabilization of the latter is unfunctional during video recording, making the iPhone 6s Plus of 2015 the first with optical video stabilization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Chris |title=iPhone 6s vs. iPhone 6s Plus: OIS 4K video recording shows the true potential of Apple's new camera |url=https://bgr.com/2015/09/25/iphone-6s-plus-4k-ois-video/ |website=BGR |access-date=17 April 2021 |date=25 September 2015}}</ref><br />
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With the release of [[iOS 8]], the iPhone 4S and later models can now shoot [[time-lapse]] videos, with its capability to switch frame rates automatically as the recording increases its time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2014/10/01/iphone-time-lapse/|title=The Secret behind the time-lapse function in the iOS 8 Camera app|date=2014-10-01|work=9to5mac|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref><br />
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The 2015 iPhone 6S and 6S Plus are outfitted with a 12-megapixel camera, with [[4K resolution|4K]] video capability at 30fps, both for the first time on iPhone. The front-facing camera is upgraded from 1.3 to 5 megapixels, though video resolution remains at 720p. Other features added are ''Live Photos'', which captures a short video along a photo, and ''Retina Flash'', which utilises the screen's backlight as front camera flash, though less powerful than the rear LED lamp.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://appleinsider.com/articles/15/09/10/how-apples-new-retina-flash----5-years-in-the-making----brightens-up-selfies-on-the-iphone-6s |title= How Apple's new Retina Flash — 5 years in the making — brightens up selfies on the iPhone 6s |date=September 10, 2015|work=Apple Insider|access-date=April 24, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The user may change the resolution down to 1080p or 720p in the system settings outside of the camera application, where lower resolutions extend the recording duration until exhaustion of internal storage capacity, and reduces power consumption.<ref>{{cite web |title=4K-Videos: iPhone 6s mit 16 GB in wenigen Minuten gefüllt |url=https://www.giga.de/smartphones/iphone-6s/news/4k-videos-iphone-6s-mit-16-gb-in-wenigen-minuten-gefuellt/ |website=GIGA |language=de |date=10 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first-generation iPhone SE (2016) features the same 12 MP camera found on the iPhone 6S<!--not 6s Plus, as it is optically stabilized-->, with the same 4K and high frame rate video capability, but its front camera only has 1.2 megapixels, like the iPhone 5 and 5s.<br />
<br />
The 2016 iPhone 7 features optical image stabilization on its rear camera, a feature that was previously exclusive to the Plus models, and the 7 Plus is the first iPhone to feature dual-lens cameras (both 12 MP). Both models have a 7 MP front-facing camera, with video resolution increased from 720p to 1080p.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beavis |first1=Gareth Beavis |title=iPhone 7 review |url=https://www.techradar.com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/iphone-7-1327947/review/5 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> The second camera on the iPhone 7 Plus is a [[telephoto lens]], which enables 2× optical zoom, allowing for the level of detail that the center crop of a 48-megapixel photo with the non-tele camera's field of view would have. The camera software allows up to 10× [[digital zoom]]. The rear cameras on the 7 and 7 Plus both have an {{f/}}1.8 [[aperture]], as compared to {{f/}}2.2 on the iPhones 6 and 6 Plus, though the 7 Plus' tele camera has {{f/}}2.8 and is not optically stabilized.<ref name="apple.com"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rehm |first1=Lars |title=iPhone 7 Plus dual-cam only offers stabilization in wide-angle lens, report says |url=https://www.dpreview.com/news/5458766074/iphone-7-plus-dual-cam-only-offers-stabilization-in-wide-anlge-lens |website=DPReview |access-date=19 April 2021 |date=2016-09-12}}</ref> It also has a new quad-LED True Tone flash, which is brighter compared to its predecessors.<br />
<br />
The 2017 iPhone 8 camera remains largely the same as its predecessor, but it features a larger sensor and a newer color filter. The camera can also now record [[4K resolution|4K]] at 60 and 24 frames per second, [[Slow motion|slow-mo]] at [[1080p]] in 240 frames per second. The new camera system also enables Portrait Lighting, which defines the light in a scene. It also features a quad-LED True Tone flash with 2× better light uniformity and Slow Sync.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_8_plus-8131.php|title=Apple iPhone 8 Plus – Full phone specifications|website=www.gsmarena.com|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
The iPhone X (2017) camera is almost the same as the iPhone 8's camera, but the [[Telephoto lens|telephoto]] lens has an [[aperture]] of f/2.4 and optical image stabilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_x-8858.php|title=Apple iPhone X – Full phone specifications|website=www.gsmarena.com|access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref> The front camera also has Portrait Mode and Portrait Lighting, due to the new TrueDepth camera system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.extremetech.com/mobile/255771-apple-iphone-x-truedepth-camera-works|title=How Apple's iPhone X TrueDepth Camera Works|date=2017-09-14|work=ExtremeTech|access-date=2017-12-30}}</ref><br />
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The iPhone XS, XS Max, and XR have an updated 12MP (1/2.55") sensor size with a 1.4 μm pixel size. The XS series has a telephoto lens, while the lower end XR has only one lens. It also features Smart HDR, using the power of A12 Bionic chip, along with the Neural Engine, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and some advancements to provide better photos with improved dynamic range.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.idownloadblog.com/2018/09/19/about-smart-hdr/|date=2018-09-18|work=idownloadblog|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> The devices film with [[stereo audio]] instead of mono audio for the first time on iPhone, even though two opposite-sided microphones had been built in since [[iPhone 4]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple iPhone XS review |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_xs-review-1827p6.php |website=GSMArena.com |access-date=19 April 2021 |page=6 |language=en |date=2018-04-19 |quote=There is one final improvement in the iPhone XS camera - stereo recording for the video capture.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apple iPhone XR review |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/iphone_xr-review-1842p6.php |website=GSMArena.com |page=6 |date=2018-10-23 |quote=A new addition for iPhones this year is stereo audio recording, which works as you'd expect. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to Use your iPhone 4/4S Microphones Properly |url=https://www.iphoneincanada.ca/how-to/how-to-use-your-iphone-44s-microphones-properly/ |website=iPhone in Canada Blog |date=22 March 2012 |quote=The iPhone 4 debuted with dual microphones, as announced on stage by Steve Jobs in 2010 at WWDC.}}</ref><br />
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The iPhone 11, 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max introduced an [[Wide-angle lens|ultrawide]] lens; the latter two became the first triple-camera iPhones. The 11 has a dual-lens setup, lacking the telephoto lens of the 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max. The front camera is now capable of recording video at 4K as a result of a new 12 MP sensor, and can also capture slow-motion footage.<br />
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The second-generation iPhone SE's camera hardware is the same as the iPhone 8, but adds Portrait mode, Portrait lighting, Smart HDR, extended dynamic range for video up to 30 fps, stereo recording and cinematic video stabilization.<br />
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The iPhone 12 series brought Night Mode brought to all camera lenses, including the TrueDepth camera. It also uses Deep Fusion in more situations, and uses Smart HDR 3. Dolby Vision HDR video recording up to 30 FPS is available for the iPhone 12 and 12 mini, and up to 60 FPS for the 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max. The 12 Pro Max also has a 47% larger sensor and sensor-shift stabilization for better low-light photos and more details. The telephoto camera can now zoom up to 2.5x on the Pro Max, albeit with a f/2.2 aperture instead of the 12 Pro's f/2.0 aperture.<br />
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A "Keep Normal Photo" option accessible through the system settings allows saving HDR photos in both the high dynamic range and normal variants.<ref>{{cite web |title=How do I save both normal and HDR photos to the iPhone camera roll? |url=https://www.iphonefaq.org/archives/973374 |website=The iPhone FAQ |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=en |date=2014-03-13}}</ref><br />
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===Storage===<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2017}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+iPhone storage (iPhone 8 - iPhone 12 Pro / Pro Max)<br />
!iPhone 8 / 8 Plus, iPhone X<br />
!iPhone XR, iPhone 11<br />
!iPhone XS / XS Max, iPhone 11 Pro / Pro Max<br />
!iPhone SE (2nd Gen.)<br />
!iPhone 12 / 12 Mini<br />
!iPhone 12 Pro / Pro Max<br />
|-<br />
|64&nbsp;GB{{efn|name=storageunits}}<br />
|64&nbsp;GB<br />
|64&nbsp;GB<br />
|64&nbsp;GB<br />
|64&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|-<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|-<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|512&nbsp;GB<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|512&nbsp;GB<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+iPhone storage (1st Gen iPhone - iPhone 7 / 7 Plus, 6S / 6S Plus (September 2016)<br />
!iPhone (1st Gen.) iPhone 3G<br />
!iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, 5C<br />
!iPhone 4S, 5, 5S<br />
!iPhone 6, 6S<br />
!iPhone SE (1st Gen.)<ref>{{Cite web|title=iPhone - Compare Models|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/compare/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Apple|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
!iPhone 7 / 7 Plus, 6S / 6S Plus (September 2016)<ref>{{Cite web|title=when was the iphone 6s and 6s plus storage doubled - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=when+was+the+iphone+6s+and+6s+plus+storage+doubled&rlz=1CATAVM_enUS914&safe=active&ssui=on|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.google.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4&nbsp;GB{{efn|name=storageunits}}<br />
|8&nbsp;GB<br />
|16&nbsp;GB<br />
|16&nbsp;GB<br />
| ---------------------------------<br />
|32&nbsp;GB<br />
|-<br />
|8&nbsp;GB<br />
|16&nbsp;GB<br />
|32&nbsp;GB<br />
|64&nbsp;GB<br />
|32&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|-<br />
|16&nbsp;GB<br />
|32&nbsp;GB<br />
|64&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|128&nbsp;GB<br />
|256&nbsp;GB<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===SIM card===<br />
[[File:IPhone sim slot.jpg|thumb|An iPhone 5S with the SIM slot open. The SIM ejector is still placed in the eject hole.]]<br />
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[[GSM]] models of the iPhone use a [[Subscriber identity module|SIM card]] to identify themselves to the GSM network. The SIM sits in a tray, which is inserted into a slot at the top of the device. The SIM tray can be ejected with a [[paper clip]] or the "SIM ejector tool" (a simple piece of die-cut sheet metal) included with the iPhone 3G and 3GS in the United States and with all models elsewhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1438|title=Removing SIM card|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=July 10, 2008|access-date=June 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Diaz|first=Jesus|title=iPhone 3G's New SIM Ejector Tool Makes It Instant Must-Buy|work=[[Gizmodo]]|date=June 9, 2008|url=https://gizmodo.com/5014767/iphone-3gs-new-sim-ejector-tool-makes-it-instant-must+buy|access-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> Some iPhone models shipped with a SIM ejector tool which was fabricated from an alloy dubbed "[[Liquidmetal]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Hughes|first=Neil|title=Liquidmetal created SIM ejector tool for Apple's iPhone, iPad|work=AppleInsider|date=August 17, 2010|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/08/17/liquidmetal_created_sim_ejector_tool_for_apples_iphone_ipad.html|access-date=January 1, 2012}}</ref> In most countries, the iPhone is usually sold with a [[#SIM unlocking|SIM lock]], which prevents the iPhone from being used on a different mobile network.<ref name="Carrier unlocking list">{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT204039|title=Wireless carrier support and features for iPhone|date=December 23, 2016|publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref><br />
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The [[GSM]] iPhone 4 features a [[MicroSIM]] card that is located in a slot on the right side of the device.<ref>{{cite web|author=Apple Inc.|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html|title=iPhone 4&nbsp;– Size, weight, battery life, and other specs|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 23, 2010}}</ref><br />
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The [[CDMA]] model of the iPhone 4, just the same as any other CDMA-only cell phone, does not use a SIM card or have a SIM card slot.<br />
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An iPhone 4S activated on a CDMA carrier, however, does have a SIM card slot but does not rely on a SIM card for activation on that CDMA network. A CDMA-activated iPhone 4S usually has a carrier-approved roaming SIM preloaded in its SIM slot at the time of purchase that is used for roaming on certain carrier-approved international GSM networks only. The SIM slot is locked to only use the roaming SIM card provided by the CDMA carrier.<ref>{{cite web|last=Slivka|first=Eric|title=Sprint Offers Clarification on iPhone 4S International Micro-SIM Unlocking|url=http://www.macrumors.com/2011/10/13/sprint-offers-clarification-on-iphone-4s-international-micro-sim-unlocking/|work=MacRumors|access-date=July 13, 2012}}</ref><br />
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In the case of Verizon, for example, one can request that the SIM slot be unlocked for international use by calling their support number and requesting an international unlock if their account has been in good standing for the past 60 days.<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Matthew|title=International travelers: Here is how to SIM unlock your Verizon Apple iPhone 4S|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/cell-phones/international-travelers-here-is-how-to-sim-unlock-your-verizon-apple-iphone-4s/6712|publisher=ZDNet|access-date=July 13, 2012}}</ref> This method only unlocks the iPhone 4S for use on international carriers. An iPhone 4S that has been unlocked in this way will reject any non-international SIM cards (AT&T Mobility or T-Mobile USA, for example).<br />
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The iPhone 5 and later iPhones use [[Subscriber identity module#Formats|nano-SIM]] in order to save space internally. The iPhone XS and later iPhones added [[eSIM]] support in addition to nano-SIM, therefore they support Dual SIM functionality.<br />
<br />
===Liquid contact indicators===<br />
All iPhones (as well as many other devices by Apple) have a small disc at the bottom of the headphone [[jack (connector)|jack]] that changes from white to red on contact with water; the iPhone 3G and later models also have a similar indicator at the bottom of the [[dock connector]].<ref>{{cite web|title=iPhone and iPod: Liquid damage is not covered by warranty|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=August 27, 2010|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3302?viewlocale=en_US|access-date=December 25, 2010}}</ref> Because Apple warranties do not cover water damage, employees examine the indicators before approving [[AppleCare|warranty repair or replacement]]. However, with the adoption of [[Waterproofing|water resistance]] as a feature of the iPhone, this practice is no longer in use by Apple.<br />
<br />
The iPhone's indicators are more exposed than those in some mobile phones from other manufacturers, which carry them in a more protected location, such as beneath the battery behind a battery cover. These indicators can be triggered during routine use, by an owner's sweat,<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Martin |title=Sweaty workouts killing iPhones? |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sweaty-workouts-killing-iphones/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=April 19, 2009 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> steam in a bathroom, and other light environmental moisture.<ref>{{cite news|last=Respers|first=Lisa|title=Moisture, cold irritate some smart phone users|publisher=CNN|date=April 14, 2009|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/smart.phones.buggy/index.html|access-date=November 5, 2009}}</ref> Criticism led Apple to change its water damage policy for iPhones and similar products, allowing customers to request further internal inspection of the phone to verify if internal liquid damage sensors were triggered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgr.com/2010/11/09/apple-amends-internal-ipod-water-damage-policy/|title=Apple Amends Internal iPod Water Damage Policy|last=Epstein|first=Zach|date=November 9, 2010|work=Boy Genius Report|access-date=January 7, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Included items===<br />
[[File:IPhone 4 box no lid.JPG|thumb|The contents of the box of an iPhone 4. From left to right: iPhone 4 in plastic holder, written documentation, and (top to bottom) headset, USB cable, wall charger.]]<br />
All [[iPhone models]] include written documentation, and a [[dock connector]] to [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] cable. The first generation and 3G iPhones also came with a cleaning cloth. The first generation iPhone includes a stereo [[Headset (audio)|headset]] ([[headphones|earbuds]] and a microphone) and a plastic dock to hold the unit upright while charging and syncing. The iPhone [[IPhone 3G|3G]] includes a similar headset plus a SIM eject tool (the first generation model requires a [[Paper clip|paperclip]]). The iPhone [[IPhone 3GS|3GS]] includes the [[Subscriber identity module|SIM]] eject tool and a revised headset, which adds volume buttons (not functional with previous iPhone versions).<ref name="Earbuds with volume" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/uk/product/MB770G/B?fnode=MTY1NDA1MA&mco=MTM3NTMyNDQ|title=Apple&nbsp;Earphones&nbsp;with&nbsp;Remote&nbsp;and&nbsp;Mic|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=January 26, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The iPhone 3G and 3GS are compatible with the same dock, sold separately, but not the first generation model's dock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/us/product/MB484G/A|title=Apple iPhone 3G Dock|publisher=Apple Store|access-date=June 14, 2009}}</ref> All versions include a USB power adapter, or "wall charger", which allows the iPhone to charge from an [[AC power plugs and sockets|AC outlet]]. The iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS sold in North America, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/support/usbadapter/exchangeprogram/|title=Apple&nbsp;– Support&nbsp;– Apple Ultracompact USB Power Adapter Exchange Program|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/support/usbadapter/exchangeprogram/countries.html|title=Apple&nbsp;– Support&nbsp;– Apple Ultracompact USB Power Adapter Exchange Program&nbsp;– Latin American Countries|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=January 9, 2009}}</ref> include an ultracompact USB power adapter.<br />
<br />
In October 2020 at the iPhone 12 virtual event, Apple announced that they will be removing the power adapter and EarPods from iPhone packaging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/sg/newsroom/2020/10/apple-announces-iphone-12-and-iphone-12-mini-a-new-era-for-iphone-with-5g/|title=Apple announces iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini: A new era for iPhone with 5G|website=Apple Newsroom}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Payments ===<br />
{{Main|Apple Pay}}<br />
In September 2014, with the launch of the [[iPhone 6]], Apple announced [[Apple Pay]], a mobile payment system. The feature, aimed to "revolutionize" the way users pay, uses an [[Near field communication|NFC]] chip, [[Touch ID]] fingerprint scanner ([[Face ID]] on iPhone X and later), Apple's [[Apple Wallet|Wallet]] app, and a dedicated "Secure Element" chip for encrypted payment information to make purchases at participating stores, both physical and online.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adrianne |last=Jeffries |title=Apple Pay allows you to pay at the counter with your iPhone 6 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/9/6084211/apple-pay-iphone-6-nfc-mobile-payment |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 9, 2014 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Taptic Engine===<br />
All iPhone models have a haptic engine to vibrate when a notification or alert, incoming call, etc. iPhone models before the iPhone 4S use an eccentric rotating mass motor. The iPhone 4S uses a linear resonant actuator vibrator, which usually uses less power and creates a quieter vibration.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ye |first1=Shen |title=The science behind Force Touch and the Taptic Engine |url=https://www.imore.com/science-behind-taptics-and-force-touch |website=iMore |access-date=November 19, 2018 |date=April 8, 2015 }}</ref> However, the iPhone 5, 5C, and 5S uses an eccentric rotating mass motor. It is unsure as to why Apple decided to switch back. However, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus uses a linear resonant actuator vibrator.<br />
<br />
iPhone 6S and after uses taptic engine for vibration and haptic feedback, which works similar to the eccentric rotating mass motor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wuerthele |first1=Mike |title=Inside the iPhone 7: Apple's Taptic Engine, explained |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/16/09/27/inside-the-iphone-7-apples-taptic-engine-explained |website=AppleInsider}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Software ==<br />
{{Main|iOS|iOS version history}}<br />
The iPhone runs an [[operating system]] known as [[iOS]] (formerly iPhone OS).<ref>{{cite web |first=Nilay |last=Patel |author-link=Nilay Patel |title=iPhone OS 4 renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with 1500 new features |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/06/07/iphone-os-4-renamed-ios-gets-1500-new-features/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=June 7, 2010 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> It is a variant of the [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] operating system core found in [[macOS]]. Also included is the "[[Core Animation]]" software component from [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X v10.5]] Leopard. Together with the graphics hardware (and on the iPhone 3GS, [[OpenGL ES]] 2.0), it is responsible for the interface's [[motion graphics]]. The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple,<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Frommer |title=Here's how to remove Apple's built-in system apps in iOS 10 |url=https://www.recode.net/2016/6/14/11929496/apple-ios-10-system-apps-trash |website=[[Recode]] |date=June 14, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> and supports downloading third-party applications through the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Miller |title=Apple announces App Store for iPhone, iPod touch |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/apple-announces-app-store-for-iphone-ipod-touch/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apple provides free<ref>{{cite press release |title=iOS 9 Available as a Free Update for iPhone, iPad & iPod touch Users September 16 |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2015/09/09iOS-9-Available-as-a-Free-Update-for-iPhone-iPad-iPod-touch-Users-September-16/ |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2017 }}</ref> updates to the operating system for the iPhone either wirelessly or through iTunes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204204|title=Update your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch|work=Apple Support|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref> Major new updates have historically accompanied new models.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/which-iphones-ipads-are-compatible-with-ios-11-3521184/|title=Which iPhones & iPads are compatible with iOS 11?|last=Painter|first=Lewis|work=[[Macworld]]|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/09/19/apple-releases-ios11-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch-new-features/|title=Apple releases iOS 11 for iPhone and iPad, here's everything new|date=2017-09-19|work=[[9to5Mac]]|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
The size of the operating system depends on the version. While [[iOS 8]] required over 4.5&nbsp;GB, [[iOS 9|its successor]] required only 1.3&nbsp;GB.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Lory |last1=Gil |first2=Daniel |last2=Bader |first3=Serenity |last3=Caldwell |first4=Rene |last4=Ritchie |title=iOS 10 FAQ: Everything you need to know |url=http://www.imore.com/ios-10-faq |website=iMore |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:99%"<br />
|+ Operating system support<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="3" | model<br />
!colspan="2" | release(d)<br />
!rowspan="3" | discontinued<br />
!colspan="4" | support<br />
!rowspan="3" | launch price ([[United States dollar|$US]])<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2" | with OS<br />
!rowspan="2" | date<br />
!rowspan="2" | ended<br />
!rowspan="2" | final OS<br />
!colspan="2" | lifespan<br />
|-<br />
!max<br />
!min<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone]]<br />
|[[iPhone OS 1|iPhone OS 1.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2007|06|29}}<br />
|{{End date|2008|06|09}}<br />
|{{End date|2010|6|20}}<br />
|[[iPhone OS 3|iPhone OS 3.1.3]]<br />
|{{age in years and months|2007|06|29|2010|6|20}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2008|06|09|2010|6|20}}'''<br />
|$499/$599*<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 3G]]<br />
|[[iPhone OS 2|iPhone OS 2.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2008|07|11}}<br />
|{{End date|2010|08|09}}<br />
|{{End date|2011|03|03}}<br />
|[[iOS 4|iOS 4.2.1]]<br />
|{{age in years and months|2008|07|11|2011|03|03}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2010|08|09|2011|03|03}}'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |$199/$299*<br />$599/$699<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 3GS]]<br />
|[[iPhone OS 3|iPhone OS 3.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2009|06|19}}<br />
|{{End date|2012|09|12}}<br />
|{{End date|2013|09|18}}<br />
|[[iOS 6|iOS 6.1.6]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and months|2009|06|19|2013|09|18}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''{{age in years and months|2012|09|12|2013|09|18}}'''<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 4]]<br />
|[[iOS 4|iOS 4.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2010|06|24}}<br />
|{{End date|2013|09|10}}<br />
|{{End date|2014|09|17}}<br />
|[[iOS 7|iOS 7.1.2]]<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 4S]]<br />
|[[iOS 5|iOS 5.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2011|10|14}}<br />
|{{End date|2014|09|09}}<br />
|{{End date|2016|09|12}}<br>(late, single update: {{End date|2019|07|22}})<br />
|[[iOS 9|iOS 9.3.5]]<br>(9.3.6)<br />
|{{age in years and months|2011|10|14|2016|09|12}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2014|09|09|2016|09|12}}'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |$199/$299/$399*<br />$649/$749/$849<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 5]]<br />
|[[iOS 6|iOS 6.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2012|09|21}}<br />
|{{End date|2013|09|10}}<br />
|{{End date|2017|09|18}}<br />(late, single update: {{End date|2019|07|22}})<br />
|[[iOS 10|iOS 10.3.3]]<br />(10.3.4)<br />
|{{age in years and months|2012|09|21|2017|09|18}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2013|09|10|2017|09|18}}'''<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 5C]]<br />
|[[iOS 7|iOS 7.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2013|09|20}}<br />
|{{End date|2015|09|09}}<br />
|{{End date|2017|09|18}}<br />
|[[iOS 10|iOS 10.3.3]]<br />
|{{age in years and months|2013|09|20|2017|09|18}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2015|09|09|2017|09|18}}'''<br />
|$99/$199*<br />$549/$649<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 5S]]<br />
|[[iOS 7|iOS 7.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2013|09|20}}<br />
|{{End date|2016|03|21}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{End date|2019|09|18}}<br />(latest, exclusive update: {{End date|2021|06|14}})<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[iOS 12|iOS 12.4.1]]<br />(12.5.4)<br />
|{{age in years and months|2013|09|20|2019|09|18}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2016|03|21|2019|09|18}}'''<br />
|$199/$299/$399*<br />$649/$749/$849<br />
|- style="background:#ececec;"<br />
![[iPhone 6|iPhone 6 / 6 Plus]]<br />
|[[iOS 8|iOS 8.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2014|09|19}}<br />
|{{End date|2016|09|07}}<br />
|{{age in years and months|2014|09|19|2019|09|18}}<br />
|'''{{age in years and months|2016|09|07|2019|09|18}}'''<br />
|$199/$299/$399*<br />$649/$749/$849<br />Plus:$299/$399/$499*<br />Plus:$749/$849/$949<br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone 6S|iPhone 6S / 6S Plus]]<br />
|[[iOS 9|iOS 9.0.1]]<br />
|{{Start date|2015|09|25}}<br />
|{{End date|2018|09|12}}<br />
| rowspan="6" |''current''<br />
| rowspan="6" |''[[iOS 14|latest iOS]]''<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2015|09|25}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2018|09|12}}'''<br />
|$199/$299/$399*<br />$649/$749/$849<br />Plus:$299/$399/$499*<br />Plus:$749/$849/$949<br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone SE (1st generation)|iPhone SE (1st)]]<br />
|[[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]]<br />
|{{Start date|2016|03|31}}<br />
|{{End date|2018|09|12}}<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2016|03|31}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2018|09|12}}'''<br />
|$399/$499<br /><br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone 7|iPhone 7 / 7 Plus]]<br />
|[[iOS 10|iOS 10.0.1]]<br />
|{{Start date|2016|09|16}}<br />
|{{End date|2019|09|10}}<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2016|09|16}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2019|09|10}}'''<br />
|$199/$299/$399*<br />$649/$749/$849<br />Plus:$319/$419/$519*<br />Plus:$769/$869/$969<br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone 8|iPhone 8 / 8 Plus]]<br />
|[[iOS 11|iOS 11.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2017|09|22}}<br />
|{{End date|2020|04|15}}<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2017|09|22}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2020|04|15}}'''<br />
|$699/$849<br />Plus:$799/$949<br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone X]]<br />
|[[iOS 11|iOS 11.0.1]]<br />
|{{Start date|2017|11|03}}<br />
|{{End date|2018|09|12}}<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2017|11|03}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2018|09|12}}'''<br />
|$549/$699*<br />$999/$1149<br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone XS|iPhone XS / XS Max]]<br />
|[[iOS 12|iOS 12.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2018|09|21}}<br />
|{{End date|2019|09|10}}<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2018|09|12}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2019|09|10}}'''<br />
|$999/$1149/$1349<br />Max:$1099/$1249/$1449<br />
|- style="background:#d4f4b4;"<br />
![[iPhone XR]]<br />
|[[iOS 12|iOS 12.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2018|10|26}}<br />
|{{End date|||}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |''current''<br />
| rowspan="2" |''latest iOS''<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2018|10|26}}<br />
|<br />
|$749/$799/$899<br />
|- style="background:#d4f4b4;"<br />
![[iPhone 11]]<br />
|[[iOS 13|iOS 13.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2019|09|20}}<br />
|{{End date|||}}<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2019|09|20}}<br />
|<br />
|$699/$749/$849<br />
|- style="background:#c1e6f5;"<br />
![[iPhone 11 Pro|iPhone 11 Pro / 11 Pro Max]]<br />
|[[iOS 13|iOS 13.0]]<br />
|{{Start date|2019|09|20}}<br />
|{{End date|2020|10|13}}<br />
|''current''<br />
|''latest iOS''<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2019|09|20}}<br />
|'''> {{age in years and months|2020|10|13}}'''<br />
|$999/$1149/$1349<br />Max: $1099/$1249/$1449<br />
|- style="background:#d4f4b4;"<br />
![[iPhone SE (2nd generation)|iPhone SE (2nd)]]<br />
|[[iOS 13|iOS 13.4]]<br />
|{{Start date|2020|04|24}}<br />
|{{End date|||}}<br />
| rowspan="3" |''current''<br />
| rowspan="3" |''latest iOS''<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2020|04|24}}<br />
|<br />
|$399/$449/$549<br />
|- style="background:#d4f4b4;"<br />
![[iPhone 12|iPhone 12 / 12 Mini]]<br />
|[[iOS 14|iOS 14.1]] (12) / [[iOS 14|iOS 14.2]] (12 Mini)<br />
|October 23, 2020 (12) / November 13, 2020 (12 Mini)<br />
|<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2020|10|23}}(12)<br>> {{age in years and months|2020|11|13}}(12 Mini)<br />
|<br />
|$829/$879/$979**<br />
Mini: $729/$779/$879**<br />
|- style="background:#d4f4b4;"<br />
![[iPhone 12 Pro|iPhone 12 Pro / 12 Pro Max]]<br />
|[[iOS 14|iOS 14.1]] (12 Pro) / [[iOS 14|iOS 14.2]] (12 Pro Max)<br />
|October 23, 2020 (12 Pro) / November 13, 2020 (12 Pro Max)<br />
|<br />
|> {{age in years and months|2020|10|23}}(12 Pro)<br>> {{age in years and months|2020|11|13}} (12 Pro Max)<br />
|<br />
|$999/$1099/$1299<br />
Max: $1099/$1199/$1399<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="9" |<br />
{|<br />
!Legend:<br />
|{{legend2|#ececec|{{abbr|Discontinued and unsupported|iPhone is discontinued and last supported iOS version for this device is not supported anymore.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
|{{legend2|#c1e6f5|{{abbr|Discontinued, but still supported|Discontinued device, but still supported.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
|{{legend2|#d4f4b4|{{abbr|'''Current or still sold'''|Device runs with a supported iOS version.}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br />
|*24-month contract required<br />
|**$30 off with carrier special offers<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interface===<br />
The [[Graphical user interface|interface]] is based around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. iPhone applications normally run one at a time. Starting with the iPhone 4, a primitive version of multitasking came into play. Users could double click the home button to select recently opened applications.<ref>applications</ref> However, the apps never ran in the background. Starting with iOS 7, though, apps can truly multitask, and each open application runs in the background when not in use, although most functionality is still available when making a call or listening to music. The home screen can be accessed by a hardware button below the screen on the iPhone 8 and earlier. iPhone X and later models, with the exception of the second-generation iPhone SE, instead use touch-based gestures.<br />
<br />
The original iPhone contained the following apps: Messages ([[Short Message Service|SMS]] and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] messaging), Calendar, Photos, Camera, YouTube, Stocks, Maps ([[Google Maps]]), Weather, Voice Memos, Notes, Clock, Calculator, Settings and [[iTunes Store|iTunes (store)]]. The [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] was introduced in iPhone OS 2 for the original iPhone and iPhone 3G. [[Compass]] was added in iPhone OS 3 for the iPhone 3GS. FaceTime and Game Center were added in iOS 4 and 4.1 respectively. In iOS 5, Reminders and Newsstand were added, and the iPod application was split into separate Music and Videos applications. iOS 6 added Passbook as well as a new version of Maps called Apple Maps that relies on data provided by TomTom as well as other sources, and YouTube no longer came as a pre-installed application starting from that version. iOS 7 introduced a modern flat design for the interface and added a motion-based parallax feature to give the device a quasi-3D effect. iOS 8 added Health app. iOS 9 replaced Newsstand and Passbook with [[Apple News|News]] and [[Apple Wallet|Wallet]]. iOS 10 introduced Home and dedicated a page on the home screen for the widgets. iOS 11 added Files. iOS 12 introduced Measure, an app that uses [[Augmented reality|AR]] technology to measure objects and things. It is available on devices with an [[Apple A9|A9]] chip or newer.<br />
<br />
Docked at the base of the screen, four icons for [[Mobile phone|Phone]], [[Email|Mail]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] (Internet), and Music delineate the iPhone's main purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306003|title=iPhone Applications|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=July 11, 2007|access-date=November 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311142319/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306003|archive-date=March 11, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 15, 2008, Apple released software update 1.1.3, allowing users to create "Web Clips", home screen icons that resemble apps that open a user-defined page in Safari. After the update, iPhone users can rearrange and place icons (by holding down on any icon and moving it to the desired location once they start shaking) on up to nine other adjacent home screens, accessed by a horizontal swipe.<ref name="Update 1.1.3">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15iphone.html|title=Apple Enhances Revolutionary iPhone with Software Update|date=January 15, 2008|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 13, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215230427/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/15iphone.html|archive-date=December 15, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. The dock holds up to four icons and is located at the bottom section of the screen. Each home screen holds up to twenty icons for the [[iPhone (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone]], [[iPhone 3G|3G]], [[iPhone 3GS|3GS]], [[iPhone 4|4]] and [[iPhone 4S|4S]]; The [[iPhone 5]], [[iPhone 5C|5C]], [[iPhone 5S|5S]], and [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|first-generation iPhone SE]] hold up to twenty-four icons; while the [[iPhone 6]] and later iPhone models support up to twenty-eight icons. Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes. Apple's default programs could only be removed since the iOS 10 update. The 3.0 update added a system-wide search, known as [[Spotlight (software)#iOS|Spotlight]], to the left of the first home screen.<ref name="3.0 official"/><ref name="3.0 Macworld"/><br />
<br />
Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using [[multi-touch]]. The iPhone's [[interaction technique]]s enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as "[[pinching (technology)|pinching]]".<br />
<br />
Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface [[Physics engine|simulates the physics]] of a real object. Unlike previous scrollable views, in which the user pressed a "down" control to move the view "downwards", on iOS the user pushes ''upwards'', as if moving a "plank of wood floating on the water", creating the impression that the user is directly manipulating the content displayed on the screen.<ref name="Siracusa Frontier">{{cite web|last1=Siracusa|first1=John|title=The Frontier|url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/2007/06/the-frontier/|website=Ars Technica|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Apple's Mousetrap">{{cite web|last1=Agger|first1=Michael|title=Apple's Mousetrap|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2011/09/apples_mousetrap.html|website=Slate|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><br />
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Other [[User-centered design|user-centered]] [[interactive design|interactive]] effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a "back" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder.<br />
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===Phone===<br />
[[File:IPhone calling screen.png|thumb|upright|When making a call, the iPhone presents a number of options, including [[FaceTime]] on supported models. The screen is [[Proximity sensor|automatically disabled]] when held close to the face.]]<br />
The iPhone allows audio [[conference call|conferencing]], call holding, call merging, [[caller ID]], and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out and fades back in when the call has ended.<br />
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The [[proximity sensor]] shuts off the screen and touch-sensitive circuitry when the iPhone is brought close to the face, both to save battery and prevent unintentional touches. The iPhone does not support [[Videophone|video calling]] or [[videoconferencing]] on versions prior to the fourth generation, as there is only one camera on the opposite side of the screen.<ref>{{cite web |first=Donald |last=Melanson |title=Mirror-based video conferencing developed for iPhone |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/13/mirror-based-video-conferencing-developed-for-iphone/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=August 13, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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The iPhone 4 supports video calling using either the front or back camera over Wi-Fi, a feature Apple calls [[FaceTime]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/facetime.html|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone 4&nbsp;– One-tap video calling with FaceTime on iPhone 43|access-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> Voice control, introduced in the iPhone 3GS, allows users to say a contact's name or number and the iPhone will dial it.<ref name="Voice_Control">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-3g-s/voice-control.html|title=iPhone: Make calls and play music using voice control|date=June 10, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 10, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610213018/http://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-3g-s/voice-control.html|archive-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref> The first two models only support [[voice command device|voice dialing]] through third-party applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/137421/2008/12/voicedialers.html|title=Review: iPhone voice dialers|last=Tessler|first=Franklin|date=December 12, 2008|work=Macworld|access-date=May 9, 2009}}</ref><br />
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The iPhone includes a [[visual voicemail]] (in some countries)<ref name="VV_abroad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/news/comments/iphone-3g-carriers-apple-vary-on-visual-voicemail|title=iPhone 3G carriers, Apple vary on Visual Voicemail|last=Starrett|first=Charles|date=June 11, 2008|work=iLounge|access-date=May 24, 2009}}</ref> feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list.<br />
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A music [[ringtone]] feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, 2007. Users can create custom ringtones from songs purchased from the iTunes Store for a small additional fee. The ringtones can be three to 30 seconds long from any part of a song, can fade in and out, pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, or [[infinite loop|loop continuously]]. All customizing can be done in iTunes,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05itunes.html|title=Apple Unveils the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store|date=November 5, 2007|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=May 24, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423162242/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/05itunes.html|archive-date=April 23, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> or with Apple's [[GarageBand]] software 4.1.1 or later (available only on [[Mac OS X]])<ref name=GarageBand1>{{cite web|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=307108|title=How to create custom ringtones in GarageBand 4.1.1|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215060626/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=307108|archive-date=December 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> or third-party tools.<ref name="third party ringtones">{{cite news|last=Gilbertson|first=Scott|title=How to Make Custom IPhone Ringtones Without Paying Apple $2|url=https://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2007/09/ringtone_hacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516092956/http://www.wired.com/software/coolapps/news/2007/09/ringtone_hacks|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 16, 2008|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=September 12, 2007|access-date=March 8, 2008}}</ref><br />
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With the release of [[iOS 6]], which was released on September 19, 2012, Apple added features that enable the user to have options to decline a phone call when a person is calling them. The user can reply with a message, or set a reminder to call them back at a later time.<ref>{{cite web|title=iOS 6 Preview|url=https://www.apple.com/ios/ios6/|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 11, 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Multimedia===<br />
The layout of the music library is similar to that of an [[iPod]]. The iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, [[playlist]]s, [[genre]]s, composers, [[podcast]]s, [[audiobook]]s, and [[Compilation album|compilations]]. Options are presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from [[iTunes]]. The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection.<br />
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Users can rotate their device horizontally to [[Page orientation|landscape mode]] to access [[Cover Flow]]. Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. On the iPhone 3GS, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a [[Genius (iTunes)|Genius playlist]].<ref name="Voice_Control"/><br />
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The iPhone supports [[gapless playback]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1797 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508053830/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1797 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2008 |title=What is Gapless Playback? |access-date=May 13, 2008 |publisher=Apple Inc. |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Like the [[iPod classic#Fifth generation|fifth-generation iPods]] introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play [[digital video]], allowing users to watch TV shows and movies in [[widescreen]]. Double-tapping switches between widescreen and [[4:3|fullscreen]] video playback.<br />
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The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone. The feature originally required a Wi-Fi network, but since 2012, it can be used on a cellular data network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daringfireball.net/linked/2007/september#thu-27-wifi|title=The Reason It's Called the Wi-Fi Music Store|date=September 30, 2007|access-date=January 6, 2008|first=John|last=Gruber|work=[[Daring Fireball]]|author-link=John Gruber }}</ref><br />
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The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the [[#Camera|camera]]. The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPhone's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from [[iPhoto]] or [[Aperture (software)|Aperture]] on a Mac, or [[Adobe Photoshop|Photoshop]] on a Windows PC.<br />
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The iPhone did not support [[Sound recording and reproduction|voice recording]] until the 3.0 software update.<ref name="3.0 official"/><ref name="3.0 Macworld"/><br />
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===Internet connectivity===<br />
[[File:Safari on iOS 14 iPhone 12 Pro Max Landscape.png|thumb|Wikipedia on the iPhone [[Safari (web browser)|Safari web browser]] in landscape mode]]<br />
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Internet access is available when the iPhone is connected to a local area [[Wi-Fi]] or a wide area [[GSM]] or [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] network, both second-generation ([[2G]]) wireless data standards. Networks accessible from iPhone models include [[1xRTT]] (represented by a 1× on the status bar) and [[GPRS]] (shown as GPRS on the status bar), [[EDGE]] (shown as a capital E on the status bar), [[UMTS]] and [[EV-DO]] (shown as 3G), a faster version of UMTS and 4G (shown as a 4G symbol on the status bar), and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] (shown as LTE on the status bar).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/ht1976 |title=iOS: Understanding cellular data networks |publisher=Support.apple.com |date=September 24, 2013 |access-date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> The iPhone 3G introduced support for third-generation [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]] and [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access|HSDPA]] 3.6,<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple's Joswiak: iPhone 3G Runs Fast HSDPA 3.6, Not Slower 1.8|url=http://www.gearlog.com/2008/07/apples_joswiak_iphone_3g_runs.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004215201/http://www.gearlog.com/2008/07/apples_joswiak_iphone_3g_runs.php|archive-date=October 4, 2008|access-date=October 12, 2008|work=Gearlog}}</ref> the iPhone 4S introduced support for [[High-Speed Uplink Packet Access|HSUPA]] networks (14.4&nbsp;Mbit/s), and support for HSDPA 7.2 was introduced in the iPhone 3GS.<ref name="Macworld_3G_S">{{cite web|last=Michaels|first=Philip|author2=Jason Snell|date=June 8, 2009|title=iPhone 3GS offers speed boost, video capture|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/141031/2009/06/iphone3gs.html|access-date=June 8, 2009|work=Macworld}}</ref> and the iPhone 5 introduced support for 4G LTE. 5G Evolution is now supported on AT&T in areas where implemented and stylized as a larger 5G and reduced size capital E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.att.com/5g/consumer/5g-evolution|title=5G Evolution: What it Means for You|website=AT&T|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> 5GE uses the 4x4 [[MIMO]] doubling the number of antennas, 256-QAM, and three-way [[carrier aggregation]]. True 5G support was added starting with the iPhone 12 series in fall 2020. All iPhone 12 models support sub-6&nbsp;GHz frequencies, but only models purchased in the United States support mmWave.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tibken|first=Shara|title=iPhone 12 and 5G: All the answers to your questions about the super-fast connectivity|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-12-and-5g-faq-answers-to-questions-about-super-fast-connectivity/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref><br />
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AT&T introduced [[3G]] in July 2004,<ref>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Rojas |title=AT&T Wireless introduces 3G wireless |url=https://www.engadget.com/2004/07/20/at-t-wireless-introduces-3g-wireless/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=July 20, 2004 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> but as late as 2007, [[Steve Jobs]] stated that it was still not widespread enough in the US, and the chipsets not energy efficient enough, to be included in the iPhone.<ref name=pogueFAQ /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macnn.com/articles/07/09/18/jobs.uk.cell.carrier.qa/|title=Jobs: battery life issues delaying 3G iPhone|publisher=MacNN|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> Support for [[IEEE 802.1X|802.1X]], an authentication system commonly used by university and corporate Wi-Fi networks, was added in the 2.0 version update.<ref name="802.1x">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/au/iphone/enterprise/|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Enterprise|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721025159/http://www.apple.com/au/iphone/enterprise/|archive-date=July 21, 2008}}</ref><br />
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By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered [[Wi-Fi]] networks and prompt for the password when required. Alternatively, it can join closed Wi-Fi networks manually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306249|title=iPhone: About Connections Settings|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019015540/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306249|archive-date=October 19, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The iPhone will automatically choose the strongest network, connecting to Wi-Fi instead of EDGE when it is available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305711|title=iPhone: Connecting to the Internet with EDGE or Wi-Fi|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011042909/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305711|archive-date=October 11, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, the iPhone 3G and onwards prefer [[3G]] to [[2G]], and Wi-Fi to either.<ref name="3GSpeeds">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/wireless.html|title=Apple – iPhone&nbsp;– Features&nbsp;– 3G|year=2008|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 14, 2008}}</ref><br />
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Wi-Fi, [[Bluetooth]], and 3G (on the iPhone 3G onwards) can all be deactivated individually. [[Airplane mode]] disables all wireless connections at once, overriding other preferences. However, once in Airplane mode, one can explicitly enable Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth modes to join and continue to operate over one or both of those networks while the cellular network transceivers remain off.<br />
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Safari is the iPhone's native [[web browser]], and it displays pages similar to its Mac and Windows counterparts. Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and the device supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305899|title=iPhone: Zooming In to See a Page More easily|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225113959/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305899|archive-date=December 25, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070626/the-iphone-is-breakthrough-handheld-computer/|title=The iPhone Is a Breakthrough Handheld Computer|author=Walter S. Mossberg|author2=Katherine Boehret|author-link=Walter Mossberg|work=The Mossberg Solution|quote=The iPhone is the first smartphone we've tested with a real, computer-grade Web browser, a version of Apple's Safari. It displays entire Web pages, in their real layouts, and allows you to zoom in quickly by either tapping or pinching with your finger.|date=June 26, 2007}}</ref> Safari does not allow file downloads except for predefined extensions.<br />
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The iPhone does not support [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], which was still popular when the iPhone was introduced.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chartier|first=David|url=http://www.tuaw.com/2007/06/12/its-official-no-flash-support-on-the-iphone-yet/|title=It's official: No Flash support on the iPhone (yet)|publisher=The Unofficial Apple Weblog|date=June 12, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> Consequently, the [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|UK's Advertising Standards Authority]] adjudicated that an advertisement claiming the iPhone could access "all parts of the internet" should be withdrawn in its current form, on grounds of [[false advertising]]. In a [[Thoughts on Flash|rare public letter]] in April 2010, Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] outlined the reasoning behind the absence of Flash on the iPhone (and [[iPad]]).<ref name="Thoughts on Flash">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughts-on-flash/|title=Thoughts on Flash|last=Jobs|first=Steve|date=April 2010|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> The iPhone supports [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[HTML]] [[Canvas element|Canvas]], and [[Bonjour (software)|Bonjour]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Wilson |title=iPhone OS 2.0 will include Bonjour, full-screen Safari mode, more |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-os-2-0-will-include-bonjour-full-screen-safari-mode-more/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=December 5, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> [[Google Chrome]] was introduced to the iOS on June 26, 2012, and Opera mini is also available.<br />
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The Maps application can access [[Google Maps]] in map, [[satellite imagery|satellite]], or hybrid form. It can also generate directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information. During the iPhone's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby [[Starbucks]] locations and then placing a [[prank call]] to one with a single tap.<ref name="keynoteMacworld">{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Peter|url=http://www.macworld.com/news/2007/01/09/liveupdate/index.php|title=Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update|work=Macworld|date=January 9, 2007|access-date=February 1, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Block |author-link=Ryan Block |title=Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=January 9, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> Support for walking directions, public transit, and [[Google Street View|street view]] was added in the version 2.2 software update, but no voice-guided navigation.<ref name="2.2" /><br />
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The iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 can orient the map with its digital compass.<ref name="Compass">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-3g-s/maps-compass.html|title=Apple&nbsp;— iPhone&nbsp;— Get directions with GPS maps and a new compass|date=June 8, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612042234/http://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-3g-s/maps-compass.html|archive-date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> Apple also developed a separate application to view YouTube videos on the iPhone, which streams videos after encoding them using the [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264]] codec. Simple weather and [[stock quote]]s applications also tap into the Internet.<br />
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iPhone users can and do access the Internet frequently, and in a variety of places. According to [[Google]], in 2008, the iPhone generated 50 times more search requests than any other mobile handset.<ref name="GoogleSearches">{{cite web|last=Lane|first=Slash|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/02/14/google_iphone_usage_shocks_search_giant.html|title=Google iPhone usage shocks search giant|work=[[AppleInsider]]|date=February 14, 2008|access-date=February 18, 2008}}</ref> According to [[Deutsche Telekom]] CEO René Obermann, "The average [[Internet usage]] for an iPhone customer is more than 100&nbsp;[[megabyte]]s. This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers."<ref name="iPhoneDataBoom">{{cite web|url=http://www.lightreading.com/ethernet-ip/iphone-data-booms-at-t-mobile/d/d-id/651767|title=iPhone Data Booms at T-Mobile|work=Unstrung|date=January 30, 2008|access-date=February 18, 2008}}</ref> [[Nielsen Company|Nielsen]] found that 98% of iPhone users use data services, and 88% use the internet.<ref name="Nielsen demographics">{{cite web |title=iPhone Users Watch More Video... and are Older than You Think |url=http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/iphone-users-watch-more-video-and-are-older-than-you-think |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614082958/http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/iphone-users-watch-more-video-and-are-older-than-you-think |publisher=[[Nielsen Media Research]] |date=June 10, 2009 |archive-date=June 14, 2009 |access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref> In China, the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS were built and distributed without Wi-Fi.<ref name="Wired">{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/08/iphone-china|title=iPhone Goes to China Without Wi-Fi|work=Wired|first=Brian X.|last=Chen|date=August 28, 2009}}</ref><br />
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With the introduction of the Verizon iPhone in January 2011, the issue of using the internet while on the phone was brought to the public's attention. Under the two U.S. carriers, internet and phone could be used simultaneously on AT&T networks, whereas Verizon networks only support the use of each separately.<ref name="TUAW">{{cite web|url=http://www.tuaw.com/2011/01/11/verizon-iphone-cant-handle-data-and-voice-simultaneously|title=Verizon iPhone Can't Handle Data and Voice Simultaneously|last=Sande|first=Steven|date=January 11, 2011|work=The Unofficial Apple Weblog }}</ref> However, in 2014, Verizon announced that the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus would allow simultaneous voice and data over its LTE Network.<ref>{{Cite news|title=You can finally talk and use data simultaneously on new Verizon iPhones|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/20/6661887/you-can-finally-talk-and-use-data-simultaneously-on-new-verizon|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref> T-Mobile and Sprint have enabled calls over Wi-Fi, with Verizon and AT&T soon doing the same.<ref name="Techlicious">{{cite web|last=Van Allen|first=Fox|date=December 2014|title=Here's When Your Carrier will Support the iPhone 6's Wi-Fi Calling|url=http://www.techlicious.com/blog/iphone-6-wifi-calling-carrier-plans-actiontec-underwritten-story/}}</ref><br />
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===Text input===<br />
[[File:IPhone keyboard unblurred.jpg|thumb|The [[virtual keyboard]] on the first generation iPhone [[touchscreen]]]]<br />
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For text input, the iPhone implements a [[virtual keyboard]] on the touchscreen. It has automatic [[spell checker|spell checking]] and correction, [[Predictive text|predictive word]] capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The keyboard can predict what word the user is typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys near the presumed desired key.<ref name=hasAKeyboard>{{cite news|author-link=John Markoff|last=Markoff|first=John|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/technology/13phone.ready.html|title=That iPhone Has a Keyboard, but It's Not Mechanical|work=The New York Times|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
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The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in [[landscape mode]], which is supported by only a limited number of applications. Touching a section of text for a brief time brings up a [[magnifying glass]], allowing users to place the [[cursor (computers)|cursor]] in the middle of existing text. The virtual keyboard can accommodate 21 languages, including character recognition for Chinese.<ref name="Keyboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ios/feature-availability/#quickType-keyboard-language-support|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Features&nbsp;– Keyboard|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref><br />
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Alternative characters with accents (for example, letters from the alphabets of other languages) and [[emoji]] can be typed from the keyboard by pressing the letter for two seconds and selecting the alternative character from the popup.<ref name="KeyboardAlternateLetters">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/tips/|title=Apple – iPhone – Tips and Tricks|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 11, 2011}}</ref> The 3.0 update brought support for [[cut, copy, and paste|cut, copy, or pasting]] text, as well as landscape keyboards in more applications.<ref name="3.0 official" /><ref name="3.0 Macworld" /> On iPhone 4S and above, Siri allows dictation.<br />
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Since iOS 8, third party keyboards, distributed through the App Store, are allowed. Previously, they were only available on jailbroken iPhones.<ref name="ThirdPartyKeyboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2014/06/02/third-party-keyboards-will-be-available-in-ios-8/|title=iOS 8 supports third-party keyboards|access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
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===Email and text messages===<br />
The iPhone also features an email program that supports [[HTML email]], which enables the user to embed photos in an email message. [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], [[Microsoft Word|Word]], [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]], and [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/specs-3g.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612042413/http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs-3g.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2009 |title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Technical Specifications |publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=June 10, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Yahoo!]] offers a free push-email service for the iPhone. [[Internet Message Access Protocol|IMAP]] (although not [[Push-IMAP]]) and [[Post Office Protocol|POP3]] mail standards are also supported, including [[Microsoft Exchange Server|Microsoft Exchange]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/enterprise/|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Enterprise|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref> and [[Kerio Connect]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=Frausto-Robledo|url=http://www.architosh.com/news/2007-07/2007a0724_an-kerioiphone.html|title=Analysis: Kerio MailServer delivers email to Apple iPhone|date=July 24, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
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In the first versions of the iPhone firmware, this was accomplished by opening up IMAP on the Exchange server. Apple has also licensed [[ActiveSync|Microsoft ActiveSync]] and supports the platform (including push email) with the release of iPhone 2.0 firmware.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.barrons.com/techtraderdaily/2008/03/06/apple-iphone-sdk-event/|title=iPhone to support Exchange|date=March 6, 2008|work=TechTraderDaily}}</ref><ref name=releasedate /> The iPhone will sync email account settings over from Apple's own [[Mail (OS X)|Mail]] application, [[Microsoft Outlook]], and [[Microsoft Entourage]], or it can be manually configured on the device itself. The email program can access almost any IMAP or POP3 account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/features/mail.html|title=iPhone – Features – Mail|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref><br />
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Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to [[iChat]]) under each recipient's name. The iPhone has built-in support for email message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-email picture sending. Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the 1.1.3 software update.<ref name="1.1.3">{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/131616/2008/01/iphone_update.html|title=First Look: iPhone 1.1.3|last=Moren|first=Dan|date=January 16, 2008|work=Macworld|access-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref> Support for [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] was added in the 3.0 update, but not for the original first generation iPhone<ref name="3.0 official">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/preview-iphone-os/|title=The most advanced mobile OS. Now even more advanced|date=March 17, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="3.0 Macworld">{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/139438/2009/03/iphone30user.html|title=Cut and paste, MMS highlight iPhone 3.0 improvements|last=Cohen|first=Peter|date=March 17, 2009|work=Macworld|access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> and not in the U.S. until September 25, 2009.<ref name="AT&T_MMS_tethering">{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/141070/att_tethering_mms.html|title=AT&T tight-lipped on MMS, tethering|last=Mies|first=Ginny|date=June 9, 2009|work=Macworld|access-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ComputerATT">{{cite news|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9138475/AT_T_slates_iPhone_MMS_launch_for_Friday?taxonomyId=78|title=AT&T slates iPhone MMS launch for Friday|date=September 24, 2009|work=ComputerWorld|access-date=September 25, 2009}}</ref><br />
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===Third-party applications===<br />
{{see also|iOS SDK|App Store (iOS)|l2=App Store}}<br />
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At [[Worldwide Developers Conference#WWDC 2007|WWDC 2007]] on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support [[third-party developer|third-party]] web applications using [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface.<ref name="Web apps">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/11iphone.html|title=iPhone to Support Third-Party Web 2.0 Applications|date=June 11, 2007|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 15, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215230338/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/11iphone.html|archive-date=December 15, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" [[weblog]], announced that a [[software development kit]] (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hot News |url=https://www.apple.com/hotnews |website=Apple |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018221832/http://www.apple.com/hotnews/ |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 9, 2017 }}</ref> The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008, at the Apple Town Hall facility.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Block |author-link=Ryan Block |title=Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=March 6, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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It is a free download, with an Apple registration, that allows developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, then test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto a real device is only possible after paying an [[Apple Developer Connection]] membership fee. Developers are free to set any price for their applications to be distributed through the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], of which they will receive a 70% share.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michelle|last=Quinn|title=Apple will open App Store in bid to boost iPhone sales|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-iphone10-2008jul10,0,3798678.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 10, 2008|access-date=July 10, 2008}}</ref><br />
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Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee. The App Store was launched with the release of iPhone OS 2.0, on July 11, 2008.<ref name=releasedate>{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html|title=Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G|quote=iPhone 2.0 software will be available on July 11 as a free software update via iTunes 7.7 or later for all iPhone customers|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=June 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035135/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/06/09iphone.html|archive-date=May 1, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The update was free for iPhone users; owners of older iPod Touches were required to pay US$10 for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/134502/2008/07/ipodtouch.html|title=Is the iPod touch 2.0 update worth $10?|last=Breen|first=Christopher|date=July 15, 2008|work=Macworld|access-date=May 16, 2009}}</ref><br />
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Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. Apple can halt the distribution of applications it deems inappropriate, for example, ''[[I Am Rich]]'', a US$1000 program that simply demonstrated the wealth of its user, and ''[[Send Me To Heaven]]'', a game that encouraged users to throw their phones in the air.<ref name="wsj_article">{{cite news|url=http://wsj.com/article/SB121842341491928977.html|title=IPhone Software Sales Take Off: Apple's Jobs|access-date=September 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108093119/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121842341491928977.html|archive-date=January 8, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=August 11, 2008|first=Nick|last=Wingfield}} [http://justamp.blogspot.com/2008/08/iphone-software-sales-take-off-apples.html Alt URL]</ref><ref name=NBCLeJacq>{{cite news |last=LeJacq |first=Yannick |date=August 5, 2013 |title=Smartphone game may destroy your smartphone |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/technolog/smartphone-game-may-destroy-your-smartphone-6C10853059 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> Apple has been criticized for banning third-party applications that enable a functionality that Apple does not want the iPhone to have: In 2008, Apple rejected [[Podcaster]], which allowed iPhone users to download podcasts directly to the iPhone claiming it duplicated the functionality of iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/135527/2008/09/appstore.html|date=September 12, 2008|title=Podcasting app rejected from App Store|work=Macworld|access-date=January 23, 2009}}</ref> Apple has since released a software update that grants this capability.<ref name="2.2">{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/137023/2008/11/iphone_22.html|title=Apple releases iPhone 2.2 update|last=Snell|first=Jason|date=November 21, 2008|work=Macworld|access-date=June 10, 2009}}</ref><br />
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NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to [[Tethering|tether]] their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer.<ref name="Banned apps">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.pcworld.com/staffblog/archives/007748.html |title=Apple App Store Ban: Android, Here's Your Chance |last=Raphael |first=JR |date=September 15, 2008 |work=[[PC World]] |access-date=December 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207035309/http://blogs.pcworld.com/staffblog/archives/007748.html |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Many carriers of the iPhone later globally allowed tethering before Apple officially supported it with the upgrade to the iPhone OS 3.0, with [[AT&T Mobility]] being a relative latecomer in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!-- start post navigation --> Previous post Next post|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/06/att-adds-iphone-tethering-kills-unlimited-data-for-ipad-smartphones|title=AT&T Adds iPhone Tethering, Kills Unlimited Data for iPad, Smartphones |work=Wired|access-date=November 11, 2010|date=June 2, 2010}}</ref> In most cases, the carrier charges extra for tethering an iPhone.<br />
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Before the SDK was released, third parties were permitted to design "Web Apps" that would run through Safari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/safari/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/GS_iPhoneWebApp/_index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319061309/http://developer.apple.com/library/safari/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/GS_iPhoneWebApp/_index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 19, 2011 |title=Apple&nbsp;– Web apps |publisher=Apple Inc. |access-date=May 16, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Unsigned native applications are also available for "jailbroken" phones.<ref>{{cite news|last=Healey|first=Jon|title=Hacking the iPhone|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 6, 2007|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> The ability to install native applications onto the iPhone outside of the App Store is not supported by Apple, the stated reason being that such native applications could be broken by any software update, but Apple has stated it will not design software updates specifically to break native applications other than those that perform SIM unlocking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/09/apples_joswiak_we_dont_hate_ip.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914203243/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/09/apples_joswiak_we_dont_hate_ip.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |title=Apple's Joswiak: We Do not Hate iPhone Coders |date=September 2007 |publisher=gearlog.com |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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{{As of|2013|10}}, Apple has passed 60&nbsp;billion app downloads.<ref>{{cite web |first=Marc |last=Perton |title=Apple App Store hits 60 billion cumulative downloads |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/22/apple-ios-7-downloaded-over-200-million-times-in-5-days/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2016|9}}, there have been over 140&nbsp;billion app downloads from the App Store.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=App Store sees 140 billion downloads, 106% year-over-year growth |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/07/app-store-sees-140-billion-downloads-106-year-over-year-growth/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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{{As of|2017|1}}, the App Store has over 2.2{{nbsp}}million apps for the iPhone.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Goode |title=Apple's App Store just had the most successful month of sales ever |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14173328/apple-december-2016-app-store-record-phil-schiller |website=[[The Verge]] |date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=App Store shatters records on New Year's Day | publisher=Apple Inc. | date=January 5, 2017 | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/01/app-store-shatters-records-on-new-years-day/ | access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref><br />
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===Accessibility features===<br />
Starting with the iPhone 4S, Apple added an [[accessibility]] feature to optimize the function of the iPhone with [[hearing aid]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202186|title=About Hearing Aid Compatibility (HAC) requirements for iPhone |publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref> Apple released a program of Made for iPhone Hearing Aids.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201466|title=Use Made for iPhone hearing aids |publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref> These hearing aids deliver a power-efficient, high-quality digital audio experience and allow the user to manage the hearing aid right from the iPhone. Made for iPhone hearing aids also feature [http://support.apple.com/kb/HT203990 Live Listen]. With Live Listen the iPhone acts as a remote [[microphone]] that sends sound to a Made for iPhone hearing aid. Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203990|title=Use Live Listen with Made for iPhone hearing aids|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref><br />
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The [[Refreshable braille display|Braille Displays]] for the iOS program was announced by Apple coinciding with the release of the iPhone 3GS, [[iPad]] and [[IPod Touch (3rd generation)|iPod Touch (3rd Generation)]]. This program added support for more than 50 Bluetooth wireless braille displays that work with iOS out of the box. The user only needs to pair the keyboard to the device to start using it to navigate the iOS device with [[VoiceOver]] without any additional software. iOS supports [[Braille|braille tables]] for more than 25 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/braille-display.html|title=Accessibility – iOS – Braille Displays |publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref><br />
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iPhone lets the user know when an alert is sent to it, in a variety of notice methods. It delivers both [[Sensory cue|visual]] and [[vibrating alert]]s for incoming phone and [[FaceTime]] calls, new text messages, new and sent mail, and calendar events. Users can set an [[Light-emitting diode|LED light flash]] for incoming calls and alerts or have incoming calls display a photo of the caller. Users can choose from different vibration patterns or even create their own.<ref name="Accessibility – iOS – Apple">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/ios/|title=Accessibility – iOS |publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref><br />
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The iPhone can enlarge text to make it more [[accessibility|accessible]] for vision-impaired users,<ref name="access vision">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/iphone/vision.html|title=Apple&nbsp;— Accessibility&nbsp;— iPhone&nbsp;— Vision|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> and can accommodate hearing-impaired users with [[closed captioning]] and external [[Telecommunications device for the deaf|TTY]] devices.<ref name="access hearing">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/iphone/hearing.html|title=Apple&nbsp;– Accessibility&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Hearing|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> The iPhone 3GS also features white on black mode, [[VoiceOver]] (a [[screen reader]]), and zooming for impaired vision, and mono audio for [[Deafness|limited hearing]] in one ear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Accessibility|date=June 8, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref> Apple regularly publishes Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates which explicitly state compliance with the U.S. regulation "[[Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973|Section 508]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/accessibility/resources/|title=Apple&nbsp;– Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates|date=July 18, 2009|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=July 18, 2009}}</ref><br />
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With the release of iOS 9 for all iPhones, users have the ability to choose between two different screen view options. The user can choose to have a standard view or zoomed view. When the iPhone is placed in a standard view setting, the icons are normal size and the text remains the same. With a zoomed view option, the icons on the screen and the text become slightly larger. This enables the user to have a more customized appearance and it can potentially help some users read the screen easier.<br />
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AssistiveTouch helps to adapt the [[Multi-touch|Multi-Touch]] screen of an iOS device to a user's unique physical needs. This can be of great assistance to those who have difficulty with some gestures, like pinch, one can make them accessible with just a tap of a finger. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures, like rotate and shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a [[wheelchair]].<ref name="Accessibility – iOS – Apple"/><br />
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Guided Access helps people with [[autism]] or other [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|attention]] and [[Sensory processing disorder|sensory challenges]] stay focused on the task (or app) at hand. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit the amount of time spent in an app. The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen.<br />
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In 2019 Apple began developing satellites so that the iPhone could skip wireless carriers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axon |first1=Samuel |title=Report: Apple is developing satellites so the iPhone can skip wireless carriers |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/report-apple-is-developing-satellites-so-the-iphone-can-skip-wireless-carriers/?bxid=5be9fceb2ddf9c72dc8994b7&cndid=30462369 |website=Ars Technica |access-date=26 December 2019 |language=en-us |date=20 December 2019}}</ref><br />
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== iPhone Upgrade Program ==<br />
The iPhone Upgrade Program is a 24-month program designed for consumers to be able to get the latest iPhone every year, without paying the whole price up-front. The program consists of "low monthly payments", where consumers will gradually pay for the iPhone they have over a 24-month period, with an opportunity to switch (upgrade) to the new iPhone after 12 months of payment have passed. Once 12 months have passed, consumers can trade their current iPhone with a new one, and the payments are transferred from the old device to the new device, and the program "restarts" with a new 24-month period.<ref name="iPhone Upgrade Program"/><br />
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Additional features of the program include unlocked handsets, which means consumers are free to pick the network carrier they want, and two-year AppleCare+ protection, which includes "hardware repairs, software support, and coverage for up to two incidents of accidental damage".<ref name="iPhone Upgrade Program">{{cite web |title=iPhone Upgrade Program |url=https://www.apple.com/shop/iphone/iphone-upgrade-program |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Cole | first=Lauren Lyons | title=Apple's iPhone X starts at $999 — and there's a smarter way to buy it | work=Business Insider | date=October 26, 2017 | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-upgrade-program-2017-8 | access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref><br />
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Criticism of the program includes the potential endless cycle of payments, with ''[[The Huffington Post]]''{{'}}s Damon Beres writing, "Complete the full 24-month payment cycle, and you're stuck with an outdated phone. Upgrade every 12 months, and you'll never stop owing Apple money for iPhones". Additionally, the program is limited to just the iPhone hardware; cell phone service from a network operator is not included.<ref>{{cite web |first=Damon |last=Beres |title=Apple Could Trap You Forever With Its New 'Upgrade Program' |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/apple-upgrade-plan-trap_us_55f719cfe4b063ecbfa52b95 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=September 16, 2015 |access-date=November 28, 2016}}</ref><br />
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==Intellectual property==<br />
Apple has filed more than 200 [[patent application]]s related to the technology behind the iPhone.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ishimaru |first=Heather |url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/business&id=4920783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206203752/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news%2Fbusiness&id=4920783 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |title=Apple Options Not An Issue At Macworld |publisher=[[KGO-TV|abc7news.com]] |date=January 9, 2007 |access-date=January 11, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/support/iphone/features/|publisher=Apple Inc.|title=iPhone&nbsp;– Features&nbsp;– High Technology|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
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LG Electronics claimed the design of the iPhone was copied from the [[LG Prada]]. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference: "we consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006."<ref name="am">{{cite news|url=http://www.applematters.com/article/the-iphone-lawsuits/|title=The iPhone Lawsuits|work=Apple Matters|first=Aaron|last=Wright|date=February 20, 2007|access-date=June 25, 2007}}</ref> Conversely, the iPhone has also inspired its own share of high-tech clones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/electronics/2008/04/send-in-the-icl.html|title=Send in the iClones|last=Gikas|first=Mike|date=April 8, 2008|work=[[Consumer Reports]]|access-date=June 10, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609115114/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/electronics/2008/04/send-in-the-icl.html|archive-date=June 9, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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On September 3, 1993, [[Infogear]] filed for the U.S. trademark "I PHONE"<ref name="IPhoneReg96">{{cite web|url=http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=74431935|title=Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval, serial number 74431935 (I PHONE)|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|date=January 12, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> and on March 20, 1996, applied for the trademark "IPhone".<ref name="CiscoSuesAppleOver">{{cite news|last=Berlind |first=David |url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/Berlind/?p=284 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210041453/http://blogs.zdnet.com/Berlind/?p=284 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 10, 2007 |title=On the eve of a new phone, Apple appears to want in on the Cisco "iPhone" trademark |date=January 7, 2007 |access-date=January 10, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> "I Phone" was registered in March 1998,<ref name="IPhoneReg96" /> and "IPhone" was registered in 1999.<ref name="CiscoSuesAppleOver" /> Since then, the I PHONE mark had been abandoned.<ref name="IPhoneReg96" /> Infogear trademarks cover "communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer functions" (1993 filing),<ref name="IPhoneReg96" /> and "computer hardware and software for providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global information networks" (1996 filing).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=75076573|title=Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval, serial number 75076573 (IPHONE)|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|date=July 31, 2006|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
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In 2000, Infogear filed an infringement claim against the owners of the iPhones.com domain name.<ref name="InfogearTechnologyV">{{cite web|url=http://www.arb-forum.com/domains/decisions/94369.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817014541/http://www.arb-forum.com/domains/decisions/94369.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 17, 2000 |title=InfoGear Technology Corporation v iPhones |publisher=National Arbitration Forum |date=April 13, 2000 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The owners of the iPhones.com domain name challenged the infringement claim in the Northern District Court of California. In June 2000, Cisco Systems acquired Infogear, including the [[Linksys iPhone|iPhone]] trademark.<ref name="CiscoFacesiPhone">{{cite news|last=Kawamoto|first=Dawn|url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-6153865.html|title=Cisco faces iPhone trademark challenge in Canada|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|date=January 26, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424032521/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-6153865.html |archive-date=April 24, 2008}}</ref> In September 2000, Cisco Systems settled with the owners of iPhones.com and allowed the owners to keep the iPhones.com domain name along with intellectual property rights to use any designation of the iPhones.com domain name for the sale of cellular phones, cellular phones with Internet access (WAP PHONES), handheld PDAs, storage devices, computer equipment (hardware/software), and digital cameras (hardware/software). The intellectual property rights were granted to the owners of the iPhones.com domain name by Cisco Systems in September 2000.<br />
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In October 2002, Apple applied for the "iPhone" trademark in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and the European Union. A Canadian application followed in October 2004, and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As of October 2006, only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted.<br />
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In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied for an "iPhone" trademark in the United States, United Kingdom, and Hong Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=E5341301|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080911023553/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=E5341301|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 11, 2008|title=Case details for Community Trade Mark E5341301|publisher=[[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|UK Intellectual Property Office]]|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> As the Ocean Telecom trademark applications use exactly the same wording as the New Zealand application of Apple, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of Apple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://10layers.com/2006/10/apple-filing-for-iphone-trademarks-worldwide/|title=Apple filing for iPhone trademarks worldwide|work=10layers.com|date=October 17, 2006|access-date=January 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113014820/http://10layers.com/2006/10/apple-filing-for-iphone-trademarks-worldwide/|archive-date=January 13, 2007}}</ref> The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005, by a Canadian company called [[Comwave]] who themselves applied for the trademark three months later. Comwave has been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004.<ref name="CiscoFacesiPhone" /><br />
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Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, 2007 announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.<ref name="AppleHelloiPhone">{{cite news|author-link=Owen Thomas (journalist)|last=Thomas|first=Owen|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/01/09/technology/apple_jobs/index.htm|title=Apple: Hello, iPhone|publisher=CNN|date=January 9, 2007|access-date=January 27, 2007}}</ref> On January 10, 2007, Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name.<ref name="CiscoTrademark">{{cite press release|url=http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2007/corp_011007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112065035/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2007/corp_011007.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |title=Cisco Sues Apple for Trademark Infringement |publisher=[[Cisco Systems]] |date=January 10, 2007 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In February 2007, Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a "minor skirmish" that was not about money, but about interoperability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Cisco CEO calls iPhone suit 'minor skirmish' |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/report-cisco-ceo-calls-iphone-suit-minor-skirmish/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=February 24, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they held settlement talks,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003552200_iphone02.html|title=Cisco, Apple decide to talk over iPhone|first=May|last=Wong|agency=Associated Press|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=February 2, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> and subsequently announced on February 20, 2007, that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117211001262715655|title=Apple, Cisco Reach Accord Over iPhone|first=Nick|last=Wingfield|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref> in exchange for "exploring interoperability" between their security, consumer, and business communications products.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/02/21iphone.html|title=Cisco and Apple Reach Agreement on iPhone Trademark|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=February 21, 2007|access-date=April 1, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325220021/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/02/21iphone.html|archive-date=March 25, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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On October 22, 2009, [[Nokia]] filed a lawsuit against Apple for infringement of its GSM, UMTS and WLAN patents. Nokia alleges that Apple has been violating ten Nokia patents since the iPhone initial release.<ref name="nokia-lawsuit">{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/press/press-releases/showpressrelease?newsid=1349562|title=Nokia sues Apple in Delaware District Court for infringement of Nokia GSM, UMTS and WLAN patents|publisher=Nokia|date=October 22, 2009|access-date=October 24, 2009}}</ref><br />
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In December 2010, [[Reuters]] reported that some iPhone and [[iPad]] users were suing [[Apple Inc.]] because some applications were passing user information to third-party advertisers without permission. Some makers of the applications such as Textplus4, [[Paper Toss]], [[The Weather Channel]], [[Dictionary.com]], Talking Tom Cat and Pumpkin Maker have also been named as co-defendants in the lawsuit.<ref name="Thomson Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BR1Y820101228|title=IPhone and iPad users sue Apple over privacy issues|date=December 28, 2010|work=Reuters|access-date=December 28, 2010}}</ref><br />
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In August 2012, Apple won a [[Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.|smartphone patent lawsuit]] in the U.S. against [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], the world's largest maker of smartphones;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/technology/a-verdict-that-alters-an-industry.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=A Verdict That Alters an Industry|date=August 24, 2012|first1=Brian X.|last1=Chen}}</ref> however, on December 6, 2016, [[Supreme Court of the United States|SCOTUS]] reversed the decision that awarded nearly $400 million to Apple and returned the case to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard to define "article of manufacture" because it is not the smartphone itself but could be just the case and screen to which the design patents relate.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mann|first1=Ronald|title=Opinion analysis: Justices tread narrow path in rejecting $400 million award for Samsung's infringement of Apple's cellphone design patents|url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/12/opinion-analysis-justices-tread-narrow-path-in-rejecting-400-million-award-for-samsungs-infringement-of-apples-cellphone-design-patents/#more-249662|website=SCOTUS Blog|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref><br />
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In March 2013, an Apple patent for a wraparound display was revealed.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Apple-seeks-patent-for-wraparound-display/tabid/412/articleID/292656/Default.aspx| work= 3 News NZ| title= Apple seeks patent for wraparound displayl| date= April 2, 2013| access-date= April 1, 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130730170724/http://www.3news.co.nz/Apple-seeks-patent-for-wraparound-display/tabid/412/articleID/292656/Default.aspx| archive-date= July 30, 2013| url-status= dead}}</ref><br />
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==Restrictions==<br />
{{see also|Hardware restrictions#Apple devices}}<br />
Apple tightly controls certain aspects of the iPhone. According to [[Jonathan Zittrain]], the emergence of [[Proprietary hardware|closed devices]] like the iPhone have made computing more [[proprietary software|proprietary]] than early versions of [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Brian|last=Braiker|title=A Killer Product: Will closed devices like Apple's iPhone murder the Web?|date=May 2, 2008|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/135150|access-date=June 16, 2009|quote=Through historical accident, we've ended up with a global network that pretty much allows anybody to communicate with anyone else at any time. Devices could be reprogrammed by them at any time, including code written by other people, so you don't have to be a nerd to get the benefits of reprogramming it. [But] this is a historical accident. Now, I see a movement away from that framework—even though it doesn't feel like a movement away. [For example,] an iPhone can only be changed by Steve Jobs or soon, with the software development kit, by programmers that he personally approves that go through his iPhone apps store. Or whimsical applications that run on the Facebook platform or the new Google apps. These are controllable by their vendors in ways that Bill Gates never dreamed of controlling Windows applications. [...] That's the ironic thing. Bill Gates is Mr. Proprietary. But for my purposes, even under the standard Windows operating system from 1990, 1991, you write the code, you can hand it to somebody else and they can run it. Bill Gates has nothing to say about it. So it's funny to think that by moving in Steve Jobs's direction it actually ends up far more proprietary.}}</ref><br />
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The [[hacker (hobbyist)|hacker]] community has found many workarounds, most of which are disallowed by Apple and make it difficult or impossible to obtain warranty service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iphonealley.com/news/do-iphone-hacks-void-your-warranty|title=Do iPhone Hacks Void Your Warranty?|last=Johnston|first=Michael|date=October 20, 2007|work=iPhone Alley|access-date=May 14, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607043644/http://www.iphonealley.com/news/do-iphone-hacks-void-your-warranty|archive-date=June 7, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> "[[iOS jailbreaking|Jailbreaking]]" allows users to install apps not available on the App Store or modify basic functionality. SIM unlocking allows the iPhone to be used on a different carrier's network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/132675/2008/03/iphone_sdk_jailbreak.html|title=iPhone hackers look to an uncertain future|last=Moren|first=Dan|date=May 28, 2008|work=Macworld|access-date=May 25, 2009}}</ref> However, in the United States, Apple cannot void an iPhone's warranty unless it can show that a problem or component failure is linked to the installation or placement of an after-market item such as unauthorized applications, because of the [[Federal Trade Commission]]'s [[Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act of 1975]].<ref>[http://eshop.macsales.com/Search/displayFAQDetails.cfm?ID=656 FAQ Details]. Eshop.macsales.com (March 27, 2013). Retrieved on July 30, 2013.</ref><br />
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Users can set restrictions or parental controls<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201304|title=How to use parental controls on your child's iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch|work=Apple Support|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref> on apps that can be downloaded or used within the iPhone. The restrictions area requires a password.<ref name="restrictions">{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/ht4213|title=IOS Understanding Restrictions|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=September 26, 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Activation===<br />
The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier. On July 3, 2007, [[Jon Lech Johansen]] reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone's other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nanocr.eu/2007/07/03/iphone-without-att/|title=iPhone Independence Day|work=nanocr.eu|first=Jon Lech|last=Johansen|author-link=Jon Lech Johansen|date=July 3, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2008}}</ref><br />
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Unlike the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 3G must be activated in the store in most countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maclife.com/article/iphone_3g_in_store_activation_only|title=iPhone 3G&nbsp;– In-Store Activation Only|work=[[MacLife]]|first=Roberto|last=Baldwin|date=June 9, 2008|access-date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> This makes the iPhone 3G more difficult, but not impossible, to hack. The need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and [[iPod Touch]] users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.0, caused a worldwide [[Web server#Overload causes|overload]] of Apple's [[server (computing)|servers]] on July 11, 2008, the day on which both the iPhone 3G and iPhone OS 2.0 updates as well as [[MobileMe]] were released. After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate it, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/12/business/12iphone.html|title=iPhone Users Plagued by Software Problems|work=The New York Times|first=John|last=Markoff|author-link=John Markoff|date=July 12, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2008}}</ref><br />
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Users on the [[O2 (United Kingdom)|O2]] network in the United Kingdom, however, can buy the phone online and activate it via iTunes as with the previous model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/uk/browse/home/shop_iphone/family/iphone|title=iPhone 3G|publisher=Apple Store (UK)|access-date=May 14, 2009}}{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2017}}</ref> Even where not required, vendors usually offer activation for the buyer's convenience. In the US, Apple has begun to offer free shipping on both the iPhone 3G and the iPhone 3GS (when available), reversing the in-store activation requirement. [[Best Buy]] and [[Walmart]] will also sell the iPhone.<ref name="Buy iPhone">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iphone/buy/|title=Apple&nbsp;– iPhone&nbsp;– Buy iPhone 3G|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=June 14, 2009}}{{verify source|date=April 2012}}</ref><br />
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===Unapproved third-party software and jailbreaking===<br />
{{See also|iOS jailbreaking|iPhone Dev Team}}<br />
<br />
The iPhone's operating system is designed to only run software that has an Apple-approved [[code signing|cryptographic signature]]. This restriction can be overcome by "jailbreaking" the phone,<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Krazit |title=iPhone jailbreak for the masses released |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-jailbreak-for-the-masses-released/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=October 29, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> which involves replacing the iPhone's [[firmware]] with a slightly modified version that does not enforce the signature check. Doing so may be a circumvention of Apple's [[technical protection measures]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/commentary/circuitcourt/2007/08/circuitcourt_0829|title=Legal or Not, IPhone Hacks Might Spur Revolution|last=Granick|first=Jennifer|date=August 28, 2007|work=Wired|access-date=May 14, 2009}}</ref> Apple, in a statement to the [[United States Copyright Office]] in response to [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) lobbying for a DMCA exception for this kind of hacking, claimed that jailbreaking the iPhone would be [[copyright infringement]] due to the necessary modification of system software.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Krazit |title=Apple: iPhone jailbreaking violates our copyright |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-jailbreaking-violates-our-copyright/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=February 13, 2009 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> However, in 2010, Jailbreaking was declared officially legal in the United States by the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redmondpie.com/jailbreak-unlock-iphone-officially-legal/|title=Jailbreaking and Unlocking is Now Officially Legal in United States|first=Tweet Subscribe to our RSS|last=Feed !|date=July 26, 2010}}</ref> Jailbroken iPhones may be susceptible to computer viruses, but few such incidents have been reported.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/11/09/2737673.htm Australian admits creating first iPhone virus], Brigid Andersen, [[ABC Online]], November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2521171/jailbreaking-puts-iphone-owners-at-risk--says-researcher.html|title=Jailbreaking puts iPhone owners at risk, says researcher|first=Gregg|last=Keizer|date=November 9, 2009|website=Computerworld}}</ref><br />
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iOS and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken iPhone with the help of [[OpeniBoot]] or iDroid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/196595/how_to_install_android_on_your_iphone.html|title=How to Install Android on Your iPhone|last=Wang|first=David|work=[[PC World]]|date=May 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idroidproject.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714041446/http://www.idroidproject.org/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2011|title=iDroid Project Wiki|work=Idroidproject.org|access-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref><br />
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In 2007, 2010, and 2011, developers released a series of tools called [[JailbreakMe]] that used security vulnerabilities in Mobile Safari rendering to [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreak]] the device (which allows users to install any compatible software on the device instead of only App Store apps).<ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Wilson |title=One-step method for adding third-party apps to iPhone 1.1.1, iPod Touch debuts |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/one-step-method-for-adding-third-party-apps-to-iphone-1-1-1-ipod-touch-debuts/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=December 5, 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Sean |last=Hollister |title=Official: iPhone 4 jailbreak hits from iPhone Dev Team (updated with video) |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/08/01/official-iphone-4-jailbreak-hits-from-iphone-dev-team/ |work=[[Engadget]] |date=August 1, 2010 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek">{{cite news|title=Apple iOS Zero-Day PDF Vulnerability Exposed |author=Mathew J. Schwartz |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/231001147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123801/http://www.informationweek.com/news/231001147 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |newspaper=InformationWeek |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=October 23, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Each of these exploits were quickly fixed by iOS updates from Apple. Theoretically these flaws could have also been used for malicious purposes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news-record.com/content/2011/07/08/article/security_holes_discovered_in_iphones_ipads|title=Security holes discovered in iPhones, iPads|last=Robertson|first=Jordan|work=[[News & Record]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=July 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711154914/http://www.news-record.com/content/2011/07/08/article/security_holes_discovered_in_iphones_ipads|archive-date=July 11, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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In July 2011, Apple released iOS 4.3.5 (4.2.10 for CDMA iPhone) to fix a security vulnerability with certificate validation.<ref>{{cite web | first=Lex | last=Friedman | title=Apple releases iOS 4.3.5 to fix certificate validation | website=Macworld | date=July 25, 2011 | url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1161328/ios435.html | access-date=January 19, 2017}}</ref><br />
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Following the release of the iPhone 5S model, a group of German hackers called the [[Chaos Computer Club]] announced on September 21, 2013, that they had bypassed Apple's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using "easy everyday means." The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification. The spokesman for the group stated: "We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain stupid to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token."<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Musil |title=Hackers claim to have defeated Apple's Touch ID print sensor |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/hackers-claim-to-have-defeated-apples-touch-id-print-sensor/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=September 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="name=touch-ccc">{{cite web | title=Chaos Computer Club breaks Apple TouchID | publisher=Chaos Computer Club | author=Frank | url=http://www.ccc.de/en/updates/2013/ccc-breaks-apple-touchid | date=September 21, 2013 | access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref><br />
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===SIM unlocking===<br />
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====United States====<br />
[[File:IPhone sim slot.jpg|thumb|[[iPhone 5S]] shown with the [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM]] tray partially ejected and SIM ejector tool in the eject hole.]]<br />
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Most iPhones were and are still{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} sold with a [[SIM lock]], which restricts the use of the phone to one particular carrier, a common practice with subsidized [[GSM]] phones. Unlike most GSM phones, however, the phone cannot be officially unlocked by entering a code.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The locked/unlocked state is maintained on Apple's servers{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} per [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|IMEI]] and is set when the iPhone is activated.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to unlock your iPhone|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201328|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=Doesn't mention code or where locked/unlocked state is stored|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
While the iPhone was initially [[AT&T, the iPhone, and Tying of Smartphones and Service Providers|sold in the U.S. only on the AT&T network]] with a SIM lock in place, various hackers have found methods to "[[Unlock phone|unlock]]" the phone from a specific network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1060045/iphone_sim_unlocking.html|title=Unlocking an iPhone|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|date=November 14, 2007|work=Macworld|access-date=May 25, 2009}}</ref> Although AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile and Verizon are the only authorized iPhone carriers in the United States{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}, unlocked iPhones can be used with other carriers.<ref name=bw>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2008/tc2008091_106953.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904125629/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2008/tc2008091_106953.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 4, 2008 |title=What's Hot: Used Apple iPhones: After the iPhone 3G launch, consumers want the original, hackable iPhone, and vendors are springing up to sell them—for a premium |last=Kharif |first=Olga |work=BusinessWeek |date=September 2, 2008 |access-date=March 17, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}{{failed verification|reason=More carriers are authorized https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204039|date=December 2017}}</ref> For example, an unlocked iPhone may be used on the T-Mobile network in the U.S. but, while an unlocked iPhone is compatible with T-Mobile's ''voice'' network, it may not be able to make use of 3G or 4G functionality (i.e. no mobile web or e-mail, etc.).<ref name="AppleInsider, January 11, 2012">[http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/12/01/11/t_mobile_ceo_says_frequency_band_issue_is_key_reason_for_lack_of_iphone.html T-Mobile CEO says frequency band issue is 'key reason' for lack of iPhone]. Appleinsider.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.</ref> {{failed verification|reason=Article doesn't say no mobile web or e-mail. Article does say some can take "advantage of 3G speeds". (AFAIK, any iPhone on T-mobile can do mobile web and e-mail, just not always over 3G or better.)|date=September 2013}} More than a quarter of the original first generation iPhones sold in the U.S. were not registered with AT&T. Apple speculates that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked, a lucrative market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release.<ref name="NPD demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.npd.com/press/releases/press_090622.html|title=iPhone 3G Price Decrease Addresses Key Reason Consumers Exhibit Purchase Resistance|date=June 22, 2009|publisher=[[NPD Group]]|access-date=June 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7214873.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=January 28, 2008|title=Quarter of US iPhones 'unlocked'}}</ref><br />
<br />
On March 26, 2009, AT&T in the United States began selling the iPhone without a contract, though still SIM-locked to their network.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Krazit |title=AT&T: No-contract iPhones coming next week |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/at-t-no-contract-iphones-coming-next-week/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=March 19, 2009 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> The up-front purchase price of such iPhone units is often twice as expensive as those bundled with contracts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pcretailmag.com/news/29052/Orange-to-sell-iPhone-SIM-free-for-749|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117165605/http://www.pcretailmag.com/news/29052/Orange-to-sell-iPhone-SIM-free-for-749|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2008|title=Orange to sell iPhone SIM-free for €749|date=November 29, 2007|access-date=January 6, 2008|work=PC Retail Magazine}}</ref><br />
<br />
Outside of the United States, policies differ, especially in U.S. territories and insular areas like [[Guam]]; [[GTA Teleguam]] was the exclusive carrier for the iPhone since its introduction, as none of the four U.S. carriers (AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, and Verizon) have a presence in the area.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091212205317/http://www.gta.net/guam-cell-phones/phones/iPhone/overview iPhone overview] from GTA TeleGuam</ref> Since 2013, [[Docomo Pacific]] ended GTA's exclusivity starting with the iPhone 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docomopacific.com/mobile/iphone|title=iPhone overview|publisher=[[Docomo Pacific]]|access-date=February 20, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beginning April 8, 2012, AT&T began offering a factory SIM unlock option (which Apple calls a "whitelisting", allowing it to be used on any carrier the phone supports) for iPhone owners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.att.com/support/|title=AT&T Customer Service & Support - AT&T Official Site|website=AT&T}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has been reported that all of the Verizon 4G&nbsp;LTE phones come factory unlocked. After such discovery, Verizon announced that all of their 4G&nbsp;LTE phones, including iPhones, would remain unlocked. This is due to the regulations that the FCC has placed on the 700&nbsp;MHz C-Block spectrum,{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} which is used by Verizon.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411110410/http://m.nbcnews.com/technology/gadgetbox/verizon-wireless-says-iphone-5-wont-be-relocked-1B6078242 Verizon Wireless says iPhone 5 won't be 'relocked' ]. NBC Nnws.com (September 24, 2012). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.{{failed verification|reason=Doesn't mention 700 MHz spectrum.|date=December 2017}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] loses more [[money]] than it makes on repair services in the US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50505342|title=Apple 'loses money on phone repairs'|date=2019-11-21|access-date=2019-11-25|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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====Other countries====<br />
In the United Kingdom, [[O2 (United Kingdom)|O2]], [[EE (telecommunications company)|EE]], [[Hutchison 3G|3]], [[Vodafone UK|Vodafone]], and [[Tesco Mobile]] sell the device under subsidized contracts, or for use on a pay as you go. They are locked to the network initially, though they can usually be unlocked either after a certain period of contract length has passed, or for a small fee (with the exception of the [[Hutchison 3G|3]] network, which will unlock the device at any time for no charge).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/phones-telecoms-and-internet/advice-for-consumers/advice/mobile-phone-locking-and-unlocking|title=Mobile phone locking and unlocking|date=December 12, 2019|website=Ofcom}}</ref> However, all current versions of iPhone are available for purchase [[SIM-free]] from the Apple Store or Apple's Online Store, consequently, they are unlocked for use on any GSM network too.<ref name="iPhone is sold SIM-free and a customer can choose carrier.">{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/uk/browse/home/shop_iphone/family/iphone|title=Buy iPhone 4 and iPhone 3GS|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=August 6, 2011}}{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2017}}</ref><br />
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In Canada, all iPhones purchased for full retail price at an [[Apple Store]] or online at apple.com come unlocked which allows customer selection of carriers. iPhones sold in [[Canada]] purchased through mobile carries such as [[Telus Mobility|TELUS]], [[Rogers Wireless|Rogers]], or [[Bell Mobility|Bell]] were locked to their respective networks and unlocking required visiting a carrier store and paying an unlocking fee. Third-party methods to unlock iPhones existed but were highly unreliable and sometimes rendered phones unusable.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} However, in 2017 the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] abolished SIM-locking and required that all mobile devices sold after December 1, 2017, come unlocked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/crtc-wireless-code-cellphone-1.4161711|title=CRTC bans cellphone unlocking fees, orders all new devices be unlocked |last=Harris|first=Sophia Harris|date=16 June 2017 |website=CBC|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> The [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] also mandated that carriers must offer unlocking services of existing devices for free to consumers, regardless of whether or not they had purchased the phone themselves. In Australia, the three major carriers ([[Optus]], [[Telstra]] and [[Vodafone Australia|Vodafone]])<ref name="Apple Store Australia">{{cite web|url=http://store.apple.com/au/browse/home/shop_iphone/family/iphone|title=iPhone 3G & iPhone 3GS&nbsp;– Apple Store (Australia)|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=May 19, 2010}}{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2017}}</ref> offer legitimate unlocking, now at no cost for all iPhone devices, both current and prior models.<br />
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Internationally, policies vary, but many carriers sell the iPhone unlocked for full retail price.<ref name="Carrier unlocking list" /><br />
<br />
=== Prevention of repair ===<br />
{{expand section|date=April 2021}}<br />
Apple takes numerous measures that make third-party repairs difficult. Only Apple and service providers / independent repair providers explicitly authorized by Apple are able to perform genuine replacements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About genuine iPhone displays|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210321|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Apple Support|language=en}}</ref> <br />
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In the past (with models as early as the [[iPhone 6]]), there have been reports such as denial of operation if the home button is detected to have been tampered with, upon which an ''Error 53'' is indicated instead.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macro |first1=Ashleigh |title=Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53 |url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/what-is-iphone-error-53-3634865/ |website=Macworld UK |date=2018-07-26}}</ref> There have also been issues caused by swapping a display made by one manufacturer with one made by another, as Apple uses multiple suppliers for its displays.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOLVED: How do you fix the iPhone 7 ghost touch issue after screen replacement - iPhone 7|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Answers/View/415186/How+do+you+fix+the+iPhone+7+ghost+touch+issue+after+screen+replacement|access-date=2021-06-01|website=iFixit|language=en}}</ref> <br />
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In more recent models (starting with the [[iPhone XR]]), Apple displays non-removable warnings if the battery, display, or camera is replaced by a third party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=iOS 14.4 Will Introduce Warning on iPhones With Non-Genuine Cameras|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2021/01/14/ios-14-4-non-genuine-camera-warning/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, features are disabled upon detection of a "non-genuine" replacement such as disabling true tone or hiding the battery health feature. [[iFixit]] notes that a proprietary, cloud-linked System Configuration tool is required to "complete" a part repair, meaning that even replacing a genuine part with another genuine part will fail Apple's "genuine parts" check unless said tool is used.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-01|title=Is This the End of the Repairable iPhone?|url=https://www.ifixit.com/News/45921/is-this-the-end-of-the-repairable-iphone|access-date=2021-06-01|website=iFixit|language=en}}</ref> <br />
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==Legal battles over brand name==<br />
In [[Mexico]], the trademark iFone was registered in 2003 by a communications systems and services company, iFone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://appadvice.com/appnn/2012/11/apple-losing-the-battle-over-the-iphone-brand-name-in-mexico|title=Apple Losing The Battle Over The iPhone Brand Name In Mexico|last=Author|first=AppAdvice Staff|date=2012-11-02|work=AppAdvice|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref> Apple tried to gain control over its brand name, but a Mexican court denied the request. The case began in 2009, when the Mexican firm sued Apple. The [[Supreme Court (Mexico)|Supreme Court of Mexico]] upheld that iFone is the rightful owner and held that Apple iPhone is a trademark violation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mexican Supreme Court upholds iFone ruling|url=http://www.worldipreview.com/news/mexican-supreme-court-upholds-ifone-ruling|access-date=November 11, 2013|newspaper=WIPR|date=March 19, 2013}}{{Subscription required}}</ref><br />
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In [[Brazil]], the brand IPHONE was registered in 2000 by the company then called Gradiente Eletrônica S.A., now IGB Eletrônica S.A. According to the filing, Gradiente foresaw the revolution in the convergence of voice and data over the Internet at the time.<ref name=reuters-2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/snippet-idUSL1E8NI2BR20121218|title=STXNEWS LATAM-Brazil's IGB says registered brand 'IPHONE' in Brazil-filing|date=December 18, 2012|work=Reuters|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> The final battle over the brand name concluded in 2008. On December 18, 2012, IGB launched its own line of Android smartphones under the tradename to which it has exclusive rights in the local market.<ref name=reuters-2012/> In February 2013, the Brazilian Patent and Trademark Office (known as "Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial") issued a ruling that Gradiente Eletrônica, not Apple, owned the "iPhone" mark in Brazil. The "iPhone" term was registered by Gradiente in 2000, seven years before Apple's release of its first iPhone. This decision came three months after Gradiente Eletrônica launched a lower-cost smartphone using the iPhone brand.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vergara del Carril|first=Marcos|title=Apple is Fighting Back in Brazilian Courts to Get its iPhone Trademark|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/apple-fighting-back-brazilian-courts-to-get-its-iphone-trademark|access-date=November 6, 2013|newspaper=[[National Law Review]]|date=October 11, 2013|author2=Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP}}</ref> In June 2014, Apple won, for the second time, the right to use the brand name in Brazil. The court ruling determined that the Gradiente's registration does not own exclusive rights on the brand. Although Gradiente intended to appeal, with the decision Apple can use freely the brand without paying royalties to the Brazilian company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apple volta a vencer Gradiente em ação pela marca iPhone (English: ''Apple defeats Gradiente again in lawsuit for the iPhone brand'') |url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/vida-digital/apple-vence-gradiente-na-justica-e-pode-usar-marca-iphone-no-brasil/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414060613/http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/vida-digital/apple-vence-gradiente-na-justica-e-pode-usar-marca-iphone-no-brasil |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 14, 2015 |access-date=August 27, 2015 |newspaper=Veja |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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In the [[Philippines]], Solid Group launched the [[MyPhone]] brand in 2007. Stylized as "my|phone", Solid Broadband filed a trademark application of that brand. Apple later filed a trademark case at the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) against Solid Broadband's MyPhone for "confusingly similar" to the iPhone and that it may likely "deceive" or "cause confusion" among consumers. Apple lost the trademark battle to Solid Group in a 2015 decision made by IPO director Nathaniel Arevalo, who also reportedly said that it was unlikely that consumers would be confused between the "iPhone" and the "MyPhone". "This is a case of a giant trying to claim more territory than what it is entitled to, to the great prejudice of a local 'Pinoy Phone' merchant who has managed to obtain a significant foothold in the mobile phone market through the marketing and sale of innovative products under a very distinctive trademark", Arevalo later added.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beltran |first=Sam |title=iPhone vs. MyPhone: Apple Loses in Trademark Case |url=http://www.wheninmanila.com/iphone-vs-myphone-apple-loses-in-trademark-case/ |access-date=June 4, 2015|date=June 3, 2015 |work=[[When In Manila]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gonzales |first=Yuji |title=Apple Loses Trademark Case vs PH's MyPhone|url=http://technology.inquirer.net/42511/apple-loses-trademark-case-vs-phs-myphone |access-date=June 4, 2015 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=June 2, 2015}}</ref><br />
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==Privacy issues==<br />
===Location tracking controversies===<br />
Around April 20, 2011, a [[hidden file and hidden directory|hidden]] [[encryption|unencrypted]] file on the iPhone and other iOS devices was widely discussed in the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.csvance.com/?p=136|title=Consolidated.db: Final Thoughts|last=Vance|first=Christopher|date=April 20, 2011|access-date=April 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424034023/http://blog.csvance.com/?p=136|archive-date=April 24, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Wired1">{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2011/04/iphone-tracks|title=iPhone Tracks Your Every Move, and There's a Map for That|work=Wired|date=April 20, 2011|access-date=April 22, 2011|author=Chen, Brian X.}}</ref> It was alleged that the file, labeled "consolidated.db", constantly stores the iPhone user's movement by approximating geographic locations calculated by [[Mobile phone tracking|triangulating nearby cell phone towers]], a technology proven to be inaccurate at times.<ref name="O'Reilly">{{cite web|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/04/more-iphone-tracking-research.html|title=Additional iPhone tracking research|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|date=April 24, 2011|access-date=April 25, 2011|author=Warden, Pete}}</ref> The file was released with the June 2010 update of Apple [[iOS4]] and may contain almost a year's worth of data. Previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells.plist".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alexlevinson.wordpress.com/2011/04/21/3-major-issues-with-the-latest-iphone-tracking-discovery|title=3 Major Issues with the Latest iPhone Tracking "Discovery"|last=Levinson|first=Alex|date=April 21, 2011|access-date=April 25, 2011}}</ref><br />
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[[F-Secure]] discovered that the data is transmitted to Apple twice a day and postulate that Apple is using the information to construct their global location database similar to the ones constructed by Google and [[Skyhook Wireless|Skyhook]] through [[wardriving]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002145.html|title=Actually, iPhone sends your location to Apple twice a day|last=Hyppönen|first=Mikko|author-link=Mikko Hyppönen|date=April 21, 2011|access-date=April 25, 2011 }}</ref> Nevertheless, unlike the [[Google]] "Latitude" application, which performs a similar task on [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones, the file is not dependent upon signing a specific [[End-user license agreement|EULA]] or even the user's knowledge, but it is stated in the 15,200 word-long [[terms and conditions]] of the iPhone that "Apple and [their] partners and licensees may collect, use, and share precise location data, including the real-time geographic location of [the user's] Apple computer or device".<ref>{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Arthur |title=iPhone keeps record of everywhere you go |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/apr/20/iphone-tracking-prompts-privacy-fears |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
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The file is also automatically copied onto the user's computer once synchronized with the iPhone. An [[open-source software|open-source application]] named "iPhoneTracker", which turns the data stored in the file into a visual map, was made available to the public in April 2011.<ref name="GitHub">{{cite web|url=https://petewarden.github.com/iPhoneTracker|title=iPhone Tracker|work=[[GitHub]]|access-date=April 22, 2011|author=Allan, Alasdair|author2=Warden, Pete}}</ref> While the file cannot be erased without [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]] the phone, it can be encrypted.<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=http://techland.time.com/2011/04/22/how-to-encrypt-your-iphones-location-data-consolidated-db|title=How to Encrypt The Location Data of your iPhone (Consolidated.db)|work=Time|date=April 22, 2011|access-date=April 22, 2011|author=Aamoth, Doug}}</ref><br />
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Apple gave an official response on their web site on April 27, 2011,<ref name="Apple-location-FAQ">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/04/27location_qa.html|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=June 7, 2011|publisher=Apple Inc.|title=Apple Q&A on Location Data|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607035322/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/04/27location_qa.html|archive-date=June 7, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> after questions were submitted by users, the [[Associated Press]] and others. Apple clarified that the data is a small portion of their crowd-sourced location database cache of Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers which is downloaded from Apple into the iPhone for making location services faster than with only GPS, therefore the data does not represent the locations of the iPhone. The volume of data retained was an error. Apple issued an update for iOS (version [[IOS version history#4.3.3|4.3.3]], or [[IOS version history#4.2.8|4.2.8]] for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, stopped it being backed up to iTunes, and erased it entirely whenever location services were turned off.<ref name="Apple-location-FAQ" /> The upload to Apple can also be selectively disabled from "System services", "Cell Network Search." Regardless, in July 2014, a report on state-owned China Central Television labeled the iPhone a "national security concern."<ref name="iPhoneChina">{{cite news|title=Influential China TV alleges iPhone exposing 'state secrets'|url=http://www.beijingnews.net/index.php/sid/223727225/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Influential-China-TV-alleges-iPhone-exposing-state-secrets|access-date=July 10, 2014|work=Beijing News.Net}}</ref><br />
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The "Frequent Locations" feature found in "Settings" under "Location Services" stores commonly visited locations locally on the device.<ref>{{cite web|title=About privacy and Location Services in iOS 8 and later|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203033|website=Apple|access-date = September 4, 2018}}</ref> This feature is said to help the accuracy of the GPS and Apple Maps since it can log information about the locations the user has frequently visited. However, this feature also keeps track of the number of times that the user has been to that location, the dates, and the exact times. Media outlets have publicized instructions on how this can be disabled for concerned users.<ref>{{cite web|title = Your iPhone Knows Exactly Where You've Been And This Is How To See It|url = https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimwaterson/your-iphone-knows-exactly-where-youve-been-and-this-is-how-t |website = BuzzFeed|access-date = October 27, 2015}}</ref><br />
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===Transmission of private and technical data===<br />
A privacy experiment conducted by the Washington Post determined that the iPhone transmitted a host of personal data without the user's knowledge or consent, including phone number, email, exact location, device model and [[IP address]], to "a dozen marketing companies, research firms and other personal data guzzlers" via 5,400 hidden app trackers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fowler|first=Geoffrey A.|title=Perspective {{!}} It's the middle of the night. Do you know who your iPhone is talking to?|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/28/its-middle-night-do-you-know-who-your-iphone-is-talking/|access-date=2020-09-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Some of the information shared with third parties was found to be in violation of the apps' own privacy regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lakshmanan|first=Ravie|date=2019-05-29|title=Your iPhone is leaking personal info to tracking companies|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2019/05/29/your-iphone-is-leaking-personal-info-to-tracking-companies/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=The Next Web|language=en-us}}</ref><br />
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===Encryption and intelligence agency access===<br />
It was revealed as a part of the [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]] that the American and British intelligence agencies, the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) and the [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ) have access to the user data in iPhones, BlackBerrys, and Android phones, respectively. They can read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes.<ref name="spiegel20130907">{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/a-920971.html|title= Privacy Scandal: NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data|date=September 7, 2013|access-date=September 7, 2013|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref><br />
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According to an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' titled "Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A.", Apple has developed a new encryption method for iOS 8, described as "so deep that Apple could no longer comply with government warrants asking for customer information to be extracted from devices."<ref name="postsnowden">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/27/technology/iphone-locks-out-the-nsa-signaling-a-post-snowden-era-.html|title= Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A.|date=September 27, 2014|access-date=September 27, 2014|author1=David E Sanger |author2=Brian X Chen |work=The New York Times}}</ref><br />
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Throughout 2015, prosecutors in the United States argued for the U.S. government to be able to compel decryption of iPhone contents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/07/manhattan-da-iphone-crypto-foiled-cops-74-times/|title=Manhattan DA: iPhone Crypto Locked Out Cops 74 Times|date=July 8, 2015|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/encrypted-smartphones-challenge-investigators-1444692995|title=Encrypted Smartphones Challenge Investigators|last=Zakrzewski|first=Cat|date=October 12, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/15/08/12/prosecutors-press-on-with-think-of-the-children-campaign-against-encryption-in-ios-android|title=Prosecutors press on with 'think of the children' campaign against encryption in iOS, Android|date=August 12, 2015|work=AppleInsider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-18/n-y-prosecutor-calls-for-phone-access-in-wake-of-paris-attacks|title=Apple, Google Urged to Crack Encrypted Phones in Terror Probes|author1=Tiffany Kary |author2=Chris Dolmetsch |date=November 18, 2015|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> After the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]], the [[FBI]] recovered an [[iPhone 5C]] that was issued to one of the shooters by his employer, and [[iCloud]] backups of that phone from a month and a half before the shooting. (The shooters had destroyed their personal phones.) The U.S. government attempted to obtain a court order under the [[All Writs Act]] compelling Apple to produce an [[IPSW]] file that would allow investigators to [[brute force attack|brute force]] the device passcode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-19/secret-memo-details-u-s-s-broader-strategy-to-crack-phones|title=Secret Memo Details U.S.'s Broader Strategy to Crack Phones|author1=Michael Riley |author2=Jordan Robertson |date=February 19, 2016|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cyrus |last=Farivar |title=Judge: Apple must help FBI unlock San Bernardino shooter's iPhone |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/02/judge-apple-must-help-fbi-unlock-san-bernardino-shooters-iphone/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=February 17, 2016 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/san-bernardino-shooting/judge-forces-apple-help-unlock-san-bernardino-shooter-iphone-n519701|title=Judge Forces Apple to Help Unlock San Bernardino Shooter iPhone|last=Blankstein|first=Andrew|work=NBC News|date=February 16, 2016}}</ref> [[Tim Cook]] responded on the company's website, outlining a need for encryption, arguing that if they produce a [[backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] for one device, it would inevitably be used to compromise the privacy of other iPhone users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/customer-letter/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217084120/http://www.apple.com/customer-letter/|archive-date=February 17, 2016|title=A Message to Our Customers|quote=The United States government has demanded that Apple take an unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers. We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond the legal case at hand.|author=Tim Cook}}</ref> On February 19, Apple communicated to journalists that the password for the Apple ID for the iPhone had been changed within a day of the government obtaining it, preventing Apple from producing a workaround that would only target older devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/02/19/apple-fbi-timeline/|title=Apple vs. FBI: A timeline of the iPhone encryption case |last =Novet|first =Jordan|work=VentureBeat|access-date=February 20, 2017}}</ref> ''See'' [[FBI–Apple encryption dispute]].<br />
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The GrayKey, manufactured by [[Grayshift]], can unlock iPhones, even if they are disabled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.malwarebytes.com/security-world/2018/03/graykey-iphone-unlocker-poses-serious-security-concerns/|title=GrayKey iPhone unlocker device |access-date=March 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Vice Media]] |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/wjken4/leaked-emails-cops-hiding-graykey-grayshift-phone-hacking-emails |title=Leaked Emails Show Cops Trying to Hide Emails About Phone Hacking Tools |first=Joseph |last=Cox |date=July 5, 2018 |quote=Leaked emails from one of these communities showed how some members were confident that Grayshift, the company behind the GrayKey product, had already found a workaround to a new security feature from Apple called USB Restricted Mode.}}</ref> As a countermeasure, Apple implemented USB Restricted Mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2018/06/14/grayshift-usb-restricted-mode-solution/|title=Grayshift usb restricted mode solution |access-date=September 21, 2018}}</ref><br />
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{{as of|2016|April|}}, Apple's [[privacy policy]] addresses requests from government agencies for access to customers' data: "Apple has never worked with any government agency from any country to create a 'backdoor' in any of our products or services. We have also never allowed any government access to our servers. And we never will."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/privacy/government-information-requests/|title=Privacy – Government Information Requests |publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=April 23, 2016}}</ref> In 2015 the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] awarded Apple five out of five stars "commend[ing] Apple for its strong stance regarding user rights, transparency, and privacy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-government-data-requests-2015|title=Who Has Your Back? Government Data Requests 2015|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|access-date=April 23, 2016}}</ref><br />
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Apple iOS in combination with their specific hardware uses [[crypto-shredding]] when activating the "Erase all content and settings" by [[wiktionary:en:obliterate|obliterating]] all the keys in '[[wiktionary:en:efface|effaceable]] storage'. This renderes all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uit.stanford.edu/security/data-sanitization|title=Data Sanitization &#124; University IT|website=uit.stanford.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception and legacy==<br />
The original iPhone has been described as "revolutionary",<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Pogue |title=The iPhone Matches Most of Its Hype |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/technology/circuits/27pogue.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 27, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> a "game-changer" for the mobile phone industry,<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Farber |title=When iPhone met world, 7 years ago today |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/when-iphone-met-world-7-years-ago-today/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=January 9, 2014 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Mike |last=Elgan |title=How iPhone Changed the World |url=http://www.cultofmac.com/103229/how-iphone-changed-the-world/ |website=Cult of Mac |date=July 2, 2011 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Goode |title=The original iPhone changed phones as we knew them, but iPhone 4S was a game-changer, too |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/16/14286168/iphone-4s-launch-bigger-than-first-iphone-siri-icloud-camera |website=[[The Verge]] |date=January 16, 2017 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Galen |last=Gruman |title=5 years of iPhone: Evolution of a game-changer |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2289719/smartphones/5-years-of-iphone--evolution-of-a-game-changer.html |website=Networkworld |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> and has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Satariano |title=Apple Surpasses Exxon as World's Most Valuable Company Before Retreating |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-09/apple-rises-from-near-bankruptcy-to-become-most-valuable-company.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810082324/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-09/apple-rises-from-near-bankruptcy-to-become-most-valuable-company.html |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 10, 2011 |archive-date=August 10, 2011 |access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Newer iterations have also received praise, such as being called "the best phone",<ref>{{cite web |first=Nilay |last=Patel |title=iPhone 6S Review |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/22/9368415/apple-iphone-6s-iphone-6s-plus-review |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> although in more recent years this has often not been the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.androidauthority.com/apple-fast-charging-storage-1028543/|title=Apple shouldn't be praised for doing the bare minimum|date=September 12, 2019|website=Android Authority}}</ref><br />
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The iPhone attracts users of all ages,<ref name="Nielsen demographics"/> and besides consumer use, the iPhone has also been adopted for [[Mobile business intelligence|business purposes]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.informationweek.com/early-signs-of-iphone-adoption-in-business/d/d-id/1057082|title=Early Signs Of iPhone Adoption In Business - InformationWeek|work=InformationWeek|access-date=2018-05-30}}</ref> Research has shown that iPhones are commonly associated with wealth, and that the average iPhone user has 40% more annual income than the average Android user.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comscore.com/ita/Public-Relations/Infographics/iPhone-Users-Earn-Higher-Income-Engage-More-on-Apps-than-Android-Users|title=iPhone Users Earn Higher Income, Engage More on Apps than Android Users|website=Comscore, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/want-to-appear-rich-buy-an-iphone-1827431776|title=Want to Appear Rich? Buy an iPhone|website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Women are more likely than men to own an iPhone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html|url-access=registration|title=Women more likely to own an iPhone than men|first=Rhiannon|last=Williams|date=January 9, 2015|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref><br />
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Before the release of the iPhone, handset manufacturers such as [[Nokia]] and [[Motorola Mobility|Motorola]] were enjoying record sales of [[feature phone|cell phones]] based more on fashion and brand rather than technological innovation.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Peter Burrows |author2=Olga Kharif |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-03-04/apple-s-planned-iwatch-could-be-more-profitable-than-tv|title=Apple's Planned 'IWatch' Could Be More Profitable Than TV|work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref> The smartphone market, dominated at the time by [[BlackBerry OS]] and [[Windows Mobile]] devices, was a "staid, corporate-led smartphone paradigm" focused on enterprise needs. Phones at the time were designed around carrier and business limits which were conservative with regards to bandwidth usage and battery life.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|author=Sean Silcoff, Jacquie Mcnish And Steve Ladurantaye |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/the-inside-story-of-why-blackberry-is-failing/article14563602/?page=all |title=How BlackBerry blew it: The inside story |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=February 3, 2014 |location=Toronto |date=November 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="BlackBerry lost empire">{{cite web |first=Jesse |last=Hicks |title=Research, no motion: How the BlackBerry CEOs lost an empire |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2789676/rim-blackberry-mike-lazaridis-jim-balsillie-lost-empire |website=[[The Verge]] |date=February 21, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> Phones were sold in a very large number of models, often segmented by marketing strategy, confusing customers and sapping engineering resources.<ref name="When Dilbert came to Nokia">{{cite web|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|title=When Dilbert came to Nokia|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/14/nokia_dilbert/|website=The Register|access-date=August 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|title=Why I want the iPhone to succeed|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/10/iphone_where_is_the_market/|date=October 1, 2007|quote=I've seen the established players become lazy and complacent, go down blind alleys, or standardize on horrible designs and feature sets. So the iPhone should focus minds wonderfully – it should raise the bar for everyone.}}</ref> For example, phones marketed at business were often deliberately stripped of cameras or the ability to play music and games.<ref name=theglobeandmail.com /> Apple's approach was to deliberately simplify its product line by offering just one model a year for all customers while making it an expensive, high-end product.<br />
<br />
Apple's marketing, building on successful iPod campaigns, helped the phone become a mass-market product with many buyers on launch day. Some market research has found that, compared to other products, a greater proportion of iPhone users are female.<ref name="Women more likely to own an iPhone than men">{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Rhiannon|title=Women more likely to own an iPhone than men|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html|website=Daily Telegraph|access-date=August 15, 2015|location=London|date=January 9, 2015}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Ars Technica]]'' wrote that Apple had avoided the kind of "patronizing" marketing that competitors used to sell low-quality, high-priced products to women.<ref>{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Johnston |title=Does this smartphone make me look stupid? Meet the "ladyphones" |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/03/does-this-smartphone-make-me-look-stupid-meet-the-ladyphones/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
When then-CEO of [[Research in Motion]] [[Mike Lazaridis]] pried open an iPhone, his impression was of a Mac stuffed into a cellphone, as it used much more memory and processing power than the smartphones on the market at the time.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="BlackBerry lost empire"/> With its [[Capacitive touchscreen#Capacitive|capacitive touchscreen]] and consumer-friendly design, the iPhone fundamentally changed the mobile industry; [[Steve Jobs]] proclaimed in 2007 that the phone was not just a communication tool but a way of life.<ref name="Symbian_collapse">{{cite web|url=http://pixelstech.net/article/1359363948_Why_does_Symbian_collapse_ |title=Why does Symbian collapse? |publisher=Pixelstech.net |access-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref><br />
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The dominant mobile operating systems at the time such as [[Symbian]], [[BlackBerry OS]], and [[Windows Mobile]] were not designed to handle tasks beyond communication and basic functions. These operating systems never focused on applications and developers, and due to infighting among manufacturers as well as the complexity of developing on their low-memory hardware, they never developed a thriving [[Apple ecosystem|ecosystem]] like Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] or [[Android (operating system)|Android]]'s [[Google Play]].<ref name="Symbian_collapse"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Streitfeld|first=David|title=As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part Is Making a Living|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/business/as-boom-lures-app-creators-tough-part-is-making-a-living.html|access-date=April 2, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 17, 2012}}</ref> [[iPhone OS]] (renamed iOS in 2010) was designed with capabilities such as multitasking and graphics to meet future consumer demands.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/rims-long-road-to-reinvent-the-blackberry/article7901031/ |title=RIM's long road to reinvent the BlackBerry |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=June 13, 2013 |location=Toronto |date=January 28, 2013}}</ref> Many services were provided by mobile carriers, who often extensively customized devices. Meanwhile, Apple's decision to base its OS on [[OS X]] had the unexpected benefit of allowing OS X developers to rapidly expand into iOS development.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Siracusa |title=Let a million iPhones bloom |url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/2007/07/let-a-million-iphones-bloom/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 2, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> Rival manufacturers have been forced to spend more on software and development costs to catch up to the iPhone. The iPhone's success has led to a decline in sales of high-end fashion phones and business-oriented smartphones such as [[Vertu]] and [[BlackBerry]], as well as Nokia.<ref name="Symbian_collapse"/><ref name="businessweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-06-16/the-iphones-impact-on-rivalsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |title=The iPhone's Impact on Rivals |work=Businessweek |date=June 16, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref> Nokia realised the limitations of its operating system Symbian and attempted to develop a more advanced system, Maemo, without success. It ultimately agreed to a technology-sharing deal and then a takeover from Microsoft.<ref name="This is how a Helsingin Sanomat journalist tried to save Nokia">{{cite web|last1=Malkavaara|first1=Lauri|title=This is how a Helsingin Sanomat journalist tried to save Nokia|url=http://www.hs.fi/kuukausiliite/a1381288411564|website=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|access-date=December 2, 2015|date=October 9, 2013}}</ref><br />
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Before the iPhone, "Handsets were viewed largely as cheap, disposable lures, massively subsidized to snare subscribers and lock them into using the carriers' proprietary services." However, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' wrote, "Apple retained complete control over the design, manufacturing, and marketing of the iPhone", meaning that it and not the carrier would control the software updates, and by extension security patches. By contrast, Google has allowed carriers and OEMs to dictate the "pace of upgrades and pre-load phones with their own software on top of [[Android (operating system)|Android]]". As a result, many Android OEMs often lag months behind Google's release of the next iteration of Android; although [[Google Nexus]] and [[Google Pixel|Pixel]] devices are guaranteed two years of operating system updates and a third additional year for security. However, Apple has supported older iterations of iPhones for over four years.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> Some of the newer generations of iPhone have hit six years of support.<ref>{{Cite web|title=These Are the iPhones That Can Upgrade to iOS 14|url=https://ios.gadgethacks.com/how-to/these-are-iphones-can-upgrade-ios-14-0315141/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Gadget Hacks|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sales ===<br />
<div class=floatright><br />
<timeline><br />
ImageSize=width:270 height:650<br />
PlotArea=left:60 bottom:51 top:10 right:16<br />
AlignBars=justify<br />
Period=from:0 till:80<br />
TimeAxis=orientation:horizontal<br />
<br />
Colors=<br />
id:gray value:gray(0.5)<br />
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)<br />
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)<br />
<br />
ScaleMajor=unit:year increment:25 start:0 gridcolor:line2<br />
ScaleMinor=unit:year increment:25 start:0 gridcolor:line1<br />
<br />
BarData=<br />
bar:Q3_2007 text:Q3_2007<br />
bar:Q4_2007 text:Q4_2007<br />
bar:Q1_2008 text:Q1_2008<br />
bar:Q2_2008 text:Q2_2008<br />
bar:Q3_2008 text:Q3_2008<br />
bar:Q4_2008 text:Q4_2008<br />
bar:Q1_2009 text:Q1_2009<br />
bar:Q2_2009 text:Q2_2009<br />
bar:Q3_2009 text:Q3_2009<br />
bar:Q4_2009 text:Q4_2009<br />
bar:Q1_2010 text:Q1_2010<br />
bar:Q2_2010 text:Q2_2010<br />
bar:Q3_2010 text:Q3_2010<br />
bar:Q4_2010 text:Q4_2010<br />
bar:Q1_2011 text:Q1_2011<br />
bar:Q2_2011 text:Q2_2011<br />
bar:Q3_2011 text:Q3_2011<br />
bar:Q4_2011 text:Q4_2011<br />
bar:Q1_2012 text:Q1_2012<br />
bar:Q2_2012 text:Q2_2012<br />
bar:Q3_2012 text:Q3_2012<br />
bar:Q4_2012 text:Q4_2012<br />
bar:Q1_2013 text:Q1_2013<br />
bar:Q2_2013 text:Q2_2013<br />
bar:Q3_2013 text:Q3_2013<br />
bar:Q4_2013 text:Q4_2013<br />
bar:Q1_2014 text:Q1_2014<br />
bar:Q2_2014 text:Q2_2014<br />
bar:Q3_2014 text:Q3_2014<br />
bar:Q4_2014 text:Q4_2014<br />
bar:Q1_2015 text:Q1_2015<br />
bar:Q2_2015 text:Q2_2015<br />
bar:Q3_2015 text:Q3_2015<br />
bar:Q4_2015 text:Q4_2015<br />
bar:Q1_2016 text:Q1_2016<br />
bar:Q2_2016 text:Q2_2016<br />
bar:Q3_2016 text:Q3_2016<br />
bar:Q4_2016 text:Q4_2016<br />
bar:Q1_2017 text:Q1_2017<br />
bar:Q2_2017 text:Q2_2017<br />
bar:Q3_2017 text:Q3_2017<br />
bar:Q4_2017 text:Q4_2017<br />
bar:Q1_2018 text:Q1_2018<br />
bar:Q2_2018 text:Q2_2018<br />
bar:Q3_2018 text:Q3_2018<br />
bar:Q4_2018 text:Q4_2018<br />
<br />
PlotData=<br />
color:tan1 width:10<br />
<br />
bar:Q3_2007 from:start till:0.270000 text:0.27 million<br />
bar:Q4_2007 from:start till:1.120000 text:1.12 million<br />
bar:Q1_2008 from:start till:2.320000 text:2.32 million<br />
bar:Q2_2008 from:start till:1.700000 text:1.70 million<br />
bar:Q3_2008 from:start till:0.720000 text:0.72 million<br />
bar:Q4_2008 from:start till:6.890000 text:6.89 million<br />
bar:Q1_2009 from:start till:4.360000 text:4.36 million<br />
bar:Q2_2009 from:start till:3.790000 text:3.79 million<br />
bar:Q3_2009 from:start till:5.210000 text:5.21 million<br />
bar:Q4_2009 from:start till:7.370000 text:7.37 million<br />
bar:Q1_2010 from:start till:8.740000 text:8.74 million<br />
bar:Q2_2010 from:start till:8.750000 text:8.75 million<br />
bar:Q3_2010 from:start till:8.400000 text:8.40 million<br />
bar:Q4_2010 from:start till:14.100000 text:14.10 million<br />
bar:Q1_2011 from:start till:16.240000 text:16.24 million<br />
bar:Q2_2011 from:start till:18.650000 text:18.65 million<br />
bar:Q3_2011 from:start till:20.340000 text:20.34 million<br />
bar:Q4_2011 from:start till:17.070000 text:17.07 million<br />
bar:Q1_2012 from:start till:37.040000 text:37.04 million<br />
bar:Q2_2012 from:start till:35.060000 text:35.06 million<br />
bar:Q3_2012 from:start till:26.030000 text:26.03 million<br />
bar:Q4_2012 from:start till:26.910000 text:26.91 million<br />
bar:Q1_2013 from:start till:47.790000 text:47.79 million<br />
bar:Q2_2013 from:start till:37.430000 text:37.43 million<br />
bar:Q3_2013 from:start till:31.240000 text:31.24 million<br />
bar:Q4_2013 from:start till:33.800000 text:33.80 million<br />
bar:Q1_2014 from:start till:51.030000 text:51.03 million<br />
bar:Q2_2014 from:start till:43.720000 text:43.72 million<br />
bar:Q3_2014 from:start till:35.200000 text:35.20 million<br />
bar:Q4_2014 from:start till:39.270000 text:39.27 million<br />
bar:Q1_2015 from:start till:74.470000 text:74.47 million<br />
bar:Q2_2015 from:start till:61.170000 text:61.17 million<br />
bar:Q3_2015 from:start till:47.530000 text:47.53 million<br />
bar:Q4_2015 from:start till:48.050000 text:48.05 million<br />
bar:Q1_2016 from:start till:74.780000 text:74.78 million<br />
bar:Q2_2016 from:start till:51.190000 text:51.19 million<br />
bar:Q3_2016 from:start till:40.400000 text:40.40 million<br />
bar:Q4_2016 from:start till:45.510000 text:45.51 million<br />
bar:Q1_2017 from:start till:78.290000 text:78.29 million<br />
bar:Q2_2017 from:start till:50.760000 text:50.76 million<br />
bar:Q3_2017 from:start till:41.030000 text:41.03 million<br />
bar:Q4_2017 from:start till:46.680000 text:46.68 million<br />
bar:Q1_2018 from:start till:77.30000 text:77.3 million<br />
bar:Q2_2018 from:start till:52.20000 text:52.2 million<br />
bar:Q3_2018 from:start till:41.30000 text:41.3 million<br />
bar:Q4_2018 from:start till:46.90000 text:46.9 million<br />
<br />
TextData=<br />
pos:(70,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:S text:Worldwide iPhone sales by Apple's fiscal<br />
TextData=<br />
pos:(70,5) textcolor:gray fontsize:S text:quarters (Q3 2007 – Q4 2018).<br />
</timeline></div><br />
Apple sold 6.1&nbsp;million first generation iPhone units over five quarters.<ref name="2009_Q1_PR">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/21results.html|title=Apple Reports First Quarter Results|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=January 21, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623022830/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/21results.html|archive-date=June 23, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple had achieved a 1.1% worldwide mobile phone share for the year 2008;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/iphone-passes-1-percent-goal-for-2008-looking-good-for-2009/|title=iPhone passes 1 percent goal for 2008, looking good for 2009|first=Chris|last=Foresman|date=January 30, 2009|website=Ars Technica}}</ref> in the smartphone market it held an 8.2% share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2010/02/23/gartner-iphone-sales-double-in-2009-as-apple-claims-third-place-in-smartphone-sales/|title=Gartner: iPhone Sales Double in 2009 as Apple Claims Third Place in Smartphone Sales|website=MacRumors}}</ref> Sales in the fourth quarter of 2008 temporarily surpassed those of [[Research In Motion]]'s (RIM) [[BlackBerry]] sales of 5.2&nbsp;million units, which briefly made Apple the third largest mobile phone manufacturer by revenue, after [[Nokia]] and [[Samsung]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/21/apple_iphone_3g_sales_surpass_rims_blackberry.html|title=Apple iPhone 3G sales surpass RIM's Blackberry|publisher=[[AppleInsider]]|date=October 21, 2008}}</ref> (however, some of this income is [[deferral|deferred]]<ref name="2009_Q2_PR">{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/04/22results.html|title=Apple Reports Second Quarter Results|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=April 22, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521104112/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/04/22results.html|archive-date=May 21, 2011|df=mdy-all}} For additional sales information, see the [[commons:File:iPhone sales per quarter.svg#Data and references|table of quarterly sales]].</ref>). Numbers were lower in the first three quarters of 2009 until the fourth quarter surpassed sales of Q4 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple reports fiscal Q4 earnings: $1.67b profit, Mac sales way up, iPod sales down, 'great new products' for 2010|url=https://www.engadget.com/2009-10-19-apple-reports-fiscal-q4-earnings-1-67b-profit-mac-sales-way-u.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> Recorded sales grew steadily thereafter, and by the end of [[fiscal year]] 2010, a total of 73.5&nbsp;million iPhones had been sold.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mobilecrunch.com/2010/10/18/apple-sold-14-1-million-iphones-last-quarter-over-70-million-since-launch/|title=Apple sold 14.1&nbsp;million iPhones last quarter, over 70 million since launch|last=Kumparak|first=Greg|date=October 18, 2010|publisher=MobileCrunch|access-date=October 18, 2010}}</ref><br />
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By 2010, the iPhone had a market share of barely 4% of all cell phones; however, Apple pulled in more than 50% of the total profit that global cellphone sales generated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18114689?story_id=18114689|title=Nokia at the crossroads: Blazing platforms|last=The Economist|date=February 10, 2011|access-date=February 18, 2011}}</ref> Apple sold 14.1{{nbsp}}million iPhones in the third quarter of 2010, representing a 91% unit growth over the year-ago quarter, which was well ahead of [[International Data Corporation|IDC]]'s latest published estimate of 64% growth for the global smartphone market in the September quarter. Apple's sales surpassed that of [[Research in Motion]]'s 12.1{{nbsp}}million [[BlackBerry]] units sold in their most recent quarter ended August 2010.<ref>Ng, Gary (October 18, 2010). [http://www.iphoneincanada.ca/news/apple-q4-results-14m-iphones-sold-jobs-blasts-rim/ "Apple 2010 Q4 Results: 14.1M iPhone Sold, Jobs Blasts RIM"]. iPhone in Canada.</ref> In the United States market alone for the third quarter of 2010, while there were 9.1{{nbsp}}million Android-powered smartphones shipped for 43.6% of the market, Apple iOS was the number two phone operating system with 26.2% but the 5.5{{nbsp}}million iPhones sold made it the most popular single device.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chen |first=Brian X. |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/11/iphone-android-marketshare |title=iPhone Wins Phone Popularity Contest, Android Dominates OS |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=June 13, 2013 |date=November 1, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
On March 2, 2011, at the [[iPad 2]] launch event, Apple announced that they had sold 100&nbsp;million iPhones worldwide.<ref name=post>{{cite news|title=Apple: 100 Million iPhones Sold|publisher=Mashable|date=March 2, 2011|url=http://mashable.com/2011/03/02/100-million-iphones}}</ref> As a result of the success of the iPhone sales volume and high selling price, headlined by the [[iPhone 4S]], Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue in 2011, surpassing long-time leader [[Nokia]].<ref name="eon.businesswire.com"/> While the [[Samsung Galaxy S II]] proved more popular than the iPhone 4S in parts of Europe, the iPhone 4S was dominant in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |first=Tarmo |last=Virki |title=New iPhone? No thanks, say cash-conscious Europeans |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-smartphones-europe-idUSTRE7BL0FU20111222 |website=[[Reuters]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |date=December 22, 2011 |access-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref> By 2012, the two-year-old iPhone 4 had outsold the original iPhone, iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS models put together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipad-iphone/news/index.cfm?newsid=3374452|title=Analyst: Apple will sell more than 263 million of next iPhone|date=August 7, 2012|website=Macworld}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2012, Apple reported its best quarterly earnings ever, with 53% of its revenue coming from the sale of 37&nbsp;million iPhones, at an [[average selling price]] of nearly $660. The average selling price has remained fairly constant for most of the phone's lifespan, hovering between $622 and $660.<ref name="Jordan"/><br />
<br />
For the eight largest phone manufacturers in Q1 2012, according to [[Horace Dediu]] at Asymco, Apple and Samsung combined to take 99% of industry profits (HTC took the remaining 1%, while RIM, LG, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, and Nokia all suffered losses), with Apple earning 73 cents out of every dollar earned by the phone makers. As the industry profits grew from $5.3{{nbsp}}billion in the first quarter of 2010 to $14.4{{nbsp}}billion in the first quarter of 2012 (quadruple the profits in 2007),<ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Cooper |title=Visualized: Apple and Samsung occupy the 99 percent... of phone profits |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/04/apple-samsung-99-percent-profits/ |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date=May 4, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jeff |last=Blagdon |title=Apple and Samsung scoop up 99 percent of handset profits |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/5/4/2998403/apple-samsung-99-percent-profit-asymco |website=[[The Verge]] |date=May 4, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> Apple had managed to increase its share of these profits. This is due to increasing carrier subsidies and the high selling prices of the iPhone, which had a negative effect on the wireless carriers (AT&T Mobility, Verizon, and Sprint) who have seen their EBITDA service margins drop as they sold an increasing number of iPhones.<ref>Goldman, David. (February 8, 2012) [https://money.cnn.com/2012/02/08/technology/iphone_carrier_subsidy/index.htm Apple's subsidy makes iPhone a nightmare for carriers – Feb. 8, 2012]. Money.cnn.com. Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/sprint-nextel-apple-drinks-the-juice/article544696/ Sprint Nextel: Apple drinks the juice]. ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Gustin, Sam. (February 8, 2012) [http://business.time.com/2012/02/08/how-apples-iphone-actually-hurts-att-verizon-and-sprint/ How Apple's iPhone Actually Hurts AT&T, Verizon and Sprint | TIME.com]. Business.time.com. Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
In the fourth quarter of 2012, the [[iPhone 5]] and [[iPhone 4S]] were the best-selling handsets with sales of 27.4{{nbsp}}million (13% of smartphones worldwide) and 17.4{{nbsp}}million units, respectively, with the [[Samsung Galaxy S&nbsp;III]] in third with 15.4{{nbsp}}million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was "an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing", adding that the Galaxy S&nbsp;III's global popularity "appears to have peaked" (the Galaxy S&nbsp;III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released<ref>[http://business.financialpost.com/2012/06/26/review-is-samsung-galaxy-s3-an-apple-iphone-killer/ Is Samsung Galaxy S3 an Apple iPhone killer? | FP Tech Desk | Financial Post]. Business.financialpost.com (June 26, 2012). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/03/11/everything-need-to-know-about-samsung-galaxy-s4/ Everything you need to know about the Samsung Galaxy S4]. Fox News (March 11, 2013). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref>). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States,<ref>[http://gigaom.com/2013/02/01/with-18m-iphones-sold-during-q4-apple-outsells-samsung-in-u-s/ With 18M iPhones sold during Q4, Apple outsells Samsung in U.S. – Tech News and Analysis]. Gigaom.com (February 1, 2013). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref> with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall to a 52.3% share.<ref>[http://gigaom.com/2013/03/06/comscore-android-still-top-us-smartphone-os-but-iphone-top-smartphone-and-ios-gaining/ Comscore: Android still top US smartphone OS, but iPhone top smartphone and iOS gaining – Tech News and Analysis]. Gigaom.com (March 6, 2013). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
The continued top popularity of the iPhone despite growing Android competition was also attributed to Apple being able to deliver [[iOS]] updates over the air, while [[Android (operating system)|Android]] updates are frequently impeded by carrier testing requirements and hardware tailoring, forcing consumers to purchase a new Android smartphone to get the latest version of that OS.<ref>{{cite web |first=Natasha |last=Lomas |title=iPhone Brand Outshines Samsung's Galaxy As iPhone 5 Becomes Best-Selling Smartphone Globally In Q4, iPhone 4S 2nd – Analyst |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/20/iphone-brand-outshines-samsungs-galaxy-as-iphone-5-becomes-best-selling-smartphone-globally-in-q4-iphone-4s-2nd-analyst/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> However, by 2013, Apple's market share had fallen to 13.1%, due to the surging popularity of the Android offerings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple's smartphone market share slips |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/07/26/apples-smartphone-market-share-slips/2589047/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apple announced on September 1, 2013, that its iPhone trade-in program would be implemented at all of its 250 specialty stores in the US. For the program to become available, customers must have a valid contract and must purchase a new phone, rather than simply receive a credit to be used at a later date. A significant part of the program's goal is to increase the number of customers who purchase iPhones at Apple stores rather than carrier stores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple Rolls Out iPhone Trade-In Program Nationwide|url=http://mashable.com/2013/08/30/apple-iphone-trade-ins/|work=Mashable|publisher=Mashable|access-date=September 1, 2013|last=Fiegerman|first=Seth|date=September 1, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
On September 20, 2013, the sales date of the iPhone 5S and 5C models, the longest ever queue was observed at the New York City flagship Apple store, in addition to prominent queues in San Francisco, and Canada; however, locations throughout the world were identified for the anticipation of corresponding consumers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Apple's iPhone 5s And 5c Launch Draws Big Crowds, Including Biggest Ever Line At NYC Flagship Store |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/20/apples-iphone-5s-and-5c-launch-draws-big-crowds-including-biggest-ever-line-at-nyc-flagship-store/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |date=September 20, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> Apple also increased production of the gold-colored iPhone 5S by an additional one-third due to the particularly strong demand that emerged.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apple Suppliers to Boost Gold iPhone Production|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/09/19/apple-suppliers-to-boost-gold-iphone-production/|access-date=September 20, 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 19, 2013|last=Osawa|first=Juro|author2=Lorraine Luk}}</ref> Apple had decided to introduce a gold model after finding that gold was seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among [[China|Chinese]] customers.<ref name="Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs">{{cite news|last1=Chan & Chen|title=Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-22/cook-says-chinese-tastes-considered-in-apple-product-designs|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=August 15, 2015|date=June 22, 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apple released its opening weekend sales results for the 5C and 5S models, showing an all-time high for the product's sales figures, with nine{{nbsp}}million handsets sold—the previous record was set in 2012, when five{{nbsp}}million handsets were sold during the opening weekend of the 5 model. This was the first time that Apple has simultaneously launched two models and the inclusion of China in the list of markets contributed to the record sales result.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apple polishes forecast after selling 9{{nbsp}}million new iPhones|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-iphone-idUSBRE98J0LD20130923|access-date=September 24, 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=September 23, 2013|last=Gupta|first=Poornima|author2=Jennifer Saba}}</ref> Apple also announced that, {{as of|2013|September|23|lc=y|df=US}}, 200{{nbsp}}million devices were running the iOS 7 update, making it the "fastest software upgrade in history."<ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Apple's iPhone 5s And iPhone 5c Sell 9M Units Over Opening Weekend, Topping 5M For iPhone 5 Last Year |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/23/apples-iphone-5s-and-iphone-5c-sell-9m-units-over-opening-weekend-topping-5m-for-iphone-5-last-year/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=September 23, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
An [[Apple Store]] located at the [[Christiana Mall]] in [[Newark, Delaware]], claimed the highest iPhones sales figures in November 2013. The store's high sales results are due to the absence of a [[sales tax]] in the state of [[Delaware]].<ref name=lat111413>{{cite news |last=Rodriguez|first=Salvador|access-date=November 21, 2013|title=Why an Apple store in Delaware is No. 1 in iPhone sales|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 14, 2013|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-apple-store-delaware-iphone-sales-20131114,0,6755659.story#axzz2lLXBvpWu}}</ref><br />
<br />
The finalization of a deal between Apple and China Mobile, the world's largest mobile network, was announced in late December 2013. The multi-year agreement provides iPhone access to over 760{{nbsp}}million China Mobile subscribers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Apple signs deal to open connection between iPhones and China Mobile |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/22/apple-iphone-china-mobile-deal |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the first quarter of 2014, Apple reported that it had sold 51{{nbsp}}million iPhones, an all-time quarterly record, compared to 47.8{{nbsp}}million in the year-ago quarter.<ref>{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Apple's 51M iPhones, 26M iPads And 4.8M Macs In Q1 2014 Set A Record, But Growth Slows |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/27/apple-q1-2014-iphone-ipad-mac/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=January 27, 2014 |access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Cunningham |title=Apple breaks revenue, iPhone, and iPad records in Q1 of 2014 |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/01/apple-breaks-revenue-iphone-and-ipad-records-in-q1-of-2014/ |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=January 27, 2014 |access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On July 27, 2016, Apple had announced that that have sold their 1 billionth iPhone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple celebrates one billion iPhones|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/07/apple-celebrates-one-billion-iphones/|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
During Apple's earnings call on January 27, 2021, [[Tim Cook]] said that there are now 1 billion iPhones active.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2021-01-27|title=Apple says there are now over 1 billion active iPhones|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/27/22253162/iphone-users-total-number-billion-apple-tim-cook-q1-2021|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[History of the iPhone]]<br />
* [[Newton (platform)]], an early personal digital assistant and the first tablet platform developed by Apple<br />
* [[Pocket-sized computer]]<br />
* {{portal-inline|Telephones}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|iPhone}}<br />
* {{official website|https://www.apple.com/iphone|iPhone}} – Official Site, Apple<br />
* [http://support.apple.com/specs/#iphone Technical specifications (all models)] at [[Apple Inc.]]<br />
* {{YouTube|6uW-E496FXg|Video of Jobs launching the iPhone at Macworld 2007}}<br />
* [https://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57520121-37/digging-for-rare-earths-the-mines-where-iphones-are-born Digging for rare earths: The mines where iPhones are born] at [[CNET News]], September 26, 2012<br />
* [https://techengage.com/evolution-of-iphone/ Evolution of iPhone] at TechEngage, February 3, 2021<br />
<br />
{{iOS}}<br />
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}<br />
{{Apple}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:IPhone| ]]<br />
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:Digital audio players]]<br />
[[Category:IOS]]<br />
[[Category:ITunes]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:Smartphones]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=128474
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-11T12:09:55Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irtiqa_Ayoub&diff=128451
Irtiqa Ayoub
2021-07-11T12:05:29Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{db|not notable and got deleted on wikipedia also}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Irtiqa Ayoub<br />
| image = Irtiqa Ayoub.jpg<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| sport = Rugby<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Irtiqa Ayoub''' from [[Safa Kadal]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmiri woman dreams to play for All Blacks|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/kashmiri-woman-dreams-to-play-for-all-blacks-1.2235845|access-date=2021-05-01|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref> is the youngest Rugby Development Officer (RDO) in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]. She coached hundreds of school and college kids,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Breaking tradition, Valley’s young rugby coach proves her mettle|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/breaking-tradition-valleys-young-rugby-coach-proves-her-mettle-489258|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> and has dreams of playing for India one day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Irtiqa Ayoub, The Shining Rugby Star From Kashmir - SheThePeople TV|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/meet-irtiqa-ayoub-shining-rugby-star-kashmir/|access-date=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Irtiqa was felicitated with ‘Eminence Awards’<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patriot|first=Kashmir|date=2018-06-14|title=Meet Irtiqa, Kashmir's youngest rugby coach -|url=https://kashmirpatriot.com/2018/06/14/meet-irtiqa-kashmirs-youngest-rugby-coach/|access-date=2021-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref>, an honor dedicated to young achievers in the Kashmir valley<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Irtiqa Ayoub, a rugby player who is changing perceptions|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/meet-irtiqa-ayoub-a-rugby-player-from-kashmir-106279.html|access-date=2021-05-01|website=femina.in|language=en}}</ref>. She was 16-years-old when she started playing [[Rugby football|Rugby]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=The Dispatch|date=2019-05-20|title=The story of Irtiqa Ayoub, this 23-year-old is youngest Kashmiri rugby player|url=https://www.thedispatch.in/the-story-of-irtiqa-ayoub-this-23-year-old-is-youngest-kashmiri-rugby-player/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Dispatch|language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /></div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=127371
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-11T02:53:15Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
<br>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
# [[Good Morning]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Morning&diff=127362
Good Morning
2021-07-11T02:51:29Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{en-Wikipedia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox song | name = Good Morning | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Kanye West | album = Gra..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = Good Morning<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| type =<br />
| artist = [[Kanye West]]<br />
| album = [[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]<br />
| released = August 25, 2008<br />
| format =<br />
| recorded = 2006–2007<br />
| studio = <br />
*[[Sony Music Studios|Sony Music]] (New York)<br />
*[[Record Plant]] (Hollywood)<br />
| venue =<br />
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]<br />
| length = 3:15<br />
| label = <br />
*[[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]]<br />
*[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]<br />
| writer = <br />
*Kanye West<br />
*[[Elton John]]<br />
*[[Bernie Taupin]]<br />
| producer = Kanye West<br />
| misc = {{External music video|type=song|{{YouTube|6CHs4x2uqcQ|"Good Morning"}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
"'''Good Morning'''" is a song by American [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] recording artist and record producer [[Kanye West]] from his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007). The song was produced by West and contains [[Sampling (music)|samples]] from the recording "[[Someone Saved My Life Tonight]]" by English singer and pianist [[Elton John]]. As the opening track, the song serves as an introduction to the musical and lyrical themes of the album. West establishes the academic narrative of it, celebrating his graduation in the realm of [[hip hop]] and rapping about his skepticism of higher education over thumping, off-kilter [[boom bap]] drums.<br />
<br />
The composition of "Good Morning" is both light and dark in tone and retains [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]]-laden, [[Electronic music|electronic]] instrumentation in addition to being imbued with poignant introspection. The song's atmospheric [[hip hop production]] harbors a subdued measure of [[Progressive music|progressiveness]] as West incorporates [[New-age music|New-Age]] and [[Ambient music|ambient]] elements. His pensive verses are largely built on [[Braggadocio (rap)|self-aggrandizing]] undercut with [[self-criticism]] and explore lyrical concerns pertaining to [[anti-establishment]]. The song's lyrics express motivational declarations of triumph and contain numerous [[Popular culture|pop-culture]] references.<br />
<br />
"Good Morning" received generally favorable reviews from contemporary [[Music journalism|music critics]], who praised its production as well as West's [[Word play|wordplay]]. West performed the song as the opener of the [[Setlist|set-list]] on his worldwide [[Glow in the Dark Tour]] (2008). In the years since its release, the song has been [[Cover version|covered]] and [[Remix#Urban music|remixed]] by a variety of hip hop artists, record producers and musical groups.<br />
<br />
Though not released as a [[Single (music)|single]], an animated [[music video]] was produced for "Good Morning". The video was directed by [[Japanese people|Japanese]] contemporary artist [[Takashi Murakami]], who had designed the [[album artwork]] of ''Graduation'' and the [[cover art]] for the album's singles. The surrealistic visuals of the video take influences from Japanese [[animé]] and utilises [[Cel shading|cel-shaded animation]]. The narrative is centered around West's [[Anthropomorphism#Modern literature|anthropomorphic]] teddy bear mascot Dropout Bear. He overcomes various obstacles while racing through a futuristic city in an effort to reach his college campus in time for his graduation ceremony. The short animated feature was released to widespread critical acclaim and is often cited as one of West's most artistic music videos. It was included in the 'best-of' lists of publications such as ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' and ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'', and has been showcased in multiple [[art museum]]s.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
[[File:Kanye West @ Tim Festival (3001357178).jpg|thumb|right|West performing "Good Morning" in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on October 24, 2008 during the [[Glow in the Dark Tour]]|alt=Kanye West performing "Good Morning" for the Tim Festival at Marina da Glória in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on October 24, 2008 during the Glow in the Dark Tour.]]<br />
"Good Morning" was written and produced by West.<ref name=linernotes>{{cite AV media notes |others=Kanye West |title=Graduation |year=2007 |publisher=Roc-A-Fella Records }}</ref> Due to being the album's introductory track, the song's original title was "Good Morning (Intro)," but subsequently was changed.<ref name="Stoppelenburg" /> Unlike its predecessors, rather than a fake [[Bernie Mac]] intro or a Broke-Phi-Broke [[Hip hop skit|skit]], the album-opener instead begins with vocals from West.<ref name="Stoppelenburg">{{cite news|url=http://www.noripcord.com/reviews/music/kanye-west/graduation|title=Music Reviews – Kanye West: Graduation|author=Stoppelenburg, Japie|date=September 30, 2007|work=No Ripcord|access-date=April 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130085408/http://www.noripcord.com/reviews/music/kanye-west/graduation|archive-date=January 30, 2009|url-status=live|publisher=No Ripcord}}</ref><ref name="Marx">{{cite web|author=Marx, Nick|title=Kanye West Graduation|url=http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/kanye-west-graduation|work=[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]|publisher=Tiny Mix Tapes|date=September 2007|access-date=March 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319052407/http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/kanye-west-graduation|archive-date=March 19, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with West's usage of the vocal samples, one of the most distinctive aspects of the production for "Good Morning" is the significant emphasis on [[Electronic music|electronics]].<ref name="Report"/><ref name="Broazay"/><ref name="Connections"/> The opening track signals his progression towards a more [[Electronic musical instrument|electronic]] soundscape.<ref name="D."/><br />
<br />
The song contains [[Sampling (music)|samples]] from the recording "[[Someone Saved My Life Tonight]]" by English singer and pianist [[Elton John]].<ref name=linernotes/><ref name="Report">{{cite web|author=Breihan, Tom|title=The Quarterly Report: Status Ain't Hood's Favorite New Albums|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2007/10/03/the-quarterly-report-status-aint-hoods-favorite-new-albums-3/|work=[[The Village Voice]]|publisher=Village Voice, LLC|date=October 7, 2007|access-date=October 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072844/https://www.villagevoice.com/2007/10/03/the-quarterly-report-status-aint-hoods-favorite-new-albums-3/|archive-date=January 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Broazay">{{cite web |author=Broazay|title=Kanye West's Best Songs That Weren't Singles|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2015/03/kanye-west-best-album-songs/s/good-morning/|work=[[Pigeons and Planes|Pigeons & Planes]]|publisher=[[Complex Media Inc]]|date=March 18, 2015|access-date=May 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321193422/http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2015/03/kanye-west-best-album-songs/s/good-morning/|archive-date=March 21, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Connections">{{cite web|title=Tougher Than Leather Jackets: Elton's Hip-Hop Connections|url=http://www.clashmusic.com/features/tougher-than-leather-jackets-eltons-hip-hop-connections|work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|publisher=Clashmusic.com|date=February 26, 2014|access-date=February 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123075236/http://www.clashmusic.com/features/tougher-than-leather-jackets-eltons-hip-hop-connections|archive-date=January 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Incidentally, John had professed a desire to work with West during a ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' interview on August 25, 2006.<ref name="Andy"/> John imparted that with the assistance from an artist such as West or [[Pharrell Williams]], both of whom he tremendously respects, he wanted to bring his songs and [[Melody|melodies]] to [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] [[Beat (music)|beats]].<ref name="Andy">{{cite news | author=Greene, Andy| title=Elton John: "My Next Record Will Be Hip-Hop"| url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/elton-john-my-next-record-will-be-hip-hop-20060825|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]| date=August 25, 2006| access-date=July 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919063315/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/elton-john-my-next-record-will-be-hip-hop-20060825 |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=Kenney, Samantha| title=Elton John To Make Hip-Hop Records?| url=http://www.vibe.com/2014/03/elton-john-hip-hop-records/| work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]| publisher=Vibe Media Group, LLC| date=March 19, 2014| access-date=July 30, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709035858/http://www.vibe.com/2014/03/elton-john-hip-hop-records/| archive-date=July 9, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> It was while he was discussing his forthcoming autobiographical studio album ''[[The Captain & the Kid]]'' (2006).<ref name="Andy"/> Being a [[concept album]], it acts as the sequel to his ninth album ''[[Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy]]'' (1975), which contains the song that West samples.<ref name=linernotes/> Years later, the two artists officially collaborated with one another on West's fifth studio album ''[[My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy]]'' (2010), which John described as "genius."<ref name="Connections"/> John played the piano and was one of many in a long roster of recording artists who provided [[Backing vocalist|background vocals]] for the fifth track "[[All of the Lights]]".<ref>{{cite web|author=Carson, Erin|title=Five Reasons 31 Elton John Albums Aren't Enough|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2013/09/five-reasons-31-elton-john-albums-arent-enough/|work=[[Consequence of Sound]]|publisher=Consequence of Sound|date=September 25, 2013|access-date=June 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307141948/http://consequenceofsound.net/2013/09/five-reasons-31-elton-john-albums-arent-enough/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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"Good Morning" was first heard by music listeners when the [[Digital radio in the United Kingdom|digital]] radio station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] hosted an exclusive "Audience With Kanye West" venue at the BBC Radio Music Theatre in London on August 13, 2007.<ref name="MistaJam">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/mistajam/2007/08/kanyewest_graduation.shtml|title=kanYeWest – Graduation|author=MistaJam|date=August 14, 2007|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017095422/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/mistajam/2007/08/kanyewest_graduation.shtml|archive-date=October 17, 2007|url-status=live|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref> West guided a specially selected audience through ''Graduation'', playing the album in its entirety directly from his [[MacBook Air]] laptop via a speaker system.<ref name="MistaJam" /> The premiere was part of an extensive promotional campaign that West embarked on for his third album during a trip to the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Push">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1567552/kanye-enjoys-muchhyped-rivalry-with-50-cent.jhtml|title=Kanye West Thanks 50 Cent for Much-Hyped Rivalry: 'We Push Each Other'|author=Reid, Shaheem|date=August 21, 2007|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222003521/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1567552/kanye-enjoys-muchhyped-rivalry-with-50-cent.jhtml|archive-date=February 22, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=September 20, 2007}}</ref> Two weeks later, "Good Morning" was played as an opener when West hosted an album listening session for ''Graduation'' in [[New York City]].<ref name="GradListen" /> The late-night album listening session was held at the [[New World Stages]] on August 28, 2007.<ref name="GradListen" /> Inside an auditorium, West explained the influences and aspirations that went into the making of his third album.<ref name="GradListen" /> Throughout the night, he played previews of its songs from start-to-finish without interruption, some with [[Video clip|video accompaniment]] to match.<ref name="Longfellow">{{cite web|url=http://allhiphop.com/2007/08/29/album-preview-kanye-wests-graduation/|title=ALBUM PREVIEW: Kanye West's Graduation|author=Longfellow, Robert|date=August 29, 2007|work=[[AllHipHop]]|publisher=AllHipHop.com Inc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062158/http://allhiphop.com/2007/08/29/album-preview-kanye-wests-graduation/|archive-date=October 6, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Preview">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/2007/08/kanye_wests_gra.php|title=Kanye West's ''Graduation'': A Preview|author=Breihan, Tom|date=August 29, 2007|work=[[The Village Voice]]|publisher=Village Voice, LLC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023180552/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/2007/08/kanye_wests_gra.php|archive-date=October 23, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=September 22, 2007}}</ref> When West played "Good Morning," scenes from the film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' were broadcast on a screen while lights flashed in sequence with the thumping beat of the track.<ref name="GradListen" /><br />
<br />
==Recording==<br />
[[File:Sony Music Studio (537506745).jpg|thumb|210px|upright|[[Sony Music Studios]], in New York City was one of the [[recording studio]]s where "Good Morning" was recorded.]]<br />
"Good Morning" was the first track that West started working on for ''Graduation''.<ref name="Martins">{{cite web|author=Martins, Jordan|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2010/04/tony-williams-of-g-o-o-d-music-talks-most-memorable-studio-sessions-with-kanye|title=Tony Williams of G.O.O.D. Music Talks Most Memorable Studio Sessions With Kanye|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=Complex Media, LLC|date=April 19, 2010|access-date=July 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106110536/http://www.complex.com/music/2010/04/tony-williams-of-g-o-o-d-music-talks-most-memorable-studio-sessions-with-kanye|archive-date=January 6, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Recording sessions primarily took place at [[Sony Music Studios]] in [[New York City]] and at [[The Record Plant]] in [[Hollywood]], [[California]].<ref name=linernotes/> The track was then [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] at the [[Chalice Recording Studios]] in Hollywood, California.<ref name=linernotes/> According to former [[GOOD Music]] recording artist [[The World Famous Tony Williams|Tony Williams]], West first booked a studio in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] to begin working on the recording in February 2006.<ref name="Martins"/> He was in Detroit to perform for a pre-game concert held during [[VH1]]'s Pepsi Smash Super Bowl Bash festivities of [[Super Bowl XL]], when the [[Seattle Seahawks]] played against the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]].<ref name="Martins"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Graff, Gary |title=Pepsi Smash Super Bowl Bash / Feb. 2, 2006 / Detroit (State Theatre) |url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews/live_review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001957145 |date=February 3, 2006 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |access-date=February 5, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220062051/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews/live_review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001957145 |archive-date=February 20, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Beginning in early 2006, West had overseen the recording and production of ''Graduation'' simultaneously with ''[[Finding Forever]]'' (2007), the seventh studio album of his close friend, fellow [[Chicago]] hip hop artist and label affiliate [[Common (rapper)|Common]].<ref name=Ready>{{cite web |author1=Bland, Bridget |author2=Reid, Shaheem |author3=Richard, Yasmine |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559402/20070511/west_kanye.jhtml |title=Kanye West Says He's 'Ready To Take Over The World Once Again' |publisher=MTV. Viacom |date=May 11, 2007 |access-date=June 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601205430/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1559402/20070511/west_kanye.jhtml |archive-date=June 1, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Frehsee, Nicole |title=Common Preps New Album "Finding Forever" With Help From Kanye, Lily Allen |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/common-preps-new-album-finding-forever-with-help-from-kanye-lily-allen-20070608 |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Jann Wenner]] |date=June 8, 2007 |access-date=June 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115134621/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/common-preps-new-album-finding-forever-with-help-from-kanye-lily-allen-20070608 |archive-date=November 15, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, there was significant overlap in between the studio sessions for the two records.<ref name="Shipley">Shipley, Al. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/kanye-wests-graduation-10-things-you-didnt-know-w501933 Kanye West's 'Graduation': 10 Things You Didn't Know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203163048/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/kanye-wests-graduation-10-things-you-didnt-know-w501933|date=February 3, 2018}}. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved on September 11, 2017.</ref> Common was helpful in facilitating the composing process, as West producing songs for his album would sometimes either lead to the making of hip-hop beats or inspire creative ideas which were applied towards his own project.<ref name="Saponara">{{cite web|author=Saponara, Michael|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7957949/kanye-west-graduation-10-year-anniversary-interview|title=Grammy-Winning Engineer Anthony Kilhoffer Recalls Memorable Studio Sessions From Kanye's 'Graduation' Album|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=September 19, 2007|access-date=September 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912035433/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7957949/kanye-west-graduation-10-year-anniversary-interview|archive-date=September 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> "Good Morning" was a case of the latter in regards to its [[Programming (music)|programmed]] [[drums]].<ref name=Favorite/> The track's murky, slightly off-kilter [[Drum machine|drum-machine]] [[Drum beat|beat]] that West crafted aligns with the [[J Dilla]] methodology he channeled and maintained throughout ''Finding Forever'' in tribute to the recent passing of the [[underground hip hop]] producer.<ref name="Report"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/finding-forever-mw0000477178 |title=Finding Forever – Common |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=February 22, 2016 |last=Kellman |first=Andy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222221236/http://www.allmusic.com/album/finding-forever-mw0000477178 |archive-date=February 22, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> West's newfound fascination with [[House music|house-music]] also played a role on his approach to drum programming.<ref name="Report"/> He relied more on clipped [[electro (music)|electro]] tones for his rhythmic patterns, giving the drum beats more of a punch.<ref name="Report"/><ref name=Favorite/> In contrast to ''Finding Forever'', West set aside his trademark [[soul music|soul]] samples in favor of airy [[synthesizer]] [[Musical tone|tone]]s that would carry well when performed in arenas.<ref name="Serwer"/><br />
[[File:Jay-zlivein2010.jpg|thumb|left|194px|alt=Jay-Z|"Good Morning" concludes with additional vocals that are provided by American rapper [[Jay-Z]].]]<br />
Like most of the material throughout his third album, West's songwriting on "Good Morning" is characterized by confessional [[storytelling]] and simplified lyricism.<ref name="McCabe"/><ref name="Burney"/> West shortened his lines for each [[Verse (music)|verse]] in order to more directly get his lyrical concerns across.<ref name="Beaumont, 2015. p. 232">Beaumont, 2015. p. 232</ref> As for his [[rapping]], after touring with and studying the live performances of European [[arena rock]] bands such as [[U2]] and [[the Rolling Stones]], West decided to simplify some of his rhymes due to not always being able to rock crowds with complex lyrics.<ref name=GradListen/> He opted for a less intricate lyrical delivery featuring lines built on anthemic sloganeering with a more universal context. This would work in combination with sing-along [[Hook (music)|hooks]] that tens of thousands of fans could [[chant]] in unison at his [[stadium]] concerts.<ref name="Burney">{{cite news|author=Burney, Lawrence|title=Kanye West's 'Graduation' Gave Birth to Rap's First Real Rock Star|url=http://noisey.vice.com/en_ca/article/nee8bk/kanye-wests-graduation-gave-birth-to-raps-first-real-rock-star|work=[[Vice (magazine)#Website|Noisey]]|publisher=[[Vice Media]]|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911230930/https://noisey.vice.com/en_ca/article/nee8bk/kanye-wests-graduation-gave-birth-to-raps-first-real-rock-star|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Serwer">{{cite web|author=Serwer, Jesse|title=Kanye West|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/music/kanye-west-1|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out New York]]|publisher=[[Time Out (company)|Time Out Group Limited]]|date=August 13, 2007|access-date=July 9, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019134152/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/music/kanye-west-1|archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Lyons"/><br />
<br />
"Good Morning" contains additional vocals provided by Australian singer [[Connie Mitchell]] of the [[Electronic dance music|dance music]] group [[Sneaky Sound System]], as well as [[Soul music|soul]] singer Tony Williams.<ref name=linernotes/> West had Connie Mitchell and Tony Williams sing a descending vocal line together over the [[Loop (music)|looped]] sample.<ref name="Martins"/><ref name=Favorite/> Their celestial [[unison]] singing and the floating [[Monophony|monophonic]] vocal loop combine to form a warm background [[harmony]].<ref name="Burney"/><ref name=Favorite/><ref name="Kathwadia2"/> The oohing vocals from the ethereal backing [[choir]] function as a [[Hook (music)|hook]] which serves to further engender moody atmosphere.<ref name="Kathwadia2"/><ref name="Bainbridge">{{cite news |author=Luke, Bainbridge |title=It's Kanye's World |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/12/urban.kanyewest |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |date=August 11, 2007 |access-date=March 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924131146/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/12/urban.kanyewest |archive-date=September 24, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Chicago/><ref name="Anslema"/><br />
<br />
The song also includes an [[Interpolation (popular music)|interpolation]] of vocals that were provided by rapper [[Jay-Z]] which are spliced into the song's [[Outro (music)|outro]].<ref name="Broazay"/><ref name="Anslema">{{cite web| author=Anslema, Samuel| title=Kanye West Graduation| url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2007/10/kanye-west-graduation/| work=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]| publisher=[[Harris Publications]]| date=October 11, 2007| access-date=July 20, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314024626/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2007/10/kanye-west-graduation/| archive-date=March 14, 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> During the closing refrain, Jay-Z briefly recites a line from "The Ruler's Back", the rapper's own opening track for his album, ''The Blueprint''.<ref name="Anslema"/><ref name="Vozick-Levinson">{{cite web|author=Vozick-Levinson, Simon|title=Jay-Z's Brotherly Love|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2007/09/20/jay-z-toasts-kanye-wests-graduation|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=Entertainment Weekly Inc|date=September 20, 2007|access-date=September 22, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121174812/http://www.ew.com/article/2007/09/20/jay-z-toasts-kanye-wests-graduation|archive-date=January 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar to ''Finding Forever'', the album's [[record production]] had been handled primarily by West.<ref name="Blueprint">{{cite AV media notes |others=Jay-Z |title=The Blueprint|year=2001 |publisher=[[Roc-A-Fella Records]]}}</ref> West altered the rhythm of the phrase by omitting a word in order to place more emphasis on the beat.<ref name="reverbmachine">{{cite web|author=reverbmachine|title=Deconstructing Kanye West's Good Morning Beat|url=http://www.reverbmachine.com/blog/deconstructing-kanye-wests-good-morning-beat|work=Reverb Machine|date=April 19, 2018|access-date=June 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071419/https://www.reverbmachine.com/blog/deconstructing-kanye-wests-good-morning-beat|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', Jay-Z detailed some backstory in regards to his small contribution.<ref name="Vozick-Levinson"/> From a creative stance, West was apparently quite enthusiastic about the incorporation of his [[a capella]] into the track. Jay-Z explained, "You have to really care about the music ... [Kanye] was bragging about having the a capella. He's like, 'Yo, that's how I spun it, 'cause I had the a capella.' I'm like, wow! The things he cares about! That's not a big thing, but in his mind, 'I had the a capella, so I was able to put that in there without any [[Drum machine|drums]].'"<ref name="Vozick-Levinson"/> Although he does provide the additional vocals, ''Graduation'' marks the first studio album released by West not to feature a full-length [[Guest appearance#Contemporary music|guest]] rap verse from Jay-Z.<ref name=linernotes/><ref name=Favorite>{{cite news|author=Breihan, Tom|title=Ten Favorite Moments on Kanye West's Graduation|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/2007/09/ten_favorite_mo.php|work=[[The Village Voice]]|publisher=Village Voice, LLC|date=September 11, 2007|access-date=September 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215609/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/statusainthood/2007/09/ten_favorite_mo.php|archive-date=October 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Composition==<br />
[[File:Kanye West GITD 2008 (3049212932) (cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|235px|The ambient song begins the album on a sparse, [[Beat (music)#Downbeat and upbeat|downbeat]] note. West's songwriting is structured on the usage of anthemic [[sloganeering]] and wafting [[Hook (music)|hooks]] intended for crowds of fans to [[chant]] and sing along to during his live concerts.|alt=Kanye West performing "Good Morning" at the Bercy Arena in Paris, France on November 20, 2008 during the Glow in the Dark Tour.]]<br />
"Good Morning" is an uptempo hip hop track that lasts for a duration of three minutes and 15 seconds.<ref name=linernotes/> The song's musical and lyrical content is both light and dark in tone.<ref name="Iandoli"/> It harbors an atmosphere that is sunny and largely optimistic, but also wary and sentimental.<ref name="Marx"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Hawking, Tom|title=The 50 Best Side One Track Ones in Music History|url=http://flavorwire.com/453647/the-best-side-one-track-ones-in-music-history/48|work=[[Flavorwire]]|publisher=Flavorpill Media|date=April 24, 2014|access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209064120/http://flavorwire.com/453647/the-best-side-one-track-ones-in-music-history/48|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The progressive hip hop song contains elements of [[electronic music|electronic]] and [[ambient music]] as well as New-Age keyboards.<ref name="D."/><ref name=NME>{{cite web|author=Pattison, Louis|title=NME Reviews – Kanye West: Graduation|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/8950|work=[[NME]]|publisher=IPC Media|date=September 13, 2005|access-date=September 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020032935/http://web.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/8950|archive-date=October 20, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> It has a [[minimal music|minimal]] and [[Beat (music)#Downbeat and upbeat|downbeat]] electronic instrumentation which consists of [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[Mute (music)|muted]] [[Drum machine|drum]]s, and background vocals.<ref name=linernotes/><ref name=Favorite/><ref name=Chicago>Greg Kot (August 31, 2007). [http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2007/08/graduation-day-.html 'Graduation' day arrives: Kanye West exploits his growing pains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107035406/http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2007/08/graduation-day-.html |date=November 7, 2007 }}. ''Chicago Tribune''. Accessed 2007-10-01.</ref> "Good Morning" begins when West utters controlled "uh" grunts before he unleashes the track's thumping, off-kilter [[boom bap]] drums.<ref name="Stoppelenburg"/><ref name="Report"/><ref name=Favorite/><ref name="Kathwadia">{{cite web|author=Kathwadia, Rajveer|title=Online Review: Kanye West – Graduation|url=http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/6015/Online-Review-Kanye-West--iGraduationi-.html|work=[[RWD Magazine]]|publisher=RWD Magazine|date=August 15, 2007|access-date=August 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821181830/http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/6015/Online-Review-Kanye-West--iGraduationi-.html|archive-date=August 21, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song's opening section then initiates an static [[Beat music#Back beat|backbeat]] derived from [[Echo#In music|echoed]]-out [[Cowbell (instrument)|cowbell]] hits.<ref name=Favorite/><ref name=Chicago/> Its steady, [[Metronome|metronomic]] cowbell beats punctuate the subversive, trembling [[bass drum]] rhythm and generate an insistent laid-back [[groove (music)|groove]].<ref name="Stoppelenburg"/><ref name="D.">{{cite web|author=D., Spence|title=Kanye West – Graduation Review|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/12/kanye-west-graduation-review|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[IGN Entertainment, Inc]]|date=September 12, 2007|access-date=June 17, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008192913/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/12/kanye-west-graduation-review|archive-date=October 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Beaumont"/> The main accompaniment comes in the form of enigmatic, [[organ (music)|organ]]-like [[electric piano]] keys layered with a resounding, high-pitched electronic [[Synthesizer#Synth pad|synth]]-[[Drone (music)|drone]].<ref name="D."/><ref name=Favorite/><br />
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After its sparse [[Introduction (music)|introduction]], the building [[arrangement]] abruptly becomes awash in layers of keyboards at the arrival of the atmospheric refrain.<ref name=Chicago/><ref name="Kathwadia"/><ref name="Barber"/> "Good Morning" is simplistic in its gentle chorus, where West repeats the title of the track four times.<ref name="GradListen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568459/20070829/west_kanye.jhtml|title=Kanye's Graduation: Inside The NYC Listening Party For West's So-Called 'Comeback'|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=August 29, 2007|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021054752/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568459/20070829/west_kanye.jhtml|archive-date=October 21, 2007|url-status=live|access-date=August 29, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Brackett"/> Following each repetition of the titular phrase are haunting choral chants which are in turn accented by subtle instrumental [[Fill (music)|fills]].<ref name="Iandoli">{{cite news |author=Iandoli, Kathy|title=Kanye West's 'Graduation' At 10 Years Old|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/kanye-wests-graduation-10-years-old|work=[[Grammy|Grammy Award]] |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]|date=September 12, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kathwadia"/><ref name="Perlah">{{cite web|author=Perlah, Jeff|title=CD Reviews: 50 Cent, Kanye West|url=http://www.soundandvision.com/content/cd-reviews-50-cent-kanye-west|work=[[Sound & Vision (magazine)|Sound & Vision]]|publisher=[[Bonnier Corporation|Bonnier Corp]]|date=November 5, 2007|access-date=December 8, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070652/https://www.soundandvision.com/content/cd-reviews-50-cent-kanye-west|archive-date=January 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The echoing synth line from the introduction is accompanied by dreamy synth-[[Chord (music)|chords]].<ref name="reverbmachine"/> The song's [[Hook (music)|hook]] retains wafting [[vocal harmonies]] composed with the use of wordless [[falsetto]] vocal samples from the recording "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" by Elton John.<ref name="Broazay"/><ref name="Connections"/><ref name="D."/><ref name=Chicago/> West's style of [[rapping]] is slick and keenly aggressive during the three [[Bar (music)|eight-bar]] verses.<ref name=GradListen/> His straightforward lyrical delivery exhibits a slow-paced, less technical approach to [[Rapping#Flow|flow]].<ref name="Lyons">{{cite news|author=Lyons, Patrick|title=Kanye West's "Graduation," Ten Years On|url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/on-graduation-kanye-west-reached-for-the-stars-fell-and-landed-on-the-clouds-news.37177.html|work=HotNewHipHop|publisher=Urbanlinx Media|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912013424/https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/on-graduation-kanye-west-reached-for-the-stars-fell-and-landed-on-the-clouds-news.37177.html|archive-date=September 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Beaumont"/> After its third verse, "Good Morning" elevates itself from a refrain to an [[Conclusion (music)#Outro|outro]] that features the voice of Jay-Z.<ref name="Brackett">Brackett, Nathan. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/graduation-20070904 Review: ''Graduation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614053838/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/graduation-20070904 |date=June 14, 2012 }}. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved on October 6, 2009.</ref> He utters lyrics from the opening lines of "The Ruler's Back".<ref name="Broazay"/> The musical composition reaches its [[Conclusion (music)|conclusion]] with the pairing of Jay-Z's additional vocals to [[synthesizer]] parts.<ref name=linernotes/><ref name="Chen">{{cite web|author=Chen, Brian|title=Kanye Knows What Works|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/content/kanye-knows-what-works|work=[[The Michigan Daily]]|publisher=The Michigan Daily|date=September 10, 2007|access-date=September 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162830/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/kanye-knows-what-works|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Listen|pos = left<br />
|filename=Kanye West Good Morning.ogg<br />
|title="Good Morning"<br />
|description=A 19-second sample of West rapping the song's second verse. His terse lines come backed by echoed, metronomic [[Cowbell (instrument)|cowbell]] beats and thumping [[bass drum]] layered with airy [[synth]] [[Musical tone|tone]]s. West's pensive lyricism express motivational declarations of triumph. During the refrain, its [[Ambient music|ambient]] track takes on [[New-age music|New-Age]] keyboards and a dreamy [[Hook (music)|hook]] which employs wafting [[Vocal harmony|vocal harmonies]].<br />
|format=[[Ogg]]}}<br />
Lyrically, "Good Morning" is a triumphant declaration of professional and financial achievement.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{cite web| author=Rosenberg, Tal| title=Who's the Octopus in Takashi Murakami's 'The Octopus Eats Its Own Leg'?| url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/takashi-murakami-octopus-eats-leg-mca-contemporary-art/Content?oid=27063603| work=[[Chicago Reader]]| publisher=[[Sun-Times Media Group]]| date=June 14, 2017| access-date=October 27, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918184126/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/takashi-murakami-octopus-eats-leg-mca-contemporary-art/Content?oid=27063603| archive-date=September 18, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> It continues the education [[Theme (narrative)|theme]] which was established by his previous studio albums ''[[The College Dropout]]'' (2004) and ''[[Late Registration]]'' (2005).<ref name="Kathwadia2">{{cite web |author=Kathwadia, Rajveer|title=Online Review 2: Kanye West – Graduation|url=http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/6137/Online-Review-2-Kanye-West--Graduation.html|work=[[RWD Magazine]]|publisher=RWD Magazine|date=September 14, 2007|access-date=September 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005202306/http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/6137/Online-Review-2-Kanye-West--Graduation.html|archive-date=October 5, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chuck Arnold, Chris Strauss, Randy Vest, V.R. Peterson, Julie Jordan">{{cite web | author=Chuck Arnold, Chris Strauss, Randy Vest, V.R. Peterson, Julie Jordan | title=Critic's Choice Kanye West Graduation Rap | url=http://people.com/archive/music-vol-68-no-13/ | work=[[People (magazine)|People]] | publisher=[[Time Inc]] | date=September 24, 2007 | access-date=October 15, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728002915/https://people.com/archive/music-vol-68-no-13/ | archive-date=July 28, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> Both of the first two installments of West's planned album [[tetralogy]] began with an introductory track that involves a [[Head teacher|school administrator]] who labels him a disappointment.<ref>{{cite web | last=Patel | first=Joseph | title=Producer Kanye West's Debut LP Features Jay-Z, ODB, Mos Def | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472302/20030604/index.jhtml?headlines=true | date=June 5, 2003 | publisher=[[MTV]].[[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] | access-date=April 21, 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504171249/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1472302/20030604/index.jhtml?headlines=true | archive-date=May 4, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Bonaime2">{{cite web| author=Bonaime, Ross| title=Everybody Knows I'm A Monster: The Album Tracks of Kanye West, Ranked| url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/11/everybody-knows-im-a-monster-the-album-tracks-of-k.html?p=2| work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]| publisher=Paste Media Group| date=November 6, 2015| access-date=March 5, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202539/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/11/everybody-knows-im-a-monster-the-album-tracks-of-k.html?p=2| archive-date=October 12, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> By contrast, "Good Morning" starts off the third studio album with West [[Graduation|graduating]] to the next level of success and proceeding towards the next phase of his career.<ref name="Iandoli"/><ref name="Bonaime2"/> Accordingly, West uses the album-opener of ''Graduation'' to deliver an anthemic [[Commencement speech|commencement address]].<ref name="Beaumont">Beaumont, 2015. p. 231</ref><ref name="Comer"/> He announces that his record functions as a [[Thesis|dissertation]], making an [[analogy]] in which he likens his music to academia.<ref name="Kathwadia2"/><ref name="Rawls">{{cite web|author=Rawls, MJ|title=Kanye's Victory Lap: Celebrating 10 years of 'Graduation'|url=http://substreammagazine.com/2017/10/10-years-graduation-victory-lap-kanye-west/|work=[[Substream Magazine]]|publisher=Jason McMahon|date=October 10, 2017|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101106/https://substreammagazine.com/2017/10/10-years-graduation-victory-lap-kanye-west/|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> West compares overcoming life's hindrances to finishing a university most directly when he professes that, "You graduate when you make it up out of the streets."<ref name="Kathwadia2"/><ref name="Kathwadia"/><ref name="Beaumont"/><br />
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While primarily an uplifting anthem, West's lyrics are [[wiktionary:ouroboric|ouroboric]] in nature, being structured on [[Braggadocio (rap)|self-aggrandisement]] undercut with harsh [[Self criticism|self-criticism]].<ref name="McCabe">{{cite web|author=McCabe, Bret|title=The Pay-Per-Listen Rap Rivalry|url=http://www.nysun.com/arts/pay-per-listen-rap-rivalry/61803/|work=[[The New York Sun]]|publisher=Ronald Weintraub|date=September 4, 2007|access-date=September 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063916/http://www.nysun.com/arts/pay-per-listen-rap-rivalry/61803/|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Weiner"/><ref name="Stanley">{{cite web|author=Stanley, Sean|title=Revisiting Graduation, When Kanye Set His Sights On Stadiums|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/37355/1/kanye-west-graduation-retrospective|work=[[Dazed]]|publisher=Dazed Media|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=September 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911180403/http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/37355/1/kanye-west-graduation-retrospective|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> They suggest that every new success or achievement gives him more new reasons to doubt himself.<ref name="Ben">{{cite news |author=Thompson, Ben |title=Kanye West, Graduation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/sep/16/shopping.urban1 |work=[[The Observer]] |publisher=[[Guardian News and Media Limited]] |date=September 16, 2007 |access-date=September 17, 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005183532/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/sep/16/shopping.urban1 |archive-date=October 5, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> His conflicted, confessional lyricism and delivery is emphasized by way of the disarmingly simple, easygoing quality of the track's beat.<ref name="McCabe"/><ref name="Boyer 2"/> The song's pensive verses discuss lyrical concerns related to [[Elitism#Anti-elitism|anti-elitism]] and [[anti-establishment]].<ref name="Broazay"/><ref name=Chicago/><ref name="Weiner"/> West critiques [[Social stratification|societal hierarchies]] produced by the homogenization of the [[Education in the United States|American education system]].<ref>Richardson, 2011. p. 97</ref><ref>Richardson, 2011. p. 101</ref> Alongside motivational declarations of triumph, the lyrics of "Good Morning" are home to energetic, amusing [[word play]] laced with numerous [[Popular culture|pop-culture]] references.<ref name="Broazay"/><ref name=Chicago/><ref name="Thompson"/> They pertain to actress [[Rosie Perez]], the 1989 [[Spike Lee]] film ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'', civil rights leader [[Malcolm X]], and the classic 1980s [[Science fiction film|science-fiction]] film series ''[[Back to the Future]]''.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite web|author=Thompson, Paul|title=Every Pop-Culture Reference Kanye West Has Ever Made|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/01/every-pop-culture-reference-kanye-has-ever-made.html|work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Media, LLC]]|date=January 15, 2016|access-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904185409/http://www.vulture.com/2016/01/every-pop-culture-reference-kanye-has-ever-made.html|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> West lays bear the forward-thinking theme of the album and critiques his peers when he rhymes, "Good Morning, look at the valedictorian/scared of the future while I hop in the [[DeLorean time machine|DeLorean]]."<ref name="Kathwadia2"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Tharpe, Frazier|url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/02/kanye-wests-25-greatest-car-moments/|title=Kanye West's 25 Greatest Car Moments|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=Rich Antoniello|date=February 10, 2014|access-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624170154/http://www.complex.com/sports/2014/02/kanye-wests-25-greatest-car-moments/|archive-date=June 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, the [[Interpolation (popular music)|interpolation]] of the line, "Hustlers, that's if you're still livin', get on down..." from Jay-Z's sixth studio album ''[[The Blueprint]]'' (2001) is one of many touching callbacks to the footsteps that once propelled West forward as a hip hop artist in the past found throughout his introspective third album.<ref name="Comer"/> The widespread acclaim of ''The Blueprint'' brought Jay-Z's record label [[Roc-A-Fella Records]] more attention to West's [[Record producer|production]] skills.<ref name="Comer">{{cite web|author=Comer, Sean|url=http://411mania.com/music/give-life-back-to-music-08-19-13-kanye-west-graduation/|title=Give Life Back To Music 08.19.13: Kanye West – Graduation|work=411MANIA|publisher=411mania.com, LLC|date=August 13, 2013|access-date=January 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817124114/http://411mania.com/music/give-life-back-to-music-08-19-13-kanye-west-graduation/|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
"Good Morning" was met with generally favorable reviews from contemporary [[Music journalism|music critics]]. John Wash for ''[[Hot Press]]'' called the musical composition "glorious." He elaborates that the track's "dark, neurotic beats may form the backdrop, but the deliciously cheesy sampling lifts the song firmly into the [[Popular music|pop]] spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|author=Walshe, John|title=Graduation|url=http://www.hotpress.com/music/reviews/albums/4085506.html|work=[[Hot Press]]|publisher=Hot Press|date=September 20, 2007|access-date=September 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503194452/http://www.hotpress.com/music/reviews/albums/4085506.html|archive-date=May 3, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''s Isabella Biedenharn noted, "the smooth, sublime 'Good Morning' is just so fresh and untethered — it's Kanye living in a pure, creative dream-space."<ref>{{cite web|author=Biedenharn, Isabella|title=Graduation Turns 10: An Appreciation of Old Kanye|url=https://ew.com/music/2017/09/08/graduation-kanye-west-10th-anniversary/|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc]]|date=September 8, 2017|access-date=September 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913033204/http://ew.com/music/2017/09/08/graduation-kanye-west-10th-anniversary/|archive-date=September 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Natalie Weiner from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' has named "Good Morning" as one of West's most uplifting anthems, saying, "The Elton John sample, combined with Kanye's [[anti-establishment]] fervor, will make anyone feel better about their relative lack of [[diploma]]s."<ref name="Weiner">{{cite web|author=Weiner, Natalie|title=Kanye West's 13 Most Uplifting Deep Cuts|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7580485/kanye-wests-most-uplifting-deep-cuts-election|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=November 19, 2016|access-date=April 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503102633/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7580485/kanye-wests-most-uplifting-deep-cuts-election|archive-date=May 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''RapReview''{{'}}s Jesa Padania also considered "Good Morning" to be a strong way to start the studio album and expressed affinity for the song's simple yet soulful hip-hop beat.<ref name="Padania">{{cite web|author=Padania, Jesal|title=Kanye West :: Graduation|url=http://www.rapreviews.com/feature3.html|work=RapReviews.com|publisher=RapReviews.com|date=September 11, 2007|access-date=September 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228123500/http://www.rapreviews.com/feature3.html|archive-date=February 28, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Chase Hoffberger from ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' gave praise to the innovative manner in which West samples Elton John for the record production.<ref name="Hoffberger">{{cite news|author=Hoffberger, Chase|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2007-10-05/546591/|title=Graduation, Curtis Kanye West and 50 Cent|work=[[The Austin Chronicle]]|publisher=Austin Chronicle Corp|date=October 5, 2007|access-date=October 5, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107234818/http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2007-10-05/546591/|archive-date=November 7, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' staff writer Ben Thompson listed "Good Morning" as one of the top five songs from ''Graduation''.<ref name="Ben"/><br />
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''[[The Michigan Daily]]'' writer Brian Chen claimed the recording "stands among the best of West's productions, combining [[Gospel music|gospel]] howls, [[synthesizer]]s and [[String instrument|strings]], all over a bone-crushing [[Bass (instrument)|bass]]."<ref name="Chen"/> ''[[Sound & Vision (magazine)|Sound & Vision]]'' reviewer Jeff Perlah viewed "Good Morning" as a demonstration of how West "continues to bounce hip-hop into exciting new realms that are artful."<ref name="Perlah"/> Rajveer Kathwadia of ''[[RWD Magazine]]'' cited the track as one of the best songs on ''Graduation''.<ref name="Kathwadia2"/> Although he withholds the belief that it's West's [[musicality]] that's a true measurement of his talent, Kathwadia nevertheless commended his improvement as a [[Rapping|rapper]] and marked the [[Malcolm X]] lyric as the album's standout line.<ref name="Kathwadia2"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Kathwadia, Rajveer|title=RWD Reviews: 50 V Kanye|url=http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/6131/RWD-Reviews-50-V-Kanye.html|work=[[RWD Magazine]]|publisher=RWD Magazine|date=September 12, 2007|access-date=September 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005200719/http://www.rwdmag.com/articles/6131/RWD-Reviews-50-V-Kanye.html|archive-date=October 5, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Likewise, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' writer Evan Serpick called the Malcolm X reference a "classic [[One-liner joke|one-liner]]."<ref name="Serpick">{{Cite web|author=Serpick, Evan|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye-vs-50-cent-20070906|title=Kanye vs. 50 Cent|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|date=September 6, 2007|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123114924/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye-vs-50-cent-20070906|archive-date=November 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Dave Heaton from ''[[PopMatters]]'' also highlighted West's clever [[word play]], musing, "Bad [[pun]]s have been the foundation of West's lyrical approach since the beginning, and it works."<ref name="Heaton">{{cite web | author=Heaton, Dave | title=Kanye West Graduation – PopMatters Music Review | url=https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/kanye-west-graduation | work=[[PopMatters]] | publisher=PopMatters Media, Inc | date=September 10, 2007 | access-date=September 12, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216022235/http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/kanye-west-graduation | archive-date=December 16, 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> In a less enthusiastic review, Japie Stoppelenburg of ''No Ripcord'' described "Good Morning" as a "concise but slightly blunt effort." Stoppelenburg goes on to say "the track is innocuous and respectably fun, but it never really steps out of its modesty like so many of Kanye's earlier tracks have."<ref name="Stoppelenburg"/> In a retrospective article, Brendan Klinkenberg for ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' encapsulated the opening track:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>"... 'Good Morning' is [West's] cleanest opener, on his cleanest album; the perfect first step to what would be the capstone to the ''College'' trilogy, and the last time he would privilege cohesiveness in his catalogue. In his words, ''Graduation'' is his [[dissertation]], and its first track is its [[thesis]]. 'Ye would take over the world, watch it crumble around him, then get more artistically daring with each subsequent release—''Good Ass Job'' would never show up, and he would abandon the things that make this song great: it's focused, [[Verse-chorus form|three-verse]] [[Song structure|structure]], gently building beat, and sweet sense of [[Melancholia|melancholy]]. 'Ye would go on to burn his influences and talent down for scraps, and began to create weirder, bigger things. One thing he never lost, though, was his ability to start an album."<ref name="Barber">{{cite web|author=Barber, Andrew|url=http://www.complex.com/music/the-best-kanye-west-songs/good-morning|title=The 100 Best Kanye West Songs|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=Complex Media, LLC|date=2016-02-09|access-date=2016-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073221/http://www.complex.com/music/the-best-kanye-west-songs/good-morning|archive-date=January 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===Accolades===<br />
A columnist from ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' bestowed "Good Morning" with much acclaim and ranked it as West's 60th best album track. He declared, "'Good Morning' isn't West just waking himself up to the next level of his evolution, it's West waking up the world to its next legend."<ref name="Bonaime2"/> ''[[Pigeons & Planes]]'' placed the opener at number 12 under their list of West's 25 best songs that weren't released as [[Single (music)|singles]].<ref name="Broazay"/> ''[[Consequence of Sound]]'' listed it at number 18 among their top 20 West songs. To summarize the track's concept, editor Jeremy Larson wrote, "The morning of the [[Graduation|commencement]], a new day for 'Ye, the processional, the intro. It's all there in "Good Morning," the first taste of what would be the blasted [[synths]] and huge sound of ''Graduation.''<ref name="Larson">{{cite web|author=Chris Bosman, Jeremy D. Larson, Amanda Koellner, Dan Pfleegor|title=Kanye West's Top 20 Songs|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2013/06/top-20-kanye-west-songs/full-post/|work=[[Consequence of Sound]]|publisher=Consequence of Sound|date=June 22, 2013|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072437/https://consequenceofsound.net/2013/06/top-20-kanye-west-songs/full-post/|archive-date=January 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Jake Boyer of ''[[Highsnobiety]]'' cited "Good Morning" as the sixth best song on ''Graduation'' and West's 28th best overall, writing, "Whether it's facing the sort of life-changing event like the graduation of its lyrics or easing yourself out of a particularly rough patch, this song is here, a healing salve for all wounds."<ref name="Boyer 2">{{cite web| author=Boyer, Jake| title=The 40 Best Kanye West Songs| url=http://www.highsnobiety.com/2017/06/08/best-kanye-west-songs/| work=[[Highsnobiety]]| publisher=Titelmedia GmbH| date=June 8, 2017| access-date=June 17, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611045303/http://www.highsnobiety.com/2017/06/08/best-kanye-west-songs/| archive-date=June 11, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Boyer">{{cite web| author=Boyer, Jake| title=Every Song on Kanye West's 'Graduation' Ranked From Worst to Best| url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/2017/09/11/kanye-west-graduation-song-ranking/| work=[[Highsnobiety]]| publisher=Titelmedia GmbH| date=September 11, 2017| access-date=September 17, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914221434/http://www.highsnobiety.com/2017/09/11/kanye-west-graduation-song-ranking/| archive-date=September 14, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> He remarked that the track's sonic cues "[make] good on Kanye's narrative [[catharsis]]. Somehow, through all the bullshit, we made it to graduation day, and yes, it sounds this damn triumphant."<ref name="Boyer 2"/> [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] rapper [[Aminé (rapper)|Aminé]], who cites West as a musical influence, stated that the track is one of his favorite songs. He imparted, "'Good Morning' was a song that just made me feel good and I could still turn it on today. It was one of the first times where I started to hear bright, positive, hip-hop."<ref name="Iandoli"/> '' [[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]'' named "Good Morning" one of the 25 best Hip-Hop album intro's of the 21st century in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 of the Best Hip-Hop Album Intros Since 2000 |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/best-hip-hop-album-intros-since-2000/ |website=XXL Mag |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103050425/https://www.xxlmag.com/best-hip-hop-album-intros-since-2000/ |archive-date=3 November 2020 |date=9 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
[[File:Takashi Murakami at Versailles Sept. 2010 (crop).jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Japanese Artist [[Takashi Murakami]] at the Palace of Versailles giving an interview to a film crew about his new exhibit 10th of September 2010|Japanese contemporary artist [[Takashi Murakami]], who designed the cover artwork for ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' and its singles, directed the [[music video]].]]<br />
Even though it was not released as a single, a three-minute animated [[music video]] was produced for "Good Morning".<ref name="goodmorning">{{cite web |author1=Dukes, Rahman |author2=Reid, Shaheem |author3=Richard, Yasmine |url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape_monday/052107/ |title=Mixtape Monday: Kanye West Glows In The Dark; Pharrell Brings The B-More Beats |publisher=MTV. Viacom |date=May 21, 2007 |access-date=May 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523054756/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape_monday/052107/ |archive-date=May 23, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> West commissioned the video to be directed by [[Japanese people|Japanese]] contemporary artist [[Takashi Murakami]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Murakami Explains How Kanye's 'Graduation' Album Cover Was Created|url=http://eblnews.com/video/murakami-explains-how-kanyes-graduation-album-cover-was-created-167665|work=EBL News|publisher=Vallic|date=July 27, 2017|access-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310035118/https://eblnews.com/video/murakami-explains-how-kanyes-graduation-album-cover-was-created-167665|archive-date=March 10, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He had been enlisted by West to oversee the art direction of ''Graduation'' and was behind the [[cover art]] designs for the album and its accompanying singles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Martin, Francesca |title=Kanye West Mixes Manga and Music With the 'Warhol of Japan' |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2007/aug/01/art.popandrock |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |date=August 1, 2007 |access-date=September 5, 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713063003/http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2007/aug/01/art.popandrock |archive-date=July 13, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The collaboration first came about when West visited Murakami's [[Kaikai Kiki|Kaikai Kiki Co.]] studio in [[Roppongi Hills]] during a brief trip to [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] in the midst of touring the year prior.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Kato, Akiko|author2=Wilson, Wayne|title=???·?????????????????! Kanye West Visits the Studio!|url=http://www.kaikaikiki.co.jp/news/list/kanyewest_in_asaka/|work=[[Kaikai Kiki]]|publisher=Kaikai Kiki Co, Ltd|access-date=November 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409065335/http://www.kaikaikiki.co.jp/news/list/kanyewest_in_asaka/|archive-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> Regarding his joint collaboration with the artist, West remarked, "Murakami, his work has been stunning to me because [[pop art]] is really expressive, representative and expressive and emotional, and it looks like something you can do yourself. [But] you cannot do no Murakami shit yourself. You cannot do this at home. He has this studio out in Japan that has 30 artists working at one time. I love [[Japanese culture]] and I was always into art, and Murakmi is a god in the art world."<ref name="goodmorning"/><br />
<br />
The short animated feature expresses glossy, colorful [[pastel]] imagery that take cues from [[Superflat]], a [[Postmodern art|post-modern art]] movement influenced by Japanese [[manga]] and [[Anime|animé]] which was founded by Murakami.<ref name="S., Nathan">{{cite web|author=S., Nathan|title=Is Kanye West's "Graduation" Album a Masterpiece?|url=http://www.djbooth.net/index/news/entry/2015-05-13-kanye-west-graduation-debate|work=DJBooth.net|publisher=The DJ Booth LLC|date=February 18, 2015|access-date=May 8, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516040021/http://www.djbooth.net/index/news/entry/2015-05-13-kanye-west-graduation-debate|archive-date=May 16, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Barthel">{{cite web|author=Barthel, Mike|url=http://www.theawl.com/2010/11/understanding-kanye-sweet-sweet-robot-fantasy-baby|title=Understanding Kanye: Sweet, Sweet Robot Fantasy, Baby|work=[[The Awl]]|publisher=David Cho|date=October 15, 2010|access-date=October 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119231529/http://www.theawl.com/2010/11/understanding-kanye-sweet-sweet-robot-fantasy-baby|archive-date=November 19, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Often called "the [[Andy Warhol|Warhol]] of Japan," Murakami's [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] visual art is characterized by [[cartoon]]ish creatures which appear friendly and cheerful at first glance, but possess dark, twisted undertones.<ref name="warhol">{{cite news | author=Gopnik, Blakel | title=Toying With Catastrophe | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/04/AR2008050401914.html | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=May 4, 2008 | access-date=May 4, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108201004/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/04/AR2008050401914.html | archive-date=November 8, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Vogel, Carol | title=Watch Out, Warhol, Here's Japanese Shock Pop | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/02/arts/design/02mura.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 2, 2008 | access-date=August 30, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110092554/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/02/arts/design/02mura.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | archive-date=January 10, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> The artistic concept involves a fantastic, grotesque and sometimes dark universe of creatures like "Mr. Dob," "Smiley-Face Flowers," and colorful mushrooms.<ref name="Lu Stout">{{cite web| author=[[Kristie Lu Stout|Lu Stout, Kristie]]| title=Interview with Japanese Artist Takashi Murakam| url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1301/11/ta.01.html| work=[[CNN]]| publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]]| date=January 11, 2013| access-date=May 23, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209122211/http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1301/11/ta.01.html| archive-date=February 9, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> The three-dimensional art technique blends artistry with Japanese anime and launched Murakami to fame in the 1990s.<ref name="Lu Stout"/> It also attracted the attention of [[Marc Jacobs]], creative director of [[Louis Vuitton]], who recruited Muramki to revise the traditional LV [[monogram]] brand logo for their line of handbags and accessories. The commercially successful venture paved the way for Murakami's artwork to cross over into commerce and other mediums, propelling him into an internationally recognized artist.<ref name="Lu Stout"/><br />
<br />
For the music video, the technicolor [[Graduation (album)#Artwork|album artwork]] that Murakami designed for ''Graduation'' are brought to life through the use of [[Cel shading|cel-shaded animation]].<ref name="goodmorning"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Booksweet|url=https://ysolife.com/cover-art-kanye-west/|title=Kanye West??????,?????????|work=Ysolife|publisher=Ysolife|date=July 15, 2017|access-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051933/https://ysolife.com/cover-art-kanye-west/|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Its narrative also contains numerous visual and thematic references to the sci-fi film ''[[Back to the Future]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cho, Regina|title=Celebrating The Anniversary Of 'Back To The Future' Through The Eyes Of Hip-Hop|url=http://www.vibe.com/2018/07/back-to-the-future-hip-hop-impact/|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|date=July 3, 2018|access-date=July 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703182918/https://www.vibe.com/2018/07/back-to-the-future-hip-hop-impact/|archive-date=July 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The video was produced by Murakami's production and [[Artist management|artist-management]] company Kaikai Kiki Co., Ltd. in conjunction with [[OLM, Inc.|Oriental Light and Magic]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Muchnic, Suzanne|title=Murakami Animation Studio Coming to L.A.|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2008/11/murakami-studio.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 25, 2008|access-date=January 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013043350/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2008/11/murakami-studio.html|archive-date=October 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ANN">{{cite web|title=Murakami's Video for Kanye West Song is iTunes #1|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-08-27/murakami-video-for-kanye-west-song-is-itunes-no.1|work=[[Anime News Network]]|publisher=Anime News Network Inc|date=August 27, 2008|access-date=August 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831035444/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-08-27/murakami-video-for-kanye-west-song-is-itunes-no.1|archive-date=August 31, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter Japanese studio was responsible for the [[3D animation]] of the ''[[Pokémon]]'' film franchise as well as the 2001 feature-length animé film, ''[[Inuyasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time]]''.<ref name="ANN"/> Meanwhile, the storyline of the music video was written by West, himself a self-professed animé fan.<ref name="ANN"/> An edited version of the video was first displayed in an [[FYE (retailer)|F.Y.E.]] commercial used for promotion of ''Graduation'' days before the album's release date.<ref>{{cite web| author=Kwan, Michael| title=Kanye West: Graduation On Sale Today| url=http://btr.michaelkwan.com/2007/09/11/kanye-west-graduation-on-sale-today/| work=Beyond the Rhetoric| publisher=Michael Kwan Freelance Writing Services| date=September 11, 2007| access-date=July 26, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212300/http://btr.michaelkwan.com/2007/09/11/kanye-west-graduation-on-sale-today/| archive-date=July 27, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> A clip of the animated music video was [[Internet leak|leaked]] onto the [[Internet]] on November 12, 2007.<ref name="Stereogum">{{cite web|author=Stereogum|title=New Kanye West Video – "Good Morning"|url=https://www.stereogum.com/7141/new_kanye_west_video_good_morning/video/|work=[[Stereogum]]|publisher=[[SpinMedia]]|date=November 12, 2007|access-date=November 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035702/https://www.stereogum.com/7141/new_kanye_west_video_good_morning/video/|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video found its way online by means through a fan's camera after a private screening at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|Geffen Contemporary]] in the [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]] district of [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="Stereogum"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Singh, Amrit|title=New Kanye West Video (Again) – "Good Morning"|url=https://www.stereogum.com/17321/new_kanye_west_video_good_morning_1/video/|work=[[Stereogum]]|publisher=[[SpinMedia]]|date=August 26, 2008|access-date=August 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162625/https://www.stereogum.com/17321/new_kanye_west_video_good_morning_1/video/|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> West made the full version of the music video available on the [[iTunes Store]] on August 25, 2008.<ref name="itunes">{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/music-video/good-morning/288895406 |title=Good Morning by Kanye West |access-date=May 26, 2019 |work=[[iTunes Store]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Synopsis===<br />
[[Image:GoodMorningMusicVideo.PNG|270px|thumb|upright|alt=Screenshot of the music video for the song "Good Morning" by Kanye West.|A screenshot of Dropout Bear as he arrives at the college campus in time for his graduation ceremony in the [[animé]]-influenced music video, which features the use of [[cel-shaded animation]].]]<br />
The narrative of the music video centers around Dropout Bear, West's [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] teddy bear mascot.<ref name="Luckerson">{{cite web|author=Luckerson, Victor|title=Ten Years Ago, Kanye's 'Graduation' Aimed for the Stars|url=https://www.theringer.com/2017/9/11/16286016/kanye-west-graduation-10th-anniversary-space|work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]|publisher=The Ringer|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=September 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123606/https://www.theringer.com/2017/9/11/16286016/kanye-west-graduation-10th-anniversary-space|archive-date=February 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Dropout Bear first appeared sitting forlornly on an empty set of gymnasium bleachers wearing baggy jeans and a corduroy jacket on the cover art for his debut album, ''[[The College Dropout]]''.<ref name="Luckerson"/><ref>Graves, 2010. p. 25–26</ref> He later appeared dressed in a collegian outfit—a blazer with a school insignia—on the album cover of West's sophomore release, ''[[Late Registration]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Heffernan, Virginia|title=Kanye on Keyboards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/magazine/10wwln-medium-t.html?pagewanted=all|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 8, 2008|access-date=March 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306032603/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/magazine/10wwln-medium-t.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=March 6, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] video, Dropout Bear acts as the main protagonist while his journey takes place throughout a fictional futuristic metropolis known as Universe City.<ref name=Ready/> Dropout Bear contends with a variety of unfortunate setbacks and overcomes a series of trials and tribulations as he races through the city in an effort to reach his college campus in time to attend his graduation ceremony.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite web|author=Kelly, Madeline|title=9 Kanye West Music Videos You Should Watch Before Tonight's VMAs|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/news/a11985/best-kanye-west-music-videos/|work=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|publisher=[[Hearst (media)|Hearst Communications, Inc]]|date=August 30, 2015|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831052936/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/news/a11985/best-kanye-west-music-videos/|archive-date=August 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The story begins on a rainy day with Dropout Bear being woken up by his [[alarm clock]]. The album artwork for ''Graduation'', upon which this video is animated from, is seen on a poster behind his bed.<ref name="McDonald">{{cite web|author1=McDonald, Leighton|author2=Pasori, Cedar|title=The Design Evolution of Kanye West's Album Artwork|url=http://www.complex.com/style/2013/06/the-design-evolution-of-kanye-wests-album-artwork/graduation|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex Media Inc]]|date=July 17, 2012|access-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024211355/http://www.complex.com/style/2013/06/the-design-evolution-of-kanye-wests-album-artwork/graduation|archive-date=October 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon realizing that he's late, Dropout Bear jumps out of bed, brushes his teeth, dons a varsity jacket and runs out of his apartment to his car, which is modeled after a [[DMC DeLorean]].<ref name="Luckerson"/><ref name="Gicas"/> When the car's engine dies, Dropout Bear is forced to find an alternative means of transportation.<ref name="Luckerson"/> At first, he attempts to hail a taxi cab but it speeds right past him, soaking him with puddle water.<ref name="Stereogum"/> He then tries to get aboard a [[Rapid transit|metro rail]] but just misses it, slamming his face into the door of a [[Passenger car (rail)|subway car]] right before it pulls away.<ref name="Luckerson"/><br />
<br />
As he races down sidewalks, Dropout Bear is chased down by a monstrous storm cloud that swallows him whole.<ref name="Stereogum"/> He is then transported to a bizarre pocket dimension populated by multi-eyed, living, technicolor [[mushroom]]s. Dropout Bear evades lightning bolts and a tornado before falling through a hole and being regurgitated by the storm cloud monster back onto the city streets.<ref name="Luckerson"/> At that moment, the raining ceases and the sky clears, revealing a bright, shining sun.<ref name="Stereogum"/> Dropout Bear then dons a pair of [[Shutter shades|Venetian Blind shades]], having reached the campus of his university.<ref name="Stereogum"/> He makes it to his ceremony just in time to stand before his colleagues, a wide variety of anthropomorphic creatures like himself. Dropout Bear sheds his attire to reveal a graduation robe and [[Square academic cap|academic cap]] and receives his [[bachelor's degree]] in hip-hop music from an elderly rabbit.<ref name="Luckerson"/> After he accepts his [[diploma]], which reads "Kanye West", the visual narrative comes to a conclusion with Dropout Bear being blasted out of a cannon.<ref name="Luckerson"/><ref name="Gicas"/> He is shot from the university, through the heavens and beyond the stratosphere into space as depicted on the back cover of ''Graduation''.<ref name="McDonald"/><ref>Graves, 2010. p. 28</ref> Dropout Bear is last seen riding off into another galaxy with a few of his classmates in the flying DeLorean.<ref name="Luckerson"/> The song titles from the ''Graduation'' album are seen as they fly past.<br />
<br />
===Reception===<br />
Upon its official release, the "Good Morning" music video reached number-one on the [[iTunes Store]] music video chart in the United States just a day later.<ref name="ANN"/> The short animated feature was met with universal acclaim from fans, critics and media outlets and is often regarded as one of West's best, most artistic videos. Adam Itkoff from ''[[The Source]]'' complimented the video, stating that West's visual collaboration with Murakami is a testament to the way that his imagination can catalyze illustrious pieces of art.<ref>{{cite web|author=Itkoff, Adam|title=What We Learned From The Recent "Kanye Riots"|url=http://thesource.com/2016/06/13/what-we-learned-from-the-recent-kanye-riots/|work=[[The Source]]|publisher=[[L. Londell McMillan]]|date=June 13, 2016|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818235852/http://thesource.com/2016/06/13/what-we-learned-from-the-recent-kanye-riots|archive-date=August 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[MSN Music]]'', writer Sam Greszes remarked, "Not only is the song itself great, but the video for "Good Morning" is a technicolor dreamscape full of [[Animation#3D animation|3D]] flair."<ref>{{cite web|author=Greszes, Sam|title=40 Essential Kanye West Tracks For His 40th Birthday|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/gallery/40-essential-kanye-west-tracks-for-his-40th-birthday/ss-BBCfFc6?fullscreen=true#image=31|work=[[MSN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=June 7, 2017|access-date=January 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063649/http://www.msn.com/en-us/music/gallery/40-essential-kanye-west-tracks-for-his-40th-birthday/ss-BBCfFc6?fullscreen=true#image=31|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]'' praised the music video for "Good Morning" as West's best music video of all time.<ref name="Luckerson"/> ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' magazine cited the animated feature as West's 18th best music video, saying, "Murakami's art is incredible from a still viewpoint, but when presented in the form of his few full-length [[Animated cartoon|cartoon]] features, it practically explodes off the screen."<ref name="Staff">{{cite web|author=Staff|title=Ranking All 42 of Kanye West's Music Videos|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2013/03/ranking-all-42-of-kanye-wests-music-videos/good-morning|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex Media Inc]]|date=March 5, 2013|access-date=March 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308141111/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/03/ranking-all-42-of-kanye-wests-music-videos/good-morning|archive-date=March 8, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Comparing it to the recent release of West's [[puppet]]-themed music video for "[[Champion (Kanye West song)|Champion]]," Peter Gicas of ''[[E! Online]]'' was somewhat wary of the animated short, writing, "Yes, the creativity in both these cases is admirable, especially this latest effort ... It all just makes us a little nervous, though. After all, it's OK for hip-hop stars to show their softer side, but it can also be taken a bit too far."<ref name="Gicas">{{cite web|author=Gicas, Peter|title=Kanye West Gets All Cute and Cuddly|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/25952/kanye-west-gets-all-cute-and-cuddly|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[E!|E! Entertainment Television, LLC]]|date=August 26, 2008|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063255/http://www.eonline.com/news/25952/kanye-west-gets-all-cute-and-cuddly|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Regina Cho of ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' found parallels between that of West and the film's protagonists. She explained that:<blockquote>While many may attribute Kanye's fascination with the film to his similarities with [[Marty McFly|Marty]], he also possesses an extremely [[Emmett Brown|Doc Brown]]-like quality—a frenetic nature that prompts him to bounce outrageous ideas around that have the people around him in initial disbelief, but his out-of-the-box propositions often came into fruition as ingenious works of art that were far ahead of their time ... Kanye is notoriously known for making a whole lot of last-minute decisions that will either make or break the anticipated outcome, similar to how Doc Brown's sudden assertions dictated whether or not someone would just stay stuck 30 years in the past forever.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cho, Regina |title=Celebrating The Anniversary Of 'Back To The Future' Through The Eyes Of Hip-Hop |url=http://www.vibe.com/2018/07/back-to-the-future-hip-hop-impact/|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date=2018-07-03|access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref></blockquote> <br />
[[File:Brooklyn Museum Exterior.jpg|thumb|upright|246px|left|alt=Kanye West performing at The Virgin Mobile Festival.|The animated feature became one of the few music videos ever to be showcased in multiple [[art museums]], such as the [[Brooklyn Museum]] which is located in New York City.]]<br />
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On November 11, 2013, the animated music video was included on ''Pop Art: 13 Awesome Artist-Musician Collaborations'', a catalog compiled by ''Billboard''.<ref name="Wete">{{cite web|author1=Wete, Brad|author2=Lipshutz, Jason|title=Pop Art: 13 Awesome Artist-Musician Collaborations|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5785837/pop-art-13-awesome-artist-musician-collaborations|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=November 11, 2013|access-date=May 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801031617/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5785837/pop-art-13-awesome-artist-musician-collaborations|archive-date=August 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The publication lists joint ventures that have taken place between acclaimed [[Visual arts|visual artists]] and chart-topping musicians over the past decades. ''Billboard'' cited West's work with Murakami, which consists of the making of the video in addition to the creation of the album's artwork, as being among 13 pairings in the realms of music and [[High culture#High art|high-art]] that are amazing moments in true [[Art pop|art-pop]].<ref name="Wete"/> Under the same premise, writer Jennifer Wood of ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' magazine ranked Murakami's direction of the music video for "Good Morning" at the eighth position for their list of ''The 10 Best Art and Music Collaborations of All Time''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wood, Jennifer|title=The 10 Best Art and Music Collaborations of All Time|url=http://www.complex.com/style/2014/01/best-art-music-collaborations/|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex Media Inc]]|date=January 9, 2014|access-date=April 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910231301/http://www.complex.com/style/2014/01/best-art-music-collaborations/|archive-date=September 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In honor of his achievement of the [[Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award]] at the [[2015 MTV Video Music Awards]], women's fashion magazine ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' compiled a list of West's nine most essential music videos. The video for "Good Morning" was at number eight on the list, with columnist Madeline Kelly declaring that West is worthy of the recognition and there's no denying his talent.<ref name="Kelly"/> Sharing similar sentiments, [[MTV]] staff writer Adam Fleischer placed "Good Morning" at number 14 on the list of West's top 25 most innovative videos.<ref>{{cite web|author=Fleischer, Adam|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2249517/kanye-west-vma-vanguard-25-innovative-videos/|title=Kanye West Is A True Vanguard – Revisit His 25 Most Innovative Videos|access-date=August 27, 2015|date=August 29, 2017|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829033857/http://www.mtv.com/news/2249517/kanye-west-vma-vanguard-25-innovative-videos/|archive-date=August 29, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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For his contribution, Murakami has benefited significantly from the artistic collaboration with West. Even though his monogram project with the fashion house [[Louis Vuitton]] had brought him international [[Mainstream media|mainstream]] attention five years earlier, Murakami acknowledges the fact that the [[Millennials|millennial]] youth who have gravitated towards his work learned about him through his joint efforts with musicians such as West and [[Pharrell Williams]].<ref name="Pasori"/> They opened up his [[contemporary art]]istry to a new generation of young music listeners.<ref name="Pasori">{{cite web|author=Pasori, Cedar|title=Takashi Murakami Brings His Art to the Masses With Vans and His Debut Film, "Jellyfish Eyes"|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2015/07/takashi-murakami-vans-interview|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex Media Inc]]|date=July 22, 2015|access-date=August 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410053015/http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2015/07/takashi-murakami-vans-interview|archive-date=April 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' editor Jeremy Larson, West's collaboration with Murakami for the "Good Morning" music video also struck a chord with Murakami's audience as conflating art and [[commerce]].<ref name="Larson"/> The short animated feature has since become one of the few music videos ever to be showcased in several prestigious [[art museum]]s, including the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[New York City]] and the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|Museum of Contemporary Art]] in Los Angeles, California.<ref name="Kelly"/><ref name="Staff"/><br />
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===Video clip===<br />
In addition to the animated music video, a special [[video clip]] was created for "Good Morning" prior to the release of ''Graduation''.<ref name=Preview/> It was displayed for the very first time as an opener when West hosted a late-night album listening session for ''Graduation'' in New York City at the [[New World Stages]] on August 28, 2007.<ref name=GradListen/><ref>{{cite web|author=MTV News Staff|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2573573/kanye-graduation-videos/|title=Kanye Graduation Videos|access-date=March 21, 2008|date=August 29, 2017|publisher=MTV. Viacom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212224/http://www.mtv.com/news/2573573/kanye-graduation-videos/|archive-date=July 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> West presented the [[gapless playback]] session inside an auditorium with an evocative [[Laser lighting display|light-show]] across a stage that featured [[Theatrical smoke and fog|theatrical smoke]] machines, [[laser]] beams, stage [[Spotlight (theatre lighting)|spotlights]] and other special effects.<ref name=GradListen/><ref name=Preview/><ref name="GoodMVid"/> The elaborate spectacle was synchronized with the music.<ref name=Preview/> While the music played, a large screen positioned in the middle of the stage flashed a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] of imagery edited to [[Synchronization|sync]] up with "Good Morning".<ref name="Longfellow"/><ref name=Preview/> They were scenes taken from the 1968 [[science fiction film]] ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name=GradListen/> Similarly with the audio track, West went for a [[Minimalism (visual arts)|minimalist]] aesthetic in regards to the [[Sequence (filmmaking)|sequence]] of visual cues.<ref name="StrongerVid"/> The video clip for "Good Morning" was one of seven that were designed by West and Derrick Lee exclusively for the event.<ref name="GoodMVid">{{cite web | author=West, Kanye | title=Graduation Album Listening Experience Videos Pt. 1 – Good Morning|url=http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=192928_-1__0_~0_-1_3_2008_0_0&em3161=&em3281=| work=kanYe West Blog | publisher=Kanye West/Mascotte Holdings, LLC | date=March 20, 2008 | access-date=March 21, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322232605/http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=192928_-1__0_~0_-1_3_2008_0_0&em3161=&em3281= | archive-date=March 22, 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Derrick Lee was the [[Film editing|editor]] of the music video for "[[Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)|Flashing Lights]]" and was able to edit all seven video clips in the span of three days.<ref name="StrongerVid">{{cite web | author=West, Kanye | title=Graduation Album Listening Experience Videos Pt. 2 – Stronger|url=http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=192938_-1__0_~0_-1_3_2008_0_0&em3161=&em3281=| work=kanYe West Blog | publisher=Kanye West/Mascotte Holdings, LLC | date=March 21, 2008 | access-date=March 21, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322232646/http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=192938_-1__0_~0_-1_3_2008_0_0&em3161=&em3281= | archive-date=March 22, 2008 | url-status=dead }}</ref> West later made the video clip available for viewing on his official [[blog]] on March 20, 2008.<ref name="GoodMVid"/><br />
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==Live performances==<br />
[[File:Kanye Virgin Festival 2008.jpg|upright|217px|thumb|alt=Kanye West performing at The Virgin Mobile Festival.|West often performed "Good Morning" as the opener of his concerts, including at his headlining appearance at the [[Virgin Festival|Virgin Mobile Festival]] in 2008.]]<br />
On April 4, 2008, West gave a live performance of "Good Morning" during a six-song setlist at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[New York City]]. The concert was held in celebration of the opening of the "© MURAKAMI" exhibit by Takashi Murakami. The comprehensive retrospective features over 90 Murakami pieces and artwork that draw from [[Street art|street culture]], high-art and traditional [[Japanese painting]], and includes painting, drawings, [[sculpture]], wallpaper, [[Installation art|installation]] and animation.<ref name="Lumpkin">{{Cite web|author=Lumpkin, Bernard|title=Kanye West Album-Cover Artist Takashi Murakami Talks About Working With 'Ye, At His NYC Exhibit Opening|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1584891/kanye-west-album-cover-artist-takashi-murakami-talks-about-working-with-ye-at-his-nyc-exhibit-opening/|publisher=MTV. Viacom|date=April 4, 2008|access-date=April 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001011546/http://www.mtv.com/news/1584891/kanye-west-album-cover-artist-takashi-murakami-talks-about-working-with-ye-at-his-nyc-exhibit-opening/|archive-date=October 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> West took to the small stage surrounded by smoke and flashing lights below a large screen emblazoned with Murikami's artwork to perform before a mostly older audience.<ref name="Lumpkin"/><ref name="Checkoway">{{cite web |author=Checkoway, Laura |title=Kanye West Gets the Art Crowd High at Intimate Brooklyn Gig |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/04/04/kanye-west-gets-the-art-crowd-high-at-intimate-brooklyn-gig/ |date=April 4, 2008 |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Jann Wenner]] |access-date=April 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407235616/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/04/04/kanye-west-gets-the-art-crowd-high-at-intimate-brooklyn-gig/ |archive-date=April 7, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The very next day, West opened his concert for the World Wide Bape Heads Show during Springroove 2008 at [[Makuhari Messe]] in [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]], [[Japan]] with "Good Morning". His live performance was interwoven with visual elements and the setlist centered around songs from ''Graduation.''<ref>{{cite web| author=Masumoto, Toru| title=[EVENT REPORT] SPRINGROOVE 08/WORLD WIDE BAPE® HEADS SHOW 2008 (reprise) in SPRINGROOVE| url=http://amebreak.ameba.jp/news/2008/04/000188.html| work=[[Ameba (website)|Ameba]]| publisher=Amebreak| date=April 22, 2008| access-date=June 12, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212232/http://amebreak.ameba.jp/news/2008/04/000188.html| archive-date=July 27, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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West performed "Good Morning" every single night as the opener of the set-list of his [[Glow in the Dark Tour]], which began on April 16, 2008 at the [[KeyArena]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref name="DeRogatis">{{cite web|title=Live: Kanye's Glow In The Dark Tour Made Us Rethink Our Lives|url=https://www.thefader.com/2008/05/14/live-kanye-s-glow-in-the-dark-tour-made-us-rethink-our-lives/|work=[[The Fader]]|publisher=Fader|date=May 14, 2008|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721042205/http://www.thefader.com/2008/05/14/live-kanye-s-glow-in-the-dark-tour-made-us-rethink-our-lives/|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> West would often begin his elaborate concerts by playing a discordant [[leitmotif]] of "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]," implying that he'd start the show with a performance of the [[hit single]], only to segue into a live rendition of "Good Morning".<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |author=Lang, George|title=Rapper Kanye West's Concept Show Puts Fans in Orbit|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/3237216/rapper-kanye-wests-concept-show-puts-fans-in-orbit? | work=[[The Oklahoman]] | publisher=Chris Reen| date=May 1, 2008| access-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref> The composition is but one of the many, various songs taken from West's first three studio albums that West utilisises for his conceptual concert.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite web|author=Wilson, Sarah|title=Kanye West Tells A Story With His Biggest Hits, At The Glow In The Dark Tour's L.A. Stop|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1586127/20080423/west_kanye.jhtml|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks|date=April 23, 2008|access-date=May 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501022157/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1586127/20080423/west_kanye.jhtml|archive-date=May 1, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In the narrative, West does a live performance of "Good Morning" once he wakes up from [[Stasis (fiction)|hyper-sleep]] to find himself stranded.<ref name="O'Neal">{{cite web|author=O'Neal, Sean|title=The Biggest Star in the Universe|url=https://music.avclub.com/the-biggest-star-in-the-universe-1798213995|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|publisher=[[The Onion|Onion Inc]]|date=May 1, 2008|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051022/https://music.avclub.com/the-biggest-star-in-the-universe-1798213995|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After conversing with the disembodied female voice of an onboard computerter named Jane, West performs on a barren, tilted, moonlit stage shrouded in smoke before a large [[LED screen]] that depicts scenes from the [[science fiction film]] ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name="O'Neal"/><ref name="Madison">{{cite web| author=Crosley, Hillary| title=Kanye West / May 13, 2008 / New York (Madison Square Garden)| url=https://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews/live_review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003803221| work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc]]| date=May 14, 2008| access-date=January 26, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620093054/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews/live_review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003803221| archive-date=June 20, 2008| url-status=live}}</ref> He wore jeans, a sweater with one missing sleeve, shoulder pads and a red windbreaker tied around his waist.<ref name="Madison"/><br />
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Near the end of the tour's North American leg, with singers and a [[percussionist]]/DJ behind him, West performed "Good Morning" during the final night of [[Lollapalooza]] on August 3, 2008 in his hometown of [[Chicago]], where he co-headlined the festival with [[Nine Inch Nails]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Hasty, Katie |title=Kanye West, NIN Bring Lollapalooza To A Close |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044590/kanye-west-nin-bring-lollapalooza-to-a-close |date=August 4, 2008 |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |access-date=September 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912224357/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044590/kanye-west-nin-bring-lollapalooza-to-a-close |archive-date=September 12, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> West provided a live rendition of "Good Morning" during his headlining performance at [[Virgin Mobile Festival]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] on August 10, 2008.<ref name="Gregory">{{cite web|author=Gregory, Jason|title=Kanye West Praises Nine Inch Nails' 'Good Music'|url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/45323/Kanye-West-Praises-Nine-Inch-Nails-Good-Music|work=[[Gigwise]]|publisher=[[Giant Digital]]|date=August 12, 2008|access-date=April 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105453/https://www.gigwise.com/news/45323/Kanye-West-Praises-Nine-Inch-Nails-Good-Music|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Much like his Lollapalooza appearance in Chicago the weekend prior, West and Nine Inch Nails were both scheduled as headliners on different stages at the same time at opposite ends of the park.<ref name="Gregory"/> At the start of the concert, following a brief instrumental, West walked onstage and started performing the song.<ref name="Zimmerman">{{cite web|author=Zimmerman, Eric|title=Virgin Fest 8.09 & 8.10 Baltimore|url=https://www.jambase.com/article/virgin-fest-8-09-8-10-baltimore|work=[[JamBase]]|publisher=[[JamBase|JamBase Inc]]|date=August 18, 2008|access-date=October 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035629/https://www.jambase.com/article/virgin-fest-8-09-8-10-baltimore|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> West was alone on the stage engulfed in smoke and fog in front of a live musical band and background vocalists who added percussive textures and harmony to the track.<ref name="Zimmerman"/><br />
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==Cover versions and remixes==<br />
"Good Morning" has been [[Cover version|covered]] and [[Remix#Urban music|remixed]] by other hip hop artists, record producers and musical groups. [[Vitamin String Quartet]] composed a [[String section|string]]-laden [[cover version]] of "Good Morning" for the opening song of their [[Album#Tribute or cover|tribute album]], ''The String Quartet Tribute to Kanye West''.<ref>{{cite web| title=The String Quartet Tribute to Kanye West| url=http://www.vitaminstringquartet.com/kanye-west.html| work=[[Vitamin String Quartet]]| publisher=[[Vitamin Records]]| date=May 20, 2008| access-date=July 13, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524011443/http://www.vitaminstringquartet.com/kanye-west.html| archive-date=May 24, 2015| url-status=dead}}</ref> In a similar composition, ''[[Rockabye Baby!]]'' featured an interpretation of "Good Morning" as the opening track of their tribute album, ''Rockabye Baby! Lullaby Renditions of Kanye West''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Drewett, Meg|title=Kanye West 'Rockabye Baby! Lullaby Renditions' Album Released|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/fun/news/a492409/kanye-west-rockabye-baby-lullaby-renditions-album-released/|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation|Hearst Magazines UK]]|date=June 22, 2013|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064952/http://www.digitalspy.com/fun/news/a492409/kanye-west-rockabye-baby-lullaby-renditions-album-released/|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Intended for [[infant]]s, the soothing rendition is a wordless [[lullaby]] instrumental, substituting [[Electronic keyboard|keyboards]] and drums in favor of [[xylophone]]s and [[Glockenspiel|bells]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Lullaby Renditions of Kanye West| url=http://www.rockabyebabymusic.com/lullaby-renditions-of-kanye-west-2140.html| work=[[Rockabye Baby!]]| publisher=Rockabye Baby!| date=May 18, 2010| access-date=May 20, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628062233/http://www.rockabyebabymusic.com/lullaby-renditions-of-kanye-west-2140.html| archive-date=June 28, 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref> The rendition was later featured on ''Good Day, Goodnight'', their five-year anniversary 2-CD compilation release. The compilation album contains the most requested songs from their previous releases, including "Good Morning," in addition to several exclusive new tracks.<ref>{{cite web| title=Good Day, Goodnight: 2-CD Compilation| url=http://www.rockabyebabymusic.com/lullaby-renditions-of-compilation.html| work=Rockabye Baby!| publisher=Rockabye Baby!| date=September 6, 2011| access-date=September 6, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624120312/http://www.rockabyebabymusic.com/lullaby-renditions-of-compilation.html| archive-date=June 24, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Virginia hip hop duo [[Clipse]] used the instrumental of "Good Morning" and included the track on their 2008 mixtape ''[[We Got It 4 Cheap#We Got It for Cheap Volume 3|We Got It 4 Cheap, Volume 3]]''.<ref name="Pitchfork Media Inc">{{cite web|title=Re-Up Gang We Got It for Cheap, Vol. 3|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11161-we-got-it-for-cheap-vol-3/|work=Pitchfork Media|publisher=Pitchfork Media Inc|date=February 13, 2008|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808001011/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11161-we-got-it-for-cheap-vol-3/|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kelefa Sanneh]] from ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised [[No Malice|Malice]] and [[Pusha T]] for delivering, "almost nothing but witty, well-made [[stanzas]]."<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Kelefa Sanneh|Sanneh, Kelefa]]|title=New CDs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/arts/music/11choi.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 11, 2008|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728002934/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/arts/music/11choi.html|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' reviewer Ryan Dombal described their song as a "well-chosen introspective pick."<ref name="Pitchfork Media Inc"/> A remix for "Good Morning" was produced by [[The Kickdrums]] for inclusion on ''Sky High'', a remix [[Mixtape#In hiphop|mixtape]] that was [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] and [[Compilation album|compiled]] by DJ Benzi and [[Plain Pat]].<ref name="Patel">{{cite web| author=Patel, Joseph| title=New Kanye West Album — No, Not That One — Hits The Web| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1599564/new-kanye-west-album-no-not-that-one-hits-the-web/| work=[[MTV]]| publisher=[[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]]| date=November 17, 2008| access-date=November 17, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405034437/http://www.mtv.com/news/1599564/new-kanye-west-album-no-not-that-one-hits-the-web/| archive-date=April 5, 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> The mixtape features remixes by various [[Disc jockey|DJs]] and [[record producer]]s of songs taken from West's first three studio albums. It was made in anticipation of the release of his fourth studio album ''[[808s & Heartbreak]]'' (2008).<ref name="Patel"/> The remix project was commissioned by West himself the year prior. He handed over [[a cappella]]s and other session tapes to DJ Benzi, who then spent his time trying to match different and DJs and producers to certain tracks.<ref name="Patel"/> Like every of the other tracks, "Good Morning" (The Kickdrums Remix) had at least five revisions recorded before being completely finished.<ref name="Patel"/> The song's refrain contains [[Electric guitar|guitar]]-driven production in addition to melancholic [[Crooner|crooning]]. The remix also features a guest verse from then-newly signed [[GOOD Music]] recording artist [[Big Sean]].<ref>{{cite web| author=Saba, Michael| title=Kanye West Drops Sky High mixtape on Imeem| url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2008/11/kanye-west-drops-sky-high-mixtape-on-imeem.html| work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]| publisher=Paste Media Group| date=November 18, 2008| access-date=May 5, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112214933/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2008/11/kanye-west-drops-sky-high-mixtape-on-imeem.html| archive-date=January 12, 2010| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Speech (rapper)|Speech]] of the [[alternative hip hop]] group [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]] lyrically references "Good Morning" in the opening lines of "Any Tree But That" on their sixth studio album, ''[[Strong (Arrested Development album)|Strong]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web|author=Arnold, Paual|title=Speech Talks New Arrested Development, And BP Oil Spill|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.11541/title.speech-talks-new-arrested-development-and-bp-oil-spill|work=[[HipHopDX]]|publisher=Cheri Media Group|date=June 23, 2010|access-date=November 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825225232/http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.11541/title.speech-talks-new-arrested-development-and-bp-oil-spill|archive-date=August 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was the source of inspiration for the beat and chorus of "Hoodmorning" by [[Compton, California|Compton]] rapper [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]].<ref name="Udoh">{{cite web| author=Udoh, Meka| title=The Game, Hood Morning (No Typo): Candy Coronas| url=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/reviews/2011/08/game-hood-morning-no-typo-candy-coronas/| work=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]| publisher=[[Harris Publications]]| date=August 9, 2011| access-date=October 12, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072447/http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/reviews/2011/08/game-hood-morning-no-typo-candy-coronas/| archive-date=January 23, 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> Named after the rapper's signature [[Twitter]] phrase, "Hoodmorning" was produced by in-house record producer Mars and The Game released it as the opening track of his twelfth mixtape, ''[[Hoodmorning (No Typo): Candy Coronas]]''.<ref name="Udoh"/><ref name="RapUp">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/07/28/game-says-hoodmorning-with-new-mixtape-cover-trailer/|title=Game Says 'Hoodmorning' With New Mixtape [Cover + Trailer]|work=[[Rap-Up]]|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=July 28, 2011|access-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072830/http://www.rap-up.com/2011/07/28/game-says-hoodmorning-with-new-mixtape-cover-trailer/|archive-date=January 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Hosted by [[DJ Skee]], the mixtape was made in promotion of the repeatedly delayed release of his fourth studio album ''[[The R.E.D. Album]]'' (2011).<ref name="Udoh"/><ref>{{cite web|author=COMPLEX|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/08/mixtape-dj-skee-game-hoodmorning-no-typo-candy-coronas|title=Mixtape: Game "Hoodmorning [No Typo] Candy Corona's"|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|publisher=Complex Media, LLC|date=August 1, 2011|access-date=October 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073215/http://www.complex.com/music/2011/08/mixtape-dj-skee-game-hoodmorning-no-typo-candy-coronas|archive-date=January 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 28, 2011, DJ Skee made available an exclusive preview trailer for the mixtape on [[YouTube]]. The trailer briefly displays The Game rapping in a recording booth and DJ Skee at his laptop before a [[mixing console]] inside the control room of a studio decked with bottles of [[Corona (beer)|Corona Extra]] as "Hoodmorning" plays in the background.<ref name="RapUp"/> Hip hop artist [[Evidence (rapper)|Evidence]] has used samples of the drums from "Good Morning" to produce the [[Instrumental#In popular music|instrumental]] track "Good Evening". It was for his fourth [[Hip hop production#Instrumental hip hop|instrumental hip hop]] album ''[[Green Tape Instrumentals]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|author=Tardio, Andres|title=Evidence Speaks On Soundset, Dilated Peoples, & His Passion For Photography|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.19876/title.evidence-speaks-on-soundset-dilated-peoples-his-passion-for-photography#|work=[[HipHopDX]]|publisher=Cheri Media Group|date=May 25, 2012|access-date=March 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230091115/http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.19876/title.evidence-speaks-on-soundset-dilated-peoples-his-passion-for-photography|archive-date=December 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personnel==<br />
Information taken from ''Graduation'' liner notes.<ref name=linernotes/><br />
*[[Kanye West]] – lead vocals, production<br />
*[[Jay-Z]] – additional vocals<br />
*[[The World Famous Tony Williams|Tony "Penafire" Williams]] – additional vocals<br />
*[[Connie Mitchell]] – additional vocals<br />
*[[Andy Chatterley]] – keyboards<br />
*[[Andrew Dawson (record producer)|Andrew Dawson]] – recording<br />
*[[Anthony Kilhoffer]] – recording, mixing<br />
*Bram Tobey – assistant engineering<br />
*Jason Agel – assistant engineering<br />
*Nate Hertweck – assistant engineering<br />
*Matty Green – assistant engineering<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Julius|title=The Cultural Impact of Kanye West|year=2014|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-137-57425-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Beaumont|first=Mark |date=2015|title=Kanye West: God & Monster |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=178323394X |location=London, England |publisher=[[Omnibus Press]] |isbn=9781783233946}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Graves|first=Kirk Walker|title=Kanye West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy|year=2010|publisher=[[A&C Black]]|isbn=978-1-6235-6542-8}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{citation| last=Richardson| first=Chris | title=Can't Tell Me Nothing": Symbolic Violence, Education, and Kanye West | journal=Popular Music and Society | volume=34| issue=1 | date=February 2011 | pages=97–112 | doi=10.1080/03007766.2011.539831| s2cid=56118993 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{YouTube|6CHs4x2uqcQ|"Good Morning" Music Video}}<br />
* {{MetroLyrics song|kanye-west|good-morning}}<!-- Licensed lyrics provider --><br />
<br />
{{Kanye West songs}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 songs]]<br />
[[Category:Animated music videos]]<br />
[[Category:Kanye West songs]]<br />
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Kanye West]]<br />
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin]]<br />
[[Category:Songs with music by Elton John]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written by Kanye West]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=125277
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-10T17:17:29Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{User Proud Indian}}<br />
<br />
<br>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orissa,_India&diff=125276
Orissa, India
2021-07-10T17:05:58Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: HamzhaSaleem moved page Orissa, India to Orissa</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Orissa]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orissa&diff=125275
Orissa
2021-07-10T17:05:54Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: HamzhaSaleem moved page Orissa, India to Orissa</p>
<hr />
<div>Odisha (formerly Orissa), an eastern Indian state on the Bay of Bengal, is known for its tribal cultures and its many ancient Hindu temples. The capital, Bhubaneswar, is home to hundreds of temples, notably the intricately-carved Mukteshvara. The Lingaraj Temple complex, dating to the 11th century, is set around sacred Bindusagar Lake. The Odisha State Museum is focused on the area’s history and environment.</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orissa&diff=125274
Orissa
2021-07-10T17:04:42Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "Odisha (formerly Orissa), an eastern Indian state on the Bay of Bengal, is known for its tribal cultures and its many ancient Hindu temples. The capital, Bhubaneswar, is home..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Odisha (formerly Orissa), an eastern Indian state on the Bay of Bengal, is known for its tribal cultures and its many ancient Hindu temples. The capital, Bhubaneswar, is home to hundreds of temples, notably the intricately-carved Mukteshvara. The Lingaraj Temple complex, dating to the 11th century, is set around sacred Bindusagar Lake. The Odisha State Museum is focused on the area’s history and environment.</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_Designing&diff=125204
Web Designing
2021-07-10T12:42:17Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{short description|Creation and maintenance of websites}} {{en-Wikipedia}} {{Use British English|date=July 2016}} '''Web design''' encompasses many different skills and disci..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Creation and maintenance of websites}}<br />
{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}<br />
'''Web design''' encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of [[website]]s. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; [[user interface design]] (UI design); authoring, including standardised code and [[proprietary software]]; [[user experience design]] (UX design); and [[search engine optimization]]. Often many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all.<ref name="different jobs" >{{cite web<br />
|last=Lester |first=Georgina<br />
|title=Different jobs and responsibilities of various people involved in creating a website<br />
|publisher=Arts Wales UK<br />
|url=http://www.arts-wales.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=152&Itemid=48<br />
|access-date=2012-03-17<br />
}}</ref> The term "web design" is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing [[markup language|markup]]. Web design partially overlaps [[web engineering]] in the broader scope of [[web development]]. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of [[Web usability|usability]] and if their role involves creating markup then they are also expected to be up to date with [[web accessibility]] guidelines.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:WebDesignBooks.JPG|thumb|Web design books in a store]]<br />
<br />
===1988–2001===<br />
Although web design has a fairly recent history. It can be linked to other areas such as graphic design, user experience, and multimedia arts, but is more aptly seen from a technological standpoint. It has become a large part of people's everyday lives. It is hard to imagine the Internet without animated graphics, different styles of typography, background, videos and music.<br />
<br />
====The start of the web and web design====<br />
In 1989, whilst working at [[CERN]] [[Tim Berners-Lee]] proposed to create a global hypertext project, which later became known as the [[World Wide Web]]. During 1991 to 1993 the World Wide Web was born. Text-only pages could be viewed using a simple line-mode browser.<ref name="World Wide Web" >{{cite web<br />
|title=Longer Biography<br />
|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html<br />
|access-date=2012-03-16<br />
}}</ref> In 1993 [[Marc Andreessen]] and [[Eric Bina]], created the [[Mosaic browser]]. At the time there were multiple browsers, however the majority of them were Unix-based and naturally text heavy. There had been no integrated approach to graphic design elements such as images or sounds. The Mosaic browser broke this mould.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Mosaic Browser<br />
|url=http://www.techopedia.com/images/pdfs/history-of-the-internet.pdf<br />
|access-date=2012-03-16<br />
}}</ref> The [[W3C]] was created in October 1994 to "lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability."<ref>{{cite book<br />
|authors=Zwicky, E.D, Cooper, S and Chapman, D.B.<br />
|title=Building Internet Firewalls<br />
|year=2000<br />
|publisher=O’Reily & Associates<br />
|location=United States<br />
|isbn=1-56592-871-7<br />
|page=[https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic/page/804 804]<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic/page/804<br />
}}</ref> This discouraged any one company from monopolizing a propriety browser and programming language, which could have altered the effect of the World Wide Web as a whole. The W3C continues to set standards, which can today be seen with JavaScript and other languages. In 1994 Andreessen formed Mosaic Communications Corp. that later became known as [[Netscape Communications]], the Netscape 0.9 browser. Netscape created its own HTML tags without regard to the traditional standards process. For example, Netscape 1.1 included tags for changing background colours and formatting text with tables on web pages. Throughout 1996 to 1999 the [[browser wars]] began, as [[Microsoft]] and [[Netscape]] fought for ultimate browser dominance. During this time there were many new technologies in the field, notably [[Cascading Style Sheets]], [[JavaScript]], and [[Dynamic HTML]]. On the whole, the browser competition did lead to many positive creations and helped web design evolve at a rapid pace.<ref name=Browsers >{{cite book<br />
|last=Niederst |first=Jennifer<br />
|title=Web Design In a Nutshell<br />
|year=2006|publisher=O'Reilly Media<br />
|location=United States of America<br />
|isbn=0-596-00987-9<br />
|pages=12–14<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdf4vS2n7N8C&q=history+of+web+design&pg=PT42<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Evolution of web design ====<br />
In 1996, Microsoft released its first competitive browser, which was complete with its own features and HTML tags. It was also the first browser to support style sheets, which at the time was seen as an obscure authoring technique and is today an important aspect of web design.<ref name=Browsers/> The [[HTML markup]] for [[HTML element#Tables|tables]] was originally intended for displaying tabular data. However designers quickly realized the potential of using HTML tables for creating the complex, multi-column layouts that were otherwise not possible. At this time, as design and good aesthetics seemed to take precedence over good mark-up structure, and little attention was paid to semantics and [[web accessibility]]. HTML sites were limited in their design options, even more so with earlier versions of HTML. To create complex designs, many web designers had to use complicated table structures or even use blank [[spacer .GIF]] images to stop empty table cells from collapsing.<ref name="Chapman, Evolution" >{{citation |last=Chapman |first=Cameron |title=The Evolution of Web Design |url=http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/the-evolution-of-web-design/|publisher=Six Revisions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030030802/http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/the-evolution-of-web-design/ |archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> [[CSS]] was introduced in December 1996 by the [[W3C]] to support presentation and layout. This allowed [[HTML]] code to be semantic rather than both semantic and presentational, and improved web accessibility, see [[tableless web design]].<br />
<br />
In 1996, [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] (originally known as FutureSplash) was developed. At the time, the Flash content development tool was relatively simple compared to now, using basic layout and drawing tools, a limited precursor to [[ActionScript]], and a timeline, but it enabled web designers to go beyond the point of HTML, [[Graphics Interchange Format#Animated GIF|animated GIFs]] and [[JavaScript]]. However, because Flash required a [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]], many web developers avoided using it for fear of limiting their market share due to lack of compatibility. Instead, designers reverted to gif animations (if they didn't forego using [[motion graphics]] altogether) and JavaScript for [[software widget|widgets]]. But the benefits of Flash made it popular enough among specific target markets to eventually work its way to the vast majority of browsers, and powerful enough to be used to develop entire sites.<ref name="Chapman, Evolution" /><br />
<br />
====End of the first browser wars====<br />
{{Further|Browser wars#First Browser War (1995–2001)}}<br />
In 1998, Netscape released Netscape Communicator code under an [[Open-source license|open source licence]], enabling thousands of developers to participate in improving the software. However, these developers decided to start a standard for the web from scratch, which guided the development of the open source browser and soon expanded to a complete application platform.<ref name="Browsers" /> The [[Web Standards Project]] was formed and promoted browser compliance with [[Comparison of layout engines (HTML)|HTML]] and [[Comparison of layout engines (Cascading Style Sheets)|CSS]] standards. Programs like [[Acid1]], [[Acid2]], and [[Acid3]] were created in order to test browsers for compliance with web standards. In 2000, Internet Explorer was released for Mac, which was the first browser that fully supported HTML 4.01 and CSS 1. It was also the first browser to fully support the [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] image format.<ref name="Browsers" /> By 2001, after a campaign by Microsoft to popularize Internet Explorer, Internet Explorer had reached 96% of [[Usage share of web browsers|web browser usage share]], which signified the end of the first browsers wars as Internet Explorer had no real competition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMO.NET America's Multimedia Online (Internet Explorer 6 PREVIEW)|url=http://amo.net/NT/01-30-01MSFTIE6.html|website=amo.net|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2001–2012===<br />
Since the start of the 21st century the web has become more and more integrated into peoples lives. As this has happened the technology of the web has also moved on. There have also been significant changes in the way people use and access the web, and this has changed how sites are designed.<br />
<br />
Since the end of the [[Browser wars|browsers wars]]{{when|date=May 2016}} new browsers have been released. Many of these are [[open-source software|open source]] meaning that they tend to have faster development and are more supportive of new standards. The new options are considered by many{{Weasel inline|date=May 2016}} to be better than Microsoft's [[Internet Explorer]].<br />
<br />
The [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] has released new standards for HTML ([[HTML5]]) and CSS ([[CSS3]]), as well as new [[JavaScript]] [[Application programming interface|API's]], each as a new but individual standard.{{when|date=May 2016}} While the term HTML5 is only used to refer to the new version of HTML and ''some'' of the JavaScript API's, it has become common to use it to refer to the entire suite of new standards (HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript).<br />
<br />
== Tools and technologies ==<br />
Web designers use a variety of different tools depending on what part of the production process they are involved in. These tools are updated over time by newer standards and software but the principles behind them remain the same. Web designers use both [[Vector graphics editor|vector]] and [[Raster graphics editor|raster]] graphics editors to create web-formatted imagery or design prototypes. Technologies used to create websites include W3C standards like HTML and CSS, which can be hand-coded or generated by [[Website builder|WYSIWYG editing software]]. Other tools web designers might use include mark up [[HTML validator|validators]]<ref name="W3C_validator">{{cite web|title=W3C Markup Validation Service|url=http://validator.w3.org/}}</ref> and other testing tools for usability and accessibility to ensure their websites meet web accessibility guidelines.<ref>{{cite web|last=W3C|title=Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)|url=http://www.w3.org/WAI/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Skills and techniques ==<br />
<br />
=== Marketing and communication design ===<br />
Marketing and communication design on a website may identify what works for its target market. This can be an age group or particular strand of culture; thus the designer may understand the trends of its audience. Designers may also understand the type of website they are designing, meaning, for example, that (B2B) [[business-to-business]] website design considerations might differ greatly from a consumer targeted website such as a [[retail]] or entertainment website. Careful consideration might be made to ensure that the aesthetics or overall design of a site do not clash with the clarity and accuracy of the content or the ease of [[web navigation]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=THORLACIUS|first=LISBETH|title=The Role of Aesthetics in Web Design|journal=Nordicom Review|year=2007|volume=28|issue=28|pages=63–76|doi=10.1515/nor-2017-0201|s2cid=146649056|url=http://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/tidskrifter/nordicom-review-12007/role-aesthetics-web-design|access-date=2014-07-18|doi-access=free}}</ref> especially on a B2B website. Designers may also consider the reputation of the owner or business the site is representing to make sure they are portrayed favourably.<br />
<br />
=== User experience design and interactive design ===<br />
User understanding of the content of a website often depends on user understanding of how the website works. This is part of the [[user experience design]]. User experience is related to layout, clear instructions and labeling on a website. How well a user understands how they can interact on a site may also depend on the [[interactive design]] of the site. If a user perceives the usefulness of the website, they are more likely to continue using it. Users who are skilled and well versed with website use may find a more distinctive, yet less intuitive or less [[usability|user-friendly]] website interface useful nonetheless. However, users with less experience are less likely to see the advantages or usefulness of a less intuitive website interface. This drives the trend for a more universal user experience and ease of access to accommodate as many users as possible regardless of user skill.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Castañeda|first1=J.A Francisco |last2=Muñoz-Leiva|first2=Teodoro Luque|title=Web Acceptance Model (WAM): Moderating effects of user experience|journal=Information & Management |year=2007 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=384–396|doi=10.1016/j.im.2007.02.003}}</ref> Much of the user experience design and interactive design are considered in the [[user interface design]].<br />
<br />
Advanced interactive functions may require [[plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]] if not advanced coding language skills. Choosing whether or not to use interactivity that requires plug-ins is a critical decision in user experience design. If the plug-in doesn't come pre-installed with most browsers, there's a risk that the user will have neither the know how or the patience to install a plug-in just to access the content. If the function requires advanced coding language skills, it may be too costly in either time or money to code compared to the amount of enhancement the function will add to the user experience. There's also a risk that advanced interactivity may be incompatible with older browsers or hardware configurations. Publishing a function that doesn't work reliably is potentially worse for the user experience than making no attempt. It depends on the target audience if it's likely to be needed or worth any risks.<br />
<br />
=== Page layout ===<br />
Part of the user interface design is affected by the quality of the [[page layout]]. For example, a designer may consider whether the site's page layout should remain consistent on different pages when designing the layout. Page pixel width may also be considered vital for aligning objects in the layout design. The most popular fixed-width websites generally have the same set width to match the current most popular browser window, at the current most popular screen resolution, on the current most popular monitor size. Most pages are also center-aligned for concerns of [[aesthetics]] on larger screens.<br />
<br />
'''Fluid layouts''' increased in popularity around 2000 to allow the browser to make user-specific layout adjustments to fluid layouts based on the details of the reader's screen (window size, font size relative to window etc.). They grew as an alternative to HTML-table-based layouts and [[Grid (page layout)|grid-based design]] in both page layout design principle and in coding technique, but were very slow to be adopted.<ref group="note" ><code>&lt;table&gt;</code>-based markup and [[spacer .GIF]] images</ref> This was due to considerations of [[Screen reader|screen reading devices]] and varying windows sizes which designers have no control over. Accordingly, a design may be broken down into units (sidebars, content blocks, [[Web banner|embedded advertising]] areas, navigation areas) that are sent to the browser and which will be fitted into the display window by the browser, as best it can. Although such a display may often change the relative position of major content units, sidebars may be displaced below [[body text]] rather than to the side of it. This is a more flexible display than a hard-coded grid-based layout that doesn't fit the device window. In particular, the relative position of content blocks may change while leaving the content within the block unaffected. This also minimizes the user's need to horizontally scroll the page.<br />
<br />
[[Responsive web design]] is a newer approach, based on CSS3, and a deeper level of per-device specification within the page's style sheet through an enhanced use of the CSS <code>@media</code> rule. In March 2018 Google announced they would be rolling out mobile-first indexing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2018/03/rolling-out-mobile-first-indexing.html|title=Rolling out mobile-first indexing|work=Official Google Webmaster Central Blog|access-date=2018-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Sites using responsive design are well placed to ensure they meet this new approach.<br />
<br />
===Typography===<br />
{{Main|typography}}<br />
Web designers may choose to limit the variety of website typefaces to only a few which are of a similar style, instead of using a wide range of [[typeface]]s or [[Typeface#Style of typefaces|type styles]]. Most browsers recognize a specific number of safe fonts, which designers mainly use in order to avoid complications.<br />
<br />
Font downloading was later included in the CSS3 fonts module and has since been implemented in Safari 3.1, Opera 10 and Mozilla Firefox 3.5. This has subsequently increased interest in [[web typography]], as well as the usage of font downloading.<br />
<br />
Most site layouts incorporate negative space to break the text up into paragraphs and also avoid center-aligned text.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone|first=John|title=20 Do's and Don'ts of Effective Web Typography| url=http://webdesignledger.com/tips/20-dos-and-donts-of-effective-web-typography|access-date=2012-03-19|date=2009-11-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Motion graphics===<br />
The page layout and user interface may also be affected by the use of motion graphics. The choice of whether or not to use motion graphics may depend on the target market for the website. Motion graphics may be expected or at least better received with an entertainment-oriented website. However, a website target audience with a more serious or formal interest (such as business, community, or government) might find animations unnecessary and distracting if only for entertainment or decoration purposes. This doesn't mean that more serious content couldn't be enhanced with animated or video presentations that is relevant to the content. In either case, [[motion graphic design]] may make the difference between more effective visuals or distracting visuals.<br />
<br />
Motion graphics that are not initiated by the site visitor can produce accessibility issues. The World Wide Web consortium accessibility standards require that site visitors be able to disable the animations.<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/time-limits-pause.html World Wide Web Consortium: Understanding Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.2.2: Pause, Stop, Hide]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Quality of code ===<br />
Website designers may consider it to be good practice to conform to standards. This is usually done via a description specifying what the element is doing. Failure to conform to standards may not make a website unusable or error prone, but standards can relate to the correct layout of pages for readability as well making sure coded elements are closed appropriately. This includes errors in code, more organized layout for code, and making sure IDs and classes are identified properly. Poorly coded pages are sometimes colloquially called [[tag soup]]. [[W3C Markup Validation Service|Validating via W3C]]<ref name="W3C_validator" /> can only be done when a correct DOCTYPE declaration is made, which is used to highlight errors in code. The system identifies the errors and areas that do not conform to web design standards. This information can then be corrected by the user.<ref>{{cite web|last=W3C QA|title=My Web site is standard! And yours?| url=http://www.w3.org/QA/2002/04/Web-Quality|access-date=2012-03-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Generated content ===<br />
There are two ways websites are generated: statically or dynamically.<br />
<br />
==== Static websites ====<br />
{{Main|Static web page}}<br />
A static website stores a unique file for every page of a static website. Each time that page is requested, the same content is returned. This content is created once, during the design of the website. It is usually manually authored, although some sites use an automated creation process, similar to a dynamic website, whose results are stored long-term as completed pages. These automatically created static sites became more popular around 2015, with generators such as [[Jekyll (software)|Jekyll]] and [[Adobe Muse]].<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| last = Christensen| first = Mathias Biilmann<br />
| title = Static Website Generators Reviewed: Jekyll, Middleman, Roots, Hugo<br />
| website= Smashing Magazine| access-date = 2016-10-26| date = 2015-11-16<br />
| url = https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2015/11/static-website-generators-jekyll-middleman-roots-hugo-review/<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The benefits of a static website are that they were simpler to host, as their server only needed to serve static content, not execute server-side scripts. This required less server administration and had less chance of exposing security holes. They could also serve pages more quickly, on low-cost server hardware. These advantage became less important as cheap web hosting expanded to also offer dynamic features, and [[virtual machine|virtual server]]s offered high performance for short intervals at low cost.<br />
<br />
Almost all websites have some static content, as supporting assets such as images and style sheets are usually static, even on a website with highly dynamic pages.<br />
<br />
==== Dynamic websites ====<br />
{{Main|Dynamic web page}}<br />
Dynamic websites are generated on the fly and use server-side technology to generate webpages. They typically extract their content from one or more back-end databases: some are database queries across a relational database to query a catalogue or to summarise numeric information, others may use a [[document database]] such as [[MongoDB]] or [[NoSQL]] to store larger units of content, such as blog posts or wiki articles.<br />
<br />
In the design process, dynamic pages are often mocked-up or [[website wireframe|wireframe]]d using static pages. The skillset needed to develop dynamic web pages is much broader than for a static pages, involving server-side and database coding as well as client-side interface design. Even medium-sized dynamic projects are thus almost always a team effort.<br />
<br />
When dynamic web pages first developed, they were typically coded directly in languages such as [[Perl]], [[PHP]] or [[Active Server Pages|ASP]]. Some of these, notably PHP and ASP, used a 'template' approach where a server-side page resembled the structure of the completed client-side page and data was inserted into places defined by 'tags'. This was a quicker means of development than coding in a purely procedural coding language such as Perl.<br />
<br />
Both of these approaches have now been supplanted for many websites by higher-level application-focused tools such as [[content management system]]s. These build on top of general purpose coding platforms and assume that a website exists to offer content according to one of several well recognised models, such as a time-sequenced [[blog]], a thematic magazine or news site, a wiki or a user forum. These tools make the implementation of such a site very easy, and a purely organisational and design-based task, without requiring any coding.<br />
<br />
Editing the content itself (as well as the template page) can be done both by means of the site itself, and with the use of third-party software. The ability to edit all pages is provided only to a specific category of users (for example, administrators, or registered users). In some cases, anonymous users are allowed to edit certain web content, which is less frequent (for example, on forums - adding messages). An example of a site with an anonymous change is [[Wikipedia]].<br />
<br />
==Homepage design==<br />
Usability experts, including [[Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)|Jakob Nielsen]] and Kyle Soucy, have often emphasised homepage design for website success and asserted that the homepage is the most important page on a website.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.usableinterface.com/articles/homepage.php|first=Kyle|last=Soucy|archive-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608071219/http://www.usableinterface.com/articles/homepage.php |title=Is Your Homepage Doing What It Should?|publisher=Usable Interface}}</ref>{{citation|first1=Jakob|last1=Nielsen|first2=Marie|last2=Tahir|title=Homepage Usability: 50 Websites Deconstructed|date=October 2001|isbn=978-0735711020|publisher=New Riders Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/homepageusabilit00jako_0}}<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.nngroup.com/articles/most-violated-homepage-guidelines/|title=The Ten Most Violated Homepage Design Guidelines|date=10 November 2003|first=Jakob|last=Nielsen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005150112/http://www.nngroup.com/articles/most-violated-homepage-guidelines/ |archive-date=5 October 2013|publisher=Nielsen Norman Group}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/essential-tips-for-designing-an-effective-homepage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821151637/http://sixrevisions.com/web_design/essential-tips-for-designing-an-effective-homepage/ |archive-date=21 August 2013|date=20 August 2009|first=Kayla|last=Knight|publisher=Six Revisions|title=Essential Tips for Designing an Effective Homepage}}</ref> However practitioners into the 2000s were starting to find that a growing number of website traffic was bypassing the homepage, going directly to internal content pages through search engines, e-newsletters and RSS feeds.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2005/09/29/is-home-page-design-relevant-anymore/|publisher=User Interface Engineering|first=Jared|last=Spool|date=29 September 2005|archive-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916092857/http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2005/09/29/is-home-page-design-relevant-anymore/ |title=Is Home Page Design Relevant Anymore?}}</ref> Leading many practitioners to argue that homepages are less important than most people think.<ref>{{citation|title=10 Usability Tips Based on Research Studies|url=http://sixrevisions.com/usabilityaccessibility/10-usability-tips-based-on-research-studies/|first=Cameron|last=Chapman|date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902031226/http://sixrevisions.com/usabilityaccessibility/10-usability-tips-based-on-research-studies/ |archive-date=2 September 2013|publisher=Six Revisions}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://uxmyths.com/post/717779908/myth-the-homepage-is-your-most-important-page|title=Myth #17: The homepage is your most important page|first=Zoltán|last=Gócza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602172028/http://uxmyths.com/post/717779908/myth-the-homepage-is-your-most-important-page |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://giraffeforum.com/wordpress/2010/04/18/the-decline-of-the-homepage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524221238/http://giraffeforum.com/wordpress/2010/04/18/the-decline-of-the-homepage/ |archive-date=24 May 2013|title=The decline of the homepage|first=Gerry|last=McGovern|date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Prioritizing Design Time: A Long Tail Approach|first=Joshua|last=Porter|date=24 April 2006|publisher=User Interface Engineering|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514075119/http://www.uie.com/articles/prioritizing_design_time/ |archive-date=14 May 2013|url=http://www.uie.com/articles/prioritizing_design_time/}}</ref> Jared Spool argued in 2007 that a site's homepage was actually the least important page on a website.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2007/08/06/usability-tools-podcast-home-page-design/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429113949/http://www.uie.com/brainsparks/2007/08/06/usability-tools-podcast-home-page-design/ |archive-date=29 April 2013|first=Jared|last=Spool|date=6 August 2007|title=Usability Tools Podcast: Home Page Design}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012 and 2013, carousels (also called 'sliders' and 'rotating banners') have become an extremely popular design element on homepages, often used to showcase featured or recent content in a confined space.<ref>{{citation|title=Best practices in carousel design for effective web marketing|first=Chris|last=Bates|date=9 October 2012|publisher=Smart Insights|url=http://www.smartinsights.com/conversion-optimisation/home-page-optimisation/carousels-design-best-practice/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403013507/http://www.smartinsights.com/conversion-optimisation/home-page-optimisation/carousels-design-best-practice/ |archive-date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Messner2013>{{citation|url=http://www.usability.gov/get-involved/blog/2013/04/image-carousels.html |title=Image Carousels: Getting Control of the Merry-Go-Round|first=Katie|last=Messner|publisher=Usability.gov|date=22 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010094459/http://www.usability.gov/get-involved/blog/2013/04/image-carousels.html |archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> Many practitioners argue that carousels are an ineffective design element and hurt a website's search engine optimisation and usability.<ref name=Messner2013/><ref>{{citation|url=http://searchengineland.com/homepage-sliders-are-bad-for-seo-usability-163496|archive-date=22 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122031942/http://searchengineland.com/homepage-sliders-are-bad-for-seo-usability-163496 |title=Homepage Sliders: Bad For SEO, Bad For Usability|first=Harrison|last=Jones|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://cxl.com/blog/dont-use-automatic-image-sliders-or-carousels/|title=Image Carousels and Sliders? Don't Use Them. (Here's why.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210184941/https://cxl.com/blog/dont-use-automatic-image-sliders-or-carousels/ |archive-date=10 December 2019|first=Peep|last=Laja|date=8 June 2019|publisher=CXL}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Occupations ==<br />
There are two primary jobs involved in creating a website: the web designer and [[web developer]], who often work closely together on a website.<ref name ="careersinwebdesign">{{cite book|last=Oleksy|first=Walter|title=Careers in Web Design| year=2001|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=9780823931910 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/careersinwebdesi0000olek/page/9 9]–11|url=https://archive.org/details/careersinwebdesi0000olek|url-access=registration}}</ref> The web designers are responsible for the visual aspect, which includes the layout, coloring and typography of a web page. Web designers will also have a working knowledge of [[markup language]]s such as HTML and CSS, although the extent of their knowledge will differ from one web designer to another. Particularly in smaller organizations, one person will need the necessary skills for designing and programming the full web page, while larger organizations may have a web designer responsible for the visual aspect alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web Designer|url=http://www.myjobsearch.com/careers/web-designer.html|access-date=2012-03-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
Further jobs which may become involved in the creation of a website include: <br />
*[[Graphic designers]] to create visuals for the site such as logos, layouts and buttons<br />
*Internet marketing specialists to help maintain web presence through strategic solutions on targeting viewers to the site, by using marketing and promotional techniques on the internet<br />
*SEO writers to research and recommend the correct words to be incorporated into a particular website and make the website more accessible and found on numerous search engines<br />
*Internet copywriter to create the written content of the page to appeal to the targeted viewers of the site<ref name="different jobs" /><br />
*User experience [[User experience design|(UX) designer]] incorporates aspects of user-focused design considerations which include information architecture, user-centered design, user testing, interaction design, and occasionally visual design.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
=== See also ===<br />
{| style="width:100%;"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| style="width:33%;"|<br />
*[[Aesthetics]]<br />
*[[Color theory]]<br />
*[[Composition (visual arts)]]<br />
*[[Cross-browser]]<br />
*[[Design education]]<br />
*[[Design principles and elements]]<br />
*[[Drawing]]<br />
*[[Dark pattern]]<br />
*[[European Design Awards]]<br />
*[[First Things First 2000 manifesto]]<br />
| style="width:33%;"|<br />
*[[Graphic art software]]<br />
*[[Graphic design occupations]]<br />
*[[Graphics]]<br />
*[[Information graphics]]<br />
*[[:Category:Graphic design schools|List of graphic design institutions]]<br />
*[[List of graphic designers|List of notable graphic designers]]<br />
*[[Logotype]]<br />
*[[Outline of web design and web development]]<br />
*[[Progressive Enhancement]]<br />
| style="width:33%;"|<br />
* [[Style guide]]<br />
* [[Web 2.0]]<br />
* [[Web colors]]<br />
* [[Web safe fonts]]<br />
* [[Web usability]]<br />
* [[Web application framework]]<br />
* [[Website builder]]<br />
* [[Website wireframe]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Related disciplines ===<br />
{| style="width:100%;"<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| style="width:33%;"|<br />
*[[Communication design]]<br />
*[[Copywriting]]<br />
*[[Desktop publishing]]<br />
*[[Digital illustration]]<br />
*[[Graphic design]]<br />
*[[Interaction design]]<br />
| style="width:33%;"|<br />
*[[Information design]]<br />
* [[Light-on-dark color scheme]]<br />
*[[Marketing communications]]<br />
*[[Motion graphic design]]<br />
*[[New media]]<br />
* [[Search engine optimization]] (SEO)<br />
| style="width:33%;"|<br />
*[[Technical Writer]]<br />
*[[Typography]]<br />
*[[User experience]]<br />
*[[User interface design]]<br />
*[[Web development]]<br />
*[[Computer animation#Web animations|Web animations]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-roman}}<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.w3.org/standards/webdesign/ W3C consortium for web standards]<br />
* {{curlie|Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development|Web design and development}}<br />
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{{Subject bar |portal1= Internet |v= y |v-search= Web design}}<br />
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HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=125195
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-10T12:27:46Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Templates I created */</p>
<hr />
<div>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]<br />
# [[Template:verified-badge]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
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Template:Verified-badge
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<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "15px"</p>
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<div>[[File:Ponishare-verified.png|15px]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=125190
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-10T12:19:45Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
# [[WhatsApp]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=WhatsApp&diff=125189
WhatsApp
2021-07-10T12:17:07Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{short description|Messaging and VoIP service by Facebook}} {{en-Wikipedia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Use American English|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox softwa..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Messaging and VoIP service by Facebook}}<br />
{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox software<br />
| name = WhatsApp<br />
| title = WhatsApp<br />
| logo = WhatsApp.svg<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| author = [[Brian Acton]], [[Jan Koum]]<br />
| developer = WhatsApp LLC ([[Facebook, Inc.]])<br />
| released = {{Start date and age|2009|01}}<br />
| ver layout = stacked<br />
| programming language = [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]<ref name="fastcompany">{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3026758/inside-erlang-the-rare-programming-language-behind-whatsapps-success|title=Inside Erlang, The Rare Programming Language Behind WhatsApp's Success|work=fastcompany.com|author=Ainsley O'Connell|date=February 21, 2014|access-date=December 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202171209/https://www.fastcompany.com/3026758/inside-erlang-the-rare-programming-language-behind-whatsapps-success|archive-date=February 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[KaiOS]] (There are also Mac OS, Windows and [[web app]] clients that work only when connected to the mobile app client.)<br />
| size = 172.1 [[Megabyte|MB]] (iOS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/app/id310633997|title=WhatsApp Messenger|website=App Store|language=en-us|access-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430022747/https://apps.apple.com/app/id310633997|archive-date=April 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><br /><br />
33.05 MB (Android)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/whatsapp-inc/whatsapp/|title=WhatsApp Messenger APKs|website=APKMirror|access-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224030818/https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/whatsapp-inc/whatsapp/|archive-date=February 24, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| genre = [[Instant messaging]], [[VoIP]]<br />
| language count = 40 (iOS) and 60 (Android)<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp Help Center - How to change WhatsApp's language|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/account-and-profile/how-to-change-whatsapps-language/?lang=en|access-date=2021-03-26|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
| license = [[Proprietary software]] with [[EULA]] <small>([https://www.whatsapp.com/legal/#terms-of-service "European Region"], [https://www.whatsapp.com/legal/business-terms/ others])</small><br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.whatsapp.com|WhatsApp.com}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = WhatsApp LLC<br />
| logo = WhatsApp logo.svg<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|2009|2|24}}<ref name="Article of Incorporation">{{cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03107761-5735434|title=Article of Incorporation on California's Secretary Of State website|date=February 24, 2009}}</ref><br />
| founders = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jan Koum]]|[[Brian Acton]]}}<br />
| key_people = Will Cathcart (Head of WhatsApp)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-whatsapp-tops-2-billion-users-ceo-vows-to-defend-encryption-11581516000 |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |title=As WhatsApp Tops 2 Billion Users, Its Boss Vows to Defend Encryption |access-date=April 2, 2020 |first=Jeff |last=Horwitz |date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317001048/https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-whatsapp-tops-2-billion-users-ceo-vows-to-defend-encryption-11581516000 |archive-date=March 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPostWhatsAppPushback/><br />
| hq_location_city = [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[California]]<br />
| hq_location_country = United States<br />
| num_employees = 50<br />
| parent = [[Facebook, Inc.]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.whatsapp.com|WhatsApp.com}}<br />
| footnotes = <ref name="Wagner-2018-5-8"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/whatsapp-serves-900-million-users-50-engineers/|title=Why WhatsApp Only Needs 50 Engineers for Its 900M Users|last=Metz|first=Cade|date=September 15, 2015|work=Wired|access-date=August 2, 2016|issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026112111/https://www.wired.com/2015/09/whatsapp-serves-900-million-users-50-engineers/|archive-date=October 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''WhatsApp Messenger''', or simply '''WhatsApp''', is an American [[freeware]], [[cross-platform]] [[Centralized computing|centralized]] [[messaging apps|messaging]] and [[Voice over IP|voice-over-IP]] (VoIP) service owned by [[Facebook, Inc.]]<ref name="metz-wired">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|title=Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People|last=Metz|first=Cade|date=April 5, 2016|work=Wired|access-date=May 13, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409122905/https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|archive-date=April 9, 2017|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> It allows users to send [[text message]]s and [[voice message]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/features/|title=Features|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528133052/https://www.whatsapp.com/features/|archive-date=May 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other content.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-voice-calling-now-open-to-all-android-users-report-669693|title = Voice calling|date = March 12, 2015|access-date = March 16, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150317074148/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-voice-calling-now-open-to-all-android-users-report-669693|archive-date = March 17, 2015|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WhatsApp's Voice Calling">{{cite web|title= WhatsApp Voice Calling|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling|date= April 4, 2015|access-date= September 18, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019073323/https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling|archive-date= October 19, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> WhatsApp's client application runs on [[mobile device]]s but is also accessible from desktop computers, as long as the user's mobile device remains connected to the Internet while they use the desktop app.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/whatsapp-desktop-client-windows-mac-second-best/|title=WhatsApp Desktop Client for Windows & Mac Is Only Second Best|website=MakeUseOf|language=en-US|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227185839/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/whatsapp-desktop-client-windows-mac-second-best/|archive-date=February 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The service requires a [[cellular network|cellular]] [[telephone number|mobile telephone number]] to sign up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/general/21009863/?category=5245245|title=WhatsApp FAQ – Using one WhatsApp account on multiple phones, or with multiple phone numbers|website=WhatsApp.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051542/https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/general/21009863/?category=5245245|archive-date=May 10, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app targeted at small business owners, called WhatsApp Business, to allow companies to communicate with customers who use the standard WhatsApp client.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-business-app-download-android-google-play-iphone-features-a8167631.html|title=There's a new version of WhatsApp|date=January 19, 2018|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805075019/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-business-app-download-android-google-play-iphone-features-a8167631.html|archive-date=August 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/04/06/how-to-know-if-your-business-should-use-the-new-whatsapp-business-app/|title=How To Know If Your Business Should Use The New WhatsApp Business App|last=Armstrong|first=Paul|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=June 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408201512/https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/04/06/how-to-know-if-your-business-should-use-the-new-whatsapp-business-app/|archive-date=April 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The client application was created by WhatsApp Inc. of [[Mountain View, California]], which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately [[United States dollar|US$]]19.3&nbsp;billion.<ref name="wsj20140220">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-buy-whatsapp-for-16-billion-1392847766|title=Facebook to Pay $19 Billion for WhatsApp|last1=Albergotti|first1=Reed|date=February 20, 2014|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=September 20, 2019|last2=MacMillan|first2=Douglas|pages=A1, A6|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Rusli|first3=Evelyn M.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002220233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-buy-whatsapp-for-16-billion-1392847766|archive-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fb-buyout">{{cite press release|title=Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp|url= http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|date= February 19, 2014|access-date= February 19, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140220020357/http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|archive-date= February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the world's most popular messaging application by 2015,<ref name="Metz-2016-04-05a"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/09/11/facebook-incs-whatsapp-hits-900-million-users-what.aspx|title=Facebook Inc.'s WhatsApp Hits 900 Million Users: What Now?|author=Leo Sun|date=September 11, 2015|work=The Motley Fool|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014235930/http://www.gb-whatsapp.website/investing/general/2015/09/11/facebook-incs-whatsapp-hits-900-million-users-what.aspx|archive-date=October 14, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and has over 2{{nbsp}}billion users worldwide {{As of|2020|2|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|title=WhatsApp Blog|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214043828/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It has become the primary means of internet communication in multiple locations, including Latin America, the Indian subcontinent, and large parts of Europe and Africa.<ref name="Metz-2016-04-05a">{{Cite journal|last=Metz|first=Cade|title=Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|journal=Wired|access-date=April 5, 2016|date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405164942/http://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/|archive-date=April 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{further|Timeline of WhatsApp}}<br />
{{WhatsApp timeline}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009–2014 ===<br />
WhatsApp was founded by [[Brian Acton]] and [[Jan Koum]], former employees of [[Yahoo!]].<br />
<br />
In January 2009, after purchasing an [[iPhone]] and realizing the potential of the app industry on the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], Koum and Acton began visiting Koum's friend Alex Fishman in [[West San Jose]] to discuss a new type of messaging app that would show "statuses next to individual names of the people".{{r|rags}} They realized that to take the idea further, they would need an iPhone developer. Fishman visited [[RentACoder.com]], found Russian developer Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum.<br />
<br />
Koum named the app WhatsApp to sound like "what's up". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated<ref name="Article of Incorporation" /> WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, when early versions of WhatsApp kept [[Crash (computing)|crashing]], Koum considered giving up and looking for a new job. Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".<ref name="rags">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/02/19/exclusive-inside-story-how-jan-koum-built-whatsapp-into-facebooks-new-19-billion-baby/|title=Exclusive: The Rags-To-Riches Tale Of How Jan Koum Built WhatsApp Into Facebook's New $19 Billion Baby|author=Parmy Olsen|magazine=[[Forbes]]|date=February 2, 2014|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220081845/http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/02/19/exclusive-inside-story-how-jan-koum-built-whatsapp-into-facebooks-new-19-billion-baby/|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2009, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] launched [[push technology|push notifications]], allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that everyone in the user's network would be notified when a user's status is changed.<ref name="History" /> WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Although Acton was working on another startup idea, he decided to join the company.<ref name="History" /> In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends at Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in [[seed funding]], and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined WhatsApp on November 1.<ref name="History" /> After months at beta stage, the application launched in November 2009, exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired a friend in [[Los Angeles]], Chris Peiffer, to develop a [[BlackBerry]] version, which arrived two months later.<ref name="History" /> Subsequently, WhatsApp for Symbian OS was added in May 2010, and for Android OS in August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/08/27/three-quarters-of-whatsapp-users-are-on-android-study-finds/ |title=Three-quarters of WhatsApp users are on Android, 22% on iOS (study) |first=Paul |last=Sawers |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2021}}</ref> In 2010, WhatsApp was subject to multiple acquisition offers from Google which were declined.<ref name="Neeraj">{{Cite AV media |people=Neeraj Arora |title= Neeraj Arora on learnings from his WhatsApp journey |date=3 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJl27KvUDn0 |publisher=[[Accel India]] |time=19m |lang=en }}</ref><br />
<br />
To cover the cost of sending verification texts to users, WhatsApp was changed from a free service to a paid one. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to the iOS version. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple's U.S. App Store.<ref name="History" /><br />
<br />
In April 2011, [[Sequoia Capital]] invested about $8 million for more than 15% of the company, after months of negotiation by Sequoia partner [[Jim Goetz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/sequoia-s-whatsapp-stake-said-worth-about-3-5-billion|title=Sequoia Said to Reap $3.5 Billion in Deal|last=Levy|first=Ari|date=February 19, 2014|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018235715/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/sequoia-s-whatsapp-stake-said-worth-about-3-5-billion|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-whatsapp-facebook-sequoia-idUSBREA1K04720140221#vA3wxFHSqy1OIRZI.97|title=With WhatsApp deal, Sequoia Capital burnishes reputation|last=McBride|first=Sarah|date=February 21, 2014|journal=Reuters|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521011300/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-whatsapp-facebook-sequoia-idUSBREA1K04720140221#vA3wxFHSqy1OIRZI.97|archive-date=May 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/08/sequoia-whatsapp-funding/|title=Sequoia Invests $8 Million In Messaging App Maker WhatsApp|last=Wauters|first=Robin|website=TechCrunch.com|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504160125/https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/08/sequoia-whatsapp-funding/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.<ref name="History"/> Sometime in 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why WhatsApp's Global Launch of Video Calling in India Is Big |date=15 Nov 2016 |last1=Vengurlekar |first1=Ankit |publisher=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/whatsapp-video-calling-global-launch-new-delhi-facetime-facebook-messenger-google-apple-technology-social-media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115232418/https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/whatsapp-video-calling-global-launch-new-delhi-facetime-facebook-messenger-google-apple-technology-social-media#bypass-sw |archive-date=15 Jan 2021 |access-date=13 Jan 2021}}</ref> WhatsApp acquired Santa Clara based startup, SkyMobius, the developers of Vtok,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SkyMobius: Voice messaging app developer |date=19 Dec 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210115232204/https://tracxn.com/d/companies/skymobius.com |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/skymobius.com |website=tracxn.com |access-date=13 Jan 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> a video and voice calling app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vtok |website=twitter.com |url=https://twitter.com/vtokapp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210115233233/https://twitter.com/vtokapp |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users used the service each month.<ref>{{cite web|title=400 Million Stories|url=http://blog.whatsapp.com/index.php/2013/12/400-million-stories/?lang=de|work=WhatsApp Blog|publisher=WhatsApp|access-date=January 17, 2014|author=Jan Koum|date=December 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412064444/http://blog.whatsapp.com/index.php/2013/12/400-million-stories/?lang=de|archive-date=April 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Facebook subsidiary (2014–present) ===<br />
On February 19, 2014, just one year after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5&nbsp;billion valuation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/21/whatsapp/|title=WhatsApp Was Valued At ~$1.5B In Final Round Before Sale|last=Tsotsis|first=Alexia|date=February 22, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044523/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/21/whatsapp/|archive-date=February 22, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Facebook, Inc.]] announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US$19&nbsp;billion, its largest acquisition to date.<ref name="fb-buyout" /> At the time, it was the largest acquisition of a venture-backed company in history.<ref name="wsj20140220" /> Sequoia Capital received an approximate 5000% return on its initial investment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/whatsapp-investors-make-billions-facebook-acquisition-sequoia-capital-sees-50x-return-13-billion|title=WhatsApp Investors Make Billions From Facebook Acquisition: Sequoia Capital Sees 50x Return on $1.3 Billion Investment|last=Neal|first=Ryan W.|date=February 20, 2014|website=IBTimes.com|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124712/https://www.ibtimes.com/whatsapp-investors-make-billions-facebook-acquisition-sequoia-capital-sees-50x-return-13-billion|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4&nbsp;billion in cash, $12&nbsp;billion in Facebook shares, and (advised by [[Morgan Stanley]]) an additional $3&nbsp;billion in [[restricted stock]] units granted to WhatsApp's founders Koum and Acton.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-20/whatsapp-s-founder-goes-from-food-stamps-to-billionaire.html|title=WhatsApp's Founder Goes From Food Stamps to Billionaire|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=February 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220072216/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-20/whatsapp-s-founder-goes-from-food-stamps-to-billionaire.html|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.<ref name="fb-buyout" /> Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/gaming/461289/Twitter-outrage-as-users-claim-WhatsApp-has-gone-down-days-after-Facebook-purchase|title=Twitter outrage as users claim WhatsApp has gone down days after Facebook purchase|last=Dassanayake|first=Dion|date=February 23, 2014|website=[[Daily Express]]|access-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608041110/http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/gaming/461289/Twitter-outrage-as-users-claim-WhatsApp-has-gone-down-days-after-Facebook-purchase|archive-date=June 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to try and/or move to other message services. [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] claimed that it acquired 8&nbsp;million new users;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/telegram-saw-8m-downloads-after-whatsapp-got-acquired/|title=Telegram Saw 8M Downloads After WhatsApp Got Acquired|last=Tsotsis|first=Alexia|date=February 25, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=February 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226134422/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/telegram-saw-8m-downloads-after-whatsapp-got-acquired/|archive-date=February 26, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Line (application)|Line]], 2&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/25/line-gets-whatsapp-outage-bump/|title=Line saw 2m new users after the outage of Whatsapp|last=Lomas|first=Natasha|date=February 25, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=February 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180212/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/25/line-gets-whatsapp-outage-bump/|archive-date=February 26, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
At a keynote presentation at the [[Mobile World Congress]] in [[Barcelona]] in February 2014, Facebook CEO [[Mark Zuckerberg]] said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the [[Internet.org]] vision.<ref name="techcrunch-whatsapp-io">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/whatsapp-is-actually-worth-more-than-19b-says-facebooks-zuckerberg/|title=WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19B, Says Facebook's Zuckerberg, And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|date=February 24, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225004524/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/whatsapp-is-actually-worth-more-than-19b-says-facebooks-zuckerberg/|archive-date=February 25, 2014|access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/mark-zuckerberg-whatsapp-is-worth-more-than-19-billion-1227925|title=Mark Zuckerberg: WhatsApp is worth more than $19 billion|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Michelle|date=February 24, 2014|website=[[Techradar]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227234130/http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/mark-zuckerberg-whatsapp-is-worth-more-than-19-billion-1227925|archive-date=February 27, 2014|access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> A ''[[TechCrunch]]'' article said this about Zuckerberg's vision:<blockquote>The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – 'a 911 for the internet.' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don't see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to pay for more services like this – or so the hope goes.<ref name=techcrunch-whatsapp-io /></blockquote><br />
<br />
Just three days after announcing the Facebook purchase, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls. He also said that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand and that their ultimate goal was to be on all [[smartphone]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.expansion.com/2014/02/24/empresas/digitech/1393246645.html|title=WhatsApp permitirá llamadas de voz|date=February 24, 2014|work=[[Expansión (Spanish newspaper)|Expansión]]|access-date=July 2, 2014|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230237/http://www.expansion.com/2014/02/24/empresas/digitech/1393246645.html|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600&nbsp;million users.<ref name="Parmy Olsen">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/08/25/whatsapp-hits-600-million-active-users-founder-says/|title=WhatsApp Hits 600 Million Active Users, Founder Says|last=Olsen|first=Parmy|date=August 25, 2014|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=October 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929193100/http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/08/25/whatsapp-hits-600-million-active-users-founder-says/|archive-date=September 29, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700&nbsp;million monthly users and over 30&nbsp;billion messages every day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/WhatsApps-Insane-Growth-Continues-100-Million-New-Users-in-4-Months/articleshow/45786867.cms|title=WhatsApp's Insane Growth Continues: 100 Million New Users in 4 Months|last=Kim|first=Eugene|date=January 7, 2015|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=January 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110040710/http://www.businessinsider.in/WhatsApps-Insane-Growth-Continues-100-Million-New-Users-in-4-Months/articleshow/45786867.cms|archive-date=January 10, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, ''[[Forbes]]'' predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry would lose $386&nbsp;billion because of [[Over-the-top content|OTT]] services like WhatsApp and [[Skype]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling/?linkId=13374701|title=Facebook's Phone Company: WhatsApp Goes To The Next Level With Its Voice Calling Service|author=Parmy Olsen|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 7, 2015|access-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019081118/https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling/?linkId=13374701|archive-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> That month, WhatsApp had over 800&nbsp;million users.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-41359|title=WhatsApp Hits 800 Million Users — 1 Billion by Year-End?|last=Seetharaman|first=Deepa|date=April 17, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]]|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018165539/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/04/17/whatsapp-hits-800000-users-1-billion-by-year-end/|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/whatsapp-touts-800m-monthly-active-users/|title=WhatsApp touts 800M monthly active users|author=Nate Ralph|website=CNET|date=April 18, 2015|access-date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419212616/http://www.cnet.com/news/whatsapp-touts-800m-monthly-active-users/|archive-date=April 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> By September 2015, it had grown to 900&nbsp;million;<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/04/whatsapp-facebook-900-million-mark-zuckerberg-jan-koum-messenger/71704760/|title=Facebook's WhatsApp hits 900 million users, aims for 1 billion|work=USA Today|first=Jessica|last=Guynn|date=September 4, 2015|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018162226/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/04/whatsapp-facebook-900-million-mark-zuckerberg-jan-koum-messenger/71704760/|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref> and by February 2016, one billion.<ref name="Statt-2016-02-01">{{cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|title=WhatsApp has grown to 1 billion users|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-users-facebook-mark-zuckerberg|website=The Verge|publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc.]]|access-date=April 6, 2016|date=February 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413090531/http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-users-facebook-mark-zuckerberg|archive-date=April 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Voice call]]s between two accounts were added to the app in March and April 2015.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/31/8318821/whatsapp-voice-calls-android-ios WhatsApp finally adds voice calls for all Android users, iOS coming soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612154645/https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/31/8318821/whatsapp-voice-calls-android-ios |date=June 12, 2020 }} – James Vincent, The Verge, March 31, 2015</ref><br />
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On November 30, 2015, the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] WhatsApp client made links to another message service, [[Telegram (messaging service)|Telegram]], unclickable and uncopyable.<ref name="techcrunch-re-Telegram">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/01/whatsapp-is-blocking-links-to-rival-app-telegram-on-android/|title=WhatsApp Is Blocking Links To Rival App Telegram On Android|last=Lomas|first=Natasha|date=December 1, 2015|work=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206124316/http://techcrunch.com/2015/12/01/whatsapp-is-blocking-links-to-rival-app-telegram-on-android/|archive-date=December 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="verge-re-Telegram">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/30/9819460/whatsapp-telegram-link-block-copy-paste|title=WhatsApp is blocking links to a competing messenger app|last=Brandom|first=Russell|date=November 30, 2015|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208020939/http://www.theverge.com/2015/11/30/9819460/whatsapp-telegram-link-block-copy-paste|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice">{{cite web|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2016/09/09/whatsapp-is-blocking-telegram-links-in-the-android-app/|title=[Update: Smoking Gun] WhatsApp Is Blocking Telegram Links In Its Android App|last=Lobao|first=Martim|date=December 1, 2015|work=Android Police|access-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909182414/http://www.androidpolice.com/2016/09/09/whatsapp-is-blocking-telegram-links-in-the-android-app/|archive-date=September 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple sources confirmed that it was intentional, not a bug,<ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice"/> and that it had been implemented when the Android [[source code]] that recognized Telegram URLs had been identified.<ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice"/> (The word "telegram" appeared in WhatsApp's code.<ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice"/>) Some considered it an anti-competitive measure,<ref name="techcrunch-re-Telegram"/><ref name="verge-re-Telegram"/><ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice"/> but WhatsApp offered no explanation.<br />
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=== Recent (2016–present) ===<br />
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's co-founder Jan Koum announced that it would no longer charge users a $1 annual subscription fee, in an effort to remove a barrier faced by users without credit cards.<ref name="Fried-18-January-2016 b">{{cite web|url=https://www.recode.net/2016/1/18/11588896/facebook-owned-whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fees-for-its-popular|title=Facebook's Whatsapp is Now Free|author1=Ina Fried|date=January 18, 2016|website=Re Code|publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc.]]|access-date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519195620/http://www.recode.net/2016/1/18/11588896/facebook-owned-whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fees-for-its-popular|archive-date=May 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj-18-January-2016 2">{{Cite news|title=Whatsapp to Drop Subscription Fee|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fee-1453115467|journal=Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 18, 2016|date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118142257/http://www.wsj.com/articles/whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fee-1453115467|archive-date=January 18, 2016|url-status=dead|last=Drozdiak|first=Natalia}}</ref> He also said that the app would not display any third-party ads, and that it would have new features such as the ability to communicate with businesses.<ref name="Statt-2016-02-01"/><ref name="Phonearena-18-January-2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Finally-Whatsapp-removes-1-annual-subscription-fee_id77505|title=Finally! Whatsapp removes $1 annual subscription fee|date=January 18, 2016|website=Phonearena.com|publisher=Phone Arena|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094427/https://www.phonearena.com/news/Finally-Whatsapp-removes-1-annual-subscription-fee_id77505|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100&nbsp;million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/24/whatsapp-hits-100-million-calls-per-day/|title=WhatsApp hits 100 million calls per day|last=Perez|first=Sarah|date=June 24, 2016|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625162117/https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/24/whatsapp-hits-100-million-calls-per-day/|archive-date=June 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of [[two-step verification]] for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/whatsapp-two-step-verification-for-android-beta-users-how-to-enable-4369792/|title= WhatsApp brings Two-step verification for Android 'beta' users: How to enable|access-date= November 11, 2016|date= November 11, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161111194130/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/whatsapp-two-step-verification-for-android-beta-users-how-to-enable-4369792/|archive-date= November 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.<ref name="EU-commission-fined-fb" /> Later that month, [[video call]]s between two accounts were introduced.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2016/11/15/whatsapp-video-calling-launches/#11d6a88ce456 WhatsApp Is Now Rolling Out Video Calling For iPhone, Android And Windows Phone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612132618/https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2016/11/15/whatsapp-video-calling-launches/#11d6a88ce456 |date=June 12, 2020 }} – Amit Chowdhry, November 15, 2016</ref><br />
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On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp's 8th birthday), WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to [[Snapchat]] and Facebook stories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/tech/whatsapp-status-what-is-this-new-snapchat-like-feature-1352784.html|title=WhatsApp Status: What is This New Snapchat-Like Feature?|date=February 24, 2017|access-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225134524/http://www.news18.com/news/tech/whatsapp-status-what-is-this-new-snapchat-like-feature-1352784.html|archive-date=February 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the [[European Commission]] would fine [[Facebook]] €110&nbsp;million for "misleading" it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. The Commission alleged that in 2014 when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016, WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional".<ref name="EU-commission-fined-fb">{{cite web|title=Facebook fined €110m by European Commission over WhatsApp deal|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_17_1369/IP_17_1369_EN.pdf|publisher=European Commission|access-date=August 1, 2020|date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><br />
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In September 2017, WhatsApp's co-founder Brian Acton left the company to start a nonprofit group,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Jon|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/13/whatsapp-co-founder-brian-acton-is-leaving-to-start-a-non-profit/|title=WhatsApp co-founder Brian Acton is leaving to start a non-profit|work=TechCrunch|date=September 13, 2017|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016135421/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/13/whatsapp-co-founder-brian-acton-is-leaving-to-start-a-non-profit/|archive-date=October 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> later revealed as the [[Signal Foundation]], which now develops the WhatsApp competitor [[Signal (software)|Signal]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|title=WhatsApp Co-Founder Puts $50M Into Signal To Supercharge Encrypted Messaging|url=https://www.wired.com/story/signal-foundation-whatsapp-brian-acton/|website=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=October 18, 2018|date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915050519/https://www.wired.com/story/signal-foundation-whatsapp-brian-acton/|archive-date=September 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp also announced a forthcoming business platform to enable companies to provide customer service at scale,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses|title=Building for People, and Now Businesses|website=WhatsApp.com|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908180722/http://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses|archive-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and airlines [[KLM]] and [[Aeroméxico]] announced their participation in the testing.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.phocuswire.com/KLM-claims-airline-first-with-WhatsApp-Business-Platform | title=KLM claims airline first with WhatsApp Business Platform | first=Marisa | last=Garcia | work=[[Phocuswire]] | date=September 5, 2017 | access-date=January 19, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205211831/https://www.phocuswire.com/KLM-claims-airline-first-with-WhatsApp-Business-Platform | archive-date=February 5, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/aeromexico-te-respondera-por-whatsapp-durante-2018/|title=Aeroméxico te atenderá por WhatsApp durante 2018|date=October 26, 2017|website=[[Forbes|Forbes México]]|language=es|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180522/https://www.forbes.com.mx/aeromexico-te-respondera-por-whatsapp-durante-2018/|archive-date=July 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/10/27/podras-hacer-check-in-y-consultar-tu-vuelo-con-aeromexico-a-traves-de-whatsapp_a_23258181/|title=Podrás hacer 'check in' y consultar tu vuelo con Aeroméxico a través de WhatsApp|journal=Huffington Post|last=Redacción|date=October 27, 2017|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135702/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/10/27/podras-hacer-check-in-y-consultar-tu-vuelo-con-aeromexico-a-traves-de-whatsapp_a_23258181/|archive-date=March 10, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="whatsapp.com1">{{cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses|title=Building for People, and Now Businesses|date=September 5, 2017|website=WhatsApp Blog|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209031529/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Both airlines previously launched customer services on the [[Facebook Messenger]] platform.<br />
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In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/19/16908810/whatsapp-business-app-launch-small-businesses|title=WhatsApp launches a separate app for small businesses|last=Ong|first=Thuy|date=January 19, 2018|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=January 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119113437/https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/19/16908810/whatsapp-business-app-launch-small-businesses|archive-date=January 19, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|title=WhatsApp founder plans to leave after broad clashes with parent Facebook|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/whatsapp-founder-plans-to-leave-after-broad-clashes-with-parent-facebook/2018/04/30/49448dd2-4ca9-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html|work=The Washington Post|access-date=October 18, 2018|date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930064717/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/whatsapp-founder-plans-to-leave-after-broad-clashes-with-parent-facebook/2018/04/30/49448dd2-4ca9-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html|archive-date=September 30, 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> Facebook later announced that Koum's replacement would be Chris Daniels.<ref name="Wagner-2018-5-8">{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|title=WhatsApp has a new boss: Chris Daniels, the guy who's been running Internet.org|url=https://www.recode.net/2018/5/8/17329524/whatsapp-new-ceo-facebook-cofounder-jan-koum-departs|access-date=October 18, 2018|work=Recode|publisher=Vox Media|date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161836/https://www.recode.net/2018/5/8/17329524/whatsapp-new-ceo-facebook-cofounder-jan-koum-departs|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2018/07/31/whatsapp-group-calling/#3373ecfc736e|title=WhatsApp's Group Audio And Video Calling Features Arrive On iPhone And Android|last=Chowdhry|first=Amit|work=Forbes|access-date=September 20, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161731/https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2018/07/31/whatsapp-group-calling/#3373ecfc736e|archive-date=September 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/whatsapp-group-video-call-feature-guide-for-beginners/story/279377.html|title=WhatsApp group video call feature finally rolls out; step by step guide for beginners|website=businesstoday.in|access-date=September 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161112/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/whatsapp-group-video-call-feature-guide-for-beginners/story/279377.html|archive-date=September 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In October, the "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-android-new-feature-swipe-to-reply-gesture-download-stickers-1926026|title=WhatsApp for Android Gets 'Swipe to Reply' Gesture Support; Ability to Download External Sticker Packs Tipped|first=Jagmeet|last=Singh|date=October 3, 2018|access-date=October 7, 2018|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223306/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-android-new-feature-swipe-to-reply-gesture-download-stickers-1926026|archive-date=October 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On October 25, 2018, WhatsApp announced support for Stickers. But unlike other platforms WhatsApp requires third-party apps to add Stickers to WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-stickers|title=Introducing Stickers|date=October 25, 2018|access-date=June 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222555/https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-stickers|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On November 25, 2019, WhatsApp announced an investment of $250,000 into the startup ecosystem through a partnership with Startup India, where it will provide 500 startups with Facebook ad credits of $500 each.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 25, 2019|title=Whatsapp to support Indian startups through ad credits|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/whatsapp-to-support-indian-startups-through-ad-credits/articleshow/72222458.cms|access-date=January 7, 2020|via=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109120624/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/whatsapp-to-support-indian-startups-through-ad-credits/articleshow/72222458.cms|archive-date=January 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In December 2019, WhatsApp announced that a new update would lock out any Apple users who haven't updated to iOS 9 or higher and Samsung, Huawei, Sony and Google users who haven't updated to version 4.0 by February 1, 2020. The company also reported that Windows Phone operating systems would no longer be supported after December 31, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-latest-version-android-iphone-update-ios-not-working-a9240286.html|title=WhatsApp is about to stop working on millions of phones|date=December 10, 2019|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212031112/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-latest-version-android-iphone-update-ios-not-working-a9240286.html|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp was announced to be the 3rd most downloaded [[Mobile phone|mobile]] app of the decade from 2010 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|title=These were the most-downloaded apps and games of the decade|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=December 17, 2019|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US|access-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217130013/https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|archive-date=December 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In early 2020, WhatsApp launched its "dark mode" for iPhone and Android devices – a new design consisting of a darker palette.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/how-to/whatsapp-dark-mode|title=How to get WhatsApp dark mode|last=March 2020|first=Cat Ellis 04|website=TechRadar|language=en|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307162445/https://www.techradar.com/how-to/whatsapp-dark-mode|archive-date=March 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In March, WhatsApp partnered with the [[World Health Organization]] and [[UNICEF]] to provide messaging hotlines for people to get information on the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp unveils $1M grant, info hub to fight coronavirus rumors|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/03/18/whatsapp-unveils-1m-grant-and-info-hub-to-fight-coronavirus-rumors/|last=Singh|first=Manish|date=March 18, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> That same month, WhatsApp began testing a feature to help users find out more information and context about information they receive.<ref name=SearchTheWeb>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp tests new feature to fight misinformation: Search the web|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/03/21/whatsapp-search-web-coronavirus/|last=Singh|first=Manish|date=March 21, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=May 11, 2020}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=May 2021}}<br />
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In October 2020, Whatsapp rolled out a feature that allows users to mute both individuals and group chats forever. The mute chat settings now show ‘8 hours', ‘1 week', and ‘Always' options. The ‘Always' option replaces the ‘1 year' option that was originally part of the settings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/1319461499354509313?s=20|title=Whatsapp on Twitter|last=October 2020|first=via Twitter|language=en|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/you-can-now-mute-a-whatsapp-chat-forever-6851637/|title=You can now mute a WhatsApp chat forever|website=The Indian Express|last=New feature|first=(23 October 2020)}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2021, WhatsApp announced a new Privacy Policy which users would be forced to accept by February 8, 2021, or stop using the app. The new policy will allow WhatsApp to share data with its parent company, Facebook. The new policy does not apply in the EU, since it violates the principles of [[GDPR]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp Will Delete Your Account If You Don't Agree Sharing Data With Facebook|url=https://thehackernews.com/2021/01/whatsapp-will-delete-your-account-if.html|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Hacker News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Mandatory WhatsApp Privacy Policy Update Allows User Data to be Shared With Facebook|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2021/01/06/whatsapp-privacy-policy-data-sharing-facebook/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> Facing a pushback about Facebook data sharing and lack of clarity, WhatsApp postponed the update to May 15, 2021.<ref name="Kharpal">{{Cite web|last=Kharpal|first=Arjun|date=2021-01-18|title=WhatsApp delays privacy update over user 'confusion' and backlash about Facebook data sharing|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/18/whatsapp-delays-privacy-update-amid-facebook-data-sharing-confusion.html|access-date=2021-01-18|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=WhatsApp loses millions of users after terms update|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jan/24/whatsapp-loses-millions-of-users-after-terms-update|access-date=2021-01-25|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><br />
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On March 1, 2021, WhatsApp started rolling out support for third-party animated stickers in Iran, Brazil and Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/WhatsApp/stickers/wiki/Animated-Stickers/520afc928cc0b1a5f7609ad7e6b30fe954825339|title=Rolling out possibility to import animated sticker packs|date=March 1, 2021|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> On March 24, 2021, WhatsApp launched third-party animated stickers worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/WhatsApp/stickers/wiki/Animated-Stickers/2479ea37e92b1af27292d4d57e470fa42f8d659d|title=Animated stickers enabled worldwide|date=March 2, 2021|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 2019 lawsuit ====<br />
{{Main|WhatsApp snooping scandal}}<br />
In May 2019, WhatsApp was attacked by hackers who installed [[spyware]] on a number of victims' smartphones.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/05/14/whatsapp-hack-target-i-fear-more-victims-are-out-there/#635adb496113|title=WhatsApp Hack Target: I Fear More Victims Are Out There|date=May 14, 2019|access-date=May 14, 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514195119/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/05/14/whatsapp-hack-target-i-fear-more-victims-are-out-there/#635adb496113|archive-date=May 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The hack, allegedly developed by Israeli surveillance technology firm [[NSO Group]], injected [[malware]] onto WhatsApp users’ phones via a [[Exploit (computer security)|remote-exploit]] bug in the app's [[Voice over IP]] calling functions. A ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' report noted the attack was able to inject malware via calls to the targeted phone, even if the user did not answer the call.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/whatsapp-hack-phone-call-voip-buffer-overflow/|title=How Hackers Broke WhatsApp With Just a Phone Call|last=Newman|first=Lily Hay|date=May 14, 2019|work=Wired|access-date=June 6, 2019|issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603212738/https://www.wired.com/story/whatsapp-hack-phone-call-voip-buffer-overflow/|archive-date=June 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 29, WhatsApp filed a lawsuit against NSO Group in a [[San Francisco]] court, claiming that the alleged cyberattack violated US laws including the [[Computer Fraud and Abuse Act]] (CFAA).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 30, 2019|title=WhatsApp sues Israeli firm NSO over cyberespionage|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/717/whatsapp-sues-israeli-firm-nso-over-cyberespionage-doc-1lu56d1|website=[[Agence France-Presse]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030011028/https://www.afp.com/en/news/717/whatsapp-sues-israeli-firm-nso-over-cyberespionage-doc-1lu56d1|archive-date=October 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to WhatsApp, the exploit "targeted at least 100 human-rights defenders, journalists and other members of civil society" among a total of 1,400 users in 20 countries.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=October 30, 2019|title=WhatsApp sues Israel's NSO for allegedly helping spies hack phones around the world|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup-idUSKBN1X82BE|website=[[Reuters]]|date=October 30, 2019|first1=Raphael|last1=Satter|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Culliford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030011016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup-idUSKBN1X82BE|archive-date=October 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 30, 2019|title=Facebook sues Israeli company over WhatsApp spyware|url=https://apnews.com/a7ad0788b9e4498a878009d1a8c5a206|date=October 29, 2019|website=[[Associated Press]]|first=Frank|last=Bajak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030005205/https://apnews.com/a7ad0788b9e4498a878009d1a8c5a206|archive-date=October 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPostWhatsAppPushback>{{cite web|first1=Will|last1=Cathcart|access-date=October 30, 2019|title=Why WhatsApp is pushing back on NSO Group hacking|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/29/why-whatsapp-is-pushing-back-nso-group-hacking/|website=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030001047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/29/why-whatsapp-is-pushing-back-nso-group-hacking/|archive-date=October 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Platform support ==<br />
After months at beta stage, the official first release of WhatsApp launched in November 2009, exclusively at the App Store for iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added; and subsequently for [[Symbian]] OS in May 2010, and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011, a beta for [[Nokia]]'s non-smartphone OS [[Series 40]] was added. A month later, support for [[Windows Phone]] was added, followed by [[BlackBerry 10]] in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.getspool.com/145/download-free-whatsapp-messenger-blackberry/|title=WhatsApp messenger for BlackBerry – Free Download|work=GetSpool – Jailbreak Tweaks, iOS News|date=May 22, 2015|access-date=June 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625053511/http://blog.getspool.com/145/download-free-whatsapp-messenger-blackberry/|archive-date=June 25, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, support for Samsung's [[Tizen]] OS was added.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tizenexperts.com/2015/04/application-new-native-whatsapp-clients-hits-the-tizen-store-goodbye-acl-whatsapp-messenger/|title=[Application] NEW Native WhatsApp clients hits the Tizen Store, Goodbye ACL WhatsApp Messenger|author=Ash|date=April 9, 2015|work=Tizen Experts|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009163325/http://www.tizenexperts.com/2015/04/application-new-native-whatsapp-clients-hits-the-tizen-store-goodbye-acl-whatsapp-messenger/|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp was the Symbian-based [[Nokia N95]] released in March 2007. (As of June 2017, WhatsApp is no longer compatible with it.)<br />
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In August 2014, WhatsApp released an Android update, adding support for [[Android Wear]] smartwatches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2358851/whatsapp-update-adds-support-for-android-wear-smartwatches|title=Whatsapp update adds support for Android Wear smartwatches|last=Page|first=Carly|date=August 5, 2014|work=[[The Inquirer]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811045417/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2358851/whatsapp-update-adds-support-for-android-wear-smartwatches|archive-date=August 11, 2014|url-status=unfit}}</ref><br />
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On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a browser-based web client that could be used by syncing with a mobile device's connection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/614/WhatsApp-Web|title=WhatsApp Web|date=January 21, 2015|website=WhatsApp Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122061225/http://blog.whatsapp.com/614/WhatsApp-Web|archive-date=January 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40, and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of [[Android Froyo|Android (2.2)]], [[Windows Phone 7|Windows Phone (7.0)]], and [[IOS 6|iOS (6)]], by the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000617/WhatsApp-support-for-mobile-devices|title=WhatsApp support for mobile devices|date=February 26, 2016|website=WhatsApp Blog|access-date=July 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204613/http://blog.whatsapp.com/10000617/WhatsApp-support-for-mobile-devices|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> BlackBerry, Series 40, and Symbian support was then extended to June 30, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/faq/en/general/26000006|title=WhatsApp support for mobile devices|website=WhatsApp Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080210/https://www.whatsapp.com/faq/en/general/26000006|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2017, support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nokiapoweruser.com/whatsapp-extends-nokia-s40-blackberry-support-till-end-2017-drops-symbian-support/|title=WhatsApp extends Nokia S40, BlackBerry support till end of 2017, drops Symbian support|date=June 16, 2017|website=Nokiapoweruser|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094246/https://nokiapoweruser.com/whatsapp-extends-nokia-s40-blackberry-support-till-end-2017-drops-symbian-support/|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Support for BlackBerry and older (version 8.0) Windows Phone and older (version 6) iOS devices was dropped on January 1, 2018, but was extended to December 2018 for Nokia Series 40.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/android/26000006/|title=WhatsApp FAQ – Support for older operating systems|website=WhatsApp.com|access-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803225338/https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/android/26000006/|archive-date=August 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2018, it was announced that WhatsApp would soon be available for [[KaiOS]] feature phones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/986492/WhatsApp-update-Nokia-8810-download|title=The WhatsApp news we have been waiting for will transform these popular phones|first=David|last=Snelling|date=July 11, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223845/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/986492/WhatsApp-update-Nokia-8810-download|archive-date=August 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nokiamob.net/2018/07/05/kaios-officially-getting-whatsapp/|title=*Update* KaiOS officially getting Whatsapp|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194854/http://nokiamob.net/2018/07/05/kaios-officially-getting-whatsapp/|archive-date=August 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In October 2019, WhatsApp officially launched a new fingerprint app-locking feature for Android users.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp Brings Fingerprint Lock Feature to Android, Months After iPhone|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-fingerprint-lock-android-ios-iphone-user-privacy-2125391|access-date=2020-09-16|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== WhatsApp Web ===<br />
WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web,<ref>{{cite news|first=Ben |last=Woods|title=WhatsApp finally launches on the Web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/01/21/whatsapp-finally-launches-web/|access-date=March 16, 2021|work=The Next Web|date=January 21, 2015 }}</ref> in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device—this means all of your messages still live on your phone". The WhatsApp user's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function. All major desktop browsers are supported except for [[Internet Explorer]]. WhatsApp Web's user interface is based on the default Android one and can be accessed through web.whatsapp.com. Access is granted after the users scan their personal [[QR code]] through their mobile WhatsApp application.<br />
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As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).<ref>{{cite news|author1=Kashmira Gander|title=WhatsApp web: messaging client now available on internet browsers|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-now-available-on-web-browsers-9993675.html|access-date=January 23, 2015|work=The Independent|date=January 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122121804/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-now-available-on-web-browsers-9993675.html|archive-date=January 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tweedie|first=Steven|title=WhatsApp Is Now Accessible On The Web, But iPhone Users Are Out Of Luck|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-set-up-whatsapp-web-browser-version-2015-1|website=Business Insider|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=February 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080223/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-set-up-whatsapp-web-browser-version-2015-1|archive-date=February 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ''ChitChat'',<!-- do not link to [[ChitChat]], that is a different app --> previously known as ''WhatsMac''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/stonesam92/ChitChat/|title=Chit Chat A Mac app wrapper around WhatsApp's web client|author=stonesam92|date=October 2, 2018|website=[[GitHub]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726035049/https://github.com/stonesam92/ChitChat|archive-date=July 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://osxdaily.com/2015/05/25/whatsapp-for-mac-whatsmac-app/|title=WhatsApp for Mac|date=May 25, 2015|website=OSXDaily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411184504/http://osxdaily.com/2015/05/25/whatsapp-for-mac-whatsmac-app/|archive-date=April 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macupdate.com/app/mac/54316/chitchat|title=ChitChat for Mac|date=October 5, 2015|website=MacUpdate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018160325/https://www.macupdate.com/app/mac/54316/chitchat|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In January 2021, the limited Android beta version allowed users to use WhatsApp Web without having to keep the mobile app connected to the Internet. In March 2021, this beta feature was extended to iOS users.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wabetainfo.com/whatsapp-messenger-beta-for-ios-2-21-60-11-whats-new/ |title=WhatsApp Messenger beta for iOS 2.21.60.11: what’s new? |date=March 19, 2021 |access-date=July 5, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Microsoft Windows and Mac ===<br />
On May 10, 2016, the messaging service was introduced for both Microsoft Windows and [[macOS]] operating systems. Recently, WhatsApp added support for video calls and voice calls from their desktop clients. Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which will be synced with a user's mobile device, is available for download on the website. It supports OS versions of [[Windows 8]] and [[OS X Yosemite|OS X 10.10]] and higher.<ref name="WAWOS 2">{{cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000621/Introducing-WhatsApps-desktop-app|date=May 10, 2016|website=WhatsApp Blog|access-date=May 11, 2016|title=Introducing WhatsApp's desktop app|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511113236/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000621/Introducing-WhatsApps-desktop-app|archive-date=May 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/05/11/whatsapp-desktop-app-windows-mac/|title=WhatsApp now has an official desktop app for Windows and Mac|last=Swanner|first=Nate|date=May 11, 2016|website=The Next Web|access-date=May 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511005125/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/05/11/whatsapp-desktop-app-windows-mac/|archive-date=May 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/whatsapp-desktop/id1147396723?mt=12|title=WhatsApp Desktop on the Mac App Store|access-date=December 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103163538/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/whatsapp-desktop/id1147396723?mt=12|archive-date=January 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Apple iPad ===<br />
A story circulated in 2019 that iPad support was coming.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-update-latest-ipad-group-admin-feature-ios-android-a8863886.html|title=WhatsApp update finally brings popular app to iPad|access-date=March 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321211545/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-update-latest-ipad-group-admin-feature-ios-android-a8863886.html|archive-date=March 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> However, as of May 2021, WhatsApp does not run on the iPad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/whatsapp-messenger/id310633997|title=WhatsApp Messenger|access-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321210951/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/whatsapp-messenger/id310633997|archive-date=March 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
iPad users searching for WhatsApp are shown numerous third-party clients. Several top results have names and logos resembling WhatsApp itself, and some users do not realize they are using a third-party client. Per WhatsApp's policy, using third-party clients can result in the account getting permanently banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cultofmac.com/314343/use-a-third-party-whatsapp-client-and-you-could-be-banned-for-life/|title=Use a third-party WhatsApp client and you could be banned for life|access-date=March 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321211547/https://www.cultofmac.com/314343/use-a-third-party-whatsapp-client-and-you-could-be-banned-for-life/|archive-date=March 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Technical ==<br />
WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard [[Extensible messaging and presence protocol|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol]] (XMPP).<ref>{{cite web|place = [[Germany|DE]]|author = Shakal|url = http://shakal.blog.de/2011/03/22/whatsapp-risiken-10872342/|title = WhatsApp? Nicht ohne Risiken|trans-title = WhatsApp? Not without risks|date = March 22, 2011|access-date = January 29, 2013|type = [[World Wide Web]] log|language = de|format = [[Google Translate]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111834/http://shakal.blog.de/2011/03/22/whatsapp-risiken-10872342/|archive-date = June 26, 2015|url-status=dead|df = mdy-all }}.</ref> Upon installation, it creates a user account using one's phone number as the username ([[Jabber.org|Jabber]] ID: <code>[phone number]@s.whatsapp.net</code>).<br />
<br />
WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an [[MD5]]-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|IMEI]] as password,<ref name="GitHub venomous0x">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI|title=Interface to WhatsApp Messenger|author=Team Venomous (venomous0x)|date=September 29, 2018|website=[[GitHub]]|type=blog|access-date=January 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526120342/https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI|archive-date=May 26, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> while the iOS version used the phone's Wi-Fi [[MAC address]] instead of IMEI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezioamodio.it/?p=29|title=Whatsapp – iOS password generation|last=Amodio|first=Ezio|date=September 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050300/http://www.ezioamodio.it/?p=29|archive-date=January 29, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=January 29, 2013|place=[[Italy|IT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://samgranger.com/whatsapp-is-using-imei-numbers-as-passwords/|title=WhatsApp is using IMEI numbers as passwords|last=Granger|first=Sam|date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911002603/http://samgranger.com/whatsapp-is-using-imei-numbers-as-passwords/|archive-date=September 11, 2012|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.<ref>{{cite web|title = Wassapp login issues|url = http://lowlevel-studios.com/wassapp-login-issues|publisher = Lowlevel Studios|type = blog|quote = Wassapp is a PC application developed to be a non-official client for WhatsApp Messenger|date = December 11, 2012|access-date = January 29, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121220094529/http://lowlevel-studios.com/wassapp-login-issues|archive-date = December 20, 2012|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
Alternatively a user can send to any contact in Whatsapp database through the url <code>https://<nowiki/>api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=[phone number]</code> where <code>[phone number]</code> is the number of the contact including the country code.<br />
<br />
Some [[Dual SIM|dual-SIM]] devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.<ref>{{cite web|first = Kelechi|last = Emenike|place = NG|title = Download WhatsApp on non-compatible Dual-SIM Phones|url= http://echo.com.ng/2013/howto-download-whatsapp-dual-sim-nokia-phones/|publisher = ECHO|type = blog|date = September 16, 2013|access-date = September 29, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026045419/http://echo.com.ng/2013/howto-download-whatsapp-dual-sim-nokia-phones/|archive-date = October 26, 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a [[voice calling]] feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chowdhry|first=Amit|title=WhatsApp For iOS Will Receive Voice Calling Feature In A Few Weeks|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2015/03/26/whatsapp-calling-ios/#2e779d5321fe|website=Forbes|access-date=October 9, 2017|date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009145427/https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2015/03/26/whatsapp-calling-ios/#2e779d5321fe|archive-date=October 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perez|first=Sarah|title=WhatsApp Voice-Calling Feature Spotted In The Wild|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/02/whatsapp-voice-calling-feature-spotted-in-the-wild/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=October 9, 2017|date=February 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019041954/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/02/whatsapp-voice-calling-feature-spotted-in-the-wild/|archive-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp's [[voice codec]] is [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]],<ref name="Register">{{cite news |last1=Leyden |first1=John |title=WhatsApp laid bare: Info-sucking app's innards probed |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/27/whatsapp_forensic_analysis/ |access-date=October 19, 2019 |work=[[The Register]] |date=October 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019111806/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/27/whatsapp_forensic_analysis/ |archive-date=October 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hazra">{{cite book |last1=Hazra |first1=Sudip |last2=Mateti |first2=Prabhaker |chapter=Challenges in Android Forensics |editor-last1=Thampi |editor-first1=Sabu M. |editor-last2=Pérez |editor-first2=Gregorio Martínez |editor-last3=Westphall |editor-first3=Carlos Becker |editor-last4=Hu |editor-first4=Jiankun |editor-last5=Fan |editor-first5=Chun I. |editor-last6=Mármol |editor-first6=Félix Gómez |title=Security in Computing and Communications: 5th International Symposium, SSCC 2017 |date=September 13–16, 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811068980 |pages=286–299 (290) |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6898-0_24 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u09DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290}}</ref><ref name="Srivastava">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Saurabh Ranjan |last2=Dube |first2=Sachin |last3=Shrivastaya |first3=Gulshan |last4=Sharma |first4=Kavita |chapter=Smartphone Triggered Security Challenges: Issues, Case Studies and Prevention |journal=Cyber Security in Parallel and Distributed Computing |editor-last1=Le |editor-first1=Dac-Nhuong |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Raghvendra |editor-last3=Mishra |editor-first3=Brojo Kishore |editor-last4=Chatterjee |editor-first4=Jyotir Moy |editor-last5=Khari |editor-first5=Manju |title=Cyber Security in Parallel and Distributed Computing: Concepts, Techniques, Applications and Case Studies |date=2019 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781119488057 |pages=187–206 (200) |doi=10.1002/9781119488330.ch12 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzGtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200}}</ref> which uses the [[modified discrete cosine transform]] (MDCT) and [[linear predictive coding]] (LPC) [[audio compression (data)|audio compression]] algorithms.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Valin |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Maxwell |first2=Gregory |last3=Terriberry |first3=Timothy B. |last4=Vos |first4=Koen |title=High-Quality, Low-Delay Music Coding in the Opus Codec |conference=135th AES Convention |publisher=[[Audio Engineering Society]] |date=October 2013 |arxiv=1602.04845 }}</ref> WhatsApp uses Opus at 8{{ndash}}16 [[kHz]] [[sampling rate]]s.<ref name="Register"/><ref name="Srivastava"/> On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added a [[video calling]] feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.<ref>{{cite web|title = Whatsapp Video Calling|url = https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000629/WhatsApp-Video-Calling?l=en|type = blog|date = November 14, 2016|access-date = November 18, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161118172200/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000629/WhatsApp-Video-Calling?l=en|archive-date = November 18, 2016|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Whatsapp Video Calling|journal= The Economic Times|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/whatsapp-rolls-out-video-calling-from-its-biggest-market-india/articleshow/55431148.cms|type= News|date= November 15, 2016|access-date= November 18, 2016|last= Alawadhi|first= Neha|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161119000540/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/whatsapp-rolls-out-video-calling-from-its-biggest-market-india/articleshow/55431148.cms|archive-date= November 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2017, Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-delete-messages-sent-by-mistake/|title=WhatsApp Now Lets You Delete Messages Sent by Mistake|date=November 1, 2017|work=Smatt Geeks Media|access-date=March 8, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232538/https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-delete-messages-sent-by-mistake/|archive-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an [[HTTP server]] and then sending a [[Hyperlink|link]] to the content along with its [[Base64|Base64 encoded]] thumbnail (if applicable).<ref>{{cite web|author = Team Venomous (venomous0x)|title = WhatsAPI / README.md|date = November 28, 2012|url = https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI/blob/master/README.md|publisher = [[GitHub]]|type = blog|orig-year = May 29, 2012|access-date = January 29, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150622220422/https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI/blob/master/README.md|archive-date = June 22, 2015|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
WhatsApp follows a "[[store and forward]]" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver to acknowledge receipt of the message. As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in the database of the server. The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).<ref>{{cite web|author = Gaurav Rathee|title = How WhatsApp Works|date = June 25, 2015|url = http://digitalperiod.com/explore-whatsapp-clock-sign-and-tick/|type = blog|orig-year = June 25, 2015|access-date = June 25, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212039/http://digitalperiod.com/explore-whatsapp-clock-sign-and-tick/|archive-date = June 30, 2015|url-status=live }}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=October 2015}}<br />
<br />
=== End-to-end encryption ===<br />
On November 18, 2014, [[Open Whisper Systems]] announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide [[end-to-end encryption]] by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/18/end-to-end-for-everyone/|title=WhatsApp Partners With Open WhisperSystems To End-To-End Encrypt Billions Of Messages A Day|last=Evans|first=Jon|date=November 18, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118220338/http://techcrunch.com/2014/11/18/end-to-end-for-everyone/|archive-date=November 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and [[Key (cryptography)|key]] verification would be coming soon after.<ref name="whispersystems">{{cite web|url=https://whispersystems.org/blog/whatsapp/|title=Open Whisper Systems partners with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption|date=November 18, 2014|publisher=[[Open Whisper Systems]]|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118161936/https://www.whispersystems.org/blog/whatsapp/|archive-date=November 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2014/11/18/facebooks-messaging-service-whatsapp-gets-a-security-boost/|title=Facebook's messaging service WhatsApp gets a security boost|last=Snyder|first=Benjamin|date=November 18, 2014|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120193716/http://fortune.com/2014/11/18/facebooks-messaging-service-whatsapp-gets-a-security-boost/|archive-date=November 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, German magazine ''[[Heise security|Heise Security]]'' used [[ARP spoofing]] to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android-to-Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end-to-end encrypted.<ref name="Heise-April-2015"/> They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end-to-end encrypted messages and regular messages.<ref name="Heise-April-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Keeping-Tabs-on-WhatsApp-s-Encryption-2630361.html|title=Keeping Tabs on WhatsApp's Encryption|last=Scherschel|first=Fabian A.|date=April 30, 2015|publisher=[[Heise Security]]|access-date=April 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430172636/http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Keeping-Tabs-on-WhatsApp-s-Encryption-2630361.html|archive-date=April 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.<ref name="Metz-2016-04-05"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/05/whatsapp-completes-end-to-end-encryption-rollout/|title=WhatsApp completes end-to-end encryption rollout|last=Lomas|first=Natasha|date=April 5, 2016|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406010346/http://techcrunch.com/2016/04/05/whatsapp-completes-end-to-end-encryption-rollout/|archive-date=April 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Users were also given the option to enable a [[trust on first use]] mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent's key changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/04/whatsapp-rolls-out-end-end-encryption-its-1bn-users|title=WhatsApp Rolls Out End-To-End Encryption to its Over One Billion Users|last=Budington|first=Bill|date=April 7, 2016|website=Deeplinks Blog|publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]|access-date=April 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912010025/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/04/whatsapp-rolls-out-end-end-encryption-its-1bn-users|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a [[white paper]] that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the [[Signal Protocol]].<ref name="white-paper">{{cite web|title=WhatsApp Encryption Overview – Technical white paper|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/security/WhatsApp-Security-Whitepaper.pdf|publisher=WhatsApp Inc.|access-date=April 5, 2016|date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405210216/https://www.whatsapp.com/security/WhatsApp-Security-Whitepaper.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp calls are encrypted with [[Secure Real-time Transport Protocol|SRTP]], and all client-server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel".<ref name="white-paper"/> The Signal Protocol [[Library (computing)|library]] used by WhatsApp is [[open-source software|open-source]] and published under the [[GPLv3]] license.<ref name="white-paper"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/whispersystems/libsignal-protocol-java|title=libsignal-protocol-java|author=Open Whisper Systems|date=October 4, 2018|website=[[GitHub]]|access-date=April 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228221248/https://github.com/whispersystems/libsignal-protocol-java|archive-date=December 28, 2016|url-status=live|author-link=Open Whisper Systems}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cade Metz, writing in ''Wired'', said, "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses."<ref name="metz-wired" /><br />
<br />
=== WhatsApp Payments ===<br />
WhatsApp Payments (marketed as ''WhatsApp Pay'') is a [[peer-to-peer]] money transfer feature that is currently only available in India. WhatsApp has received permission from the [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments-through-multi-bank-partnerships/articleshow/59537607.cms|title=WhatsApp gets nod for UPI payments through multi bank partnerships|last=Mishra|first=Digbijay|date=July 11, 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712021535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments-through-multi-bank-partnerships/articleshow/59537607.cms|archive-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> to allow users to make in-app payments and money transfers using the [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments/articleshow/59537161.cms|title=WhatsApp gets nod for UPI payments|last=Mishra|first=Digbijay|date=July 11, 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712041644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments/articleshow/59537161.cms|archive-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> UPI enables account-to-account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary's bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/03/whatsapp-india-peer-to-peer-payments/|title=WhatsApp will reportedly launch peer-to-peer payments in India within 6 months|last=Russell|first=Jon|date=April 4, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706050957/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/03/whatsapp-india-peer-to-peer-payments/|archive-date=July 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 November 2020, WhatsApp announced that it had received approval for providing a payment service, although restricted to maximum of 20 million users initially. The service was subsequently rolled out.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhargava |first1=Yuthika |title=WhatsApp payment service goes live in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/payments-on-whatsapp-go-live-in-india/article33037143.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=7 November 2020 |language=en-IN |date=6 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== WhatsApp Cryptocurrency ===<br />
{{See also|Diem (digital currency)}}<br />
On February 28, 2019, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Facebook was “hoping to succeed where [[Bitcoin]] failed” by developing an in-house [[cryptocurrency]] that would be incorporated into WhatsApp. The project reportedly involves over 50 engineers under the direction of former [[PayPal]] president [[David A. Marcus]]. This 'Facebook coin' would reportedly be a [[stablecoin]] pegged to the value of a basket of different foreign currencies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|last2=Isaac|first2=Mike|title=Facebook and Telegram Are Hoping to Succeed Where Bitcoin Failed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/technology/cryptocurrency-facebook-telegram.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 5, 2019|date=February 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305190944/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/technology/cryptocurrency-facebook-telegram.html|archive-date=March 5, 2019|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2019, Facebook formally announced that the project would be named [[Diem (digital currency)|Libra]], and that the company planned for a [[digital wallet]] named "Calibra" to be integrated into Facebook and WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boorstin |first1=Julia |title=Facebook launches a new cryptocurrency called Libra |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/17/facebook-announces-libra-digital-currency-calibra-digital-wallet.html |access-date=April 21, 2021 |work=CNBC |date=June 18, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> After financial regulators in the US, Europe, and other regions raised concerns, Calibra was rebranded to Novi in May 2020, and Libra was rebranded to Diem in December 2020. Facebook has stated that Novi would require a government-issued ID for verification and the wallet app would have fraud protection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lecher |first1=Colin |title=European regulators are already pressing Facebook about its cryptocurrency |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/18/18683574/facebook-libra-cryptocurrency-regulation-europe-france-germany |access-date=April 22, 2021 |work=The Verge |date=June 18, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=Facebook-backed Libra Association has been renamed Diem |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/01/facebook-backed-libra-digital-currency-has-been-renamed-diem.html |access-date=April 21, 2021 |work=CNBC |date=December 1, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=Facebook renames its service that will let people send Libra digital currency to one another |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/26/facebook-novi-is-new-name-for-libra-digital-wallet.html |access-date=April 21, 2021 |work=CNBC |date=May 26, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception and criticism ==<br />
<br />
=== Hoaxes and fake news ===<br />
<br />
====Mob murders in India====<br />
In July 2018, WhatsApp encouraged people to report fraudulent or inciting messages after [[Lynching|lynch mobs]] in [[India]] murdered innocent people because of malicious WhatsApp messages falsely accusing the victims of intending to abduct children.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-child-kidnap-abduction-video-rumours-killings-1.4737041|title=WhatsApp cracks down on fake content after child-kidnap rumours spark killings across India|last1=Bassi|first1=Simi|date=July 8, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|last2=Sengupta|first2=Joyita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709115019/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-child-kidnap-abduction-video-rumours-killings-1.4737041|archive-date=July 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====2018 elections in Brazil====<br />
In an investigation on the use of [[social media in politics]], it was found that WhatsApp was being abused for the spread of [[fake news]] in the [[2018 presidential elections in Brazil]].<ref name="The New York Times 2018">{{cite web|title=Opinion – Fake News Is Poisoning Brazilian Politics. WhatsApp Can Stop It.|website=The New York Times|date=October 17, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/opinion/brazil-election-fake-news-whatsapp.html|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018125853/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/opinion/brazil-election-fake-news-whatsapp.html|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, it has been reported that US$3&nbsp;million has been spent in illegal off-the-books contributions related to this practice.<ref name="Folha de S.Paulo 2018">{{cite web|title=Businessmen Fund WhatsApp Campaign Against PT|website=Folha de S.Paulo|date=October 18, 2018|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/businessmen-fund-whatsapp-campaign-against-pt.shtml|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201820/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/businessmen-fund-whatsapp-campaign-against-pt.shtml|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Researchers and journalists have called on WhatsApp parent company, Facebook, to adopt measures similar to those adopted in India and restrict the spread of hoaxes and fake news.<ref name="The New York Times 2018" /><br />
<br />
=== Security and privacy ===<br />
{{Main|Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features}}WhatsApp was initially criticized for its lack of encryption, sending information as [[plaintext]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdailymac.net/2011/05/whatsapp-leaks-usernames-telephone-numbers-and-messages/|title=WhatsApp leaks usernames, telephone numbers and messages {{!}} Your Daily Mac|last=Brookehoven|first=Corey|date=May 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523235136/http://www.yourdailymac.net/2011/05/whatsapp-leaks-usernames-telephone-numbers-and-messages/|archive-date=May 23, 2011|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> Encryption was first added in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.itpro.es/miequipoestaloco/whatsapp-ya-cifra-los-mensajes/|title=Whatsapp ya cifra los mensajes|date=May 11, 2012|publisher=IT Pro|trans-title=WhatsApp already encrypts messages|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408070915/http://blogs.itpro.es/miequipoestaloco/whatsapp-ya-cifra-los-mensajes/|archive-date=April 8, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/davidbb/status/199861196365639680|title=preliminary protocol inspection shows that @WhatsApp has turned on some kind of encryption in the latest Android version (2.7.7532)|last=Barrera|first=David|date=May 8, 2012|website=@davidbb|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007051543/https://twitter.com/davidbb/status/199861196365639680|archive-date=October 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ae_g_i_s|number=200579125818298370|title=Oh look. The key to WhatsApp's new encryption is at least a strong random one. Guess how I know? :D|last=ægis|first=|date=May 10, 2012|website=@ae_g_i_s|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> End-to-end encryption was only fully implemented in April 2016 after a two-year process.<br />
<br />
In 2016, WhatsApp was widely praised for the addition of [[end-to-end encryption]] and earned a 6 out of 7 points on the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation|Electronic Frontier Foundation's]] "Secure Messaging Scorecard".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/03/secure-messaging-more-secure-mess|title=Secure Messaging? More Like A Secure Mess.|last=Portnoy|first=Nate Cardozo, Gennie Gebhart, and Erica|date=March 26, 2018|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808031200/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/03/secure-messaging-more-secure-mess|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp was criticized by security researchers and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for using backups that are not covered by end-to-end encryption and allow messages to be accessed by third-parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/paul-manafort-how-did-fbi-access-whatsapp-messages.html|title=How Did the FBI Access Paul Manafort's Encrypted Messages?|last=Mak|first=Aaron|date=June 5, 2018|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712191232/https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/paul-manafort-how-did-fbi-access-whatsapp-messages.html|archive-date=July 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/10/where-whatsapp-went-wrong-effs-four-biggest-security-concerns|title=Where WhatsApp Went Wrong: EFF's Four Biggest Security Concerns|last=Gebhart|first=Bill Budington and Gennie|date=October 13, 2016|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731163459/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/10/where-whatsapp-went-wrong-effs-four-biggest-security-concerns|archive-date=July 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2019, a security vulnerability in WhatsApp was found and fixed that allowed a remote person to install spyware by making a call which did not need to be answered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/update-whatsapp-now-bug-lets-snoopers-put-spyware-on-your-phone-with-just-a-call/|title=Update WhatsApp now: Bug lets snoopers put spyware on your phone with just a call|last=Tung|first=Liam|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607180022/https://www.zdnet.com/article/update-whatsapp-now-bug-lets-snoopers-put-spyware-on-your-phone-with-just-a-call/|archive-date=June 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup/whatsapp-sues-israels-nso-for-allegedly-helping-spies-hack-phones-around-the-world-idUSKBN1X82BE|title=WhatsApp sues Israel's NSO for allegedly helping spies hack phones around the world|last=Satter|first=Raphael|website=Reuters|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029215504/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup/whatsapp-sues-israels-nso-for-allegedly-helping-spies-hack-phones-around-the-world-idUSKBN1X82BE|archive-date=October 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2019, WhatsApp was criticized for its implementation of a 'delete for everyone' feature. iOS users can elect to save media to their camera roll automatically. When a user deletes media for everyone, WhatsApp does not delete images saved in the iOS camera roll and so those users are able to keep the images. WhatsApp released a statement saying that "the feature is working properly," and that images stored in the camera roll cannot be deleted due to Apple's security layers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/09/18/nasty-whatsapp-privacy-surprise-delete-for-everyone-doesnt-delete-for-everyone/|title=WhatsApp Warning For Millions Of iPhone Users As 'Delete For Everyone' Fails To Work|last=Doffman|first=Zak|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924152633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/09/18/nasty-whatsapp-privacy-surprise-delete-for-everyone-doesnt-delete-for-everyone/|archive-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2019, WhatsApp released a new privacy feature that let users decide who adds them to the group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/whatsapps-new-privacy-feature-lets-users-decide-who-can-add-them-to-groups_in_5dc283d9e4b0f5dcf8fd677f|title=How To Enable New WhatsApp Feature That Lets You Decide Who Can Add You To Groups|date=November 6, 2019|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201175620/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/whatsapps-new-privacy-feature-lets-users-decide-who-can-add-them-to-groups_in_5dc283d9e4b0f5dcf8fd677f|archive-date=December 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2019, WhatsApp confirmed a security flaw that would allow hackers to use a malicious GIF image file to gain access to the recipient's data. When the recipient opened the gallery within WhatsApp, even if not sending the malicious image, the hack is triggered and the device and its contents become vulnerable. The flaw was patched and users were encouraged to update WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Business|first=By Jordan Valinsky, CNN|date=2019-10-07|title=WhatsApp had a bug that let hackers take over phones with a GIF|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/07/tech/whatsapp-gif-bug-trnd/index.html|access-date=2020-12-21|website=CNN Digital|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Doffman|first=Zak|title=New WhatsApp Warning: Security Flaw Confirmed—1 Billion Users Told Update Apps Now|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/10/03/new-whatsapp-warning-security-flaw-confirmed1-billion-users-told-update-apps-now/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Osborne|first=Charlie|title=WhatsApp vulnerability exploited through malicious GIFs to hijack chat sessions|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/whatsapp-vulnerability-exploited-through-malicious-gifs-to-hijack-chat-sessions/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=ZDNet|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On December 17, 2019, WhatsApp fixed a security flaw that allowed cyber attackers to repeatedly crash the messaging application for all members of group chat, which could only be fixed by forcing the complete uninstall and reinstall of the app.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/12/17/whatsapp-update-warning-as-new-app-killing-message-confirmed-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|title=WhatsApp Update Warning As New 'App Killing' Message Confirmed: Here's What You Need To Know|last=Doffman|first=Zak|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503055911/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/12/17/whatsapp-update-warning-as-new-app-killing-message-confirmed-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|archive-date=May 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The bug was discovered by [[Check Point]] in August 2019 and reported to WhatsApp. It was fixed in version 2.19.246 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/breakingapp-whatsapp-crash-data-loss-bug/|title=BreakingApp – WhatsApp Crash & Data Loss Bug|date=December 17, 2019|website=Check Point Research|language=en-US|access-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221121530/https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/breakingapp-whatsapp-crash-data-loss-bug/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/whatsapp-security-flaw-checkpoint/|title=Crisis averted: WhatsApp fixed a lethal security flaw|last=Kraus|first=Rachel|website=Mashable|language=en|access-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221121527/https://mashable.com/article/whatsapp-security-flaw-checkpoint/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
For security purposes, since February 1, 2020, WhatsApp has been made unavailable on smartphones using legacy operating systems like Android 2.3.7 or older and iPhone iOS 8 or older that are no longer updated by their providers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51329882|title=WhatsApp to stop working on millions of phones|date=January 31, 2020|website=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071052/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51329882|archive-date=February 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2020, the [[NSO Group]] held its governmental clients accountable for the allegation of [[human rights abuses]] by WhatsApp. In its revelation via documents received from court, <br />
the group claimed that the lawsuit brought against the company by WhatsApp threatened to infringe on its clients’ “national security and foreign policy concerns”. However, the company did not reveal names of the end users, which according to a research by [[Citizen Lab]] include, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Morocco]], [[Mexico]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/07/nso-group-points-finger-at-state-clients-in-whatsapp-spying-case|title=NSO Group points finger at state clients in WhatsApp spying case|access-date=April 7, 2020|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407181250/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/07/nso-group-points-finger-at-state-clients-in-whatsapp-spying-case|archive-date=April 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 December 2020, a claim that WhatsApp gave [[Google]] access to private messages was included in the anti-trust case against the latter. As the complaint is heavily redacted due to being an ongoing case, it doesn't disclose whether this alleges tampering with the app's end-to-end encryption or simply Google accessing user backups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/17/22180258/google-whatsapp-facebook-data-deal-antitrust-case-debunk|title=Prosecutors say Google accessed private WhatsApp messages — but the evidence is thin|access-date=December 19, 2020|website=The Verge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2021, WhatsApp announced update to Privacy Policy which states that WhatsApp will share user data with Facebook and its "family of companies" starting February 2021. Previously, users could opt-out of such data sharing, but the new policy removes this option. The new Privacy Policy does not apply within EU, since it is illegal under [[General Data Protection Regulation|GDPR]]. Facebook and WhatsApp has been widely criticized for this move.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=2021-01-06|title=WhatsApp gives users an ultimatum: Share data with Facebook or stop using the app|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/whatsapp-users-must-share-their-data-with-facebook-or-stop-using-the-app/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref> The enforcement of the privacy policy has been postponed from February 8 to May 15, 2021.<ref name="Kharpal"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2021-01-15|title=WhatsApp to delay new privacy policy amid mass confusion about Facebook data sharing|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/15/22233257/whatsapp-privacy-policy-update-delayed-three-months|access-date=2021-03-15|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''National Health Service of the United Kingdom'''<br />
<br />
In 2018, it was reported that around 500,000 [[National Health Service]] (NHS) staff used WhatsApp and other instant messaging systems at work and around 29,000 had faced disciplinary action for doing so. Higher usage was reported by frontline clinical staff to keep up with care needs, even though NHS trust policies do not permit their use.<ref>{{cite news|title=NHS staff disciplined due to reliance on WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and other apps|url=http://practicebusiness.co.uk/nhs-staff-disciplined-due-to-reliance-on-whatsapp-facebook-messenger-and-other-apps/|access-date=October 30, 2018|publisher=Practice Business|date=March 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415112327/http://practicebusiness.co.uk/nhs-staff-disciplined-due-to-reliance-on-whatsapp-facebook-messenger-and-other-apps/|archive-date=April 15, 2018|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mods and fake versions'''<br />
<br />
In March 2019, WhatsApp released a guide for users who had installed unofficial modified versions of WhatsApp and warned that it may ban those using unofficial clients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/whatsapp-to-ban-users-for-using-fake-apps-mod-apk-unofficial-official-app/story/325675.html|title=WhatsApp to ban users for using fake apps; here's how to migrate back to the official app|website=businesstoday.in|access-date=April 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331072408/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/whatsapp-to-ban-users-for-using-fake-apps-mod-apk-unofficial-official-app/story/325675.html|archive-date=March 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''NSO Group'''<br />
<br />
In October 2019, WhatsApp launched a lawsuit against the Israeli surveillance firm NSO Group, stating it was behind the cyber attacks on over 100 human rights activists, journalists, lawyers, and academics. WhatsApp also claimed that the firm violated American law in an “unmistakable pattern of abuse”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/whatsapp-suing-israel-israeli-tech-surveillance-firm-nso-group-cyber-attack-1.490852|title=WhatsApp sues Israeli tech firm over phone-hacking claims|access-date=October 30, 2019|website=The Jewish Chronicle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031135903/https://www.thejc.com/news/world/whatsapp-suing-israel-israeli-tech-surveillance-firm-nso-group-cyber-attack-1.490852|archive-date=October 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 16, 2020, a US federal judge ruled that WhatsApp and its parent company Facebook's lawsuit against NSO group can proceed. The judge denied most of the arguments made by the NSO group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/16/federal-court-rules-whatsapp-and-facebooks-malware-exploit-case-against-nso-group-can-proceed/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMLb3OXRfu5KdcKFybALpwyFjb8AFMZ-h6dJJ5_TARK8adpKlXycQmUkH6j2X8BCkS9YXe8r8eeR2CYRy92_a0Kte9iV3cK-8d-DXnPlemjnboOUz2NbkwAzSL3QRdj8-Bu6_V_Mf2Cn9E8IGE4iI2o8HeCC4RSIvC07e9ub69Xk | title=Federal court rules WhatsApp and Facebook's malware exploit case against NSO Group can proceed| access-date=July 16, 2020 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Jeff Bezos phone hack'''<br />
<br />
In January 2020, a digital forensic analysis revealed that the Amazon founder [[Jeff Bezos]] received an encrypted message on WhatsApp from the official account of [[Saudi Arabia]]’s Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]]. The message reportedly contained a malicious file, the receipt of which resulted in Bezos’ phone being hacked. The [[United Nations]]’ special rapporteur [[David Kaye (law professor)|David Kaye]] and [[Agnes Callamard]] later confirmed that Jeff Bezos’ phone was hacked through WhatsApp, as he was one of the targets of Saudi's hit list of individuals close to [[The Washington Post]] journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince|title=Jeff Bezos hack: Amazon boss's phone 'hacked by Saudi crown prince'|website=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229191904/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince|archive-date=February 29, 2020|access-date=January 27, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Terrorism ===<br />
In December 2015, it was reported that a terrorists organization [[ISIS]] had been using WhatsApp to plot the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]].<ref name="Perez2017">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/17/politics/paris-attacks-terrorists-encryption/|title=First on CNN: Paris attackers likely used encrypted apps, officials say|last1=Perez|first1=Evan|date=December 17, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=March 27, 2017|last2=Prokupecz|first2=Shimon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328020524/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/17/politics/paris-attacks-terrorists-encryption/|archive-date=March 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''The Independent,'' ISIS also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-using-whatsapp-telegram-sell-sex-slaves-iraq-facebook-a7125551.html|title=Isis is using Whatsapp to sell 12 year old sex slaves alongside kittens|last=Agerholm|first=Harriet|date=July 7, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117221100/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-using-whatsapp-telegram-sell-sex-slaves-iraq-facebook-a7125551.html|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2017, British Home Secretary [[Amber Rudd]] said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable, as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the [[2017 Westminster attack]]. Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks.<ref name="Sparrow2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/26/intelligence-services-access-whatsapp-amber-rudd-westminster-attack-encrypted-messaging|title=WhatsApp must be accessible to authorities, says Amber Rudd|last=Sparrow|first=Andrew|date=March 26, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326234809/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/26/intelligence-services-access-whatsapp-amber-rudd-westminster-attack-encrypted-messaging|archive-date=March 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2017, the perpetrator of the [[Stockholm truck attack]] reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the incident. The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession to the attack.<ref name="Osborne2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stockholm-attack-rakhmat-akilov-suspect-isis-whatsapp-messages-sweden-lorry-truck-before-after-a7676011.html|title=Stockholm suspect Rakhmat Akilov 'exchanged Whatsapp messages with Isis supporter before and after attack'|last=Osborne|first=Samuel|date=April 10, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523113245/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stockholm-attack-rakhmat-akilov-suspect-isis-whatsapp-messages-sweden-lorry-truck-before-after-a7676011.html|archive-date=May 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2017, nearly 300 WhatsApp groups with about 250 members each were reportedly being used to mobilize stone-pelters in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to disrupt security forces' operations at encounter sites. According to police, 90% of these groups were closed down after counselling of admins of these groups.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-24|title=300 WhatsApp groups used to mobilise stone-pelters in trouble-hit Kashmir: Cop|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/300-whatsapp-groups-used-to-mobilise-stone-pelters-in-trouble-hit-kashmir-cop/story-LCHkmAFAh6FgNGAbfbbgDL.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Further, after a six-month probe which involved the infiltration of 79 WhatsApp groups, the [[National Investigation Agency]] reported that out of about 6386 members and admins of these groups, about 1000 were residents of [[Pakistan]] and gulf nations. Further, for their help in negating anti-terror operations, the Indian stone pelters were getting funded through barter trade from Pakistan and other indirect means.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-05|title=WhatsApp used to gather stone pelters, many admins abroad: NIA|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whatsapp-used-to-gather-stone-pelters-many-admins-abroad-nia-4828984/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Scams and malware ===<br />
It has been asserted that there are numerous ongoing scams on WhatsApp that let hackers spread viruses or malware.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techadvisor.co.uk/how-to/software/whatsapp-scams-3331146/|title=Most Common WhatsApp Scams|date=June 15, 2018|publisher=techadvisor.co.uk/|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121145/https://www.techadvisor.co.uk/how-to/software/whatsapp-scams-3331146/|archive-date=September 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2016, some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third-party application called ''WhatsApp Gold'', which was part of a [[scam]] that infected the users' phones with [[malware]].<ref name="Bolton-2016-05-24">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-gold-plus-scam-malware-download-get-message-a7045606.html|title=WhatsApp Gold: Scammers trick mobile phone users into downloading malware|last=Bolton|first=Doug|date=May 24, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803112659/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-gold-plus-scam-malware-download-get-message-a7045606.html|archive-date=August 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends' conversations, or their contact lists, has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil. Since December 2016, more than 1.5&nbsp;million people have clicked and lost money.<ref>{{cite web|url-status=live|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/novo-golpe-de-whatsapp-atinge-15-milhao-de-vitimas-em-3-meses/|title=Novo golpe de Whatsapp atinge 1,5 milhão de vítimas em 3 meses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314154116/http://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/novo-golpe-de-whatsapp-atinge-15-milhao-de-vitimas-em-3-meses/|archive-date=March 14, 2017|author=Eduardo F. Filho|date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another application called ''GB Whatsapp'' is considered malicious by [[cybersecurity]] firm [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] because it usually performs some unauthorized operations on end-user devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.symantec.com/blogs/product-insights/case-study-dangerous-journey-fake-whatsapp-app-onedrive|title=Case Study: The Dangerous Journey of a Fake WhatsApp App on OneDrive|date=March 13, 2018|publisher=[[symantec.com]]|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121125/https://www.symantec.com/blogs/product-insights/case-study-dangerous-journey-fake-whatsapp-app-onedrive|archive-date=September 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bans ===<br />
==== China ====<br />
WhatsApp is owned by Facebook, whose main social media service has been blocked in China since 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/business/china-whatsapp-blocked.html|title=China Blocks WhatsApp, Broadening Online Censorship|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=September 25, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517211402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/business/china-whatsapp-blocked.html|archive-date=May 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2017, security researchers reported to ''The New York Times'' that the WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in [[China]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/technology/whatsapp-facebook-china-internet.html|title=China Disrupts WhatsApp Service in Online Clampdown|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=July 18, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517175536/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/technology/whatsapp-facebook-china-internet.html|archive-date=May 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- {{citation needed span|On November 6, 2019, bans on messages and video calls are lifted, but pictures and voice messages are still not available.|date=November 2019|reason=citation needed}}--><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630193503/https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Iran ====<br />
On May 9, 2014, the government of [[Iran]] announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist," said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently, Iranian president [[Hassan Rouhani]] issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2014/05/140506_me_iran_to_block_watsapp.shtml|title=President Hassan Rouhani issued order to 'hold WhatsApp service filteration'|work=[[BBC Persian]]|access-date=May 27, 2014|language=fa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509204208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2014/05/140506_me_iran_to_block_watsapp.shtml|archive-date=May 9, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/05/04/iran-bans-whatsapp-because-link-to-american-zionist-mark-zuckerberg/|title=Iran bans WhatsApp because of link to 'American Zionist' Mark Zuckerberg|author=Daftari, Lisa|date=May 4, 2014|work=[[Fox News]]|access-date=May 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514151912/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/05/04/iran-bans-whatsapp-because-link-to-american-zionist-mark-zuckerberg/|archive-date=May 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Turkey ====<br />
[[Turkey]] temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016, following the [[Assassination of Andrei Karlov|assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/12/20/turkey-blocks-access-facebook-twitter-whatsapp-following-ambassadors |title=Turkey blocks access to Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp following ambassador's assassination |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Cara|last=McGoogan |date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207113636/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/12/20/turkey-blocks-access-facebook-twitter-whatsapp-following-ambassadors/|archive-date=December 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Brazil ====<br />
On March 1, 2016, Diego Dzodan, Facebook's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2016/03/1744973-pf-prende-executivo-do-facebook-por-empresa-nao-liberar-dados-do-whatsapp.shtml|title=PF prende executivo do Facebook por empresa não liberar dados do WhatsApp|publisher=Folha de São Paulo|date=March 1, 2016|language=pt|access-date=March 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302103948/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2016/03/1744973-pf-prende-executivo-do-facebook-por-empresa-nao-liberar-dados-do-whatsapp.shtml|archive-date=March 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 2, 2016, at dawn the next day, Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/03/felizes-diz-facebook-sobre-soltura-de-vice-presidente-preso-em-sp.html|title='Felizes', diz Facebook sobre soltura de vice-presidente preso em SP|date=March 2, 2016|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303095857/http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/03/felizes-diz-facebook-sobre-soltura-de-vice-presidente-preso-em-sp.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 2, 2016, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 3, 2016|title=Brazil Judge blocks access to WhatsApp messaging service|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36187028|access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> Once again, the block was lifted following an appeal, after less than 24 hours.<ref name="ars-liftedagain">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/05/brazilian-judge-blocks-whatsapp-for-72-hours-but-it-still-works-over-vpn-wi-fi/|title=Brazilian appellate judge rescinds WhatsApp block|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|date=May 3, 2016|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504115056/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/05/brazilian-judge-blocks-whatsapp-for-72-hours-but-it-still-works-over-vpn-wi-fi/|archive-date=May 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brazil's Central Bank issued an order to [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[Mastercard]] on June 23, 2020 to stop working with WhatsApp on its new electronic payment system. A statement from the Bank asserted the decision to block the Facebook-owned company's latest offering was taken in order to “preserve an adequate competitive environment” in the mobile payments space and to ensure “functioning of a payment system that’s interchangeable, fast, secure, transparent, open and cheap.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil Suspends WhatsApp's New Payments System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/23/technology/23reuters-brazil-central-bank-visa-mastercard.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 23, 2020 |access-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626161650/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/23/technology/23reuters-brazil-central-bank-visa-mastercard.html |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brazil suspends WhatsApp's payments service|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/06/23/brazil-orders-to-suspend-whatsapp-pay-week-after-rollout/|access-date=June 26, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Uganda ====<br />
The government of [[Uganda]] banned WhatsApp and Facebook, along with other social media platforms, to enforce a tax on the use of social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wccftech.com/uganda-imposes-social-media-tax-whatsapp/|title=Uganda Imposes Daily Social Media Tax to Stop "Gossip" on WhatsApp|last=Shaikh|first=Rafia|date=May 31, 2018|work=Wccftech|access-date=June 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722110112/https://wccftech.com/uganda-imposes-social-media-tax-whatsapp/|archive-date=July 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Users are to be charged 200 [[Ugandan shilling|shilling]] per day to access these services according to the new law set by parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44315675|title=Uganda imposes WhatsApp 'gossip' tax|date=May 31, 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604080431/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44315675|archive-date=June 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== United Arab Emirates (UAE) ====<br />
The [[United Arab Emirates]] banned WhatsApp video chat and VoIP call applications<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/technology/404024-end-uae-ban-on-whatsapp-calls-khalaf-al-habtoor-urges|title=End UAE ban on WhatsApp calls, Khalaf Al Habtoor urges|website=ArabianBusiness.com|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410172625/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/technology/404024-end-uae-ban-on-whatsapp-calls-khalaf-al-habtoor-urges|archive-date=April 10, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/23/totok-popular-chat-app-spying-tool-uae-government|title=Popular chat app ToTok is actually a spying tool of UAE government – report|date=December 23, 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 28, 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611234926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/23/totok-popular-chat-app-spying-tool-uae-government|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> in as early as 2013<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/skype-whatsapp-face-ban-in-saudi-arabia-report-495231.html|title=Skype, WhatsApp face ban in Saudi Arabia – report|website=ArabianBusiness.com|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612081022/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/skype-whatsapp-face-ban-in-saudi-arabia-report-495231.html|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> due to what is often reported as an effort to protect the commercial interests of their home grown nationally owned telecom providers (du and Etisalat).<ref name=":1" /> Their app [[ToTok (app)|ToTok]] has received press suggesting it is able to spy on users.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/22/us/politics/totok-app-uae.html|title=It Seemed Like a Popular Chat App. It's Secretly a Spy Tool.|date=December 22, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 28, 2020|last2=Perlroth|first2=Nicole|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Bergman|first3=Ronen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501124301/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/22/us/politics/totok-app-uae.html|archive-date=May 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Legal action ===<br />
In 2015, some third-party WhatsApp clients that were [[reverse-engineering]] the WhatsApp mobile app, received a [[cease and desist]] to stop activities that were violating WhatsApp legal terms. As a result, users of third-party WhatsApp clients were also banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/21/whatsapp-now-officially-dead-receiving-cease-desist-real-whatsapp/|title=WhatsApp+ Is Now Officially Dead After Receiving A Cease And Desist From The Real WhatsApp}} See also: [https://github.com/tgalal/yowsup/issues/1004 Legal Action Notices Received]</ref><br />
<br />
== WhatsApp Business ==<br />
In September 2017, WhatsApp confirmed rumors<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2017/03/02/whatsapp-testing-business-feature-biggest-market-india/#k4WqBqqW1qqb|title=WhatsApp might be testing a business feature in its biggest market|last=Mitter|first=Sohini|date=March 2, 2017|website=[[Mashable]]|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317111113/https://mashable.com/2017/03/02/whatsapp-testing-business-feature-biggest-market-india/#k4WqBqqW1qqb|archive-date=March 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/whatsapp-enterprise-platform-for-businesses-already-in-app-2017-1|title=WhatsApp's upcoming 'enterprise' platform for businesses is already hidden in the app|last=Heath|first=Alex|date=January 12, 2017|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130228/http://www.businessinsider.com/whatsapp-enterprise-platform-for-businesses-already-in-app-2017-1|archive-date=December 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> that they were building and testing two new tools for businesses.<ref name="whatsapp.com1"/><br />
The apps were launched in January 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/19/16908810/whatsapp-business-app-launch-small-businesses|title=WhatsApp launches a separate app for small businesses|last=Ong|first=Thuy|date=January 19, 2018|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref> separated by the intended userbase:<br />
* A '''WhatsApp Business app''' for small companies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whatsapp-business-app-definitive-guide-2018-jave-lin/|title=WhatsApp Business App: The Definitive Guide (2018)|last=Lin|first=Jave|date=March 8, 2018|website=[[LinkedIn]]|access-date=March 15, 2018}}</ref><br />
* An '''Enterprise Solution''' for bigger companies with global customer bases, such as airlines, e-commerce retailers and banks, who would be able to offer [[customer service]] and [[conversational commerce]] ([[e-commerce]]) via WhatsApp [[instant messaging|chat]], using live agents or [[chatbot]]s. (As far back as 2015, companies like Meteordesk<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2015/07/29/tecnologia/1438186298_084563.html|title=MeteorDesk o cómo atender mejor al cliente a través de Whatsapp|first=Ediciones Cinco|last=Días|date=September 1, 2015|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327211936/https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2015/07/29/tecnologia/1438186298_084563.html|archive-date=March 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users, but these were shut down by WhatsApp.)<br />
<br />
In October 2020, [[Facebook]] announced the introduction of pricing tiers for services offered via the WhatsApp Business API, charged on a per-message basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/shopping-payments-and-customer-service-on-whatsapp/?lang=en|access-date=2020-10-23|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook adds hosting, shopping features and pricing tiers to WhatsApp Business|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/10/22/facebook-adds-hosting-shopping-features-and-pricing-tiers-to-whatsapp-business/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== User statistics ==<br />
WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/08/23/whatsapp-hits-new-record-10-billion-total-messages-one-day/|title=WhatsApp hits new record with 10 billion total messages in one day|last=Olanof|first=Drew|date=August 23, 2012|work=The Next Web|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116033804/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/08/23/whatsapp-hits-new-record-10-billion-total-messages-one-day/|archive-date=January 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> growing from two billion in April 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/mobile/2012/04/04/whatsapp-founder-to-operators-were-no-sms-killer-we-get-people-hooked-on-data/|title=WhatsApp founder to operators: 'We're no SMS-killer, we get people hooked on data'|last=Sushma|first=Parab|date=April 4, 2012|work=The Next Web|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122021711/http://thenextweb.com/mobile/2012/04/04/whatsapp-founder-to-operators-were-no-sms-killer-we-get-people-hooked-on-data/|archive-date=January 22, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and one billion the previous October.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2011/10/31/whatsapp-users-now-send-over-one-billion-messages-a-day/|title=WhatsApp users now send over one billion messages a day|last=Olanoff|first=Drew|date=October 31, 2011|work=TheNextWeb|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127063334/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2011/10/31/whatsapp-users-now-send-over-one-billion-messages-a-day/|archive-date=January 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 13, 2013, WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27&nbsp;billion messages.<ref>{{Citation|author=WhatsApp|title=27 Billion msgs handled in just 24 hours!|date=June 12, 2013|url=https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/344966710241161216|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015064218/https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/344966710241161216|url-status=live|publisher=Tweeter|format=µblog|quote=New daily record: 10B+ msgs sent (inbound) and 17B+ msgs received (outbound) by our users|access-date=August 20, 2013|archive-date=October 15, 2013}}</ref> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', WhatsApp "has done to [[SMS]] on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/30fd99a2-0c60-11e1-88c6-00144feabdc0.html|title=WhatsApp users get the message|last=Bradshaw|first=Tim|date=November 14, 2011|newspaper=The Financial Times|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202164647/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/30fd99a2-0c60-11e1-88c6-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=February 2, 2013|url-status=live|location=London}}</ref><br />
<br />
By April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500&nbsp;million [[monthly active users]], 700&nbsp;million photos and 100&nbsp;million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10&nbsp;billion messages each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/whatsapp-crosses-half-a-billion-user-mark-strong-growth-in-india-and-brazil/|title=WhatsApp crosses half-a-billion user mark; strong growth in India and Brazil|date=April 23, 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=April 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424174310/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/whatsapp-crosses-half-a-billion-user-mark-strong-growth-in-india-and-brazil/|archive-date=April 24, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/04/22/whatsapp-hits-500-million-users/|title=WhatsApp Hits 500 Million Users|last=Chowdhry|first=Amit|date=April 22, 2014|website=Forbes|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514222613/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/04/22/whatsapp-hits-500-million-users/|archive-date=May 14, 2014|access-date=May 14, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his [[Twitter]] account that WhatsApp had over 600&nbsp;million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25&nbsp;million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.<ref name="Parmy Olsen"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailydigestnews.com/2014/09/whatsapp-to-reach-3-billion-users-zuckerberg-to-invest-billions/|title=WhatsApp to reach 3 billion users, Zuckerberg to invest billions|author=Christian de Looper|work=Daily Digest News|date=September 6, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907052426/http://dailydigestnews.com/2014/09/whatsapp-to-reach-3-billion-users-zuckerberg-to-invest-billions/|archive-date=September 7, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2017, it was reported that WhatsApp users spend over 340&nbsp;million minutes on video calls each day on the app. This is the equivalent of roughly 646 years of video calls per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-users-spend-average-646-years-video-calls/|title=Whatsapp users spend an average of 646 years on video calls|date=May 9, 2017|work=Smatt Geeks Media|access-date=March 8, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232541/https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-users-spend-average-646-years-video-calls/|archive-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
By February 2017, WhatsApp had over 1.2&nbsp;billion users globally,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-users-facebook-mark-zuckerberg|title=WhatsApp has grown to 1 billion users|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=February 1, 2016|website=The Verge|access-date=May 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007004146/https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-users-facebook-mark-zuckerberg|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> reaching 1.5&nbsp;billion monthly active users by the end of 2017.<ref><br />
{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/31/whatsapp-hits-1-5-billion-monthly-users-19b-not-so-bad/|date=January 31, 2018|author=Josh Constine|title=WhatsApp hits 1.5 billion monthly users. $19B? Not so bad.|access-date=February 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063953/https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/31/whatsapp-hits-1-5-billion-monthly-users-19b-not-so-bad/|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2020, WhatsApp registers over 5&nbsp;billion installs on Google Play Store making it only the second non-Google app to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/whatsapp-registers-over-5-billion-installs-on-google-play-store/story-jgg9GSYtRWHwZeDIUwK7GL.html|title=WhatsApp registers over 5 billion installs on Google Play Store|date=January 19, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119160023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/whatsapp-registers-over-5-billion-installs-on-google-play-store/story-jgg9GSYtRWHwZeDIUwK7GL.html|archive-date=January 19, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of February 2020, WhatsApp had over 2&nbsp;billion users globally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|title=WhatsApp Blog|website=WhatsApp.com|language=en|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212142339/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp: number of users 2013-2017|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/260819/number-of-monthly-active-whatsapp-users/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Specific markets ===<br />
<br />
India is by far WhatsApp's largest market in terms of total number of users. In May 2014, WhatsApp crossed 50&nbsp;million monthly active users in India, which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users,<ref>{{cite web|title=WhatsApp crosses 50 million monthly active users in India, ties up with Airtel for special data plans|url=http://www.bgr.in/news/whatsapp-crosses-50-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-ties-up-with-airtel-for-special-data-plans/|author=Rajat Agrawal|access-date=May 11, 2014|date=May 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220453/http://www.bgr.in/news/whatsapp-crosses-50-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-ties-up-with-airtel-for-special-data-plans/|archive-date=May 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> then 70&nbsp;million in October 2014, making users in India 10% of WhatsApp's total user base.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WhatsApp user-base crosses 70 million in India|journal=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/whatsapp-user-base-crosses-70-million-in-india/articleshow/45012742.cms|author=PTI News|access-date=November 3, 2014|date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703113835/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/whatsapp-user-base-crosses-70-million-in-india/articleshow/45012742.cms|archive-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2017, WhatsApp reached 200&nbsp;million monthly active users in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=WhatsApp user-base crosses 200 million in India|url=http://m.gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-now-has-200-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-1663332|access-date=March 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303050703/http://m.gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-now-has-200-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-1663332|archive-date=March 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Israel]] is one of WhatsApp's strongest markets in terms of ubiquitous usage. According to ''[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]'', already by 2013 the application was installed on 92% of all smartphones, with 86% of users reporting daily use.<ref name="globes2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000893814|language=he|title=92% מבעלי הסמארטפונים בישראל משתמשים בוואטסאפ|trans-title=92% of Israel's smartphones use WhatsApp|author=Tzahi Hoffman|date=November 14, 2013|work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070218/http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000893814|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other.<ref name="almonitor2015">{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/israel-mobile-phone-addiction-youngsters-whatsapp-technology.html|author=Nurit Canetti|date=March 19, 2015|work=[[Al-Monitor]]|title=Israel's cellphone addiction|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115937/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/israel-mobile-phone-addiction-youngsters-whatsapp-technology.html|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Competition ===<br />
WhatsApp competes with a number of messaging services. They include services like [[iMessage]] (estimated 1.3&nbsp;billion active users<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/information-facebooks-messenger-has-overtaken-apples-imessage-2019-01-17|title=Information: Facebook's Messenger has overtaken Apple's iMessage|last=St|first=Wall|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181717/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/information-facebooks-messenger-has-overtaken-apples-imessage-2019-01-17|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[WeChat]] (1.2&nbsp;billion active users<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/daily-active-user-of-messaging-app-wechat-exceeds-1-billion/|title=Daily active users for WeChat exceeds 1 billion|last=Lee|first=Cyrus|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708221330/https://www.zdnet.com/article/daily-active-user-of-messaging-app-wechat-exceeds-1-billion/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WeChat: active users worldwide|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>), [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] (500&nbsp;million users<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 13, 2021|title=Telegram says 25 million joined in last 72 hours; crosses 500 million users|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/telegram-crosses-500-million-monthly-active-users-some-25-million-joined-in-last-72-hours-7143792/|access-date=January 17, 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>), [[Viber]] (260&nbsp;million active users<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mind-Blowing Viber Statistics for 2019|url=https://99firms.com/blog/viber-statistics/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181716/https://99firms.com/blog/viber-statistics/|archive-date=August 8, 2019|access-date=August 8, 2019|website=99firms.com|language=en-US}}</ref>), [[LINE (application)|LINE]] (217&nbsp;million active users<ref>{{Cite web|title=LINE: number of monthly active users|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/327292/number-of-monthly-active-line-app-users/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>), and [[Signal (software)|Signal]] (over 20&nbsp;million active users<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Manish|title=Signal's Brian Acton talks about exploding growth, monetization and WhatsApp data-sharing outrage|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/01/12/signal-brian-acton-talks-about-exploding-growth-monetization-and-whatsapp-data-sharing-outrage/|access-date=2021-01-16|website=[[TechCrunch]]|language=en-US}}</ref>). Both Telegram and Signal in particular were reported to get registration spikes during WhatsApp outages and controversies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-outage-down-telegram-facebook-messaging-app-a8822501.html|title=Millions of people flock to Telegram following WhatsApp outage|date=March 14, 2019|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422225829/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-outage-down-telegram-facebook-messaging-app-a8822501.html|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/telegram-saw-8m-downloads-after-whatsapp-got-acquired/|title=Telegram Saw 8M Downloads After WhatsApp Got Acquired|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|date=February 25, 2014|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/12/17/telegram-brazil-spike/|title=Telegram Gets 1.5M+ Download Spike As Brazil WhatsApp Shutdown Kicks In|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
WhatsApp has increasingly drawn its innovation from competing services,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/06/29/whatsapp-broadcast-groups/|title=WhatsApp copies Telegram to add one-way 'broadcast' mode to group chats|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> such as a Telegram-inspired web version<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultofandroid.com/70720/whatsapps-android-code-hints-upcoming-browser-app/|title=WhatsApp's Android code hints at upcoming browser app|date=December 12, 2014|website=Cult of Android|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181724/https://www.cultofandroid.com/70720/whatsapps-android-code-hints-upcoming-browser-app/|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and features for groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/telegram-claims-50m-monthly-active-users-seems-to-be-attracting-teams/|title=Telegram Claims 50M Monthly Active Users, Seems To Be Attracting Teams|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> In 2016, WhatsApp was accused of copying features from a then-unreleased version of iMessage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/mobiles-and-tabs/050716/whatsapp-gets-accused-of-copying-features-from-imessage-in-ios-10.html|title=WhatsApp gets accused of copying features from iMessage in iOS 10|date=July 5, 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181717/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/mobiles-and-tabs/050716/whatsapp-gets-accused-of-copying-features-from-imessage-in-ios-10.html|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Comparison of instant messaging clients]]<br />
* [[Comparison of VoIP software]]<br />
* [[List of most-downloaded Google Play applications]]<br />
* [[Comparison of user features of messaging platforms]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Scholia|topic}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
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HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=125188
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-10T12:12:47Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
# [[Rocky Lee]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
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# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1990s_births&diff=121641
Category:1990s births
2021-07-09T12:59:31Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: 1q</p>
<hr />
<div>Persons born in 1990s</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=119736
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-09T06:07:25Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
# [[Yusuf Jameel]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
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# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_Jameel&diff=119730
Yusuf Jameel
2021-07-09T06:05:55Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{en-Wikipedia}} '''Yusuf Jameel''' is a Kashmiri journalist known for his coverage of the Kashmir conflict, the disputed Himalayan region over which India and Pakista..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
'''Yusuf Jameel''' is a [[Kashmir]]i journalist known for his coverage of the [[Kashmir conflict]], the disputed Himalayan region over which India and Pakistan have fought two of their three wars since independence from Britain in 1947. [[Kashmir]].<ref name="cpj">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/attacks96/frontmatter/ipfa.html |title=Journalists Receive 1996 Press Freedom Awards |publisher=The Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69pT569fI?url=http://www.cpj.org/attacks96/frontmatter/ipfa.html |archive-date=11 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name="walla">{{cite web | url=http://www.thekashmirwalla.com/2012/01/life-of-a-journalist-in-kashmir-tells-yusuf-jameel/ | title=Life of a journalist in Kashmir, tells Yusuf Jameel | publisher=The Kashmir Walla | date=7 January 2012 | access-date=17 March 2012 | author=Bhat, Saima}}</ref> Jameel has written for [[BBC News]], [[Reuters]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[Voice of America]], the ''[[New York Times]]'', and the Indian newspapers Deccan Chronicle and the ''[[Asian Age]]''.<ref name="cpj"/><ref name="walla" /> He received an [[CPJ International Press Freedom Award|International Press Freedom Award]] from the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] in 1996, which recognized him as having had "to withstand pressure and attacks from all parties to the conflict in Kashmir".<ref name="cpj"/><br />
<br />
== Early career ==<br />
Jameel began working as a journalist in college for ''Aabshaar'' magazine. He went on to work for the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] paper ''Aftab'' before joining the ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|Telegraph]]'' in 1983. In mid-1984, he also began working for the BBC and Reuters.<ref name="walla" /><br />
<br />
== Abduction and attacks ==<br />
On 2 June 1990, Jameel was seized from his home by the [[Indian Army]], taken to a base in the Kashmir conflict zone, and, based on what the officials later admitted to was incorrect information, questioned about his links to militants. After initially denying the detention, the army released him 30 hours later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/04/world/indian-army-frees-reporter-from-kashmir.html |title=Indian Army Frees Reporter From Kashmir |date=4 June 1990 |work=The New York Times |agency=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-date=27 August 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ADfoAUD0?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/04/world/indian-army-frees-reporter-from-kashmir.html |access-date=26 August 2012 }}</ref> Three of the army officers involved were later disciplined.<ref name="cpj"/><br />
<br />
In two incidents in 1992, grenades were thrown at Jameel's home. In the same year, he was hospitalized after a beating by security forces while trying to cover a protest march.<ref name="cpj"/><br />
<br />
In September 1995, [[Asian News International]] cameraman Mushtaq Ali was killed when he opened a letter bomb addressed to Jameel, who was then working for the BBC. Jameel was injured in the attack. After the incident, he moved to London for a few months before returning to India.<ref name="cpj"/> Though no one was ever arrested for the attack, it later surfaced that the bomb had been sent to him by army personnel.<ref name="walla"/> Jameel expressed disappointment in the BBC's response to the attack, saying that though he was taken to London for receiving treatment to his injuries they failed to keep the promise to compensate him financially. He was also barred from further reporting on Kashmir before firing him a year later.<ref name="walla"/><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
In 2006, he won the first Best Journalist/Writer award instituted by the South Asian Free Media Association (SAFMA).<ref>[http://oldcontent.newswatch.in/news-analyses/people/3737.html?q=news-analyses/people/3737.html&q=news-analyses/people/3737.html Newswatch India » Yusuf Jameel bags SAFMA award<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{Dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2011, Jameel received Ahad Zargar Memorial award for his outstanding contribution as a journalist. The award given annually in recognition of excellent work done in the fields of literature, journalism, public and social services has been instituted by the Ahad Zargar Research Foundation after Kashmiri Sufi poet [[Abdul Ahad Zargar]]. He also got 2019-2020 Pen India's Gauri Lankesh award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Scoop News: The Leading News Portal and News Agency of Jammu Kashmir|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?10954|access-date=2020-09-09|website=www.scoopnews.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.c-span.org/video/?77065-1/international-press-freedom-awards Yusuf Jameel] receiving [[CPJ International Press Freedom Award|International Press Freedom Award]] from the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] <br />
*{{Charlie Rose view|4344}}<br />
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{{Footer CPJ International Press Freedom Award laureates}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jameel, Yusuf}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]<br />
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[[Category:People from Srinagar]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:BBC News people]]<br />
[[Category:Reuters people]]<br />
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[[Category:Voice of America people]]<br />
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[[Category:Kashmiri journalists]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:HamzhaSaleem&diff=119722
User:HamzhaSaleem
2021-07-09T06:04:13Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: /* Articles I contribute */</p>
<hr />
<div>I am new here but experienced<br />
<br />
==Articles I contribute==<br />
# [[Sheikh Asif]]<br />
# [[Digital Marketing]]<br />
# [[Arundhati Roy]]<br />
# [[Amazon]]<br />
<br />
==Templates I created ==<br />
<br />
# [[Template:Infobox_clothing_type]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon&diff=119710
Amazon
2021-07-09T06:01:12Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "{{pp|small=yes}} {{en-Wikipedia}} {{Short description|American multinational technology company}} {{Use American English|date=June 2018}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}} {{In..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{en-Wikipedia}}<br />
{{Short description|American multinational technology company}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Amazon.com, Inc.<br />
| logo = Amazon logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = 175px<br />
| logo_caption = Logo since 2000<br />
| image = Amazon Spheres 05.jpg<br />
| image_caption = The [[Amazon Spheres]], part of the [[Doppler (building)|Amazon headquarters campus in Seattle]]<br />
| trade_name = Amazon<br />
| former_name = Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995)<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|AMZN}}|[[Nasdaq-100]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}<br />
| ISIN = US0231351067<br />
| industry = {{hlist| [[Cloud computing]]| [[e-commerce]]| [[artificial intelligence]]|[[consumer electronics]]|[[entertainment]]|[[digital distribution]]| [[self-driving cars]]<br />
}}<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1994|07|05}}<br>[[Bellevue, Washington]], U.S.<br />
| founder = [[Jeff Bezos]]<br />
| hq_location_city = [[Seattle, Washington]]<br />
| hq_location_country = U.S.<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Jeff Bezos<br>{{small|(Executive Chairman)}}|[[Andy Jassy]]<br>{{small|(President and CEO)}}}}<br />
| products = {{hlist|[[Amazon Echo|Echo]]|[[Amazon Fire tablet|Fire Tablet]]|[[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]|[[Fire OS]]|[[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]}}<br />
| services = {{hlist|[[Amazon.ca|Amazon.com]]|[[Amazon Alexa]]|[[Amazon Appstore]]|[[Amazon Music]]|[[Amazon Prime]]|[[Amazon Prime Video]]|[[Amazon Web Services]]}}<br />
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|386.064 [[1,000,000,000|billion]]|link=yes}}<br />
| revenue_year = 2020<br />
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|22.9 billion}}<br />
| income_year = 2020<br />
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|21.331 billion}}<br />
| net_income_year = 2020<br />
| assets = {{increase}} {{US$|321.2 billion}}<br />
| assets_year = 2020<br />
| equity = {{increase}} {{US$|93.404 billion}}<br />
| equity_year = 2020<br />
| num_employees = {{increase}} 1,298,000 (Dec. 2020)<ref name=A10K/><br>U.S.: 810,000 (Oct. 2020)<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/technology/pushed-by-pandemic-amazon-goes-on-a-hiring-spree-without-equal.html Retrieved December 20, 2020.]</ref><br />
| subsid = {{collapsible list|[[A9.com]]|[[AbeBooks]]|[[Alexa Internet]]|Amazon.com Services|[[Amazon Air]]|[[Amazon Books]]|[[Amazon Fresh]]|[[Amazon Games]]|[[Amazon Lab126]]|[[Amazon Logistics]]|[[Amazon Pharmacy]]|[[Amazon Publishing]]|[[Amazon Robotics]]|[[Amazon Studios]]|[[Amazon Web Services|AWS]]|[[Audible (service)|Audible]]|[[Body Labs]]|[[Book Depository]]|[[ComiXology]]|[[Digital Photography Review]]|[[Goodreads]]|[[Graphiq]]|[[IMDb]]|[[PillPack]]|[[Ring Inc.|Ring]]|[[Souq.com]]|[[Twitch Interactive]]|[[Whole Foods Market]]|[[Woot]]|[[Zappos]]|[[Zoox Inc|Zoox]]}}<br />
| website = {{URL|amazon.com}}<br />
| footnotes = <ref name=A10K>https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872421000004/amzn-20201231.htm#i75de98b9097f40f3b5884e541f532421_73. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</ref><ref name="ar2017">{{cite book |title=Annual report 2019 |date=December 31, 2019 |publisher=Amazon |location=Seattle, Washington |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/63a014ac-bd47-42ce-b548-022a90d96e9a |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226214255/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/63a014ac-bd47-42ce-b548-022a90d96e9a |archive-date=February 26, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/financials|title=Amazon.com, Inc. Common Stock (AMZN) Financials|website=www.nasdaq.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/node/32656/html |title=Form 10-K |date=December 31, 2018 |website=Amazon.com |access-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420134020/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/node/32656/html |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sos">{{cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov |title=California Secretary of State Business Search |website=Businesssearch.sos.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/amazon-bought-whole-foods-year-ago-heres-changed-191428325.html |title=Amazon bought Whole Foods a year ago. Here's what has changed | publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amazon.com, Inc.'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon.com, Inc. - Form-10K |url=https://secfilings.nasdaq.com/filingFrameset.asp?FilingID=13184158&RcvdDate=2/1/2019&CoName=AMAZON%20COM%20INC |publisher=[[NASDAQ]] |access-date=March 17, 2019 |date=December 31, 2018}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ə|z|ɒ|n}} {{respell|AM|ə|zon}}) is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] which focuses on [[e-commerce]], [[cloud computing]], [[digital streaming]], and [[artificial intelligence]]. It is one of the [[Big Tech|Big Five]] companies in the U.S. [[information technology]] industry, along with [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Facebook, Inc.|Facebook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/big-tech-isnt-one-big-monopoly-its-5-companies-all-in-different-businesses-92791|title='Big Tech' isn't one big monopoly – it's 5 companies all in different businesses|last=Lotz|first=Amanda|website=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2017-10-31/the-big-four-of-technology|title=The Big Four of Technology|date=October 31, 2017|access-date=May 16, 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/ranking-the-big-four-internet-stocks-google-is-no-1-apple-comes-in-last-1503412102|title=Ranking The Big Four Tech Stocks: Google Is No. 1, Apple Comes In Last|last=Rivas|first=Teresa|website=www.barrons.com|language=en-US|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.investors.com/news/technology/fang-stocks-news-quotes-facebook-amazon-netflix-google/|title=FANG Stocks News: Facebook, Amazon, Netflix And Google|newspaper=Investor's Business Daily|date=September 15, 2020}}</ref> The company has been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world", as well as the world's most valuable brand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Accelerated Growth Sees Amazon Crowned 2019's BrandZ™ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brand|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/accelerated-growth-sees-amazon-crowned-2019s-brandz-top-100-most-valuable-global-brand-300863486.html|last=Kantar|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/amazon-empire/ | title=Amazon Empire: The Rise and Reign of Jeff Bezos}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Jeff Bezos]] founded Amazon from his garage in [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]], Washington,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon's John Schoettler has helped change how we think of corporate campuses |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210309155633/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |date=November 17, 2020 |last1=Guevara |first1=Natalie |website=bizjournals.com |access-date=March 9, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> on July 5, 1994. It started as an online marketplace for books but expanded to sell electronics, software, video games, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry<!--jewelry is U.S. spelling-->. In 2015, Amazon surpassed [[Walmart]] as the most valuable retailer in the United States by [[market capitalization]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2017, Amazon acquired [[Whole Foods Market]] for {{USD}}13.4&nbsp;billion, which substantially increased its footprint as a physical retailer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/16/business/dealbook/amazon-whole-foods.html|title=Amazon to Buy Whole Foods for $13.4 Billion|last1=Wingfield|first1=Nick|date=June 16, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|last2=de la Merced|first2=Michael J.|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2018, its two-day delivery service, [[Amazon Prime]], surpassed 100&nbsp;million subscribers worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/18/amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-2018-shareholder-letter.html|title=Jeff Bezos reveals Amazon has 100 million Prime members in letter to shareholders|date=April 18, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amazon is known for its disruption of well-established industries through technological innovation and mass scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/312481|title=Why Amazon and Jeff Bezos Are So Successful at Disruption|last=Furth|first=John F.|date=May 18, 2018|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299129|title=Amazon's Lesson About Disruption: Rattle Any Market You Can|last=Bylund|first=Per|date=August 29, 2017|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielnewman/2018/10/24/alibaba-vs-amazon-the-battle-of-disruptive-innovation-beyond-traditional-e-commerce/|title=Alibaba vs. Amazon: The Battle Of Disruptive Innovation Beyond Traditional E-Commerce|last=Newman|first=Daniel|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref> It is the world's largest [[online marketplace]], [[AI assistant]] provider, [[Live streaming|live-streaming]] platform and [[cloud computing]] platform<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front |title=Microsoft Cloud Revenues Leap; Amazon is Still Way Out in Front|publisher=Synergy Research Group|location=Reno, Nevada|work=srgresearch.com}}</ref> as measured by [[revenue]] and [[market capitalization]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jopson |first=Barney |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0.html |title=Amazon urges California referendum on online tax |work=Financial Times |date=July 12, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714230245/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon is the [[largest Internet company by revenue]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/global500/list/|title=Fortune Global 500 List 2018: See Who Made It|website=Fortune|access-date=January 8, 2019}}</ref> It is the second [[List of largest employers in the United States|largest private employer in the United States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/23/amazon-climbs-into-list-of-top-five-largest-us-stocks-by-market-cap.html|title=Amazon climbs into list of top five largest US stocks by market cap|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=September 23, 2016|website=CNBC|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> and one of the [[world's most valuable companies]]. {{as of|2020||}}, Amazon has the highest global [[List of most valuable brands|brand valuation]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Magazine|first=BrandZ|date=July 1, 2020|title=BrandZ Global Top 100 Most Valuable Brands|work=BrandZ|url=https://online.pubhtml5.com/bydd/yeib}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amazon distributes downloads and streaming of [[Amazon Video|video]], music, and [[Audible.com|audiobooks]] through its [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Amazon Music]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], and [[Audible (store)|Audible]] subsidiaries. Amazon also has a publishing arm, [[Amazon Publishing]], film and television studio [[Amazon Studios]], and a cloud computing subsidiary, [[AWS|Amazon Web Services]]. It produces [[consumer electronics]] including [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] [[e-reader]]s, [[Kindle Fire|Fire]] [[tablet computer|tablets]], [[Fire TV]], and [[Amazon Echo|Echo]] devices. Its acquisitions over the years include [[Ring Inc.|Ring]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], Whole Foods Market, and [[IMDb]]. Amazon is currently in the process of purchasing film and television studio, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]].<br />
<br />
Amazon has been [[Criticism of Amazon|criticized]] for practices including technological surveillance overreach,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/30/amazons-facial-recognition-technology-is-supercharging-local-police/|title=Amazon's facial-recognition AI is supercharging police in Oregon.|last=Harwell|first=Drew|date=April 30, 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=June 30, 2019}}</ref> a hyper-competitive and demanding work culture,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kantor |first1=Jodi |last2=Streitfeld |first2=David|author-link=Jodi Kantor|author-link2=David Streitfeld|title=Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> [[tax avoidance]],<ref name="fortune">{{cite web|last=Stampler|first=Laura|date=February 14, 2019|title=Amazon Will Pay a Whopping $0 in Federal Taxes on $11.2 Billion Profits|url=http://fortune.com/2019/02/14/amazon-doesnt-pay-federal-taxes-2019/|access-date=February 20, 2019|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref> and [[anti-competitive practices|anti-competitive]] behavior.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Lina|date=January 2017|title=Amazon's Antitrust Paradox|url=https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox|journal=Yale Law Journal|volume=126|issue=3|pages=564–907}}</ref><ref name="baum" /><br />
{{TOC limit|2}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Further|History of Amazon}}<br />
[[File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg|thumb|The company's largest campus outside the United States was inaugurated in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]] in September 2019.]]<br />
<br />
[[Jeff Bezos]] founded Amazon in July 1994. He chose [[Seattle]] because of technical talent as [[Microsoft]] is located there.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3NBQcAqyu4&t=223 The David Rubenstein Show: Jeff Bezos], Bloomberg Markets and Finance, September 19, 2018</ref> In May 1997, Amazon went [[public company|public]]. It began selling music and videos in 1998, at which time it began operations internationally by acquiring online sellers of books in [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]]. The following year, Amazon began selling items including video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.<br />
<br />
In 2002, Amazon launched [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS), which provided data on website popularity, Internet traffic patterns and other statistics for marketers and developers. In 2006, Amazon grew its AWS portfolio when [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud|Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2), which rents computer processing power as well as [[Simple Storage Service]] (S3), that rents data storage via the Internet, were made available. That same year, Amazon started'' Fulfillment by Amazon ''which managed the inventory of individuals and small companies selling their belongings through the company internet site. In 2012, Amazon bought [[Amazon Robotics|Kiva Systems]] to automate its inventory-management business, purchasing [[Whole Foods Market]] supermarket chain five years later in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom|title=Amazon.com - History & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
On February 2, 2021, Amazon announced that Jeff Bezos would be stepping down as CEO and transition to Executive Chair of Amazon's board in Q3 of 2021. Andy Jassy, who is currently CEO of AWS, will succeed Bezos as CEO of the company.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=February 2, 2021|title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos will step down as CEO|url=https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210202233026/https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/|archive-date=February 2, 2021|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=[[Fox8]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Haselton|first=Todd|date=February 2, 2021|title=Jeff Bezos to step down as Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy to take over in Q3|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Board of directors ==<br />
[[File:Jeff Bezos 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Amazon founder [[Jeff Bezos]] in 2016]]<br />
<br />
{{As of|2020|September|df=US}}, the board of directors is:<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers & Directors |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/board-of-directors|website=Amazon |access-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[Jeff Bezos]], Executive Chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.<br />
* [[Andy Jassy]], President and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.<br />
* [[Keith B. Alexander]], CEO, IronNet Cybersecurity, former [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA Director]]<br />
* [[Rosalind Brewer]], Group President, and COO, [[Starbucks]]<br />
* [[Jamie Gorelick]], partner, [[Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr|Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale, and Dorr]]<br />
* [[Daniel P. Huttenlocher]], Dean of the Schwarzman College of Computing at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<br />
* [[Judy McGrath]], former CEO, [[MTV Networks]]<br />
* [[Indra Nooyi]], former CEO, [[PepsiCo]]<br />
* [[Jon Rubinstein]], former chairman, and former CEO, [[Palm, Inc.]]<br />
* [[Thomas O. Ryder]], former chairman, and former CEO, [[Reader's Digest Association]]<br />
* [[Patty Stonesifer]], President, and CEO, [[Martha's Table]]<br />
* [[Wendell P. Weeks]], chairman, President, and CEO, [[Corning Inc.]]<br />
<br />
== Merchant partnerships ==<br />
In 2000, U.S. toy retailer [[Toys "R" Us]] entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50&nbsp;million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its own independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51&nbsp;million in damages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1080389/a-dot-com-era-deal-with-amazon-marked-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-toys-r-us/|title=Toys R Us bankruptcy: A dot-com-era deal with Amazon marked the beginning of the end |website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4769896.stm|title=Toys R Us wins Amazon lawsuit|work=[[BBC News]]|date=March 3, 2006|access-date=December 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-12-amazon-toys_N.htm|title=Amazon to pay Toys R Us $51M to settle suit|last=Metz|first=Rachel|date=June 12, 2009|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=December 1, 2012|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [[Borders Group]], under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/04/11/companies/amazon/index.htm|title=Amazon/Borders form online partnership|website=CNN Money|date=April 11, 2001|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref> Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/How-Amazon-factor-killed-retailers-like-6378619.php|title=How 'Amazon factor' killed retailers like Borders, Circuit City|date=July 13, 2015|work=SFGate|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [[DC Comics]] for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including ''[[Superman]]'', ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[Green Lantern]]'', ''[[The Sandman (Vertigo)|The Sandman]],'' and ''[[Watchmen]]''. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html|title=Bookstores Drop Comics After Amazon Deal With DC|last=Streitfeld|first=David|date=October 18, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [[United States Postal Service]] to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [[Los Angeles]] and [[New York, New York|New York]] because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Houston]], [[New Orleans]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] by 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barr |first=Alistair |title=Amazon starts Sunday delivery with US Postal Service |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/11/amazon-sunday-delivery-usps/3479055/ |work=USA Today |access-date=November 25, 2013 |date=November 11, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017, [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] confirmed a "pilot" partnership with Amazon to sell goods directly on the platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-confirmed/ |title=Nike confirms 'pilot' partnership with Amazon |website=Engadget|access-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/06/29/technology/business/nike-amazon-shoes/index.html |title=Nike confirms Amazon partnership |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=June 29, 2017 |website=CNNMoney|access-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-instagram/ |title=Nike confirms it will sell directly on Amazon and Instagram |last=Wahba |first=Phil |website=Fortune|access-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref> This pilot ended in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 13, 2019 |title=Nike to stop selling shoes directly to Amazon, ending pilot program with online seller |url=https://nypost.com/2019/11/13/nike-to-stop-selling-shoes-directly-to-amazon-ending-pilot-program-with-online-seller/ |work=[[New York Post]] |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{as of|2017|October|11|df=US}}, [[AmazonFresh]] sold a range of [[Booths Supermarkets|Booths]] branded products for home delivery in selected areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |title=Booths teams up with Amazon to sell down South for the first time |date=October 11, 2017 |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=October 11, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$&thinsp;104.44&thinsp;million ([[Indian rupee|₹]]&thinsp;759&thinsp;[[crore]]) in financial year 2017/2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/amazons-jv-appario-retail-clocks-in-104-4-mn-for-fy18/|title=Amazon's JV Appario Retail Clocks In $104.4 Mn For FY18|last=Bhumika|first=Khatri|date=September 27, 2018|website=Inc42 Media}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [[Apple Inc.]] to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/9/18079340/amazon-apple-iphone-ipad-watch-beats-deal-selling-products-online|title=Amazon strikes deal with Apple to sell new iPhones and iPads|work=The Verge|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-pumps-up-its-amazon-listings-with-iphones-ipads-and-more/|title=Apple pumps up its Amazon listings with iPhones, iPads and more|date=November 10, 2018|work=CNET|access-date=November 11, 2018|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Logistics ==<br />
<br />
Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:<br />
* [[Amazon Air]], a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the [[United States Postal Service]].<br />
* [[Amazon Flex]], a [[smartphone app]] that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hour [[Prime Now]], same or next day [[Amazon Fresh]] groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://flex.amazon.com/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Frequently asked questions about Amazon Flex}}</ref><br />
* '''Amazon Logistics''', in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://logistics.amazon.com/marketing/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Amazon Logistics / Frequently Asked Questions}}</ref><br />
* [[Amazon Prime Air]] is an experimental drone delivery service.<br />
<br />
Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "[[Amazon Hub]] Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=December 31, 2020 |url=https://www.amazon.jobs/en/search-jobcategory |title=Find jobs by job category}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rakuten Intelligence estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the United States Postal Service (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [[United Parcel Service|UPS]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/10/14/amazon-prime-day-usps-ballots/ Prime Day, early holiday sales create new potential for USPS ballot delivery tie-ups]</ref><br />
<br />
== Products and services ==<br />
{{Main|List of Amazon products and services}}<br />
Amazon.com's product lines available at its website include several media ([[book]]s, DVDs, music CDs, [[VHS|videotapes]] and software), apparel, baby products, [[consumer electronics]], [[Cosmetics|beauty products]], gourmet food, groceries, health and personal-care items, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [[jewelry]], watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [[Sports equipment|sporting goods]], tools, automotive items and toys & games.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [[San Francisco]], CA as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-liquor-license-storefront-san-francisco-2019-8|title=Amazon is looking to open a brick-and-mortar liquor store in San Francisco|last=Leskin|first=Paige|website=Business Insider|access-date=August 29, 2019}}</ref> Amazon has separate retail websites for some countries and also offers international shipping of some of its products to certain other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1562/0001193125-13-028520.pdf |title=Amazon.com, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Jan 30, 2013 |publisher=SEC database |access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> In November 2020, the company started an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f45c4956-108f-4b69-b115-c73cfc55f0e3|title= Amazon launches online pharmacy in challenge to traditional retailers|work=[[Financial Times]]|author=Harry Dempsey|date=November 17, 2020|access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amazon.com has a number of products and services available, including:<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* [[AmazonFresh]]<br />
* [[Amazon Prime]]<br />
* [[Amazon Web Services]]<br />
* [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]]<br />
* [[Amazon Appstore|Appstore]]<br />
* [[Amazon Drive]]<br />
* [[Amazon Echo|Echo]]<br />
* [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]<br />
* [[Kindle Fire|Fire tablets]]<br />
* [[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]<br />
* [[Amazon Prime Video|Video]]<br />
* [[Kindle Store]]<br />
* [[Amazon Music|Music]]<br />
* [[Amazon Music Unlimited|Music Unlimited]]<br />
* [[Amazon Digital Game Store]]<br />
* [[Amazon Studios]]<br />
* [[AmazonWireless]]<br />
* Amazon Academy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/amazon-launches-amazon-academy-for-jee-competitive-exams-preparation/articleshow/80247313.cms?from=mdr|title = Amazon launches Amazon Academy for JEE, competitive exams preparation|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Subsidiaries ==<br />
{{See also|List of Amazon locations}}<br />
<br />
Amazon owns over 40 subsidiaries, including [[Audible (store)|Audible]], Diapers.com, [[Goodreads]], [[IMDb]], Kiva Systems (now [[Amazon Robotics]]), [[Shopbop]], Teachstreet, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] and [[Zappos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|title=Amazon Jobs – Work for a Subsidiary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801055637/http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|archive-date=August 1, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===A9.com===<br />
[[A9.com]], a company focused on researching and building innovative [[technology]], has been a subsidiary since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|title=Amazon's A9 Search as We Knew It: Dead!|last=McCracken|first=Harry|date=September 29, 2006|website=[[PC World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052029/http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Amazon Maritime===<br />
Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a [[Federal Maritime Commission]] license to operate as a [[NVOCC|non-vessel-owning common carrier]] (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its own shipments from China into the United States.<ref>Steele, B., [https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/26/amazon-shipping-ocean-freight/ Amazon is now managing its own ocean freight], [[engadget.com]], January 27, 2017, accessed January 29, 2017</ref><br />
<br />
===Annapurna Labs===<br />
In January 2015, [[Amazon Web Services]] acquired [[Annapurna Labs]], an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M.<ref name="reut_Amaz">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122|title=Amazon to buy Israeli start-up Annapurna Labs|work=Reuters|access-date=January 24, 2015|archive-date=September 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915065319/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/22/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="extr_Amaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million|title=Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for $350 million|work=ExtremeTech|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hirschauge|first=Orr|date=January 22, 2015|title=Amazon to Acquire Israeli Chip Maker Annapurna Labs|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-israels-annapurna-labs-1421936575|access-date=October 20, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Audible.com===<br />
[[Audible.com]] is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [[audiobooks]], radio and television programs and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300&nbsp;million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |work=PC World |author=Sayer, Peter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/31/AR2008013101662.html |title=Amazon buys Audible for US$300 million |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services===<br />
Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services is a subsidiary of Amazon and it applied for a [[Freight forwarder|freight forwarding]] license with the [[Federal Maritime Commission|US Maritime Commission]]. Amazon is also building out its logistics in [[Trucking industry in the United States|trucking]] and [[air freight]] to potentially compete with [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] and [[FedEx]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/is-logistics-about-to-get-amazoned/ |title=Is Logistics About To Get Amazon'ed? |date=January 29, 2016 |publisher=AOL |work=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/amazon-china-earns-its-ocean-shipping-license/ |title=Amazon China Has Its Ocean Shipping License – Fortune |author=David Z. Morris |date=January 14, 2016 |work=Fortune}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Brilliance Audio===<br />
Brilliance Audio is an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [[Grand Haven, Michigan|Grand Haven]], Michigan.<ref name="brilliance">{{cite web |url=http://www.brillianceaudio.com/company_overview |title=Company Overview |publisher=Brilliance Audio |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> The company produced its first 8 audio titles in 1985.<ref name="brilliance" /> The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |title=amazon.com Acquires Brilliance Audio |work=Taume News |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=May 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704192411/http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gigaom">{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/2007/05/23/419-amazon-acquires-audiobook-indie-brilliance-audio/ |title=Amazon Acquires Audiobook Indie Brilliance Audio |work=Gigaom |author=Staci D. Kramer |date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.<ref name="gigaom" /> It operates as an independent company within Amazon.<br />
<br />
In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.<ref name="blake">{{cite book |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |author=Virgil L. P. Blake |year=1990 |pages=203–218}}</ref> The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.<ref name="blake" /> It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.<ref name="blake" /><br />
<br />
===ComiXology===<br />
[[ComiXology]] is a [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-based digital comics platform with over 200&nbsp;million comic downloads {{as of|2013|September|lc=y}}. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Buys ComiXology, Takes Over Digital Leadership |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/amazon-buys-comixology-takes-over-digital-leadership-of-comic-book-world |author=Stone, Brad |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===CreateSpace===<br />
CreateSpace, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/|title=Independent Publishing with CreateSpace|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161130/https://www.createspace.com/|archive-date=November 26, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|title=About CreateSpace : History|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706210134/https://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|archive-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Goodreads===<br />
{{Main|Goodreads}}<br />
[[Goodreads]] is a "[[social cataloging]]" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members and over 10&nbsp;million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html|title=Amazon to Buy Social Site Dedicated to Sharing Books|last=Kaufman|first=Leslie|date=March 28, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Health Navigator===<br />
In October 2019, Amazon finalized the acquisition of Health Navigator, a startup developing [[Application programming interface|APIs]] for online health services. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [[PillPack]] for under $1&nbsp;billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shu |first1=Catherine |title=Amazon acquires Health Navigator for Amazon Care, its pilot employee healthcare program |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/23/amazon-acquires-health-navigator-for-amazon-care-its-pilot-employee-healthcare-program/ |website=Tech Crunch |access-date=October 31, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Junglee===<br />
Junglee is a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started off as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |title=Junglee boys strike gold on the net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217162934/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/amazon-india-launch-idINDEE81108G20120202 |title=Amazon Launches Online Shopping Service In India |publisher=reuters.com |date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon brings the curtains down on Junglee.com, finally |url=https://www.vccircle.com/amazon-brings-the-curtains-down-on-junglee-com-finally/ |website=vccircle.com |access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kuiper Systems{{anchor|Project Kuiper}}===<br />
{{Main|Kuiper Systems}}<br />
Kuiper Systems LLC, is a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [[broadband]] [[satellite internet constellation]] with an announced 3,236 [[Low Earth orbit]] [[satellite]]s to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.<ref name="cnbc20190404">{{cite news|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=April 4, 2019|title=Amazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from space|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-internet-small-satellite-network.html|access-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="sn20190404">{{cite news|last=Henry|first=Caleb|date=April 4, 2019|title=Amazon planning 3,236-satellite constellation for internet connectivity|work=[[SpaceNews]]|url=https://spacenews.com/amazon-planning-3236-satellite-constellation-for-internet-connectivity/|access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="ars20190708"><br />
{{cite news|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=July 8, 2019|title=Amazon plans nationwide broadband—with both home and mobile service|work=ars Technica|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/amazon-follows-spacex-into-satellite-broadband-asks-fcc-to-ok-launch-plan/|access-date=July 9, 2019|quote=''Kuiper is wholly owned by Amazon, and its president is Rajeev Badyal, a former SpaceX vice president who was reportedly fired because SpaceX CEO Elon Musk was unsatisfied with his company's satellite-broadband progress.''}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Lab126===<br />
{{main|Amazon Lab126}}<br />
Lab126, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]], became a subsidiary in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/09/19/amazon-research-unit-lab-126-agrees-to-big-lease-that-could-bring-sunnyvale-2600-new-workers/|title=Amazon research unit Lab 126 agrees to big lease that could bring Sunnyvale 2,600 new workers|last=Avalos|first=George|date=September 19, 2012|work=The Mercury News|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ring===<br />
{{main|Ring Inc.}}<br />
Ring is a [[home automation]] company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its WiFi powered [[smart doorbell]]s, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1&nbsp;billion in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html|title=Amazon buys Ring, a former 'Shark Tank' reject|last=Montag|first=Ali|date=February 27, 2018|website=CNBC|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Shelfari===<br />
[[Shelfari]] was a [[social cataloging]] website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [[tag (metadata)|tag]] and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.<ref name=":0" /> Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [[Goodreads]] and closing down Shelfari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereadersroom.org/2016/01/12/amazon-kills-shelfari/|title=Amazon Kills Shelfari|date=January 13, 2016|website=The Reader's Room|language=en|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |title=Shelfari Is Closing! BUT, You Can Merge Your Account with Goodreads! |author=Holiday, J.D. |date=January 13, 2016 |website=The Book Marketing Network |access-date=January 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206034116/http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Souq===<br />
{{main|Souq.com}}<br />
<br />
[[Souq.com]] is the largest [[Ecommerce platform|E-Commerce platform]] in the Middle East based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. On March 28, 2017, Amazon confirmed it would be acquiring Souq.com for $580&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872417000051/amzn-20170331x10q.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Twitch===<br />
{{main|Twitch (service)}}<br />
<br />
[[File:E3 – 2014 (23113432796).jpg|thumb|[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] at the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo]]]]<br />
<br />
[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] is a [[live streaming]] platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. The service was first established as a spin-off of a general-interest streaming service known as [[Justin.tv]]. Its prominence was eclipsed by that of Twitch, and Justin.tv was eventually shut down by its parent company in August 2014 in order to focus exclusively on Twitch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/twitch-pulls-the-plug-on-video-streaming-site-justin-tv/ |title=Twitch pulls the plug on video-streaming site Justin.tv |work=CNET|access-date=August 8, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, Twitch was acquired by Amazon for $970&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/25/6066295/amazon-reportedly-buying-twitch-for-over-1-billion |title=Amazon, not Google, is buying Twitch for $970 million |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=August 25, 2014 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> Through Twitch, Amazon also owns [[Curse, Inc.]], an operator of video gaming communities and a provider of [[VoIP]] services for gaming.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/8/16/12507616/twitch-buys-curse |title=Twitch to acquire Curse |last=Hall |first=Charlie |date=August 16, 2016 |website=Polygon|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> Since the acquisition, Twitch began to sell games directly through the platform,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/27/14748896/twitch-sell-games-streamers-cut |title=Twitch will start selling games and giving its streamers a cut |last=McCormick |first=Rich |date=February 27, 2017 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> and began offering special features for Amazon Prime subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/30/13125824/twitch-prime-amazon-ad-free-game-discounts |title=Twitch will be ad-free for all Amazon Prime subscribers |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=September 30, 2016 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [[esports]] competitions on the service, leading [[GameSpot]] senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the [[ESPN]] of esports".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/30/4719766/twitch-raises-20-million-esports-market-booming |title=Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport |last=Popper |first=Ben |date=September 30, 2013 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, the service had over 1.5&nbsp;million broadcasters and 100&nbsp;million monthly viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/29/twitchs-viewers-reach-100-million-a-month/|title=Twitch's Viewers Reach 100 Million a Month|last=Needleman|first=Sarah E.|date=January 29, 2015|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
On August 10, 2020, Amazon announced the rebranding of [[Twitch (service)|Twitch Prime]], the live-streaming site, renaming it [[Prime Gaming]] [https://gaming.amazon.com/ Prime Gaming] in another attempt to crack the [[video game]] market after failing a big-budget game effort. With Twitch Prime, users will be given a free subscription to Twitch, with free games from small studios and discounts for larger titles like [[Grand Theft Auto]] and [[League of Legends]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/technology/amazon-video-games-prime-gaming.html|title=After a Flop, Amazon Makes Another Foray Into Video Games|access-date=August 10, 2020|website=The New York Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
On November 2, 2020, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] announced a virtual flagship conference and named it GlitchCon instead of TwitchCon to be held on November 14. The main aim of the conference will be to bring its numerous, disparate communities of streamers and fans together where they can be real life confidants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/26/21534517/california-verily-testing-google-covid-inequity|title=Twitch announces a virtual TwitchCon next week|access-date=October 2, 2020|website=The Verge}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Whole Foods Market===<br />
[[File:Whole Foods Market Cranbrook Village Ann Arbor Michigan.JPG|thumb|[[Whole Foods Market]] store in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], Michigan]]<br />
<br />
[[Whole Foods Market]] is an American [[supermarket]] [[chain store|chain]] exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/quality-standards |title=Quality Standards |publisher=Whole Foods Market |date=<!--undated--> |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref><br />
<br />
On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the [[Federal Trade Commission]] approved the merger between Amazon.com and Whole Foods Market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/23/ftc-allows-amazon-whole-foods-deal-to-proceed.html|title=FTC allows Amazon, Whole Foods deal to proceed |last=LaVito |first=Angelica |work=CNBC |date=August 23, 2017 |access-date=October 31, 2018}}</ref> The following day it was announced that the deal would be closed on August 28, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon and Whole Foods Market Announce Acquisition to Close This Monday, Will Work Together to Make High-Quality, Natural and Organic Food Affordable for Everyone |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2295514 |website=Amazon.com |publisher=BUSINESS WIRE |access-date=August 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419063836/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2295514 |archive-date=April 19, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other ===<br />
Amazon also has investments in renewable energy and plans to expend its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in Alberta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon unveils plan for major solar power project in southern Alberta|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-amazon-solar-energy-power-renewable-newell-county-1.5993225}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Supply chain==<br />
Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in [[Seattle]] and [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]], Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of crossdock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Routley |first1=Nick |title=Amazon's Massive Distribution Network in One Giant Visualization |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/footprint-all-amazons-warehouses/ |access-date=July 7, 2019|date=September 8, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=9 facts about Amazon's unprecedented warehouse empire |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/21/16686150/black-friday-2018-amazon-warehouse-fulfillment |access-date=July 7, 2019|date=November 21, 2017 }}</ref> Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [[Amazon Robotics]].<br />
<br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:Lauwin-Planque - Lauwin-Park (02).JPG|Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [[Lauwin-Planque]], France<br />
File:Amazon España por dentro (San Fernando de Henares).JPG|Amazon.es fulfillment center in [[San Fernando de Henares]], Spain<br />
File:Amazon warehouse Glenrothes.jpg|Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [[Glenrothes]], Scotland, UK<br />
File:Amazon.de 1204 - panoramio.jpg|Amazon.de fulfillment center in [[Graben, Bavaria|Graben]], Germany<br />
File:AmazonIchikawaFC (78316917).jpg|Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]], Japan<br />
File:Amazon fulfillment center, Macon.jpg|Amazon fulfillment center in [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]], Georgia, U.S.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
{{Infobox website<br />
| name = amazon.com<br />
| logo = Amazon.com-Logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| logo_caption = Logo since 2000<br />
| screenshot = amazon.com screenshot.jpeg<br />
| collapsible = yes<br />
| collapsetext = Screenshot<br />
| caption = Homepage<br />
| url = {{URL|Amazon.com}} (original U.S. site)<br />
| commercial = Yes<br />
| type = [[E-commerce]]<br />
| registration = Optional<br />
| language = {{hlist|Arabic|Chinese|Dutch|English|French|German|Hindi|Italian|Japanese|Polish|Portuguese|Spanish|Swedish|Turkish}}<br />
| programming_language = [[C++]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]<br />
| owner = Amazon<br />
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1995}}<br />
| current_status = Active<br />
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |archive-date=May 30, 2012 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The domain ''amazon.com'' attracted at least 615&nbsp;million visitors annually by 2008;<ref>[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ SnapShot of amazon.com, amazonellers.com, walmart.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516154151/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ |date=May 16, 2010 }}. Retrieved April 12, 2008.</ref> by the beginning of 2016, over 130&nbsp;million customers were visiting the U.S. website each month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com |title=SnapShot of amazon.com – Compete |publisher=Siteanalytics.compete.com |access-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113075825/https://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company has invested heavily in a massive amount of server capacity for its website, especially to handle the excessive traffic during the [[Christmas holiday season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why attackers can't take down Amazon.com |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/12/09/technology/amazon_wikileaks_attack |publisher=CNN |date=December 9, 2010 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |quote=Amazon has famously massive server capacity in order to handle the December e-commerce rush. That short holiday shopping window is so critical and so intense, that even a few minutes of downtime could cost Amazon millions. |first=Julianne |last=Pepitone}}</ref> According to [[Alexa Internet]] rankings, ''amazon.com'' is the third most popular website in the United States and the 14th most popular website worldwide.<br />
<br />
Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite web |last=Packer |first=George |author-link=George Packer |date=February 17, 2014 |title=Cheap Words |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |work=[[The New Yorker|newyorker.com]] |access-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref> The company's [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [[top-level domain]] and [[country code]]:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Region !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | [[Domain name]]<br />
!Since<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Americas<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Brazil}} || amazon.com[[.br]]<br />
|December 2012<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Canada}} || amazon[[.ca]]<br />
|June 2002<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Mexico}} || amazon.com[[.mx]]<br />
|August 2013<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United States}} || amazon[[.com]]<br />
|July 1995<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Asia<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|China}} || amazon[[.cn]]<br />
|September 2004<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|India}} || amazon[[.in]]<br />
|June 2013<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Japan}} || amazon.co[[.jp]]<br />
|November 2000<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Singapore}} || amazon[[.sg]]<br />
|July 2017<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Arab Emirates}} || amazon[[.ae]]<br />
|May 2019<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Saudi Arabia}} || amazon[[.sa]]<br />
|June 2020<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Europe<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|France}} || amazon[[.fr]]<br />
|August 2000<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Germany}} || amazon[[.de]]<br />
|October 1998<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Italy}} || amazon[[.it]]<br />
|November 2010<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Netherlands}} || amazon[[.nl]]<br />
|November 2014<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Poland}} || amazon[[.pl]]<br />
|March 2021<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Spain}} || amazon[[.es]]<br />
|September 2011<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Sweden}} || amazon[[.se]]<br />
|October 2020<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Turkey}} || amazon.com[[.tr]]<br />
|September 2018<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Kingdom}} || amazon.co[[.uk]]<br />
|October 1998<br />
|-<br />
| {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Oceania || {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Australia}} || amazon.com[[.au]]<br />
|November 2017<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reviews ===<br />
{{See also|Criticism of Amazon#Amazon reviews}}<br />
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [[rating scale]] from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicate the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicate that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "... ''the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used''." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100503005110/en/2010-Social-Shopping-Study-Reveals-Consumers%E2%80%99-Online |title=2010 Social Shopping Study Reveals Changes in Consumers' Online Shopping Habits and Usage of Customer Reviews |work=the e-tailing group, PowerReviews |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=May 3, 2010 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach ... we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly ... to let truth loose".<ref>{{cite book |title=Amazon.com |author=Spector, Robert |year=2002 |page=132}}</ref><br />
<br />
There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [[public relations]] companies on behalf of their clients<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?/contents/comments/amazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |title=BEACON SPOTLIGHT: Amazon.com rave book reviews – too good to be true? |work=The Cincinnati Beacon |date=May 25, 2010 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004404/http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?%2Fcontents%2Fcomments%2Famazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.<br />
<br />
=== Content search ===<br />
"Search Inside the Book" is a feature which allows customers to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the catalog.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com |title=Amazon's online reader ''Search Inside'' reference |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828044958/http://www.amazon.com/ |archive-date=August 28, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com |title=''Search Inside'' reference |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> The feature started with 120,000 titles (or 33&nbsp;million pages of text) on October 23, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Ward |url=http://www.urlwire.com/news/102203.html |title=Amazon.com Launches "Search Inside the Book" Feature |publisher=Urlwire.com |date=October 23, 2003 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Third-party sellers ===<br />
Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee204/Publications/Amazon-EE353-2008-1.pdf |title=AMAZON ENTERS THE CLOUD COMPUTING BUSINESS |access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Associates receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |title=Amazon.co.uk Associates: The web's most popular and successful Affiliate Program |publisher=Affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk |date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826210540/http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |archive-date=August 26, 2008 }}</ref> In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/advertising/all |title=Usage of advertising networks for websites |publisher=W3Techs.com |date=July 22, 2014 |access-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref> It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=14 Easy Fundraising Ideas for Non-Profits |url=http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |website=blisstree.com |access-date=November 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120701/http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS) [[XML]] service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched (rumored to be internally called "Project Genesis") to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |title=Amazon Seller Product Suggestions |publisher=Amazonservices.com |access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205225641/http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, Amazon launched a bigger local online store in [[Singapore]] to expand its product selection in the face of intensifying competition with competitors in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-singapore-idUSKBN1WN05N|title=Amazon launches bigger local online store in Singapore|date=October 8, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=October 8, 2019|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2019 the 3rd U.S. City Court of Appeals in Philadelphia ruled that Amazon can be held accountable for faulty third-party sales.<ref>https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/181041p.pdf</ref> The decision ran counter to a past lower court ruling that had favored Amazon. Heather Oberdorf had sued the company in 2016 over a dog leash that snapped, causing permanent loss of vision in one eye. If upheld, the decision would expose Amazon and similar platform businesses to strict liability lawsuits for defective products, which represents a major change in the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/supply-chain-decision-online-marketplaces-risk-due-to-federal-court-ruling-oberdorf|title=Supply Chain Decision: Online Marketplaces At Risk Due To Federal Court Ruling in Oberdorf v. Amazon.com Inc.|date=July 22, 2019|website=The National Law Review|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> The panel sent the case back to the lower court, to decide whether the leash was actually defective.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-liability/amazon-can-be-held-liable-for-third-party-seller-products-u-s-appeals-court-idUSKCN1TY2HM|title=Amazon can be held liable for third-party seller products: U.S. appeals court|date=July 3, 2019|website=Reuters|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Amazon sales rank ==<br />
The Amazon sales rank (ASR) provides an indication of the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Amazon FAQ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.<ref name="amazon" /> Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/movers-and-shakers |title=Amazon.com Movers and shakers |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [[point of sale]] data via the [[Nielsen BookScan]] service to verified authors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390 |title=Amazon.com Author Central |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Sales Estimator |publisher=Jungle Scout |url=http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/ |date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> though Amazon states:<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources|sign=Amazon.com Help<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Amazon.com |access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Multi-level sales strategy ==<br />
Amazon employs a multi-level e-commerce strategy. Amazon started by focusing on business-to-consumer relationships between itself and its customers and business-to-business relationships between itself and its suppliers and then moved to facilitate customer-to-customer with the Amazon marketplace which acts as an intermediary to facilitate transactions. The company lets anyone sell nearly anything using its platform. In addition to an affiliate program that lets anyone post Amazon links and earn a commission on click-through sales, there is now a program which lets those affiliates build entire websites based on Amazon's platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/amazon2.htm |title=How Amazon Works |access-date=December 15, 2011|date=January 25, 2006 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their own websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=743056 |title=Help |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in [[University Village, Seattle|University Village]] in Seattle. The store is 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-hundreds-of-brick-and-mortar-bookstores-mall-ceo-says-1454449475|title=Amazon Plans Hundreds of Brick-and-Mortar Bookstores, Mall CEO Says|last=Bensinger|first=Greg|date=February 2, 2016|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Amazon will open its tenth physical book store in 2017;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion |title=Amazon just confirmed its 10th book store, signaling this is way more than an experiment |first=Jason Del |last=Rey |date=March 8, 2017 |website=Recode}}</ref> media speculation suggests Amazon plans to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In June 2018, it was reported that Amazon planned to open brick and mortar bookstores in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/1.5347928 |title=Einzelhandel: Amazon plant Offline-Filialen in Deutschland |access-date=June 4, 2018 |newspaper=Faz.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2020, Amazon launched Luxury Stores on its mobile app, where [[Oscar de la Renta]] become the first and only label to partner with the firm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/01/media/google-news-publishers-payments/index.html|title=Amazon Launches Luxury Stores on Its Mobile App With Oscar de la Renta as First Brand Partner|access-date=September 15, 2020|website=Vogue}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Finances ==<br />
Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |title=SWOT Analysis Amazon |access-date=December 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203164606/http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, Amazon.com is ranked 8th on the [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List|website=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
For the fiscal year 2018, Amazon reported earnings of US$10.07&nbsp;billion, with an annual revenue of US$232.887&nbsp;billion, an increase of 30.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835&nbsp;billion to 232.887&nbsp;billion, thanks to continued business expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266282/annual-net-revenue-of-amazoncom/|title=Amazon: annual revenue 2017|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1&nbsp;trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.<ref name="4Q 2020">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html/|title=Amazon Powers Ahead With Robust Profit|date=January 30, 2020|last=Streitfeld|first=David|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Revenue<ref>https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/revenue-eps</ref><br />in mil. USD$<br />
!Net income<br />in mil. USD$<br />
!Total Assets<br />in mil. USD$<br />
!Employees<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|610<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|1,639<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|2,761<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|3,122<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|3,932<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|5,263<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|6,921<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|8,490<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|10,711<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|title=2007 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|14,835<br />
|476<br />
|6,485<br />
|17,000<br />
|-<br />
|2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|title=2008 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|19,166<br />
|645<br />
|8,314<br />
|20,700<br />
|-<br />
|2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|title=2009 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|24,509<br />
|902<br />
|13,813<br />
|24,300<br />
|-<br />
|2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|title=2010 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000053/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|34,204<br />
|1,152<br />
|18,797<br />
|33,700<br />
|-<br />
|2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|title=2011 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000117/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|48,077<br />
|631<br />
|25,278<br />
|56,200<br />
|-<br />
|2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|title=2012 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|61,093<br />
|−39<br />
|32,555<br />
|88,400<br />
|-<br />
|2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|title=2013 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|74,452<br />
|274<br />
|40,159<br />
|117,300<br />
|-<br />
|2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/29/amazon-reports-89b-in-sales-2014|title=Amazon reports $89bn in sales last year as shares jump 11% after hours|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=January 29, 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref><br />
|88,988<br />
|−241<br />
|54,505<br />
|154,100<br />
|-<br />
|2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/amazon-clocks-107-billion-in-revenue-in-2015-1201691106/|title=Amazon Clocks $107 Billion In Revenue In 2015|last=Roettgers|first=Janko|date=January 28, 2016|website=Variety.com|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|107,006<br />
|596<br />
|64,747<br />
|230,800<br />
|-<br />
|2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-revenues-hit-by-stronger-dollar-miss-wall-street-expectations/|title=Amazon sales hit $136B in 2016; dollar hurts overseas business|date=February 2, 2017|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|135,987<br />
|2,371<br />
|83,402<br />
|341,400<br />
|-<br />
|2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42911123|title=Amazon 2017 sales jump by nearly a third|date=February 1, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
|177,866<br />
|3,033<br />
|131,310<br />
|566,000<br />
|-<br />
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_AMZN_2018.pdf|title=2018 Annual Report}}</ref><br />
|232,887<br />
|10,073<br />
|162,648<br />
|647,500<br />
|-<br />
|2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf|title=2019 Annual Report}}</ref><br />
|280,522<br />
|11,588<br />
|225,248<br />
|798,000<br />
|-<br />
|2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=ir.aboutamazon.com|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|386,064<br />
|21,331<br />
|321,195<br />
|1,298,000<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
{{Split portions|existing=y|portions=sections about criticism of Amazon|Criticism of Amazon|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Main|Criticism of Amazon}}<br />
<br />
Since its founding, the company has attracted criticism and controversy for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/05/22/amazon-is-selling-facial-recognition-to-law-enforcement-for-a-fistful-of-dollars/|title=Amazon is selling facial recognition to law enforcement — for a fistful of dollars|date=May 22, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> forming cloud computing partnerships with the [[CIA]];<ref name="vanity-fair">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|title="Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon": Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?|first=May|last=Jeong|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> leading customers away from bookshops;<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Lure's Shoppers Away from Stores |first=Nick |last=Leiber |url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2011/12/amazon_turns_shops_into_showrooms_with_new_app.html |newspaper=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 7, 2011 |access-date=December 7, 2011}}</ref> adversely impacting the environment;<ref name=Cavaillez /> placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers; actively opposing unionization efforts;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matsakis |first1=Louise |title=Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/ |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [[1-Click]] technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [[price discrimination]];<ref name=":6" /><ref name="baum">{{cite news |last1=Baum |first1=Andrew |title=Amazon Wins Ruling on Results for Searches on Brands It Doesn't Sell |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/amazon-wins-ruling-results-searches-brands-it-doesn-t-sell |access-date=December 21, 2015 |work=The National Law Review |publisher=Foley & Lardner |date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> and reclassifying [[LGBT]] books as adult content.<ref>{{cite web |last=Slatterly |first=Brennon |title=Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon_glitch_yanks_sales_rank_of_hundreds_of_lgbt_books.html |work=PC World |date=April 13, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Armstrong |first=Paul |title=Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/amazon.gay.lesbian.ranking/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 17, 2020 |date=April 14, 2009}}</ref> Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [[WikiLeaks]] website, works containing [[Defamation|libel]] and material facilitating [[Dog fighting|dogfight]], [[cockfight]], or [[pedophilia|pedophile]] activities. In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/|title=Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts|last=Raice|first=Shayndi|date=December 20, 2011|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> Companies like [[Groupon]], [[eBay]] and Taap.it countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back |title=Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back |work=Internet Retailer |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |title=What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support |work=Mobile Commerce Daily |date=December 20, 2011 |access-date=February 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207203932/http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]], "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."<ref name="New Yorker" /> In July 2014, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc. |url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal_Trade_Commission_v_Amazoncom_Inc__wawdce-14-01038__0001.0.pdf |website=PacerMonitor |publisher=PacerMonitor |access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Amazon banned selling [[Skin whitening|skin-lightening]] and [[Racism|racist]] products that might affect the consumer's health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/|title=Amazon pulls "racist" skin-lightening products|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref><br />
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===Environmental impact===<br />
In 2018, Amazon emitted 44.4&nbsp;million metric tons of [[carbon dioxide|{{CO2}}]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 17, 2020|title=Jeff Bezos commits $10 billion to address climate change|author=Karen Weise|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/technology/jeff-bezos-climate-change-earth-fund.html}}</ref><br />
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In September 2019, Amazon workers organized a walk-out as part of the [[Global Climate Strike of September 2019|Global Climate Strike]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/20/tech/amazon-climate-strike-global-tech/index.html|title=Amazon workers walk out to protest climate change inaction|last=Business|first=Ahiza Garcia, CNN|website=CNN|access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/20/20874497/amazon-climate-change-walkout-google-microsoft-strike-tech-activism|title=Here's why the Amazon climate walkout is a big deal|last=Ghaffary|first=Shirin|date=September 20, 2019|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref> An internal group called Amazon Employees for Climate Justice said over 1,800 employees in 25 cities and 14 countries committed to participating in the action to protest Amazon's environmental impact and inaction to [[Global warming|climate change]].<ref name=":4" /> This group of workers petitioned Jeff Bezos and Amazon with three specific demands: to stop donating to politicians and [[Lobbying|lobbyists]] that [[Climate change denial|deny climate change]], to stop working with [[fossil fuel]] companies to accelerate oil and gas extraction, and to achieve zero [[carbon emissions]] by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-walkout-climate-change/|title=Amazon Employees Will Walk Out Over Climate Change Inaction|last=Matsakis|first=Louise|date=September 9, 2019|work=Wired|access-date=February 6, 2020|language=en|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><br />
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Amazon has introduced the Shipment Zero program, however Shipment Zero has only committed to reducing 50% of its shipments to net zero by 2030. Also, even that 50% does not necessarily mean a decrease in emissions compared to current levels given Amazon's rate of growth in orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@amazonemployeesclimatejustice/amazon-employees-are-joining-the-global-climate-walkout-9-20-9bfa4cbb1ce3|title=Amazon employees are joining the Global Climate Walkout, 9/20|first=Amazon Employees for Climate|last=Justice|date=September 20, 2019|website=Medium}}</ref><br />
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That said, Amazon's CEO has also signed the Climate Pledge, in which Amazon would meet the Paris climate agreement goals 10 years ahead of schedule, and would be carbon-neutral by 2040. Besides this pledge, it also ordered 100 000 electric delivery trucks from [[Rivian]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/technology/jeff-bezos-climate-change-earth-fund.html|title=Jeff Bezos Commits $10 Billion to Address Climate Change|first=Karen|last=Weise|date=February 17, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><br />
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Amazon funds both climate denial groups including the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] and politicians denying climate change including [[Jim Inhofe]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Root|first1=Tik|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/climate/nyt-climate-newsletter-cei.html|title=Following the Money That Undermines Climate Science|date=July 10, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 7, 2020|last2=Friedman|first2=Lisa|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Tabuchi|first3=Hiroko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://popular.info/p/these-corporations-are-quietly-bankrolling|title=These corporations are quietly bankrolling Congress' top climate denier|last=Legum|first=Judd|website=popular.info|access-date=February 7, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In November 2018, a community action group opposed the construction permit delivered to [[Goodman Group]] for the construction of a {{convert|160000|m2|sqft}} logisitics platform Amazon will operate at [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport]]. In February 2019, [[:fr:Étienne Tête|Étienne Tête]] filed a request on behalf of a second regional community action group asking the administrative court to decide whether the platform served a sufficiently important public interest to justify its environmental impact. Construction has been suspended while these matters are decided.<ref name=Cavaillez>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Le Progrès]]|url=https://www.leprogres.fr/rhone-69-edition-lyon-metropole/2019/03/05/plateforme-logistique-amazon-bras-de-fer-dans-l-est-lyonnais|title=Plateforme logistique Amazon : bras de fer dans l'Est lyonnais|author=Jean-Philippe Cavaillez|date=March 5, 2019|page=10|language=fr}}</ref><br />
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Amazon considered making an option for Prime customers to have packages delivered at the most efficient and environmentally-friendly time (allowing the company to combine shipments with the same destination) but decided against it out of fear customers might reduce purchases.<ref name="day">{{cite news |author=Matt Day |date=March 7, 2020 |title=Amazon nixed 'green' shipping proposal to avoid alienating shoppers |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon-nixed-green-shipping-proposal-to-avoid-alienating-shoppers/ |agency=Bloomberg}}</ref> Since 2019, the company has instead offered customers an "Amazon Day" option, where all orders are delivered on the same day, emphasizing customer convenience, and it occasionally offers Prime customers credits in return for selecting slower and less expensive shipping options.<ref name="day" /><br />
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=== Selling counterfeit, unsafe and discarded items ===<br />
The selling of counterfeit products by Amazon has attracted widespread notice, with both purchases marked as being fulfilled by third parties and those shipped directly from Amazon warehouses being found to be counterfeit. This has included some products sold directly by Amazon itself and marked as "ships from and sold by Amazon.com".<ref name="wapo">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/14/how-amazons-quest-more-cheaper-products-has-resulted-flea-market-fakes/ |title=How Amazon's quest for more, cheaper products has resulted in a flea market of fakes |first=Jay |last=Greene |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> Counterfeit charging cables sold on Amazon as purported Apple products have been found to be a fire hazard.<ref name="gma">{{cite web |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/living/story/gma-investigates-inexpensive-lightning-cables-harm-phone-54920478|title='GMA' Investigates: Inexpensive lightning cables that could harm your phone|work=[[Good Morning America]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=May 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ganda |last=Suthivarakom |title=What to Do If You Think Your Amazon Purchase Is a Fake |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/what-to-do-amazon-purchase-fake/ |website=[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> Such counterfeits have included a wide array of products, from big ticket items to every day items such as tweezers, gloves,<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |first=Ganda |last=Suthivarakom |title=Welcome to the Era of Fake Products |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/amazon-counterfeit-fake-products/ |website=[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> and umbrellas.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Varghese|title=Bogus Umbrellas, Towels, and Luggage Zippers: New This Week |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/bogus-umbrellas-bath-towels-luggage-zippers/ |website=[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> More recently, this has spread to Amazon's newer grocery services.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Annie |title=Amazon is shipping expired food, from baby formula to old beef jerky, scaring consumers and putting big brands at risk |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/20/amazon-is-shipping-expired-baby-formula-and-other-out-of-date-foods.html |website=[[CNBC]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |language=en |date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> Counterfeiting was reported to be especially a problem for artists and small businesses whose products were being rapidly copied for sale on the site.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ari |last=Levi |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/25/amazon-counterfeiters-wreak-havoc-on-artists-and-small-businesses.html |title=Amazon counterfeiters wreak havoc on artists and small businesses |website=[[CNBC]] |date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref><br />
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One Amazon business practice that encourages counterfeiting is that, by default, seller accounts on Amazon are set to use "commingled inventory". With this practice, the goods that a seller sends to Amazon are mixed with those of the producer of the product and with those of all other sellers that supply what is supposed to be the same product.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://consumerist.com/2014/05/12/does-amazons-inventory-commingling-help-fake-products-fly-under-the-radar/ |work=[[Consumerist.com|Consumerist]] |first=Mary Beth |last=Quirk |title=Does Amazon's Inventory Commingling Help Fake Products Fly Under The Radar? |date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In June 2019, ''[[Buzzfeed]]'' reported that some products identified on the site as "Amazon's choice" were low quality, had a history of customer complaints, and exhibited evidence of product review manipulation.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nicole |last=Nguyen |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nicolenguyen/amazons-choice-bad-products |title='Amazon's Choice' Does Not Necessarily Mean A Product Is Good |date=June 14, 2019 |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In August 2019, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that they had found more than 4,000 items for sale on Amazon's site that had been declared unsafe by federal agencies, had misleading labels, or had been banned by federal regulators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-has-ceded-control-of-its-site-the-result-thousands-of-banned-unsafe-or-mislabeled-products-11566564990?shareToken=stf528a8da601e4017bdfc2faa508e09a2 |title=Amazon Has Ceded Control of Its Site. The Result: Thousands of Banned, Unsafe or Mislabeled Products |first1=Alexandra |last1=Berzon |first2=Shane |last2=Shifflett |first3=Justin |last3=Scheck |date=August 23, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In the wake of the ''WSJ'' investigation, three U.S. senators{{snd}} [[Richard Blumenthal]], [[Ed Markey]], and [[Bob Menendez]]{{snd}}sent an open letter to Jeff Bezos demanding him to take action about the selling of unsafe items on the site. The letter said that "Unquestionably, Amazon is falling short of its commitment to keeping safe those consumers who use its massive platform."<ref name=SenatorsAsk/> The letter included a number of questions about the company's practices and gave Bezos a deadline to respond by September 29, 2019, saying "We call on you to immediately remove from the platform all the problematic products examined in the recent ''WSJ'' report; explain how you are going about this process; conduct a sweeping internal investigation of your enforcement and consumer safety policies; and institute changes that will continue to keep unsafe products off your platform."<ref name=SenatorsAsk>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/29/senators-ask-jeff-bezos-to-crack-down-on-unsafe-products-on-amazon.html |website=[[CNBC]] |first=Annie |last=Palmer |title=Senators ask Jeff Bezos to crack down on thousands of unsafe products on Amazon |date=August 29, 2019 |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref> Earlier in the same month, senators Blumenthal and Menendez had sent Bezos a letter about the ''Buzzfeed'' report.<ref name=SenatorsAsk/><br />
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In December 2019, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that some people were literally retrieving trash out of dumpsters and selling it as new products on Amazon. The reporters ran an experiment and determined that it was easy for a seller to set up an account and sell cleaned up junk as new products. In addition to trash, sellers were obtaining inventory from clearance bins, thrift stores, and pawn shops.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/you-might-be-buying-trash-on-amazonliterally-11576599910?mod=e2twd |title=You Might Be Buying Trash on Amazon – Literally |date=December 18, 2019 |first1=Khadeeja |last1=Safdar |first2=Shane |last2=Shifflett |first3=Denise |last3=Blostein |access-date=August 29, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.komando.com/news/amazon-sells-literal-trash/697331/ |work=[[Komando.com]] |first=Mark |last=Jones |title=Shocking report finds dumpster divers selling trash on Amazon |date=December 19, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In August 2020, an appeals court in California ruled that Amazon can be held liable for unsafe products sold on its website. A California woman had bought a replacement laptop battery that caught fire and caused her to receive [[third-degree burn]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=California court rules Amazon can be liable for defective goods sold on its marketplace |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/13/amazon-can-be-held-liable-for-faulty-goods-court-rules.html |first=Annie |last=Palmer |date=August 13, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=[[CNBC]] }}</ref><br />
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=== Tax avoidance ===<br />
{{Main|Amazon tax}}<br />
Amazon's tax affairs were investigated in China, Germany, Poland, South Korea, France, Japan, Ireland, Singapore, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, United States and Portugal.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 5, 2012|title=Amazon investigated by UK authorities over tax avoidance|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/amazon-investigated-uk-authorities-over-tax-avoidance-7622019.html|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> According to a report released by [[Fair Tax Mark]] in 2019, Amazon is the worst offender of tax avoidance, having paid an 12% effective tax rate between 2010 and 2018, in contrast with 35% corporate tax rate in the US during the same period. Amazon countered that it had an 24% effective tax rate during the same period.<ref>{{cite web|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=December 2, 2019|title=New study deems Amazon worst for 'aggressive' tax avoidance|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/dec/02/new-study-deems-amazon-worst-for-aggressive-tax-avoidance|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
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===Comments by Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders===<br />
In early 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] repeatedly criticized Amazon's use of the [[United States Postal Service]] and its prices for the delivery of packages, stating, "I am right about Amazon costing the United States Post Office massive amounts of money for being their Delivery Boy," Trump tweeted. "Amazon should pay these costs (plus) and not have them {{Sic|bourne}} by the American Taxpayer."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/03/amazon-shares-turn-negative-after-trump-bashes-company-for-a-fourth-time-in-a-week.html |title=Amazon shares turn negative after Trump bashes company for a fourth time in a week |last=Franck |first=Thomas |date=April 3, 2018 |work=CNBC|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> Amazon's shares fell by 6 percent as a result of Trump's comments. [[Shepard Smith]] of [[Fox News]] disputed Trump's claims and pointed to evidence that the USPS was offering below-market prices to all customers with no advantage to Amazon. However, analyst Tom Forte pointed to the fact that Amazon's payments to the USPS are not made public and that their contract has a reputation for being "a sweetheart deal".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-trump/amazon-shares-fall-6-percent-as-trump-renews-attack-idUSKCN1H9185 |title=Amazon shares fall 6 percent as Trump renews attack |work=Reuters |access-date=April 3, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/media/381542-foxs-shep-smith-fact-checks-trumps-amazon-claims-none-of-that-was-true |title=Fox's Shep Smith fact-checks Trump's Amazon claims: 'None of that was true' |last=Manchester |first=Julia |work=The Hill|access-date=April 3, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Throughout the summer of 2018, Vermont Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] criticized Amazon's wages and working conditions in a series of [[YouTube]] videos and media appearances. He also pointed to the fact that Amazon had paid no federal income tax in the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inlander.com/spokane/workers-describe-pressures-at-amazon-warehouses-as-sen-bernie-sanders-gears-up-to-make-the-corporation-pay/Content?oid=12226281|title=Workers describe pressures at Amazon warehouses as Bernie Sanders gears up to make the corporation pay|first=Samantha|last=Wohlfeil|publisher=Inlander|date=September 6, 2018|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref> Sanders solicited stories from Amazon warehouse workers who felt exploited by the company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/truth-about-amazon-food-stamps-tax-breaks/|title=Bernie Sanders and the Truth About Amazon, Food Stamps, and Tax Breaks|last=Matsakis|first=Louise|date=September 6, 2018|work=Wired|access-date=February 20, 2019|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> One such story, by [[James Bloodworth (journalist)|James Bloodworth]], described the environment as akin to "a low-security prison" and stated that the company's culture used an Orwellian [[newspeak]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/17/amazon-warehouse-bernie-sanders|title=I worked in an Amazon warehouse. Bernie Sanders is right to target them|first=James|last=Bloodworth|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 17, 2018|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref> These reports cited a finding by New Food Economy that one third of fulfilment center workers in Arizona were on the [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program]] (SNAP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/5/17819450/bernie-sanders-stop-bezos-amazon-worker-pay-corporate-welfare-tax-bill|title=Bernie Sanders introduces "Stop BEZOS" bill to tax Amazon for underpaying workers|first=Adi|last=Robertson|website=The Verge|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> Responses by Amazon included incentives for employees to tweet positive stories and a statement which called the salary figures used by Sanders "inaccurate and misleading". The statement also charged that it was inappropriate for him to refer to SNAP as "food stamps".<ref name=":2" /> On September 5, 2018, Sanders along with [[Ro Khanna]] introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop [[Jeff Bezos|BEZOS]]) Act aimed at Amazon and other alleged beneficiaries of [[corporate welfare]] such as [[Walmart]], [[McDonald's]] and [[Uber]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-amazon-walmart-with-100-tax/|title=Bernie Sanders targets Amazon, Walmart with 100% tax|first=Kate|last=Gibson|publisher=CBS|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> Among the bill's supporters were [[Tucker Carlson]] of [[Fox News]] and [[Matt Taibbi]] who criticized himself and other journalists for not covering Amazon's contribution to wealth inequality earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tucker-carlson-bernie-sanders-food-stamps_us_5b895651e4b0511db3d7aa34|title=Why Bernie Sanders and Tucker Carlson agree on food stamps|first=Arthur|last=Delaney|work=The Huffington Post|date=August 31, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/bernie-sanders-amazon-bezos-725282/|title=Bernie Sanders' Anti-Amazon Bill is an Indictment of the Media, Too|first=Matt|last=Taibbi|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=September 18, 2018|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref><br />
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On October 2, 2018, Amazon announced that its minimum wage for all American employees would be raised to $15 per hour. Sanders congratulated the company for making this decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/2/17927478/amazon-minimum-wage-15-dollars-increase-bernie-sanders|title=Amazon raises minimum wage to $15 for all 350,000 US workers following criticism|first=Jon|last=Porter|website=The Verge|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref><br />
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=== Opposition to trade unions ===<br />
{{main|Amazon worker organization}}<br />
[[File:Anti-Amazon sticker.jpg|thumb|A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle.]]<br />
Amazon has opposed efforts by [[trade union]]s to organize in both the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2001, 850 employees in Seattle were laid off by Amazon.com after a unionization drive. The Washington Alliance of Technological Workers (WashTech) accused the company of violating union laws, and claimed Amazon managers subjected them to intimidation and heavy propaganda. Amazon denied any link between the unionization effort and layoffs.<ref name="Independent">{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010203/ai_n14364804|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410033727/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010203/ai_n14364804|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2008|title=Short shrift for unions in Amazon's silicon jungle – Independent, The (London) – Find Articles at BNET.com|date=April 10, 2008|access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref> Also in 2001, Amazon.co.uk hired a US management consultancy organization, [[The Burke Group]], to assist in defeating a campaign by the [[Graphical, Paper and Media Union]] (GPMU, now part of [[Unite the Union]]) to achieve recognition in the [[Milton Keynes]] distribution depot. It was alleged that the company victimized or sacked four union members during the 2001 recognition drive and held a series of captive meetings with employees.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|author=Jon Henley and Ed Pilkington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/26/tradeunions.workandcareers |title=Divide and rule |newspaper=Guardian |date= February 26, 2008|access-date=August 29, 2010 | location=London}}</ref><br />
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An Amazon training video that was leaked in 2018 stated "We are not anti-union, but we are not neutral either. We do not believe unions are in the best interest of our customers or shareholders or most importantly, our associates."<ref name="register2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/04/02/amazon_coronavirus_firing/|title=Amazon says it fired a guy for breaking pandemic rules. Same guy who organized a staff protest over a lack of coronavirus protection|first=Thomas|last=Claburn|publisher=The Register|date=April 2, 2020|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> Two years later, it was found that [[Whole Foods]] was using a heat map to track which stores had the highest levels of pro-union sentiment. Factors including racial diversity, proximity to other unions, poverty levels in the surrounding community and calls to the [[National Labor Relations Board]] were named as contributors to "unionization risk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/whole-foods-tracks-unionization-risk-with-heat-map-2020-1?r=US&IR=T|title=Amazon-owned Whole Foods is quietly tracking its employees with a heat map tool that ranks which stores are most at risk of unionizing|first=Hayley|last=Peterson|publisher=Business Insider|date=April 20, 2020|access-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In early 2020, an Amazon internal documents were leaked, it said that Whole Foods has been using an interactive heat map to monitor its 510 locations across the U.S. and assign each store a unionization risk score based on such criteria as employee loyalty, turnover rate and racial diversity. Data collected in the heat map suggest that stores with low racial and ethnic diversity, especially those located in poor communities, are more likely to unionize.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observer.com/2020/04/amazon-whole-foods-anti-union-technology-heat-map/|title=Whole Foods Secretly Upgrades Tech to Target and Squash Unionizing Efforts|date=April 24, 2020|work=[[Observer.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/whole-foods-tracks-unionization-risk-with-heat-map-2020-1|title=Amazon-owned Whole Foods is quietly tracking its employees with a heat map tool that ranks which stores are most at risk of unionizing|first=Hayley|last=Peterson|date=April 21, 2020|website=Business Insider Australia}}</ref><br />
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[[National Labor Relations Board]] determined that Amazon illegally fired two employees in retaliation for efforts to organize workers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weise |first1=Karen |title=Amazon Illegally Fired Activist Workers, Labor Board Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/technology/amazon-nlrb-activist-workers.html |access-date=April 5, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> In April 2021, after a majority of workers in Bessemer, Alabama voted against joining the [[Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union]], the union asked for a hearing with the NLRB to determine whether the company created "an atmosphere of confusion, coercion and/or fear of reprisals" ahead of the union vote.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selyukh |first1=Alina |title=It's A No: Amazon Warehouse Workers Vote Against Unionizing In Historic Election |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/09/982139494/its-a-no-amazon-warehouse-workers-vote-against-unionizing-in-historic-election |access-date=April 12, 2021 |work=National Public Radio |date=April 9, 2021}}</ref><br />
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=== Working conditions ===<br />
Former employees, current employees, the media, and politicians have criticized Amazon for poor working conditions at the company.<ref name="linkedin">{{Cite web|title=An Amazonian's response to 'Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace'|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/amazonians-response-inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-nick-ciubotariu|last=Ciubotariu|first=Nick|date=August 16, 2015|work=[[LinkedIn Pulse]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon under fire for staffing practices in Randstad contract|url=https://www.recruiter.co.uk/news/2013/08/amazon-under-fire-for-staffing-practices-in-randstad-contract/|date=August 2, 2013|work=Recruiter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804221109/http://www.recruiter.co.uk/news/2013/08/amazon-under-fire-for-staffing-practices-in-randstad-contract/|archive-date=August 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/brutal-conditions-in-amazons-warehouses-2013-8 |title=Brutal Conditions In Amazon's Warehouse's Threaten To Ruin The Company's Image |first=Jim |last=Edwards |date=August 5, 2013 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> In 2011, it was publicized that workers had to carry out tasks in {{convert|100|°F|°C}} heat at the [[Breinigsville, Pennsylvania]] warehouse. As a result of these inhumane conditions, employees became extremely uncomfortable and suffered from dehydration and collapse. Loading-bay doors were not opened to allow in fresh air because of concerns over theft.<ref name="AllentownMorningCall1">{{cite news |last1=Soper |first1=Spencer |title=Inside Amazon's Warehouse |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/watchdog/mc-allentown-amazon-complaints-20110917-story.html |access-date=March 15, 2018 |work=[[The Morning Call]] |date=September 18, 2011}}</ref> Amazon's initial response was to pay for an ambulance to sit outside on call to cart away overheated employees.<ref name="AllentownMorningCall1" /> The company eventually installed air conditioning at the warehouse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soper |first1=Spencer |last2=Kraus |first2=Scott |title=Amazon gets heat over warehouse |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/watchdog/mc-allentown-amazon-folo-20110917-story.html |access-date=March 15, 2018 |work=[[The Morning Call]] |date=September 25, 2011}}</ref><br />
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Some workers, "pickers", who travel the building with a trolley and a handheld scanner "picking" customer orders, can walk up to {{Convert|15|mi|km}} during their workday and if they fall behind on their targets, they can be reprimanded. The handheld scanners give real-time information to the employee on how quickly or slowly they are working; the scanners also serve to allow Team Leads and Area Managers to track the specific locations of employees and how much "idle time" they gain when not working.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-warehouse-rules-2011-9 |last1=Yarrow |first1=Jay |last2=Kovach |first2=Steve |title=10 Crazy Rules That Could Get You Fired From Amazon Warehouses |access-date=April 21, 2013 |date=September 20, 2011 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ed6a985c-70bd-11e2-85d0-00144feab49a |title=Amazon unpacked |last1=O'Connor |first1=Sarah |access-date=April 21, 2013 |date=February 8, 2013 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><br />
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In a German television report broadcast in February 2013, journalists Diana Löbl and Peter Onneken conducted a covert investigation at the distribution center of Amazon in the town of [[Bad Hersfeld]] in the German state of [[Hessen]]. The report highlights the behavior of some of the security guards, themselves being employed by a third-party company, who apparently either had a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] background or deliberately dressed in neo-Nazi apparel and who were intimidating foreign and temporary female workers at its distribution centers. The third-party security company involved was delisted by Amazon as a business contact shortly after that report.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/amazon136.html |title=Kritik an Arbeitsbedingungen bei Amazon |publisher=[[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]] |access-date=February 20, 2013 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/dokus/sendung/hr/13022013-ausgeliefert-leiharbeiter-bei-amazon-100.html |title=Ausgeliefert! Leiharbeiter ... – Ausgeliefert! Leiharbeiter bei Amazon – Reportage & Documentation – ARD &#124; Das Erste |publisher=Daserste.de |date=February 13, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218013257/http://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/dokus/sendung/hr/13022013-ausgeliefert-leiharbeiter-bei-amazon-100.html |archive-date=February 18, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Paterson |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/amazon-used-neonazi-guards-to-keep-immigrant-workforce-under-control-in-germany-8495843.html |title=Amazon 'used neo-Nazi guards to keep immigrant workforce under control' in Germany – Europe – World |work=The Independent |date=February 14, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon to investigate reports temporary staff in Germany were mistreated |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/392864/amazon-to-investigate-reports-temporary-staff-in-germany-were-mistreated/ |access-date=July 14, 2015 |website=Globalnews.ca}}</ref><br />
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In March 2015, it was reported in ''[[The Verge]]'' that Amazon would be removing [[non-compete clause]]s of 18 months in length from its US employment contracts for hourly-paid workers, after criticism that it was acting unreasonably in preventing such employees from finding other work. Even short-term temporary workers have to sign contracts that prohibit them from working at any company where they would "directly or indirectly" support any good or service that competes with those they helped support at Amazon, for 18 months after leaving Amazon, even if they are fired or made redundant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Woodman |first1=Spencer |title=Exclusive: Amazon makes even temporary warehouse workers sign 18-month non-competes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/26/8280309/amazon-warehouse-jobs-exclusive-noncompete-contracts |access-date=March 28, 2015 |work=The Verge |date=March 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasperkevic |first1=Jana |title=Amazon to remove non-compete clause from contracts for hourly workers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/27/amazon-remove-noncompete-clause-contracts-hourly-workers |access-date=March 28, 2015 |work=The Guardian |date=March 27, 2015}}</ref><br />
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A 2015 front-page article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' profiled several former Amazon employees<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html|title=Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace|last1=Kantor|first1=Jodi|author-link=Jodi Kantor|last2=Streitfeld|first2=David|author-link2=David Streitfeld|date=August 15, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> who together described a "bruising" workplace culture in which workers with illness or other personal crises were pushed out or unfairly evaluated.<ref name=":3" /> Bezos responded by writing a Sunday memo to employees,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/full-memo-jeff-bezos-responds-to-cutting-nyt-expose-says-tolerance-for-lack-of-empathy-needs-to-be-zero/ |title=Full memo: Jeff Bezos responds to brutal NYT story, says it doesn't represent the Amazon he leads |last=Cook |first=John |date=November 8, 2017 |work=GeekWire|access-date=April 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> in which he disputed the ''Times''{{'}}s account of "shockingly callous management practices" that he said would never be tolerated at the company.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/technology/amazon-bezos-workplace-management-practices.html|title=Jeff Bezos and Amazon Employees Join Debate Over Its Culture|last1=Streitfeld|first1=David|author-link1=David Streitfeld|last2=Kantor|first2=Jodi|author-link2=Jodi Kantor|date=August 17, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
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In an effort to boost employee morale, on November 2, 2015, Amazon announced that it would be extending six weeks of paid leave for new mothers and fathers. This change includes birth parents and adoptive parents and can be applied in conjunction with existing maternity leave and medical leave for new mothers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon increases paid leave for new parents |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/amazon-increases-paid-leave-for-new-parents/ |work=The Seattle Times |date=November 2, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2015}}</ref><br />
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In mid-2018, investigations by journalists and media outlets such as ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported poor working conditions at Amazon's fulfillment centers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=April 19, 2018 |title=Inside an Amazon warehouse: 'Treating human beings as robots'|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/inside-an-amazon-warehouse-treating-human-beings-as-robots/|work=[[CBS MoneyWatch]]|access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Sainato|first=Michael|date=July 30, 2018 |title=Accidents at Amazon: workers left to suffer after warehouse injuries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/30/accidents-at-amazon-workers-left-to-suffer-after-warehouse-injuries|work=The Guardian |access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref> Later in 2018, another article exposed poor working conditions for Amazon's delivery drivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-delivery-drivers-reveal-claims-of-disturbing-work-conditions-2018-8 |title=Missing wages, grueling shifts, and bottles of urine: The disturbing accounts of Amazon delivery drivers may reveal the true human cost of 'free' shipping |first=Hayley |last=Peterson |date=September 11, 2018 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><br />
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In response to criticism that Amazon does not pay its workers a livable wage, Jeff Bezos announced beginning November 1, 2018, all US and UK Amazon employees will earn a $15 an hour minimum wage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/amazon-raise-companys-minimum-wage-15-employees/story?id=58225644|title=Amazon to raise wages for more than 350,000 employees|last=Osborne|first=Mark|date=October 2, 2018|website=ABC News|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> Amazon will also lobby to make $15 an hour the federal [[minimum wage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-us-uk-employees|title=Amazon raises minimum wage for US and UK employees|first=Richard|last=Partington|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=January 3, 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> At the same time, Amazon also eliminated stock awards and bonuses for hourly employees.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soper |first=Spencer |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Amazon Warehouse Workers Lose Bonuses, Stock Awards for Raises|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-03/amazon-eliminating-bonuses-stock-awards-to-help-pay-for-raises|work=Bloomberg |access-date=October 4, 2018 }}</ref><br />
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On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] 2018, Amazon warehouse workers in several European countries, including Italy, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, went on strike to protest inhumane working conditions and low pay.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hamilton|first=Isobel Asher|date=November 23, 2018 |title='We are not robots': Thousands of Amazon workers across Europe are striking on Black Friday over warehouse working conditions|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/black-friday-amazon-workers-protest-poor-working-conditions-2018-11|work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=November 24, 2018}}</ref><br />
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''[[The Daily Beast]]'' reported in March 2019 that emergency services responded to 189 calls from 46 Amazon warehouses in 17 states between the years 2013 and 2018, all relating to suicidal employees. The workers attributed their mental breakdowns to employer-imposed social isolation, aggressive surveillance, and the hurried and dangerous working conditions at these fulfillment centers. One former employee told ''The Daily Beast'' "It's this isolating colony of hell where people having breakdowns is a regular occurrence."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zahn|first1=Max |last2=Paget|first2=Sharif |date=March 11, 2019 |title='Colony of Hell': 911 Calls From Inside Amazon Warehouses|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/amazon-the-shocking-911-calls-from-inside-its-warehouses|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=March 13, 2019 }}</ref><br />
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On July 15, 2019, during the onset of Amazon's Prime Day sale event, Amazon employees working in the United States and Germany went on strike in protest of unfair wages and poor working conditions.<ref>{{cite news |last= Chen|first=Michelle|date=July 16, 2019|title=Amazon Prime Day deals aren't worth the moral cost of exploiting their workers|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/amazon-prime-day-deals-aren-t-worth-moral-cost-exploiting-ncna1030361|work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/german-amazon-workers-strike-prime-day-scli-intl/index.html|title=Amazon workers go on strike in Germany as Prime Day begins|last1=Woodyatt|first1=Amy|last2=Wojazer|first2=Barbara|work=CNN Business|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref><br />
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In March 2020, during the coronavirus outbreak when the government instructed companies to restrict social contact, Amazon's UK staff was forced to work overtime to meet the demand spiked by the disease. A [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] spokesperson said the company had put "profit before safety".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Lora|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51921916|title=Amazon staff told to work overtime as virus hits|date=March 17, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=March 17, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> GMB has continued to raise concerns regarding "gruelling conditions, unrealistic productivity targets, surveillance, bogus self-employment and a refusal to recognise or engage with unions unless forced", calling for the UK government and safety regulators to take action to address these issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government must stand up to Amazon on workers' rights|url=https://www.gmb.org.uk/news/government-must-stand-amazon-workers-rights|date=October 14, 2020|author=GMB Union}}</ref><br />
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In August 2019, the [[BBC]] reported on Amazon's [[Twitter]] ambassadors. Their constant support for and defense of Amazon and its practices have led many Twitter users to suspect that they are in fact [[Internet bot|bots]], being used to dismiss the issues effecting Amazon workers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 16, 2019|title='Fake' Amazon ambassadors baited on Twitter|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49372809|access-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref><br />
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In its 2020 statement to its US shareholders, Amazon stated that "we respect and support the Core Conventions of the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO), the ILO [[Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work]], and the United Nations [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]". Operation of these Global Human Rights Principles has been "long-held at Amazon, and codifying them demonstrates our support for fundamental human rights and the dignity of workers everywhere we operate".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notice of 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders & Proxy Statement|url=https://s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/updated/2020-Proxy-Statement.pdf|date=May 27, 2020|author=Amazon}}</ref><br />
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On November 27, 2020, [[Amnesty International]] said, workers in working for Amazon have faced great health and safety risks since the start of the [[COVID-19]] pandemic. On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of Amazon's busiest periods, the company failed to ensure key safety features in [[France]], [[Poland]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States|USA]]. Workers have been risking their health and lives to ensure essential goods are delivered to consumer doorsteps, helping Amazon achieve record profits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/11/black-friday-rush-must-not-cost-amazon-workers-their-health-and-safety/|title=Black Friday rush must not cost Amazon workers their health and safety|access-date=November 27, 2020|work=Amnesty International}}</ref><br />
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On January 6, 2021, Amazon said that it is planning to build 20,000 affordable houses by spending $2 billion in the regions where the major employments are located.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=January 6, 2021|title=Amazon.com to spend $2 billion in homebuilding near key U.S. offices|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-housing-idUSKBN29B1MV|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref><br />
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On January 24, 2021, Amazon said that it was planning to open a pop-up clinic hosted in partnership with Virginia Mason Franciscan Health in Seattle in order to vaccinate 2,000 persons against COVID-19 on the first day.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=January 22, 2021|title=Amazon to open pop-up COVID-19 vaccine clinic in Seattle headquarters|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-amazon-com-vaccine-idUSKBN29R0D8|access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><br />
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In February 2021, Amazon said that it was planning to put cameras in its delivery vehicles. Although many drivers were upset by this decision, Amazon said that the videos would only be sent in certain circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|last=McFarland|first=Matt|title=Amazon is putting cameras in its delivery vans and some drivers aren't happy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/25/tech/amazon-driver-monitoring/index.html|access-date=February 26, 2021|work=CNN Business|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref><br />
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Drivers have alleged they sometimes have to urinate and defecate in their vans as a result of pressure to meet quotas. This was denied in a tweet from the official Amazon News account saying: "You don't really believe the peeing in bottles thing, do you? If that were true, nobody would work for us." Amazon employees subsequently leaked an email to ''[[The Intercept]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Klippenstein |first=Ken |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Documents Show Amazon Is Aware Drivers Pee in Bottles and Even Defecate En Route, Despite Company Denial |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/03/25/amazon-drivers-pee-bottles-union/ |work=[[The Intercept]] |location= |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> showing the company was aware its drivers were doing so. The email said: "This evening, an associate discovered human feces in an Amazon bag that was returned to station by a driver. This is the 3rd occasion in the last 2 months when bags have been returned to station with poop inside."<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 25, 2021|title=Leaked memo shows Amazon knows delivery drivers resort to urinating in bottles|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/25/amazon-delivery-workers-bathrooms-memo|access-date=March 28, 2021|work=the Guardian|language=en-GB|last=Paul|first=Kari}}</ref> Amazon acknowledged the issue publicly after denying it at first.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amazon acknowledges issue of drivers urinating in bottles in apology to Rep. Pocan |date=April 3, 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2BQ0DC |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210403155240/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2BQ0DC |archive-date=April 3, 2021 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |location=[[Bangalore]] |last1=Kalia |first1=Shubham |editor1=David Holmes |access-date=April 3, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Conflict of interest with the CIA and DOD ===<br />
In 2013, Amazon secured a {{USD|600 million}} contract with the [[CIA]], which poses a potential [[conflict of interest]] involving the Bezos-owned ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and his newspaper's coverage of the CIA.<ref>"[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/norman-solomon/the-cia-amazon-bezos-and_b_4559317.html The CIA, Amazon, Bezos and the Washington Post : An Exchange with Executive Editor Martin Baron]". ''The Huffington Post''. January 8, 2014.</ref> Kate Martin, director of the Center for National Security Studies, said, "It's a serious potential conflict of interest for a major newspaper like ''The Washington Post'' to have a contractual relationship with the government and the most secret part of the government."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/business/expecting-the-unexpected-from-jeff-bezos.html|title=Expecting the Unexpected From Jeff Bezos|last1=Streitfeld|first1=David|date=August 17, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|last2=Haughney|first2=Christine|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This was later followed by a {{USD|10 billion}} contract with the [[U.S. Department of Defense]].<ref name="vanity-fair" /><br />
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=== Seattle head tax and houselessness services ===<br />
In May 2018, Amazon threatened the [[Seattle City Council]] over an [[Seattle head tax|employee head tax proposal]] that would have funded houselessness services and low-income housing. The tax would have cost Amazon about $800 per employee, or 0.7% of their average salary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-pauses-plans-for-seattle-office-towers-while-city-council-considers-business-tax/|title=Amazon puts high-profile Seattle plans on ice over proposal to tax large employers|date=May 2, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> In retaliation, Amazon paused construction on a new building, threatened to limit further investment in the city, and funded a repeal campaign. Although originally passed, the measure was soon repealed after an expensive repeal campaign spearheaded by Amazon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/business-backed-opponents-of-seattle-head-tax-outspent-supporters-2-to-1/|title='Show of force': Business-backed opponents of Seattle head tax outspent supporters 2 to 1|date=July 13, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=July 17, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Nashville Operations Center of Excellence===<br />
The incentives given by the [[Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County]] to Amazon for their new Operations Center of Excellence in [[Nashville Yards]], a site owned by developer [[Southwest Value Partners]], have been controversial, including the decision by the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development to keep the full extent of the agreement secret.<ref name="tenneseanwantstokeepits">{{cite news |last1=Reicher |first1=Mike |title=Tennessee wants to keep its incentives offer for Amazon's HQ2 secret for 5 years |url=https://tennessean.com/story/news/2019/01/04/tennessee-amazon-incentives-kept-secret-five-years-public-records-original-pitch/2482548002/ |access-date=January 6, 2019 |work=The Tennessean |date=January 4, 2019}}</ref> The incentives include "$102 million in combined grants and tax credits for a scaled-down Amazon office building" as well as "a $65 million cash grant for capital expenditures" in exchange for the creation of 5,000 jobs over seven years.<ref name="tenneseanwantstokeepits"/><br />
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The Tennessee Coalition for Open Government called for more transparency.<ref name="tenneseanwantstokeepits"/> Another local organization known as the People's Alliance for Transit, Housing, and Employment (PATHE) suggested no public money should be given to Amazon; instead, it should be spent on building more public housing for the working poor and the homeless and investing in more public transportation for Nashvillians.<ref name="tntribunewillamazonbe">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Peter |title=Will Amazon be Naughty or Nice? |url=https://tntribune.com/community/local/nashville/will-amazon-be-naughty-or-nice/ |access-date=December 21, 2018 |work=Tennessee Tribune |date=December 13, 2018|quote=PATHE does not want Metro to give Amazon a dime. They want the city to build at least 5,000 more affordable homes to address the "Amazon effect" on the local housing market. And they want a new transit referendum that focuses on the needs of working people and better public bus service.}}</ref> Others suggested incentives to big corporations do not improve the local economy.<ref name="tennesseandidtennesseetaxpayers">{{cite news |last1=Mazza |first1=Sandy |title=Did Tennessee taxpayers get a good deal with $102M Amazon payment? |url=https://tennessean.com/story/money/2018/11/19/critics-worry-amazon-incentives-drain-community-services/1989884002/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |work=The Tennessean |date=November 19, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2018, the proposal to give Amazon $15&nbsp;million in incentives was criticized by the Nashville Firefighters Union and the Nashville chapter of the [[Fraternal Order of Police]],<ref name="newschannel5feelleftbehind">{{cite news |last1=Koehn |first1=Alexandra |title=Metro employees feel 'left behind' after no pay raise |url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/metro-employees-feel-left-behind-after-no-pay-raise |access-date=December 12, 2018 |work=News Channel 5 |date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> who called it "[[corporate welfare]]."<ref name="apnewsnashvillepoliceunion">{{cite news |title=Nashville police union: Amazon getting 'corporate welfare' |url=https://www.apnews.com/0a82b2c4d5ed4095b9bd4a1544f4615a |access-date=February 10, 2019 |work=Associated Press |date=November 30, 2018}}</ref> In February 2019, another $15.2&nbsp;million in infrastructure was approved by the council, although it was voted down by three council members, including Councilwoman Angie Henderson who dismissed it as "[[cronyism]]".<ref name="tennesseancouncilapproves">{{cite news |last1=Garrison |first1=Joey |title=Nashville council approves $15M in infrastructure work for future home of Amazon hub |url=https://tennessean.com/story/news/2019/02/06/nashville-approves-15-m-infrastructure-future-home-amazon-hub/2777894002/ |access-date=February 10, 2019 |work=The Tennessean |date=February 6, 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Facial recognition technology and law enforcement ===<br />
While Amazon has publicly opposed secret government surveillance, as revealed by Freedom of Information Act requests it has supplied [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]] support to law enforcement in the form of the [[Amazon Rekognition|Rekognition]] technology and consulting services. Initial testing included the city of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], Florida, and [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]], Oregon. Amazon offered to connect Washington County with other Amazon government customers interested in Rekognition and a body camera manufacturer. These ventures are opposed by a coalition of civil rights groups with concern that they could lead to an expansion of surveillance and be prone to abuse. Specifically, it could automate the identification and tracking of anyone, particularly in the context of potential police body camera integration.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/yes-amazon-is-tracking-people-and-sending-their-data-to-police|title=Yes, Amazon is tracking people|website=Washingtonexaminer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/amazon-teams-government-deploy-dangerous-new|title=Amazon Teams Up With Government to Deploy Dangerous New Facial Recognition Technology|website=Aclu.org}}</ref> Because of the backlash, the city of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] publicly stated it will no longer use the technology, but may revisit this decision at a later date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/orlando-stops-using-amazons-facial-recognition-tech-996057|title=Orlando Stops Using Amazon's Face-Scanning Tech Amid Spying Concerns|website=Newsweek.com|date=June 26, 2018|language=en-USA}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Access to NHS data===<br />
The UK government awarded Amazon a contract that gives the company free access to information about healthcare published by the UK's National Health Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3298/alexa-what-hidden-behind-your-contract-nhs|title=Alexa, what is hidden behind your contract with the NHS?|date=December 6, 2019|website=Privacy International|access-date=January 24, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125112306/https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3298/alexa-what-hidden-behind-your-contract-nhs|archive-date=January 25, 2020}}</ref> This will, for example, be used by Amazon's Alexa to answer medical questions, although Alexa also uses many other sources of information. The material, which excludes patient data, could also allow the company to make, advertise and sell its own products. The contract allows Amazon access to information on symptoms, causes and definitions of conditions, and "all related copyrightable content and data and other materials". Amazon can then create "new products, applications, cloud-based services and/or distributed software", which the NHS will not benefit from financially. The company can also share the information with third parties. The government said that allowing Alexa devices to offer expert health advice to users will reduce pressure on doctors and pharmacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/dec/08/nhs-gives-amazon-free-use-of-health-data-under-alexa-advice-deal|title=NHS gives Amazon free use of health data under Alexa advice deal|date=December 8, 2019|website=The Guardian|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Collection of data and surveillance===<br />
On February 17, 2020, a ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'' documentary broadcast by the BBC in the UK highlighted the amount of data collected by the company and the move into surveillance causing concerns of politicians and regulators in the US and Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000fjdz/panorama-amazon-what-they-know-about-us|title=Panorama - Amazon: What They Know About Us|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bbc.co.uk/news/extra/CLQYZENMBI/amazon-data|title=Amazon: How Bezos built his data machine|work=BBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Antitrust complaints ===<br />
<br />
On June 11, 2020, the [[European Union]] announced that it will be pressing charges against Amazon over its treatment of third-party e-commerce sellers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-face-antitrust-charges-from-eu-over-treatment-of-third-party-sellers-11591871818?mod=business_lead_pos1|title=Amazon to Face Antitrust Charges From EU Over Treatment of Third-Party Selles|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last1=Pop|first1=Valentina|last2=Schechner|first2=Sam|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2020, Amazon along with other tech giants [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Google]] and [[Facebook]] were accused of maintaining harmful power and anti-competitive strategies to quash potential competitors in the market.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2020|title=Tech bosses grilled over claims of 'harmful' power|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> The CEOs of respective firms appeared in a teleconference on July 29, 2020, before the lawmakers of the [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law|U.S. House Antitrust Subcommittee]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Business|first=Brian Fung, CNN|title=Congress grilled the CEOs of Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google. Here are the big takeaways|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/29/tech/tech-antitrust-hearing-ceos/index.html|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> In October 2020, the antitrust subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives released a report accusing Amazon of abusing a monopoly position in ecommerce to unfairly compete with sellers on its own platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/06/920882893/how-are-apple-amazon-facebook-google-monopolies-house-report-counts-the-ways|title=How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways|website=NPR.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Anti-vaccination and non-scientific cancer 'cures' ===<br />
Anti-vaccination and non evidence-based cancer 'cures' have routinely appeared high in Amazon's books and videos. This may be due to positive reviews posted by supporters of untested methods, or gaming of the algorithms by [[Conspiracy theory|truther]] communities, rather than any intent on Amazon's part.<ref>{{cite web|last=Naughton|first=John|date=August 8, 2020|title=How Amazon puts misinformation at the top of your reading list|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/08/amazon-algorithm-curated-misinformation-books-data|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 3, 2019|title=How Amazon's Algorithms Curated a Dystopian Bookstore|url=https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-and-the-spread-of-health-misinformation/|access-date=May 11, 2020|website=Wired}}</ref><br />
<br />
Wired magazine found that Amazon Prime Video was full of 'pseudoscientific documentaries laden with conspiracy theories and pointing viewers towards unproven treatments'.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 3, 2019|title=Amazon Prime Video is full of dodgy documentaries pushing dangerous cancer 'cures'|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/amazon-prime-video-cancer-cure-documentaries|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=Wired}}</ref><br />
<br />
U.S. Rep. Adam Schiff (D-Calif.) expressed concern that Amazon was “surfacing and recommending products and content that discourage parents from vaccinating their children.” Amazon subsequently removed five anti-vaccination documentaries.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 1, 2019|title=House Rep. Schiff calls Amazon's anti-vaccination content 'direct threat to public health' in letter to Bezos|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/01/schiff-calls-amazons-anti-vaccine-content-threat-to-public-health.html|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=CNBC}}</ref> Amazon also removed 12 books that unscientifically claimed bleach could cure conditions including malaria and childhood autism. This followed an NBC News report about parents who used it in a misguided attempt to reverse their children's autism.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 28, 2019|title=Amazon removes books promoting dangerous bleach 'cures' for autism and other conditions|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/amazon-removes-books-promoting-dangerous-bleach-cures-autism-other-illnesses-n1010861|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=NBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Response to COVID-19 pandemic ==<br />
<br />
=== Hazard pay and overtime ===<br />
Amazon introduced new policies to reward frontline workers for continuing to come into work during the crisis. One of these policies, announced on March 16, 2020, was a temporary $2-per-hour rise in pay. This policy expired in June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rey|first=Jason Del|date=May 13, 2020|title=Amazon extends bonus pay for front-line workers but says it ends in June|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/5/13/21256756/amazon-pay-increases-frontline-warehouse-workers-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic-may|access-date=June 3, 2020|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> Amazon also announced a policy of unlimited, unpaid time off that lasted until April 30, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Charles|title=Amazon set to end 'unlimited unpaid time off' policy|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-set-to-end-unlimited-unpaid-time-off-policy-2020-4|access-date=June 3, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Additional hiring as a result of pandemic ===<br />
In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Amazon introduced temporary restrictions on the sale of non-essential goods. In March 2020, it hired some 100,000 more staff in the US to help deal with essential items such as food and medical equipment. It also reported that it was so busy that it was unable to bring on board new customers and therefore had to have a waiting list. In April, the firm announced that it was going to hire up to 75,000 workers to help deal with increased demand.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52276149|title=Amazon hiring spree as orders surge under lockdown|date=April 14, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=April 14, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> In September 2020, the company announced it would hire an additional 100,000 workers in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-hire-100-000-in-u-s-and-canada-11600071208 |title=Amazon to Hire 100,000 in U.S. and Canada |date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Employee protests during COVID-19 ===<br />
<br />
During the pandemic there have been protests by the Amazon workers at warehouses in the US, France, and Italy. The BBC reported that there were confirmed coronavirus cases in more than 50 locations.<ref name="auto"/> The reason for the protests is the company policy to "run normal shifts" despite many positive cases of the virus.<ref name=FTMarch19/> According to the [[UNI Global Union]], "Amazon cannot act like this is business as usual. We are facing a deadly virus that has already taken the lives of thousands of people and paralyzed the world's economy. If distribution centers are not safe for workers right now, they should be closed immediately."<ref name=FTMarch19>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/08395e49-0bb1-4f49-a6f5-c6639ce3d719|title= Amazon workers protest over normal shifts despite Covid-19 cases|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> In Spain, the company has faced legal complaints over its policies.<ref name=BBCMarch31/> Despite workers at 19 warehouses in the US having tested positive for COVID-19, Amazon did not shut down warehouses, only doing so when forced by the government or because of protests. A group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos in March 2020, expressing concerns about worker safety.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31/><br />
<br />
An Amazon warehouse protest on March 30, 2020, in [[Staten Island]] led to its organizer, Christian Smalls, being fired. Amazon defended the decision by saying that Smalls was supposed to be in self-isolation at the time and leading the protest put its other workers at risk.<ref name=BBCMarch31/> Smalls has called this response "ridiculous".<ref name=CommonDreamsMarch31/> The New York state attorney general, [[Letitia James]], is considering legal retaliation to the firing which she called "immoral and inhumane."<ref name=BBCMarch31>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52096273|title=Amazon workers strike over virus protection|date=March 31, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=March 31, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> She also asked the [[National Labor Relations Board]] to investigate Smalls' firing. Smalls himself accuses the company of retaliating against him for organizing a protest.<ref name=CommonDreamsMarch31>{{cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/03/31/new-york-ag-denounces-immoral-and-inhumane-firing-amazon-worker-who-led-protest-over|title=New York AG Denounces 'Immoral and Inhumane' Firing of Amazon Worker Who Led Protest Over Lack of Coronavirus Protections|website=Common Dreams|language=en|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> At the Staten Island warehouse, one case of COVID-19 has been confirmed by Amazon; workers believe there are more, and say that the company has not cleaned the building, given them suitable protection, or informed them of potential cases.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/30/21199942/amazon-warehouse-coronavirus-covid-new-york-protest-walkout|title=Amazon warehouse workers walk out in rising tide of COVID-19 protests|last=Dzieza|first=Josh|date=March 30, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Smalls added specifically that there are many workers there in risk categories, and the protest only demanded that the building be sanitized and the employees continue to be paid during that process.<ref name=CommonDreamsMarch31/> Derrick Palmer, another worker at the Staten Island facility, told ''[[The Verge]]'' that Amazon quickly communicates through text and email when they need the staff to complete mandatory overtime, but have not been using this to tell people when a colleague has contracted the disease, instead waiting days and sending managers to speak to employees in person.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31/> Amazon claim that the Staten Island protest only attracted 15 of the facility's 5,000 workers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/amazon-workers-in-staten-island-protest-coronavirus-working-conditions/|title=Amazon fires warehouse worker who organized Staten Island protest|last=Rubin|first=Ben Fox|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> while other sources describe much larger crowds.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31/><br />
<br />
On April 14, 2020, two Amazon employees were fired for "repeatedly violating internal policies", after they had circulated a petition about health risks for warehouse workers internally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Kari |title=Amazon fires two employees who condemned treatment of warehouse workers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/14/amazon-workers-fired-coronavirus-emily-cunningham-maren-costa |website=the Guardian |access-date=April 15, 2020 |language=en |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 4, Amazon vice president [[Tim Bray]] resigned "in dismay" over the firing of whistle-blower employees who spoke out about the lack of COVID-19 protections, including shortages of face masks and failure to implement widespread temperature checks which were promised by the company. He said that the firings were "chickenshit" and "designed to create a climate of fear" in Amazon warehouses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Kari |date=May 4, 2020 |title=Amazon executive resigns over company's 'chickenshit' firings of employee activists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/04/amazon-tim-bray-resigns-working-conditions-coronavirus |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a Q1 2020 financial report, Jeff Bezos announced that Amazon expects to spend $4&nbsp;billion or more (predicted operating profit for Q2) on COVID-19-related issues: personal protective equipment, higher wages for hourly teams, cleaning for facilities, and expanding Amazon's COVID-19 testing capabilities. These measures intend to improve the safety and well-being of hundreds of thousands of the company's employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Q1 2020 Earnings Release|url=https://s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/Q1/Amazon-Q1-2020-Earnings-Release.pdf?ots=1&tag=curbedcom06-20&linkCode=w50|date=April 30, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
From the beginning of 2020 until September of the same year, the company declared that the total number of workers who had contracted the infection was 19,816.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/01/amazon-says-more-than-19000-workers-got-covid-19.html|title=Amazon says more than 19,000 workers got Covid-19|date=October 1, 2020|website=cnbc.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Closure in France===<br />
The [[Solidaires Unitaires Démocratiques|SUD]] (trade unions) brought a court case against Amazon for unsafe working conditions. This resulted in a French district court ([[Nanterre]]) ruling on April 15, 2020, ordering the company to limit, under threat of a €1&nbsp;million per day fine, its deliveries to certain essential items, including electronics, food, medical or hygienic products, and supplies for home improvement, animals, and offices.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Figaro|language=fr|date=April 16, 2020|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/amazon-menace-de-suspendre-l-activite-de-ses-centres-en-france-20200415|title=Amazon ferme ses entrepôts pour cinq jours en France|author=Olivia Détroyat}}</ref> Instead, Amazon immediately shut down its six warehouses in France, continuing to pay workers but limiting deliveries to items shipped from third-party sellers and warehouses outside of France.<ref name="CNN_0519" /> The company said the €100,000 fine for each prohibited item shipped could result in billions of dollars in fines even with a small fraction of items misclassified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/24/tech/amazon-france-appeal/index.html|title=Amazon loses appeal against worker safety ruling in France that prompted it to close|first=Hadas |last=Gold|website=CNN}}</ref> After losing an appeal and coming to an agreement with labor unions for more pay and staggered schedules, the company reopened its French warehouses on May 19.<ref name="CNN_0519">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/19/tech/amazon-france-reopen/index.html |title=Amazon is reopening its warehouses in France after dispute with workers ends |date=May 19, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Lobbying==<br />
Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [[Information privacy|data protection]] and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [[United States Congress]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] and the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]]. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5&nbsp;million, $5&nbsp;million and $9.5&nbsp;million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon's Lobbying Expenditures |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883|website=Opensecrets.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amazon.com was a corporate member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/05/24/amazon-shareholders-met-by-protesters.html |first=Emily |last=Parkhurst |title=Amazon shareholders met by protesters, company cuts ties with ALEC|website=Bizjournals.com |date=May 24, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] lobbying firm in June.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |title=In Amazon's shopping cart: D.C. influence |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/amazon-dc-influence-109776.html |website=Politico.com |publisher=Politico |access-date=August 7, 2014}}</ref> Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html|title=F.A.A. Drone Laws Start to Clash With Stricter Local Rules|last=Kang|first=Cecilia|date=December 27, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.<ref>{{cite news|last=Business|first=Matt McFarland, CNN|title=Amazon gets closer to drone delivery with FAA approval|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/tech/amazon-drone-faa-approval/index.html|access-date=September 4, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019 it&nbsp;spent $16.8m and had a team of 104 lobbyists, up from $14.4m and 103 lobbyists in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000023883|title=Client Profile: Amazon.com|website=Centre for Responsive Politics|access-date=February 4, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Internet|Companies}}<br />
* [[Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award]]<br />
* [[Amazon Flexible Payments Service]]<br />
* [[Amazon Marketplace]]<br />
* [[Amazon Standard Identification Number]] (ASIN)<br />
* [[Camelcamelcamel]] – a website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com<br />
* [[List of book distributors]]<br />
* [[Carbon tax#Internal price on carbon|Internal carbon pricing]]<br />
* [[Statistically improbable phrases]] – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |url=http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781591843757,00.html |title=One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com |last=Brandt |first=Richard L. |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59184-375-7 |location=New York }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=21 Dog Years |last=Daisey |first=Mike |publisher=Free Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7432-2580-5 |author-link=Mike Daisey |url=https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Amazon.com for Dummies |last=Friedman |first=Mara |publisher=Wiley Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-7645-5840-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordumm00frie }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut |last=Marcus |first=James |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2004 |isbn=1-56584-870-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World |last=Spector |first=Robert |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2000 |isbn=0-06-662041-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |last=Stone |first=Brad |publisher=Little Brown and Co |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-316-21926-6 |location=New York |oclc=856249407 |author-link=Brad Stone (journalist)|title-link=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Amazon.com}}<br />
* {{official website}}<br />
* {{OpenCorp|Amazon}}<br />
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[[Category:Amazon (company)| ]]<br />
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[[Category:Transportation companies based in Washington (state)]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyanka_Saha&diff=116920
Priyanka Saha
2021-07-08T17:25:56Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: improved article</p>
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<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Priyanka Saha<br />
| image = [[File:Priyanka Saha.jpg|thumb|Priyanka Saha]]<br />
| caption = Indian Entrepreneur Priyanka Saha<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[Producer]]<br />
| years_active = 2012-present<br />
| spouse = <br />
|Notable Work = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Priyanka Saha''' is a mainstream indian Businesswomen and Event supervisor<ref>{{cite news |title=Thought Factory brings customized solutions to their clients amid the pandemic |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/thought-factory-brings-customized-solutions-to-their-clients-amid-the-pandemic20210408143532/?amp=1 |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=www.aninews.in |language=en}}</ref> brought into the world in Kolkata, West Bengal.She is Founder of Thought Factory which Provides arrangements in the fields of occasions, PR, commercial, movement, and other general media and media creations. <ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Saha to change future of production houses through Thought Factory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/priyanka-saha-to-change-future-of-production-houses-through-thought-factory-101617103524353-amp.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Early Life==<br />
Priyanka Saha was naturally introduced to a modest Bengali family in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, with a financial specialist father and a homemaker mother with two more youthful kin. Her adolescence was a combination of good and awful as, at an extremely youthful age, she saw her dad lose nearly everything in an oddity fire mishap at his business environment <ref>{{cite news |title=Thought Factory's Moksha highlights never seen before subject on MX Player |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/thought-factorys-moksha-highlights-never-seen-subject-mx-player/2021/04/09/amp |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=IWMBuzz |date=9 April 2021}}</ref><br />
. Seeing the dangers implied in maintaining a business, while any other person would have abandoned beginning a business, Priyanka got the assurance to go into business and make it develop. After a couple of introductory stretches as a model and an entertainer, Priyanka joined a worldwide occasion the executives organization as the Creative Head for their wedding arranging division working out of Delhi, India.After gathering quite a long while of involvement working in the limit, Priyanka began her own organization, Thought Factory in the year 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Saha's 'Thought Factory' is all set to bounce back in action in 2021 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/in-focus/240321/priyanka-sahas-thought-factory-is-all-set-to-bounce-back-in-action.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Saha to Change Future of Production Houses Through Thought Factory - Opera News |url=https://www.dailyadvent.com/news/69e2d7a50f4edf82897981adcc27f196-Priyanka-Saha-to-Change-Future-of-Production-Houses-Through-Thought-Factory |work=www.dailyadvent.com}}</ref><br />
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==External links==<br />
*http://www.thoughtfactoryweb.com/<br />
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==References==<br />
{realist}<br />
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[[Category:Person]]<br />
[[Category:CEO]]<br />
[[Category:Founder]]<br />
[[Category:Founder & CEO]]<br />
[[Category:Business Man]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Entrepreneur]]</div>
HamzhaSaleem
https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kashmiri_people&diff=116508
Category:Kashmiri people
2021-07-08T15:59:12Z
<p>HamzhaSaleem: Created page with "Peoples live in Bashir"</p>
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<div>Peoples live in Bashir</div>
HamzhaSaleem