Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Vaishakha

2026-05-16T00:26:02Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started page

{{short description|Month in Hindu calendar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox month
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = {{Native name|sa|वैशाख}}
| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num = 2
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]] (spring)
| gregorian = April–May
| holidays = [[Akshaya Tritiya]] [[Buddha Purnima]] [[Narasimha Jayanti]] [[Pohela Boishakh]] [[Vaikasi Visakam]] [[Vaisakhi]]
| prev_month = [[Chaitra]]
| next_month = [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Vaishakha''' ({{langx|sa|वैशाख}}, {{IAST3|Vaiśākha}}) is the second month of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Vishākhā]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> It corresponds to April–May in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Omnigraphics">{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=Detroit|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref> The month corresponds to the end of the spring ([[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]]) [[Ritu (Indian season)|season]] and falls in April–May of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Omnigraphics"/>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Mesha (month)|Mesha]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]].<ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Another New Year, Another Resolution|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_13-04-2012_Another-New-Year,Another-Resolution_114__14_1_1.html|access-date=1 June 2014|work=Daily Sun|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051918/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_13-04-2012_Another-New-Year,Another-Resolution_114__14_1_1.html|archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> It corresponds to [[Boishakh]], the first month in the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Boniface Mundu|title=The Silent Short Stories: A Word of Truth|date=2013|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-49217-331-1|page=87}}</ref> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the third month of [[Vaikasi]], falling in the Gregorian months of May–June.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the third month of [[Madhusudanah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle are labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The month marks the start of summer, and the afternoon storms in the month are called ''kalboishakhi''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rajib Shaw|author2=Fuad Mallick|author3=Aminul Islam|name-list-style=amp|title=Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Bangladesh|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-4-431-54252-0|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WVIAAAAQBAJ&q=Kalboishakhi&pg=PA98}}</ref> The storms usually start with strong gusts from the north-western direction at the end of a hot day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalboishakhis - Bangladesh's deadly storms|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2014/04/kalboishakhis-bangladesh-deadly-storms-20144298655771842.html|access-date=1 June 2014|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=S.M. Imamul Huq|author2=Jalal Uddin Md. Shoaib|name-list-style=amp|title=The Soils of Bangladesh|date=2013|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|isbn=978-9-40071-128-0|pages=15–16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FbnvB3_elwC&q=Kalboishakhi&pg=PA16}}</ref>

==Festivals==
The first day of the month is celebrated as the [[Pohela Boishakh]] or New Year's Day in [[Bengal region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/pohela-boishakh-2025-date-history-significance-and-how-bengali-new-year-is-celebrated-2708621-2025-04-14|title=Pohela Boishakh 2025: Date, history, significance and how Bengali New Year is celebrated |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], it is celebrated as the [[Jur Sital]] (Mithila New Year's Day).<ref>{{cite web |title=Joorshital/Siruwa: A unique tradition of celebrating the New Year among Tharus in southern Nepal |work=Online Khabar |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/joorshital-siruwa-tharu-new-year.html |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The day is observed with cultural programs, festivals and carnivals, and often marks the start of business activities for a new fiscal account.<ref>{{cite web|author=M H Haider|title=Hal Khata|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/hal-khata-18968|access-date=1 June 2014|work=The Daily Star|date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Halkatha – An explanation|url=http://amaderkotha.com.bd/2014/04/07/halkatha-an-explanation/|website=amaderkotha.com.bd|access-date=1 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201126/http://amaderkotha.com.bd/2014/04/07/halkatha-an-explanation/|archive-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> The [[harvest festival]] of [[Vaisakhi]] is celebrated on in this month which also marks the Punjabi new year according to the [[Punjabi calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/baisakhi-2025-is-it-april-13-or-14-all-you-need-to-know-2707007-2025-04-10|title=Baisakhi (Vaisakhi) 2025: Is it April 13 or 14? All you need to know |work=India Today |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

[[Akshaya Tritiya]] is an annual spring festival that falls on the third [[tithi]] (lunar day) of the bright half ([[Shukla Paksha]]) of the month.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshaya Tritiya 2017: Here is Why it is of significance in Hinduism and the reason behind people buying Gold on this day!|date=28 April 2017|work=News Gram|url=https://www.newsgram.com/akshaya-tritiya-2017-here-is-why-it-is-of-significance-in-hinduism-and-reason-behind-people-buying-gold-on-this-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yugantarpravah.com/news/akshaya-tritiya-2023-date-why-akshaya-tritiya-celebrated-does-say-bhavishya-purana-710957-11-04-2023|title=Akshaya Tritiya 2023: Why is Akshaya Tritiya celebrated, what does the Bhavishya Purana say?|work=Yugantar Pravah|date=11 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What are the auspicious events that happened on Akshaya Tritiya? |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/religion/what-are-the-auspicious-events-that-happened-on-akshaya-tritiya |work=Bru Times News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7eEAAAQBAJ |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes] |date=2011 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |page=18}}</ref> [[Buddha Purnima]] or [[Vesākha]] commemorates the birth anniversary of [[Siddhartha Gautama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/buddha-purnima-2025-when-is-buddha-purnima-in-2025-9985491/|title=Buddha Purnima 2025: When is Buddha Purnima in 2025? |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/astrology/astro-picks/buddha-purnima-2025-date-significance-and-rituals-news-395485|title=Buddha Purnima 2025: Date, Significance And Rituals |work=Outlook India |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

[[Vaikasi Visakam]] commemorates the birth of Hindu war god [[Kartikeya]].<ref name="India">{{cite book|title=Indian Encyclopedia|author=Subodh Kant|isbn=978-8-177-55257-7|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|page=7821}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vaikasi Visakam: Date, Time, Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/vaikasi-visakam-2024-date-time-rituals-and-how-it-is-celebrated/articleshow/110325901.cms|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> [[Narasimha Jayanti]] is celebrated on [[Chaturdashi]] thithi in [[Narasimha]] temples such as [[Simhachalam]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nrusimha Jayanthi|title=Festivals|url=http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html|work=Simhachalam Devasthanam|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030073328/http://simhachalamdevasthanam.net/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sukla [[Panchami]] is celebrated as the birthday of Hindu philosopher [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/adi-shankaracharya-jayanti-2025-date-time-history-and-significance/articleshow/120785677.cms |title=Adi Shankaracharya Jayanti 2025: Date, Time, History and Significance |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Besakih Temple]]
* [[Hindu astronomy]]
* [[Hindu units of measurement]]
* [[Jyotish]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*02]]

Mohammad Hassan Roomi

2026-04-24T13:36:18Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: new...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Hassan Roomi
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kanpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Kanpur Cantonment]]
| predecessor = [[Sohil Akhtar Ansari]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| father = Syed Mohammad Irfan
| mother = Seema Irfan
| spouse = Farzana Hassan
| children = 2
| image =
}}

'''Mohammad Hassan Roomi''' (born 15 November 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is serving as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kanpur Cantonment Assembly constituency]] representing the second largest party of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Samajwadi Party]] since 10 March [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Hasan in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/:state_slug:/mohammad-hasan-kanpur-cantt-candidate-s24a216c05/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सपा ने कैंट सीट से मो हसन रूमी को बनाया उम्मीदवार, 2017 में कांग्रेस गठबंधन में नहीं लड़ पाए थे चुनाव |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-up-chunav-2022-samajwadi-party-has-given-ticket-to-mo-hasan-rumi-from-cantt-assembly-seat-22418838.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |first=Deepak |date=2022-03-10 |title=UP Election 2022: Kanpur Cantt Chunav Result raghuvansh singh bhadoriya BJP mohammad hasan roomi SP -UP Election 2022: कानपुर कैंट सीट से बीजेपी के रघुवंश सिंह भदौरिया आगे, मोहम्मद हसन रूमी पीछे - India TV Hindi News |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/news/up-election-2022-kanpur-cantt-chunav-result-raghuvansh-singh-bhadoriya-bjp-mohammad-hasan-roomi-sp-2022-03-10-838699 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=www.indiatv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Of Vidhan Sabha {{!}} Samajwadi Party |url=https://samajwadiparty.in/members-of-vidhan-sabha |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=samajwadiparty.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanpur Election Result 2022 : कानपुर की कैंट सीट से सपा के मो. हसन रूमी जीते, यहां देखें राउंडवार किसे मिले कितने वोट |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-up-kanpur-election-result-2022-kanpur-cantt-seat-result-2022-of-sp-candidate-mo-hasan-roomi-vidhansabha-chunav-win-news-22533301.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kanpur Cantt Assembly Seat : कानपुर कैंट सीट पर दौड़ी साइकिल, सपा के हसन रूमी ने दर्ज की जीत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-cantt-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-lose-raghunandan-singh-bhadauria-sohil-akhtar-ansari-mohd-hasan-rumi-mohd-shafi-khan-rrmb-4039105.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Mohammad Hassan Roomi was born to Syed Mohammad Irfan and Seema Irfan on 15 November 1965 in [[Kanpur Metro|Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohd Hasan Roomi(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- KANPUR CANTT.(KANPUR NAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2786 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Roomi is married to Farzana Hassan. They have a son and a daughter together.

Mohammad Hassan Roomi did [[Master of Arts]] in Economics from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from DAV Law College, Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Hasan(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- KANPUR CANTT.(KANPUR NAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2232 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

कैन्ट विधान सभा के अन्तर्गत वार्ड-99 सुजातगंज, कानपुर में म0नं0 133 सी से म0नं0 128ए तक सी0सी0 रोड का निर्माण कार्य। 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roomi, Mohammad Hassan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Rishikesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:59Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating Basic Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rishikesh
| mla = [[Premchand Aggarwal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2002
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Dehradun]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 167,924
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| constituency_no = 24
| map_image =Rishikesh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''24-Rishikesh Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].

Rishikesh Legislative Assembly constituency, currently is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as per the delimitation in 2008. Prior to the delimitation in 2008, it was a part of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. The constituency also covers 30 wards of the [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election!!Name!!colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Premchand Aggarwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Premchand Aggarwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3 | Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishikesh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Premchand Aggarwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,460 |percentage=50.04% |change={{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayendra Chand Ramola|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,403|percentage=31.86%|change={{increase}}1.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanak Dhanai]]|party=Uttarakhand Janekta Party|votes=13,080|percentage=12.48%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raje Singh Negi|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,781|percentage=2.65%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=819|percentage=0.78%|change={{decrease}}0.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohan Singh Aswal|party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|votes=761|percentage=0.73%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,057 |percentage=18.18% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,04,838|percentage=62.09%|change={{decrease}}2.71}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,852 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishikesh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Premchand Aggarwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,082 |percentage=45.78% |change={{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh Kharola |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,281 |percentage=30.75% |change={{increase}}3.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=17,149 |percentage=17.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lallan Bhardwaj Rajbhar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,866 |percentage=2.91% |change={{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=889 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=775 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,801 |percentage=15.03% |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,486 |percentage=64.79% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,997 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishikesh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Premchand Aggarwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,090 |percentage=35.84% |change={{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Kharola |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,819 |percentage=26.88% |change={{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=17,669 |percentage=21.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lallan Bharadwaj Rajbhar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,047 |percentage=6.22% |change={{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surandra Singh Kaintura |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=1,429 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shobha Ram Raturi |party=Sainik Samaj Party |votes=1,360 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kalura |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,191 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Pokhriyal |party=Independent politician |votes=624 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Purohit |party=Independent politician |votes=592 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Kumar Uniyal |party=Independent politician |votes=583 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,271 |percentage=8.96% |change= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,166 |percentage=67.84% |change= {{increase}}10.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,646 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishikesh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Premchand Aggarwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,491 |percentage=35.42% |change={{increase}}11.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,414 |percentage=24.87% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaideep Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=13,146 |percentage=15.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=6,435 |percentage=7.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogi Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,410 |percentage=5.12% |change={{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindu Rajput |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,583 |percentage=3.00% |change={{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharak Bahadur Khatri |party=Gorkha Democratic Front |votes=1,847 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,310 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,179 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijaypal Singh Rawat |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=690 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Prakash Sharma |party=Vishwa Vikas Sangh |votes=490 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,077 |percentage=10.54% |change= {{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,092 |percentage=57.86% |change= {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,889 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishikesh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,898 |percentage=25.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,057 |percentage=23.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harsh Vardhan Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=8,355 |percentage=14.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=8,308 |percentage=14.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Purohit |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,909 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,824 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Sharma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,808 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudha Rani |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,661 |percentage=2.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. N. Todaria |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,332 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh Rakha |party=Independent politician |votes=999 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shish Ram Kanswal |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) |votes=747 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=841 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,924 |percentage=50.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,420 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Rishikesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf. The Election Commission of India. p. 509.
* http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.088|78.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Rishikesh]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:48:02Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating Initial Entry Basic Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patacharkuchi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| map_image = Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
| party = {{Party index link|BJP}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 elections in India#Assam|2021]]
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. Patacharkuchi formed part of the [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=Lok Sabha and Vidan Sabha Constituencies list
|accessdate=18 December 2020
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=2006-05-04
}}</ref>

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
* 1951: [[Homeshwar Deb Choudhury]], [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] and Baikunthanath Das, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1957: [[Birendra Kumar Das]], [[Praja Socialist Party]] and Surendra Nath Das, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1962: [[Homeshwar Deb Choudhury]], [[Praja Socialist Party]]
* 1967: [[Bhubaneswar Barman]], [[Praja Socialist Party]]
* 1972: [[Krishna Kanta Lahkar]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1978: [[Bhubaneswar Barman]], [[Janata Party]]
* 1983: [[Rabi Ram Das]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1985: [[Pabin Chandra Deka]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1991: [[Krishna Kanta Lahkar]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1996: [[Mohan Das (politician)|Mohan Das]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
* 2001: [[Pabindra Deka]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 2006: Dr. [[Malaya Borman]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 2011: Manoranjan Das, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 2016: [[Pabindra Deka]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
* 2021: [[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== Election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Patacharkuchi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Pabindra Deka
|votes = 64,558
|percentage = 61.72
|change = +31.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sailen Kalita
|votes = 12,582
|percentage = 12.03
|change = -8.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kamaleswar Medhi
|votes = 12,306
|percentage = 11.76
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manoranjan Das
|votes = 8,227
|percentage = 7.86
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kartik Deka
|votes = 3,134
|percentage = 2.99
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baikuntha Sarma
|votes = 960
|percentage = 0.91
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Puspak Dutta
|votes = 936
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nilima Bhattacharya
|votes = 846
|percentage = 0.80
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,034
|percentage = 0.98
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 51,976
|percentage = 49.69
|change = +44.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,04,583
|percentage = 80.84
|change = +9.21
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,29,362
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Patacharkuchi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoranjan Das
|votes = 30,829
|percentage = 34.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Pabindra Deka
|votes = 26,248
|percentage = 29.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Moloya Barman
|votes = 18,418
|percentage = 20.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Baruah
|votes = 4,354
|percentage = 4.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Phani Pathak
|votes = 2,846
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Tapan Bhuyan
|votes = 2,210
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bishaljyoti Kalita
|votes = 1,587
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ajit Sarma
|votes = 765
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pradip Kalita
|votes = 469
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Syed Mahimuddin Ahmed
|votes = 469
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,581
|percentage = 5.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,195
|percentage = 71.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,23,128
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.51|91.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Abdul Hamid (footballer)

2026-04-13T05:50:57Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi:

{{Short description|Pakistani former footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Abdul Hamid
| image = File:Abdul Hamid, in 1967.jpg
| caption = Hamid in 1967
| fullname = Abdul Hamid
| height =
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Quetta]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place = Unknown
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Center-half]]
| youthyears1 = –
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 19??–19??
| clubs1 = Sandemanians Club Quetta
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1933–1935
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = –
| clubs3 =
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
}}

'''Abdul Hamid''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عبدالحمید}}}};) was a professional footballer, who played for [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. Hamid was known for his leadership and abilities in defensive structures.

== Early life ==
Hamid was from [[Quetta]], [[British India]].<ref name="mohunbaganclub">{{Cite web |title=History – 1930 -1939 – MOHUN BAGAN CLUB.COM |url=https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/history-1930-1939/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=www.mohunbaganclub.com}}</ref>

== Playing career ==
Hamid played for local school teams and college clubs, then playing for local Sandemanians Club of [[Quetta]], he would then join [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] in 1933.<ref name="mohunbaganclub"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 1933 |title=UPCOUNTRY FOOTBALLER FOR CALCUITA TO PLAY FOR MOHAN BAGAN |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19330515/145/0014 |website=britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=MOHUN BAGAN SQUAD OVER THE YEARS {{!}} 1889–2026 {{!}} |url=https://www.mbft.in/2024/01/Mohun-Bagan-Squad-Over-The-Years.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=MBFT {{!}} Everything related to Mohun Bagan |language=en}}</ref> Hamid received captainship the following year, becoming the first captain to not be from [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captains of the Boat – MOHUN BAGAN CLUB.COM |url=https://www.mohunbaganclub.com/captains-of-the-boat/ |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=www.mohunbaganclub.com}}</ref> Along with his leadership, Hamid was also a great enforcer on wearing boots, advising and inspiring his teammates to also follow.<ref name="mohunbaganclub"/><ref name="mbft">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=The Terrific Tales of Mohun Bagan between 1925-50 {{!}} Why Mohun Bagan Ep. 5 |url=https://www.mbft.in/2024/07/Why-MohunBagan-EP5.html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=MBFT {{!}} Everything related to Mohun Bagan |language=en}}</ref>

He also featured at several editions of the [[IFA Shield]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatti|first=Mukhtar|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Twenty_Years_of_Sports_in_Pakistan/yExXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ginger+football+pakistan&dq=ginger+football+pakistan&printsec=frontcover|title=Twenty Years of Sports in Pakistan|date=1969|publisher=Bhatti Publications|edition=|pages=253|language=en|quote=Among the players who achieved fame in this tournament, the following belonged to areas now comprising West Pakistan: Samad, Maulvi Abdul Hamid, Bachi Khan, Sheedo, Ginger, Rashid senior, Faiz Mohammad, Jumma Khan, Usman.}}</ref>

In 1934, [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] faced up against PWD Volunteers in the [[IFA Shield]]. Just before the match, Hamid would receive a message of his late son's death. Nevertheless, Hamid would lead his team to win against their opponents 5–1.<ref name="mbft"/>

== Personal life ==
Hamid would head over to [[Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.

In 1967, he would receive the Sitara-e-Pakistan for his immense contributions.

== Honours ==
=== Mohun Bagan ===
* [[Cooch Behar Cup]]
** Winners (1): 1935

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul, Hamid}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Quetta]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]

Parola Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:50Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating A Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parola
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 225,602
| mla = Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Parola Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Deshmukh Bhagwantrao Damodar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Marwadi Shrinivas Chunilal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Gulabrao Narayanrao Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Uttamrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Vasantrao Jivanrao More || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 By-election]] || Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Patil Chimanrao Rupchand || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 65,346 |percentage = 41.88% |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Chimanrao Rupchand |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 65,199 |percentage = 41.78% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradeep Gulabrao Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,024 |percentage = 9.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malche Rajesh Sukram |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,700 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salve Sumanbai Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,322 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Surendra Chandra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,713 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 147 |percentage = 0.09% |change = {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,108 |percentage = 69.20% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,050}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Chimanrao Rupchand |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 47,041 |percentage = 39.51% |change = {{increase}}5.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,013 |percentage = 35.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Pradiprao Gulabrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,699 |percentage = 20.75% |change = {{decrease}}38.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Patil Sanjiv Krishnarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,434 |percentage = 3.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakare Babulal Rama |party = Independent politician |votes = 863 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,028 |percentage = 4.22% |change = {{decrease}}20.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,039 |percentage = 64.74% |change = {{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,050}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,764 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - 1996 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,931 |percentage = 58.95% |change = {{increase}}42.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Chimanrao Rupchand |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 34,406 |percentage = 33.84% |change = {{increase}}25.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shantaram Bhila |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,014 |percentage = 2.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Sanjay Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,411 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikam Mohan Girdhar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,525 |percentage = 25.11% |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,394 |percentage = 59.37% |change = {{decrease}}13.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,658}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,931 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 54,095 |percentage = 39.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Jivanrao More |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,291 |percentage = 17.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Pradeeprao Gulabrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,247 |percentage = 16.39% |change = {{decrease}}15.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jain Mansuklal Motilal |party = Maharashtra Vikas Congres |votes = 12,310 |percentage = 9.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ajabrao Mahadu |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 11,396 |percentage = 8.40% |change = {{decrease}}6.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Mehtapsing Ramsing |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 5,600 |percentage = 4.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ashok Hari |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,007 |percentage = 2.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Netkar Santosh Bhikari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,448 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,804 |percentage = 22.70% |change = {{increase}}20.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,957 |percentage = 72.99% |change = {{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,701}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,756 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Jivanrao More |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,511 |percentage = 31.67% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,830 |percentage = 28.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bharat Ramshingh |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,775 |percentage = 18.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandrao Sadashiv Pawar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 15,267 |percentage = 15.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Panditrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,047 |percentage = 3.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Shivram Kashiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 622 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,681 |percentage = 2.69% |change = {{decrease}}21.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,820 |percentage = 58.85% |change = {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,507}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,025 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}28.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Jivanrao More |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 50,640 |percentage = 59.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,853 |percentage = 35.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devendrakumar Dudhasing Nayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,685 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedar Vasant Valha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,269 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,787 |percentage = 24.60% |change = {{increase}}12.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,601 |percentage = 61.23% |change = {{increase}}11.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,512}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,430 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,326 |percentage = 40.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Jivanrao More |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,623 |percentage = 27.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Patil |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,996 |percentage = 20.63% |change = {{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Murlidhar Rajaram |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,044 |percentage = 9.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Nawal Yadav |party = Independent politician |votes = 405 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,703 |percentage = 12.23% |change = {{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,782 |percentage = 50.16% |change = {{decrease}}17.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,984}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,152 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Uttamrao Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,965 |percentage = 53.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,548 |percentage = 33.14% |change = {{decrease}}55.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shantaram Bhila |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 9,785 |percentage = 12.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khairnar Sadashiv Daulat |party = Independent politician |votes = 792 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,417 |percentage = 20.00% |change = {{decrease}}57.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,690 |percentage = 67.93% |change = {{increase}}21.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,090}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,788 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}35.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,127 |percentage = 88.79% |change = {{increase}}41.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryawanshi C. Chindha |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,812 |percentage = 11.21% |change = {{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,315 |percentage = 77.59% |change = {{increase}}60.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,815 |percentage = 46.24% |change = {{decrease}}8.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,939}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,923 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}41.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabrao Narayanrao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,569 |percentage = 46.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrinivas Chunilal Agarwal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 12,889 |percentage = 29.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. B. Sowane |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 7,199 |percentage = 16.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. More |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,273 |percentage = 7.45% |change = {{decrease}}12.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,680 |percentage = 17.48% |change = {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,897 |percentage = 54.88% |change = {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,930}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabrao Narayanrao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,750 |percentage = 51.41% |change = {{increase}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrinivas Chunilal Agarwal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 10,065 |percentage = 22.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharma Gajmal Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,635 |percentage = 19.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Shivram Nhanavekar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,802 |percentage = 6.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,685 |percentage = 28.67% |change = {{increase}}11.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,555 |percentage = 60.69% |change = {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,252}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,006 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing = {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Marwadi Shrinivas Chunilal |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 22,233 |percentage = 58.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Abhiman Arjun |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,815 |percentage = 41.57% |change = {{decrease}}27.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,418 |percentage = 16.87% |change = {{decrease}}34.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,048 |percentage = 55.34% |change = {{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,048}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,748 |ref = |change = {{increase}}39.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parola <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Bhagwantrao Damodar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,814 |percentage = 69.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar, Balawantrao Manikrao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,169 |percentage = 18.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bichave, Khandu Devchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,565 |percentage = 12.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,645 |percentage = 51.30% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,548 |percentage = 57.85% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,350 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Deepali Pant Joshi

2026-04-09T17:12:52Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started Some Bio W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{External links|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deepali Pant
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|12|12}}
| spouse = Rajeev Joshi
| alma_mater = University of Allahabad
| known_for = Executive Director of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| occupation = Banker
}}

'''Deepali Pant Joshi''' is a former executive director of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (retired in 2017).<ref name="HINDU">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/07/stories/2006030703360200.htm |title=Bank ombudsman's advice to customers |via=hindu.com News |work=hindu.com |date=7 Mar 2006 |access-date=3 Jul 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131120100216/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/07/stories/2006030703360200.htm |archive-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She is a development economist and a writer on economic subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=225786947&privcapId=11920370|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-01-03|title=Stocks }}</ref> Her professional responsibilities have included the Department of [http://rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=DeptOfCM.htm- Currency Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206035606/http://rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=DeptOfCM.htm- |date=6 February 2015 }}, [[Legal Department]] and Premises Department. She was the First Appellate authority under the [[Right to Information Act]], as well as the RBI nominee on the governing council of the [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection]] (IBPS) and director on the board of [https://wikimapia.org/9555429/BRBNMPL- Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL)].

Joshi has also served as the RBI regional director of [[Rajasthan]]. Prior to her appointment as executive director, Joshi was responsible for [[Customer Service]] Department and [[Rural management|Rural Planning]] and [[Credit (finance)|Credit]] Department.<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=27880 Press Releases by Reserve Bank of India, Date : 1 Jan 2013]</ref>

==Early life==

Deepali Pant Joshi studied at [[St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Prayagraj]] and at the University of Allahabad. Her father, Mr Jagdish Mohan Pant was an Advocate at the [[Allahabad High Court]] and later Administrator General and Official Trustee for the state of Uttar Pradesh. Her mother Professor Chandra Pant taught history at the University of Allahabad.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Personal life==
Joshi is an only child. She is married to Rajeev Joshi. They have two sons, Paritosh and Kunal.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Career==
Joshi is a fellow of [[Harvard University]] Asia Centre where she did post doctoral research in the areas of [[Finance]] and [[Economics]]. She holds a [[doctoral degree]] from the [[University of Allahabad]] and Law and [[Management|Management degrees]]. She joined the [[Reserve Bank of India]] as a direct recruit in 1981 and has been with the Reserve Bank since. She has held several important [[Professional responsibility|professional responsibilities]] as Chief General Manager in charge of [[Urban Bank]]s and Currency Management and administrative responsibilities at RBI [[Hyderabad]]. She was the [[Banking Ombudsman Scheme (India)|Banking Ombudsman]] for the State of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Principal, Bankers Training College and Director on the Board of [[Andhra Bank]]. Her previous professional responsibility was Chief General Manager in Charge of Rural Planning and Credit Department. She is a prolific writer and has four significant books to her credit. She renders faculty support to the College of Agricultural Banking and has lectured extensively at the IAS Academy at Mussoorie, at the Administrative Staff College, Hyderabad and at several Indian and foreign Universities. She has represented the RBI in several important International Conferences and is the [[India]] representative on the [[Inclusive business finance|Financial Inclusion]] Expert Group of the G-20. Her policy interests lie in the area of welfare and [[development economics]], [[law]] and [http://rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=DeptOfCM.htm- currency management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206035606/http://rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=DeptOfCM.htm- |date=6 February 2015 }}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://share.pdfonline.com/48fea887e13a4788811dfd1d3ed44275/r130508c.htm |title=Deepali Pant Joshi: Indian rural banking sector – big challenges and the road ahead |access-date=20 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101060942/http://share.pdfonline.com/48fea887e13a4788811dfd1d3ed44275/r130508c.htm |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Speeches==
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/CRD050313PJ.pdf Closing Remarks]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/PPFLFI18042013.pdf Presentation on Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/CYFI140513FS.pdf Indian Financial Markets: Fuelling the Growth of the Indian Economy]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/STE06052013F.pdf Indian Rural Banking Sector]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/ASOCM20130724SP.pdf Reserve Bank of India at National Seminar on Consumer Protection – Agenda for Inclusive Growth]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/SEDBCSBI150713.pdf Conference of Principal Code Compliance Officers (PCCOs) / Chairmen of Regional Rural Banks organised by BCSBI at Mumbai]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/EUMII170913F.pdf Enabling Urban Microfinance-Keynote Address by Dr Deepali Pant Joshi, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India at the Conference on The Challenges of Enabling Urban Finance organised by Minorities Development Department, Government of Maharashtra and MAVIM the State Womens']
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/SPDB29102013FNL.pdf Speech on Financial Inclusion]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/FER21102013P.pdf Financial Education and Customer Protection]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/CABSP041013.pdf Financial Education Key to Promoting Financial Inclusion and Customer Protection]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/DPJ281113SM.pdf Financial Inclusion - Journey so far and Road Ahead]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/NPS13122013F.pdf NISM Conference on Ethics and Corporate Governance-Speech]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/SP09122013INEI.pdf Moving Financial Capability Forward: Innovation Scale and Impact]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/SP021714FCP.pdf Financial Inclusion - The Indian Model – Challenges & Prospects-Presentation at Center for international Development- Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge]
*[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/SR140129SRF.pdf Strategy adopted for Financial Inclusion]
*[https://www.bis.org/review/r141111d.htm Fortifying cooperatives - efforts to strengthen the short term cooperative credit structure]

==Bibliography==
*Social Banking Promise Performance and Potential<ref>Foundation Cambridge books 2006 {{ISBN|978-81-7596-281-1}} April 2006.</ref>
*Employment and Poverty Alleviation Programs in India in K. K. Bagchi<ref>Edited {{ISBN|978-81-89886-23-3}}. 2007.</ref>
*The Financial Inclusion Imperative, Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press and a host of research articles published in journals both in India and abroad.<ref>[https://www.bis.org/review/r131030f.pdf Deepali Pant Joshi: Financial Inclusion]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.yojana.gov.in/topstory_details.asp?storyid=183 Article in yojana]
*[https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-6rGxmIM1f18/Usz53gxC0YI/AAAAAAAAADo/IRhOvukDhjc/w828-h586-no/Article+THE+MINT+-+Indian+agriculture+and+the+lifting+of+all+bo-page-001.jpg The Mint]
*[https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-sKCKxHWAGSU/Usz_w0MiTZI/AAAAAAAAAEs/yfpe17oKGm0/w506-h715/FEMINA-Interview-page-001.jpg The Femina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052324/https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-sKCKxHWAGSU/Usz_w0MiTZI/AAAAAAAAAEs/yfpe17oKGm0/w506-h715/FEMINA-Interview-page-001.jpg |date=4 March 2016 }}
*[https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-sonNRitcx5w/Ux1aaYEwyhI/AAAAAAAAAFU/Z11JrzdhsKU/w346-h476/Book%2BReview.jpg Book review-Ten Judgements That Changed India (Zia Mody)]
*{{cite web|title=Most widely held works by Dīpāli Panta Jośī|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2009211127/|publisher=[[WorldCat]]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Deepali Pant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women bankers]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Central bankers]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women educators from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]

Jawji Gawli

2026-04-05T06:43:13Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: created stub

{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

'''Jawji Babaji Gawli''' ({{langx|mr| जावजी बाबाजी गवळी }}) was also referred to as Jauji Gauli ({{langx|mr| जाउजी गवळी }}) or Javji Gauli ({{langx|mr| जावजी गवळी }}) or Jivaji Gauli ({{langx|mr| जिवाजी गवळी }}) was a Sardar (Chieftain) in the [[Peshwa]]'s army during the reign of [[Balaji Baji Rao]].

==Family background==
Born to Babaji Gawli, he had a brother named Maloji. He was a resident of Khare Patan, a village in the [[Sindhudurg]] district of [[Konkan]], Western [[Maharashtra]].

==Historical role==
Jawji Gawli's major historical role was during the Anglo-Maratha-Angre wars of 1755 and 1756. He fought in the Battle of [[Suvarnadurg]] [[Kharepatan]] and [[Vijaydurg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/his_english.html#:~:text=the%20fort%20surrendered%20on%20the%203rd%20april%201755%5Bsurendra%20nath%20sen%3B%20the%20military%20system%20of%20the%20marathas%2C%20p.%20205.%5D%2C%20when%20the%20peshva's%20generals%20jivaji%20gavli%20and%20khandoji%20mankar%20supported%20the%20operations%20from%20the%20land. |title=The Gazetteers Department – RATNAGIRI |publisher=Cultural.maharashtra.gov.in |date= |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Osmania University Library|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.366729|website=ia801607.us.archive.org|year=1940 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardesai|first=Govind Sakharam|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.57070/2015.57070.New-History-Of-The-Marathas-Vol-2_djvu.txt#:~:text=on%20the%2012th.-,Javji%20Gauli,-and%20Khandoji%20Mankar|title=New History Of The Marathas Vol 2|publisher=Phoenix Publications|date=1946|edition=1|location=Bombay, India|access-date=2021-07-31}}</ref>

This period was during the reign of Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao]], popularly known as Nanasaheb Peshwa. The relations between Peshwas and Angres were not the best. Tulaji Angre was a source of worry for the [[English East India Company|English]], [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and also the Peshwas. Tulaji was ambitious and capable and did not wish to be subordinate to the Peshwa. He plundered the ships of the English, Portuguese and began to levy contributions from the Peshwa's own territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/anglo-maratha-struggle-for-empire-the-importance-of-maritime-power/ |title=Anglo-Maratha Struggle for Empire: The Importance of Maritime Power |publisher=Indiandefencereview.com |date=2017-08-14 |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>

The Peshwas took the help of English to wage a war upon Tulaji Angre who was one of the sons of [[Kanhoji Angre]]. Peshwas and English jointly attacked [[Suvarnadurg]]. The joint siege of the fort lasted from 25 March to 2 April 1755. On 12 April 1755, [[Sir William James, 1st Baronet]] captured the fort and formally handed it over to the Peshwas.<ref>{{cite web|author=AlexAitken |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha03kincuoft/page/24/mode/2up |title=A history of the Maratha people : Kincaid, Charles Augustus, 1870- : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming: Internet Archive |date= |access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>

==Role in key battles==
=== Battle of Kharepatan (1755) ===
In December 1755, during the Peshwa's offensive to consolidate power in the Konkan, Jawji Gawli led a decisive engagement at Kharepatan. When [[Tulaji Angre]]'s trusted commander, Rudraji Dhulap, arrived with reinforcements, Jawji and Anandrao Warge led a charge of cavalry and "horse-musketeers." In the ensuing battle, Jawji's forces successfully wounded and captured Rudraji Dhulap and a Portuguese chief, effectively breaking the land-based resistance of the Angre forces.<ref name="NDH">"Tulaji Offers Truce", NDHistories, [https://ndhistories.wordpress.com/2024/09/26/tulaji-offers-truce/ ndhistories.wordpress.com]</ref>
[[File:Dominic Serres, the Elder - The Capture of Geriah, February 1756 RMG BHC0377 (L6228).jpg|thumb|The Capture of Geriah, February 1756]]
Jawji Gawli fought along with Khandoji Mankar on behalf of the Peshwas. He represented the Peshwas during negotiations and was associated with the Konkan Governor of Peshwa – [[Ramji Mahadev Biwalkar]]. He negotiated with Tulaji Angre prior to the commencement of the English-Peshwa attack on [[Vijaydurg]] fort. His significant historical role has been provided in great details in the book 'Peshwaiche Divya Tej' authored by Vithal Waman Hadap published in 1940.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hadap|first=Vithal Waman|title=Peshwaiche Divya Tej|publisher=Parchure Puranik ani Mandali|date=1940|edition=1|location=Bombay, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Apte|first=B.K.|url=https://sahitya.marathi.gov.in/scans/A%20history%20of%20the%20maratha%20navy%20and%20merchantships.pdf#page=131|title=A History of the Maratha Navy and Merchantships|publisher=State Board of Literature and Culture – Government Central Press|date=January 1973|edition=1|location=Bombay, India|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |last=Talekar |first=Uday S. |title=Tulaji Offers Truce |url=https://ndhistories.wordpress.com/2024/09/26/tulaji-offers-truce/ |website=NDHistories |date=September 26, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2025}}</ref>

==Letters from Nanasaheb Peshwa==
The famous historical archives in [[Pune]] – Peshwa Daftar – Part 24 has letters which provide references
[[File:PeshwaLetter JawjiGawli 156.png|thumb|Peshwa's Letter To Jawji Gawli #156]]

a. Letter no 142 – Jawji Gawli Kharepatankar

b. Letter no 152/153 – Maloji Gawli

c. Letter no 156 – Letter from Peshwas to Jawji Gawli

==Other letters which mention Jawji Gawli==

In addition to above mentioned letters, Peshwa Daftar Part 24 lists additional letter where Jawji Gawli has been mentioned in G S Sardesai's book - Indexes To The Selections From The Peshwas' Daftar

Page no 121, lists letter numbers 44, 111, 120, 121, 131, 137, 138, 139, 141, battle of Kharepatan 142, 143, 144, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 163, 164, 175, invited to meet Tulaji Angria 177, 178, 179.

<ref>{{cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |title=Indexes To The Selections From The Peshwas' Daftar |url=https://ia601505.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.63379/2015.63379.Indexes-To-The-Selections-From-The-Peshwas-Daftar.pdf |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Bombay |year=1934 |access-date=December 27, 2025}}</ref>

==Significance of Battle of [[Vijaydurg]] (Gheriah)==
[[Vijaydurg]] Fort was called the "Eastern [[Gibraltar]]", as it was virtually impregnable. The British failed to take this fort from 1718 till 1756. The taking of Vijaydurg was amongst the most significant battles and a defining moment in Maratha Naval history. The Angres held sway from [[Surat]] in the north to Konkan in the south severely affecting British trade interests. The British-Peshwa joint victory over Tulaji Angre therefore paved the way for unhindered access for British ships on India's western coast, which was hitherto denied by the Angres. A different outcome of this battle could have changed the course of British rule in India or at least postponed it. An author cited has said that the Battle of Vijaydurg (1756) was perhaps the maritime equivalent of the [[Battle of Plassey]] (1757).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grandeurmaharashtra.com/vijaydurg-fort-maharashtra/|title=Vijaydurg Fort Maharashtra |date= 18 May 2012|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dhabu|first=Damodar Gopal|url=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB06688603|title=Kulabkar Angre Sarkhel |date=1939|location=Alibaug, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/revisiting-the-konkan-sentinels-suvarnadurgvijaydurg-sindhudurg/articleshow/73165968.cms?from=mdr|title=Revisiting the Konkan sentinels -Suvarnadurg,Vijaydurg & Sindhudurg|newspaper=The Economic Times |date= 9 January 2020|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref>

Historical archives in the ''Peshwa Daftar'' (Part 24) contain significant correspondence regarding his role:
* '''Diplomatic Intermediary:''' In January 1756, Tulaji Angre attempted to negotiate a truce specifically through Jawji Gawli, proposing a meeting at the village of Anasure to mend relations with the Peshwa.
* '''Command of Nana Saheb:''' Despite the ongoing negotiations, Nanasaheb Peshwa issued strict orders (Letter No. 156) to Jawji to cease all talks and launch an immediate assault on the fort.<ref name="PDT">Hadap, V.W. (1940). ''Peshwaiche Divya Tej'' (Correspondence Archive Letters 152, 156).</ref>

==Migration of descendants==
The descendants of Jawji Gawli and Mahuji Gawli later migrated to Northern Maharashtra, first to Ahergaon and subsequently settled in [[Chalisgaon]] in [[Jalgaon district]].

This history of the family has been documented by late Shri Valsing Ishram Patil through an autobiography written in April 1958.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gawli, Jawji}}
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century military personnel]]

Rupkatha Noy

2026-04-03T12:18:39Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating Some Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|2013 Bengali drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rupkatha Noy
| image = [[File:Rupkatha Noy (Not a fairy tale).jpg|180px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Atanu Ghosh
| producer = {{ubl|[[Firdausul Hasan]]|Probal Halder}}
| writer = Atanu Ghosh
| screenplay = Atanu Ghosh
| story = Atanu Ghosh
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
*[[Radhika Apte]]
*[[Kaushik Sen]]
*[[Rahul]]
*Nina Chakraborty
*[[Sohini Sarkar]]
*[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]
}}
| music = Joy Sarkar
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Sujoy Dutta Ray
| studio =
| distributor = Friends Communication
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|09|06|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 111 mins
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rupkatha Noy''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Atanu Ghosh]] and produced by Firdausal Hassan and Probal Halder for Friends Communication.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-26|title=Atanu's tribute to Soumitra Chatterjee - Times Of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/news-interviews/34261582_1_atanu-ghosh-soumitra-chatterjee-bengali-film-industry|access-date=2022-02-10|website=archive.ph|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126154219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/news-interviews/34261582_1_atanu-ghosh-soumitra-chatterjee-bengali-film-industry|url-status=dead}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Joy Sarkar]].

== Plot ==
Sisir Roy is a 72-year-old man, long retired from a government office as Upper Division Clerk. His family consists of his son Prasanta and daughter-in-law Mandira. Sisir's wife died many years ago. Every day, Sisir goes to the park and interacts with different people. Over a period of time, five young people become acquainted with him. Ahana, a newly married girl, restless and immature, who repeatedly flees from her in-law's place, much to the anxiety of people close to her. Her newly married husband Prasit is quite baffled about her behaviour and is desperately on the lookout for a solution. Saswata is a 35-year-old man who teaches Mathematics in a boys' school. For the last eleven years, he has been entrusted to teach Calculus. Saswata has no thrill in life and is desperately in search of that. Sananda, a 30-year-old IT engineer, is a single mother of a 3-year-old child. Sananda has a dreadful past, which keeps haunting her. Biswanath is a typist who sits on one side of the park, quite aware that the number of customers is rapidly dwindling as more and more people prefer electronic type using computers, but he does not have the means to buy a computer. Reena is a young girl, working at a petrol pump, who is struggling against an uncertain future and insecurity. All these five people are either going through or on the verge of a crisis in their lives. In midst of such a situation, Sisir's son and daughter-in-law leave for Meerut. And now Sisir is left completely alone. Detached from his own kin, Sisir now reaches out to his extended family by involving himself more intimately with the four new people in his life. He touches upon their minds trying to change their thoughts, and in turn, their lives. But in the process, he puts his own life into a vortex of complexities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupkatha Noy (2013) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/amp/movies/rupkatha-noy/ET00038470|access-date=2022-02-10|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
[[File:Soumitra Chatterjee & Radhika Apte in Rupkatha Noy.JPG|thumb|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Radhika Apte]] in ''Rupkatha Noy'']]
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Sisir
* [[Radhika Apte]] as Sananda
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Saswata
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Sananda's husband
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]] as Biswanath
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Ahana
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] as Prasit
* Nina Chakrabarty as Reena
* [[Bhaskar Banerjee]] as Prasanta
* Soma Chakrabarty as Mandira
* [[Arindam Sil]] as Prasanta's friend

== Awards and festivals ==
* '''Nominated for FIPRESCI Award for Best Indian Film 2013<ref>[http://dearcinema.com/news/fandry-wins-fipresci-india-film-critics-award-best-indian-film-2013/4955 http://dearcinema.com/news/fandry-wins-fipresci-india-film-critics-award-best-indian-film-2013/4955]</ref> '''
* '''Filmfare Awards'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Star-struck-tryst-with-Black-Lady/articleshow/32987014.cms|title = Star-struck tryst with Black Lady | Kolkata News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
::Best Director (Critic's Choice) - Atanu Ghosh
::Best Actor (Critic's Choice) - Soumitra Chatterjee
::Best Playback (Female) – Anwesha Dutta Gupta (Saradin aar Sararaat)
::Best Debut Actor – Sohini Sarkar
* '''Best Director Award - Noida International Film Festival 2014 '''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miniboxoffice.com/noidainternationalfilmfestival/Winners.php|title = ::: Noida International Film Festival :::}}</ref>
*''[[Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival]]''
* '''Official Selection'''
::Competitive Section - Dhaka International Film Festival 2014
::Competitive Section - Bangalore International Film Festival 2013
::Indian Panorama - Chennai International Film Festival 2013
::Competitive Section - Noida International Film Festival 2014
::Spectrum Asia - Third Eye Asian Film Festival 2014
::Indian Showcase - [[Delhi International Film Festival]] 2013
::World Panorama - Shanghai International Film Festival 2014

== See also ==
* ''[[Angshumaner Chhobi]]''
* ''[[Takhan Teish]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2848560}}

{{Atanu Ghosh}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Atanu Ghosh]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Friends Communication films]]

List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand

2026-03-25T20:45:27Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi:

{{Short description|none}}
In [[Jharkhand]] there is 1 central university, 7 central autonomous Institutions, 1 National Law University 12 state universities, 2 deemed universities, 18 state private universities and 4 State Government Engineering Institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Universities {{!}} Raj Bhavan Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/state-universities/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Universities {{!}} Raj Bhavan Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavanjharkhand.nic.in/private-universities/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of State Public Universities - UGC |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/Consolidated_State_University_List.pdf |access-date=8 Oct 2025 |website=www.ugc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Private University - UGC |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=0wBmFB1Rb4JGVzq9UP/iOg== |access-date=8 Oct 2025 |website=www.ugc.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Campus_of_BBMKU.jpg|thumb|Academic block of [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]]]]
[[File:Entrance Gate of Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka.jpg|Entrance to [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]], [[Dumka]]|thumb]]
[[File:Heritage Building at IIT Dhanbad 1.jpg|thumb|Heritage Building at [[IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]]]]
[[File:Bitmesra.JPG|thumb|The main building of [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]]]
[[File:IIM Ranchi Academic Building Permanent Campus.jpg|thumb|Academic Building of [[IIM Ranchi]] (Permanent Campus)]]
[[File:AIIMS Deoghar Campus.jpg|thumb|Campus of [[AIIMS Deoghar]]]]
[[File:Administrative Buildings.jpg|thumb|[[National Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology|NIAMT Ranchi]] Administrative Building]]
[[File:Science Building , Central University Of Jharkhand , Ranchi.jpg|thumb|Science Building of [[Central University of Jharkhand]], [[Ranchi]]]]
[[File:BITsindri.jpg|thumb|[[BIT Sindri]] main building]]
[[File:Government Engineering College Palamu campus.jpg|thumb|GEC Palamu main Academic building]]

==Central University==
{| class="wikitable collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:76%;"

! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! scope="col" style="width: 05%; |Sources
|-
!scope="row" | [[Central University of Jharkhand]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| Central
| 2009
| Arts, Science, Engineering and Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cuj.ac.in/ |title=Central University of Jharkhand|work=cuj.ac.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand lab|date=12 April 2021 |url=https://jharnet.com/chancellor-portal/|access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>'''
|}

==Institute of National Importance==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:76%;"

! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! scope="col" style="width: 05%; |Sources
|-
!scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]
| [[Dhanbad]]
| Central
| 1926
| Science, Technology and Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iitism.ac.in/ |title=IIT (ISM) Dhanbad|work=iitism.ac.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar]]
| [[Deoghar]]
| Central
| 2019
| Medical
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aiimsdeoghar.edu.in/ |title=AIIMS Deoghar|work=aiimsdeoghar.edu.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| Central
| 2016
| Technology and Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iiitranchi.ac.in/ |title=IIIT Ranchi|work=iiitranchi.ac.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| Central
| 1960
| Science, Technology and Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nitjsr.ac.in/ |title=NIT Jamshedpur|work=nitjsr.ac.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| Central
| 2009
| Management
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iimranchi.ac.in/ |title=IIM Ranchi|work=iimranchi.ac.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| Central
| 1918
| Medical
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cipranchi.nic.in/ |title=Central Institute of Psychiatry|work=cipranchi.nic.in|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Deemed Universities==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders" style="-align:left; width:76%;"

! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! scope="col" style="width: 05%; |Sources
|-
| [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Deemed university|Deemed]]
| 1986
| Technology
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bitmesra.ac.in/cms-aboutus.aspx?this=1&mid=1 |title=Overview |work=bitmesra.ac.in |access-date=20 July 2011 |publisher=[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707150316/http://www.bitmesra.ac.in/cms-aboutus.aspx?this=1&mid=1 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[National Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Deemed university|Deemed]]
|1966
|Science, Technology and Management
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME-National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology (NIFFT), Govt. Of India |url=https://niamt.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=niamt.ac.in}}</ref>
|}

==State Universities==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:76%"
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
!scope="row" | [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University]]
| [[Dhanbad]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2017
| General
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbmku.org.in/website/index.html|title=Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University :: Dhanbad|work=bbmku.org.in|access-date=3 March 2019|publisher=[[Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University]]|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708164711/http://www.bbmku.org.in/website/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Birsa Agricultural University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1980
| Agriculture
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.baujharkhand.org/about_bau.html |title=Welcome to Birsa Agricultural University |work=baujharkhand.org |access-date=20 July 2011|publisher=[[Birsa Agricultural University]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2017
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dspmu.ac.in/website/index.html |title=Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University :: Ranchi |work=dspmu.ac.in |access-date=3 March 2019|publisher=[[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Jamshedpur Women's University]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2019
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jwu.ac.in/ |title=Jamshedpur Women's University|work=jwu.ac.in |access-date=31 July 2024|publisher=Jamshedpur Women’s University}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2016
| police science and security management
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Defence varsity opens doors today |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161004/jsp/jharkhand/story_111660.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004170844/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161004/jsp/jharkhand/story_111660.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2016 |access-date=8 July 2017 |date=4 October 2017 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Jharkhand State Open University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2021
| [[Distance Education]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://jsou.ac.in/ |title=Welcome to Jharkhand State Open University |work=jsou.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Jharkhand University of Technology]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2011
| Technology and Management
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://jutranchi.ac.in/ |title=Jharkkhand University of Technology |work=jutranchi.ac.in/ |access-date= 7 January 2021|publisher=[[Jharkhand University of Technology]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | Kaushal Vidya Entrepreneurship , Digital and Skill University
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2022
| Entrepreneurship
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Kolhan University]]
| [[Chaibasa]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2009
| General
| <ref name=Kolhan>{{cite web |url= http://www.kolhanuniversity.org/university.php | title=University | work=kolhanuniversity.org|access-date=20 July 2011|publisher=[[Kolhan University]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[National University of Study and Research in Law]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2010
| Law
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nusrlranchi.ac.in/ |title=NUSRL Ranchi|work=nusrlranchi.ac.in/|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Nilamber-Pitamber University]]
| [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 2009
| General
| <ref name=Nilamber>{{cite web|url=http://www.npu.ac.in/about/unvs.htm|title=Nilamber Pitamber University | Medininagar | Palamu | Jharkhand|work=npu.ac.in|access-date=20 July 2011|publisher=Nilamber-Pitamber University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622042438/http://www.npu.ac.in/about/unvs.htm|archive-date=22 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Ranchi University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1960
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://ranchiuniversity.org.in/university/university-p/welcome-to-ranchi-university.html |title=Official Website of Ranchi University |work=ranchiuniversity.org.in |access-date=20 July 2011|publisher=[[Ranchi University]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
| [[Dumka]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1992
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://skmu.edu.in/ |title=Sido Kanhu Murmu University Dumka (Jharkhand) |work=skmu.edu.in |access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203114132/http://skmu.edu.in/|archive-date=3 February 2009|publisher=[[Sido Kanhu University]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Vinoba Bhave University]]
| [[Hazaribagh]]
| [[State university (India)|State]]
| 1993
| General
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vbu.co.in/website/index.html|title=Vinoba Bhave University :: Hazaribag|work=vbu.co.in|access-date=20 July 2011|publisher=[[Vinoba Bhave University]]|archive-date=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223111812/http://www.vbu.co.in/website/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Private Universities==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:76%"
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
!scope="row" | [[AISECT University, Jharkhand|AISECT University]]
| [[Hazaribagh]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2016
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Amity University, Jharkhand|Amity University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2016
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Arka Jain University]]
| [[Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2017
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | Babu Dinesh Singh University
| [[Garhwa]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2024
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Capital University, Jharkhand|Capital University]]
| [[Koderma]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://www.Capitaluniversity.com/ |title=Welcome to Capital University |work=Capitaluniversity.com/ |access-date=19 December 2018|publisher=[[Capital University, Koderma]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | Durga Soren University
| [[Deoghar]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2023
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Jharkhand Rai University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2011
| General
| <ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://www.jru.edu.in |title=Jharkhand Rai University |work=jru.edu.in |access-date=4 July 2011|publisher=[[Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Netaji Subhas University]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Radha Govind University]]
| [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | Ram Krishna Dharmarth Foundation University
| [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Ramchandra Chandravansi University]]
| [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2018
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Sai Nath University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2012
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Sarala Birla University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2017
| General
| <ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://sburanchi.ac.in/Aboutus/Sbu |title=Welcome to SBU |work=sburanchi.ac.in |access-date=4 July 2017 |publisher=[[Sarala Birla University, Ranchi]] |archive-date=12 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412225233/https://sburanchi.ac.in/Aboutus/Sbu |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | Sona Devi University
| [[East Singhbhum]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2023
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | Srinath University
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2021
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[The ICFAI University, Jharkhand|The ICFAI University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2008
| General
| <ref name=":3">{{cite web |url= http://www.iujharkhand.edu.in |title=The ICFAI University Jharkhand |work=iujharkhand.edu.in |access-date=4 July 2011|publisher=[[ICFAI University Jharkhand, Ranchi]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Pragyan International University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2016
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[Usha Martin University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2014
| General
|
|-
!scope="row" | [[YBN University]]
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Private university, India|Private]]
| 2017
| General
| <ref name=":4">{{cite web |url= https://www.ybnu.ac.in/ |title=Welcome to YBN University |work=ybnu.ac.in/|access-date=15 February 2023|publisher=[[YBN University, Ranchi]]}}</ref>
|}

==Agriculture, Dairy and fisheries science==
*Agriculture College, Garhwa
*College of Fisheries Science, Gumla<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/First-fishery-college-of-state-in-Gumla/articleshow/12359366.cms|title=First fishery college of state in Gumla |date=March 21, 2012|first1=K. A.|last1=Gupta|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Rabindra Nath Tagore Agriculture College, Deoghar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jharkhand-seven-new-agriculture-university-to-be-set-up-by-2017-says-cm-raghubar-das-2841624/|title=Jharkhand govt to open seven agricultural degree colleges by 2017|date=2016-06-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Tilka manjhi Agriculture College, Godda
*Phulo Jhano Murmu College of Dairy Technology, Hansdiha, Dumka<ref>{{Cite news |agency=IANS |title=Guv to inaugurate Phulo-Jhano Dairy Technology College on August 19 |date=19 August 2019 |url=http://newsjharkhand.com/?p=4138}}</ref>
*College of Horticulture, Chaibasa

==Defence==
*Jungle Warfare School, [[Netarhat]], a defence college for state police and CRPF defence training.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/military-trainer-for-cops/cid/1429974|title=Military trainer for cops|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>

==Degree colleges==
*St. Columba's College, Hazaribagh (estb. in 1899)
*Ananda College, Hazaribagh<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://annadacollege.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209202357/http://annadacollege.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 9, 2011|title=!!* Annada College Hazaribagh *!!|website=annadacollege.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Markham College of Commerce]], Hazaribagh
*[[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi|St. Xavier's College]], Ranchi
* Katras College, Katras, Dhanbad
* Marwari College, Ranchi
*[[Doranda College]], Ranchi
*[[Gossner College]], Ranchi
*[[Gossner Theological College]], Ranchi
*[[J.N. College, Dhurwa|J.N College]], Dhruwa (Ranchi)
*Marwari College, Ranchi
*Maulana Azad College, Ranchi
*[[Nirmala College, Ranchi|Nirmala College]], Ranchi
*[[Ranchi Women's College]], Ranchi
*[[St. Paul's College, Ranchi|St. Paul's College]], Ranchi
*[[Madhupur College, Jharkhand]]
*[[Sanjay Gandhi Memorial College]], Ranchi
*[[Suraj Singh Memorial College]], Ranchi
*[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College]], Ranchi
*[[Loyola College of Education, Jamshedpur|Loyola College of Education]], Jamshedpur
*A.B.M College, Jamshedpur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abmcollegejamshedpur.ac.in/default.aspx|title=A.B.M. College Jamshedpur - A Constituent Unit Of Kolhan University|website=www.abmcollegejamshedpur.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*The Graduate School College for Women, Jamshedpur
*[[Jamshedpur Co-operative College]]
*[[Jamshedpur Women’s College]]
*[[Jamshedpur Worker’s College]], estb. 1959
*[[J. K. S. College, Jamshedpur|J. K. S. College]], Jamshedpur
*[[Karim City College, Jamshedpur|Karim City College]], Jamshedpur (two campuses)
*[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial College]], Jamshedpur
*[[Raja Shiva Prasad College|Raja Shiv Prasad College]], Jharia, estb. in 1949 by Raja of Jharia
*[[SSLNT Women's College]], Dhanbad
*[[Guru Nanak College, Dhanbad|Guru Nanak College]], Dhanbad
*[[Bholaram Shibal Kharkia College, Maithon|Bholaram Sibal Kharkia College]], Maithon (Dhanbad)
*[[P. K. Roy Memorial College]], Dhanbad
*[[KSGM College Nirsa|K. S. G. M. College Nirsa]], Dhanbad
*[[St. Xavier's College, Dumka|St. Xavier's College]], Dumka
*[[Bokaro Steel City College]]
*Ran Vijay Smarak Mahavidyalaya (RVS College), Bokaro
*[[Grizzly College of Education]]
*Sri Ram Krishna Mahila College, Giridih<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srirkmcollegegiridih.com/|title=Home|website=www.srirkmcollegegiridih.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Giridih College<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.giridihcollege.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121201357/http://giridihcollege.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 21, 2008|title=Welcome to Giridih College, Giridih, B.Ed., IA, I.Sc., BA, B.Com., B.Sc., Education|website=www.giridihcollege.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Jamtara College]]
*[[Sahibganj College|Sahebganj College]]
*[[Godda College]]
*[[Deoghar College, Jharkhand]]
*[[A.S. College, Deoghar|A.S College]], Deoghar
*Baidhyanath Kamal Kumari Sanskrit College
*Rama Devi Bajla Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Deoghar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rdbmcollegedeoghar.com/|title=R D B Mahila College|website=rdbmcollegedeoghar.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Tata College, Chaibasa|Tata College]], [[Chaibasa]]
*[[Shibu Soren Janjatiya Degree College, Borio]]
*[[Simdega College]]
*[[St. Xavier's College, Simdega]]
*GC Jain Commerce College<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gcjaincollege.ac.in/|title=Gyan Chand Jain Commerce College – A Postgraduate Constituent Unit of Kolhan University|website=gcjaincollege.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Kartik Oraon College, Gumla<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kocollegegumla.ac.in/|title=Kartik Oraon College, Gumla (Jharkhand)|website=www.kocollegegumla.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Ganesh Lal Agrawal College]], Daltonganj
*Yodh Singh Namdhari Mahila Mahavidyalaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ysnmnpu.org.in/|title=Yodh Singh Namdhari Mahila Mahavidyalaya|website=www.ysnmnpu.org.in|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116104536/http://www.ysnmnpu.org.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Sukhdeo Sahay Madheshwar Sahay Degree College, Tarhasi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-18 |title=SSMSDC - Sukhdeo Sahay Madheswar Sahay Degree College |url=https://ssmsdc.org/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=ssmsdc.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==State Government Engineering Colleges==
* [[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri|Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri (BIT Sindri)]]
* [[Government Engineering College Palamu]] GEC Palamu [https://gecpalamu.ac.in/]
* [[Government Engineering College Bokaro]] GEC Bokaro [https://gecbokaro.org]
* [[Government Engineering College Godda]] GEC Godda [https://gecgodda.org]

==Engineering Colleges==
*[[K. K. College of Engineering and Management]], [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]]
*[[Birla Institute of Technology, Deoghar]]
*Guru Gobind Singh Educational Society's Technical Campus, Kandra (Bokaro)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ggsestc.ac.in/|title=Guru Gobind Singh Educational Society's Technical Campus|website=ggsestc.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*[[Dumka Engineering College]] (PPP of [[Techno India]] and [[Government of Jharkhand|Govt. of Jharkhand]])
*[[Ramgarh Engineering College]] (PPP of [[Techno India]] and [[Government of Jharkhand|Govt. of Jharkhand]])
*[[Chaibasa Engineering College]] (PPP of [[Techno India]] and [[Government of Jharkhand|Govt. of Jharkhand]])
*University College of Engineering & Technology, Hazaribagh<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucetvbuhzb.in/|website=ucetvbuhzb.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*B. A. College of Engineering & Technology, Jamshedpur<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bacet.ac.in/|title=B.A. College of Engineering|website=www.bacet.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Cambridge Institute of Technology, Ranchi
*Vidya Memorial Institute of Technology, Ranchi<ref name="vmitranchi.in"/>
*Ram Tahal Chaudhary Institute of Technology, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rtcit.ac.in/|title=RTC Institute of Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*[[DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology]], Medininagar
*Nilaai Group of Institutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nilaai.edu.in/|title=Nilaai Group of Institutions|website=www.nilaai.edu.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Maryland Institute of Technology & Management, Jamshedpur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mditm.com/index.php|title=Maryland Institute of Technology & Management|website=www.mditm.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*[[Bokaro Institute of Technology]]
*Ramgovind Institute of Technology, Koderma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rgc.edu.in/index.php|title=Ramgovind Institute of Technology - Koderma|website=www.rgc.edu.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*RVS College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur
==Law colleges==
* [[Bhishma Narain Singh Law College]], Palamu
* [[Chotanagpur Law College]], Ranchi
* [[Imamul Hai Khan Law College|Imam-ul-Haq Khan Law College]], Bokaro Steel City
* Jharkhand Cooperative LAw College
* [[Jharkhand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya]], Koderma
* [[Law College Dhanbad]]
* [[Radha Govind Law College]], Ramgarh

==Management==
*GD Bagaria Institute of Management, Giridih
*Indian Institute of Coal Management, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iicm.ac.in/|title=Home|website=www.iicm.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Institute of Management Studies, Ranchi
*Institute of Science and Management, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ismr.ac.in/|title=Institute of Science & Management Ranchi|website=ismr.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Kejriwal Institute of Management, Ranchi
*Department of Commerce & Management, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur<ref name="NSU Jamshedpur">{{Cite web|url=http://nsuniv.ac.in/|title=NSU Jamshedpur|website=nsuniv.ac.in|access-date=2020-06-06}}</ref>

==Medical Colleges==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Established
! City
! University
! Type
! Degrees Awarded
! Ref.
|-
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur]]
| 1961
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| [[Kolhan University]]
| State Funded
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=MGM Medical College|url=https://www.mgmmedicalcollege.org/|website=[[MGM Medical College]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manipal-Tata Medical College, Jamshedpur]]
| 2020
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
| Trust
|
|
|-
| [[Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu]]
| 2019
| [[Medininagar]]
| [[Nilamber-Pitamber University]]
| State Funded
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palamu Medical College|url=http://pmchpalamu.org/|website=[[Palamu Medical College]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital, Dumka]]
| 2019
| [[Dumka]]
| [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
| State Funded
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dumka Medical College|url=http://dumkamedicalcollege.org/|website=[[Dumka Medical College]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| 1960
| [[Ranchi]]
| [[Ranchi University]]
| State Funded
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranchi Medical College|url=https://www.rimsranchi.org/|website=[[Ranchi Medical College]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad]]
| 1971
| [[Dhanbad]]
| [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]]
| State Funded
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patliputra Medical College|url=http://www.pmchdhanbad.org/|website=[[Patliputra Medical College]]|access-date=2021-01-08|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217023840/http://pmchdhanbad.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College]]
| 2019
| [[Hazaribag]]
| [[Vinoba Bhave University]]
| State Funded
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hazaribag Medical College|url=https://hazaribagmedicalcollege.org/|website=[[Hazaribag Medical College]]}}</ref>
|}

==Nursing==
*School of Nursing (Bokaro General Hospital)
*School of Nursing (Tata Main Hospital), Jamshedpur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tatamainhospital.com/academics/college-of-nursing.aspx|title=College of Nursing|website=www.tatamainhospital.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*College of Nursing, Rims, Ranchi
*College of Nursing (Central Hospital), Dhanbad
*Dhanbad College of Nursing (Asrafi Hospital)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dsnahl.in/|title=Dhanbad School of Nursing - Asrafi Hospital {{!}} Dhanbad|website=Dhanbad School of Nursing|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Florence College of Nursing, Irba (Ranchi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.florenceinstirba.com/#|title=Florence College of Nursing, Irba Ranchi|website=www.florenceinstirba.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Department of Paramedical, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur<ref name="NSU Jamshedpur"/>
*Tribal College of Nursing, Namkum (Ranchi)
*Metas Adventist College (Seventh-Day Adventist Hospital), Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metasofsdaranchi.org/|title=Metas Adventist College {{!}} Ranchi, Jharkhand|website=metasofsdaranchi.org|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*St. Barnabas Hospital College of Nursing, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbhcollegeofnursing.com/|title=St. Barnabas Hospital College of Nursing|website=www.sbhcollegeofnursing.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Mahadevi Birla Institute of Nursing & Clinical Technology, Mahilong (Ranchi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mbinct.com/|title=Mahadevi Birla Institute of Nursing and Clinical Technology|website=www.mbinct.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>

==Polytechnic & MSME Institutes==
*[[Al Kabir Polytechnic]], Jamshedpur
*Department of Polytechnic, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur<ref name="NSU Jamshedpur"/>
*Govt. Polytechnic, Dhanbad<ref name="GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHANBAD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpdhanbad.ac.in/|title=GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHANBAD|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
* Govt. Polytechnic, Koderma
*Govt. Women's Polytechnic, Bokaro<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gwpbokaro.com/|title=Homepage - Government Women's Polytechnic Bokaro|website=Government Women’s Polytechnic Bokaro|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Govt. Women Polytechnic, Gamharia
*Govt. Polytechnic, Khutri, Bokaro<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpkhutri.in/|title=Government Polytechnic Khutri|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Govt. Polytechnic, Bhaga (earlier Mining Institute Bhaga), estb. in 1905.
*Madhupur Polytechnic College<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://madhupurpolytechnic.org/|title=Madhupur Polytechnic – Jharkhand|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Govt. Polytechnic, Ranchi
*Govt. Polytechnic, Adityapur
*Govt. Polytechnic, Kharsawan
*[[Khandoli Institute of Technology]], Giridih
*Pemiya Rishikesh Institute of Technology<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prit.org.in/index.php|title=Pemiya Risikesh Institute Of Technology|website=prit.org.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Vidya Memorial Institute of Technology<ref name="vmitranchi.in">{{Cite web|url=http://vmitranchi.in/|title=Best Diploma in Engineering colleges in Ranchi, Jharkhand {{!}} Polytechnic College in Ranchi Jharkhand- VMIT Ranchi|website=vmitranchi.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Xavier Institute of Polytechnic & Technology, Namkum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xipt.ac.in/|title=Xavier Institute of Polytechnic and Technology – FIRST STEP TOWARDS ENGINEERING|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*Subhash Institute of Technology, Giridih<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sitgiridih.org/|title=SIT GIRIDIH|website=sitgiridih.org|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*[[Gumla Polytechnic, Gumla|Gumla Polytechnic College]]
*Chandil Polytechnic School (PPP of JIS Group and Govt. of Jharkhand)
*[[Silli Polytechnic]] (PPP of [[Techno India]] & Govt. of Jharkhand)
*Pakur Polytechnic College (PPP of Cybobhubaneswar Educational Foundation and Govt. of Jharkhand)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakurpolytechnic.ac.in/|title=Polytechnic Pakur|website=pakurpolytechnic.ac.in/|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*[[Indo-Danish Tool Room, Jamshedpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idtr.gov.in/|title=INDO DANISH TOOL ROOM {{!}} MSME TOOL ROOM {{!}} JAMSHEDPUR|website=www.idtr.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Jharkhand MSME Tool Room, Tatisilwai (Ranchi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jgmsmetr.com/|website=www.jgmsmetr.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Govt. Tool Room & Training Centre, Dumka<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gtrtcdumka.com/|title=GTRTC Dumka|website=www.gtrtcdumka.com|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
*Bano Model Degree College, Bano <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/simdega/jharkhand-education-news-inauguration-of-model-degree-college-in-simdega-jharkhand-governor-said-women-should-be-physically-strong-along-with-education-grj|title=Jharkhand Education News : झारखंड के सिमडेगा में मॉडल डिग्री कॉलेज का उद्घाटन, राज्यपाल बोलीं-शिक्षा के साथ-साथ शारीरिक रूप से भी मजबूत बनें महिलाएं |date=31 January 2021 }}</ref>
* Govt. Industrial Training Institute, Jamshedpur
*Govt Industrial Training Centre for Women Jameshedpur<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand Government ITI College List And Total Seats|url=https://www.studentexam.in|access-date=2021-08-01|website=StudentExam.in II Education and Job Updates|language=en}}</ref>
*[[NTTF|R. D. Tata Technical Education Center]], [[Jamshedpur]]
*[[Tata Steel Technical Institute]], [[Jamshedpur]]

==Research Institutes & Organisations==
*Research Center, Ranchi - ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icarrcer.in/research-centerranchi/|title=Research Center, Ranchi|website=ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region (ICAR-RCER), Patna|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (Ranchi Campus)
*[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology]], Ranchi
*[[Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums|The Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums]]
*[[National Metallurgical Laboratory]] (NML), one of the 38 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) labs.
*[[Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research]] (a constituent lab. of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]), Dhanbad
*Dr Ram Dayal Munda Tribal Welfare Research Institute, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/tribal-atlas-will-be-published-by-dr-ram-dayal-munda-tribal-welfare-research-institute/cid/1711275|title=Tribal atlas will be published by Dr Ram Dayal Munda Tribal Welfare Research Institute|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*[[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Khunti|Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology]], Ranchi
*Bihar Institute of Mining and Mine Surveying, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bimmsranchi.co.in/|title= BIHAR INSTITUTE OF MINING AND MINE SURVEYING {{!}} RANCHI {{!}} JHARKHAND |website=bimmsranchi.co.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Ministry of Education (India)]]
* [[Department of Higher and Technical Education (Jharkhand)]]
* [[List of educational institutes in Jamshedpur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by state or union territory|Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand-related lists|Education]]
[[Category:Education in Jharkhand]]

HAL Tejas

2026-03-19T17:43:46Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian combat aircraft}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Tejas
| image = HAL Tejas (LA-5018) of Squadron 18 Flying Bullets.jpg
| caption = HAL Tejas from [[No. 18 Squadron IAF]]
| type = [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole]] [[light fighter]]
| national_origin = India 
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| design_group = *[[Aeronautical Development Agency]]
*Aircraft Research and Design Centre ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]])<ref name="auto3" />
| designer = 
| first_flight = 4 January 2001<ref name=":firstflight" />
| introduction = 17 January 2015<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |title=After 32 years, India finally gets LCA Tejas aircraft |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |author= |newspaper=Economic Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234640/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
| status = In service<ref>{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Smriti|date=2016-07-01|title=Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's 'Made in India' Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816033246/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|archive-date=16 August 2016|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more_users = 
| produced = 2001–present
| number_built = 45{{efn|40 Tejas Mk 1 (32 single seat,<ref name="BS-230823"/> 8 trainers<ref name=":56" /><ref name="X-2703242" />), 5 Tejas Mk1A single seat<ref name=":8" />}} (plus 17 prototypes){{efn|9 Prototypes (6 PV,<ref name="SP Guide publications">{{cite news|date=16 November 2014|title=Tejas trainer PV6 completes first flight|url=https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2021|publisher=SP Guide publications|issn=2230-9268|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019075115/https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight}}</ref> 3 Naval<ref name="IE">{{cite news |date=18 August 2023 |title=LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-navy-prototype-np5-maiden-flight-drdo-8898709/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>), 8 LSP<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news|date=1 April 2013|title=Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217093449/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=8 November 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>}}
| developed_into = [[HAL Tejas Mk2]] 
[[HAL TEDBF]]
}}

The '''HAL Tejas''' ({{Lit|Radiant}}) is an Indian single-engine, [[Fourth-generation fighter#4.5 generation|4.5 generation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tejas Mark (Mk) 1 Light Combat Supersonic Fighter, India|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/|access-date=15 July 2025 |work=Airforce Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: How New Tejas Fighter Jet Variant Is Different From Its Predecessor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/explained-how-new-tejas-fighter-jet-variant-is-different-from-its-predecessor-5685154 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[delta wing]],<ref>{{cite web |title=What is HAL Tejas |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-hal-tejas |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Aircraft Certification |work= [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/aircraft-certification |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> [[Military aircraft|combat aircraft]] designed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] and manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=":44">{{cite news|date=4 October 2023|title=HAL hands over first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft to IAF|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-hands-over-first-lca-tejas-twin-seater-aircraft-to-iaf/article67379361.ece|access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=1 July 2016|title=Indigenous Tejas joins IAF's fighter squadron|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The aircraft made its first flight in 2001 and entered into service with the IAF in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=28 May 2016|title=Tejas to replace MiG as key fighter|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|archive-date=1 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas not being inducted as replacement of MIG-21 fighter jet: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202637/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180}}</ref> It is the smallest and lightest of the [[Supersonic aircraft|supersonic fighter jet]]s of its generation.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=6 October 2021 |title=LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063337/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 }}</ref>

The aircraft was officially named as Tejas in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=6 July 2016|title=Pokhran-II delayed Tejas project, says former scientist|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013231615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=13 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The name means 'radiance' or 'brilliance' in [[Sanskrit]], and continued an Indian tradition of choosing Sanskrit-language names for both domestically produced and imported combat aircraft.<ref name=":tejas">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Story of Indian Aircraft Names: A Tradition and Its Evolution |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/09/30/the-story-of-indian-aircraft-names-a-tradition-and-its-evolution/ |work=IAF History |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

Tejas is the second [[jet aircraft|jet powered]] [[combat aircraft]] developed by HAL, after the [[HAL HF-24 Marut|HF-24 Marut]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 January 2011|title=Fit to fly: The Tejas, first India-designed fighter jet|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12152063|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2021-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 2016 |title=Tejas: India designed fighter jet joins air force |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36681110 |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> It has two production combat variants – Mark 1 and Mark 1A apart from trainers. In 2016, the Mark 1 aircraft had an indigenous content of 59.7% by value and 75.5% by the number of [[line replaceable unit]]s,<ref name=":firstflight">{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers The Minister of State for Defence, Subhash Bhamre, reported to Parliament|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152245/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|archive-date=9 December 2017|access-date=9 December 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> which was increased in the 1A variant.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Prime Minister visits HAL facilities in Bengaluru; Appreciates its growing capabilities |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1979832 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

{{As of|2025|November}}, the IAF has about 30 Mark 1 aircraft and six trainers in its inventory across [[List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|two squadrons]].<ref name="BS-230823">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/delivery-of-single-seat-tejas-lca-mark-1-fighters-to-iaf-completed-123082300824_1.html|title=Delivery of single-seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Fact">{{cite news|title=1st Crash In 23 Years Of Its History, 5 Facts About Tejas Fighter Jet|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1st-crash-in-23-years-of-its-history-5-facts-about-tejas-fighter-jet-5224145|work=[[NDTV]]|date=12 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327103615/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1st-crash-in-23-years-of-its-history-5-facts-about-tejas-fighter-jet-5224145|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tejas">{{cite news|title=HAL plans fourth assembly line for Tejas jets at Nashik to make up for delivery delay|url=https://www.deccanherald.com//india/hal-plans-fourth-assembly-line-for-tejas-jets-to-make-up-for-delivery-delay-3349987|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 January 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|quote=HAL has supplied 38 aircraft so far and the last two trainers will be delivered shortly.|archive-date=11 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111142422/https://www.deccanherald.com//india/hal-plans-fourth-assembly-line-for-tejas-jets-to-make-up-for-delivery-delay-3349987|url-status=live}}</ref> The first squadron, [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] (''Flying Daggers'') became operational in 2016 and is based at [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]] in the southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The second squadron, [[No. 18 Squadron IAF]] (''Flying Bullets'') is based at [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya]] in [[Gujarat]] in Western India.<ref name=":tejas" /> The IAF has 141 combat aircraft of the Mark 1A type on order, in addition to 41 trainers.<ref name="Tejas" /><ref>{{cite press release |date=3 February 2021 |title=Rs. 48,000 Crore Contract for 83 Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas handed over to HAL at the Inaugural Ceremony of Aero India 2021 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1694844 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Order">{{cite news|date=25 September 2025|title=Government inks pact with HAL for procurement of 97 Tejas jets for IAF |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-inks-pact-with-hal-for-procurement-of-97-tejas-jets-for-iaf/article70092785.ece |access-date=25 September 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The IAF plans to procure at least 324 aircraft or 18 squadrons of Tejas in all variants, including the heavier [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]] which is currently being developed.<ref name=":11">{{cite news|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=16 April 2018|title=Tejas Fighter Jets Participate in India's Biggest Air Combat Exercise|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170627/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|archive-date=20 October 2021|access-date=19 October 2021|work=The Diplomat}}</ref>

==Development==
{{For timeline}}

===LCA programme===
[[File:LCA-Tejas Production Partners.jpg|thumb|LCA Tejas production partners]]

In the 1980s, the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) had been operating ageing [[fighter aircraft]] such as the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]]. The MiG-21 had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963, and the IAF had operated 874 of these aircraft in the past.<ref name=":14">{{cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=24 May 2021|title=11 down in 5 yrs, 3 in 2021, but many in IAF still swear by MiG-21s despite its 'safety record'|work=[[The Print]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041009/https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> The Long Term Re-Equipment Plan of 1981 of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] noted that most of these fighter aircraft were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biswas|first1=Shreya|date=1 July 2016|title=Tejas Light Combat Aircraft: Here's how India created its first Flying Dagger|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008205808/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=2 November 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 1983, the [[Government of India]] established the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme with the initial goal of developing a new light [[combat aircraft]] to replace the ageing fleet of the IAF.<ref name=":15">{{cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=8 August 2021|title=Tejas flying record world's best, criticism unfortunate, says IAF veteran who flew LCA at 78|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031040444/https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> In 1984, the government established the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) under the aegis of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.<ref name=":15"/> The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) was chosen as the principal contractor.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=T.S|date=11 March 2011|title=Technology giant|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228183931/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> The government's requirements for the aircraft included the following: [[fly-by-wire]] flight control system, multi-mode [[pulse-doppler radar]], and [[Afterburner|afterburning]] [[Turbofan|turbofan engine]].<ref name=":18">{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=C.Manmohan|date=16 September 2002|title=LCA economics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=17 March 2009|issn=0971-751X|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm}}</ref>

The [[Specification|project definition]] phase commenced in October 1986.<ref name=":15"/> French company [[Dassault|Dassault-Breguet]] acted as a consultant for the design and system integration of the planned aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 1987 |title=Dassault wins Indian LCA contract |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html |work=[[Flight International]] |location=[[London]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053019/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> [[Kota Harinarayana]] was appointed as the director and chief designer of the LCA programme.<ref name=":16">{{cite book|last=Rajkumar|first=Philip|title=Tejas Story: The Light Combat Aircraft Project|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|date=1 January 2007|isbn=978-8-173-04764-0|pages=47–49}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=22 August 2016|title=Tejas chief designer felicitated|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031144857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|archive-date=31 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> While the project was initially conceived to replace the MiG-21 aircraft, the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] told the [[Indian Parliament]] in 2021 that the aircraft is no longer considered as a replacement for the MiG-21, and is part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas Aircraft Not A Replacement For MIG-21 Fighters: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734|url-status=live|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202630/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734}}</ref>

=== Design ===
The design of the LCA was finalised in 1990 as a small tailless [[Delta wing|compound delta wing]] design with [[relaxed static stability]]. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability, it was planned to be a [[Fly-by-wire#Safety and redundancy|control configured vehicle]] incorporating a digital fly by wire flight control system.<ref name=":16"/> Dassault-Breguet offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the project, consisting of three digital channels and one analog channel, with a redundant analog channel as a back up. However, the ADA favored a quadruplex (four) digital channel flight control system.<ref name=":16"/> In 1992, a dedicated National Control Law team (CLAW) was set up by the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) to develop an indigenous fly by wire flight control system for the aircraft. While initially [[Lockheed Martin]] was proposed as a partner, it did not materialise following a United States led embargo in response to India's second [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mama |first=Hormuz |date=4 November 1998 |title=Indian ambition |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-ambition/23907.article |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Flight Global |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410152655/https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-ambition/23907.article }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Michael J. H|title=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999-2000|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=1 May 1999|isbn=978-1857532456|pages=29–30}}</ref> This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Reddy |first=C Manmohan |date=13 March 2003 |title=The LCA success |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215962.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127212326/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215962.ece }}</ref>

[[File:KH2002 HAL Tejas Indian Air Force (8413494671).jpg|thumb|LCA Technology Demonstrator TD-2 (KH2002) in inverted flight]]

The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system was developed in house for the LCA.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2013 |title=India's Tejas receives initial operational clearance |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pictures-indias-tejas-receives-initial-operational-clearance-/112040.article |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=Flight Global }}</ref> The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of an ''Iron Bird'' test rig. The flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on the test rig.<ref name=":16" /> Aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at NAL's {{cvt|1.2|m}} tri-sonic wind tunnel facility.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[ANI News]]}}</ref>

For the multi-mode radar (MMR), the team intended to use the [[Ericsson]]–[[Ferranti]] PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar used on [[Saab Group|Saab]] [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=John W.R|title="HAL Light Combat Aircraft" in "Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989-1990"|last2=Munson|first2=Kenneth|last3=Taylor|first3=Michael J.H|publisher=Jane's Information Group|year=1989|isbn=0-7106-0896-9|location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK|page=104}}</ref> However, DRDO later decided to develop an indigenous radar for the aircraft. DRDO's [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE) laboratory and HAL were jointly assigned the MMR development programme, and with the work commencing in 1997.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|date=7 April 2006|title='Indigenous' aircraft needs foreign lift, for its radar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> The [[Centre for Airborne Systems]] was responsible for the MMR's test programme, and a [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748 Series 2A|HS-748]] airborne surveillance aircraft was re-fitted for the purpose.<ref name=":17">{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=Vivek|title=Indian Aircraft Industry: Possible Innovations for Success in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=KW Publishers|date=1 January 2018|isbn=978-9-386-28868-4|pages=57–58}}</ref> By 2005, only two radar modes–the air-to-air look-up and look-down were successfully tested, and the performance of other modes that had been tested were rated as sub-optimal.<ref name=":17"/> The problem was attributed to the lack of compatibility between the radar and the LRDE's [[signal processor]] module.<ref name=":1"/>

The development of MMR was later abandoned in favour of using a foreign developed radar as an interim option.<ref name=":19">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=3 October 2008|title=LCA to be fitted with Israeli multi-mode radar|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/LCA-to-be-fitted-with-Israeli-multi-mode-radar/article15315625.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092153/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/03/stories/2008100356310900.htm|archive-date=6 October 2008|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Israeli [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode and [[EL/M-2052]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] radar units were selected for the Mk1 and initial Mk 1A aircraft respectively.<ref name="aviationweek.com" /> In 2012, the DRDO started development of the [[Uttam AESA Radar]], which was undergoing trails as of 2024.<ref name=":21">{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=24 February 2021|title=At least half of the 123 Tejas fighters ordered by the IAF to have India-made fire control radar|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001919/https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

The ADA was successful in the development and manufacturing of [[carbon fibre]] composite structures and skins, and a [[glass cockpit]] for the aircraft.<ref name=":16" /><ref name="AFT">{{Cite web |title=Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |work=Airforce Technology |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411014434/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Autolay'' [[computer-aided design]] software developed as part of the LCA programme was later licensed to [[Airbus]] for its [[Airbus A380|A380]] wide-body aircraft project.<ref name=":18"/> The government's self-reliance goal oriented development considerably increased the sourcing of indigenous components for the programme and contributed to the expansion of the aviation industry.<ref name="Tejas Mk1a">{{cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=13 January 2021|title=India clears deal to manufacture LCA Mk1A 'Tejas' fighter jets for the air force|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=The Times Group|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113130347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=2021-01-13|title=Govt clears Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 Tejas fighters — all you want to know about the aircraft|url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902070910/https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|archive-date=2 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2022|work=[[The Print]]}}</ref> For the LCA programme, [[Amphenol]] provided loom assemblies, [[Lakshmi Machine Works]] produced [[air intake]]s, and [[Tata Advanced Systems]] manufactured the composite parts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2025 |title=MiG-21's final flight may put private defence firms on frontline amid HAL's drag |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-mig21-retirement-tejas-delays-hal-amca-private-defence-uav/articleshow/122851137.cms |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Prototypes and testing===
[[File:Aero show 2007 162.jpg|thumb|LCA Technology Demonstrator TD-1 (KH2001) at Aero India 2007]]

On 4 January 2001, the first [[technology demonstrator]] (TD-1) successfully achieved flight.<ref name=":16" /> The second such aircraft (TD-2) began testing in 2003. The first production variant (PV-1) made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer variant (PV-5) was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009.<ref name=":7" /> A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype, designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used extensively for various [[aircraft carrier]]-related trials at the [[Shore Based Test Facility]] in Goa. NP-2 was used in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya}} in January 2020.<ref name=":20" />

[[File:LCA Tejas maiden air-to-air refuelling.ogg|thumb|left|Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from [[Ilyushin Il-78]] tanker]]

The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.<ref name=":7" /> A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref name="Missile">{{cite news|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|archive-date=20 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Python-5 close combat missiles, the [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] beyond visual range air-to-air missile<ref name=":10">{{cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|last2=Dominguez|first2=Gabriel|date=28 April 2021|title=India test-fires Python 5 AAM from Tejas LCA|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717145349/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref> and guided–unguided munition releases.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2009-02-05|title=Tejas crosses a milestone|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064454/http://hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|archive-date=7 February 2009|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=29 May 2014|title=Advanced Weapon Trials of Tejas Fighter Completed|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed/2014/05/29/article2250943.ece|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516232504/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/may/29/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed-618586.html|archive-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode radar, and [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar,<ref name="aviationweek.com">{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=22 April 2010|title=LCA Set To Fly With Israeli Radar|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/22/awx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044225/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2Fawx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|website=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> and the Indian [[Uttam AESA Radar]]<ref name=":21"/> and Rafael [[Litening]] targeting pod.<ref name=":17"/> The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.<ref name=":21"/> The high altitude trials<ref name=":22">{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=5 February 2014|title=Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC<ref name=":23">{{cite web|date=2010-06-13|title=Tejas undergoes second phase of hot weather trials|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102083249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and FOC configurations.<ref name=":22"/> These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius<ref name=":22"/> to more than +45 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":23"/>

[[File:IAF Tejas landing (33068021935).jpg|thumb|Tejas Limited Series Production aircraft LSP-3 on landing run]]

Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high [[angle of attack]] (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the [[flight envelope]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=15 September 2010|title=Indian LCA Undergoing Sea Trials|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/09/15/awx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044145/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fawx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.<ref name="Flare">{{cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2012-11-27|title=After three months on ground, combat aircraft Tejas resumes test flight|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231156/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight [[Windmill restart|engine relight]] test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=28 September 2013|title=Maiden engine relight test of Tejas held|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held/2013/09/28/article1807563.ece|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517000550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/sep/28/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held-519152.html|archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB) [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] and [[power take-off shaft]]. The [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V |date=2023-04-15 |title=Production of Tejas LCA gets fillip |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/production-of-tejas-lca-gets-fillip/articleshow/99520799.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Operational clearance===
[[File:Tejas at Sulur Air Force Station.jpg|thumb|Tejas from [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] stationed at [[Sulur Air Force Station]]]]

In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2006-12-03|title=IAF team to oversee LCA induction and operation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece|archive-date=8 January 2016|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.<ref name="hindu_tejas">Prasad, K. V. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece "Tejas gets Initial Operational Clearance."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232600/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit, [[angle of attack]] and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of {{Convert|400-500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=8 December 2013|title=Tejas Fires Missile, Clears Final Test; Big Step in Bangalore on December 20|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223033405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="thin9143">{{cite news|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=19 December 2013|title=Tejas all set to get certification for IAF induction|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174030/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2">{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Wilson|date=2020-05-27|title=IAF operationalises second LCA squadron, inducts first LCA Tejas in FOC standard|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iaf-operationalises-second-lca-squadron-inducts-first-lca-tejas-in-foc-standard/article31685568.ece|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604121053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iaf-operationalises-second-lca-squadron-inducts-first-lca-tejas-in-foc-standard/article31685568.ece|archive-date=4 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] based at [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]] was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.<ref name=":26">{{cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=19 March 2020|title=Deal for 83 Tejas fighters passes bureaucratic hurdle|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/deal-for-83-tejas-fighters-passes-bureaucratic-hurdle/137396.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118011432/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/deal-for-83-tejas-fighters-passes-bureaucratic-hurdle/137396.article|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:LCA Tejas hot refueling.jpg|thumb|LCA Tejas hot refueling]]
The FOC campaign began in December 2014.<ref name=":22"/> Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and [[inflight refueling]] capability.<ref name="thin9143"/> In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,<ref name=":24" /> which shortens the turnaround time<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=28 February 2018|title=India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Inches Closer to Final Operational Clearance|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-inches-closer-to-final-operational-clearance/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121061012/https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-inches-closer-to-final-operational-clearance/|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-03|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.<ref name=":27" /> In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.<ref name=":24" /> In January 2019, HAL received permission from [[CEMILAC]] to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=4 January 2019|title=HAL gets nod to produce weaponised version of LCA Tejas|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-gets-nod-to-produce-weaponised-version-of-lca-tejas/articleshow/67379924.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225225946/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-gets-nod-to-produce-weaponised-version-of-lca-tejas/articleshow/67379924.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-20|title=Finally, FOC certification for Mark I Tejas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The HAL handed over the FOC certificate to the then Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa at the Yelahanka Air Force base. After the formal ceremoney, ACM Dhanoa stated that Tejas was "ready" and "behaved like a true fighter".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/lca-tejas-is-finally-battle-ready-behaves-like-a-true-fighter-says-iaf-chief-bs-dhanoa-2182140.html|title=Tejas is battle ready|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The second Tejas squadron – No.18 ''Flying Bullets'' was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-03-17|title=Wow! Tejas, 1st indigenous Light Combat Aircraft in Final Operational Clearance-standard, takes to skies|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|access-date=2020-03-17|work=The Financial Express|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|language=en-US|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317174304/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] on 23 October 2021. Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.<ref name="tejas-fms">{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/DRDO_NL_Jan2022.pdf|page=15|title=INAUGURATION AND CLEARANCE OF FULL MISSION SIMULATOR FOR LCA-MK1 - DRDO Newsletter|publisher=DRDO|date=2022-01-06|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108111405/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/DRDO_NL_Jan2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Upgrades and further development ===
[[File:HAL Tejas IOC variants of Squadron 45 Flying Daggers doing air manoeuvre.jpg|thumb|Tejas IOC aircraft, each carrying two [[drop tank]]s on inner pylons]]
In May 2015, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the ability to survive and operation deployment of the aircraft in actual combat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2015-05-10|title=LCA Mark-I has limited capability: CAG|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/marki-tejas-induction-into-iaf-cag-observations/article7188984.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104062423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/marki-tejas-induction-into-iaf-cag-observations/article7188984.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A few of these shortcomings, including lack of [[combat endurance]], were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.<ref name=":24">{{cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=7 July 2018|title=India's Tejas clears in-flight refuelling hurdle|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-tejas-clears-in-flight-refuelling-hurdle/129461.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023623/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-tejas-clears-in-flight-refuelling-hurdle/129461.article|archive-date=3 June 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Flight Global}}</ref> Tejas Mark 1 FOC is modified to perform [[aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] from [[Ilyushin Il-78]] and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL, [[Nashik]] facility with [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]].<ref name=":37">{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-12-29|title=Indian Air force clears Tejas Mark 2 design, production in 2023|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-clears-tejas-mark-2-design-production-in-2023-121122900035_1.html|access-date=2021-12-31|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231063733/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-clears-tejas-mark-2-design-production-in-2023-121122900035_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed, would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,<ref name=":25" /> updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Angad|date=2021-01-17|title=Tejas keeps India's capability gap with China under check. It is HAL's game to lose now|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tejas-keeps-indias-capability-gap-with-china-under-check-it-is-hals-game-to-lose-now/587028/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075128/https://theprint.in/opinion/tejas-keeps-indias-capability-gap-with-china-under-check-it-is-hals-game-to-lose-now/587028/|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.<ref name=":25">{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Saurav|date=31 January 2021|title=Tejas at the end of the tunnel|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/tejas-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-945482.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711125533/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/tejas-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-945482.html|archive-date=11 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

An agreement has been signed by the Indian Air Force and the Aeronautical Development Agency to include advanced weaponry and sensors into HAL Tejas. By transferring technical know-how for the smooth integration of weapons and sensors, ADA and the IAF's Software Development Institute (SDI) hope to empower the IAF to carry out integration and flight testing on its own.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Vipin |date=21 February 2024 |title=Process to equip LCA Tejas with futuristic weapons takes off |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/process-to-equip-lca-tejas-with-futuristic-weapons-takes-off-s97lb3 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Asianet News Network |language=en}}</ref>

On 5 March 2024, the high-altitude testing for On-Board Oxygen Generating System centric Life Support System (OBOGS-ILSS) of Tejas was successfully completed by DRDO. It could be used in [[MiG-29K]], [[Tejas Mk2]], [[HAL AMCA|AMCA]], [[TEDBF]] and other aircraft with modifications. LCA PV-3 aircraft were used to test the system under a variety of flight conditions, including high [[g force]] and altitudes of up to {{Convert|50000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. OBOGS oxygen concentrations, demand breathing, 100% oxygen availability, and aerobatic maneuvers at the necessary altitudes for complete functional testing were carried out following [[CEMILAC]] flight approval. All of the parameters have been met by the system which will replace the earlier Liquid Oxygen System (LOX).<ref name=":70">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=DRDO conducts high-altitude trial of integrated life support system for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-conducts-high-altitude-trial-of-integrated-life-support-system-for-tejas-aircraft/article69294459.ece |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/board-oxygen-generating-system-obogs |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=DRDO}}</ref>

In December 2025, the Indian Air Force inducted the indigenously developed Hybrid Brake Parachute developed by [[Gliders India Limited]] (GIL). The lightweight [[Drogue parachute|parachute]] is meant to increase landing safety in case of emergency situations like high-speed recovery and reduces landing run. The chute weighs 10 kg, spans 5.75 m and covered an area of 17 m2 and has a Uni-Cross main canopy design. It can be deployed at emergency speeds of up to {{Convert|340|km/h|kn|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-12-23 |title=India boosts Tejas fighter’s landing safety with new Hybrid Brake Parachute |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-boosts-tejas-fighters-landing-safety-with-new-hybrid-brake-parachute-2840496-2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== Naval variant ====
[[File:LCA Navy Prototype NP-1.jpg|thumb|LCA Navy prototype NP-1]]

The ''Naval LCA programme'' was commenced in 2003.<ref name=":29">{{cite web|date=11 January 2020|title=LCA does 1st carrier landing, but will Indian Navy ever buy it?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/11/lca-does-1st-carrier-landing-but-will-indian-navy-ever-buy-it.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702234747/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/11/lca-does-1st-carrier-landing-but-will-indian-navy-ever-buy-it.html|archive-date=2 July 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> According to ADA, the ''Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme'' was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seat ''NP-1'' and the single-seat ''NP-2'', based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of the [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414 INS6]] engine.<ref name="auto10">{{cite web|title=ADA LCA Navy Programme|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/navy-mark1-mark2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142428/https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/navy-mark1-mark2.html|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]]}}</ref> The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,<ref name=":28" /> and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref name="First flight">Kumar, Chethan. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html "LCA naval variant's first flight on Friday."] ''Deccan Herald'', 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190045/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.<ref name=":29"/><ref name=":30">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2014-12-23|title=Naval LCA makes first flight from ski-jump|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-lca-makes-first-flight-from-skijump/article6717318.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609181958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-lca-makes-first-flight-from-skijump/article6717318.ece|archive-date=9 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from a [[Shore Based Test Facility|SBTF]] at {{ship|INS|Hansa}}. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.<ref name=":30"/>

In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=5 December 2016|title=Indian Navy rejects naval version of Tejas LCA, seeks alternative – IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075020/http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=27 January 2017|work=janes.com}}</ref> and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite news|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=26 January 2017|title=India seeks new naval fighter to replace rejected Tejas LCA|work=IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131630/http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaushik|first1=Krishn|date=5 February 2021|title=Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy|publisher=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205145054/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|archive-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the [[Shore Based Test Facility|SBTF]] in Goa in day time<ref name=":31">{{cite web|date=15 January 2020|title=India's LCA makes arrested landing, as twin-engined fighter planned|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-lca-makes-arrested-landing-as-twin-engined-fighter-planned/136141.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124004216/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-lca-makes-arrested-landing-as-twin-engined-fighter-planned/136141.article|archive-date=24 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> and night time.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 November 2019|title=DRDO does it again! Watch first-ever successful night-time landing of Naval version of LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-watch-first-ever-successful-night-time-landing-of-naval-version-of-lca/1763773/|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509100556/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-watch-first-ever-successful-night-time-landing-of-naval-version-of-lca/1763773/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,<ref name=":31"/> including 50 ski jump take-offs and 28 arrested landings.<ref name=":32" /> In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out its first [[arrested landing]] and [[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]] assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya}}.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-01-11|title=Naval variant of LCA Tejas successfully lands on carrier|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas-successfully-lands-on-carrier/article30541842.ece|access-date=2020-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624192656/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas-successfully-lands-on-carrier/article30541842.ece|archive-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":31"/>

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's ''[[INS Vikrant (2013)#MRCBF|multi-role carrier borne fighter]] requirement'' floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-07-13|title=Navy to get new carrier-based jet by 2032, to replace MiG-29K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112232036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|archive-date=12 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In [[Aero India]] 2021, a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the ''[[HAL TEDBF|Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter]]'' (TEDBF).<ref>{{cite web|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=4 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: Indian TEDBF naval fighter showcased by HAL|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144616/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|archive-date=6 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=9 February 2021|title=New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Flight Global|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604203653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.<ref name=":32">{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2 December 2019|title=Light Combat Aircraft for Indian Navy: DRDO updates naval aircraft's progress|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/light-combat-aircraft-for-indian-navy-drdo-updates-naval-aircrafts-progress/1782008/|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-milestone-naval-lca-lands-on-ins-vikrant/article66477098.ece|title=In major milestone, Naval LCA lands on INS Vikrant|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-06|first=Dinaker|last=Peri|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134349/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-milestone-naval-lca-lands-on-ins-vikrant/article66477098.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:LCA Navy onboard Vikrant.jpg|Tejas catching the wire on {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}
File:Tejas takeoff from INS Vikrant with afterburner on.jpg|Tejas takeoff from {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}
File:LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard INS Vikrant (R11).webm|Tejas landing onboard {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}
File:LCA Navy maiden take-off from INS Vikrant (R11).webm|Tejas take off from {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}
File:Tejas on INS Vikrant ready for takeoff.jpg|Tejas on {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}'s flight deck
</gallery>

==== Tejas Mark 1A ====
[[File:TejasMark1A.jpg|thumb|Tejas Mark 1A aircraft]]

The Mk 1A variant was first realised as a compromised variant in 2015 while [[Manohar Parrikar]] was the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]. The variant would include four major upgrades including integration of [[smart munitions]] and [[electronic warfare]] suites. This was due to the already delayed first flight schedule of [[Tejas Mk2]] of 2022. The schedule was further delayed to 2023 (by 2021) and to 2026 (as of 2025).<ref name=":68" />

The Tejas Mark 1A variant has more than 40 overall improvements over the Mark 1 variant.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Pawan|date=2021-01-14|title=Centre clears purchase of 83 Tejas Mk-1A for Indian Air Force|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075633/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Upgraded Mark 1A features a new avionic suite centred on [[EL/M-2052]] AESA Radar and [[Uttam AESA Radar]] developed in-house. [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of [[Astra (missile)|Astra BVRAAM]] and [[ASRAAM]].<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-01-09 |title='Light Combat Aircraft MK-1A to take flight in June' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-mk-1a-to-take-flight-in-june/article38200517.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717081010/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-mk-1a-to-take-flight-in-june/article38200517.ece |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":41" /> HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from older [[identification friend or foe]] system.<ref name=":41">{{Cite news |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=4 July 2022 |title=HAL flies Tejas Mk1A Flying Test Bed, superior to PAF JF-17 Block 3 |work=Frontier India |url=https://frontierindia.com/hal-flies-tejas-mk1a-flying-test-bed-superior-to-paf-jf-17-block-3/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717081012/https://frontierindia.com/hal-flies-tejas-mk1a-flying-test-bed-superior-to-paf-jf-17-block-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.<ref name=":37" /> The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|author=Krishnan M.|first=Anantha|date=6 August 2020|title=Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022-23|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175617/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|archive-date=7 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week}}</ref> Tejas Mark 1A will use indigenously developed Angad electronic warfare suite and DRDO Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=16 October 2023 |title=India-made light combat aircraft Mark 1A to be equipped with indigenous systems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-mark-1a-equipped-indigenous-systems-uttam-angad-radar-warfare-suite-air-force-2449417-2023-10-16 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":47">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Tejas MK-1A completes maiden flight, first delivery soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tejas-mk-1a-completes-maiden-flight-first-delivery-soon/articleshow/108846208.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="EW">{{cite web |title=EW Suite for LCA Mk1A |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/WriteupEW_SuiteLCA_Mk1A27062023.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology}}</ref>

[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from [[Aeronautical Development Agency|ADA]], Air Data Computer from [[DRDO]], Weapon Computers from [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]], Radar Warning Receiver from [[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre]], and [[Head-up display]] from [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation]] from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives ₹2,400 crore order from HAL |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bel-receives-2400-crore-order-from-hal/article37970098.ece |access-date=2022-07-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706062128/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bel-receives-2400-crore-order-from-hal/article37970098.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In order to produce the BMI Engine Bay Door for the Tejas Mark 1A, HAL and [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] inked a [[technology transfer]] agreement. For the engine bay door, where it must survive a service temperature of roughly 200 °C, NAL Advanced Composites Division is creating a manufacturing process technique that uses Carbon-BMI Prepreg to create co-cured composite structures that are very temperature resistant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=HAL signs ToT with CSIR-NAL for BMI Engine Bay Door for Series Production of LCA-Tejas Mk1A |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-signs-tot-with-csir-nal-for-bmi-engine-bay-door-for-series-production-of-lca-tejas-mk1a/articleshow/105074596.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 28 March 2024, Tejas Mark 1A, equipped with the first set of Carbon-BMI Engine Bay Door assembly, successfully completed the inaugural flight from HAL facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=HAL, NAL sign tech transfer pact for Tejas engine day door production |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hal-nal-sign-tech-transfer-pact-for-tejas-engine-day-door-production-12694231.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 April 2024, [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADA]] delivered the first batch of Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A which consists of an indigenously designed [[leading-edge slat]] and Airbrake Control Module. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The development was the result of the collaboration between ADA, [[Research Centre Imarat]], and [[Ministry of Heavy Industries#Autonomous Bodies|Central Manufacturing Technology Institute]]. The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at HAL Accessories Division in Lucknow.<ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=DRDO takes another major step towards self-reliance in aeronautical technologies |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/drdo-takes-another-major-step-towards-self-reliance-in-aeronautical-technologies-1503292023.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> On 30 May 2025, the first centre fuselage assembly for the Tejas Mk 1A was handed over to HAL by subcontractor VEM Technologies in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=HAL receives first centre fuselage for LCA Tejas Mk 1A |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lca-tejas-mk-1a-hal-gets-first-centre-fuselage-delivery-13079082.html/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

'''Milestones'''

* According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead, and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022, and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in the second half of 2022.<ref name="iaf-to-get-1st-tejas">{{cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=IAF to get 1st Tejas Mk1A in February 2024 : HAL gets enquiries for LCH Prachand from various countries including Argentina & Egypt |url=https://theigmp.org/iaf-to-get-1st-tejas-mk1a-in-february-2024-hal-gets-enquiries-for-lch-prachand-from-various-countries-including-argentina-egypt/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=IgMp}}</ref>
* On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Annual Report 2022 - HAL |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AnnualReport_2022.pdf |access-date=2022-08-01 |publisher=HAL |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128093718/https://www.hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AnnualReport_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=|publisher=HAL |date=17 May 2023 |title=HAL ANALYST MEET-2023 |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/DMS/Conferencecall_17052023_presentation.pdf }}</ref> HAL intends to obtain a certificate from [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production.
* On 28 March 2024, the first production series Mark 1A aircraft (LA 5033) conducted its inaugural flight which lasted for 18 minutes. The aircraft will undergo more testing before being officially transferred to the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title='Airborne for 15 minutes': HAL successfully completes first flight of Made in India LCA Mark 1A fighter aircraft |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/airborne-for-15-minutes-hal-successfully-completes-first-flight-of-made-in-india-lca-mark-1a-fighter-aircraft-13753666.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":47"/>
* On 12 March 2025, [[Astra (missile)#Variants|Astra Mk-1]] successfully demonstrated a direct hit on a flying target from Tejas. This was a significant test for Mark 1A induction.<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Tejas LCA AF MK1 test-fires Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2111068 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

==== Tejas Mark 2 ====
{{Main|HAL Tejas Mk2}}

[[File:Tejas MKII.jpg|thumb|Tejas MK2 design]]

The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414 INS6]] engine, [[Canard (aeronautics)|canards]] and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2025, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integrated [[infrared search and track]] (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=20 February 2019|title=AERO INDIA: Tejas Mk2 gets canards, big payload boost|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/aero-india-tejas-mk2-gets-canards-big-payload-boost/131469.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806073602/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/aero-india-tejas-mk2-gets-canards-big-payload-boost/131469.article|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=8 February 2019|title=ANALYSIS: Tejas regaining its lustre|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-tejas-regaining-its-lustre/131059.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919193801/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-tejas-regaining-its-lustre/131059.article|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> The [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (DIAT) is developing aircraft [[health and usage monitoring systems]] (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2011|title=DIAT system soon to monitor in-flight health of Tejas Mk-II - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-04|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104080140/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/}}</ref> The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in late 2025 or early 2026.<ref name="FG-11022025">{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/maiden-flight-approaching-for-indias-light-combat-aircraft-mk2-fighter/161747.article |title=Maiden flight approaching for India's Light Combat Aircraft Mk2 fighter |author=Mike Rajkumar |date=11 February 2025 |website= Flight Global |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

===Program costs===

====Development costs====
* LCA Programme - {{INRConvert|9063.96|c|year=2020}} (up to March 2020)<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|date=2020-03-04|title=₹11,096 cr. spent on LCA and Kaveri engine projects so far, says govt.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624234703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|archive-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=Of the specified amount, ₹9063.96 crore was spent on LCA and ₹2032 crore on the Kaveri Engine.}}</ref>
* Kaveri engine programme - {{INRConvert|2032|c|year=2020}}<ref name=":33"/>
* {{INRConvert|1202|c|year=2021}} additional design and development (Jan 2021)<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Mayank|date=13 January 2021|title=Biggest indigenous procurement, CCS approves procurement of 83 HAL manufactured fighters costing Rs 45,000 crore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/13/govt-clears-rs-48000-crore-deal-to-buy-83-tejas-fighters-for-iaf-2249687.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142017/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/13/govt-clears-rs-48000-crore-deal-to-buy-83-tejas-fighters-for-iaf-2249687.html|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The New Indian Express|quote=Cabinet...approved procurement of 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter {{sic|aircrafts|nolink=y}} and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 Trainer {{sic|aircrafts|nolink=y}} at the cost of Rs. 45,696 crore along with Design and Development of Infrastructure sanctions worth Rs.1,202 crore.}}</ref>

====Flyaway costs====
* {{INRConvert|146.2|c|year=2014}} for IOC Mark 1 (2014)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|date=11 January 2014|title=HAL pegs price of Tejas fighter at Rs 162 crore|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hal-pegs-price-of-tejas-fighter-at-rs-162-crore-114011100829_1.html|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121221316/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hal-pegs-price-of-tejas-fighter-at-rs-162-crore-114011100829_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BS25Jan21">{{cite news |title=Several nations have shown interest in buying Tejas aircraft: HAL chairman |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/several-nations-have-shown-interest-in-buying-tejas-aircraft-hal-chairman-121012500056_1.html|author=|publisher=Press Trust of India |date=25 January 2021|via=Business Standard|archive-url= https://archive.today/20210507202233/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/several-nations-have-shown-interest-in-buying-tejas-aircraft-hal-chairman-121012500056_1.html|archive-date= 7 May 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|156|c|year=2010}} for FOC Mark 1 (2010)<ref name="BS25Jan21"/>
* {{INRConvert|303|c|year=2021}} for Mark 1A and {{INRConvert|309|c|year=2021}} for export variant (2021)<ref>{{cite news|author=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=18 January 2020|title=At $43 million each, the Tejas Mark 1A competes in export market|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/at-43-mn-each-hindustan-aeronautics-tejas-mark-1a-seeks-export-market-121011800019_1.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512232508/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/at-43-mn-each-hindustan-aeronautics-tejas-mark-1a-seeks-export-market-121011800019_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/expect-to-deliver-first-tejas-mark-1a-aircraft-in-36-months-from-signing-contract-hal-8036141.htm |title=Expect to deliver first Tejas Mark-1A aircraft in 36 months from signing contract: HAL |publisher=CNBC TV18 |date=18 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034822/https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/expect-to-deliver-first-tejas-mark-1a-aircraft-in-36-months-from-signing-contract-hal-8036141.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Philip|first1=Snehesh Alex|date=4 February 2021|title=India looking at Tejas exports at Rs 309 crore per aircraft, HAL chairman says|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-looking-at-tejas-exports-at-rs-309-crore-per-aircraft-hal-chairman-says/598642/|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303211110/https://theprint.in/defence/india-looking-at-tejas-exports-at-rs-309-crore-per-aircraft-hal-chairman-says/598642/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

==Design==

===Overview===
The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, [[compound delta|compound delta wing]] design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out [[Interceptor aircraft|Interception]], [[air-to-surface missile|air-to-surface]] and [[anti-ship missile|anti-shipping]] roles in a single mission.<ref name=":34">{{cite web|date=2016-07-01|title=This is what makes India's Tejas aircraft unique|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hal-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-features-indian-air-force-2887091/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125202037/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hal-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-features-indian-air-force-2887091/|archive-date=25 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The wind tunnel testing and [[computational fluid dynamics]] analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave [[Wave drag|drag]], as well low [[wing loading|wing-loading]].<ref name=":16" />

[[File:KH-2013 IAF Tejas 2 (33026195996).jpg|thumb|Tejas airshow demo]]

Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side [[intake|air-intake]], one under the [[fuselage]] (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as [[Forward looking infrared|FLIR]], [[Infrared search and track|IRST]] or [[laser designator|laser rangefinder/designator]]. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Paul|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2007-2008|publisher=Jane's Information Group|year=2007|isbn=9780710627926|page=246|language=en}}</ref> It has an [[aerial refuelling]] probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|last=Khera|first=Kishore Kumar|title=Combat Aviation: Flight Path 1968-2018|publisher=K W Publishers|date=28 October 2020|isbn=978-9389137446|location=India|pages=157–158|language=en}}</ref> The Tejas weapon suite consists of [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] and [[Astra (missile)|Astra]] beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.<ref name=":27" /> The Tejas has an internal 23 mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]] twin-barreled [[autocannon]] under the starboard side air-intake.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=B.K|date=1 July 2016|title=Flying Daggers 45 takes wings|url=https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=226&q=Flying-Daggers-45-takes-wings|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106075022/https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=226&q=Flying-Daggers-45-takes-wings|archive-date=6 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.spsmai.com|publisher=SP Guide publications|issn=2230-9268}}</ref> The [[BrahMos-NG]] supersonic [[cruise missile]] is being developed for the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Smriti|date=2019-02-20|title=Aero India 2019: Lethal Make in India BrahMos NG integrated with Tejas! India eyes huge defence exports market|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/aero-india-2019-lethal-make-in-india-brahmos-ng-integrated-with-tejas-india-eyes-huge-defence-exports-market/1492901/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119054253/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/aero-india-2019-lethal-make-in-india-brahmos-ng-integrated-with-tejas-india-eyes-huge-defence-exports-market/1492901/|archive-date=19 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application of [[radar-absorbent material]] (RAM) coatings<ref name=":17"/> and so on, reduces the overall [[radar cross-section]] of the aircraft.<ref name=":34"/>

===Airframe===
Apart from [[aluminium-lithium alloy]]s and [[titanium alloy]]s,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mathews|first=Neelam |date=17 July 2006 |title=Light Steps: India's LCA may be moving at a sedate pace, but it's progressing nonetheless |magazine=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=165|issue=3|page=126 |location=New York |issn=0005-2175}}</ref> [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|carbon-fibre composite]] materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=N. Eswara|title=Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies|last2=Wanhill|first2=R. J. H|publisher=Springer Singapore|date=11 November 2016|isbn=9789811021343|pages=335–336|language=en}}</ref> the highest among contemporary aircraft.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2005|title=Radiance of the Tejas: The Brawn and Brains of the Light Combat Aircraft (Special Edition)|journal=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review|volume=1|pages=2–3|oclc=62787146}}</ref> The upper and lower wing surfaces, [[wing spar]]s and [[wing rib]]s are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Dreger|first=Paul |date=February 2004 |title=SE Asia Indigenous Fighter Programmes |magazine=Military Technology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=28–30 |location=Bonne |issn=0722-3226}}</ref> while the fin tip is made out of [[fiberglass]].<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|isbn=978-0710631770|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|location=Couldson|pages=302–303|chapter=India|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|publisher=Janes Information Group}}</ref> The extensive use of [[composite material]]s in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of [[joint]]s or [[rivet]]s, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] cracks.<ref name=":34"/> The tailfin is a monolithic [[honeycomb structure]], reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prakash|first=B.G|date=16 February 2001|title=Dreams lighten in LCA.|url=http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304212249/http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|archive-date=4 March 2008|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Strategic Affairs}}</ref> Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a [[radome]] made out of [[Kevlar]] which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.<ref name=":27" />

The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA has wing [[Leading–edge extension#Leading–edge vortex controller|leading–edge vortex controllers]] (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).<ref name=":17"/> The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,<ref name=":30"/> and an [[arrestor hook]] system for carrier landings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=3 August 2018|title=Naval Version of India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Successfully Tests Arrestor Hook Capability|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/naval-version-of-indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-successfully-tests-arrestor-hook-capability/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033125/https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/naval-version-of-indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-successfully-tests-arrestor-hook-capability/|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-05|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-11-27|title=Tejas trainer jet makes smooth flight|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38145/tejas-trainer-jet-makes-smooth.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072016/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38145/tejas-trainer-jet-makes-smooth.html|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

The Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A consists of an indigenously designed [[Leading-edge slat|Leading Edge Slats]] and Airbrake Control Module. [[Aeronautical Development Agency]], on 19 April 2024, delivered the first batch of these flight control system. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL, [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":48">{{Cite web |title=DRDO hands over first batch of indigenous Leading Edge Actuators & Airbrake Control Module to HAL for LCA Tejas Mk1A |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2018282 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":49" />

===Avionics===
The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.<ref name=":27" /> Its [[Aeronautical Development Establishment#Digital Flight Control Computer|digital flight control computer]] developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.<ref name=":36">{{cite web|date=29 January 2013|title=BEL delivers critical systems for over 50 LCAs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041556/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=DFCC : Amendment Cum Renewal of Type Approval No. 1569 |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/TA-1569.PDF |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708034453/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/TA-1569.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite domestically developed by [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]], which consists of a [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR), integrated [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]],<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 January 2015|title=LCA equipped with electronic warfare suite|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084643/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] and flare dispenser system.<ref name="Flare"/><ref>{{cite web|last=G.N|first=Prashanth|date=2013-10-17|title=Finally, Tejas gets electronic warfare systems|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021095433/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A have an AESA radar, new high performance digital flight control computer ([[Aeronautical Development Establishment#Digital Flight Control Computer|DFCC Mk1A]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=R. |title=Tejas Mk1A takes first flight, HAL sees early induction possibility |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/tejas-mk1a-takes-first-flight-hal-sees-early-induction-possibility-2956189 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> new EW suite and updated avionics.<ref name=":25" /> Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar,<ref name=":26" /> while rest of the aircraft are expected to fly with the domestically developed [[Uttam AESA Radar]].<ref name=":21"/> The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE known as the ''Unified Electronic Warfare suite'' (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and [[electronic counter-countermeasure]] capabilities, [[digital radio frequency memory]] based<ref>{{cite web|last=Deepak|first=Jaison|title=A variety of Electronic Warfare platforms are now available to the IAF|url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Force Magazine|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082229/https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> jamming and deception capabilities.<ref name="auto3" /> The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer<ref name=":27" /> – the Elta ELL-8222WB.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=13 December 2018|title=India Selects Israeli Radar and Electronic Warfare Suite For Tejas Light Combat Aircraft|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607191130/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Mark 1A will have [[software-defined radio]]-based secure communications and [[Air Force Network|network]]-centric warfare capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-01-13|title=CCS okays 83 LCAs worth around ₹47,000 cr. for IAF|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210114019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|archive-date=10 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:HAL Tejas KH-2017 (LSP-07) with Griffin Laser Guided Bomb, Litening LDP and Vympel R-73E SRAAM.jpg|thumb|Tejas LSP-7 with [[Griffin LGB]] (in green and red), [[AN/AAQ-28 Litening#Litening III|Litening III]] (in metallic grey) and [[R-73 (missile)#Variants|Vympel R-73E]] (in white)]]

The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Ghaswalla|first=Amrita Nair|date=11 January 2018|title=Israel's Rafael eyes larger role in India's defence programme|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/israels-rafael-eyes-larger-role-in-indias-defence-programme/article9750654.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221857/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/israels-rafael-eyes-larger-role-in-indias-defence-programme/article9750654.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Businessline|language=en}}</ref> while an advanced version named ''Litening 4I'' will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Egozi|first=Arie|date=17 July 2017|title=Rafael targets Indian contract with Litening pod|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/rafael-targets-indian-contract-with-litening-pod/124805.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034614/https://www.flightglobal.com/rafael-targets-indian-contract-with-litening-pod/124805.article|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.<ref name=":35" />

The Tejas has a [[night vision goggles]] compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed [[Head-up display|HUD]], three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation|CSIO]]. The Tejas has [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.<ref name=":35"/><ref name=":17"/> The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an [[air data computer]] developed by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with [[Martin-Baker]] 16LG [[zero-zero ejection seat]]<ref name="jawa-1617"/> and ''canopy severance system'' developed by DRDO's [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] and [[HEMRL]] for safe ejection.<ref name=":35"/><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=Pune: DRDO facilities develop pilot escape path clearance system for combat aircraft|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-drdo-facilities-develop-pilot-escape-path-clearance-system-for-combat-aircraft-7370532/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623093613/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-drdo-facilities-develop-pilot-escape-path-clearance-system-for-combat-aircraft-7370532/|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.<ref>{{cite web|last=D’Souza|first=Pearl Maria|date=20 September 2019|title=LCA Tejas to level up with on-board oxygen system by early 2020, says DRDO|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029144521/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The ADA has developed [[virtual reality]] assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=2019-02-23|title=Tejas virtual cockpit draws large crowds|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/tejas-virtual-cockpit-draws-720007.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184241/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/tejas-virtual-cockpit-draws-720007.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and N-LCA.<ref name=":30"/> Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV [[helmet-mounted display]] system.<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{cite web|date=9 November 2016|title=New Delhi signs off on 83 Tejas fighters|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters/122243.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121907/https://www.flightglobal.com/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters/122243.article|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

The DRDO-developed fighter aircraft escape system has passed the high-speed rocket-sled test at controlled did at the Rail Track Rocket Sled facility of the [[TBRL]] in [[Chandigarh]] in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DRDO conducts a successful high-speed rocket-sled test of fighter aircraft escape system |date=2025-12-02 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2197771&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-02 |title=DRDO conducts successful high speed test of indigenous fighter escape system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-conducts-successful-high-speed-test-of-indigenous-fighter-escape-system/article70350437.ece |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Tejas Mk 1A's [[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre#Swayam Raksha Kavach EW System|Swayam Raksha Kavach EW]] package, which includes the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory#Advanced Self Protection Jammer (ASPJ)|Advanced Self Protection Jammer]] pod and the [[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre#Dhruti DR118 RWR|Dhruti DR118 RWR]], is based on the [[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre#D-29 EW System|D-29 EW Suite]] developed for the [[MiG-29]].<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=India tests new airborne electronic warfare suite for Tejas Mk 1A |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-tests-new-airborne-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-mk-1a |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref> The RWR has four channel wide band receivers, which enhance the possibility of detecting and precisely determining the direction of enemy airborne and ground-based radars. The LSP-3 (KH2013) aircraft was used to test the [[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre#Swayam Raksha Kavach EW System|SRK EW]] suite for an integrated mode of operation with internal RWR sensor and the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory#Advanced Self Protection Jammer (ASPJ)|ASPJ]] pod. It included a restricted multi-emitter test scenario for ground and aerial radar jamming. In 2023, several tests and sorties were carried out to check the integration of the SRK EW suite with [[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam radar]].<ref name=":70" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives biggest avionics order ever from HAL for LCA Tejas Fighter Aircraft programme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bel-avionics-hal-lca-tejas-fighter-aircraft-programme-7675850/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of 30 October 2025, the EW suite is undergoing flight trials which is scheduled to conclude by mid-2026. Development of the system started in 2021, and deployment is anticipated by the end of 2026. While the RWR is integrated within the aircraft, the ASPJ pod will be mounted on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name=":53" />

===Flight control system===
[[File:Tejas Navy.jpg|thumb|Naval variant has additional flight control laws (source codes) for LEVCON and hands-free take off]]

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section [[Leading edge slats|slats]] on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate [[vortex lift]] over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing [[trailing edge]] fits two-segment [[elevon]]s to provide [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll control]]. The only [[empennage]]-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece [[Aircraft rudder|rudder]] and two [[Air brake (aeronautics)|airbrakes]], located in the upper rear part of the [[fuselage]], one each on either side of the fin.<ref name=":2"/> Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital [[fly-by-wire]] flight control system<ref name=":16" /> and an open architecture<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aeronautical Development Establishment#Digital Flight Control Computer|digital flight control computer]] developed by BEL.<ref name=":36"/> Its [[flight control surfaces]] are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=P.S|title=Digital Flight Control Systems for Practising Engineers|last2=Narayanan|first2=K.G|year=2020|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence |isbn=978-81-86514-65-8|language=en}}</ref> The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called ''auto low-speed recovery.'' This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is ''disorientation recovery function'', once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the [[IIT Bombay]] research university.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=10 November 2018|title=Tejas ready for auto low-speed recovery trials|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182253/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

On 19 February 2024, Tejas Mark-1A prototype LSP-7 successfully completed sortie with indigenously designed high performance Digital Flight Control Computer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Tahir |date=20 February 2024 |title=Indigenously Developed Digital Flight Control Computer For Tejas Mk1A Flown Successfully |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/indigenously-developed-digital-flight-control-computer-for-tejas-mk1a-flown-successfully-6737589/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref> The system was developed by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-20 |title=Tejas combat jet flies successfully with home grown digital flight control computer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tejas-combat-jet-successfully-flies-with-home-grown-digital-flight-control-computer/articleshow/107859312.cms |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The latest [[Aeronautical Development Establishment#Digital Flight Control Computer|DFCC]] has a quadraplex [[PowerPC]]-based processor, a fast I/O controller based on an autonomous state machine, increased computational throughput, and sophisticated on-board software that satisfies [[DO-178C]] [[DO-178C#Software level|level-A]] safety regulations. All important metrics and the flight controls' performance were deemed adequate during the flying test.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Another success: Indigenous Digital Flight Control Computer for Tejas Mk1A Flown successfully |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-success-indigenous-digital-flight-control-computer-for-tejas-mk1a-flown-successfully-3400271/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

===Propulsion===
{{further|GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri}}

Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri]], was launched as early as in 1986.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=15 December 2020|title=India Is Still Throwing Good Money at Hopeless Military Programmes|url=https://thewire.in/security/defence-spending-hal-drdo-military|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029123044/https://thewire.in/security/defence-spending-hal-drdo-military|archive-date=29 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Wire}}</ref> However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the [[General Electric F404|General Electric F404-GE-F2J3]] [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.<ref name=":12"/> Ten units of the F404-F2J3 engine power the Technology Demonstrator and Prototype variants of Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=ADA Launches Tender for Expert Support and Overhaul of Critical GE-F404 and GE-F414 Engines |url=https://defence.in/threads/ada-launches-tender-for-expert-support-and-overhaul-of-critical-ge-f404-and-ge-f414-engines.5023/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are being used on LSP, Naval prototypes and Mark 1 variants of Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore with GE Aviation, for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-signs-contract-worth-rs-5375-crore-with-ge-aviation-for-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft/2312672/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030064422/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-signs-contract-worth-rs-5375-crore-with-ge-aviation-for-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft/2312672/|archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GE Awarded $105 Million Development Contract from India |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/ge-awarded-105-million-development-contract-india |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=GE Aerospace}}</ref>

The production Tejas Mark 1 is powered by the F404-IN20 engine, with the same power-plant intended to power Mark 1A variant also,<ref name=":13">{{cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=18 August 2021|title=HAL orders 99 F404 engines to support Tejas production|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-orders-99-f404-engines-to-support-tejas-production/145127.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819085606/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-orders-99-f404-engines-to-support-tejas-production/145127.article|archive-date=19 August 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a [[General Electric F414]]-INS6 engine.<ref name=":13"/>

== Serial production ==
=== Orders ===

* '''First Tejas Mk1 contract (total 20 jets):'''
** '''31 March 2006''' — Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Air Force placed an initial order for 20 LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas IOC II.<ref name="Orders">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=Progress in Production of Tejas Aircraft |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1563888 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
** '''September 2024''' — The delivery, scheduled for completion in 2011, was finally completed.<ref name=":54">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=HAL to deliver last four LCA Mk-1 trainers to IAF in 6 months |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-to-deliver-last-four-lca-mk-1-trainers-to-iaf-in-6-months-101726668335194.html? |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* '''Second Tejas Mk1 contract (total 20 jets):'''
** '''23 December 2010''' — Indian Government ordered 20 additional LCA Tejas, comprising 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas FOC bringing the total aircrafts to 40. It was to be delivered by December 2016.<ref name="Orders" />
** '''27 March 2025''' — The original contract value of {{INRConvert|5989.39|c|lk=on|year=2010}} was revised to {{INRConvert|6542.20|c|lk=|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-27 |title=HAL revises Tejas Mk1 contract to ₹6,542 crore amid delay and production hurdles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-revises-tejas-mk1-contract-to-6542-crore-amid-delay-and-production-hurdles/articleshow/119598493.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
** '''10 January 2025''' — 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.<ref name=":56" />
** '''11 January 2025''' — The last of the 40 Tejas aircrafts - LT-5208 - took its first flight.<ref name="X-27032422" /><ref name="X-2703242" />
** '''11 January 2025''' — The final two of the trainers are yet to be delivered owing to not meeting the service requirements.<ref name=":40">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=2026-02-05 |title=Tejas Mk1As unlikely to come with full capabilities by March: Sources |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/tejas-mk1as-unlikely-to-come-with-full-capabilities-by-march-sources-126020501898_1.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=Business Standard |quote=They also pointed out that even within the two squadrons of the initial Mk1 Tejas variant operationalised by the IAF, two trainer aircraft have yet to meet the service’s requirements and therefore remain undelivered.}}</ref>
* '''First Tejas Mk 1A 2021 contract (total 83 jets):'''
** '''August 2018''' — The Defence Acquisition Council accorded Acceptance of Necessity for procurement of 73 Tejas Mk 1A aircraft with [[active electronically scanned array]] radar, [[beyond-visual-range missile]], self-protection jammer, and [[aerial refueling]] capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-06 |title=Production of Tejas Aircraft |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1541715 |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The rest of 10 trainer aircraft would be of Tejas Mk1 standard.<ref name=":67">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-09-16 |title=New LCA deal after first jets delivered |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-lca-deal-after-first-jets-delivered-101757961231857.html |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
** '''13 January 2021''' — [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] cleared the procurement of 73 single seater Tejas Mk 1A and 10 twin seater trainer Tejas Mk1 at the cost of {{INRConvert|45696|c|lk=|year=2021}} with additional funds for Design & Development and Infrastructure worth {{INRConvert|1202|c|lk=|year=2021}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Cabinet approves procurement of 83 Tejas fighter jets in Rs 48,000 cr deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-approved-largest-indigenous-defence-deal-worth-rs-48-000-crores-1758733-2021-01-13 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
** '''3 February 2021''' — [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] signed the contract with HAL on the inaugural day of [[List of Aero India Editions#13th edition (2021)|Aero India 2021]] at a cost of almost {{INRConvert|48000|c|lk=|year=2021}}.<ref name=":61">{{Cite news |date=2021-02-03 |title=Rs. 48,000 Crore Contract for 83 Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas handed over to HAL at the Inaugural Ceremony of Aero India 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1694844 |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
** '''17 August 2021''' — HAL signed a contract with GE worth {{INRConvert|5375|c|lk=|year=2021}} to supply 99 F404 engines and service support by 2029.<ref name=":111">{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Orders 99 F404s for Tejas Light Combat Aircraft |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/hindustan-aeronautics-ltd-orders-99-f404s-tejas-light-combat |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=GE Aerospace}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/17/hal-signscontract-worth-rs-5375-crorefor-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft-2346039.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817154718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/17/hal-signscontract-worth-rs-5375-crorefor-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft-2346039.html |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*'''Second Tejas Mk 1A contract (total 97 jets):'''
**'''16 September 2023''' — [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari|VR Chaudhari]] stated that the IAF has decided to order 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2023 |title=India to buy 100 more indigenous LCA Mark 1A fighter jets, says Air Force chief |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-to-buy-100-more-indigenous-lca-mark-1a-fighter-jets-says-air-force-chief/1764742/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI}}</ref> including 29 Tejas Mk 1A standard trainer jets.<ref name=":67" />
**'''30 November 2023''' — The Defence Acquisition Council accorded Acceptance of Necessity for procurement of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A for IAF from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Acquisition Council approves capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 2.23 lakh crore to enhance the operational capabilities of the Armed Forces |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1981135 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=97 Tejas jets, 150 helicopters: DAC clears procurement of Rs 2.23 lakh crore defence equipment from domestic firms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/dac-clears-procurement-of-rs-1-5-lakh-crore-defence-equipment-from-domestic-companies/articleshow/105619955.cms |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
**'''12 April 2024''' — MoD issued {{INRConvert|65000|c|lk=|year=2024}} tender to HAL for 97 Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-12 |title=HAL bags biggest-ever indigenous military hardware order; to supply 97 LCA Mark 1As @Rs 65,000 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-issues-rs-65000-crore-tender-to-hal-for-buying-97-lca-mark-1a-fighter-jets/articleshow/109239874.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Clearance for the deal expected to be received from [[Cabinet Committee on Security|CCS]] in December 2024 and deal to be signed by year-end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Deal for 97 more LCA Mk-1As by year-end, say officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/deal-for-97-more-lca-mk-1as-by-year-end-say-officials-101723486987673.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
**'''August 2025''' — Negotiations for additional F404 engines is expected to be completed this month,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-11 |title=India-US defence talks on; Tejas engine deliveries, follow-on orders fast-tracked |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-us-defence-talks-on-tejas-engine-deliveries-follow-on-orders-fast-tracked-2769505-2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> while the contract for 97 Tejas Mark 1A was cleared by the CCS on 19 August 2025 for {{INRConvert|66500|c|lk=|year=2025}}.<ref name=":63">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-08-20 |title=Acquisition of another 97 Tejas, 6 AEW&C aircraft gets CCS nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/acquisition-of-another-97-tejas-6-aewc-aircraft-gets-ccs-nod/articleshow/123395422.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
**'''25 September 2025''' — The agreement was signed one day prior to the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21#Retirement|retirement of MiG-21]] on September 26 and was valued at {{INRConvert|62370|c|lk=|year=2024}}.{{Efn|The contract value excludes taxes}} Along with related equipment, the 97 jets would consist of 29 twin-seaters and 68 fighters. The delivery is expected to start in 2027–2028 and conclude in the next six years. In comparison to the 2021 deal, this order will include 67 additional items and more than 64% indigenous content. These jets will incorporate control surface [[actuators]], [[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre#Swayam Raksha Kavach EW System|Swayam Raksha Kavach EW Suite]], and [[Uttam AESA Radar]].<ref name="Order"/><ref>{{Cite press release |title=MoD signs Rs. 62,370 crore contract with HAL for procurement of 97 LCA Mk1A aircraft for IAF |date=2025-09-25 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2171108 |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref><ref name=":68">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-09-25 |title=Govt inks deal with HAL for 97 new Tejas Mk1A; previous order's deliveries likely to begin next yr |url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-inks-deal-with-hal-for-97-new-tejas-mk1a-previous-orders-deliveries-likely-to-begin-next-yr/2751081/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
**'''October 2025''' — HAL is expected to place an additional order for 113 F404 engines worth $1 billion this month. The contract signing was earlier expected in September.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-08-26 |title=India readies $1 billion deal for additional GE engines from the US |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-readies-1-billion-deal-for-additional-ge-engines-from-the-us/articleshow/123530706.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":69">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-01 |title=Boost for Tejas fleet: HAL receives 4th GE engine; $1 billion follow-on order likely in October |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-tejas-fleet-hal-receives-4th-ge-engine-1-billion-follow-on-order-likely-in-october/articleshow/124249707.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
**'''7 November 2025''' — A contract for 113 F404 engines and the related support package, valued at about {{INRConvert|8870|c|0}}, was signed. Delivery are scheduled to start in 2027 and will conclude by 2032.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-07 |title=HAL inks $1-billion deal with GE Aerospace for 113 jet engines to power Tejas fighters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-inks-1-billion-deal-with-ge-aerospace-for-113-jet-engines-to-power-tejas-fighters/article70254214.ece |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Jocelyn |date=2025-11-07 |title=HAL signs deal with GE Aerospace for 113 jet engines for Tejas light combat aircraft programme: What we know |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hal-signs-deal-ge-aerospace-procure-97-jet-engines-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-programme-what-detail-supply-2032-defence-11762523850255.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
**'''Delivery schedule''' — As per a report by [[Moneycontrol]] on 19 November 2025, the first batch of eight Mark 1A aircraft is expected to be delivered within the next 24–36 months. Additionally, HAL plans to deliver three major [[tranche]] of 24 aircraft to be delivered following months 37, 49 and 61 with the final batch of 12 aircraft to be delivered between month 73 and 84. Hence, the delivery timeline is expected to end in late 2032.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Meghna |date=2025-11-19 |title=Hindustan Aeronautics to begin delivery of 8 Tejas Mk1A jets in next 24–36 months |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/hindustan-aeronautics-to-begin-delivery-of-8-tejas-mk1a-jets-in-next-24-36-months-13684698.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why HAL's LCA Tejas Mk1A rollout will start slow despite the major engine deal with GE |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/11/19/why-hals-lca-tejas-mk1a-rollout-will-start-slow-despite-the-major-engine-deal-with-ge.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== Production lines ===

# '''[[Bengaluru]] Plant I:''' HAL's first Tejas production line is situated at [[Bangalore]] near [[HAL Airport]]. The production line was set up at a cost of {{INRConvert|1556|c|lk=on|year=2014}}, with HAL holding 50% stake and the rest held by IAF and Navy. First serial production aircraft delivered in 2015 with production rate of 8 per year.<ref name=":57">{{Cite news |date=2015-01-18 |title=32 years on, HAL finally hands over Tejas to IAF; induction still far away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/32-years-on-hal-finally-hands-over-tejas-to-iaf-induction-still-far-away/articleshow/45926568.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-03 |title=First Tejas rolls out |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/first-tejas-rolls-out-114100300044_1.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
# '''Bengaluru Plant II:''' In March 2017, Government of India sanctioned {{INRConvert|1381.04|c|lk=off|year=2017}} for setting up an additional production line under Aircraft Division, HAL. This would increase the production capacity from 8 to 16. Production of sub-components like Front Fuselage, Centre Fuselage, Rear Fuselage, Wings were outsourced to private partners.<ref name="Orders" /> The production plant was inaugurated by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]], on 2 February 2021.<ref name=":61" />
# '''[[Nashik Airport|Nashik]] Plant:''' On 5 April 2023, the then [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Giridhar Aramane]], laid the foundation stone for a third production line at HAL, Nashik with an investment of over {{INRConvert|150|c|lk=off|year=2023}}. This would bring the total production capacity from 16 to 24 aircraft annually. The production of aircraft at this plant would start from October 2024<ref name="Aramane">{{cite web |author= |date=7 April 2023 |title=Defence Secretary Aramane inaugurates new production line for Tejas jets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-secretary-aramane-inaugurates-new-production-line-for-tejas-jets/articleshow/99323743.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413040315/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-secretary-aramane-inaugurates-new-production-line-for-tejas-jets/articleshow/99323743.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2023-04-07 |title=Defence Secretary Aramane inaugurates new production line for Tejas jets |url=https://theprint.in/india/defence-secretary-aramane-inaugurates-new-production-line-for-tejas-jets/1504996/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> with the first example then expected by the end of April 2025.<ref name=":60">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-16 |title=HAL's Nashik unit to roll out first Light Combat Aircraft Mk1A by April-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/hals-nashik-unit-to-roll-out-first-light-combat-aircraft-mk1a-by-april-end/articleshow/119084851.cms |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first Tejas Mk 1A took its first flight on 17 October 2024 after being inaugurated by the Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh.<ref name=":74">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-17 |title=First Tejas-Mk1A from Nashik completes maiden flight; gets water cannon salute — Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-tejas-mk1a-from-nashik-completes-maiden-flight-induction-to-take-time/articleshow/124622119.cms |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":75">{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-10-17 |title=LCA Tejas Mk1A manufactured in Nashik plant of HAL completes maiden flight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-mk1a-manufactured-in-nashik-plant-of-hal-completes-maiden-flight/article70174483.ece |access-date=2025-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
##The facility is spread on {{Convert|1300000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and employs 30 structural assembly jigs for all major aircraft modules like the centre fuselage, front fuselage, rear fuselage, wings and air intake. The facility outsources 40% of its workshare to private firms and plans to enhance annual aircraft output to 10 in two years.<ref name=":73">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-10-08 |title=After delays, IAF set to receive first Tejas Mk1A fighter jet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-set-to-receive-first-tejas-mk1a-as-fighter-jet-shortage-persists/article70140091.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015151025/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-set-to-receive-first-tejas-mk1a-as-fighter-jet-shortage-persists/article70140091.ece |archive-date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2025-10-17 |title=1st Light Combat Aircraft from HAL's Nashik line to be unveiled to Defence Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hals-nashik-line-produces-first-mark-1a-fighter-jet-will-be-observed-by-rajnath-singh-2804336-2025-10-17 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
# '''Nashik Plant II:''' HAL also plans to setup another production line at Nashik to ramp up production capacity from 24 to 32 as reported on 10 January 2025. The line can start production within one and a half years of sanction.<ref name=":56">{{Cite web |title=HAL plans fourth assembly line for Tejas jets at Nashik to make up for delivery delay |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//india/hal-plans-fourth-assembly-line-for-tejas-jets-to-make-up-for-delivery-delay-3349987 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The establishment of the plant is subject to a regular supply of GE engines.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Good news for Indian Air Force! Flight clearance for Tejas MK1A at HAL Nashik paves way for ramped-up production |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/good-news-for-indian-air-force-flight-clearance-for-tejas-mk1a-at-hal-nashik-paves-way-for-ramped-up-production-13438279.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref>

=== Delivery ===

==== Mark 1 contracts ====
On 1 October 2014, LCA-SP1 aircraft took the first flight. On 17 January 2015 the aircraft was delivered to the Indian Air Force. Left head till then flow on 5 sorties to test various equipment. Due to delays in production the cost per aircraft rose from {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=on|year=2006}} in 2006 to {{INRConvert|160|c|lk=off|year=2015}} in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-17 |title=India finally gets indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-finally-gets-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/45920922.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the aircraft was not be inducted into a squadron till 2016 until sufficient numbers were delivered by HAL. The aircraft would also require additional flight hours before induction. Expected delivery timeline was as follows: SP-2 in March, up to SP-5 by June, up to SP-8 by March 2016; completing a total of 8 aircraft.<ref name=":57" />

The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''(Flying Daggers)'', the first Tejas squadron, was operationalised in July 2016. It is based in [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=10 July 2011 |title=IAF begins establishing first LCA squadron |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220172310/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

When the first order was placed in 2006, it was expected that ADA would receive Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by 2008. Induction was scheduled by December 2011. However, IOC was originally received in December 2013 and the first IOC variant was delivered in FY2016-17.<ref name="Orders" />

As of 11 February 2019, 12 IOC aircraft were delivered with 4 due to be delivered by March 2019. Also, on 31 December 2018, ADA has handed over Drawing Applicability List (DAL) and Equipment Standard of Preparation (SOP) documents, for FOC configuration to HAL for production. The production and delivery of 8 Tejas Trainer would start after design clearance by ADA.<ref name="Orders" />

The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron, [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|Squadron 18]], was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]] on 27 May 2020.<ref name="tejas2sq">{{cite web |last=Dinakar |first=Peri |date=19 May 2020 |title=We hope to sign the deal for 83 LCA-Mk1A within next three months, says Bhadauria |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-hope-to-sign-the-deal-for-83-lca-mk1a-within-next-three-months-says-bhadauria/article31618828.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605155116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-hope-to-sign-the-deal-for-83-lca-mk1a-within-next-three-months-says-bhadauria/article31618828.ece |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The first front fuselage of Tejas Mk1 FOC aircraft for the second order was delivered by Dynamatic Technologies on 2 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=India HAL gets first front fuselage for Tejas FOC variant from Dynamatic Technologies |url=https://defence.capital/2020/11/02/india-hal-gets-first-front-fuselage-for-tejas-foc-variant-from-dynamatic-technologies/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Defence.Capital |language=en-US}}</ref>

By August 2023, the delivery of all 32 single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft (IOC and FOC) were completed.<ref name="BS-230823"/>

[[File:HAL Tejas MK1A Aero India 2025.jpg|thumb|Tejas MK1 at [[Aero India]] 2025]]

The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=First series production Tejas aircraft successfully completes first flight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/first-series-production-tejas-aircraft-first-flight-8542796/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.<ref name=":45">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=IAF gets first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL in boost for 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-gets-first-lca-tejas-twin-seater-aircraft-from-hal-in-boost-for-aatmanirbhar-bharat/articleshow/104156488.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=HAL hands over first Tejas trainer to IAF |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-hands-over-first-tejas-trainer-to-iaf |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> Next trainer variant delivery expected by 31 March.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=Hindustan Aeronautics set to deliver 1st LCA Mark1A jets to Air Force by March 31 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindustan-aeronautics-set-to-deliver-1st-lca-mark1a-jets-to-air-force-by-march-31-2516542-2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=HAL working towards delivering first LCA Mark-1A fighter to IAF by March 31, looking to deliver twin-seater trainer jet too |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/hal-working-towards-delivering-first-lca-mark-1a-fighter-to-iaf-by-march-31-looking-to-deliver-twin-seater-trainer-jet-too20240318224739/ |website=ANI}}</ref>

As of 18 September 2024, 4 trainer aircraft have been delivered to IAF while the rest of 4 are to be delivered by March 2025.<ref name=":54" />

As of 10 January 2025, 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.<ref name=":56" /> On 11 January 2025, the last of the 40 Tejas - LT-5208 - took its first flight.<ref name="X-27032422">{{cite twitter |number=1878014115035091185 |user=FighterPiloting |title=LCA Tejas #40 LT5208 |date=2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref><ref name="X-2703242">{{cite twitter |number=1878106840686330246 |user=OsintTV |title=40th LCA Tejas - LT5208 |date=2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref>

As of 5 February 2025, the final two trainer aircraft remains undelivered since they are yet to meet the Air Service Qualitative Requirements (ASQRs) of the IAF.<ref name=":40" />

==== First Mark 1A contract delays ====
As of February 2021, three units of Tejas Mk 1A was to be delivered in the third year from contract signing (2024) followed by a production rate of 16 aircraft per year for five years, completing deliveries within eight years of contract signing. The first aircraft will have an indigenous content of 50% which will be elevated to 60% by the end of contract.<ref name=":61" />

As of October 2022, the delivery date of the first aircraft was reportedly scheduled on 3 February 2024 with three aircraft to be delivered by 31 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=21 October 2022 |title=On track to deliver Tejas Mark 1A in 16 months: HAL chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/on-track-to-deliver-tejas-mark-1a-in-16-months-hal-chief-443564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023061628/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/on-track-to-deliver-tejas-mark-1a-in-16-months-hal-chief-443564 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Tribune India |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, it was reported that the IAF has plans to raise the first squadron of Tejas Mark 1A at [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=10 December 2023 |title=First LCA Mark1A fighter aircraft squadron to be deployed at Nal air base |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/first-lca-mark1a-fighter-aircraft-squadron-to-be-deployed-at-nal-air-base20231210182529/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=ANI}}</ref> Later in June 2024, it was confirmed that [[No. 3 Squadron IAF|No. 3 Squadron]] and [[No. 23 Squadron IAF|No. 23 Squadron]] would be the first units to operate the Mk 1A variant replacing their in-service [[MiG 21]]s.<ref name=":50" />

The delivery of F-404 engines, which were scheduled to begin from February 2024 have been delayed, due to supply chain issues, as claimed by [[General Electric|GE]].<ref name="Hindu-29102024">{{cite web |author=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=29 October 2024 |title=General Electric may deliver F-404 engines by March or April; India invokes penalty clause |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/penalty-clause-invoked-against-general-electric-for-engine-delays-for-lca-mk1a/article68809690.ece |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The delivery of the first aircraft itself was shifted to the end of March 2024.<ref name="theprint.in">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Tejas Mk-1A carries out maiden flight but delivery to IAF delayed. Here's why |url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-mk-1a-carries-out-maiden-flight-but-delivery-to-iaf-delayed-heres-why/2018740/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> By then, the IAF's latest requests for software upgrades and minor design changes caused the delay in delivery timeline, according to sources within the military and defence establishment. Also, a number of certifications were pending. The delivery of essential components that were ordered from Israel, Russia and Ukraine have also been delayed due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. All of which is impacting the production and delivery schedule.<ref name="theprint.in" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=HAL delays delivery of first Tejas Mk 1A to mid-2024 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-delays-delivery-of-first-tejas-mk-1a-to-mid-2024 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] asked HAL in May to deliver at least 18 Tejas Mk 1A by March 2025 and the entire 180 jets (including later 97 Tejas Mk 1A order) within 10 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=2024-05-15 |title=MoD asks HAL to deliver 18 Tejas Mark-1A jets by next year |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/mod-asks-hal-to-deliver-18-tejas-mark-1a-jets-by-next-year-621598 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1790978319674147295 |user=ajaynewsman |title=#Tejas MoD asks HAL to meet contract deadline of 18 jets by March 2025. Supply chain issues being resolved. HAL needa to make 180 Tejas in 10 years. @thetribunechd @IAF_MCC @HALHQBLR |first=Ajay |last=Banerjee |date=2024-05-16}}</ref> Subsequently, the delivery dates were shifted several times from February 2024 to July-end (as of May),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Indian Air Force's first LCA Mark 1A fighter aircraft set for July delivery, HAL accelerates indigenous aircraft program |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-air-forces-first-lca-mark-1a-fighter-aircraft-set-for-july-delivery-hal-accelerates-indigenous-aircraft-program/articleshow/110183977.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Supply chain issues delay deliveries of LCA-Mk1A jets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supply-chain-issues-delay-deliveries-of-lca-mk1a-jets/article68348732.ece |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to 15 August (as of July)<ref name=":51">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Amid delays, HAL now aiming to deliver first LCA Mark 1A by August 15; GE engine supplies to start by September |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/amid-delays-hal-now-aiming-to-deliver-first-lca-mark-1a-by-august-15-ge-engine-supplies-to-start-by-september/articleshow/111681003.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and again to November (as of August).<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-08-03 |title=Despite engine delays, production of indigenous LCA jets on |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/despite-engine-delays-production-of-indigenous-lca-jets-on/articleshow/112252308.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17227329375260&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/despite-engine-delays-production-of-indigenous-lca-jets-on/articleshow/112252308.cms |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In August, the first aircraft was undergoing critical flight tests with weapons trials to be expected soon while the second was in high speed taxi trials phase. The next 4 units were in advanced stages of production. HAL then planned to manufacture at least 14 airframes in "ready-to-go state" by the [[fiscal year]] in order to ensure swift engine integration and aircraft deliveries within few weeks after arrival of new engines.<ref name=":52" />

Again, in September 2024, [[Denmark]] prohibited the export of engine charge amplifiers, previously installed on Tejas Mk 1, resulting in further delays of Tejas Mk 1A deliveries. Later, HAL assigned a Bengaluru-based company to indigenously develop the component which would then be tested before integration. This is a crucial component tasked to sense engine temperature and adjust operation accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-09-18 |title=Not just engines, Tejas Mk-1A delivery could be hit over key Danish part, now on export blacklist |url=https://theprint.in/defence/not-just-engines-tejas-mk-1a-delivery-could-be-hit-over-key-danish-part-now-on-export-blacklist/2272527/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The same month, a report suggested that the fighter aircraft's Israeli software integration being finished and is undergoing final trials and deliveries could begin from October 2024. The delivery could begin with Category B engines, referring to the engines previously used or procured from GE. The F404-IN20 engine delivery had been shifted to arrive in November 2024.<ref name=":55">{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-09-18 |title=Indian Air Force set to receive Tejas Mk 1A Combat Aircraft next month after delays in engine delivery |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-air-force-set-to-receive-tejas-mk-1a-combat-aircraft-next-month-after-delays-in-engine-delivery/articleshow/113446592.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

There was an additional problem for the delivery. [[General Electric]] had closed down the production line of F404-IN20 at [[Lynn, Massachusetts]] engines earlier without further prospects of orders from India and the first engine was yet to be delivered even in October 2024. First engine delivery dates were delayed to September 2024 as of then and followed by a production rate of two per month.<ref name=":51"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2024-07-12 |title=GE Aerospace says working with HAL to fix new Tejas LCA engine supply delay |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ge-aerospace-says-working-with-hal-to-fix-delay-in-supply-of-engine-for-tejas-lca-101720787506339-amp.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> By November, engine deliveries was delayed by 10 months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2023-11-08 |title=At India-US 2+2 ministerial dialogue on Friday, India likely to take up F404 engines supply delay |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/at-india-us-22-ministerial-dialogue-on-friday-india-likely-to-take-up-f404-engines-supply-delay/article67513428.ece |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Engine deliveries were again shifted to April 2025 though uncertainties remained. The reason for delay was cited as supply chain issues since a South Korean firm with financial issues failed to deliver certain components of the engine. HAL had 5-6 aircraft ready for delivery. The Mk 1A is in the final stages of trials before delivery.<ref name="Hindu-29102024"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-10-29 |title=GE to deliver Tejas engines by April 2025, MoD says 'no proposal under consideration to impose penalty' |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-imposes-penalties-on-ge-for-2-yr-delay-in-delivery-of-tejas-engines-delivery-to-start-by-april/2333021/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF may get the LCA-Mk1A by mid 2025; Govt works on new procurement model for multi role combat jets |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/lca-mk1a-induction-into-iaf-unlikely-before-mid-2025-3254518 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Following the orders, a lengthy process of sorting out supply chain problems was undertaken and the F404 production line at [[Boston]] restarted by late 2024 to enable deliveries after a stagnation of 5 years.<ref name=":532">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-25 |title=HAL to start trial of new Tejas fighter jet in January next year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-to-start-trial-of-new-tejas-fighter-jet-in-january-next-year-101735068257239.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HAL set for LCA Tejas Mk1A missile and radar trials. When will Indian Air Force finally get the fighter jet? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2024/12/26/hal-set-for-lca-tejas-mk1a-missile-and-radar-trials-when-will-indian-air-force-finally-get-the-fighter-jet.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> As of 10 January 2025, GE had a backlog of 26 engines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-01-02 |title=The race for fighters: the IAF's dilemma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-race-for-fighters-the-iafs-dilemma/article69049922.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":56" />

As of late December, further critical trials of Tejas Mk 1A using Category B F404 engines were to commence in January 2025 as a part of a [[contingency plan]]. The new deadline for delivery of first aircraft was set for 31 March 2025. The older engines would be replaced once the new engines are delivered. The trials will also include [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk1]] [[Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile|beyond visual range air-to-air missiles]] (BVRAAM), [[EL/M-2052]] and indigenous [[Electronic Warfare]] Suite ([[radar warning receiver]] and advanced self-protection jammer). The aircraft will be delivered after certain certifications are done.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Tejas Mk1A project: Engine delay forces defence firm to invoke contingency plan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-turns-category-b-engine-delayed-gef404-engines-slow-down-tejas-mk1a-fighter-jet-project-2631228-2024-11-10 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":532"/>

As of 6 February 2025, HAL had three Tejas Mk 1A aircraft "ready in the flight line" with another two to be prepared by March–April. Deliveries were expected within few days after GE starts engine deliveries in March. Integration of EW Suite and radars was complete while trials of Astra missiles form these jets was expected soon. GE "promised" to deliver 12 engines in 2025-26 starting in March 2025 with 20 engines to be delivered from 2026-27 onwards. Tejas delivery rate will depend on the revised engine delivery schedules. Meanwhile, Nashik line is reportedly operational and the first Tejas Mk 1A is planned to roll out in one or two months.<ref name=":58">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-06 |title=India plans to crank up Tejas production to stem IAF's depletion in fighters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-plans-to-crank-up-tejas-production-to-stem-iafs-depletion-in-fighters/articleshow/117967197.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-02-10 |title=Deliveries of light combat Tejas jets to commence by March, confirms official |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aero-india-deliveries-of-light-combat-jets-to-commence-by-march-confirms-defence-official-sanjeev-kumar-2677709-2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Secretary of Defence Production Sanjeev Kumar stated during [[Aero India]]'s [[List of Aero India Editions#15th edition (2025)|2025 edition]] that Tejas' production line was stabilized, both with HAL and GE engines, and that Tejas' supply will follow the original plan starting in 2025–2026 when 16 to 24 jets would be delivered.<ref name=":59" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-02-09 |title=LCA Tejas supply as originally planned from 2025-26: Defence Secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-supply-as-originally-planned-from-2025-26-defence-secretary/article69200291.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 9 March 2025, the first rear [[fuselage]] for Tejas Mk 1A was delivered to HAL by Alpha Tocol Engineering Services. Also, 12 rear fuselages manufactured by HAL was also ready on production line.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-10 |title='Make in India' boost as private company produces key Tejas component |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/118824830.cms |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-09 |title=First rear fuselage for LCA Mk1A manufactured by Indian private sector handed over to HAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/first-rear-fuselage-for-lca-mk1a-manufactured-by-indian-private-sector-handed-over-to-hal/article69309813.ece |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 16 March 2025, the first Tejas Mk 1A from the Nashik (Ozar) production line is expected to be rolled out in April.<ref name=":60" /> On 22 March, a report confirmed that, after two years of delay, the General Electric was preparing to deliver the first engine by March-end from the contracted 99 GE F404-IN20 engines as it was undergoing flight tests in their [[testbed aircraft]]. Further, GE plans to deliver a total of 12 engines in 2025 followed by a steady rate of only 20 engines per year from 2026 onwards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-22 |title=GE to deliver first of 99 F-404 engines for Tejas MK 1A by March-end |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ge-to-deliver-first-of-99-f-404-engines-for-tejas-mk-1a-by-marchend-101742615337284.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

After a two-year delay from the anticipated timeframes, the first of 99 F404-IN20 engines was rolled out from GE's factory on 25 March 2025, signaling the start of deliveries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=Delivering for India Today and Into the Future |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/articles/delivering-india-today-and-future |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=GE Aerospace|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-03-26 |title=US aerospace giant delivers first of Tejas Mk1A engines, ends 2-year delay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-ge-aerospace-delivers-tejas-fighter-jet-engines-hal-delay-air-force-chief-ap-singh-2699298-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The engine will be further tested at the HAL plant when it arrives in India in April. HAL produced three aircraft in 2025, will receive twelve engines from GE, and plans to produce eleven more aircraft by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-03-26 |title=After delays, GE Aerospace announces delivery of jet engines for Tejas LCA-Mk1A |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-delays-ge-aerospace-announces-delivery-of-jet-engines-for-tejas-lca-mk1a/article69376400.ece |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 30 March, Tejas Mk 1A was undergoing extra firing and EW trials. Also, the first Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be delivered from Nashik facility in the first quarter of FY 2025–26 after the HAL gets physical possession of the first engine in India in early April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-03-30 |title=HAL to hand over first LCA Mk-1A to IAF in first quarter of FY26 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-lca-mk-1a-to-be-handed-over-to-iaf-in-first-quarter-of-fy26/article69392957.ece |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Tejas Mk 1A failed an Astra Mk1 trial during the trials.<ref name=":67" />

On 30 May, the first centre fuselage by [[Hyderabad]]-based VEM Technologies for Tejas Mk 1A was delivered to HAL. Another assembly jig to manufacture the component has also been cleared. The centre fuselage of the aircraft is a [[semi-monocoque]] construction with both metallic and [[carbon fiber composite]] material.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title=VEM Tech to hand over Centre Fuselage Assembly for LCA Tejas to HAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-to-hand-over-centre-fuselage-assembly-for-lca-tejas-to-hal/article69621206.ece |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=First Centre Fuselage for LCA Tejas Mk 1A Handed Over to HAL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132890 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> This was followed by the delivery of second centre fuselage on 4 September 2025. Each unit needs a total of 1,595 parts to be manufactured before they are assembled. HAL officials inspect every component at every stage of their production. The firm is scheduled to deliver a total of five fuselage units by year-end.<ref name=":64">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=Hyderabad-based VEM Technologies delivers second centre fuselage for Tejas Mk1A in record three months |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-based-vem-technologies-delivers-second-centre-fuselage-for-tejas-mk1a-in-record-three-months |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":65">{{Cite web |agency=ANI |date=2025-09-05 |title=Second made-in-India centre fuselage for LCA Tejas Mk1A handed over to HAL |url=https://theprint.in/india/second-made-in-india-centre-fuselage-for-lca-tejas-mk1a-handed-over-to-hal/2736686/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of June 2025, the first aircraft is now expected to be delivered by the end of the month from the Nashik plant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=Days after IAF chief flags timeline delays, HAL set to deliver first Tejas Mk 1A aircraft from Nashik facility by June end - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/days-after-iaf-chief-flags-timeline-delays-hal-set-to-deliver-first-tejas-mk-1a-aircraft-from-nashik-facility-by-june-end-478765-2025-06-03 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Operation Sindoor effect? India to receive Tejas Mk1 A variant fighter jet with new Israeli scan tech |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/operation-sindoor-effect-india-to-induct-tejas-a1-variant-fighter-jet-with-new-israeli-scan-tech-13895926.html |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Further, HAL chief revealed that the company has six jets ready on the production line, all of which are to be delivered to IAF by March 2026. Also, 12 engines in addition to the one delivered so far are expected to be delivered by General Electric to HAL within the same timeframe while the latter also expects to deliver 16 jets in fiscal year 2026-27 given that there is a steady engine supply from GE.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-24 |title=Indian Air Force to get at least 6 Tejas light combat aircraft in 2026, says HAL |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-air-force-to-get-at-least-6-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-in-2026-says-hal-101750756200180.html |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-06-24 |title=Indian Air Force to get at least 6 Tejas jets by March: HAL chief Sunil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-air-force-to-get-at-least-6-tejas-jets-by-march-hal-chief-sunil/article69731359.ece |access-date=2025-06-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 8 July, PK Mishra, principal secretary to the Prime Minister, visited the HAL's LCA Tejas Assembly Hangar and Aerospace Division to review the progress of the programme. Mishra was shown that six Tejas Mk 1A single-seat and two twin-seat trainer variants on the assembly line fitted with "some other test engines" which would be replaced by GE F404-IN20 engines when delivered. Additionally, the two new engines will reportedly arrive in the same month, as per reports.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Principal Secretary to the PM, Dr P K Mishra Visits Key Indigenous Projects at HAL |date=2025-07-08 |publisher=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |url=https://hal-india.co.in/media-details/principal-secretary-to-the-pm-dr-p-k-mishra-visits-key-indigenous-projects-at-hal%2F |access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=HAL Progress Check: PMO Reviews Tejas Jet Status Amid Engine Supply Lag |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/amid-ges-delayed-engine-deliveries-pmo-reviews-tejas-progress-3623223 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]] also confirmed that GE will deliver two engines per month from July 2025 to March 2026. The next engine is to be delivered by the end of the month. While HAL has limited Category B engines, these available engines are being rotated among new aircraft to conduct test flights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=LCA Tejas on fast track: GE to supply two F404 engines a month; India plans to buy Javelin missiles, Stryker vehicles, says Def Secy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lca-tejas-on-fast-track-ge-to-supply-two-f404-engines-a-month-india-plans-to-buy-javelin-missiles-stryker-vehicles-says-def-secy/articleshow/122429275.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 13 July, it was reported that the second engine had been dispatched for delivery to HAL. The unit reached India on 14 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Second GE F404 Engine Delivery Boosts LCA Mk1A Production |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2025/07/14/ge-f404-engine-delivery-lca-mk1a-2/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Alpha Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=India gets second GE-404 engine for LCA MK-1A, to receive 12 more by end of current fiscal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-gets-second-ge-404-engine-for-lca-mk-1a-to-receive-12-more-by-end-of-current-fiscal/articleshow/122493223.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Additionally, [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T) completed the construction of the first pair of private sector-manufactured wings. Reportedly, the official delivery was be undertaken with a ceremony on 17 July at Precision Engineering & Systems Complex of [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Meanwhile, the three sections of the fuselage have been already delivered by the respective private sector counterparts. With almost the entire aero structure produced by private sector companies, HAL will remain the final integrator and will ensure the assembly, testing, and certification of Tejas at its Final Assembly Lines at Nashik and Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=L&T Prepares First Private-Sector Wings of Tejas |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2025/07/15/first-private-sector-wings-of-tejas-by-lt/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Alpha Defense|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-17 |title=HAL receives first set of wing assemblies for LCA Mk1A from L&T |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2145547 |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> As reported on 28 July, the aircraft were moving towards its "next phase" and is ready to "roll out". The testing of [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk1]] [[Braamfontein|BVRAAM]] is scheduled for early August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-28 |title=Tejas Mk 1A set for missile test ahead of IAF delivery |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/tejas-mk-1a-set-for-missile-test-ahead-of-iaf-delivery/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 August, the Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA) approved the flight clearance for the Tejas Mk 1A aircraft produced by HAL's Nashik division. The Additional Director General, AQA, also formally handed over the Flight Clearance Document to the executive director of the Nashik division. The Office of the Additional Director General (OADG), a field establishment of DGAQA, in Nashik was also responsible for the [[Transfer of Technology]] of LCA Mk 1A to the Nashik division.<ref name=":62" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=LCA Tejas Mk1A major update: DGAQA grants crucial flight clearance to fighter jet at HAL Nashik |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/08/11/lca-tejas-mk1a-major-update-dgaqa-grants-crucial-flight-clearance-to-fighter-jet-at-hal-nashik.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> As of 19 August, the first two of the jets were "fully ready" and their final weapons trial was due by September.<ref name=":63" />

The third engine is scheduled to be delivered in August as per GE's revised delivery timeline of one engine per month, followed by two engines monthly from October onwards.<ref name=":4" /> However, GE missed its scheduled delivery of two units in the month and has committed to deliver three to five engineers by October.<ref name=":66">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=GE Misses LCA Engine Delivery; Tejas Mk-1A Production Faces Delays |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ge-misses-lca-engine-delivery-in-august-lca-tejas-mk-1a-production-yet-to-pick-up-speed-3714317 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

As of 30 August, 10 airframes of Tejas Mk 1A are ready with 2 of them equipped with newly delivered engines, including one from the Nashik plant.<ref name=":66" /> As of now, both of them are expected to be delivered by September-end and it is only after the delivery of two aircraft that the contract of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A would be signed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Tejas fighter jets: First two Mark 1A variants may be delivered by September end, says Defence Secretary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-fighter-jets-first-two-mark-1a-variants-may-be-delivered-by-september-end-says-defence-secretary/articleshow/123597754.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In early September, the dates were again pushed to October, still subject to the jets' weapons trials, including Astra missile, [[ASRAAM]] and [[Sudarshan laser-guided bomb|laser-guided bomb]] trials, which is underway<ref name=":66" /> is completed in September itself.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":65" />

The third engine to HAL was delivered on 11 September with another engine to be supplied by month end. An overall of 12 engines are to be delivered in this fiscal year. In the current year, the Nashik plant could prepare 3-4 aircraft with the numbers reaching 8 units from the following year. Also, the private sector supply chain will enhance HAL's annual production capacity by 6 aircraft to 30.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-11 |title=HAL receives 3rd GE engine for Tejas Mk-1A fighter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-received-3rd-ge-engine-for-tejas-mk-1a-fighter/articleshow/123829136.cms |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of 16 September, there are overall 24 airframes in the production lines combined of which eight are ready for delivery while two have been integrated with the new engines. Seven further engines would be delivered to HAL this year followed by 20 units next year. The two aircraft began their weapons trials involving ASRAAM missiles in the country's eastern sector which will be followed by Astra trials. After the Astra firing from Tejas Mk 1A in late March failed, the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL]] was compelled to undertake certain software tweaks to address the shortcomings and HAL is now awaiting approval from [[CEMILAC]]'s safety review board to continue with its trials.<ref name=":67" /> As of 25 September, it was reported that the deliveries could be delayed until the first quarter of 2026. This is because of the Air Force's mandate of accepting only fully ready fighter aircraft with four distinct validations including firing validation of specialised munitions, integration of Electronic Warfare suite among others. However, these validations is not complete yet.<ref name=":68" />

As on 30 September, the maiden flight of the first aircraft from the Nashik plant is expected in October.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-09-30 |title=HAL awaits fourth GE-404 engine for Tejas Mk1A, first flight expected in October |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hal-awaits-fourth-ge-404-engine-for-tejas-mk1a-first-flight-expected-in-october-2795432-2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 1 October, the fourth engine was delivered to HAL.<ref name=":69" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-01 |title=HAL receives fourth GE-F404-IN20 engine for LCA Mark-1 form US' GE Aerospace |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-receives-fourth-ge-f404-in20-engine-for-lca-mark-1-form-us-ge-aerospace/articleshow/124247249.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roushan |first=Anurag |date=2025-10-01 |title=HAL receives fourth GE-F404 fighter jet engine for LCA Tejas Mk1A from US |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hal-receives-fourth-ge-f404-in20-fighter-jet-engine-for-lca-mark-1-from-ge-aerospace-of-the-united-states-indian-air-force-2025-10-01-1010845 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> By 3 October, the weapons firing trials of the first two aircraft was completed, which included Astra and ASRAAM missiles trials, and were ready to be delivered following necessary certifications.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-03 |title='Hungry mouths are ready, waiting for the food now': IAF chief ahead of Tejas delivery |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/hungry-mouths-are-ready-waiting-for-the-food-now-iaf-chief-ahead-of-tejas-delivery-13939057.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113709/https://www.firstpost.com/india/hungry-mouths-are-ready-waiting-for-the-food-now-iaf-chief-ahead-of-tejas-delivery-13939057.html |archive-date=3 October 2025 |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=Firstpost |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":71">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-10-15 |title=Tejas Mk1A to take off from Nashik on Friday, but Air Force still awaits delivery |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tejas-mk1a-to-take-off-from-nashik-on-friday-but-air-force-still-awaits-delivery-2803489-2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The third production line of Tejas Mk1A along with the second production line of [[HTT-40]] at HAL's Nashik facility was inaugurated by the Defence Minister on 17 October,<ref name=":74" /><ref name=":75" /> as was reported on 8 October.<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":71" /> The preceding production lines of both aircraft is based in Bengaluru. The first Mark 1A (LA-5043)<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-10-16 |title=HAL's third LCA Tejas production line in Nashik boosts India's indigenous aerospace capabilities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hals-third-lca-tejas-production-line-in-nashik-boosts-indias-indigenous-aerospace-capabilities/article70171985.ece |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> from the Nashik plant conducted its maiden flight and had already completed its assembly and pre-flight trials.<ref name=":72" /> A flying formation of Tejas, [[Su-30MKI]] and [[HTT-40]] was exhibited on the occasion. The Mark 1A aircraft also received a [[water cannon salute]].<ref name=":74" /><ref name=":75" /> Additionally, the first aircraft was expected to be delivered in the last week of the month,<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":71" /> along with the scheduled delivery of two engines within the month.<ref name=":71" />

The delivery deadline was again delayed to March 2026. Several Air Force officials reportedly expects further delays of over six months as multiple checks and pre-delivery procedures are due.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-10-29 |title=Uncertainty dogs delivery of upgraded LCA Mk1A fighter to IAF amid extension of deadline to March 2026 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/29/uncertainty-dogs-delivery-of-upgraded-lca-mk1a-fighter-to-iaf-amid-extension-of-deadline-to-march-2026 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Although HAL was scheduled to deliver 10 Tejas Mk 1A aircraft to the Indian Air Force in FY2025-26, the numbers were revised to five in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title=HAL revises LCA Mk-1A, basic trainer delivery targets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-revises-lca-mk-1a-basic-trainer-delivery-targets-101765479644922.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The second set of wings from Larsen & Toubro was delivered on 31 December 2025. The firm will supply four wing sets per annum which can be enhanced to 12 sets subject to demand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title=L&T TEJAS MK-1A Wing Delivery Signals Progress in India’s Indigenous Fighter Aircraft Program |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/defence/lt-delivers-second-set-indigenous-tejas-mk1a-wings-172929/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2006268456233230638 |user=DefenceDecode |title=L&T Precision Engineering & Systems (PES) has delivered the second set of wing assemblies for the #Tejas Mk1A program on December 30, 2025... |date=2025-12-31 |access-date=2026-01-01}}</ref>

The missile and firing trials are completed according to HAL chief as of 28 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Air Force to receive indigenous Tejas Mk1A jets amid delivery delays|url=https://telanganatoday.com/indian-air-force-to-receive-indigenous-tejas-mk1a-jets-amid-delivery-delays|website=Telangana Today|date=2026-01-28|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=|last=}}</ref> The trials included two missile launches and release of a [[laser-guided bomb]]. The Air Staff Qualitative Requirements (ASQR) certification and operational clearances, which are mandatory before formal induction, are still due. The SQRs include flight envelope validation, avionics and sensor integration, electronic warfare performance, reliability and maintainability parameters and operational suitability checks. HAL will approach IAF to take the deliveries within the fiscal year. Thereafter, IAF will decide on its acceptance and handover details.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HAL says five Tejas Mk-1A jets ready, but delivery to IAF may miss deadline again|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/30/hal-says-five-tejas-mk-1a-jets-ready-but-delivery-to-iaf-may-miss-deadline-again|website=The New Indian Express|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Javaria|last=Rana}}</ref>

As of 4 February, 15 airframes are in ready configuration state and will be joined by 5 more within this fiscal year. However, the Indian Air Force will reportedly review the Tejas Mk 1A programme in May before deciding on the acceptance of delivery of these planes. A detailed discussion on the same was done in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=Indian Air Force to review LCA Mark 1A aircraft project in May; deliveries may get delayed further |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-air-force-to-review-lca-mark-1a-aircraft-project-in-may-deliveries-may-get-delayed-further20260204212023/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> On 5 February, HAL further clarified through a [[press release]] that while five aircraft, "incorporating major contracted capabilities" as per the ASQR, are ready for deliveries, nine more have completed their first flights and awaits GE engine deliveries. Only five engines have been received as per the release and the design and development issues are being resolved in an "expedited manner".<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Clarification regarding LCA Mk1A Deliveries |date=2026-02-05 |publisher=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |url=https://hal-india.co.in/media-details/clarification-regarding-lca-mk1a-deliveries%2F |access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=2026-02-05 |title=First batch of 5 Tejas Mark 1-A jets ‘fully ready’, 9 others await engines from US: HAL |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/first-batch-of-5-tejas-mark-1-a-jets-fully-ready-9-others-await-engines-from-us-hal/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> However, [[Business Standard]] reported that the firm has sought some relaxations on the ASQR to meet the March 2026 deadline for five jets. Hence, even if the jets are delivered within the deadline, they will lack full operational capabilities. If the requests are partially agreed to the delays might extend to May, or even June–July if all the ASQR are to be met. The IAF has raised a list of operational and safety issues that needs to be sorted before acceptance of deliveries. One of the operational issue was the simultaneous functioning of the radar with the other systems including the electronic warfare suite.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=2026-02-05 |title=Tejas Mk1As unlikely to come with full capabilities by March: Sources |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/tejas-mk1as-unlikely-to-come-with-full-capabilities-by-march-sources-126020501898_1.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

On the first week of February, reports emerged revealing the post-coupling of 19th LCA Mk1A (LA-5051) have been completed and the airframe has been rolled out.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-07 |title=Tejas Mk1A LA-5051 Rolled Out |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2026/02/07/tejas-mk1a-la-5051-manufacturing-milestone/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=AlphaDefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

As reported on 21 February, the IAF has laid down a list of essentials before accepting the aircraft, however, it has agreed to some exemption of the contractual obligations after consulting with the defence ministry. The delivery is now expected the new [[fiscal year]]. This implies that the jets will incorporate some systems even after delivery. The essentials include the final missile firing trial, certification, full integration of radar and EW systems and the complete weapons package. HAL received the list of essential tasks in a meeting with HAL and IAF which it agreed to complete by April and followed by a few weeks-long acceptance trial by the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas jet deliveries expected after April as IAF, defence ministry agree on exemptions |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/defence/tejas-jet-deliveries-expected-after-april-as-iaf-defence-ministry-agree-on-exemptions/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Operational history==
The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016, at the fourth [[Bahrain International Airshow]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoyle|first=Craig|date=25 January 2016|title=Bahrain debut for export-ready Tejas fighter|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/bahrain-debut-for-export-ready-tejas-fighter/119434.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125133542/https://www.flightglobal.com/bahrain-debut-for-export-ready-tejas-fighter/119434.article|archive-date=25 January 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Exercise Garuda IAF Su-30 MKI, French Rafale, IAF Tejas.jpg|thumb|IAF [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30 MKI]], French [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]], IAF Tejas FOC during [[Exercise Garuda]] VII]]

On 26 January 2017, Tejas made its maiden appearance in the 68th [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] by joining in the fly-past over the [[Rajpath|Kartavya Path]] (then Rajpath) in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=|publisher=Livemint |date=2017-01-26 |title=Tejas makes Republic Day Parade debut: Here's what we know about the aircraft |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/EEFrFDVIc8qJH86k83IVRI/Tejas-makes-Republic-Day-Parade-debut-Heres-what-we-know-a.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.<ref name=":11"/> In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "[[Multirole combat aircraft#Swing-role|swing role]]" capability.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Vayu Shakti 2019: IAF's fire power will be demonstrated for the world on Saturday|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vayu-shakti-2019-iafs-fire-power-will-be-demonstrated-for-the-world-on-saturday/1487845/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030025650/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vayu-shakti-2019-iafs-fire-power-will-be-demonstrated-for-the-world-on-saturday/1487845/|archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the commanding officer of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] – [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight [[Air-to-air missile#Fifth generation|close combat missiles]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=5 April 2019|title=How Lima Deployment Marked New High For India's Tejas|newspaper=FlightGlobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-in-457001/|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929000734/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-indias-tejas/132030.article|archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> such as [[Python (missile)|Python-5]] and [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-28|title=LCA Tejas adds 5th gen air-to-air missile to its weapons capability|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|access-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022214843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|archive-date=22 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the Pakistani border ([[line of control]]). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2020 |title=IAF deploys LCA Tejas along Pakistan border amid tensions with China |url=https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-deploys-lca-tejas-along-pakistan-border-amid-tensions-with-china/484394/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115041623/https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-deploys-lca-tejas-along-pakistan-border-amid-tensions-with-china/484394/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=The Print}}</ref>

On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired [[Python-5]] high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat [[air-to-air missile]] and further validated enhanced capability of [[Rafael Derby|I-Derby ER]] (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.<ref name=":10"/>
IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and two [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster III]] aircraft, held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=India's indigenous LCA Tejas lands in UAE to take part in its first-ever foreign air exercise - details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indias-indigenous-lca-tejas-lands-in-uae-to-take-part-in-its-first-ever-foreign-air-exercise-details-article-98232078 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:HAL Tejas LSP7 during a maiden firing of Astra Mk1 missile.webm|thumb|Tejas LSP-7 firing [[Astra (missile)|Astra]] Mk1 missile]]

On 23 August 2023, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from HAL Tejas aircraft off the coast of [[Goa]] from an altitude of {{Convert|20000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. This is the first time when India test fire an indigenously developed BVRAAM from a homegrown fighter aircraft.<ref name="Astra">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile/article67227156.ece |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires indigenous ASTRA Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile off Goa coast |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1951428 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In December 2023, plans were revealed to deploy the first batch of Tejas Mk 1A in the [[Bikaner Airport|Nal airbase]] in Bikaner, [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force to deploy first Tejas Mark 1A aircraft squadron in Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-lca-tejas-mark-1a-bikaner-airbase-pakistan-border-defence-sector-2474299-2023-12-10 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=India Today |date=10 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[No. 3 Squadron IAF|No. 3 Squadron]] and [[No. 23 Squadron IAF|No. 23 Squadron]], the last and current operators of [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]], are expected to become the first operators of Tejas Mk 1A. Both the squadrons were deployed in Nal AFS by June 2024. The first delivery of Tejas Mk 1A is expected by November 2024.<ref name=":50">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2024-06-28 |title=IAF relocates MiG-21s to Nal base as it prepares to replace the fleet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-relocates-mig-21s-to-nal-base-as-it-prepares-to-replace-the-fleet-101719515430591.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":52" />

[[File:Tejas from Flying Bullets Squadron arrive to participate in Milan 2024.jpg|thumb|left|[[No. 18 Squadron IAF]] at [[INS Dega]] for [[Milan (naval exercise)|Milan Naval Exercise]] 2024]]

On 26 January 2024, on the occasion of 75th Republic Day of India, four Tejas took part in the parade fly-past held at [[Rajpath|Kartavya Path]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic day flypast: IAF fighter planes including Rafale, Sukhoi, Jaguar, Tejas dazzle spectators |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/75th-republic-day-flypast-iaf-fighter-planes-including-rafale-sukhoi-jaguar-tejas-dazzle-spectators-684071 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=WION |date=26 January 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref>

[[File:HAL_Tejas_(LA-5022)_of_Squadron_No._18_being_flown_by_Vice_chief_AP_Singh_during_Ex_Tarangshakti24.jpg|thumb|Tejas (LA-5022) of [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|Squadron No. 18]] piloted by [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|VCOAS]] [[Amar Preet Singh|AP Singh]] during Exercise Tarang Shakti 2024]]

HAL Tejas Mk 1 participated in the first phase of [[Exercise Tarang Shakti]] 2024. The jets were escorted by a formation of four HAL Tejas Mk 1 aircraft, one of which was piloted by [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]. The exercise began with Tejas intercepting German, French and Spanish jets as a part of the training exercise.<ref name=":210">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=India's first ever multinational air exercise 'Tarang Shakti' begins at Sulur Air Force Station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/indias-first-ever-multinational-air-exercise-tarang-shakti-begins-at-sulur-air-force-station/articleshow/112324197.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> HAL Tejas was assigned to the Red Force (hostile) as well as the Blue Force (friendly) and its capabilities were proved in both the cases. The jet also received appreciation from the foreign pilots who piloted them. On 13 August, the [[Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force|Chief of French Air Force]], General {{ill|Stéphane Mille|fr}} and the Chief of German Air Force [[Generalleutnant#Germany|Lieutenant General]] [[Ingo Gerhartz]] piloted HAL Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=LCA proved its mettle in Tarang Shakti drills, says IAF chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lca-proved-its-mettle-in-tarang-shakti-drills-says-iaf-chief-101723547971515.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The first production aircraft of Tejas Mk 1A was showcased at [[Aero India]] 2025.<ref name=":56" />

On 12 March 2025, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from a Tejas Mk1 prototype over the [[Integrated Test Range]], [[Chandipur, Odisha]]. The missile scored a direct hit on a flying target at a range of over 100 km. This test was significant for the subsequent induction of Tejas Mk 1A aircraft. Further trials are also expected for performance evaluation.<ref name="Press Information Bureau"/>

The aircraft did not participate in [[Exercise Vayushakti]] on 27 February 2026 due to the fleet's grounding in the month following a take-off incident.<ref name="TW28022026">{{cite news |title=LCA Tejas Mk-1 may sit out IAF's firepower drill 'Exercise Vayushakti-26' on Friday|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2026/02/25/lca-tejas-mk-1-may-sit-out-iafs-firepower-drill-exercise-vayushakti-26-on-friday.html|access-date=28 February 2026|work=The Week|date=25 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>

==Potential operators==
HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-26 |title=HAL ready to export LCA-Tejas, Mark-2 getting ready |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2021-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 March 2020|title=HAL planning to set up bases in four countries to push exports|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-planning-to-set-up-bases-in-four-countries-to-boosts-exports/articleshow/74545435.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824215018/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-planning-to-set-up-bases-in-four-countries-to-boosts-exports/articleshow/74545435.cms|archive-date=24 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Brazil ===
In September 2024, the [[Brazilian Air Force]] (FAB) has reportedly considered the adoption of the Tejas to replace their [[AMX International AMX|AMX]] and [[Northrop F-5]] jets in service and complement the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]], which is being done with a swap of [[Embraer C-390 Millennium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=The Tejas is one of the options for Brazil's second or third fighter, says Air Force chief - Air Data News |url=https://www.airdatanews.com/the-tejas-is-one-of-the-options-for-brazils-second-or-third-fighter-says-air-force-chief/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.airdatanews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Brazil may be in talks to buy Indian HAL Tejas fighter jet |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/09/12/brazil-may-be-in-talks-to-buy-indian-hal-tejas-fighter-jet/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="FAB">{{cite web |url=https://www.aeroflap.com.br/en/hal-tejas-learn-more-about-the-indian-fighter-that-is-catching-the-attention-of-the-fab/|title=HAL Tejas: learn more about the Indian fighter that is attracting the attention of the FAB|last=Centeno|first=Gabriel|date=17 September 2024|publisher=Aeroflap|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123223137/https://www.aeroflap.com.br/en/hal-tejas-learn-more-about-the-indian-fighter-that-is-catching-the-attention-of-the-fab/|archivedate=2025-01-23|accessdate=2025-07-07}}</ref> FAB wanted to acquire [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]] at first from the US, but it was rejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroflap.com.br/en/f-16-fab-confirms-interest-in-the-American-fighter-but-denies-negotiations/|title=F-16: FAB confirms interest in the American fighter but denies negotiations|last=Centeno|first=Gabriel|date=14 June 2024|publisher=Aeroflap}}</ref>

According to the FAB, the AMX is due to be retired by 2025 with the F-5s being next by 2030.<ref name="FAB"/> In November 2024, Brazil offered to India a swap between the C-390 Millennium and the HAL Tejas, to replace the older F-5s in operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2024/11/25/delegacao-da-india-visitara-o-brasil-para-explorar-parcerias-em-defesa-e-aviacao/|title=Delegação da Índia visitará o Brasil para explorar parcerias em Defesa e Aviação|date=25 November 2024|publisher=Poder Aereo}}</ref> In December 2024, an Indian delegation visited Brazil to negotiate the deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/5082759/delegacion-india-viajara-brasil-diciembre-hablar-cazas-aviones-transporte|title=Una delegación india viajará a Brasil en diciembre por posibles acuerdos sobre cazas y aviones de transporte|date=25 November 2024|publisher=Indodefensa}}</ref> It was reported in Brazilian media that talks on getting the Tejas are in advanced stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/india-brazil-tejas-prachand-c390-defence-deal-154644/|title=India and Brazil Set to Finalize Landmark Defence Barter Deal: Tejas Fighters and Prachand Helicopters for C-390 Aircraft|date=2025-10-25}}</ref>

The FAB is also looking into the Rafale to replace their AMX jets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/g20-summit-france-will-offer-brazil-24-rafale-fighters-to-replace-the-amx-is-it-a-good-option|title=G20 Summit: France will offer Brazil 24 Rafale fighters to replace the AMX. Is it a good option?|date=November 2024 |publisher=Aviaci Online}}</ref>

=== DR Congo ===
In October 2024, a report suggested that the [[Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (FAC) was interested to acquire HAL Tejas.<ref name="MAFAC">{{Cite web |last=Abdul |first=Kazim |date=2024-10-14 |title=DR Congo in talks with HAL for Tejas jet |url=https://www.military.africa/2024/10/dr-congo-in-talks-with-hal-for-tejas-jet/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> It was reported in August 2024 that a FAC delegation visited India to speak with HAL representatives about the Tejas.<ref name="MAFAC"/>

The FAC plans to replace their [[Sukhoi Su-25]]s with the Tejas if purchased.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/african-countries-in-talks-for-tejas-jets/ | title=African countries in talks for TEJAS Jets | Indian Politics | date=16 October 2024 }}</ref>

===Failed bids===
==== Argentina ====
The [[Argentine Air Force]] had indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=17 October 2021|title=Argentina reveals talks with India on Tejas. Will ejection seat shoot down a deal?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/17/argentina-reveals-talks-with-india-on-tejas-will-ejection-seat-shoot-down-a-deal.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Week|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182253/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/17/argentina-reveals-talks-with-india-on-tejas-will-ejection-seat-shoot-down-a-deal.html}}</ref> [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] had offered the Tejas to Argentina, amidst other offers of the [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] from [[China]] and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]] from [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gonzalo|first=Mary|date=14 October 2021|title=X. Isaac (Argentina): "La prioridad absoluta está en la búsqueda de un avión de 4º generación"|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3233080/x-isaac-argentina-prioridad-absoluta-esta-busqueda-avion-4-generacion|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Infodefensa|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182306/https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3233080/x-isaac-argentina-prioridad-absoluta-esta-busqueda-avion-4-generacion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dalal|first=Pazdin|date=17 October 2021|title=Argentina enquires about Tejas|url=https://iadnews.in/2021/10/17/argentina-enquires-about-tejas/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Indian Aerospace Defence News|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113135233/https://iadnews.in/2021/10/17/argentina-enquires-about-tejas/}}</ref> Multiple sources had also indicated that the Tejas may likely be a good option for Argentina.<ref name=":3"/>

However, any potential sale of the Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by British [[Arms embargo|imposed arms sanctions]], since the Tejas utilizes the British [[Martin-Baker|Martin-Baker MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat]], along with other British-origin components — including an [[Aerial refueling|aerial-refueling probe]] and a quartz radome, both supplied by [[Cobham (company)|Cobham Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Aritra|date=21 September 2021|title=Did Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder Beat Indian HAL Tejas To Win Argentine Fighter Jet Contract?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Eurasian Times|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120073934/https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The UK has barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina ever since the 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-11-17|title=Eye on export markets, Tejas debuts in Dubai|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eye-on-export-markets-tejas-debuts-in-dubai-121111700015_1.html|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119185810/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eye-on-export-markets-tejas-debuts-in-dubai-121111700015_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's previous efforts to procure modern fighter aircraft, including the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to British diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=3 November 2020|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Flight Global|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|date=23 June 2021|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Merco Press|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo}}</ref>

Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny. Nevertheless, HAL reportedly stated multiple times that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to retrofit the Tejas,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Argentina's Defense Acquisition: India's Tejas Fighter Jet Deal Hangs in Balance Over UK Component Issue |url=https://easternherald.com/2023/07/20/argentina-india-tejas-fighter-jet-deal-uk-components-2023/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-india-ready-to-modify-lca-tejas-for-argentina-looks-to-bypass/ |title=India Ready To 'Modify' LCA Tejas For Argentina; Looks To Bypass British Embargo On South American Nation|date=20 July 2023 }}</ref> and had offered a customised-variant of the Tejas which replaces around 50-specific components and the substitutes all major British-origin components with diplomatically suitable non-British alternatives,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/30/india-prepared-to-eliminate-uk-components-from-tejas-jet-fighter-of-interest-for-argentina|title=India prepared to eliminate UK components from Tejas jet fighter, of interest for Argentina|website=MercoPress|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228022740/https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/30/india-prepared-to-eliminate-uk-components-from-tejas-jet-fighter-of-interest-for-argentina|url-status=live}}</ref> including possibly substituting the ejection seat with one indigenously developed and manufactured in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/india-seeks-to-develop-its-own-ejection-seats/|title=India seeks to develop its own ejection seats|first=Gastón|last=Dubois|website=Aviacionline|date=3 November 2022 |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>
However, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 November 2021|title=India ofrece sus aviones LCA Tejas Mk1A a Argentina con la posibilidad de reemplazar componentes|url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zonamilitar|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120033148/https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/}}</ref> Subsequently, there were indications that the Argentines were willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/09/21/argentina-eyes-664-million-for-fighter-jets/ |title=Argentina eyes $664 million for fighter jets |publisher=Defensenews.com |date= 21 September 2022|accessdate=2022-09-24 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20220922075242/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/09/21/argentina-eyes-664-million-for-fighter-jets/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/10-reasons-why-indias-lca-tejas-will-be-shot-down-by-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-in-global-arms-market/|title=10 Reasons Why India's LCA Tejas Could Be 'Shot-Down' By Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder In Global Arms Market?|first=Younis|last=Dar|date=13 December 2020|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209235912/https://eurasiantimes.com/10-reasons-why-indias-lca-tejas-will-be-shot-down-by-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-in-global-arms-market/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas">{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=2022-12-09|title=Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/neither-jf-17-nor-tejas-argentina-stops-fighter-jet-tender|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-20|website=aerotime.aero|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213203413/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/neither-jf-17-nor-tejas-argentina-stops-fighter-jet-tender}}</ref> With President [[Alberto Fernandez]] stating in an interview that "Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas"/><ref>{{cite web|author=|publisher=Meta Defence|date=2022-12-09|title=Argentina abandons plans to acquire new fighter jets|url=https://meta-defense.fr/en/2022/12/09/argentina-abandons-plans-to-acquire-new-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-20|website=Meta-Defence|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219225620/https://meta-defense.fr/en/2022/12/09/argentina-abandons-plans-to-acquire-new-fighter-jets/}}</ref> In July 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/india-china-y-estados-unidos-las-opciones-que-analiza-el-gobierno-para-la-compra-de-aviones-nid24072023/ |title=India, China y Estados Unidos, las opciones que analiza el Gobierno para la compra de aviones militares |website=La Nacion |date=24 July 2023 |author=Mariano De Vedia }}</ref> Argentine newspaper ''La Nacion'' reported that Tejas had been eliminated, with the remaining options being second-hand Danish F-16 fighters or Chinese-Pakistani JF-17s, both which the bidding selection board deemed more advantageous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/in-argentinas-fighter-competition-washington-and-beijing-fight-for-regional-influence/ |title=In Argentina's fighter competition, Washington and Beijing fight for regional influence|website=Breaking Defense|date=25 September 2023|first=Reuben|last=Johnson}}</ref> In March 2024, Denmark agreed to the purchase of 24 Danish F-16s by Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|last=Charpentreau|first=Clement|date=2024-04-29|title=Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/denmark-f-16-argentina|website=Aerotime}}</ref>

====Australia====
In July 2020, the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 127]] trainer aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=India offers LCA Tejas for RAAF trainer requirement|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/india-offers-lca-tejas-for-raaf-trainer-requirement|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Times Aerospace|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114113437/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/india-offers-lca-tejas-for-raaf-trainer-requirement}}</ref> According to HAL's "58th Annual Report" covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) configuration to Australia's [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] (DoD) in July 2020.<ref name=":39">{{cite web|date=30 August 2021|title=58th Annual Report 2020-21|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2022|website=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029132036/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf}}</ref> Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender were the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk]], the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346 Master]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI T-50]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Satam|first=Parth|date=2021-09-10|title=India Pitches Its HAL Tejas Fighter Jets To Australia; Pins Hope On Malaysia For The 1st Elusive Contract|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-pitches-its-hal-tejas-fighter-jets-to-australia-pins-hope-on-malaysia-for-the-1st-elusive-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115000958/https://eurasiantimes.com/india-pitches-its-hal-tejas-fighter-jets-to-australia-pins-hope-on-malaysia-for-the-1st-elusive-contract/}}</ref>

However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US$1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kadam|first=Tanmay|date=2022-07-04|title=Setback For India's Tejas Program? Australia Rejects G2G Tejas-LIFT Trainer Deal Amid Stiff Contest From Boeing & Saab — Reports|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/setback-for-indias-tejas-program-australia-rejects-tejas-lift-trainer-deal/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218224708/https://eurasiantimes.com/setback-for-indias-tejas-program-australia-rejects-tejas-lift-trainer-deal/}}</ref> During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Faridi|first=Shahid|date=2022-07-06|title=Power games: Australia may not accept India's G2G trainer deal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jul/04/power-games-australia-may-not-accept-indias-g2g-trainer-deal-2472677.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218224707/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/04/power-games-australia-may-not-accept-indias-g2g-trainer-deal-2472677.amp}}</ref> In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=2022-08-10|title=Fact Check: Does India's Tejas really have seven potential customers?|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31856-fact-check-are-seven-countries-interested-in-buying-tejas|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=aerotime.aero|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218231329/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31856-fact-check-are-seven-countries-interested-in-buying-tejas}}</ref>

====Botswana====
The [[Botswana Defence Force Air Wing]] had approached HAL to procure the Tejas for potentially replacing its [[Canadair CF-5]]s due to the aircraft's age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.<ref name="AIB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art|title=BOTSWANA : Gaborone looks to procure Indian HAL fighter aircraft|date=16 March 2023|website=Africa Intelligence|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317162031/https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art|url-status=live}}</ref> The BDFAW had previously considered acquiring Gripens,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Craig |title=Saab reveals full Gripen E design, cost savings |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/saab-reveals-full-gripen-e-design-cost-savings/112646.article |website=Flight Global |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> the F-16,<ref name="MAJ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/|title=Contest for Botswana's new fighter jet gathers momentum|first=Ekene|last=Lionel|date=25 March 2021|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160538/https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/|url-status=live}}</ref> KAI T-50,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-on-botswana|title=South Korea's Eagle swoops on Botswana | Times Aerospace|website=www.timesaerospace.aero|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160525/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-on-botswana|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Leonardo [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|M-346]].<ref name="AIB"/>

As of July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.<ref name="MAT">{{cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2024/07/one-year-later-no-sign-of-indias-affordable-weapons-in-africa/ | title=One year later, no sign of India's 'affordable' weapons in Africa|date=12 July 2024 }}</ref> In January 2025, Botswana officially ended negotiations to purchase the Tejas.<ref name="thegazette.news">{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-halts-plans-to-purchase-indian-fighter-jets/|title=Govt Halts Plans To Purchase Indian Fighter Jets|date=23 January 2025|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

====Egypt====
During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/01/india-plans-to-manufacture-hal-tejas-fighter-jet-in-egypt/|title=StackPath|website=dailynewsegypt.com|date=July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701020939/https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/01/india-plans-to-manufacture-hal-tejas-fighter-jet-in-egypt/|url-status=live}}</ref> to replace 100 [[Hongdu JL-8]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-pm-modis-sortie-in-tejas-signifies-indias-confidence-in-defence-indigenisation-13432572.html | title=How PM Modi's sortie in Tejas signifies India's confidence in defence indigenisation | date=26 November 2023 }}</ref> Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-offers-to-set-up-production-facilities-for-light-combat-aircraft-copters-in-egypt/articleshow/92477494.cms?from=mdr|title=India offers to set up production facilities for light combat aircraft, helicopters in Egypt|first=Manu|last=Pubby|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627204528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-offers-to-set-up-production-facilities-for-light-combat-aircraft-copters-in-egypt/articleshow/92477494.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt was seeking around 20 multi-role aircraft.<ref name="TD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2023/02/hal-egypt-tejas-aircraft-contract-in-the-works/|title=HAL, Egypt Tejas aircraft contract in the works|first=Darek|last=Liam|date=20 February 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160531/https://www.military.africa/2023/02/hal-egypt-tejas-aircraft-contract-in-the-works/|url-status=live}}</ref> HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.<ref name="TD"/><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-07/india-taps-nigeria-argentina-philippines-to-sell-fighter-jets | title=India Taps Nigeria, Argentina, Philippines to Sell Fighter Jets | newspaper=Bloomberg | date=7 December 2023 }}</ref> In August 2024, it was reported that an agreement to purchase the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|Chengdu J-10C]], had been signed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Egypt's Strategic Shift to Chinese J-10C Fighter Jets |url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2024/09/egypts-strategic-shift-to-chinese-j-10c.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Aero News Journal |language=en-gb}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
[[Malaysia]] had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=21 July 2021|title=HAL is all set to respond to Royal Malaysian Air Force's RfP for LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113152245/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/}}</ref>

In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the [[Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition]] (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially by the RMAF.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=IAF's LCA-Tejas fighter jets steal the show at LIMA 2019 in Malaysia|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/iafs-lca-tejas-fighter-jets-steal-the-show-at-lima-2019-in-malaysia-2190634.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zee News|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113144343/https://zeenews.india.com/india/iafs-lca-tejas-fighter-jets-steal-the-show-at-lima-2019-in-malaysia-2190634.html}}</ref> However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing to [[India–Malaysia relations#Modern history|diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=18 November 2019|title=HAL eyes first foreign sale of Tejas as Malaysian air force shortlists contenders|url=https://theprint.in/defence/hal-eyes-first-foreign-sale-of-tejas-as-malaysian-air-force-shortlists-contenders/322569/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Print|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213333/https://theprint.in/defence/hal-eyes-first-foreign-sale-of-tejas-as-malaysian-air-force-shortlists-contenders/322569/}}</ref> After the diplomatic skirmishes had ceased in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jadhav|first1=Rajendra|last2=Thukral|first2=Naveen|date=19 May 2020|title=Exclusive: India resumes purchases of Malaysian palm oil - traders|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-malaysia-palmoil-exclusive-idUSKBN22V0QM|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Reuters|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118012729/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-malaysia-palmoil-exclusive-idUSKBN22V0QM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=Malaysian PM interacts with HAL, IAF teams at LIMA '19|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/malaysian-pm-interacts-with-hal-iaf-teams-at-lima-1920190327231530/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=ANI News|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328202556/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/malaysian-pm-interacts-with-hal-iaf-teams-at-lima-1920190327231530/}}</ref> an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at [[Bangalore]] in 2021, to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas. Possibly in anticipation of a potential order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dar|first=Younis|date=2021-04-07|title=Tejas Jets: Malaysia Gets Serious About LCA Tejas; To Visit India for Full Evaluation|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/tejas-jets-malaysia-gets-serious-about-lca-tejas-to-visit-india-for-full-evaluation/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723104413/https://eurasiantimes.com/tejas-jets-malaysia-gets-serious-about-lca-tejas-to-visit-india-for-full-evaluation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2019-01-09|title=Malaysia shows interest in India's Tejas fighter jets, may buy 30 of them|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/malaysia-shows-interest-in-india-s-tejas-fighter-jets-may-buy-30-of-them-119010900029_1.html|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924185605/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/malaysia-shows-interest-in-india-s-tejas-fighter-jets-may-buy-30-of-them-119010900029_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender and [[request for proposal]]s for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - labelled as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mahadzir|first=Dzirhan|date=22 June 2021|title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Shephard Media|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121738/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender|url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=MilitaryLeak|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{cite web|last1=Barrock|first1=Jose|date=18 October 2021|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Edge Markets|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract}}</ref> Six aircraft were running in the bid for the FLIT/LCA tender — the HAL Tejas MK1A, [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]], [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]], [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]], [[TAI Hürjet]] and [[Mikoyan MiG-35]].<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> Coincidentally, the [[PAC/CAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, did not participate in the FLIT/LCA tender.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=19 October 2021|title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Aerotime Hub|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213235805/https://www.aerotime.aero/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 October 2021|title=Six contenders for Royal Malaysian Air Force light combat aircraft tender|url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/october/7771-six-contenders-for-royal-malaysian-air-force-light-combat-aircraft-tender.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Air Recognition|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111094630/https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/october/7771-six-contenders-for-royal-malaysian-air-force-light-combat-aircraft-tender.html}}</ref>

In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/the-fa-50-won-the-malaysian-competition-for-18-light-fighters-but-the-decision-was-challenged-by-the-competition/|title=The FA-50 won the Malaysian competition for 18 light fighters, but the decision was challenged by the competition|first1=Gastón|last1=Dubois|date=22 November 2022|website=Aviacionline.com|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124013838/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/the-fa-50-won-the-malaysian-competition-for-18-light-fighters-but-the-decision-was-challenged-by-the-competition/|url-status=live}}</ref> Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kai-signs-a-deal-with-malaysia-for-fa-50-aircraft|title=KAI signs a deal with Malaysia for FA-50 aircraft|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=24 February 2023|website=Janes.com|access-date=10 April 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406150953/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kai-signs-a-deal-with-malaysia-for-fa-50-aircraft|url-status=live}}</ref> The FA-50 was reportedly chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2023/03/18/golden_eagle_soaring_malaysias_fa-50_decision_888125.html|title=Golden Eagle Soaring: Malaysia's FA-50 Decision|last=Beng Ho|first=Ben Wan|date=18 March 2023|website=Real Clear Defense|access-date=10 April 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410152656/https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2023/03/18/golden_eagle_soaring_malaysias_fa-50_decision_888125.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Nigeria====
On 7 December 2023, HAL reported that Nigeria has expressed interest in acquiring the Tejas.<ref name="Bloomberg"/> It was reportedly in competition with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/chinas-jf-17-wrestles-indias-lca-tejas-for-nigerian/ | title=China's JF-17 'Wrestles' India's LCA Tejas for Nigerian Fighter Deal; Back Channel Diplomacy in Full Swing | date=26 January 2024 }}</ref> However, in July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.<ref name="MAT"/> In January 2025, Nigeria withdrew from negotiations to purchase the Tejas.<ref name="thegazette.news"/> Nigeria instead bought JF 17 from Pakistan which were delivered in 2021.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/the-jf-17-hype-how-pak-may-be-pushing-a-jet-thats-more-noise-than-substance-10993394</ref>

====Philippines====
In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the [[Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/psu/philippines-eyes-indian-made-lcas-and-lchs-ties-up-with-hal-to-upgrade-military-aircraft-fleet/91595678 | title=Philippines eyes Indian made LCAs and LCHS, ties up with HAL to upgrade military aircraft fleet |work=ET Government }}</ref> which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31020-philippines-eyes-indias-tejas-fighter-jet-reports|title=Philippines eyes India's Tejas fighter jet – reports|website=Aerotime |date=16 May 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708122847/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31020-philippines-eyes-indias-tejas-fighter-jet-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 July 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16V]] Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are currently the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.<ref>{{cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |date=7 July 2022 |title=PAF drops Tejas, keeps F-16 and Gripen in fighter jet tender |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31523-paf-drops-tejas-keeps-f-16-and-gripen-in-fighter-jet-tender |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Aerotime |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709075139/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31523-paf-drops-tejas-keeps-f-16-and-gripen-in-fighter-jet-tender |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2024, HAL reported that it has offered the Tejas Mark 1A to the PADC as a naval strike platform, equipped with the [[BrahMos-NG|BrahMos NG]] missile. HAL also agreed to help set up a local partnership for the assembly of the MK1A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=India gets set to export LCA to the Philippines: Talks in Final Stages |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-gets-set-to-export-lca-to-the-philippines-talks-in-final-stages-3401829/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of [[IAI Kfir]] and [[Chengdu J-7]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2018|title=Sri Lanka, Egypt evince interest in Tejas|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522091149/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grevatt|first=Jon|date=15 August 2016|title=Sri Lanka prepares to launch combat aircraft procurement program|url=http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318031848/http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|archive-date=2017-03-18|access-date=2017-02-09|website=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref>

In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref>

====United Arab Emirates====
The Tejas had attracted interest from the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurung|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|date=17 October 2018|title=UAE 'interested' in HAL-made light combat aircraft Tejas|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/uae-interested-in-hal-made-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/66253936.cms|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042336/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/uae-interested-in-hal-made-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/66253936.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> By May 2022, Tejas had failed to gain any further interest<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/make-in-india-weapons-after-akash-the-uae-lca-tejas-fighters/|title=Royal Emirati Snub For Make In India Weapons: After Akash Missiles, Did The UAE Turn A Blind Eye To LCA Tejas Fighters?|date=28 February 2022|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525110817/https://eurasiantimes.com/make-in-india-weapons-after-akash-the-uae-lca-tejas-fighters/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France.

In February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 [[Hongdu L-15]] trainer and light combat aircraft from China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/china-signs-historic-deal-with-uae-for-l-15-trainer-aircraft/|title=China Signs 'Historic Deal' With UAE For L-15 Trainer Aircraft As Beijing 'Raids' Traditional US Bastion|last=Tiwari|first=Sakshi|date=22 February 2023|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525110817/https://eurasiantimes.com/china-signs-historic-deal-with-uae-for-l-15-trainer-aircraft/|url-status=live}}</ref> with options for another 36.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2023/02/china-closes-sale-of-l-15-advanced-trainers-to-united-arab-emirates/|title=China closes sale of L-15 advanced trainers to United Arab Emirates|last=Dubois|first=Gastón|date=21 February 2023|website=Aviacionline.com|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/light-attack-advanced-training/uae-signs-chinese-jet-trainer-deal|title=UAE Signs Chinese Jet Trainer Deal|last=Osborne|first=Tony|date=21 February 2023|website=Aviation Week Network|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

====United States====
In December 2020, in response to a [[Request for Information]] (RFI) from the [[Naval Air Systems Command|United States Naval Air Systems Command]] (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas — classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the [[United States Navy]] (USN), as part the latter's initiative to replace its fleet of [[McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk|T-45 Goshawk]] trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training System".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=9 December 2020|title=Role reversal: India offers US fighter jet trainer in 1st major defence sales pitch|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/role-reversal-india-offers-us-fighter-jet-trainer-in-1st-major-defence-sales-pitch/articleshow/79635249.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/role-reversal-india-offers-us-fighter-jet-trainer-in-1st-major-defence-sales-pitch/articleshow/79635249.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":38">{{cite web|date=9 December 2020|title=India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|work=The Week|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624123958/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html}}</ref> Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7 Red Hawk]] — offered by [[Boeing]] in partnership with [[Saab AB|Saab]], and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI T-50A Golden Eagle]] — offered by [[Korea Aerospace Industries]] (KAI), in partnership with [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Aakriti|date=2020-12-10|title=LCA Tejas For The US Navy - India Pitches Its Light Combat Aircraft To The US To Replace Its Ageing T-45 Goshawks|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/will-indias-indigenous-lca-lift-replace-t-45-goshawk-as-jet-trainer-for-the-us-navy/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211172120/https://eurasiantimes.com/will-indias-indigenous-lca-lift-replace-t-45-goshawk-as-jet-trainer-for-the-us-navy/}}</ref>

Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.<ref name=":38" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Kalita|first=Jayanta|date=2021-08-12|title=HAL Tejas Fails To Impress US Navy; Washington Likely To Sideline Indian Jet For Boeing, Lockheed Trainer Aircraft|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813110551/https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Newdick|first=Thomas|date=10 August 2021|title=These Contenders Are Vying To Replace The Navy's T-45 Goshawk With A New Jet Trainer|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Drive|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143717/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer}}</ref> Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of [[Boeing]]-[[Saab AB|Saab]] and [[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]]-[[Lockheed Martin]], offering the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|T-50A]], respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 September 2021|title=After US Navy, LCA trainer variant offered to Australia: HAL|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143654/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:LCA Tejas Naval Prototype-2 launched off ski jump.jpg|thumb|[[Ski-jump (aviation)|Ski-jump]] takeoff of by Tejas NP-2 at {{INS|Hansa}}]]

===Prototypes===
Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown.

;Technology Demonstrators (TD)
* '''TD-1''' (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Schillings|first1=Melissa|title=Strategic Management of Technological Innovation|last2=Shankar|first2=Ravi|publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]]|date=1 August 2019|isbn=978-9353168315|edition=6|pages=333–334|chapter=Case 3: Tejas - A Dream LCA Project for the Indian Armed Forces}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sagar|first=Pradip R|date=5 January 2021|title=20 years since LCA Tejas's first flight: What's next for India's indigenous fighter programme?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305225530/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''TD-2''' (KH2002) – 6 June 2002.<ref name=":7" />
;Prototype Vehicles (PV)
* '''PV-1''' (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rajkumar|first1=Philip|title=Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas saga|last2=Srikanth|first2=B.R|year=2021|publisher=Desidoc|isbn=9788186514788|page=15}}</ref>
* '''PV-2''' (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
* '''PV-3''' (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
* '''PV-5''' (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref name=":7" />
* '''PV-6''' (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref name="SP Guide publications"/>
;Naval Prototypes (NP)
* '''NP-1''' (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.<ref name=":28">{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Radhakrishna|date=7 July 2010|title=PICTURE: India rolls out naval version of Tejas fighter|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/picture-india-rolls-out-naval-version-of-tejas-fighter/94442.article|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Katoch|first=P.C|date=18 June 2020|title=Indigenous Fighter Jet for Navy|url=https://www.sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=466&h=Indigenous-Fighter-Jet-for-Navy|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.sps-aviation.com|publisher=SP Guide Publications|issn=2230-9225|oclc=70225772|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193123/http://sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=466&h=Indigenous-Fighter-Jet-for-Navy}}</ref>
* '''NP-2''' (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required in [[STOBAR]] carrier.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|author=|date=7 February 2015|title=Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas' naval variant|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maiden-flight-by-2nd-prototype-of-lca-tejas-naval-variant/articleshow/46156784.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>
* '''NP-5''' (NAVY3005) – Two-seat naval variant. First flight on 29 August 2023. Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP-1 and NP-2.<ref name="IE-200823">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-navy-prototype-np5-maiden-flight-drdo-8898709/|title=LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=2023-08-20}}</ref> It will help in the development of [[HAL TEDBF]].<ref name="IE"/>

;Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
[[File:HAL Tejas (LSP-07) firing Python-5 missile better visibility.png|thumb|Tejas LSP-7 (KH2017) firing [[Python-5]].]]
[[File:First flight of HAL Tejas LSP-4.jpg|thumb|LCA LSP-4 on its maiden test flight]]
* '''LSP-1''' (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.<ref name="abh1">{{cite web|last=Warwick|first=Graham|date=19 June 2008|title=India flies another Tejas|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044148/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
* '''LSP-2''' (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.<ref name="abh1" />
* '''LSP-3''' (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar<ref name="aviationweek.com" /> and will be close to the IOC standard.
* '''LSP-4''' (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name="Missile"/> The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, a [[Countermeasure]] Dispensing System, and an [[identification friend or foe|identify friend or foe]] electronic system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2010-06-05|title=Tejas boosts test programme|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614021628/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html|archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
* '''LSP-5''' (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=1 November 2010|title=India To Fly Tejas LSP-5 Soon|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2010/10/29/04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044140/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fasd%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2F04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>
* '''LSP-7''' (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2012|title=Tejas LSP-7 does its maiden flight|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tejas-lsp-7-does-its-maiden-flight/articleshow/12202169.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-19|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019065749/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tejas-lsp-7-does-its-maiden-flight/articleshow/12202169.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''LSP-8''' (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />

===Production variants===
[[File:Tejas Singapore Air Show 5.jpg|thumb|HAL Tejas MK1 FOC at the 2022 [[Singapore Airshow]]]]
*'''Tejas Mark 1 IOC''' − Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]].
*'''Tejas Mark 1 FOC''' −Adding a Cobham refuelling pod and Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 auto-cannon, to the IOC specification. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'') was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are [[BVRAAM]] capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anil|title=Indian Defence Review|date=30 November 2020|publisher=[[Lancer Books|Lancer Publishers LLC]]|isbn=9781940988535|volume=35|location=New York|pages=37–38|chapter=Turnaround of the IAF fighter fleet|issue=4}}</ref> updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling and [[aerial refueling]].<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> Delivery of all 32 single seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft is complete.<ref name="BS-230823"/>
*'''Tejas Trainer''' − Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft.
*'''Tejas Mark 1A''' − An enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with [[EL/M-2052]] and [[Uttam AESA]] radar, [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]], radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an external [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] pod.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=Advanced version of Tejas light combat aircraft makes its debut flight|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/advanced-version-of-lca-tejas-makes-its-debut-flight/story-eJx0pJ6hba3tCvZdNyYz4M.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430205442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/advanced-version-of-lca-tejas-makes-its-debut-flight/story-eJx0pJ6hba3tCvZdNyYz4M.html|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAL prepares first two Tejas Mk 1As for delivery to IAF |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-prepares-first-two-tejas-mk-1as-for-delivery-to-iaf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Janes.com |date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":42" /><ref name=":43" />

===Future developments===
*'''SPORT''' - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater [[Lead-in fighter training|Lead-in Fighter Training]] (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as [[light fighter]].<ref name=":38"/>
* '''[[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]]''' - or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=Tejas Mark II to roll out next year; high-speed trials in 2023: HAL Chief Madhavan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727153922/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|archive-date=27 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=11 July 2018|title=Tejas Mk-II: India may avail consultancy from European manufacturers who bid for MMRCA deal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328024416/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, Air Chief Marshal [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|date=31 January 2019|title=IAF chief flags delays in manufacture of equipment|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-chief-flags-delays-in-manufacture-of-equipment/article26142246.ece|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108032120/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-chief-flags-delays-in-manufacture-of-equipment/article26142246.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''CATS MAX''' - The main component of [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System]] (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=4 February 2021|title=HAL unveils ambitious air-teaming system centred on Tejas|work=Flight Global|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-unveils-ambitious-air-teaming-system-centred-on-tejas/142280.article|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211035/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-unveils-ambitious-air-teaming-system-centred-on-tejas/142280.article|archive-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jane's">{{cite web|last=Parakala|first=Akshara|date=5 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: HAL's loyal wingmen break cover|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-hals-loyal-wingmen-break-cover|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607074259/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-hals-loyal-wingmen-break-cover|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Janes|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Tejas Trainer''' - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.

===Cancelled variants===
*'''Tejas Mark 1 Navy''' - Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter [[HAL TEDBF]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|date=2 December 2016|title=Navy rules out deploying 'overweight' Tejas on aircraft carriers|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221212318/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|archive-date=21 February 2020|access-date=21 July 2021|work=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>
* '''Tejas Mark 2 Navy''' - Proposed naval variant based on the [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mk 2]]. Cancelled in favour of the [[HAL TEDBF]].
* '''Tejas Trainer IN''' - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.

=== Gallery ===
<gallery>
File:LCA Naval 1.jpg|Naval LCA
File:LCA Design Naval.jpg|LCA Navy Trainer
File:LCA Trainer.jpg|LCA Trainer
</gallery>

== Operators ==
[[File:Tejas MK1 and Trainer variants flying the ViceChief's of Indian armed forces during TarangShakti24.jpg|thumb|Tejas Mk 1 and trainer (forefront) of the Indian Air Force]]


;{{IND}}

* [[Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=IAF chief receives 1st LCA trainer from HAL, 7 more to come by Mar '24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-chief-receives-1st-lca-trainer-from-hal-7-more-to-come-by-mar-24-101696421772646.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tejas fighter aircraft sees over Rs 36,000 crore worth of order, says officials |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tejas-fighter-aircraft-more-than-rs-36000-crore-worth-of-order-prime-minister-narendra-modi-government-2467431-2023-11-25 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 November 2023 }}</ref>
** Orders and deliveries:
*** Mark 1 – 32 delivered (30 operational)<ref name="BS-230823"/><ref name="Fact"/>
*** Mark 1 trainer – 6 delivered, 12 on order<ref name=":56" />
*** Mark 1A – 141 on order<ref name=":68" /><ref name=":46">{{cite news |date=3 February 2021 |title=Contract signed for 83 LCA Tejas fighters, all eyes now on HAL delivery schedule |url=https://theprint.in/defence/contract-signed-for-83-lca-tejas-fighters-all-eyes-now-on-hal-delivery-schedule/597841/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Print]]}}</ref>
*** Mark 1A trainer – 29 on order<ref name=":67" /><ref name=":68" />
** Deployment:
*** [[Sulur Air Force Station]]
**** [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] (''Flying Daggers'')<ref>{{cite news |last=Sathish |first=Deepak |date=27 May 2020 |title=Second squadron of Tejas fighter jets inducted into Indian Air Force at Sulur air base |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/27/second-squadron-of-tejas-fighter-jets-inducted-into-indian-air-force-at-sulur-air-base-2148617.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019053950/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/27/second-squadron-of-tejas-fighter-jets-inducted-into-indian-air-force-at-sulur-air-base-2148617.html |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-19 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
***[[Naliya Air Force Station]]
****[[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'')<ref name="TOI-180924">{{cite web |date=18 September 2024 |title=Who is Squadron leader Mohana Singh? The first woman fighter pilot joins 18 Flying Bullets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/who-is-squadron-leader-mohana-singh-the-first-woman-fighter-pilot-joins-18-flying-bullets-highlights-tarang-shakti-significance/articleshow/113466316.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 150px;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black; text-align:left" |Operators
! colspan="6" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black" |HAL Tejas
Orders
! colspan="6" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black" |HAL Tejas
Deliveries
! rowspan="2" style="border-right:dashed 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Losses
! rowspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |In service
! rowspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Notes
|-
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1 IOC
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1 FOC
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1 trainer
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1A fighter
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1A trainer
! style="width: 50px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-left:dashed 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Total
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1 IOC
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1 FOC
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1 trainer
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1A fighter
! style="width: 37px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black" |Mark 1A trainer
! style="width: 50px;border-top:dashed 2px black;border-left:dashed 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black; text-align:left" |Total
|-
| style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black" |{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Air Force]]
| style="text-align:right" |16
| style="text-align:right" |16
| style="text-align:right" |18
| style="text-align:right" |141
| style="text-align:right" |29
! style="width: 35px;border-left:dashed 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |220
| style="text-align:right" |16
| style="text-align:right" |16{{font color||#F2CECE|(-3)}}
| style="text-align:right" |6{{font color||#CEF2E0|(+12)}}
| style="text-align:right" |0{{font color||#CEF2E0|(+141)}}
| style="text-align:right" |0{{font color||#CEF2E0|(+29)}}
! style="width: 35px;border-left:dashed 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |38
| style="width: 35px;border-right:dashed 2px black;text-align:right" |-2
! style="width: 35px;border-right:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |35
| style="width: 35px;border-right:solid 2px black" |<ref name="BS-230823" /><ref name=":56" /><ref name=":40" />
|-
! style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:left" |TOTAL
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |16
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |16
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |18
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |141
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |29
! style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |220
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |16
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |16
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |6
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |0
! style="border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |0
! style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |38
! style="border-right:dashed 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |-2
! style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:right" |35
| style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black" |
|}
{{legend table|#CEF2E0|To be delivered|#F2CECE|Losses
| width = auto
}}

==Accidents and incidents==
Since its first flight in 2001, two Tejas aircraft have been lost in accidents, including one fatal case:

* '''12 March 2024''': A Tejas Mk 1 aircraft from the [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] of the Indian Air Force crashed near [[Jaisalmer]] in Rajasthan, India after taking part in a tri-service exercise, ''Bharat Shakti''. The pilot ejected safely and no one was harmed.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF's Tejas aircraft crashes near Jaisalmer, pilot ejects safely |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence/indian-army-chopper-crashes-in-rajasthan-jaisalmer-bharat-shakti-pokhran/3422612/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAF's Light Combat aircraft Tejas crashes near Jaisalmer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iafs-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-aircraft-crashes-near-jaisalmer/articleshow/108430779.cms |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The crash was the first for the Tejas since the project's inception.<ref name="Fact"/><ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2024 |title=IAF's Tejas Aircraft crashes at Jaisalmer; pilot ejects safely |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-tejas-crashes-at-jaisalmer-pilot-ejects-safely/article67942267.ece |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In July 2024, officials involved in the investigation stated that an oil pump failure may have led to an engine seizure, that resulted in the crash.<ref>{{cite news |title=Engine seizure led to IAF's first LCA Tejas crash, say officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/engine-seizure-led-to-iaf-s-first-lca-tejas-crash-say-officials-101720492822231.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=9 July 2024 }}</ref>

* '''21 November 2025''': A Tejas Mk 1 aircraft from the No. 18 Squadron of the Indian Air Force, in service with the IAF since 2020,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-fighter-aircraft-crashes-at-dubai-air-show/2789306/|title=Tejas fighter aircraft crashes at Dubai Air Show, IAF confirms pilot’s death|date=21 November 2025|access-date=1 December 2025|work=[[The Print]]}}</ref> crashed during the [[Dubai Airshow]] held at the [[Al Maktoum International Airport]] in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates while performing a [[barrel roll]] maneuver, and the pilot was killed in the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2025 |title=Explained: Negative G Manoeuvre That Tejas Pilot Performed Before Crash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lca-tejas-crashes-in-dubai-whats-negative-g-manoeuvre-9677032 |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tejas-fighter-jet-crashes-during-dubai-air-show-demo-10378351/|title=IAF's Tejas fighter jet crashes during Dubai air show, pilot killed|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2025|access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref> The Indian Air Force announced the constitution of a [[Court of inquisition|court of inquiry]] to investigate the cause of the accident.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2025 |title=Tejas fighter jet crashes during Dubai air show: IAF launches probe after pilot killed — What we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pilot-killed-in-tejas-crash-dubai-air-show-iaf-launches-probe-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/125484829.cms |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* '''7 February 2026''': A Tejas Mk 1 of the Indian Air Force was involved in an incident at the [[Naliya Air Force Station]] while taking off for a training sortie. The pilot sustained minor injuries and there was no ejection. Preliminary reports indicate a technical glitch and onboard systems failure leading to a "suspected brake failure". The aircraft then [[Runway excursion|overshot the runway]] and slid into a mud patch softened by prior rainfall. After this incident, the entire fleet of Tejas has been grounded for inspection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-02-23 |title=Tejas jet suffered damage to airframe while landing at frontline air base |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-jet-suffered-damage-to-airframe-while-landing-at-frontline-air-base/article70665518.ece |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2026-02-22 |title=India loses another Tejas jet to suspected technical glitch, pilot ejects safely |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/another-tejas-fighter-jet-crashes-during-training-sortie-pilot-ejects-safely-2872595-2026-02-22 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2026-02-22 |title=Suspected brake failure leads to Tejas accident after landing, airframe likely to be written off |url=https://theprint.in/defence/suspected-brake-failure-leads-to-tejas-accident-after-landing-airframe-likely-to-be-written-off/2860898/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> HAL later clarified the incident as a minor technical glitch which is being resolved with the IAF.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-23 |title=Tejas incident: Minor glitch, not a crash, says HAL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tejas-incident-minor-glitch-not-a-crash-says-hal/articleshow/128715734.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2026-02-08 |title=IAF grounds entire Tejas fleet for checks after runway incident |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/23/iaf-grounds-entire-tejas-fleet-for-checks-after-runway-incident |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/india/some-level-of-malfunctioning-defence-secretary-on-minor-accident-involving-tejas-on-feb-7-9935898.html|title=‘Some Level Of Malfunctioning’: Defence Secretary On ‘Minor Accident’ Involving Tejas On Feb 7|date=28 February 2026}}</ref> It was reported following an investigation that the crash was caused by a software glitch of the aircraft's onboard systems. A software was upgraded jointly with the IAF and HAL and was being "tried out" as of 12 March. The entire fleet will eventually receive the software upgrade. The remaining 35 jets, including 6 trainers, underwent mechanical and metallurgical "exhaustive tests" which included checking the metallurgy of the under carriage that holds the wheels, the electro-magnetic system used for applying brakes and the software.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=2026-03-12 |title=Software glitch behind Tejas Feb 7 mishap; entire fleet to get update |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/software-glitch-behind-tejas-feb-7-mishap-entire-fleet-to-get-update/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Jose K |date=2026-03-13 |title=Did a software glitch cause LCA Tejas accident? Report says issue identified, being rectified |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2026/03/13/did-a-software-glitch-cause-lca-tejas-accident-report-says-issue-identified-being-rectified.html |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Specifications (Tejas Mk-1A)==
[[File:HAL Tejas Mark 1A 3-view line drawing.png|thumb|3-view line drawing of Tejas Mark 1A]]
[[File:HAL Tejas weapon stations.jpg|thumb|Weapon Stations on-board Tejas Mark 1]]

{{Aircraft specs
| ref = [[Aeronautical Development Agency]],<ref name="lca-tejas1">{{cite web|url=http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html|title=Leading particulars and performance|work=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221014017/http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html |archive-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> [[DRDO]],<ref name="DRDO Techfocus">{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf|title=DRDO TechFocus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322031428/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2011|work=[[DRDO]]|date=February 2011|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> [[Jane's]],<ref name="jawa-1617"/> and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trishul-trident.blogspot.com/2019/02/aero-india-2019-highlights-1.html?m=1|title=Tejas Mk-1A Brochure|work=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| prime units? = met
| crew = 1 or 2
| capacity =
| length m = 13.2
| length note =
| span m = 8.2
| span note =
| width m = 
| width ft = 
| width in = 
| width note =
| height m = 4.4
| height note =
| wing area sqm = 38.4
| wing area note =
| aspect ratio = 
| airfoil =
| empty weight kg = 6560
| empty weight note =
| gross weight kg = 9800
| gross weight note =
| max takeoff weight kg = 13,500
| max takeoff weight note = <ref name="auto6"/>
| fuel capacity = {{cvt|2458|kg}}{{cvt|3060|L}} internal; 2 × {{cvt|1200|L}}, {{cvt|800|L}} drop tank inboard, {{cvt|725|L}} drop tank under fuselage
| more general = * '''Payload''': {{cvt|4500|kg}}<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=[[Janes Information Services]] |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0-710-63250-0 |edition=105th |pages=244 }}</ref> – {{cvt|5300|kg}} external stores<ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url =https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |title=LCA: Series Production Phase |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |date= 19 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200605035908/https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |archive-date= 5 June 2020 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2023|title=Operational Capability of LCA Tejas Variants |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/operational-capability-of-lca-tejas-variants/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Indian Defence Review}}</ref>
| eng1 number = 1
| eng1 name = [[General_Electric_F404#F404-GE-IN20|General Electric F404-GE-IN20]]
| eng1 type = [[afterburning turbofan]] with [[FADEC]]
| eng1 kn =
| eng1 note =
| power original =
| thrust original =
| eng1 kn-ab = 85
| eng1 lbf-ab = 19,000
| more power = <ref>{{cite web |title=F404-GE-IN20 Engines Ordered for India Light Combat Aircraft |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/press-release/military-engines/f404-ge-in20-engines-ordered-india-light-combat-aircraft |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=[[GE Aerospace]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=F404 turbofan engines|url=https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2021|work=[[GE Aviation]]|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112175538/https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf}}</ref>
| max speed kmh = 2220
| max speed mph =
| max speed kts =
| max speed note =
| max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="Jackson"/><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=How India's LCA Tejas fares against Chinese J-10C fighter jet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-how-indias-lca-tejas-fares-against-chinese-j-10c-fighter-jet-3116719/ |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>
| cruise speed kmh =
| cruise speed mph =
| cruise speed kts =
| cruise speed note =
| stall speed kmh =
| stall speed mph =
| stall speed kts =
| stall speed note =
| never exceed speed kmh =
| never exceed speed mph =
| never exceed speed kts =
| never exceed speed note =
| range km =
| range miles =
| range nmi =
| range note =
| combat range km =
| combat range miles = 459
| combat range nmi =
| combat range note = <ref name="Jackson"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |date=10 May 2023 |title=Tejas Mk 2 languishes amid lack of funds |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/tejas-mk-2-languishes-amid-lack-of-funds |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref>
| ferry range km = 3000
| ferry range miles = 1864.1
| ferry range nmi =
| ferry range note = <ref name="AFT"/>
| endurance =
| ceiling m = 16000
| ceiling ft = 52,500
| ceiling note = <ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url =https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |title=LCA: Series Production Phase |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |date= 19 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200605035908/https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |archive-date= 5 June 2020 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nikolov |first=Boyko |date=15 September 2024 |title=Milestone for Indian Air Force: First Tejas Mk1A into service |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/09/15/milestone-for-indian-air-force-first-tejas-mk1a-into-service/ |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>
| g limits = +9/-3.5<ref name="Jackson"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=LCA Tejas Specifications |url=https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/lca-air-force-mark-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134023/https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/lca-air-force-mark-1.html |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]]}}</ref>
| roll rate = 
| glide ratio = 
| climb rate ms =
| climb rate ftmin =
| climb rate note =
| time to altitude =
| sink rate ms = 
| sink rate ftmin = 
| sink rate note =
| lift to drag =
| wing loading kg/m2 = 255.2
| wing loading lb/sqft =
| wing loading note =
| fuel consumption kg/km =
| fuel consumption lb/mi =
| power/mass =
| thrust/weight = 1.07<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2023 |title=Light Combat Aircraft: US-Backed FA-50 Takes A Clear Lead, JF-17 Banks On Chinese Push, But Tejas Is The Real Darkhorse |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/light-combat-aircraft-us-backed-fa-50-takes-clear-lead-jf-17/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The Eurasian Times}}</ref>
| more performance = 
| guns = 1x 23 mm twin-barrel [[GSh-23]] cannon with 220 rounds
| bombs =
| rockets =
| missiles =
| hardpoints = 9<ref name="auto6"/>
| hardpoint capacity = 5300 kg
| hardpoint rockets =
| hardpoint missiles = 
*** '''[[Air-to-air missile]]s''':
****2 × [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref name="awst-11apr11">{{cite magazine |title=Tejas Trials: Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Enters Key Test Phase |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |date=11 April 2011|issue=17|volume=173|pages=26–27 |location=New York |publisher=Informa |issn=0005-2175}}</ref>
****4 × [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]]<ref name=":27" />
****2 × [[Python-5]]<ref name=":27" />
****4 × [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk 1]]<ref name="Astra"/><ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2023 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires ASTRA air-to-air missile: Aeronautical Development Agency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-air-to-air-missile-aeronautical-development-agency-8906078/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
****4 × [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk 2]] (Planned)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baidya |first1=Satyaki |title=Cheaper Than Rafale And F-35, Armed With BrahMos: Tejas Mk1A To Get Rs 60,000 Crore Lift |url=https://www.news18.com/india/cheaper-than-rafale-and-f-35-armed-with-brahmos-tejas-mk1a-to-get-rs-60000-crore-lift-ws-dkl-9431634.html |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
****4 × [[ASRAAM]]<ref>{{cite news |title=India moves towards broad adoption of ASRAAM |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-moves-towards-broad-adoption-of-asraam-460441/ |access-date=7 September 2019 |work=FlightGlobal |date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914045803/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-moves-towards-broad-adoption-of-asraam-460441/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
****4 × [[Meteor (missile)|Meteor]] (Planned)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Som |first1=Vishnu |last2=Aroor |first2=Shiv |title=Tejas Mk 2 ; Tejas Mk 1 ; Will Meteor-Armed Tejas Dominate? ; CTRL ALT DEFENCE Ep 21 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/podcast/ctrl-alt-defence-1018/tejas-mk-2-tejas-mk-1-will-meteor-armed-tejas-dominate-ctrl-alt-defence-ep-21-997100# |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Som |first1=Vishnu |last2=Aroor |first2=Shiv |title=Tejas Mk 2 ; Tejas Mk 1 ; Will Meteor-Armed Tejas Dominate? ; CTRL ALT DEFENCE Ep 21 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMo40yNByZc |work=[[NDTV]] |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
*** '''[[Air-to-surface missile]]''':
**** [[Armement Air-Sol Modulaire|AASM-Hammer]] (SBU-38/54/64)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-boosts-lca-tejas-capabilities-with-french-hammer-missiles-under-emergency-powers20211116093745/|title=IAF boosts LCA Tejas capabilities with French HAMMER missiles under emergency powers|work=[[ANI News]]|date=16 November 2021|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116042536/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-boosts-lca-tejas-capabilities-with-french-hammer-missiles-under-emergency-powers20211116093745/|url-status=live}}</ref>
****2 × [[BrahMos-NG]] [[Air-launched cruise missile|ALCM]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |title=BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile |date=22 February 2019 |work=[[Zee News]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511091626/https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Planned)
****[[SCALP-EG]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baidya |first1=Satyaki |title=Tejas To Get SCALP-EG Missile With 450-kg Warhead, Set To Rival Rafale & Su-30MKI |url=https://www.news18.com/india/tejas-to-get-scalp-eg-missile-with-450-kg-warhead-set-to-rival-rafale-su-30mki-ws-dkl-9511562.html |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=18 August 2025}}</ref> (Planned)
***'''[[Anti-radiation missile]]''':
****2 × [[Rudram (missile)#Rudram I|Rudram-1]] (Planned)<ref>{{cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=17 February 2016|title=Captive flight trials of anti-radiation missile soon|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014001256/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece|archive-date=14 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*** '''[[Anti-ship missile]]''':
****2 × [[NASM-MR]]
| hardpoint bombs = 
*** '''[[Precision-guided munition]]''':
**** [[Spice (bomb)|Spice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html |title=Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations |date=19 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729072744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
**** [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-lca-combat-aircraft-now-being-armed-with-american-jdam-precision-bombing-kits20220329164333/|title=Indian LCA combat aircraft now being armed with American JDAM precision bombing kits/|work=[[ANI News]]|date=29 March 2022|access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011614/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-lca-combat-aircraft-now-being-armed-with-american-jdam-precision-bombing-kits20220329164333/|url-status=live}}</ref>
**** [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb|HSLD-100/250/450/500]]
**** [[Gaurav (glide bomb)]]
**** [[Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]]
**** [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb#Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation (TARA)|Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821|title=Indigenous Sensor, Weapons & EW Suite for LCA Tejas and Air Independent Propulsion for submarines to be showcased|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=22 January 2022|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011607/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821|url-status=live}}</ref>
**** [[Denel Dynamics Umbani#Joint venture|Al Tariq-LR]] (potential)<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeil |first1=Harry |title=EDGE entity elevates Tejas capabilities with long-range precision munitions |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/edge-entity-elevates-tejas-capabilities-with-long-range-precision-munitions/?cf-view&cf-closed |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=Airforce Technology |date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
*** '''[[Laser-guided bomb]]''':
**** [[GBU-16 Paveway II]]
**** [[Sudarshan laser-guided bomb|Sudarshan]]
**** [[Griffin LGB]]<ref name="flight-15nov16">{{cite magazine |title=HAL to hike Tejas output as India approves order |magazine=[[Flight International]] |date=15–21 November 2016 |issue=5563 |volume=190 |page=20 |location=London |issn=0015-3710}}</ref>
*** '''[[Cluster munition]]''':
**[[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]] [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS)<ref name="Flare"/>
**[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] [[Targeting pod]] (Tejas Mk.1 FOC)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejas fighter to get indigenous Laser Designator Pod to target the enemy |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017191659/https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How A Secretive DRDO Lab Is Saving The IAF Su-30MKI |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=Live fist defence |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017181649/https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[Litening|Litening III]]<ref name=":0" />
| avionics = *[[Radar]]
**[[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multimode [[fire control radar]] (Tejas Mk 1, Tejas trainer)
**[[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2052]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] [[fire control radar]] (Tejas Mk 1A)
**[[Uttam AESA|LRDE Uttam AESA]] (From 97 Tejas Mk 1A)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Vani |title=Defence Ministry Inks ₹62,370 Cr Deal With HAL To Procure 97 Tejas Jets For Indian Air Force |url=https://www.news18.com/india/hal-97-7-tejas-mark-fighter-jets-deal-hindustan-aeronautics-ltd-ministry-of-defence-indian-air-force-iaf-9595647.html |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip R. |title=Why HAL opting for foreign tech for jets is a Make in India snub |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-hal-opting-for-foreign-tech-for-jets-is-a-make-in-india-snub-2748437-2025-06-30 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
*[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]]-[[Elisra]] Mayawi self protection suite<ref name="vayu-sepoct14">{{cite magazine |last=Majumdar |first=Sayan |title=Tejas Redux: The Israeli Touch |magazine=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |date=September–October 2014 |issue=5 |pages=82–84 |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Withington |first1=Thomas |title=Enhancing the Force |url=https://www.armadainternational.com/2020/01/enhancing-the-force/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=Armada International |date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011615/https://www.armadainternational.com/2020/01/enhancing-the-force/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] Angad [[Electronic warfare|EW]] Suite (From 41st aircraft onwards of 83 Tejas Mk 1A placed in 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Angad', 'Uttam' to replace imported systems in indigenous LCA fighter jets |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/angad-uttam-to-replace-imported-systems-in-indigenous-lca-fighter-jets20231015182148/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[ANI News]] |date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=New Generation Electronic Warfare Equipment Integrated on Tejas Aircraft |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114514 |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=10 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre#Swayam Raksha Kavach EW System|Swayam Raksha Kavach EW System]] (For 97 Tejas Mk 1A placed in 2025)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Shivani |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Devika |title=Government signs deal for 97 Tejas Mark-1A jets worth Rs 62,370 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/deal-worth-rs-66500-crore-for-97-tejas-mark-1a-jets-with-state-owned-hal-likely-to-be-signed-today-sources-2793135-2025-09-25 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip R. |title=A make in India snub |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20250707-a-make-in-india-snub-2747046-2025-06-28 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
*[[Elta Systems|Elta]] ELL-8222WB jamming pod (possibly Scorpius ELL-8222SB upgrade in Tejas Mk 1A)<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel is establishing itself as a prominent player in the electronic warfare sector |date=27 June 2022 |url=https://defencereviewasia.com/israel-is-establishing-itself-as-a-prominent-player-in-the-electronic-warfare-sector/ |work=Defence Review Asia |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Chuanren |title=IAI Sells Scorpius-SP Jammer To Asian Air Force |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/iai-sells-scorpius-sp-jammer-asian-air-force |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Aviation Week Network |date=21 June 2022}}</ref>
*[[Defence_Electronics_Research_Laboratory#Advanced_Self_Protection_Jammer_(ASPJ)|Advanced Self Protection Jammer]] (ASPJ Pod on Tejas Mk 1A)<ref name="EW"/>
*[[MIL-STD-1553#Revisions|MIL-STD-1553B]] bus<ref>{{cite web |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat by HAL |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTemplate/305_Download_HAL%20R_D%20Capabilities.pdf |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011611/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTemplate/305_Download_HAL%20R_D%20Capabilities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|India}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
* {{anl|HAL AMCA}}
* {{anl|HAL HLFT-42}}
* {{anl|HAL Tejas timeline}}
|related=
* {{anl|HAL TEDBF}}
* {{anl|HAL Tejas Mk2|HAL Tejas Mark 2}}

|lists=
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Munson |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor3-last=Peacock |editor3-first=Lindsay |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2005–06 |edition=96th |date=2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Limited |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK |isbn=978-0-7106-2684-4 |chapter=ADA Tejas}}
* {{citation |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=John W. R. |editor2-last=Munson |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor3-last=Taylor |editor3-first=Michael J. H. |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Limited |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK |isbn=978-0-7106-0896-3 |chapter=HAL Light Combat Aircraft}}
* {{citation |last1=Frawley |first1=Gerard |title=The International Directory of Military Aircraft |date=2002 |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |location=[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly NSW]], Australia |isbn=1-875671-55-2}}
* {{citation |last1=Hoh |first1=Roger H. |last2=Mitchell |first2=David G. |title=Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft |url=http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115422/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |date=September 1983}}
* {{citation |last1=Aronstein |first1=David C. |last2=Piccirillo |first2=Albert C. |title=The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition |date=1996 |publisher=AIAA |location=[[Reston, Virginia]] |isbn=978-1-56347-193-3}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

* [http://www.tejas.gov.in/ Official Government of India Tejas site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127143351/http://tejas.gov.in/ |date=27 November 2015 }}

'''Features and analysis:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070523125531/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/05/stories/2007020501180100.htm "Flying into the unknown"] — A feature by ''[[The Hindu]]'' on the Tejas [[test pilot]]s.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613081832/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/sainis.html "LCA and Economics" by Sunil Sainis and George Joseph]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503102058/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/wollen.html "The Light Combat Aircraft Story"], by Air Marshal MSD Wollen (Retd).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080312201111/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/09/stories/2008030955051000.htm The case to support the indigenous LCA programme], by Ashok Parthasarathi and Raman Puri.

'''Technical:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061842/http://www.csirwebistad.org/aesi/pdf/ftgseminar05/presentations/2005/HIGH_AOA_TEJAS.pdf An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080224025554/http://csirwebistad.org/aesi/pages/tejasflight.htm Development Flight Testing of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928052634/http://www.bitsoftsystems.com/mydocs/Avionics%20Mission%20Computer%20Case%20Study.pdf LCA Avionics And Weapon System Mission Computer Software Development: A Case Study]
* [https://tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tejas%20Brochure-2015.pdf TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft, official brochure 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711071247/https://www.tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tejas%20Brochure-2015.pdf |date=11 July 2020 }}
* [https://www.ada.gov.in/images/IOC%20content/ADA-%20Tejas%20Brochure%20Final.pdf ADA Tejas IOC brochure]
* [https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf General Electric F404 family turbofan engines datasheet]

'''General:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150118032556/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/lca.htm "Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)", Fighter-planes.com]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/Features/Aero-India-special/Dawn-of-Tejas/ "Dawn of Tejas" Aero India special report from flightglobal.com]
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/monographs-documents/Radiance%20in%20Indian%20Skies%20The%20Tejas%20Saga.pdf Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas Saga by Air Marshal P Rajkumar, BR Srikant]

{{HAL aircraft}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:HAL Tejas| ]]
[[Category:HAL aircraft|Tejas]]
[[Category:2000s Indian fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Tailless delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2001]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

List of Indian winners and nominees of the British Academy Film Awards

2026-03-18T20:22:30Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi:

{{Short description|Indian winners and nominees of the BAFTAs}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Rohini Hattangadi in 2010.jpg|alt=Rohini Hattangadi in 2010|thumb|[[Rohini Hattangadi]] became the first Indian to win a [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]] for her portrayal of [[Kasturba Gandhi]] in [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982).]]
Several Indian individuals and films have received or been nominated for the [[British Academy Film Awards]] in different categories. {{as of|2023}}, 19 Indians have been nominated, and 4 have won the awards.

At the [[36th British Academy Film Awards]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] became the first Indian to win a BAFTA Award for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] for the film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982). [[Bhanu Athaiya]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] and [[Ravi Shankar]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]] for the same film.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gandhi - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083987/awards/ |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref> As of 2023, three Indian films have been nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from any Source]]— ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (1955), ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956), and ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (1959), all from [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[The Apu Trilogy|Apu Trilogy]]; and five for [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]]— ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' (2001), ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), and ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' (2014).{{refn|group=note|name=the warrior|''[[The Warrior (2001 British film) | The Warrior]]'' (2001) nominated in this category was a British film in an Indian language (Hindi).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2002-12-06 |title=Bafta says The Warrior is British |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/dec/06/baftas2003.culturaltrips |access-date=2023-04-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>}}

At the [[41st British Academy Film Awards]], ''Saving The Tiger'' and ''Man-Eating Tiger'' (both from 1987) by [[Naresh Bedi]] were nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soni |first=Sharad K. |title=Living on the wild side |work=The Tribune |publication-date=1999-09-26 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep26/sunday/head6.htm}}</ref> and at the [[76th British Academy Film Awards]], ''[[All That Breathes]]'' (2022) by [[Shaunak Sen]] and Aman Mann was nominated in the same category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-01-19 |title=BAFTA 2023: Shaunak Sen's 'All That Breathes' nominated for best documentary |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-2023-shaunak-sens-all-that-breathes-nominated-for-best-documentary/article66409015.ece |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

At the [[52nd British Academy Film Awards]], [[Shekhar Kapur]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] for ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]'' (1998), which won the award for [[BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film|Outstanding British Film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gentleman |first=Amelia |last2= |first2= |date=1999-04-12 |title=Bafta falls in love with the Elizabethans |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/12/ameliagentleman |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Resul Pookutty]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] won the BAFTA for [[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] and [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]], respectively, for the 2008 British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-09 |title=AR Rahman, Resul Pookutty win BAFTA Award |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ar-rahman-resul-pookutty-win-bafta-award-308305.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Rahman was also nominated for Best Original Music for ''[[127 Hours]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-14 |title=Rahman loses out on BAFTA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rahman-loses-out-on-bafta/articleshow/7493388.cms |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

For his role in the movie ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' (2012), [[Suraj Sharma]] received a nomination for [[BAFTA Rising Star Award|Rising Star Award]] – which, unlike the competitive awards, is publicly voted for, although the nominees are shortlisted by the jury.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-19 |title=Life of Pi lead star Suraj Sharma nominated for BAFTA rising star award |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/life-of-pi-lead-star-suraj-sharma-nominated-for-bafta-rising-star-award/articleshow/18090609.cms |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Adarsh Gourav]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for ''[[The White Tiger (film)|The White Tiger]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |title=BAFTA 2021: Adarsh Gourav Gets Nominated In The Lead Actor Category For 'The White Tiger' |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-bafta-2021-adarsh-gourav-gets-nominated-in-the-lead-actor-category-for-the-white-tiger/376840}}</ref>

In 2026, Manipuri film ''[[Boong (film)|Boong]]'' became the first Indian movie to win a BAFTA,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-23 |title=Manipuri film Boong becomes first Indian movie to win BAFTA |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipuri-film-boong-becomes-first-indian-movie-to-win-bafta-1608371 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Assam Tribune |language=en}}</ref> which it did by winning in the [[BAFTA Award for Best Children's & Family Film|Best Children's & Family Film]] category.

== Competitive awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Competitive awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[11th British Academy Film Awards|1957 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from any Source]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="11th BAFTAs">{{Cite web |title=Film in 1958 {{!}} BAFTA Awards |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1958/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1958 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Aparajito]]''
| ''[[Aparajito]]''
| Best Film from any Source
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="12th BAFTAs">{{Cite web |title=Film in 1959 {{!}} BAFTA Awards |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1959/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1961 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| Best Film from any Source
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="15th BAFTAs">{{Cite web |title=Film in 1962 {{!}} BAFTA Awards |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1962/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[36th British Academy Film Awards|1982 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Rohini|Hattangadi}}
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref name="36th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1983/film|title=Film in 1983 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Bhanu|Athaiya}}
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ravi|Shankar}}
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[41st British Academy Film Awards|1987 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Naresh|Bedi}}
| ''Man-Eating Tigers/Saving the Tiger''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="41st BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1988/film|title=Film in 1988 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[43rd British Academy Film Awards|1989 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{refn|group=note|name=salaam bombay|[[Mira Nair]], the director and co-producer of ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' who received the nomination, is [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]]. The film was co-financed by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sterritt |first=David |date=1988-10-12 |title=MIRA NAIR. Interview with Indian director whose new film stars street children from Bombay |language=en-US |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1012/lfl07.html}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="43rd BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film|title=Film in 1990 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[52nd British Academy Film Awards|1998 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{sortname|Shekhar|Kapur}}
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="52nd BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1999/film|title=Film in 1999 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film|Outstanding British Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[55th British Academy Film Awards|2001 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{refn|group=note|name=monsoon wedding|[[Mira Nair]], the director and co-producer of ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' who received the nomination, is [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]]. The film was an international co-production between companies in India, the United States, Italy, France, and Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2001-09-04 |title=Monsoon Wedding |language=en-US |work=Variety| url=https://variety.com/2001/film/awards/monsoon-wedding-1200470102/}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="55th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2002/film|title=Film in 2002 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[56th British Academy Film Awards|2002 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjay|Leela Bhansali}} {{sortname|Bharat|Shah}}
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="56th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/film|title=Film in 2003 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[60th British Academy Film Awards|2006 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rakeysh|Omprakash Mehra}} {{sortname|Ronnie|Screwvala}}
| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="60th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/film|title=Film in 2007 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|2008 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Freida|Pinto}}
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref name="62nd BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2009/film|title=Film in 2009 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Resul|Pookutty}}
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]]
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"| {{sortname|A. R.|Rahman}}
| rowspan="2" | Best Original Music
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[64th British Academy Film Awards|2010 {{small|(64th)}}]]
| ''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="64th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/film-awards-2011-winners-list|title=Film Awards 2011: Winners List|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[68th British Academy Film Awards|2014 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ritesh|Batra}} {{sortname|Anurag|Kashyap}} {{sortname|Guneet|Monga}} {{sortname|Arun|Rangachari|nolink=yes}}
| ''[[The Lunchbox]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="68th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2015/film|title=Film in 2015 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[74th British Academy Film Awards|2020 {{small|(74th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Adarsh|Gourav}}
|''[[The White Tiger (2021 film)|The White Tiger]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role| Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="74th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2021/film|title=Film in 2021 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[76th British Academy Film Awards|2022 {{small|(76th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Shaunak|Sen}} {{sortname|Aman|Mann|nolink=yes}}
|''[[All That Breathes]]''
| Best Documentary
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="76th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2023/film|title=Film in 2023 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[79th British Academy Film Awards|2025 {{small|(79th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Lakshmipriya|Devi}} {{sortname|Ritesh|Sidhwani}}
|''[[Boong (film)|Boong]]''
|[[BAFTA Award for Best Children's & Family Film|Best Children's & Family Film]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Abhishek |date=2026-02-23 |title=Boong: Indian film from Manipur wins big at Bafta |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c6268292086o |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

== Publicly voted awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Publicly Voted awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[66th British Academy Film Awards|2012 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Suraj|Sharma}}
| [[BAFTA Rising Star Award|Rising Star Award]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="66th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2013/film|title=Film in 2013 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Grammy Awards]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cinema of India}}
{{New Wave in cinema}}

[[Category:Cinema of India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (people)]]

List of Tamil film actresses

2026-03-17T22:28:48Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: page edit

{{Short description|none}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

This is a list of notable actresses who have played key roles in the [[Tamil cinema]], primarily based in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manju-warrier-nayanthara-jyothika-female-stars-are-marching-to-a-different-but-no-less-successful-beat-4025507.html |title=Manju Warrier, Nayanthara, Jyothika: Female stars are marching to a different, but no less successful, beat |date=9 September 2017 |work=Firstpost |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052146/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manju-warrier-nayanthara-jyothika-female-stars-are-marching-to-a-different-but-no-less-successful-beat-4025507.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jyothika, Nayanthara to Samantha - The top heroines of Tamil cinema |access-date=28 December 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/nayanthara-to-samantha-top-heroines-of-tamil-cinema/jyothika/photostory/62837354.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818011654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/jyothika/photostory/62837354.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |accessdate=17 September 2018 |title=Superstars Inc: When women rule the roost in Indian cinema |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/superstars-inc-anushka-shetty-jyothika-nayanthara-kangana-ranaut-vidya-balan/article22964856.ece |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012032103/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/superstars-inc-anushka-shetty-jyothika-nayanthara-kangana-ranaut-vidya-balan/article22964856.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vikram Venkateswaran |title=Karma Eats Man, Woman Inherits Tamil Cinema |accessdate=31 August 2019 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/nayanthara-keerthi-suresh-jyothika-female-leads-taking-over-tamil-cinema-rising-trend |website=The Quint |date=24 July 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724110752/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment%2Findian-cinema%2Fnayanthara-keerthi-suresh-jyothika-female-leads-taking-over-tamil-cinema-rising-trend#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 800
| image_style =
| perrow = 5
| caption_align = left
| image1 = T. P. Rajalakshmi.jpg
| caption1 = 1930's: [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]]
| image2 = Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 2013 stamp of India.jpg
| caption2 = 1940's: [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]]
| image3 = Sowcar Janaki.jpg
| caption3 = 1950's: [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| image4 = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption4 = 1960's: [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
| image5 = Sridevi.jpg
| caption5 = 1970's: [[Sridevi]]
| image6 = Raadhika at 62nd Britannia Filmfare South Awards 2014.jpg
| caption6 = 1980's: [[Radhika Sarathkumar| Raadhika]]
| image7 = Meena at Viscosity Dance Academy Launch 2(cropped).jpg
| caption7 = 1990's: [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| image8 = Trisha Krishnan at PS1 pre release event (3).jpg
| caption8 = 2000's:
[[Trisha Krishnan| Trisha]]
| image9 = Keerthy Suresh at Bhola Shankar pre release event (1) (cropped).jpg
| caption9 = 2010's: [[Keerthi Suresh]]
| image10 = Aparna Balamurali.png
| caption10 = 2020's: [[Aparna Balamurali]]

}}

==1930s==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
! class="unsortable" | Other notable films
|-
| 1931
| [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]]
| Kovalan
| ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'' (1944), ''[[Miss Kamala]]'' (1948)
|-
|1934
|[[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]
|''[[Pavalakkodi (1934 film)|Pavalakkodi]]''
|[[Naveena Sarangadhara (1936 film)|''Naveena Sarangadhara'']] (1936), ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1958)
|}

==1940s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
!class=unsortable| Other notable films
|-
| 1941
| [[T. R. Rajakumari]]
| ''[[Kacha Devayani]]''
| ''[[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]]'' (1944), ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1948)
|-
|1944
|[[Pandari Bai]]
|''[[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]]''
|''[[Vedhala Ulagam]]'' (1948), ''[[Marmayogi]]'' (1951), ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952), ''[[Andha Naal]]'' (1954)
|-
|1944
|[[Pushpavalli]]
|''[[Dasi Aparanji]]''
|''[[Miss Malini]]'' (1947), ''[[Chakra Dhari]]'' (1948), ''[[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1951)
|-
|1947
| [[Anjali Devi]]
| ''Mahathma Udangar''
| ''[[Marmayogi]]'' (1951), ''[[Doctor Savithri]]'' (1955), ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]'' (1957)
|-
| 1947
| [[S. Varalakshmi]]
| ''[[1000 Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani]]''
| ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]'' (1957), ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' (1959), ''[[Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)|Poova Thalaiya]]'' (1969)
|-
| 1948
| [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| ''[[Vedhala Ulagam]]''
| ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' (1959), ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968)
|-
| 1949
| [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
| ''[[Ratnakumar]]''
| ''[[Malaikkallan]]'' (1954), ''[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]]'' (1956), ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958), ''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]'' (1962)
|-
|1949
|[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|''[[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vaazhkai]]''
|''[[Vanji Kottai Valipan]]'' (1958), ''[[Baghdad Thirudan]]'' (1960), ''[[Then Nilavu]]'' (1961)
|-
|}

==1950s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
!class=unsortable| Other notable films
|-
| 1952
| [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| ''[[Valayapathi (film)|Valayapathi]]''
| ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' (1967), ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969)
|-
| 1952
| [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu|Kalyanam Panni Paar]]''
| ''[[Missiamma]]'' (1955), ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961), ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal]]'' (1965)
|-
| 1953
|[[C. R. Vijayakumari|C.R. Vijayakumari]]
| ''[[Naalvar]]''
| ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' (1959), ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'' (1963), ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]'' (1964), ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]'' (1973)
|-
| 1953
| [[Raja Sulochana]]
| ''[[Gunasagari]]''
| ''[[Rangoon Radha]]'' (1956), ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' (1956), ''[[Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum]]'' (1957)
|-
|1954
|[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
|''[[Panam Paduthum Padu]]''
|''[[Missiamma]]'' (1955), ''[[Tenali Raman]]'' (1956), ''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]'' (1957), ''[[Nalla Theerpu]]'' (1959)
|-
| 1957
| [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| ''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]]''
| ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958), ''[[Puthiya Paravai]]'' (1964), ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966)
|-
| 1957
|[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
|''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]''
|''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964),''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]'' (1967), ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'' (1969), ''[[Sivandha Mann]]'' (1969)
|-
| 1957
| [[Devika]]
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]''
| ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]'' (1960), ''[[Paava Mannippu]]'' (1957), ''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (1962)
|}

==1960s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
! class="unsortable" | Other notable films
|-
|1960
|[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
|''[[Yanai Paagan]]''
|''[[Annai Illam]]'' (1963), ''[[Padagotti]]'' (1964), ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' (1967), ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969)
|-
| 1960
| [[Rajasree]]
|''[[Bhaktha Sabari|Bhakta Sabari]] ''
| ''[[Panam Panthiyile]]'' (1961), ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' (1967), ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' (1968)
|-
|1962
|[[Sachu]]
|''[[Veera Thirumagan]]''
|''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964), ''[[Thenmazhai]]'' (1966), ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' (1967), ''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Sorgam]]'' (1970)
|-
|1962
|[[Sheela]]
|''[[Paasam]]''
|''[[Vanambadi]]'' (1963), ''[[Karpagam]]'' (1963), ''[[Idhayak Kamalam]]'' (1965), ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' (1966)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1963
| [[K. R. Vijaya]]
| ''[[Karpagam]]''
| ''[[Iru Malargal]]'' (1967), ''[[Dheerga Sumangali]]'' (1974)
|-
| [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| ''[[Kunkhumam]]''
| ''[[Gnana Oli]]'' (1972), ''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]'' (1975), ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986)

|-
| 1965
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| rowspan=2|''[[Vennira Aadai]]''
| ''[[Adimaippenn]]'' (1969), ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'' (1972), ''[[Suryagandhi]]'' (1973)
|-
| 1965
| [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]
| ''[[Ennathan Mudivu]]'' (1965), ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' (1968), ''[[Mannippu]]'' (1969)
|-
| 1966
| [[Vanisri]]
| ''[[Kathal Paduthum Padu]]''
| ''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]'' (1968), ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' (1972), ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' (1974)
|-
| 1967
| [[Jayabharathi]]
| ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]''
| ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' (1974), ''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum|Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum]]'' (1979), ''[[Marupakkam]]'' (1990)
|-
| 1968
| [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| ''[[Jeevanaamsam]]''
| ''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]'' (1974), ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' (1977)
|}

==1970s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
!class=unsortable| Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971
| [[Manjula Vijayakumar]]
| ''[[Rickshawkaran]]''
| ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' (1973), ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' (1975), ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' (1991)
|-
| [[Srividya]]
| ''Delhi To Madras''
| ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' (1971), ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975), ''[[Unarchigal (1976 film)|Unarchigal]]'' (1976)
|-
| 1972
| [[Jayachitra]]
| ''[[Kurathi Magan]]''
| ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' (1973), ''[[Bharatha Vilas|Bharata Vilas]]'' (1973), ''[[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]'' (1973)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973
| [[Jayasudha]]
| ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]''
| ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975), ''[[Mannavan Vanthaanadi]]'' (1975), ''[[Alaipayuthey]]'' (2000)
|-
| [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
| ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''
| ''[[Urimaikural]]'' (1974), ''[[Pallandu Vazhga]]'' (1975), ''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]'' (1976)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1974
| [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
|rowspan=2''| ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]''
| ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976), ''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]'' (1987), ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' (1993)
|-
|[[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]
|''[[Iraivan Kodutha Varam]]'' (1978), ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' (1978), ''[[Kaali (1980 film)|Kaali]]'' (1980)
|-
|[[Sripriya]]
|''Murugan Kaatiya Vazhi''
|''[[Aattukara Alamelu]]'' (1977), ''[[Ilamai Oonjaladukirathu]]'' (1978), ''[[Neeya?]]'' (1979)
|-
|[[Shoba]]
|''[[Vairam]]''
|''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]'' (1979), ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'' (1979), ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976
| [[Jaya Prada]]
| ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmatha Leelai]]''
| ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (1979), ''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]'' (1993), ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008)
|-
| [[Sridevi]]
| ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]''
| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' (1982), ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977), ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' (1978)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1978
| [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
| ''[[Bairavi]]''
| ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'' (1987), ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' (1989), ''[[Azhagan]]'' (1991)
|-
| [[Saritha]]
| ''[[Thappu Thalangal]]''
| ''[[Netrikkann]]'' (1981), ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]'' (1984), ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003)
|-
| [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
| ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]''
| ''[[Moondru Mugam]]'' (1982), ''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]'' (1988), ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' (1993)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979
| [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
| ''[[Chakkalathi]]''
| ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sagalakala Vallavan]]'' (1982), ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986), ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' (1986)
|-
| [[Sumalatha]]
| ''[[Thisai Maariya Paravaigal]]''
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (1980), ''[[Kazhugu (1981 film)|Kazhugu]]'' (1986), ''[[Oru Odai Nadhiyagirathu]]'' (1983)
|-
|[[Rati Agnihotri]]
|''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]''
|''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]'' (1980), ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (1980), ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]'' (1980)
|}

==1980s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
!class=unsortable| Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1980
| [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
| ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]''
| ''[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' (1981), ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985), ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' (1987)
|-
| [[Vijayashanti]]
| ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]''
| ''[[Nenjile Thunivirunthal]]'' (1981), ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' (1992), ''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]'' (2003)
|-
| [[Silk Smitha]]
| ''[[Vandichakkaram]]''
| ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981), ''[[Silk Silk Silk]]'' (1983), ''[[Adhisaya Manithan]]'' (1990)
|-
| [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
| ''Pudhiya Thoranangal''
| ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' (1981), ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' (1981), ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' (1984)
|-
| [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| ''Ramayi Vayasukku Vanthutta''
| ''[[Savithiri (1980 film)|Savithiri]]'' (1980), ''[[Netrikkan]]'' (1981), ''[[Urangatha Ninaivugal]]'' (1983)
|-
| [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
| ''Thai Ponggal''
| ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' (1987), ''[[Veedu]]'' (1988), ''[[Seethakaathi]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Shobana]]
| ''[[Mangala Nayagi]]''
| ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' (1984), ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'' (1989), ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981
| [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]''
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (1981), ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]'' (1983), ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'' (1985)
|-
| [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
| ''[[Nenjil Oru Mull]]''
| ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' (1983), ''[[Thanga Magan (1983 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' (1983), ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' (1984)
|-
|[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|''[[Ranuva Veeran]]''
|''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' (1984), ''[[24 Mani Neram]]'' (1984), ''[[Pillai Nila]]'' (1985)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|[[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]]
|''[[Hitler Umanath]]''
|''[[Nenjathai Allitha]]'' (1984), ''[[Unnai Thedi Varuven]]'' (1985), ''[[Veendum Lisa|My Dear Lisa]]'' (1987)
|-
|[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
|''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]''
|''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]'' (1983), ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' (1984), ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985)
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983
| [[Ramya Krishnan]]
| ''Vellai Manasu''
| ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999), ''[[Panchathanthiram]]'' (2002), ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
| ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]''
| ''[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]'' (1991), ''[[Marupadiyum]]'' (1993), ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (1994)
|-
| [[Revathi]]
| ''[[Mann Vasanai]]''
| ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992), ''[[Power Paandi]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Bhanupriya]]
| ''[[Mella Pesungal]]''
| ''[[Chatriyan (film)|Chatriyan]]'' (1990), ''[[Azhagan]]'' (1991), ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]'' (1992)
|-
| [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990), ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (1994), ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' (2009)
|-
|1984
|[[Monisha Unni]]
|''Paavayya'' (short film)
| ''[[Pookkal Vidum Thudhu]]'' (1987), ''[[Moondravadhu Kann|Moonravadhu Kaan]]'' (1993), ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' (1992)
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1985
| [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
| ''[[Mudhal Mariyathai]]''
| ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' (1986), ''[[Velicham]]'' (1987), ''[[Urimai Geetham]]'' (1988)
|-
| [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
| ''[[Chinna Veedu]]''
| ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' (1994), ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' (1995), ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001)
|-
| [[Nadhiya]]
| ''[[Poove Poochudava]]''
| ''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' (1986), ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajathi Raja]]'' (1989), ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004)
|-
| [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]]
| ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]''
| ''[[Manithanin Marupakkam]]'' (1986), ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' (1987), ''[[Vanna Kanavugal]]'' (1987)
|-
|[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|''[[Aan Paavam]]''
|''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]'' (1988), ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (1988), ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' (1988)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1986
| [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
| ''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]''
| ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988), ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' (1988), ''[[Vetri Vizha]]'' (1989)
|-
| [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
| ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]''
| ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' (1986), ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' (1989), ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' (2002)
|-
| [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]
| ''[[Aruvadai Naal]]''
| ''[[Dharma Devathai]]'' (1986), ''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]'' (1988), ''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]'' (1990), ''[[Sahadevan Mahadevan]]'' (1988)
|-
|[[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]
|''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''
|''[[Ananda Aradhanai]]'' (1987), ''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]'' (1988), ''[[Pagalil Pournami]]'' (1990)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987
| [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| ''[[Vanakkam Vathiyare]]'' (1991), ''[[Em Magan]]'' (2006), ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]]
| ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]''
| ''[[Rayilukku Neramachu]]'' (1988), ''[[Poovizhi Raja]]'' (1988), ''[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]'' (1990)

|-
| [[Rupini]]
| ''[[Cooliekkaran]]''
| ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]'' (1987), ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' (1989), ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988
| [[Nirosha]]
| ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''
| ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' (1988), ''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'' (1990), ''[[Vetri Padigal]]'' (1991)
|-
| [[Gautami]]
| ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989), ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' (1989), ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (1991)
|-
| [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''
| ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991), ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994), ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' (1995)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
| ''[[Karakattakaran]]''
| ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' (1990), ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' (1995), ''[[Katta Panchayathu]]'' (1996)
|-
| [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
| ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
| ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' (1990), ''[[Archana IAS]]'' (1991), ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999)
|}

==1990s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
!class=unsortable| Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1990
|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|''[[Oru Pudhiya Kadhai]]''
| ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' (1996), ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]'' (1997), ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000)
|-
| [[Aamani]]
| ''Pudhiya Kaatru''
| ''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]'' (1992), ''[[Honest Raj]]'' (1994), ''[[Pudhayal]]'' (1997)
|-
| [[Easwari Rao]]
| ''Kavithai Paadum Alaigal''
| ''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' (1997), ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' (2002), ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]]
| ''[[Nyayangal Jayikkattum|Nyayangal Jeyikkattum]]''
| ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' (1992), ''[[Ejamaan]]'' (1993), ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' (1999)
|-
| [[Ooha (actress)|Sivaranjani]]
| ''Mr. Bharath''
| ''[[Thalaivasal (film)|Thalaivasal]]'' (1992), ''[[Kalaignan]]'' (1993), ''[[Vandicholai Chinraasu]]'' (1994)
|-
|[[Suman Ranganathan]]
|''[[Puthu Paatu|Pudhu Paatu]]''
|''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]'' (1991), ''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' (1992), ''[[Mudhal Udhayam]]'' (1995)
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1991
| [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
| ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]''
| ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' (1993), ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' (1994), ''[[Thayagam]]'' (1996)
|-
| [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
| ''[[Pudhu Nellu Pudhu Naathu]]''
| ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' (1993), ''[[Vandicholai Chinraasu]]'' (1994), ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996)
|-
| [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
| ''[[Aatha Un Koyilile]]''
| ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'' (1994), ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996), ''[[Kaadhal Kavidhai]]'' (1998)
|-
| [[Madhoo]]
| ''[[Azhagan]]''
| ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1991), ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'' (1996)
|-
|[[Yuvarani]]
|''Thambi Oorukku Pudhusu''
|''[[Senthoorapandi]]'' (1993), ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995), ''[[Pasumpon]]'' (1995)
|-
| [[Heera Rajagopal]]
| ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]''
| ''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]'' (1991), ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993), ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (1996)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
| [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
| ''[[Chembaruthi]]''
| ''[[Indhu]]'' (1994), ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' (1994), ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (1998)
|-
| [[Ranjitha]]
| ''[[Nadodi Thendral]]''
| ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'' (1993), ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' (1994), ''[[Karnaa]]'' (1995)
|-
|[[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]]
|''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''
|''[[Suriyan Chandiran]]'' (1993), ''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' (1994), ''[[Minor Mappillai]]'' (1996)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993
| [[Soundarya]]
| ''[[Ponnumani]]''
| ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997), ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998), ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' (2003)
|-
| [[Sanghavi]]
| ''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]''
| ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'' (1996), ''[[Porkkaalam]]'' (1997), ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'' (1998)
|-
| [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| ''[[Uzhavan]]''
| ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' (1996), ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997), ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998)
|-
|[[Priya Raman]]
|''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]''
|''[[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1997), ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' (1998), ''[[Chinna Raja]]'' (1999)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994
| [[Nagma]]
| ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
| ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995), ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' (1996), ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' (1997)
|-
| [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]
| ''[[Sarigamapadani]]''
| ''[[Pullakuttikaran]]'' (1995), ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' (1996), ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]'' (1997)
|-
| [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Karuththamma]]''
| ''Neela Kuyil'' (1995), ''[[Amman Kovil Vaasalile]]'' (1996), ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999)
|-
| [[Maheswari]]
| ''[[Nesam]]'' (1997), ''[[Ullaasam]]'' (1997), ''[[Naam Iruvar Nammaku Iruvar]]'' (1998)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995
| [[Manisha Koirala]]
| ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996), ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999), ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002)
|-
| [[Suvaluxmi]]
| ''[[Aasai]]''
| ''[[Gokulathil Seethai (film)|Gokulathil Seethai]]'' (1996), ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' (1997), ''[[En Aasai Rasave]]'' (1998)
|-
| [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]''
| ''[[Kaadhal Kottai]]'' (1996), ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (2000), ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996
| [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]
| ''[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]''
| ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' (1997), ''[[Periya Idathu Mappillai]]'' (1997), ''[[Rettai Jadai Vayasu]]'' (1997)
|-
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| ''[[Kadhal Desam]]''
| ''[[Iruvar]]'' (2007), ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000), ''[[Snegithiye]]'' (2000)
|-
| [[Anju Aravind]]
| ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]''
| ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' (1996), ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997), ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' (2000)
|-
| rowspan="7" |1997
| [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
| ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]''
| ''[[Nerukku Ner]]'' (1997), ''[[Pooveli]]'' (1998), ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' (2000)
|-
|[[Kajol]]
|[[Minsara Kanavu]]
|[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]](2017),[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]](2018)
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rai]]
| ''[[Iruvar]]''
| ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998), ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000), ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' (2010), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|''[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V. I. P.]]''
|''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' (1999), ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' (1999), ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008)
|-
| [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
| ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai|Kaadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''
| ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999), ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' (2000), ''[[Alai Payuthey|Alaipayuthey]]'' (2000)
|-
|[[Keerthi Reddy]]
|''[[Devathai]]''
|''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' (1998), ''[[Iniyavale]]'' (1998), ''[[Ninaivirukkum Varai]]'' (1999)
|-
|[[Sakshi Shivanand]]
|''[[Pudhayal]]''
|''[[Mappillai Gounder|Maapillai Gounder]]'' (1997) , ''[[Vaanchinathan]]'' (2001) , ''[[Vedham]]'' (2001)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
| [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
| ''[[Bhagavath Singh (film)|Bhagavath Singh]]''
| ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003), ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]'' (2008), ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' (2010)
|-
| [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
| ''[[Poonthottam]]''
| ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001), ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]'' (2003), ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Isha Koppikar]]
|''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]''
|''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' (1999), ''[[Nenjinile]]'' (1999), ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' (2001)
|-
| [[Preetha Vijayakumar]]
| ''[[Sandhippoma]]''
| ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999), ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' (1999), ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' (2002)
|-
| rowspan="5" |1999
| [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]]
| ''[[Kallazhagar]]''
| ''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001), ''[[Pithamagan]]'' (2003), ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' (2005)
|-
| [[Jyothika]]
| ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''
| ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005), ''[[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]]'' (2007)
|-
| [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
| ''[[Unnai Thedi]]''
| ''[[Rojavanam]]'' (1999), ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' (2000), ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005)
|-
| [[Mumtaj]]
| ''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]''
| ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]'' (2001), ''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]'' (2005)
|-
|[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]
|''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]''
|''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' (2000), [[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|''Charlie Chaplin'']] (2002), ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' (2002)
|}

==2000s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Name !! Debut film!! Notable films
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000
| [[Pooja Kumar]]
| ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]''
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013), ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015), ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
| ''[[Vaanavil]]''
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' (2001), ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004), ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' (2015)
|-
|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|''[[Ennavalle|Ennavale]]''
|''[[Aanandham]]'' (2001), ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' (2002), ''[[Vaseegara]]'' (2003)
|-
| [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
| ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]''
| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' (2001), ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' (2003), ''[[Kannadi Pookal|Kannadi Pookkal]]'' (2005)
|-
|[[Divyaa Unni]]
|''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]''
|''[[Sabhash]]'' (2000), ''[[Palayathu Amman|Paalayathu Amman]]'' (2000), ''[[Vedham]]'' (2001)
|-
|[[Shwetha Menon|Shweta Menon]]
|''[[Snegithiye]]''
|''[[Naan Avan Illai 2]]'' (2009), ''[[Aravaan]]'' (2012), ''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]'' (2015)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2001
| [[Reema Sen]]
| ''[[Minnale]]''
| ''[[Chellamae]]'' (2004), ''[[Vallavan]]'' (2006), ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' (2010)
|-
| [[Monal Naval]]
| ''[[Paarvai Ondre Pothume]]''
| ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' (2001), ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' (2001), ''[[Samudhiram]]'' (2001)
|-
|[[Bhumika Chawla]]
|''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]''
|''[[Roja Kootam]]'' (2002), ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' (2006), ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]'' (2023)
|-
| [[Richa Pallod]]
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shah Jahan]]''
| ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' (2002), ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan|Kaadhal Kirukkan]]'' (2003), ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006)
|-
|[[Sindhu Menon]]
|''[[Samudhiram]]''
|''[[Kadal Pookkal|Kadal Pookal]]'' (2001), ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' (2002), ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009)
|-
|[[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
|''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]''
|''[[Sri (2002 film)|Shree]]'' (2002), ''[[April Maadhathil|April Maadhattil]]'' (2002), ''[[Vaseegara]]'' (2003)
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2002
| [[Kiran Rathod]]
| ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]''
| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003), ''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' (2003), ''[[Aambala]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Meera Jasmine]]
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
| ''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004), ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' (2005), ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' (2005)
|-
| [[Gajala]]
| ''[[Ezhumalai]]''
| ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' (2005), ''[[Em Magan]]'' (2006), ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' (2008)
|-
|[[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]
|''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]''
|''[[Adi Thadi]]'' (2004), ''[[Gummalam]]'' (2002), ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' (2003)
|-
| [[Trisha Krishnan]]
| ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''
| ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003)'', [[Ghilli]]'' (2004), [[Aaru (film)|''Aaru'']] (2005), [[Unakkum Enakkum|''Unakum Enakkum'']] (2006), [[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|''Abhiyum Naanum'']] (2008), ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
|''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
|''[[Priyamaana Thozhi]]'' (2003), ''[[Thithikudhe]]'' (2003), ''[[Devathayai Kanden]]'' (2005)
|-
| [[Kaniha]]
| [[Five Star (film)|''Five Star'']]
| ''[[Aethirree]]'' (2004), ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' (2004), ''[[Varalaru]]'' (2006)
|-
|[[Shrutika]]
|[[Sri (2002 film)|''Shree'']]
|''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' (2002), ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' (2003), ''[[Thithikudhe]]'' (2003)
|-
|[[Charmy Kaur]]
|''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai|Kaadhal Azhivathillai]]''
|''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]'' (2003), ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' (2003), ''[[Laadam]]'' (2009)
|-
|[[Sriya Reddy]]
|''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]''
|''[[Thimiru]]'' (2006), ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006), ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' (2011)
|-
|[[Gayathri Raguram]]
|''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''
|''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]'' (2002), ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' (2003), ''[[Vikadan]]'' (2003)
|-
|[[Priyanka Trivedi]]
|''[[Raajjiyam]]''
|''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' (2002), ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' (2003), ''[[Jananam]]'' (2004)
|-
|[[Anita Hassanandani|Anitha Hassanandani]]
|''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]''
|''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' (2002), ''[[Sukran]]'' (2005), ''[[Nayagan (2008 film)|Nayagan]]'' (2008)
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2003
| [[Sherin]]
| ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''
| ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' (2003), ''[[Urchagam]]'' (2007), ''[[Nannbenda]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Sadha]]
| ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
| ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005), ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' (2007), ''[[Torchlight (2018 film)|Torchlight]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Sonia Agarwal]]
| ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]''
| ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004), ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006), ''[[Thanimai]]'' (2019)
|-
| [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
| ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005), ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008), ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' (2010)
|-
|[[Nikita Thukral]]
|''[[Kurumbu]]''
|''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (2004), ''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' (2005), ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008)
|-
| [[Pooja Umashankar]]
| ''[[Jay Jay]]''
| ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' (2005), ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009), ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' (2013)
|-
| [[Shriya Saran]]
| ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]''
| ''[[Mazhai]]'' (2005), ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' (2006), ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007)
|-
|[[Devadarshini]]
|''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
|''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003), ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Muni 2: Kanchana]]'' (2014), ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Chaya Singh]]
|''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]''
|''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]'' (2010), ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' (2014), ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Meera Vasudevan]]
|''[[Unnai Saranadainthen]]''
|''[[Arivumani]]'' (2004), ''[[Aattanayagan]]'' (2010), ''[[Adanga Maru]]'' (2018)
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2004
| [[Namitha]]
| ''[[Engal Anna]]''
| ''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005), ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]'' (2007), ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007)
|-
| [[Divya Spandana]]
| ''[[Kuthu]]''
| ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004), ''[[Varanam Aayiram]]'' (2008), ''[[Singam Puli]]'' (2010)
|-
| [[Priyamani]]
| ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]''
| ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007), ''[[Malaikottai]]'' (2007), ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' (2009)
|-
| [[Madhumitha]]
| ''[[Kudaikul Mazhai]]''
| ''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005), ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' (2008), ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]'' (2009)
|-
| [[Gopika]]
| ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]''
| ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' (2005), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' (2005), ''[[Em Magan]]'' (2006)
|-
| [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]]
| ''[[Kaadhal]]''
| ''[[Dishyum]]'' (2006), ''[[Vallavan]]'' (2006), ''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]'' (2007)
|-
| [[Asin]]
| ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]''
| ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005), ''[[Pokkiri]]'' (2007), ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008), ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011)
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005
| [[Nayanthara]]
| ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]''
| ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013), ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' (2015), ''[[Aramm]]'' (2017),
|-
|[[Meera Chopra|Nila]]
|''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''
|''[[Jambhavan]]'' (2006), ''[[Marudhamalai]]'' (2007), ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' (2007)
|-
| [[Raai Laxmi]]
| ''[[Karka Kasadara]]''
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' (2008), ''[[Vaamanan]]'' (2009), ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011)
|-
|[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''
|''[[Pattiyal]]'' (2006), ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' (2007), ''[[Pokkisham]]'' (2009)
|-
|[[Saranya Mohan]]
|''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]''
|''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008), ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009), ''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2006
| [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
| ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]''
| ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006), ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' (2007), ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008)
|-
|[[Vimala Raman]]
|''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]''
|''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' (2008), ''[[Iruttu]]'' (2019), ''[[Asvins (film)|Asvins]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Mamta Mohandas|Mamtha Mohandas]]
|''[[Sivappathigaram]]''
|''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' (2009), ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' (2012), ''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]'' (2021)
|-
| [[Vedhika]]
| ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|''[[Kaalai]]'' (2008), ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013), ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014)
|-
| [[Vasundhara Kashyap]]
| ''[[Vattaram]]''
|''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008), ''[[Peraanmai]]'' (2009), ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010)
|-
| [[Tamannaah]]
| ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]''
| [[Kalloori]](2007)''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' (2009),[[Kanden Kadhalai]](2009),[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkathavan]](2009)''[[Paiyaa]]'' (2010), '',[[Siruthai]](2011),[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]](2014)[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'', (2016),[[Devi]](2016),[[Oopiri|Thozha]](2016),[[Kanne Kalaimaane ]](2019),[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]](2023),[[Aranmanai 4]](2024)
|-
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| ''[[Rendu]]''
| ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikkaran]]'' (2009), ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2010), ''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]'' (2013)
|-
| [[Regina Cassandra]]
| ''[[Azhagiya Asura]]''
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' (2015), ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
| ''[[Gamyam|Kadhalna Summa Illai]]'' (2009), ''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
| [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]''
| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' (2010), ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013), ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi Agathiyan]]
| ''[[Chennai 600028]]''
| ''[[Anjathe]]'' (2008), ''[[Biryani (film)|Biryani]]'' (2013), ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]
| ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]''
| ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010), ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' (2011), ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012)
|-
| [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
|''[[Sringaram]]''
|''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (2017), ''[[Psycho (2020 film)|Psycho]]'' (2020), ''[[Hey Sinamika]]'' (2022)
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2008
| [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
| ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''
|''[[Maattrraan]]'' (2012), ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012), ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Swathi Reddy]]
| ''[[Subramaniapuram]]''
| ''[[Kanimozhi]]'' (2010), ''[[Poraali]]'' (2011), ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013)
|-
|[[Sameera Reddy]]
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
|''[[Aasal]]'' (2010), ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' (2011), ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012)
|-
| [[Piaa Bajpai]]
| ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]''
| ''[[Aegan]]'' (2008), ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' (2010), ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (2010)
|-
| [[Sunaina]]
| ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]''
| ''[[Neerparavai]]'' (2012), ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]'' (2018), ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' (2019)
|-
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]]
| ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''
| ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' (2013), ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' (2013), ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Poonam Bajwa]]
| ''[[Seval]]''
| ''[[Kacheri Arambam]]'' ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' (2010), ''[[Thambikottai]]'' (2011)
|-
|[[Remya Nambeesan]]
|''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''
|''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012), ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016), ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]
|''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]''
|''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' (2010), ''[[Aadu Puli]]'' (2011), ''[[Thagaraaru]]'' (2013)
|-
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]''
|''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Nivetha Thomas]]
|''[[Kuruvi]]''
|''[[Poraali]]'' (2011), ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (2013), ''[[Jilla]]'' (2014)
|-
|[[Srithika]]
|''[[Mahesh, Saranya Matrum Palar]]''
|''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009), ''[[Venghai]]'' (2011)
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2009
| [[Priya Anand]]
| ''[[Vaamanan]]''
|''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013), ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' (2013), ''[[Arima Nambi]]'' (2014)
|-
| [[Anuya Bhagvath]]
| ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]''
| ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]'' (2009), ''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]'' (2010), ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012)
|-
| [[Bindu Madhavi]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Pokkisham]]''
| ''[[Veppam]]'' (2011), ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' (2013)
|-
| [[Meesha Ghoshal|Misha Ghoshal]]
| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010), ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' (2011), ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013)
|-
| [[Sai Dhanshika]]
| ''[[Peraanmai]]''
| ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' (2010), ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013), ''[[Vizhithiru]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Swasika]]
| ''[[Vaigai (film) | Vaigai]]''
| ''[[Kandathum Kanathathum]]'' (2012), ''[[Lubber Pandhu]]'' (2024), ''[[Maaman]]'' (2025)
|-
| [[Manochitra]]
| ''[[Innoruvan]]''
| ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' (2010), ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014), ''[[Netru Indru]]'' (2014)
|-
| [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]]
| ''[[Vedappan]]''
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018), ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019), ''[[Viruman]]'' (2022)
|-
| [[Myna Nandhini|Nandhini]]
| ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]''
| ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021), ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022), ''[[Viruman]]'' (2022)
|-
| [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Naadodigal]]''
| ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' (2011), ''[[Pulivaal]]'' (2014), ''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]'' (2025)
|-
| [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]]
| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' (2010), ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014), ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015)
|-
|}

==2010s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
! class="unsortable" | Other notable
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2010
| [[Amala Paul]]
| ''[[Veerasekaran]]''
| ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010), ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012), ''[[Aadai]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Amy Jackson|Amy Jakson]]
|''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
|''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015), ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' (2015), ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Sonu Gowda|Shruthi Ramakrishnan]] || ''[[Sivappu Mazhai]]'' || ''[[Aanmai Thavarael]]'' (2011), ''[[144 (film)|144]]'' (2015), ''[[Narathan]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| ''[[Neethana Avan]]''
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' (2015), ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (2016), ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
| ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' (2012), ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014), ''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Vani Bhojan]]
| ''[[Orr Eravuu]]''
| ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' (2020), ''[[Malaysia to Amnesia]]'' (2021), ''[[Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum]]'' (2021),
|-
| [[Oviya]]
| ''[[Kalavani]]''
| ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012), ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' (2014), ''[[90ML (2019 Tamil film)|90ML]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Vidya Pradeep]]
|''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]''
|''[[Saivam]]'' (2014), ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' (2015), ''[[Thadam]]'' (2019)
|-
| [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
| ''[[Siddhu +2]]''
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' (2013), ''[[Vil Ambu]]'' (2016), ''[[Ennodu Vilayadu]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Srushti Dange]]
| ''[[Kadhalagi]]''
| ''[[Vil Ambu]]'' (2016), ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' (2016), ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Anumol]]
| ''[[Kannukulle]]''
| ''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]'' (2015), ''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]'' (2023), ''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2011
| [[Taapsee Pannu]]
| ''[[Aadukalam]]''
| ''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]'' (2011), ''[[Kanchana 2]]'' (2015), ''[[Game Over (2019 film)|Game Over]]'' (2019)
|-
| [[Hansika Motwani]]
| ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]''
| ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' (2011), ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2012), ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014)
|-
| [[Shruti Haasan]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
| ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012), ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' (2015), ''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]
| ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012), ''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]'' (2012), ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013)
|-
| [[Pooja Ramachandran]]
| ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012), ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012), ''[[Nannbenda]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Nithya Menen]]
| ''[[Nootrenbadhu]]''
| ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'' (2015), ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017), ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2022)
|-
| [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| ''[[Yuvan (film)|Yuvan]]''
| ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]'' (2014), ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' (2017), ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' (2019)
|-
| [[Karthika Nair]]
| ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
| ''[[Annakodi]]'' (2013), ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Janani Iyer|Janani]]
| ''[[Avan Ivan]]''
| ''[[Thegidi]]'' (2014), ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' (2017), ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]'' (2017)
|-
| [[Pranitha Subhash]]
| ''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]''
| ''[[Saguni]]'' (2012), ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015), ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]'' (2017)
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2012
| [[Radhika Apte]]
| ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]''
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' (2013), ''[[Vetri Selvan]]'' (2014), ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Nandita Swetha]]
| ''[[Attakathi]]''
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013), ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' (2013), ''[[Mundaasupatti]]'' (2014)
|-
| [[Gayathrie]]
| ''[[18 Vayasu]]''
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' (2014), ''[[Seethakaathi]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Iswarya Menon]]
|''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]''
|''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013), ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' (2020)
|-
| [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]''
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012), ''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015), ''[[Miruthan]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| ''[[Podaa Podi]]''
| ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017), ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Mahima Nambiar]]
| ''[[Saattai]]''
| ''[[Kuttram 23]]'' (2017), ''[[Kodiveeran]]'' (2017), ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Pooja Hegde]]
| ''[[Mugamoodi]]''
| ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022), ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' (2025), ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' (2025)
|-
| [[Archana Kavi]]
| ''[[Aravaan]]''
| ''[[Gnana Kirukkan]]'' (2014)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| [[Nazriya Nazim]]
| ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''
| ''[[Neram]]''(2013), ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' (2014), ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]'' (2015)
|-
| [[Sri Divya]]
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
| ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' (2014), ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' (2014), ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' (2015)
|-
|[[Riythvika]]
|''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
|''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014), ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016), ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'' (2019)
|-
| rowspan="12" |2014
| [[Malvika Nair]]
| ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
|
|-
| [[Namitha Pramod]]
| ''En Kaadhal Pudhithu''
| ''[[Nimir]]'' (2018), ''[[Rajni (film)|Aval Peyar Rajni]]'' (2023)
|-
| [[Catherine Tresa]]
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
| ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016), ''[[Kanithan]]'' (2016), ''[[Kadamban]]'' (2017), ''[[Aruvam]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Sanchana Natarajan]]
|''[[Nerungi Vaa Muthamidathe]]''
|''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016), ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'' (2023), [[Dange (film)|''Por'']] (2024)
|-
| [[Ashna Zaveri]] || ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' || ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015), ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' (2016), ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' (2018)
|-
| [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]''
|''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' (2015), ''[[Vetrivel]]'' (2016), ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
| ''[[Poriyaalan]]''
| ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' (2014), ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018), ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Sshivada]]
|''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
|''[[Zero (2016 film)|Zero]]'' (2016), ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhey Kangal]]'' (2017), ''[[Theera Kaadhal]]'' (2023)
|-
| [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
| ''[[Bramman]]''
| ''[[Maayavan]]'' (2017), ''[[Thanal (2025 film)|Thanal]]'' (2025)
|-
| [[Hebah Patel]]
| ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]''
| ''[[Vallan (film)|Vallan]]'' (2025), ''[[Aadya]]'' (2026)
|-
| [[Monal Gajjar]]
| ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]''
| ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' (2014)
|-
| [[Anaika Soti]]
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
| ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' (2018), ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' (2021), ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' (2021)
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2015
| [[Nikki Galrani]]
| ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]''
| ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' (2015), ''[[Ko 2]]'' (2016), ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' (2016)
|-
| [[Keerthy Suresh]]
| ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]''
| ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' (2016), ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018), ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Varsha Bollamma]]
|''[[Sathuran]]''
|''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' (2018), ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019), ''[[Mane Number 13|13aam Number Veedu]]'' (2020)
|-
|[[Ramya Pandian]]
|''[[Dummy Tappasu]]''
|''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'' (2016), ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' (2018), ''[[Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Aishwarya Dutta]]
|''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]''
|''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015), ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' (2016), ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' (2017)
|-
|[[Pavithra Lakshmi]]
|''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
|''[[Naai Sekar]]'' (2022), ''[[Jigiri Dosthu]]'' (2023), ''[[Once Upon a Time in Madras]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Sreethu Krishnan]]
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]'' (2017), ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2023), ''[[Once Upon a Time in Madras]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
|''[[Masala Padam]]''
|''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' (2016), ''[[Ko 2]]'' (2016), ''[[Sathiya Sothanai]]'' (2023)
|-
| rowspan="12" |2016
| [[Nikhila Vimal]]
| ''[[Vetrivel]]''
| ''[[Kidaari]]'' (2016), ''[[Panjumittai]]'' (2018), ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]'' (2019)
|-
| [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
| ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]''
| ''[[Podhuvaga En Manasu Thangam]]'' (2017), ''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' (2018), ''[[Thimiru Pudichavan]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Manjima Mohan]]
|''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
|''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' (2017), ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' (2021), ''[[FIR (2022 film)|FIR]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Sheela Rajkumar]]
|''[[Aarathu Sinam]]''
|''[[To Let (film)|To Let]]'' (2017), ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' (2020), ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]'' (2021)
|-
| [[Ritika Singh]]
| ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' (2016), ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (2017), ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' (2020)
|-
|[[Tanya Ravichandran]]
|[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa|''Bale Vellaiyathevaa'']]
|''[[Karuppan]]'' (2017), ''[[Nenjuku Needhi|Nenjukku Needhi]]'' (2022), ''[[Trigger (2022 film)|Trigger]]'' (2022)
|-
| [[Madonna Sebastian]]
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]''
| ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' (2017), ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' (2017), ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' (2018)
|-
|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]
|[[Kodi (film)|''Kodi'']]
|''[[Thalli Pogathey]]'' (2021), [[Siren (2024 film)|''Siren'']] (2024), [[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']] (2025)
|-
|[[Eesha Rebba]]
|[[Oyee]]
|''[[Ottu (film)|Rendagam]]'' (2022), ''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Pujita Ponnada]]
|[[Oopiri|Thozha]]
|''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' (2024), ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' (2025), ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Yashika Aannand|Yashika]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]
|''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]'' (2018), ''[[Zombie (2019 film)|Zombie]]'' (2019), ''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'' (2022
|-
|[[Anjana Jayaprakash]]
|''[[Achcham Madam Naanam Payirppu]]'' (2022)
|-
| rowspan="15" |2017
|[[Shraddha Srinath]]
| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
| ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017), ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' (2019), ''[[Maara]]'' (2021)
|-
| [[Sayyeshaa]]
| ''[[Vanamagan]]''
| ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018), ''[[Kaappaan]]'' (2019), ''[[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Aparna Balamurali]]
|''[[8 Thottakkal]]''
|''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]'' (2019), ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020), ''[[Theethum Nandrum]]'' (2021)
|-
| [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Meyaadha Maan]]''
| ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018), ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'' (2019), ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Indhuja Ravichandran]]
|''[[Mercury (film)|Mercury]]'' (2018), ''[[Magamuni]]'' (2019), ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Athulya Ravi]]
|''[[Kadhal Kan Kattudhe]]''
|''[[Capmaari]]'' (2019), ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' (2020), ''[[Murungakkai Chips]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Arthana Binu]]
|''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]''
|''[[Semma]]'' (2018), ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018), ''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Ritu Varma]]
|''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]''
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' (2020), ''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'' (2022), ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Anthony]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Aathmika]]
|''[[Meesaya Murukku|Meesaiya Murukku]]''
|''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' (2021), ''[[Kaatteri]]'' (2022), ''[[Thiruvin Kural]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Ammu Abhirami]]
|''[[Bairavaa]]''
|''[[Ratsasan]]'' (2018), ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (2019), ''[[Nirangal Moondru]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Ruhani Sharma]]
|''[[Kadaisi Bench Karthi]]''
|''[[Mask (2025 film)|Mask]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Anu Emmanuel]]
|''[[Thupparivaalan]]''
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019), ''[[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Mehreen Pirzada]]
|''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]''
|''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]'' (2018), ''[[Pattas]]'' (2020), ''[[Indra (2025 film)|Indra]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
|''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''
|''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu]]'' (2018), ''[[Capmaari]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Akshara Haasan]]
|''[[Vivegam]]''
|''[[Kadaram Kondan]]'' (2018), ''[[Achcham Madam Naanam Payirppu]]'' (2022)
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2018
|[[Raashi Khanna]]
|''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]''
|''[[Adanga Maru]]'' (2018), ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' (2021), ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Amritha Aiyer]]
|''[[Padaiveeran]]''
| ''[[Kaali (2018 film)|Kaali]]'' (2018), ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019), ''[[Lift (2021 film)|Lift]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Huma Qureshi]]
|[[Kaala (2018 film)| Kaala]]
|[[Valimai]](2022)
|-
|[[Reba Monica John]]
|''[[Jarugandi]]''
|''[[Bigil]]'' (2019), ''[[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]'' (2019), ''[[FIR (2022 film)|FIR]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Sai Pallavi]]
|''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]''
|''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018), ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' (2019), ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Raiza Wilson]]
|''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''
|''[[FIR (2022 film)|FIR]]'' (2022), ''[[Coffee with Kadhal|Coffee With Kaadhal]]'' (2022), ''[[Karungaapiyam]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Roshni Prakash]]
|''[[Yemaali]]''
|''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' (2019), ''[[Dhonima]]'' (2024), ''[[Vanangaan]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]
|''[[Kalari (film)|Kalari]]''
|''[[July Kaatril]]'' (2019), ''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]'' (2021), ''[[Vaathi]]'' (2023)
|-
| rowspan="13" |2019
|[[Megha Akash]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' (2019), ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' (2019), ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' (2019)
|-
|[[Malavika Mohanan]]
|''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' (2022), ''[[Thangalaan]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Manju Warrier]]
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|''[[Thunivu]]'' (2023), ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024), ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Lijomol Jose]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]''
|''[[Theethum Nandrum]]'' (2021), ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' (2021), ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Kashmira Pardeshi]]
|''[[Anbarivu]]'' (2022), ''[[Varalaru Mukkiyam]]'' (2022), ''[[Vasantha Mullai]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Dushara Vijayan]]
|''[[Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari]]''
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' (2021), ''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]'' (2022), ''[[Aneethi]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Mirnalini Ravi]]
|''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' (2019), ''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]'' (2021), ''[[Jango (2021 film)|Jango]]'' (2021)
|-
|[[Keerthi Pandian]]
|''[[Thumbaa]]''
|''[[Anbirkiniyal]]'' (2021), ''[[Kannagi (2023 film)|Kannagi]]'' (2023), ''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Tanya Hope]]
|''[[Thadam]]''
| ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' (2020), ''[[Kulasami]]'' (2023), ''[[Kick (2023 film)|Kick]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Samyuktha Hegde]]
|''[[Watchman (film)|Watchman]]''
|''[[Comali]]'' (2019), ''[[Puppy (2019 film)|Puppy]]'' (2019), ''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
|''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
|''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' (2022), ''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]'' (2022), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]
|''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' (2020), ''[[Maanaadu]]'' (2021), ''[[Genie (upcoming film)|Genie]]'' (2024)
|-
|[[Ashima Narwal]]
|''[[Kolaigaran]]''
|''[[Rajabheema]]'' (2025)
|-
|}

==2020s==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Debut film
! class="unsortable" | Other notable films
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020
|[[Bhavani Sre]]
|''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]''
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' (2023) , ''[[Viduthalai Part 2]]'' (2024)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|[[Priyanka Arul Mohan]]
|''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]''
|[[Don (2022 film)|''Don'']] (2022), ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' (2022), [[Captain Miller (film)|''Captain Miller'']] (2024)
|-
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]
|''[[Varisu]]'' (2023), ''[[Kuberaa]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Abarnathi]]
|''[[Thaen (film)|Thaen]]''
|''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]'' (2021), ''[[Udanpaal]]'' (2022), ''[[Irugapatru]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Nidhhi Agerwal]]
|''[[Eeswaran]]''
|''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]'' (2021), ''[[Kalaga Thalaivan]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Dharsha Gupta]]
|''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]''
|''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]'' (2022), ''Medical Miracle'' (2026)
|-
|[[Shivathmika Rajashekar]]
|''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''
|''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]'' (2022)
|-
| rowspan=8|2022
|[[Shivani Rajashekar]]
|''[[Anbarivu]]''
|''[[Nenjuku Needhi]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Shivani Narayanan]]
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' (2022), ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022), ''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]'' (2023)
|-
|[[Aditi Shankar]]
|''[[Viruman]]''
|''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' (2023), ''[[Nesippaya]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Krithi Shetty]]
|''[[The Warriorr]]''
|''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' (2023), ''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
|rowspan=2''|[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]
|[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]](2023)
|-
|[[Sara Arjun]]
|[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]](2023)
|-
|[[Chaitra Reddy]]
|''[[Valimai]]''
|''[[Vishamakaran]]'' (2022)
|-
|[[Ashika Ranganath]]
|''[[Pattathu Arasan]]''
|''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]'' (2024), ''[[Sardar 2]]'' (2026)
|-
| rowspan=3|2023
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|''[[Chithha]]''
|''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'' (2023), ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]'' (2024) , ''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Preethi Asrani]]
|''[[Ayothi]]''
|''[[Election (2024 film)|Election]]'' (2024), ''[[Kiss (2025 film)|Kiss]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
|''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]''
|''[[Singapore Saloon]]'' (2024), ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024), ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' (2024)
|-
|2024
|[[Mamitha Baiju]]
|''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]''
|''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' (2025), ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' (2026)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Rukmini Vasanth]]
|''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]''
|''[[Madharaasi]]'' (2025)
|-
|[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
|''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (2025)
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Tamil cinema]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi film actresses]]
*[[List of Kannada film actresses]]
*[[List of Telugu film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|commons-search = Category: Tamil film actresses
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Lists
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kollywood actresses}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses]]

Urabi revolt

2026-03-16T10:16:19Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started A Entry

{{Short description|1879–1882 nationalist uprising in Egypt}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = ʻUrabi revolt
| image = Anglo-egyptian war.jpg
| caption = Portrayal of the revolt by ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''
| date = 1879–1882
| place = [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]]
| result = Revolt suppressed
*[[Ahmed ʻUrabi|ʻUrabi]] exiled
* [[Anglo-Egyptian War|British intervention in Egypt]]
| combatant1 = {{ubl
|{{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Khedivate of Egypt]] ([[Tewfik Pasha|Khedivalist]] forces)}} {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|British India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Ahmed ʻUrabi|ʻUrabilist]] forces
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Tewfik Pasha]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester|Beauchamp Seymour]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Ahmed ʻUrabi]] {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Mahmoud Fehmy]] {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi|Mahmoud el-Baroudi]]
| strength1 = {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} 36,000 (1879) {{flagicon|UK}} 40,560 (1882)
| strength2 = {{ubl|11,300 [[standing army|regulars]]|50,000 [[reservists]] and [[Irregular military|irregular troops]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Featherstone |first1=Donald |title=Tel El-Kebir 1882 |date=1993 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |pages=40–41}}</ref>}}
| image_size = 300
}}

The '''ʻUrabi revolt''', also known as the '''ʻUrabi Revolution''' ({{langx|ar|الثورة العرابية}}), was a [[nationalism|nationalist]] uprising in the [[Khedivate of Egypt]] from 1879 to 1882. It was led by and named for Colonel [[Ahmed Urabi]] and sought to depose the [[khedive]], [[Tewfik Pasha]], and end [[British Empire|British]] and [[Third French Republic|French]] influence over the country.

The uprising was ended by the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] and the British takeover of the country, beginning the [[history of Egypt under the British]].<ref>Thomas Mayer, ''The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982'' (University Presses of Florida, 1988).</ref><ref>Donald Malcolm Reid. "The Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879-1882." in M. W. Daly, ed. ''The Cambridge History of Egypt (Volume 2)'' (1999) pp 217-238.</ref>

==Prologue==
Egypt in the 1870s was under foreign influence, corruption, misgovernment, and in a state of financial ruin. Huge debts rung up by its ruler [[Isma'il of Egypt|Ismaʻil Pasha]] could no longer be repaid, and under pressure from the European banks that held the debt, the country's finances were being controlled by representatives of France and Britain via the [[Caisse de la Dette Publique]]. When Ismaʻil tried to rouse the [[Egyptians|Egyptian people]] against this foreign intervention, he was deposed by the British and replaced by his more pliable son [[Tewfik Pasha]].

The upper ranks of the civil service, the army and the business world had become dominated by Europeans, who were paid more than native Egyptians. Within Egypt, a parallel legal system for suing Europeans separately from the natives was set up. This angered educated and ambitious Egyptians in the military and civil service who felt that the European domination of top positions was preventing their own advancement. The heavily taxed Egyptian peasants were also discontented by their taxes going to Europeans who lived in relative wealth.

Egyptians resented not only [[Western Europe]]an domination but also the [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Circassians]] and [[Albanians in Egypt|Albanians]], who controlled most other elite positions in the government and military. Albanian troops had come to Egypt along with [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] and helped him to take control of the country and were highly favoured by the Khedive. [[Ottoman Turkish]] was still the official language of the army and Turks were more likely to be promoted. In the ruling cabinet under Khedive Tewfiq, every member was a Turco-Circassian. The growing [[fiscal crisis]] in the country forced the Khedive to drastically cut the army. From a height of 94,000 troops in 1874, its strength was cut to 36,000 in 1879, with plans to shrink it even more. This created a large class of unemployed and disaffected army officers within the country. The disastrous [[Egyptian–Ethiopian War|war with the Ethiopian Empire]] of 1875–1876 also angered the officers, who felt that the government had sent them unwisely into the conflict.

A public consciousness was developing in Egypt during this period, literacy was spreading, and more periodicals were being published in the 1870s and 1880s, such as the influential magazine ''[[Abu Naddara]]'' ({{Lang|arz|أبو نظارة}} 'guy with the glasses'). Published by [[Yaqub Sanu|Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ]], a Jew of [[History of the Jews in Italy|Italian]] and [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egyptian]] origins, this Paris-based publication was a political satire magazine that often mocked the establishment under European control, and it increasingly irritated the ruling powers as well as the Europeans as it favoured reform and revolutionary movements,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Subin |first=Anna Della |last2=Omar |first2=Hussein |date=2016-06-06 |title=The Egyptian Satirist Who Inspired a Revolution |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-egyptian-satirist-who-inspired-a-revolution |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Landau |first=Jacob M |title=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0019180 |access-date=2026-01-29 |chapter=Ṣanūʿ (Sanua), Yaʿqūb (James) |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0019180|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and Ṣanūʿ is credited with having coined and introduced the anti-colonial slogan "[[Egypt for the Egyptians]]" ({{Lang|ar|مصر للمصريين}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> ''Abu Naddara'' had a wide reach since, unlike many other publications, ''Abu Naddara'' was written in [[Egyptian Arabic]] rather than [[Modern Standard Arabic]], making its satire and political pieces understandable to the masses, not just the educated elite. Yaʿqūb Ṣanūʿ claimed that his magazine reached a circulation of 10,000, which was a huge number in those days.<ref name="The Changing Past">{{Cite book |last=Mayer |first=Thomas |title=The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the ʻUrabi Revolt, 1882-1983 |location=Gainesville |publisher=University of Florida Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-8130-0889-1 }}</ref>

During this time, Ahmed ʻUrabi, a [[fellah#In Egypt|native non-European]] army officer, had risen to the rank of colonel. Because of his peasant upbringing and traditional training, he came to be viewed by many as the authentic voice of the people of Egypt. To them, he represented a peasant population frustrated with tax-exempt foreigners and wealthy local landlords. ʻUrabi commanded the respect and support of not only the peasantry but also a large portion of the Egyptian army.<ref>Cleveland, William L & Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th Edition, Westview Press: 2009, p. 92.</ref>

==ʻUrabi's seizure of power==
Tension built over the summer of 1881 as both the Khedive and the Egyptian officers, now led by ʻUrabi, searched for supporters and gathered allies. In September the Khedive ordered ʻUrabi's regiment to leave Cairo. He refused and ordered the dismissal of the Turco-Circassian generals and the creation of an elected government. Unable to oppose the revolt, Tewfiq agreed and a new chamber of deputies and government were established containing a number of ʻUrabi's allies.

==Foreign intervention==
On January 8, 1882, the French and British sent a joint note that asserted the primacy of the Khedive's authority. The note infuriated the parliamentarians and ʻUrabi. The government collapsed; a new one with ʻUrabi as Minister of War was created. This new government threatened the positions of Europeans in the government and also began laying off large numbers of Turco-Circassian officers.

This broad effort at reform was opposed by European interests, many of the large landowners, the Turkish and Circassian elite, the high-ranking [[ulama]] (Muslim clergy), [[Syriac Christianity|Syrian Christians]], and most of the wealthiest members of society. In contrast, it had the support of most of the population, including lower-level ulama, the officer corps, and local leaders.

[[Copts]] were divided: their close affiliation with Europeans angered many and sometimes made them a target, but the deep rivalry between Coptic and Syrian Christians led many to align with rebels. The [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Coptic Patriarch]] lent his support to the revolt when it was at its peak, but later claimed that he was pressured into doing so. ʻUrabi and other leaders of the revolt acknowledged the Copts as potential allies and worked to prevent any targeting of the minority by nationalist Muslims, but were not always successful.

An effort to court the Ottoman Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] began. [[Tewfik Pasha]] called on the sultan to quell the revolt, but the [[Sublime Porte]] hesitated to employ troops against Muslims who opposed foreign colonial rule. ʻUrabi asked the Sultan to depose Tewfiq, but again the Sultan hesitated.

==British invasion==
{{Main|Anglo-Egyptian War}}
{{Further|Battle of Tell El Kebir}}
[[File:Anglo-egyptian war.jpg|thumb|Portrayal of the revolt by ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'']]
On the afternoon of June 11, 1882 the political turmoil exploded into violence on the streets of [[Alexandria]]. Rioters attacked [[Greece|Greek]], [[Malta|Maltese]] and [[Italy|Italian]] businesses and battles broke out in the streets. About fifty Europeans and 250 Egyptians were killed. The exact cause of the revolt is uncertain; both the [[Tewfik Pasha|Khedive]] and ʻUrabi have been blamed for starting it, but there is no proof of either allegation.

As the city's garrison was maintaining the coastal defence batteries, an ultimatum was sent demanding the batteries be dismantled under threat of bombardment. The ultimatum was ignored, and the British fleet off Alexandria under Admiral [[Beauchamp Seymour, 1st Baron Alcester]] [[Bombardment of Alexandria|bombarded the city]]. The coastal batteries returned fire. The French fleet, also at Alexandria, refused to participate. A large British naval force then tried to capture the city. Despite encountering heavy resistance, the British forces succeeded, forcing the Egyptians to withdraw.

As revolts spread across Egypt, the British [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] voted in favour of a larger intervention. The [[British army]] launched a probing/scouting attack at the [[Battle of Kafr El Dawwar]] to determine whether or not Cairo could be advanced on from Alexandria, However the British concluded that the Egyptian defences were too strong, so in September of that year a British army was landed in the Canal Zone. The motivation for the British intervention is still disputed. The British were especially concerned that ʻUrabi would default on Egypt's massive debt and that he might try to gain control of the [[Suez Canal]]. On September 13, 1882, the British forces defeated ʻUrabi's army at the [[Battle of Tell El Kebir]]. ʻUrabi was captured and eventually exiled to the British colony of Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]).

==Aftermath==
[[File:Khedive Tawfik Order at 1st January 1883.jpg|thumb|Khedive Tawfik Order at 1st January 1883 of punishing the civil leaders of the revilution including religious Shaikhs, Beduin tribes Sheikhs, city mayors, Judges, and other civil people.]]
While the British intervention was meant to be short-term, it persisted until 1956. Egypt was effectively made a colony until 1952. Both the British and the Khedival government did their best to discredit ʻUrabi's name and the revolution, although among the common people ʻUrabi remained a popular figure. The government used the state media and educational system to denounce him as a traitor, and the revolution as merely a military mutiny. Egyptian historian Mohammed Rif'at was one of the first to call the events a ''thawrah'', or "revolution," but he claimed that it lacked popular support. Other historians in Egypt supported this thesis, and even expanded on it, sometimes suffering government censure. During the last years of the monarchy, authors became more critical of the old establishment and especially of the British, and ʻUrabi is sometimes portrayed as a hero of freedom and constitutionalism.

ʻUrabi's Revolt had a long-lasting significance as the first instance of Egyptian anti-colonial nationalism, which would later play a major role in [[History of Egypt|Egyptian history]]. Especially under [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], the revolt would be regarded as a "glorious struggle" against foreign occupation. The ʻUrabi Revolution was seen by the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers movement]] as a precursor to the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|1952 revolution]], and both Nasser and [[Muhammad Neguib]] were likened to ʻUrabi. Nasserist textbooks called the ʻUrabi Revolt a "national revolution," but ʻUrabi was seen as making great strategic mistakes and not being as much of a man of the people as Nasser. During Nasser's experiment with [[Arab socialism]], the ʻUrabi revolt was also sometimes put in a Marxist context. Also during President [[Anwar Sadat]]'s ''infitah'' (economic liberalisation) period, in which there was growing, controlled, [[economic liberalization]] and growing ties with the Western European bloc, the government played up the desire of the ʻUrabists to draft a constitution and have democratic elections. After the 1952 revolution, the image of ʻUrabi, at least officially, has generally improved, with a number of streets and a square in Cairo bearing his name, indicating the honored position he has in the official history.<ref name="The Changing Past" />

==Views of historians==
Historians have in general been divided, with one group seeing the revolt as a push for liberalism and freedom on the model of the [[French Revolution]] and others arguing that it was little more than a military coup, similar to those made about the 1952 movement. Among Western European historians, especially British, there was a traditional view that the ʻUrabi revolution was nothing more than a "revolt" or "insurrection" and not a real social revolution. By far the most influential Englishman in Egypt, [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Lord Cromer]], wrote a scathing assessment of the ʻUrabists in his ''Modern Egypt''. While this view is still held by many, there has been a growing trend to call the ʻUrabi uprising a real revolution, especially amongst newer historians who tend to emphasize social and economic history and to examine native, rather than European, sources.<ref name="The Changing Past"/>

The earliest published work of [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]]—later to embrace [[Irish nationalism]] and have an important role in the cultural life of Ireland—was ''Arabi and His Household'' (1882), a pamphlet (originally a letter to ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper) in support of Ahmed ʻUrabi and his revolt.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Historians have also been divided over the reasons for the British invasion, with some arguing that it was to protect the [[Suez Canal]] and prevent "anarchy", while others argue that it was to protect the interests of British investors with assets in Egypt (see [[Anglo-Egyptian War#Reasons for the invasion|Anglo-Egyptian War]]).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim. "The Transformation of the Egyptian Élite: Prelude to the 'Urābī Revolt." ''Middle East Journal'' (1967): 325–344.
* Cole, Juan. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r51Te5xnJGsC&q=Juan+Cole+Urabi Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's ʻUrabi Movement] (Princeton University Press, 1993)
* Huffaker, Shauna. "Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism, and the British Press, 1881–1882." ''Victorian Periodicals Review'' 45.4 (2012): 375-405 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4324162 online].
* Mayer, Thomas. ''The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982'' (University Presses of Florida, 1988).
* Ozan, A. Ş. I. K. "On Philip Abrams and a Multi-Faceted 'Historical Event': The Urabi Movement (1879-1882) in Egypt." ''Mavi Atlas'' 6.1: 170–184. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/463458 online]
* Reid, Donald Malcolm. . "The Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879–1882." in M. W. Daly, ed. ''The Cambridge History of Egypt (Volume 2)'' (1999) pp 217–238.

{{Egypt Protests and Revolution}}
{{Egypt topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urabi Revolt}}
[[Category:Urabi revolt| ]]
[[Category:1879 in Egypt]]
[[Category:1880 in Egypt]]
[[Category:1881 in Egypt]]
[[Category:1882 in Egypt]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1879]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1880]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1881]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1882]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Egypt]]
[[Category:Revolutions in Egypt]]
[[Category:African resistance to colonialism]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]

Mohammed Yusuf Khatri

2026-03-13T05:35:54Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: creating...

{{Short description|Indian craftsman}}
{{Autobiography|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammed Yusuf Khatri
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Muhammad Yusuf Khatri giving live.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Giving live demo of traditional Bagh Hand Block Printing on Bagh Print Tableau [[Delhi Republic Day parade]], 2011
| native_name = मोहम्मद युसूफ खत्री
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|01|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| known_for = [[Bagh Print]], hand block print, natural printing and dyeing<ref name="ummid">{{cite web|url=http://www.ummid.com/news/2012/January/01.01.2012/bagh_prints_of_mp.htm |title=Bagh prints of Madhya Pradesh hog limelight in Argentina too |publisher=ummid.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneymantra.co.in/detailsPage.php?id=7690&title=Special%20Story&page=ss |title=Money Mantra English Magazine |publisher=Moneymantra.co.in |date=2012-08-14 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>
| notable_works = hand block printing on bamboo mat & leather
| style =
| movement =
| spouse = Hasina Khatri
| children = {{hlist|Mohammed Bilal|Mohammed Kazeem|Rukhsar|Abdul Karim}}
| awards = National award handicrafts & handlooms 2003<ref name="na2003">{{cite web |url=http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2003.htm |title=List of National Awardees in respect of Handicrafts Sector |publisher=Handicrafts.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060137/http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2003.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> International [[UNESCO]] Award of Excellence 2014,<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=http://www.wccapr.org/uploads/news/103/PRESS_RELEASE_WCC-APR_Awards_2014_(Final_Revised).pdf#page=15 |format=PDF |page=15 |title=Handwoven Banarasi Fabric Throw : India |publisher=Wccapr.org |accessdate=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102459/http://www.wccapr.org/uploads/news/103/PRESS_RELEASE_WCC-APR_Awards_2014_(Final_Revised).pdf#page=15 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pushpa Chari |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-bagh-story/article2556692.ece |title=The Bagh story… |publisher=The Hindu |date=2011-10-21 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>
| website =
| module =
}}
'''Mohammed Yusuf Khatri''' (born:{{Birth date|1967|01|01}}) is an Indian master craftsman from Madhya Pradesh.

== Early life and education ==
Khatri was born on 1 January 1967 in [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], where he had learnt the traditional Craft of [[Bagh Print]] at a young age from his parents. His family has been working in the trade of traditional Alizarin Bagh print since 7th century.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2009 |title=Monthly Commercial and economic Report for Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica |url=http://newsletters.cii.in/Newsletters/mailer/LAC_Newsletter/february/Country-Reports/Colombia-CommercialRepor-Dec2009.pdf |accessdate=2015-03-03 |publisher=Newsletter.cii.in |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2010-12-23 |title=Madhya Pradesh's Bagh handicraft reaches four countries in 2 months |url=http://www.bharateseva.com/bharat/l_news_detail.asp?id=3099 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113846/http://www.bharateseva.com/bharat/l_news_detail.asp?id=3099 |archive-date=2014-12-25 |accessdate=2015-03-03 |publisher=Bharat E Seva}}</ref>

==Notable work==
Earlier Mohammed Yusuf Khatri and his family used to prefabricate different traditional dresses for the persons belonging to different castes living in tribal area of Bagh block of Dhar district of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Because the people of different castes and families had different dresses like Maroo, Jat, Meghwal, Mahajan, Bhil, Bhilala society and they were identified with their dresses. After 1990 Mohammed Yusuf Khatri did new experiments on the clothes for urban market. He did block printing with hand and designed cultural clothing firstly.
He also experimented incorporating modernity in the wooden blocks and colours in such a way that its fame and popularity could be established for a long time on the national and international level.
He proved his imagination true by making craft on bamboo mat, leather, jute etc. besides cloth, [[Bagh Print]] was engraved with natural colours on [[bamboo chick]]. This was the first experiment of the world which was completed with colours on bamboo mat.
It is notable that before or after popularity of Bagh print in the world, no example of such kind is recorded. Hence it is the first sample of such art in the world.<ref name="ummid"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://64.78.29.176/images/uploads/new_mexican2.pdf |format=PDF |title=The SAnta Fe New Mexican : The Art of Survival |publisher=64.78.29.176 |accessdate=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227105623/http://64.78.29.176/images/uploads/new_mexican2.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/8716/121007257452005_Catalogue.pdf/2005+Catalogue.pdf |format=PDF |title=UNESCO Seal of Challenge |date=2005 |publisher=Portal.unesco.org |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

==Bagh print tableau on republic day parade==

The tableau of Bagh prints was displayed in republic day celebration parade 2011 from rajpath to red fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/mp-tableau-to-showcase-bagh-prints-on-republic-day-parade_682217.html |title=MP tableau to showcase `Bagh` prints on Republic Day parade | Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2011-01-21 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref> This full tableau was based on live demo of Bagh prints. In this tableau Mohammed Yusuf Khatri exhibited the live demo of Bagh prints craft. on republic day celebration, the craft of Bagh prints was introduced to the former honourable president of india Pratibha Devisingh Patil & Honourable vice president Dr. Hamid Ansari & the then honourable prime minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] took the information of excellencies of Bagh prints and admired the craft person a lot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/tags/mp-tableau.html |title=MP tableau - Latest News on MP tableau | Read Breaking News on Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2014-09-29 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

==Awards and honour==

===International===
Award of excellence for handicraft by [[UNESCO]] 2014<ref name="UNESCO"/> [[Seal of Excellence for Handicrafts]] by [[UNESCO]] 2007
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.visionmp.com/bagh-prints-of-mp-attracted-argentina-market |title=Bagh prints of MP attracted Argentina market |publisher=Visionmp.com |date=2011-12-31 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

===National===
National award 2003 (Handicraft) by [[Ministry of Textiles|ministry of textiles]], [[Government of India|government of india]].<ref name="na2003"/> National award 2003 (Handloom) by ministry of textiles, government of india.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designdiary.nic.in/awards/national_award2003.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402190136/http://www.designdiary.nic.in/awards/national_award2003.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-04-02 |title=Textile Design, Indian Textiles, Handloom House, India textile industry |publisher=Designdiary.nic.in |date=2010 |accessdate=2015-03-03 }}</ref>

===State level===
State award 1998-1999 by government of Madhya Pradesh

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Mohammed Yusuf}}
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:Indian printers]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dhar district]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Naduvazhi

2026-03-11T17:06:04Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: expanded content

{{Short description|Microstate princes in Kerala, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
[[File:India Kerala locator map.svg|thumb|Location of Kerala in India]]
'''Naduvazhi''', also known as '''Deshavazhi'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145910|title=Reality in Imagination:The Role of Perumals in the Narratives on Kerala History|first1=C. |last1=Adarsh|publisher=Indian History Congress|year=2005|pages=958-967}}</ref> ([[IAST]]:''nātuvāḻi''; {{literally|The ruler of the land}}), is a [[Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Malayalam English Dictionary | website=malayalam english dictionary | url=https://malayalamenglishdictionary.com/index.php?option=com_glossary&id=3188 | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref> term used for the feudatory [[Nair]] and [[Samantan]] princes who ruled over microstates that are now administrative parts of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 | jstor=2843423 | title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life | last1=Panikkar | first1=Kavalam M. | journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | year=1918 | volume=48 | pages=254–293 | doi=10.2307/2843423 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAiBAAAAMAAJ&q=kinship+systems+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia:+A+Study | title=Kinship Systems in South and Southeast Asia: A Study | isbn=9780706976687 | last1=Unny | first1=Govindan | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | year=1994 }}</ref> They constituted the [[aristocratic]] class of Nairs within the Hindu [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and were either kings themselves or [[nobility]] in the service of the kings of Kerala.

==Function==
Prior to the British reorganisation of the area now known as Kerala, it was divided into around ten feudal states. Each of these was governed by a ''rajah'' (king) and was subdivided into organisational units known as ''nads''. In turn, the ''nads'' were divided into ''dēsams'', which anthropologist [[Kathleen Gough]] considers to be villages.<ref name=Gough1961pp307-308>{{cite book |title=Matrilineal Kinship |editor1-first=David Murray |editor1-last=Schneider |editor2-first=E. Kathleen |editor2-last=Gough |chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala |first=E. Kathleen |last=Gough |year=1961 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC |authorlink=Kathleen Gough |accessdate=2011-11-07 |pages=307–308}}</ref> However, the early 20th-century historian [[K. M. Panikkar|Kavalam Panikkar]] states that the ''dēsams'' were themselves divided into ''amsas'', and that it was the latter unit that were the villages. He believes that generally only the ''amsas'' survived the reorganisation.<ref name=Panikkar1918pp257-258>{{cite journal | title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life| first=Kavalam Madhava |last=Panikkar| journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute| date=July–December 1918| volume=48| pages=257–258| url=https://archive.org/stream/SomeAspectsOfNayarLife/SomeAspectsOfNayarLifeCopy#page/n0/mode/2up |authorlink=Kavalam Madhava Panikkar |accessdate=2011-11-07}}</ref>

The person who governed the ''nad'' was known as the ''naduvazhi''. It was an inherited role, originally bestowed by a king, and of a lower ritual rank than the royal lineages. They generally belonged to the [[Samantan]] or the [[Nair]] caste. However, some ''naduvazhi'' were feudatory chiefs, former kings whose territory had been taken over by, for example, the [[Zamorin]]s of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], who was from [[Eradi]] caste of [[South Malabar|Malabar]]. In these instances, although they were obeisant to the ''rajah'' they held a higher ritual rank than the Zamorin as a consequence of their longer history of government; they also had more power than the vassal chiefs. The ''naduvazhi'' families each saw themselves as a distinct caste in the same manner as did the rajahs; they did not recognise other ''naduvazhi'' families as being equal to them.<ref name="Gough1961pp307-308" /> The ''naduvazhi'' maintained criminal and civil order and could demand military service from all Nairs below him. There was usually a permanent force of between 500 and 1000 men available and these were called upon by the ''rajah'' when required. All fighting was usually suspended during the monsoon period of May to September, when movement around the country was almost impossible. Beaten roads and wheeled vehicle transport were rare until mid 18th century.<ref name=Panikkar1918pp257-258/><ref>{{cite book |title=Matrilineal Kinship |editor1-first=David Murray |editor1-last=Schneider |editor2-first=E. Kathleen |editor2-last=Gough |chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala |first=E. Kathleen |last=Gough |year=1961 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfdvTbfilYAC |authorlink=Kathleen Gough|pages=302–303}}</ref>

==Titles==
'''Naduvazhis''' of [[Kerala]] used different titles. Common among them are [[Raja]], [[Adiyodi|Kidāvu]], [[Adiyodi|Unnithiri]], [[Adiyodi]], [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Prabhu]], [[Thirumulpad|Thirumalpad]], [[Kaimal|Samantan Kaimal]], [[Kartha|Karthav]], Thampan, etc. The Deshavazhis, who were ranked beneath them, used the title [[Kaimal]], [[Kartha|Karthav]], kurup, [[Nayanar (Nair subcaste)|Nayanar]], [[Madampi (Nair title)|Madambi Pillai]], Vāzhunnor, [[Nambiar (caste surname)|Samantan Nambiar]], [[Moopil Nair]], etc. They were wealthy and independent noble barons who ranked under the Deshavazhis and used the title [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)]], Naluveettil Pillai, [[Unnithan]], [[Eshmanan|Eshmanan/Emān]], Mannādiar, [[Moopil Nair|Mooppil Nair]], etc.

Historians, including Robin Jeffry, Faucett and Samuel Mateer, are of the opinion that as with all other [[Malabar Coast|Kings of Malabar Coast]] (Kerala), the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin Raja]] and [[Venad (kingdom)|Venadu Swarupam]] was also of [[Samantan]] or [[Nair]] origin. Mateer states: ''"There seems reason to believe that the whole of the kings of Malabar also, notwithstanding the pretensions set up for them of late by their dependents, belong to the same great body, and are homogeneous with the mass of the people called Nairs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7aoJAQAAIAAJ Culture and society: a festschrift to Dr. A. Aiyappan]</ref> Sometimes the naduvazhi was given the additional title of Prabhu by the Raja, if he had a higher than average number of Nairs under his command. He was called Ayyayira Prabhu, if he had 5,000 Nairs, and if he had 10,000 or more, then he was called a Pathinayira Prabhu."''<ref name="Panikkar2008">{{cite book|author=T. K. Gopal Panikkar|title=Malabar and Its Folk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHaTAsY9_OcC&pg=PA111%3C%2Fref%3E|accessdate=10 June 2011|publisher=Hamlin Press|isbn=978-1-4437-1802-8|page=111}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jenmi]]
*[[Madampi (Nair title)|Madampi]]
*

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:History of the Nair]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]

2020 IFA Shield

2026-03-11T03:45:24Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=IFA Shield
|year=2020
|country=India
|caption=
|imagesize=
|image=
|num_teams=12
|champions=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|count = 1
|runner-up=[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|dates=6 December 2020 – 19 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Good news for football lovers: the IFA shield returns !|url=https://ifawb.org/good-news-for-football-lovers-the-ifa-shield-returns/|access-date=2020-12-06|website=IFAWB|language=en-US}}</ref>
|goals=54
|matches=22
|player=
|top goal scorer=[[Lukman Adefemi]] (5 goals)
|prevseason=[[2018 IFA Shield|2018]]
|nextseason=[[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
|updated=
}}

The '''2020 IFA Shield''' is the 123rd edition of the [[IFA Shield]]. It will have four [[I-League]] teams and eight [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]] teams. No overseas teams were invited due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA Shield 2020: 12 teams to participate including Mohammedan Sporting and Gokulam Kerala FC; All you need to know|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ifa-shield-2020-mohammedan-sporting-mohun-bagan-east-bengal/1dhngdrdxyqeh1seui5vxjh63j|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=IFA Shield may take place before I-League|url=https://www.therahnuma.com/ifa-shield-may-take-place-before-i-league/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Rahnuma Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] beat [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]] in the final to win their first IFA Shield title.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-19|title=Sports News {{!}} Real Kashmir Win First Major Tournament, Beat George Telegraph 2-1 in IFA Shield Final|url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/sports-news-real-kashmir-win-first-major-tournament-beat-george-telegraph-2-1-in-ifa-shield-final-2213658.html|access-date=2020-12-19|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-19|title=IFA Shield: Real Kashmir win first major tournament, beat George Telegraph 2-1|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-win-first-major-tournament-beat-george-telegraph-2-1-7111415/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Group
!Team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/123_ifa_shield_2020-21/shield_result.html|title=123rd IFA Shield 2020–21|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127002620/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/123_ifa_shield_2020-21/shield_result.html|archive-date=27 January 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Location
|-
! rowspan="3" |A
|[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |B
|[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |C
|[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Indian Arrows]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Southern Samity]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |D
|[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Calicut]], [[Kerala]]
|-
|[[United SC|United]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|}

==Venue==
All the matches were held at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[East Bengal Ground]], [[Mohun Bagan Ground]], [[Sailen Manna Stadium]], [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] and [[Kalyani Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Nov 2020|title=IFA Shield Fixture|url=https://ifawb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/123rd-IFA-Shield-Fixture.pdf|access-date=9 Dec 2020|website=ifawb.org}}</ref>

==Group stage==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220601045304/https://ifawb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/123rd-IFA-Shield-Fixture.pdf ifawb.org]


|team1=MSC
|team2=KMS
|team3=KID


|win_KID=0 |draw_KID=0 |loss_KID=2 |gf_KID=1 |ga_KID=8
|win_KMS=1 |draw_KMS=0 |loss_KMS=1 |gf_KMS=4 |ga_KMS=2
|win_MSC=2 |draw_MSC=0 |loss_MSC=0 |gf_MSC=5 |ga_MSC=0



|name_KID=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]

|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to the [[#Quarter-finals|quarterfinals]]

}}
</onlyinclude>
----

{{football box
| date = 6 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 4–0
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/comfortable-win-for-mohammedan-sporting-in-ifa-shield-opener/articleshow/79593906.cms
| team2 = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
| goals1 = [[Gani Nigam|Nigam]] {{goal|1||86}} [[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{goal|28}} [[Philip Adjah|Adjah]] {{goal|46}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Hira Mondal]]
| referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = 9 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kalighat MS]]
| score = 4–1
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-united-sc-storm-into-semis/articleshow/79644126.cms
| team2 = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
| goals1 = [[Rahul Paswan|Paswan]] {{goal|12}} Supriyo Ghosh {{goal|51}} Tuhin Sikdar {{goal|74}} Gourab Mondol {{goal|90}}
| goals2 = Saikat Sikdar {{goal|27}}
| stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = Supriyo Ghosh
| referee =
}}
{{football box
| date = 12 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/antwi-stars-for-gokulam-fc/article33316418.ece
| team2 = [[Kalighat MS]]
| goals1 = Firoz Ali {{goal|50}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Firoz Ali
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://ifawb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/123rd-IFA-Shield-Fixture.pdf ifawb.org]


|team1=RKM
|team2=PSC
|team3=ARN


|win_RKM=2 |draw_RKM=0 |loss_RKM=0 |gf_RKM=5 |ga_RKM=1
|win_ARN=0 |draw_ARN=1 |loss_ARN=1 |gf_ARN=1 |ga_ARN=4
|win_PSC=0 |draw_PSC=1 |loss_PSC=1 |gf_PSC=2 |ga_PSC=3



|name_RKM=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_ARN=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|name_PSC=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]

|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to the [[#Quarter-finals|quarterfinals]]

}}
</onlyinclude>
----

{{football box
| date = 6 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/comfortable-win-for-mohammedan-sporting-in-ifa-shield-opener/articleshow/79593906.cms
| team2 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
| goals1 = [[Chesterpoul Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh]] {{goal|25}} [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Farooq]] {{goal|32}}
| goals2 = [[Uttam Rai|Rai]] {{goal|20}}
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Farooq]]
}}
{{football box
| date = 9 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-united-sc-storm-into-semis/articleshow/79644126.cms
| team2 = [[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
| goals1 = [[Mason Robertson|Robertson]] {{goal|72}} [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Farooq]] {{goal|84}} [[Lukman Adefemi|Adefemi]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Chesterpoul Lyngdoh]]
}}
{{football box
| date = 12 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/antwi-stars-for-gokulam-fc/article33316418.ece
| team2 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
| goals1 = Sumit Ghosh {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 = [[Uttam Rai|Rai]] {{goal|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Richard Agwu
}}

===Group C===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://ifawb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/123rd-IFA-Shield-Fixture.pdf ifawb.org]


|team1=GSC
|team2=SSY
|team3=INA


|win_SSY=0 |draw_SSY=1 |loss_SSY=1 |gf_SSY=2 |ga_SSY=3
|win_GSC=2 |draw_GSC=0 |loss_GSC=0 |gf_GSC=4 |ga_GSC=1
|win_INA=0 |draw_INA=1 |loss_INA=1 |gf_INA=1 |ga_INA=3



|name_SSY=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_GSC =[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|name_INA=[[Indian Arrows]]

|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to the [[#Quarter-finals|quarterfinals]]

}}
</onlyinclude>
----

{{football box
| date = 6 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/comfortable-win-for-mohammedan-sporting-in-ifa-shield-opener/articleshow/79593906.cms
| team2 = [[Southern Samity]]
| goals1 = [[Gurkirat Singh|Gurkirat]] {{goal|79}}
| goals2 = Sujit Saren {{goal|28}}
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Gurkirat Singh]]
}}
{{football box
| date = 9 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-united-sc-storm-into-semis/articleshow/79644126.cms
| team2 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = Stanley Eze {{goal|13}} Goutam Das {{goal|80}}
| stadium = [[Sailen Manna Stadium]]
| location = [[Howrah]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Goutam Das
}}
{{football box
| date = 12 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/antwi-stars-for-gokulam-fc/article33316418.ece
| team2 = [[Southern Samity]]
| goals1 = Krishanu Naskar {{goal|60}} Tanmoy Ghosh {{goal|63}}
| goals2 = Yao Rudy Abbidde {{goal|83}}
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Tanmoy Ghosh
}}

===Group D===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://ifawb.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/123rd-IFA-Shield-Fixture.pdf ifawb.org]


|team1=USC
|team2=GKM
|team3=BSS


|win_GKM=1 |draw_GKM=0 |loss_GKM=1 |gf_GKM=7 |ga_GKM=3
|win_USC=2 |draw_USC=0 |loss_USC=0 |gf_USC=3 |ga_USC=1
|win_BSS=0 |draw_BSS=0 |loss_BSS=2 |gf_BSS=3 |ga_BSS=9



|name_GKM=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_USC =[[United SC|United]]
|name_BSS=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]

|result1=FIN |result2=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN=Advance to the [[#Quarter-finals|quarterfinals]]

}}
</onlyinclude>
----

{{football box
| date = 6 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/comfortable-win-for-mohammedan-sporting-in-ifa-shield-opener/articleshow/79593906.cms
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Bright Middleton Mends|Middleton]] {{goal|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Tarak Hembrom
}}
{{football box
| date = 9 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-united-sc-storm-into-semis/articleshow/79644126.cms
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = Ashique Ali {{goal|49}}
| goals2 = Sourav Das {{goal|20}} Jagannath Oraw {{goal|31|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Basudeb Mandi
}}
{{football box
| date = 12 December 2020
| time = 13:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 7–2
| report = https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/antwi-stars-for-gokulam-fc/article33316418.ece
| team2 = [[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
| goals1 = [[Dennis Antwi|Antwi]] {{goal|8|pen.|11||21||47}} [[Shibil Muhammed|Shibil]] {{goal|70}} [[Jithin M S|Jithin]] {{goal|75}} [[Saliou Guindo|Saliou]] {{goal|83}}
| goals2 = Pritam Roy {{goal|67}} Asif Ali Molla {{goal|74}}
| stadium = [[Sailen Manna Stadium]]
| location = [[Howrah]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Dennis Antwi]]
}}

== Knockout stage ==

=== Bracket ===
{{8TeamBracket|nowrap=y
|RD1=|RD2-score2='''4'''|RD1-team7='''[[United SC|United]] {{pso}}'''|RD1-score7='''{{nowrap|0 (4)}}'''|RD1-seed8=|RD1-team8=[[Kalighat MS]]|RD1-score8={{nowrap|0 (3)}}|RD2-seed1=|RD2-team1=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]|RD2-score1=0|RD2-seed2=|RD2-team2='''[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]'''|RD2-seed3=|RD1-score6=0|RD2-team3='''[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]'''|RD2-score3='''2'''|RD2-seed4=|RD2-team4=[[United SC|United]]|RD2-score4=1|RD3-seed1=|RD3-team1='''[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]'''|RD3-score1='''2'''|RD3-seed2=|RD3-team2=[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]|RD1-seed7=|RD1-team6=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]|RD2=|RD1-seed2=|RD3=|seed-width=|team-width=|score-width=|RD1-seed1=|RD1-team1='''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]'''|RD1-score1='''1'''|RD1-team2=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]|RD1-seed6=|RD1-score2=0|RD1-seed3=|RD1-team3='''[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]'''|RD1-score3='''1'''|RD1-seed4=|RD1-team4=[[Southern Samity]]|RD1-score4=0|RD1-seed5=|RD1-team5='''[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]'''|RD1-score5='''1'''|RD3-score2=1}}

=== Quarter-finals ===

{{football box
| date = 14 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-to-meet-real-kashmir-in-semisgokulam-kerala-george-telegraph-united-sc/article33329495.ece
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{goal|7|pen}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Philip Adjah]]
}}
{{football box
| date = 14 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-to-meet-real-kashmir-in-semisgokulam-kerala-george-telegraph-united-sc/article33329495.ece
| team2 = [[Southern Samity]]
| goals1 = [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Farooq]] {{goal|22}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Mason Robertson]]
}}
{{football box
| date = 14 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-to-meet-real-kashmir-in-semisgokulam-kerala-george-telegraph-united-sc/article33329495.ece
| team2 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
| goals1 = Tanmoy Ghosh {{goal|46}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Tanmoy Ghosh
}}
{{football box
| date = 14 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC|United]]
| score = 0–0 {{aet}}
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-to-meet-real-kashmir-in-semisgokulam-kerala-george-telegraph-united-sc/article33329495.ece
| team2 = [[Kalighat MS]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sailen Manna Stadium]]
| location = [[Howrah]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Subham Sen
| penaltyscore = 4–3
| penalties1 =
| penalties2 =
}}

=== Semi-finals ===

{{football box
| date = 16 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 0–4
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-blank-mohammedan-4-0-face-george-telegraph-in-final-lukman-hattrick/article33347390.ece
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Lukman Adefemi|Adefemi]] {{goal|59||66||88}} [[Mason Robertson|Robertson]] {{goal|90+3}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Lukman Adefemi]]
}}
{{football box
| date = 16 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/ifa-shield-real-kashmir-blank-mohammedan-4-0-face-george-telegraph-in-final-lukman-hattrick/article33347390.ece
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = Saddam Hossain {{goal|78}} Stanley Eze {{goal|82}}
| goals2 = Basudeb Mondal {{goal|36}}
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Stanley Eze
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box
| date = 19 December 2020
| time = 13:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/sports-news-real-kashmir-win-first-major-tournament-beat-george-telegraph-2-1-in-ifa-shield-final-2213658.html
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 = Goutam Das {{goal|48}}
| goals2 = [[Lukman Adefemi|Adefemi]] {{goal|36|pen.}} [[Mason Robertson|Robertson]] {{goal|59}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
| motm = Mithun Samanta
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Top goal scorers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Nat.
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Lukman Adefemi]]
|Real Kashmir
|5
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|GHA}}
|[[Denny Antwi]]
|Gokulam Kerala
|4
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Farooq]]
|Real Kashmir
| rowspan="2" |3
|-
|{{flagicon|SCO}}
|[[Mason Robertson]]
|Real Kashmir
|-
| rowspan="5" |5
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Gani Nigam]]
|Mohammedan
| rowspan="5" |2
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Uttam Rai]]
|Peerless
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Tanmoy Ghosh]]
|George Telegraph
|-
|{{flagicon|NGA}}
|[[Stanley Eze]]
|George Telegraph
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goutam Das (footballer)|Goutam Das]]
|George Telegraph
|}

== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
* [https://ifawb.org/ifa-shield-2019-20-fixtures/ IFA Shield 2019-20]

{{IFA seasons}}
{{2020–21 in Indian football|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:IFA Shield seasons]]
[[Category:2020 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2020–21 in Indian football]]

Mahindra Bolero

2026-03-11T00:05:29Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started a details

{{Distinguish |Mahindra Bolero Neo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Mahindra Bolero
| manufacturer = [[Mahindra and Mahindra Limited]]
| image = Mahindra Bolero ZLX.jpg
| aka = Mahindra Cimarrón (South America) Mahindra Enforcer (Philippines)<ref>{{cite web|last=Tabamo|first=Dinzo|title=Mahindra officially enters PH market, releases product lineup and pricing|url=http://www.topgear.com}}</ref>
| production = 2000–present
| assembly = {{ubl | [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] | [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] | [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]] (Nordex S.A.)<ref name=WOC>{{cite journal | ref = WOC | title = World of Cars 2006·2007 | journal = World of Cars: Worldwide Car Catalogue | editor-first = Eligiusz | editor-last = Mazur | publisher = Media Connection Sp. z o.o. | location = Warsaw, Poland | page = 275 | year = 2006 | issn = 1734-2945 }}</ref> }}
| predecessor = [[Mahindra Armada]]
| class = [[Mid-size SUV]] [[Sport Utility Vehicle|Subcompact SUV]] (According to the length)
| body_style = 5 door [[SUV]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]] [[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive]]
| engine = {{ubl | 1493 cc ''mHawkD70'' [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-three engine|I3]] | 2498 cc [[List of PSA engines#XD|''XD3P'']] [[Diesel engine|diesel]] [[Inline-four engine|I4]] | 2523 cc ''MDI'' turbodiesel I4 | 2523 cc ''M2DiCR'' turbodiesel I4 }}
| transmission = 5-speed [[manual transmission|Manual]]
| wheelbase = {{ubl | {{convert|2680|mm|1|abbr=on}} | Camper: {{convert|3014|mm|1|abbr=on}} }}
| length = {{ubl | {{convert|3995|mm|1|abbr=on}} | Camper: {{convert|4824|mm|1|abbr=on}} }}
| width = {{ubl | {{convert|1745|mm|1|abbr=on}} | Camper: {{convert|1670|mm|1|abbr=on}} }}
| height = {{convert|1885|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| related = [[Mahindra Scorpio]],[[Mahindra Xylo]], [[Mahindra Armada]]
| designer = Shyam Kumar Alepalli- Styling, Dilip Bogawat / Sanjay Shrivastava & Ulhas Khupse -Design Raju Rasal - Proto
| sp =
}}

The '''Mahindra Bolero''' is a [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] produced by [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] since 2000.

==History and Design==
The basic design is based on the Mahindra Armada Grand. The first-generation Bolero was equipped with a [[Peugeot]] {{convert|2.5|L|in3|abbr=on}} IDI engine which produced {{convert|76|PS|kW|abbr=on}}, although turbocharged versions with or without an intercooler were also available, raising power to {{convert|101|or|95|PS|kW|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref name=WOC2>[[#WOC|''World of Cars 2006·2007'']], p. 151</ref> The second generation was released with slightly modified exteriors (a larger grille being the most obvious change) and the major change was the engine, a {{convert|2.5|L|in3|abbr=on}} in-house [[turbo-charged|turbocharged]] direct injection [[diesel engine]] from Mahindra with an output of {{convert|72|PS|kW|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

In September 2011, the third generation Bolero was released, with a more thoroughly re-designed front with jewelled headlamps.<ref name=faisal>{{cite web | url = https://www.motorbeam.com/2011/09/cars/mahindra-bolero/2012-mahindra-bolero-facelift-launched/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050920/https://www.motorbeam.com/2011/09/cars/mahindra-bolero/2012-mahindra-bolero-facelift-launched/ | title = 2012 Mahindra Bolero facelift launched | first = Faisal | last = Khan | date = 2011-09-08 | publisher = MotorBeam Digital | archivedate = 2017-08-01 }}</ref> In India it is powered by the {{convert|63|PS|kW|abbr=on}} M2DiCR diesel engine with a "soft turbo", mated to a five-speed transmission.<ref name=faisal/> This latest engine meets the [[Bharat Stage emission standards|Bharat IV emissions standards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-08 |title=Mahindra launches the new Bolero |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/mahindra-launches-the-new-bolero/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=CarWale |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 October 2025, a facelift was unveiled alongside the Bolero Neo, featuring a redesigned grille, new fog lights, new color and new alloys.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackodrive |first=Team |date=2025-10-06 |title=Mahindra Bolero & Bolero Neo Facelift Launched; Prices Begin From ₹7.99 Lakh |url=https://ackodrive.com/news/mahindra-bolero-and-bolero-neo-facelift-launched-prices-begin-from-7-99-lakh/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=AckoDrive |language=en}}</ref>

==Models and trims==
Bolero is available in 3 variants B4, B6 and B6 optional since April 2020.
An ambulance model is also available. The five-seat pickup version of the Bolero (nowadays known as the Bolero Camper) entered production in Uruguay as the "Cimarrón" in June 2004.<ref name=WOC/>

=== 2025 facelift ===
On '''6 October 2025''', [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] introduced the facelifted version of the '''Mahindra Bolero''' in India.<ref name="CarDekhoLaunch">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=Updated Mahindra Bolero and Mahindra Bolero Neo Launched; Prices Start From Rs 7.99 Lakh |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/updated-mahindra-bolero-and-mahindra-bolero-neo-launched-prices-start-from-rs-799-lakh-35133.htm |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=CarDekho}}</ref> The update retains the existing 1.5-litre '''mHawk75''' three-cylinder diesel engine, producing {{cvt|75|PS|kW|0}} and {{cvt|210|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque, paired with a five-speed manual gearbox and rear-wheel-drive layout.<ref name="NDTVSpec">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=2025 Mahindra Bolero and Bolero Neo Launched in India: Price, Specs and More |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/2025-mahindra-bolero-bolero-neo-launched-in-india-price-specs-and-more-9404108 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=NDTV Auto}}</ref>

The 2025 model is available in four variants — '''B4''', '''B6''', '''B6(O)''', and a new '''B8''' — with prices ranging between ₹7.99 lakh and ₹9.69 lakh (ex-showroom, India).<ref name="Carlelo">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=2025 Mahindra Bolero Facelift Launched in India at Rs 7.99 lakh |url=https://www.carlelo.com/news/2025-mahindra-bolero-facelift-launched |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=CarLelo}}</ref>

Key exterior revisions include a five-slat chrome grille featuring Mahindra’s twin-peaks logo, redesigned body-coloured bumpers with rectangular fog lamps on higher trims, and new 15-inch diamond-cut alloy wheels on the B8 variant.<ref name="AutocarExt">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=2025 Mahindra Bolero and Bolero Neo Launched: What’s New |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/2025-mahindra-bolero-and-bolero-neo-launched-in-india-437593 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> A new '''Stealth Black''' paint option has been added alongside Diamond White, DSAT Silver, and Rocky Beige.<ref name="CardekhoColours">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Check Out the 2025 Mahindra Bolero in 10 Real-Life Images |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/check-out-the-2025-mahindra-bolero-in-10-reallife-images-35135.htm |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=CarDekho}}</ref>

Inside, the Bolero gains a 7-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Bluetooth connectivity, leatherette upholstery, Type-C charging ports, and steering-mounted audio controls.<ref name="TimesDrive">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=2025 Mahindra Bolero and Bolero Neo Launched in India: Price, Features, Specs and More |url=https://www.timesdrive.in/news/2025-mahindra-bolero-and-bolero-neo-launched-in-india-price-features-specs-and-more-article-152949911 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Times Drive}}</ref> The model also receives '''RideFlo frequency-sensitive dampers''', replacing the previous rear suspension setup — a change noted by Mahindra as aimed at improving comfort and stability.

Standard safety equipment includes dual airbags, ABS with EBD, rear parking sensors, tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS), and ISOFIX child-seat mounts. The model continues to be offered without side or curtain airbags.<ref name="NDTVSpec" />

==Bolero Camper==
The Mahindra Bolero is an [[SUV]]-based pickup truck, available in AC and non-AC variants. Single or double cabin models are on offer. It was originally sold as the Bolero Single Cab or Bolero Double Cab, but from early 2002 the Double Cab model has been marketed as the Bolero Camper in India.<ref name=WOC2/> It is powered by the {{convert|72|PS|kW|abbr=on}} 2523 cc [[turbo-charged]] direct injection [[diesel engine]], although the new, cleaner M2DiCR has also been an option and in earlier years Peugeot engines were also fitted. Drive is manual with 4WD optional, power steering is available. Default tyres are 235/75 R15 Goodyear Wrangler radials. Mileage {{convert|12.2|km/L|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}} fuel economy in city with AC. Mileage {{convert|14|km/L|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}} fuel economy on highway at around 80 to 100 km/h with AC.

There is also a five-seat pickup version with a shorter cargo area called the Bolero Commando, as well as 7/8-seater soft top model called the Bolero Invader.<ref name=WOC2/>

==Bolero Pik-Up==
{{distinguish|text=[[Mahindra Scorpio Getaway|Mahindra Pik-Up]]}}

The Mahindra Bolero Pik-Up is a single cab [[mid-size pickup truck]] with solid front and rear axles. [[Leaf spring suspension]] (9 leaves) at all four wheels, 2523cc engine {{cvt|56|kW|PS|order=flip|0}} at 3200 rpm, {{cvt|200|Nm|lbft|0}} at 1400-2200rpm, 5-speed manual transmission. 700R15 12PR tyres, front disk and rear drum brakes. Length {{cvt|5215|mm|in|0}}, width {{cvt|1700|mm|in|0}}, height {{cvt|1865|mm|in|0}}, wheelbase {{cvt|3260|mm|in|0}}, payload {{cvt|1700|kg|lb|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feature & Specs |url=https://auto.mahindra.com/pick-up-trucks/bolero-pik-up/feature-and-specifications |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=auto.mahindra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Mahindra bolero 4x4 pickup truck front diff problem {{!}} part - 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o291MZuJi8k |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Bolero Neo ==
{{Main|Mahindra Bolero Neo}}
The [[Mahindra Bolero Neo]] is a 5-7 seater SUV fitted with a mHAWK 100 engine and MTT (Multi terrain technology). It uses a 3rd Generation Scorpio chassis which is useful for off-road driving and has a body with ladder-on-frame construction.

== Sales ==

The model has sold over 1.4 million units (since 2000) by 2023 April.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Bolero sells over 100,000 units in FY2023, over 1.4 million since CY2000|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/mahindra-bolero-sells-over-100000-units-in-fy2023-over-14-million-since-cy2000-114825?=1|website=Autocar Pro India|date=2023-04-25|access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mahindrabolero.com/}}

{{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}

[[Category:Mahindra vehicles|Bolero]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2000]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:Sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Police vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars of Uruguay]]

Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law

2026-03-09T03:34:43Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: quick update

{{Short description|Law college in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law
| other_name = SKAIL
| image_name = Snehansu Kanta Acharya Law College and University campus 03.jpg
| image_alt =
| type = Law college
| established = {{start date and age|2004}}
| director = Milan Sarker
| city = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 741235
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9824116|N|88.4468263|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| colors =
| affiliations = [[University of Kalyani]], [[Bar council of India|BCI]]
| website = http://skail.org
}}
'''Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law''' (popularly known as '''S.K.A.I.L''') is a college of legal education in [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]. This college is having its own campus on an area of seven acres of land within the campus of [[University of Kalyani]], adjacent to the University entrance gate. It was established in the year 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law (SKAIL), Kalyani: Admission 2025, Courses, Fees, Placement, Cut Off |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/colleges/snehangshu-kanta-acharya-institute-of-law-skail-kalyani-16495 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> The college is affiliated to [[University of Kalyani]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of University of Kalyani | url=http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-colleges/list-of-colleges}}</ref> This college is also approved by the [[Bar Council of India]] and recognised by the University Grants Commission.<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal|date=16 November 2011}}</ref>

== History ==
The institute was established by Sikkim Bengal Education Trust in 2004 on the campus of Kalyani University. It is named after [[Snehansu Kanta Acharya]] Bar-at-Law, the former Advocate General of the [[Government of West Bengal]], known for his contributions in the field of law and politics. The college was inaugurated on 30 June 2004 by Mr. [[Jyoti Basu]], former [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://skail.org/|title=SNEHANGSHU KANTA ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF LAW|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>

== Courses ==
It offers the [[Bachelor of Laws]] or B.A LL.B degree course with [[LL.B]]. Honours for five years integrated degree programme as the under-graduate degree programme in law under the University of kalyani. The present course is based on 10 semester and approved by the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] as well as [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI).<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[List of law schools in India]]
}}

* [[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kalyani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Snehansu Kanta Acharya Law College}}
*{{official website|http://skail.org}}
*[http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ University of Kalyani]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Kalyani}}

[[Category:Law schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kalyani]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{lawschool-stub}}

Mir Osman Ali Khan

2026-03-06T00:53:37Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: expand information further and improved wording

{{Short description|Last ruler of Hyderabad, India (1886–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi {{small|{{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GBE|size=90%}}}}}}
| title = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| image = File:Usman Ali Khan.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1911
| succession = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| reign = 29 August 1911 – 17 September 1948{{efn|Titular: 17 September 1948 – 24 February 1967<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Mir Quadir |title=Hyderabad's tryst with history |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/170919/hyderabads-tryst-with-history.html |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=17 September 2019 |quote=The question now is: What exactly happened on September 17, 1948? [...] The Nizam's radio broadcast meant the lifting of the house arrest of Government of India's Agent General K.M. Munshi, allowing him to work on a new government, with the Nizam as Head of State.}}</ref>}}
| native_lang1 =
| native_lang1_name1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1886|4|5}}<ref name="Jagannath">{{cite book |title=The History of Nizam's Railways System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ |page=44 |year=2013 |publisher=Laxmi Book Publication |isbn=9781312496477 |last=Jaganath |first=Santosh |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185148/https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&dq= |url-status=live}}</ref> or {{birth date|df=yes|1886|4|6}}
| birth_place = [[Purani Haveli]], [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad City]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]] (now in [[Telangana]], [[India]])
| death_date = 24 February 1967 (aged 80)
| death_place = [[King Kothi Palace]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), [[India]]
| coronation = 18 September 1911<ref>Benjamin B. Cohen, ''Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan, 1850–1948'' (Macmillan, 2007) p81{{request quotation|date=September 2020}}</ref> [[Chowmahalla Palace]]
| predecessor = [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Azam-un-Nisa Begum|1906|1955|end=died}} Shahzada Begum Ikbal Begum Gowhar Begum {{marriage|Mazhar-un-Nisa Begum|1923|1964|end=died}} Leila Begum Jani Begum
| successor = ''Title abolished'' [[Mukarram Jah|Barkat Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VIII]] (titular)
| regent = {{collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Kishen Pershad]] [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Salar Jung III]] Sayyid Ali Imam Faridoon-ul-Mulk Wali-ud-Daula [[Akbar Hydari]] [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari|Nawab of Chhatari]] [[Mirza Muhammad Ismail]] Nawab of Chhatari [[Mir Laiq Ali]]}}
| reg-type = [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|Prime minister]]
| issue = [[Azam Jah]] [[Moazzam Jah]]
| issue-link = #Family
| issue-pipe = Among others
| royal house = [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]
| father = [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]]
| mother = Amat-uz-Zahra Begum
| burial_place = [[Judi Mosque]], (opposite [[King Kothi Palace]]), [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India (now in Telangana, India)
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=No parallel to Hyderabad's Muharram procession in India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-parallel-to-hyderabads-muharram-procession-in-india-523357.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=News18 |agency=news18 |date=24 November 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|Hyderabad State}}
| branch = {{army|Hyderabad State}}
| rank = [[Nizam (title)|Nizam]]
| serviceyears = 1911–1948
| battles = {{plain list|
* [[Operation Polo]]
}}
}}
}}
[[Mir (title)|Mir]] '''Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII''' (5<ref name="Jagannath">{{cite book |title=The History of Nizam's Railways System |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ |page=44 |year=2013 |publisher=Laxmi Book Publication |isbn=9781312496477 |last=Jaganath |first=Santosh |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185148/https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&dq= |url-status=live}}</ref> or 6 April 1886 – 24 February 1967)<ref>{{cite news |title=Here are five super-rich people from the pages of history! |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/here-are-five-super-rich-people-from-the-pages-of-history/articleshow/47108897.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=1 May 2015}}</ref> was the last [[Nizam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Family of Indian royals wins £35m court battle against Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49907266 |website=BBC News |access-date=16 September 2020 |date=2 October 2019}}</ref> (ruler) of [[Hyderabad State]], the largest state in the erstwhile [[Indian Empire (1876–1947)|Indian Empire]]. He ascended the throne on 29 August 1911, at the age of 25<ref name="Dona">{{Cite web |url=http://thenizamsmuseum.com/seventh-nizam.html |title=:: The Seventh Nizam - The Nizam's Museum Hyderabad, Telangana, India |website=thenizamsmuseum.com|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095333/http://thenizamsmuseum.com/seventh-nizam.html|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and ruled the State of Hyderabad until 1948, when the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] [[Operation Polo|annexed]] it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/day-year-how-hyderabad-became-part-union-india-88407 |title=This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India |date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230191656/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/day-year-how-hyderabad-became-part-union-india-88407|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was styled as [[His Exalted Highness|His Exalted Highness (H.E.H)]] the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]],<ref name="Time 1937-02-22">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=HYDERABAD: Silver Jubilee Durbar |date=22 February 1937 | access-date=20 May 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524114531/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html | archive-date=24 May 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> and was widely considered one of the world's wealthiest people of all time.<ref name="zupan">{{cite book|title=Inside Job: How Government Insiders Subvert the Public Interest|author=Zupan, M.A.|isbn=978-1-107-15373-8|lccn=2016044124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39kcDgAAQBAJ|year=2017|pages=10–115|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] }}</ref> With some estimates placing his wealth at 2% of U.S. GDP,<ref name="zupan"/> his portrait was on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101370222,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306233237/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101370222,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2005 | magazine=Time |title=The Nizam of Hyderabad}}</ref> As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his mint, printing his currency, the [[Hyderabadi rupee]], and had a private treasury that was said to contain £100 million in gold and silver bullion, and a further £400 million of jewels (in 2008 terms).<ref name="zupan"/> The major source of his wealth was the [[Golconda diamonds|Golconda mines]], the only supplier of [[diamond]]s in the world at that time.<ref name="jhala">{{cite book|title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India|author=Jhala, A.D.|isbn=978-1-317-31656-5| series=Empires in Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmpECgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Globalisation of Golconda |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/nov/12spec.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Making money the royal way! |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/making-money-the-royal-way-/articleshow/2975511.cms |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> Among them was the [[Jacob Diamond]], valued at some £50 million (in 2008 terms),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/exclusive-the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-was-so-rich-302814| location=London | work=[[Mirror.co.uk]] | first=Julie | last=McCaffrey| title=Exclusive: The last Nizam of Hyderabad was so rich he had a £50 million diamond paperweight| date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Rahul | last=Bedi | title=India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute | date=12 April 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/press_release.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402032500/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/press_release.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2009|title=Exhibitions at National Museum of India, New Delhi(India)|date=2 April 2009}}</ref> and used by the Nizam as a [[paperweight]].<ref>Shah, Tahir. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081014090016/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2603983.ece Alan the Red, the Brit who makes Bill Gates a pauper]." ''Times Online''. ''The Sunday Times''. 7 October 2007. Web. 19 9ay 2010.</ref>

During his 37-year rule, electricity was introduced, and railways, roads, and airports were developed. He was known as the "Architect of modern Hyderabad" and is credited with establishing many public institutions in the city of [[Hyderabad]], including [[Osmania University]], [[Osmania General Hospital]], [[State Bank of Hyderabad]],<ref>Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879-1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. ''History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981-5052)''. (Hyderabad : Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85-87.</ref> [[Begumpet Airport]], and the [[Hyderabad High Court]]. Two reservoirs, [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayat Sagar]], were built during his reign, to prevent future flooding after the [[Great Musi Flood of 1908]] in the city. The Nizam also constructed the [[Nizam Sagar Dam]] and, in 1923, a [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] was constructed across the [[Manjira River]], a tributary of the [[Godavari River]], between Achampet ([[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]) and Banjepally villages of [[Kamareddy district]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is located at about 144 km (89 mi) northwest of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and is the oldest dam in the state.<ref name="lakes built" />

The Nizam had refused to accede Hyderabad to India after the country's independence on 15 August 1947. He wanted his domains to remain an independent state or join [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why wealth of Hyderabad Nizam's heirs depends on Pakistan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-wealth-of-hyderabad-nizams-heirs-depends-on-pakistan-493417 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Later, he wanted his state to join India; however, his power had weakened because of the [[Telangana Rebellion]] and the rise of a radical militia known as the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]], whom he could not put down. In 1948, the Indian Army [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|invaded and annexed Hyderabad State]] and defeated the Razakars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Apparasu | first=Srinivasa Rao | title=How Hyd merger with Union unfolded | website=Hindustan Times | date=2022-09-16 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-hyd-merger-with-union-unfolded-101663352521085.html}}</ref> The Nizam became the [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]] between 1950 and 1956, after which the state was partitioned and became part of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fmay2000/f230520001.html |title=A Memorable Republic Day |website=pib.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023145814/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fmay2000/f230520001.html|archive-date=23 October 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Gulbarga |year=1966 |publisher=Director of Printing, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZkBAAAAMAAJ&q=nizam%20sikander%20jah |access-date=13 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185145/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Karnataka_State_Gazetteer_Gulbarga/uZkBAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=nizam+sikander+jah |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1951, he started the construction of Nizam Orthopedic Hospital (now known as [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] (NIMS)) and leased it to the government for 99 years for a monthly rent of Rs.1.<ref name="niz">{{cite news |title=The Last Nizam who put Hyderabad on global map |url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-last-nizam-who-put-hyderabad-on-global-map |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407145029/https://telanganatoday.com/the-last-nizam-who-put-hyderabad-on-global-map |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also donated {{convert|14000|acres}} of land from his estate to [[Vinobha Bhave]]'s [[Bhoodan movement]] for re-distribution among landless farmers.<ref name="Dona" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunil |first1=Mungara |title=Much of Bhoodan land found to be under encroachment in city {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Much-of-Bhoodan-land-found-to-be-under-encroachment-in-city/articleshow/54001626.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN / Updated |date=4 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mir Osman Ali Khan was born 5<ref name="Jagannath"/> or 6 April 1886, the second son of [[Asaf Jah VI|Mahboob Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]] and Amat-uz-Zahra Begum<ref name="b377">{{cite book | last1=Yazdani | first1=Z. | last2=Chrystal | first2=M. | title=The Seventh Nizam: The Fallen Empire | publisher=author | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-9510819-0-7 | page=41}}</ref><ref name="m903">{{cite book | last=Bawa | first=B.K. | title=The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan | publisher=Viking | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-670-83997-1 | page=37}}</ref> at [[Purani Haveli]] (also known as Masarrat Mahal palace). He was educated privately and reportedly became fluent in [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=IFTHEKHAR |first1=J. S. |title=Nizam's generous side and love for books |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nizams-generous-side-and-love-for-books/article2886529.ece |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=13 February 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfptAAAAMAAJ |volume=46 |pages=3–4(104) |journal=Pakistan Historical Society |publisher=the [[University of Michigan]] |year=1998 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185148/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfptAAAAMAAJ&q= |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jagannath"/> Under [[Nawab Muhammad Ali Beg]] he received court ethics and military training.<ref name="birth">{{cite web |title=Chapter II |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/160452/8/08_chapter_2.pdf |page=56 |publisher=Shodh Ganga-Indian Electronic Thesises and Dissertations |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185150/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/160452/8/08_chapter_2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

On the recommendation of [[Governor-General of India|the Viceroy of India]], [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] in 1898, in early 1899 [[Brian Egerton]] (of the [[Egerton family]] and former tutor to Maharajah of Bikaner [[Ganga Singh]]) was appointed as Mir Osman Ali Khan's [[English language|English]] tutor for two years.<ref name="Jagannath"/> During this period he lived away from the principal palace. He had his own household, to avoid the atmosphere of the palace quarters, under the guidance of Egerton and other British officials and mentors, so that he could flourish as a gentleman of the highest class. Brian Egerton recorded that as a child, Mir Osman Ali Khan was [[A magnanimous act|magnanimous]] and "anxious to learn". Because of the indomitable attitude of [[zenana]] (the women) who were determined to send Osman Ali Khan out of [[Hyderabad]] for further studies, he pursued them at [[Mayo College]] after consultation with the principal nobles of the [[Paigah family]].<ref name="birth"/><ref name="Keen">{{cite thesis |title=The power behind the throne: Relations between the British and the Indian states 1870-1909 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29223/1/10731318.pdf |last=Keen |first=Caroline |pages=84–86 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] |year=2003 |page= |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185155/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29223/1/10731318.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:CHOWMAHALLA_PALACE_Royal_painting.jpg|thumb|250px|The Nizam when he ascended the throne at 25 years of age|alt=|right]]
[[File:1 rupee Hyderabard - 1913.png|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 1 rupee [[Hyderabad State]], Mir Osman Ali Khan, 1913]]
[[Mir Mahboob Ali Khan]] The VI Nizam died on 29 August 1911 and on the same day Mir Osman Ali Khan was proclaimed Nizam VII under the supervision of Nawab Shahab Jung, a minister of Police and Public works.<ref name="throning ceremony">{{cite web |title=Delhi Durbar of 1911: All you wanted to know ! |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/delhi-durbar-1911/ |website=The Heritage Lab |date=17 December 2020}}</ref> On 18 September 1911, the [[coronation]] was officially held at the [[Chowmahalla Palace]].

His coronation [[Durbar (court)]] included the prime minister of Hyderabad [[Kishen Pershad|Maharaja Kishen Pershad]], Colonel Alexander Pinhey (1911–1916) British [[Resident (title)|resident]] of [[British Residency, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]], the Paigah, and the distinguished nobles of the state and the head of principalities under Nizam domain.<ref name="Jagannath"/><ref name="birth" /><ref>{{cite thesis |title=Accession of Hyderabad state to the Indian union: a study of the political and pressure groups (1945-1948) |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/1882 |chapter=1 |page=20 |first=Uma |last=T |date=April 2003 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of History, School of Social Sciences, University of Hyderabad |hdl=10603/1882 |via=Shodh Ganga-Indian Electronic Thesises and Dissertations |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425172456/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/1882 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The famous mines of [[Golconda diamonds|Golconda]] were the major source of wealth for the Nizams,<ref name="diamonds">{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/celebrating-the-nizams-fabled-golconda-diamonds/ |title=Celebrating the Nizam's fabled Golconda diamonds |date=23 February 2019 |website=Economic Times Blog|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802081007/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/celebrating-the-nizams-fabled-golconda-diamonds/|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with the [[Hyderabad State|Kingdom of Hyderabad]] being the only supplier of diamonds for the global market in the 18th century.<ref name="diamonds" />

Mir Osman Ali Khan acceded as the Nizam of Hyderabad upon the death of his father in 1911. The state of Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states in colonial India. With an area of 86,000 square miles (223,000  km2), it was roughly the size of the present-day [[United Kingdom]]. The Nizam was the highest-ranking prince in India, was one of only five princes [[salute state|entitled to a 21-gun salute]], held the unique title of "Nizam", and was titled "[[Exalted Highness|His Exalted Highness]]" and "Faithful Ally of the British Crown".<ref name="The Hindu 2007-03-14">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/%60His-Exalted-Highness-to-be-staged-today/article14734360.ece |title='His Exalted Highness' to be staged today |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2007| access-date=16 July 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219204535/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/%60His-Exalted-Highness-to-be-staged-today/article14734360.ece| archive-date=19 February 2020| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Early years (1911 to 1918)===

In 1908, three years before the Nizam's coronation, the city of Hyderabad was [[Great Musi Flood of 1908|struck by a major flood]] that resulted in the death of thousands. The Nizam, on the advice of [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]], ordered the construction of two large reservoirs—the [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayat Sagar]]—to prevent another flood.{{Sfn|Law|1914|p=85-92}}

He was given the title of "Faithful Ally of the [[The Crown|British Crown]]" after [[World War One]] because of his financial contribution to the [[British Empire]]'s war effort.<ref name=":0"/> Part of the reason behind his unique title of "His Exalted Highness" and other titles was due to the huge amounts of financial help that he provided the [[British Empire|British]] amounting to nearly £25 million (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|25000000|1918|r=-8}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Zompa|first=Tenzin|date=6 April 2021|title=Mir Osman Ali Khan, Hyderabad Nizam who wore cotton pyjamas & used a diamond as paper weight|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/mir-osman-ali-khan-hyderabad-nizam-who-wore-cotton-pyjamas-used-a-diamond-as-paper-weight/634761/|access-date=10 October 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> (For example, [[No. 110 Squadron RAF]]'s original complement of [[Airco DH.9A]] aircraft were Osman Ali's gift. Each aircraft bore an inscription to that effect, and the unit became known as the "Hyderabad Squadron".)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/bombercommandno110squadron.cfm |title=RAF – Bomber Command No.110 Squadron |website=raf.mod.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203074539/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/bombercommandno110squadron.cfm|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> He also paid for a [[Royal Navy]] vessel, the [[J-, K- and N-class destroyer|N-class]] destroyer, {{HMAS|Nizam|G38|6}} commissioned in 1940 and transferred to the [[Royal Australian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |title=HMAS Nizam |url=https://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-nizam |language=en |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726095116/https://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-nizam |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1918, the Nizam issued a ''[[firman]]'' (decree) that established [[Osmania University]], the first university to have [[Urdu]] as the language of instruction. The present campus was completed in 1934. The ''Firman'' also mentioned the university's detailed mission and objectives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Osmania University |url=https://www.osmania.ac.in/aboutus-originandhistory.php |website=osmania.ac.in |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425180256/https://www.osmania.ac.in/aboutus-originandhistory.php |url-status=live}}</ref> The establishment of Osmania University was highly lauded by [[Nobel Prize]] laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] who was overjoyed to see the day when Indians are "freed from the shackles of a foreign language and our education becomes naturally accessible to all our people".<ref name=":0" />

===Post-World War (1918 to 1939)===

[[File:The Nizam of Hyderabad pays homage to the king and queen at the Delhi Durbar.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Nizam pays homage to [[George V|King George]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] at the [[Delhi Durbar]], December 1911]]

In 1919, the Nizam ordered the formation of the Executive Council of Hyderabad, presided over by Sir Sayyid Ali Imam, including eight other members, each in charge of one or more departments. The president of the Executive Council would also be the [[List of Prime Ministers of Hyderabad State|prime minister of Hyderabad]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The [[Begumpet Airport]] was established in 1930 with the eventual formation of [[Hyderabad Aero Club]] by the Nizam in 1936. Initially, Nizam's private airline, [[Deccan Airways Limited|Deccan Airways]], one of the earliest airlines in British India, used it as a domestic and international airport. The terminal building was constructed in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html |title=Begumpet Airport History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221081504/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html |archive-date=21 December 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first commercial flight took off from the airport in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.showincity.com/venues/v-18646/begumpet-airport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019120240/https://www.showincity.com/venues/v-18646/begumpet-airport|archive-date=October 19, 2021|title=Begumpet Airport}}</ref>

===Final years of his reign (1939 to 1948)===
[[File:AsafJah7 Al-Quaiti-Family.jpeg|thumb|The Nizam with the [[Qu'aiti|Al-Quaiti]] royal family|alt=]]
[[File:NizamSaud.jpg|thumb|The Nizam with [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud]] during his visit to [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]|alt=]]

The Nizam arranged a matrimonial alliance with the deposed caliph [[Abdulmejid II]] whereby Nizam's first son [[Azam Jah]] would marry [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Princess Durrushehvar]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was believed that this union between Nizam and Abdulmejid II would lead to the emergence of a Muslim ruler who could be acceptable to the world powers in place of the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultans]]. After India's Independence, the Nizam attempted to declare his sovereignty over the state of Hyderabad, either as a protectorate of the British Empire or as a sovereign monarchy. However, his power weakened because of the [[Telangana Rebellion]] and the rise of the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]], a Muslim militia who wanted Hyderabad to remain under Muslim rule. In 1948, India [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|invaded and annexed]] Hyderabad State, and the rule of the Nizam ended. He became the [[Rajpramukh]] and served from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956.<ref name="Nizam_Governor">{{cite news |title=Fact Check: The Nizam of Hyderabad never fled Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-the-nizam-of-hyderabad-never-fled-as-yogi-adityanath-claimed-1401710-2018-12-03 |access-date=23 September 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923123211/https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-the-nizam-of-hyderabad-never-fled-as-yogi-adityanath-claimed-1401710-2018-12-03 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Contributions to society==

===Educational initiatives===
By donating to major educational institutions throughout India, he introduced many educational reforms during his reign. Up to 11% of his budget was spent on education.<ref name="Education budget">{{cite news |title=Nizam Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan was a perfect secular ruler |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-hyderabad-mir-osman-ali-khan-was-perfect-secular-ruler-812716/ |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] - Archive |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143512/https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-hyderabad-mir-osman-ali-khan-was-perfect-secular-ruler-812716/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Primary education was made compulsory and provided free for the poor.

[[File:Hydari ViceChancellor InaugurationArtsCollege-OsmaniaUni 1937.jpeg|thumb|The Nizam at the inauguration of the [[Osmania University]] Arts College, c. 1937]]

====Osmania University====
{{See also|Osmania University}}

He founded the Osmania University in 1918 through a royal firman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Osmania University |url=https://www.osmania.ac.in/aboutus-originandhistory.php |website=osmania.ac.in |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425180256/https://www.osmania.ac.in/aboutus-originandhistory.php |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the largest universities in India. Schools, colleges and a Department for Translation were set up.<ref name="osmania 1917-04-26">{{cite web |url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/AboutUsorigin-history.htm |title=Welcome to Osmania University |publisher=Osmania.ac.in |date=26 April 1917 |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812075935/http://www.osmania.ac.in/AboutUsorigin-history.htm |archive-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Construction of major public buildings===

Nearly all the major public buildings and institutions in Hyderabad city, such as the [[High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad|Hyderabad High Court]], [[Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad|Jubilee Hall]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aleem |first1=Shamim |last2=Aleem |first2=M. A. |title=Developments in Administration Under H.E.H. the Nizam VII |date=1984 |publisher=Osmania University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ&q=jubilee+hall+hyderabad |language=en}}</ref> [[Nizamia Observatory]], [[Moazzam Jahi Market]], [[Kachiguda Railway Station]], Asafiya Library ([[State Central Library, Hyderabad]]), the [[Town Hall]] now known as the Assembly Hall, Hyderabad Museum now known as the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|State Museum]]; [[:Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State|hospitals]] like [[Osmania General Hospital]], [[Government Nizamia General Hospital|Nizamia Hospital]] and many other buildings were constructed during his reign.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/45tpr4Hlxyc5g51QtwjuKJ/100-years-of-Osmania-University-the-hub-of-Telangana-agitat.html |title=100 years of Osmania University, the hub of Telangana agitation |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y. |date=26 April 2017 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163712/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/45tpr4Hlxyc5g51QtwjuKJ/100-years-of-Osmania-University-the-hub-of-Telangana-agitat.html|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184 |title=Once the pride of the Nizam, Hyderabad's iconic Osmania hospital now lies in shambles |date=24 January 2017 |work=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120825/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-06-03/Kacheguda-station-scripts-100-years-of-history/232405 |title=Kacheguda station scripts 100 years of history |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181027/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-06-03/Kacheguda-station-scripts-100-years-of-history/232405|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live |date=3 June 2016}}</ref> He also built the [[Hyderabad House]] in Delhi, now used for diplomatic meetings by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/frontpage/story_14253175.jsp |title=Ties too big for Delhi table – Space dilemma mirrors growth in Indo-US relationship |last=Nayar |first=K.P. |date=18 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkota |access-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011802/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/frontpage/story_14253175.jsp|archive-date=25 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/Article1-707274.aspx |title=Of princes, palaces and plush points |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=8 June 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010152053/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/Article1-707274.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Establishment of Hyderabad State Bank===
[[File:SBI_Branch,_Gunfoundary,_Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Hyderabad State bank post merger into SBI, photo taken in 2012]]
{{Main|State Bank of Hyderabad}}
In 1941, he started his bank, the Hyderabad State Bank. It was later renamed [[State Bank of Hyderabad]] and merged with the [[State Bank of India]] as the state's central bank in 2017. It was established on 8 August 1941 under the Hyderabad State Bank Act. The bank managed the Osmania Sicca ([[Hyderabadi rupee]]), the currency of the state of Hyderabad. It was the only state in India that had [[Banknotes of Hyderabad|its currency]], and the only state in British India where the ruler was allowed to issue currency. In 1953, the bank absorbed, by merger, the Mercantile Bank of Hyderabad, which Raja Pannalal Pitti had founded in 1935.<ref>Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879–1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. ''History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981–5052)''. (Hyderabad: Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85–87.</ref>{{Request quotation|date=July 2020|reason=What is said in this book to support this statement?}}

In 1956, the Reserve Bank of India took over the bank as its first subsidiary and renamed it State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH). The Subsidiary Banks Act was passed in 1959. On 1 October 1959, SBH and the other banks of the princely states became subsidiaries of SBI. It merged with SBI on 31 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sridhar |first1=G. Naga |date=8 April 2014 |title=Ethnic flavour: SBH to be chief banker to new Telangana state |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Ethnic-flavour-SBH-to-be-chief-banker-to-new-Telangana-state/article20749772.ece |work=BusinessLine |language=en |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185209/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Ethnic-flavour-SBH-to-be-chief-banker-to-new-Telangana-state/article20749772.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Flood prevention===

After the Great Musi Flood of 1908, which killed an estimated 50,000 people, the Nizam constructed two lakes to prevent flooding—the Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar<ref name="lakes built">{{cite web |title=Nature Discovery in Telangana :: Telangana Tourism |url=https://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/nature-discovery/rangareddy/osman-sagar-lake.html |website=telanganatourism.gov |language=en |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815174420/http://telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/nature-discovery/rangareddy/osman-sagar-lake.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.exploretelangana.com/gandipets-osman-sagar-lake-hyderabad/ |title=Gandipet's Osman Sagar Lake, Hyderabad |website=exploretelangana.com |date=24 August 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163801/http://www.exploretelangana.com/gandipets-osman-sagar-lake-hyderabad/|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> named after himself, and his son [[Azam Jah]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.exploretelangana.com/himayat-sagar-lake-weekend-tourist-spot-of-hyderabad/ |title=Himayat Sagar Lake – Weekend Tourist Spot of Hyderabad |website=exploretelangana.com |language=en-US|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213815/http://www.exploretelangana.com/himayat-sagar-lake-weekend-tourist-spot-of-hyderabad/|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Agricultural reforms===

The Nizam founded agricultural research in the [[Marathwada]] region of Hyderabad State with the establishment of the Main Experimental Farm in 1918 in [[Parbhani]]. During his rule, agricultural education was available only at Hyderabad; crop research centres for [[sorghum]], cotton, and fruits existed in Parbhani. After independence, the Indian government developed this facility further and renamed it [[Marathwada Agriculture University]] on 18 May 1972.<ref name="MAU">{{cite web |title=MAU |url=http://www.mkv.ac.in/doe/maufrgen.html |publisher=mkv |access-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518022708/http://www.mkv.ac.in/doe/maufrgen.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Contribution to Indian aviation===
India's first airport—the [[Begumpet Airport]]—was established in the 1930s with the formation of the Hyderabad Aero Club by the Nizam. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport by [[Deccan Airways Limited]], the first airline in British India. The airport terminal was constructed in 1937.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-tome-on-the-aviation-history-of-the-deccan/article27936689.ece |title=A tome on the aviation history of the Deccan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 May 2001 |last1=Venkateshwarlu |first1=K. |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185209/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-tome-on-the-aviation-history-of-the-deccan/article27936689.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Freemasonry ===
He was a [[Freemasonry|freemason]] and actively donated for masonic causes. The walls of [[Goshamahal Baradari]] are adorned with portraits of many freemasons including Mir Osman Ali Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-02-10 |title=Yeh Humara Shehar: Goshamahal |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-02-09/Yeh-Humara-Shehar-Goshamahal/206003 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
=== Donations to Hindu temples ===
During Mir Osman Ali Khan’s regime, financial support of Rs 97,000 and more than Two-lakh-acres of land were donated for Hindu temples. Histories of some Hindu temple in Hyderabad, both oral and written, feature close interaction with the Nizam’s court and administration.<ref name="temples">{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=The progressive rule of Nizams |url=https://telanganatoday.com/cultural-accomplishments-of-nizam-era |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=Telangana Today |date=27 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The Nizam donated Rs. 82,825 to the [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Yadadri|Yadagirigutta temple]] at [[Bhongir]], Rs. 29,999 to the [[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam]]<ref name="donated">{{cite news |title=A 'miser' who donated generously |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-lsquomiser-who-donated-generously/article15988076.ece |access-date=12 August 2018 |date=20 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205205308/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/A-lsquomiser-who-donated-generously/article15988076.ece |archive-date=5 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and yearly donation of Rs. 8,000 to the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati Balaji Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions |title=Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=dead |date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

He also donated Rs. 50,000 towards the reconstruction of [[Sitarambagh temple]] located in the old city of Hyderabad,<ref name="donated" /> and bestowed a grant of 100,000 [[Hyderabadi rupee]]s towards the reconstruction of [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] near [[Warangal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/attempt-to-portray-nizam-as-intolerant-oppressor-decried-1.1385949 |title=Attempt to portray Nizam as 'intolerant oppressor' decried |website=[[Gulf News]]|date=16 September 2014 |access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730074625/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/attempt-to-portray-nizam-as-intolerant-oppressor-decried-1.1385949|archive-date=30 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

He also donated 1,525 acres of land to "Sita Rama Swami Temple" located in Devaryamjal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/devaryamjal-temple-land-case-officials-examine-nizam-era-pahanis | title=Devaryamjal temple land case: Officials examine Nizam-era Pahanis | date=22 May 2021 }}</ref>

Temples which received yearly monetary grants were Yadgirigutta temple, Mahetta Balekdas temple, Sikhar temple, Seetharambagh temple and Jamsingh temple.<ref name="temples"/> Several Hindu priests, living or deceased, were paid pensions for subsistence, either monthly or annually.<ref name="temples"/><ref name="grants">{{cite news |last1=Network |first1=Newsmeter |title=Nizam's grandson Nawab Mir Najaf Ali Khan says Liberation Day an attempt to alter history |url=https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/nizams-grandson-nawab-mir-najaf-ali-khan-says-liberation-day-an-attempt-to-alter-history-700771 |work=newsmeter.in |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

====Restoration of Ramappa temple====
The 7th Nizam also donated towards restoration of [[Ramappa Temple]] which is now a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramappa temple's first renovation effort was taken up in 1914 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ramappa-was-first-renovated-in-1914/articleshow/84744142.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Mohammed Hussain |title=UNESCO mentions Nizam's role in restoration of Ramappa Temple |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/unesco-declared-ramappa-temple-as-world-heritage-site-mentions-nizams-role-in-its-restoration-2170143/ |work=The Siasat Daily – Archive |date=27 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Donation towards golden temple===
After hearing about the [[Golden Temple]] of [[Amritsar]] through Maharaja Ranjit Singh,<ref name="nizam & maharaja">{{cite web |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh's contributions to Harimandir Sahib |url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/harmandir-sahib/maharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417180858/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/harmandir-sahib/maharaja-ranjit-singhs-contributions-to-harimandir-sahib |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="outlook">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/ |title=A Brief History of The Nizams of Hyderabad|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402071725/https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> he started providing it with yearly grants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaganath |first1=Dr Santosh |title=The History of Nizam's Railways System |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781312496477 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&q=%22nizam%22%20%22golden%20temple%22%20%22osman%22&pg=PA48 |language=en |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185209/https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0ACAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA48&dq=%22nizam%22+%22golden+temple%22+%22osman%22&pg=PA48 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Diane |title=From Satan's Crown to the Holy Grail: Emeralds in Myth, Magic, and History |date=2007 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=9780275991234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb3ySfyMArUC&q=%22nizam%22%20%22golden%20temple%22%20%22osman%22&pg=PA122 |language=en |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185212/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb3ySfyMArUC&lpg=PA122&dq=%22nizam%22+%22golden+temple%22+%22osman%22&pg=PA122 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Donation towards the compilation of the Holy Mahabharata===
[[File:Left_side_view_of_Nizam%27s_Guest_House,_BORI.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Entrance view of Nizam's Guest House -BORI]]
In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of the Holy ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] located in Pune. A formal request was made to Mir Osman Ali Khan, who granted Rs. 1000 per year for 11 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/family-members-rue-that-hyderabad-has-forgotten-the-last-nizams-contribution-to-the-city-2963344.html|title=Family members rue that Hyderabad has forgotten the last Nizam's contribution to the city|date=18 August 2016|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153635/https://www.firstpost.com/india/family-members-rue-that-hyderabad-has-forgotten-the-last-nizams-contribution-to-the-city-2963344.html|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hidden Stories: Nizam's gift to Pune, this building melds Indian patterns with components from classical British styles | date=13 July 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/hidden-stories-nizams-gift-to-pune-this-building-melds-indian-patterns-with-components-from-classical-british-styles-9450737/ }}</ref>

He also gave Rs 50,000 for the construction of the institute's guest house,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bori.ac.in/Bori-Heritage-Walk.html |title=Nizam's Guest House, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094410/http://www.bori.ac.in/Bori-Heritage-Walk.html|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Nizam Guest House, which still stands today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/reminiscing-seventh-nizam-enormous-contribution-education |title=Reminiscing the seventh Nizam's enormous contribution to education |publisher=telanganatoday |date=27 March 2017|access-date= 5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826125103/https://telanganatoday.com/reminiscing-seventh-nizam-enormous-contribution-education|archive-date= 26 August 2018|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/over-year-on-bori-s-historic-nizam-guest-house-still-awaits-reopening/142258 |title=Over Year On, Bori's Historic Nizam Guest House Still Awaits Reopening|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094406/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/over-year-on-bori-s-historic-nizam-guest-house-still-awaits-reopening/142258|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live |date=14 November 2011}}</ref>

===Donations to educational institutions===

The Nizam donated Rs 1 million to the [[Banaras Hindu University]],<ref name="d edu">{{cite web |url=http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |title=Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions |date=28 May 2013 |publisher=missiontelangana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-gave-funding-temples-hindu-educational-institutions-436976 |title=Nizam gave funding for temples, Hindu educational institutions |date=10 September 2010 |newspaper=siasat |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140114/https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-gave-funding-temples-hindu-educational-institutions-436976/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rs. 500,000 to the [[Aligarh Muslim University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14147-why-we-need-minority-character-for-aligarh-muslim-university-jamia-or-hamdard|title=Nothing is more disgraceful for a nation than to throw into the oblivion its historical heritage and the works of its ancestors|date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094521/http://www.milligazette.com/news/14147-why-we-need-minority-character-for-aligarh-muslim-university-jamia-or-hamdard|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> and 300,000 to the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="d edu"/>

He also made large donations to many institutions in India and abroad with special emphasis given to educational institutions such as the [[Jamia Nizamia]] and the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mir Osman Ali Khan: Richest Indian to ever exist in documented history |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/mir-osman-ali-khan-richest-indian-exist-documented-history-1335838/ |access-date=13 September 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily - Archive |date=30 March 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185158/https://archive.siasat.com/news/mir-osman-ali-khan-richest-indian-exist-documented-history-1335838/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NISAB AHLE KHIDMAT-E-SHARIA(Syllabus for Observers of Islamic Law) |url=http://www.jamianizamia.org/pdf_download/nisab_Part_1_to_6_Eng.pdf |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622232248/http://www.jamianizamia.org/pdf_download/nisab_Part_1_to_6_Eng.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shivaji Education Society|Shri Shivaji Educational Society]] [[Amravati]] received a total grant of 50,000 from the Nizam in the 1940s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Shivaji Education Society Amravati |url=https://ssesa.org/pages/patron.php |website=ssesa.org}}</ref>

===Donation in Gold to the National Defence Fund===

[[File:NIZAM with SHASTRI.jpg|thumb|300px|The Nizam with the then Prime Minister of India [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]]]

In October 1962, during the [[Sino-Indian War]], the PM [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] visited Hyderabad and requested the Nizam to contribute to the National Defence Fund, set up in the wake of the Indo-Chinese skirmishes.<ref name="gold donation">{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=Our |title=When the miserly Nizam became munificent |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2014-09-12/When-the-miserly-Nizam-became-munificent/107421 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=12 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When Osman Ali Khan donated 5 tonnes of gold to Govt. of India |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/when-osman-ali-khan-donated-5-tonnes-gold-govt-india-636234/ |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904084610/https://archive.siasat.com/news/when-osman-ali-khan-donated-5-tonnes-gold-govt-india-636234/ |archive-date=4 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Nizam donated 5,000 Kilos of gold to the Indian army, which translates to Rs 2,500 Crore (per 2018 gold price in the international market).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/the-truth-about-the-nizam-and-his-gold/article25464770.ece | title=The truth about the Nizam and his gold | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 November 2018 | last1=Nanisetti | first1=Serish }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Sir Henry Miers |title=Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Muhammedan India |date=1849 |publisher=J. Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJoHAQAAIAAJ&q=nizam+gold+donation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hashmi |first1=Syed Ali |title=Hyderabad 1948 : an avoidable invasion |date=2017 |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788172210793 |access-date=8 June 2022 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtaGtAEACAAJ}}</ref>

===Restoration of Ajanta Ellora caves===
During the early 1920s, the site of [[Ajanta Caves]] was under the [[princely state]] of the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book|first=Richard S. | last=Cohen|title=Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5IPMKb4WFUC |year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-19205-2|pages=51–58}}</ref> and Osman Ali Khan appointed experts to restore the artwork, converted the site into a museum and built a road to enable tourists to visit the site.<ref name="Cohen"/><ref name="Ajanta">{{cite news |last1=Jain|first1=Madhu |title=Cave paintings of Ajanta and Ellora become a tragic monument to archaeological neglect post-independence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/19870315-cave-paintings-of-ajanta-and-ellora-become-a-tragic-monument-to-archaeological-neglect-798635-1987-03-15 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abraham |first1=Sarah |title=Ajanta and Ellora Caves - Monuments - UcL Places |url=https://www.uncrushedleaves.com/ucl-places/ajanta-and-ellora-caves-monuments/ |website=UncrushedLeaves |date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

The Nizam's Director of Archaeology obtained the services of two experts from [[Italy]], Professor [[Lorenzo Cecconi]], assisted by Count Orsini, to restore the paintings in the caves. The Director of Archaeology said of the work of Cecconi and Orsini:

{{blockquote|The repairs to the caves and the cleaning and conservation of the [[fresco]]es have been carried out on such sound principles and in such a scientific manner that these matchless monuments have found a fresh lease of life for at least a couple of centuries.<ref name="Nizam">{{cite web |title=Ajanta cave paintings of Nizam era lie in a state of neglect |date=8 July 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/jul/03/ajanta-cave-paintings-of-nizam-era-lie-in-a-state-of-neglect-1837405.html}}</ref>}}

===Donations to Middle East===
The Nizam provided substantial funding for the restoration of Masjid [[Al-Aqsa]] (considered the third [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest site in Islam]]). Additionally, he contributed greatly to the creation of [[waqf]]s (Muslim endowments) in [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] and supported the renovation and restoration of a hospice named Zawiyah Hindiyya.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabads-history-of-support-and-solidarity-with-palestine/article67443412.ece | title=Hyderabad's history of support and solidarity with Palestine | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 October 2023 | last1=Mohammed | first1=Syed }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://roiramallah.gov.in/pages.php?id=39 | title=Welcome to Representative Office of India, Ramallah, Palestine }}</ref>

==Firman to ban public cow slaughter==
In 1922, Nizam VII issued a [[firman]] banning the public slaughter of cows in his kingdom.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/islamic-scholars-dissuade-slaughter-of-cows-on-bakrid/articleshow/70624249.cms | title=Islamic scholars dissuade slaughter of cows on Bakrid | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Why every political party will seek to resurrect Nizam in Hyderabad today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-special/why-every-political-party-will-seek-to-resurrect-nizam-in-hyderabad-today/articleshow/94258000.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 September 2022}}</ref>

==Operation Polo and abdication==
[[File:OsmanNehruJN.jpg|thumb|200px|From left to right: Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Nizam and Major General [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] after Hyderabad's accession to India]]

{{See also|Operation Polo}}

After Indian independence in 1947, the country was partitioned into [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The princely states were left free to make whatever arrangement they wished with either India or Pakistan. The Nizam ruled over more than 16 million people and {{convert|82698|sqmi|km2}} of territory when the British withdrew from the sub-continent in 1947.<ref name="Times20"/> But unlike the other princely states, the Nizam refused to sign the instrument of accession. Instead he opted to sign a 1-year standstill agreement agreed upon by the British, and signed by then [[Viceroy]] [[Lord Mountbatten]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trumbull |first1=Robert |title=BIG INDIAN STATE KEEPS SOVEREIGNTY; Hyderabad Makes Standstill Agreement With Dominion, Holding Status for Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/10/23/archives/big-indian-state-keeps-sovereignty-hyderabad-makes-standstill.html |work=The New York Times |date=23 October 1947}}</ref> The Nizam refused to join either India or Pakistan, preferring to form a separate independent kingdom within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref name="Times20">{{cite news |title=Lessons to learn from Hyderabad's past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Lessons-to-learn-from-Hyderabads-past/articleshow/27390337.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2013 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Lessons-to-learn-from-Hyderabads-past/articleshow/27390337.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

This proposal for independence was rejected by the British government, but the Nizam continued to explore it. Towards this end, he kept up open negotiations with the Government of India regarding the modalities of a future relationship while opening covert negotiations with Pakistan in a similar vein. The Nizam cited the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]] as evidence that the people of the state were opposed to any agreement with India.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The one-year standstill agreement turned out to be a severe blow to Nizam as it gave all foreign affairs, communication and defence power to the Indian government. The new Indian government wasn't happy that a sovereign state would exist right at the centre of India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanisetti |first1=Serish |title=Accession of Hyderabad: When a battle by cables forced Nizam's hand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/accession-of-hyderabad-when-a-battle-by-cables-forced-the-nizams-hand/article61532892.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In accordance to this, they ultimately decided to invade Hyderabad in 1948, in operation code-named [[Operation Polo]]. Under the supervision of Major General [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]], one division of the [[Indian Army]] and a tank brigade invaded and captured Hyderabad.<ref name="Sunderlal">{{cite web |title=Exclusive sunder lal report on Indian armies annexation of Hyderabad and the following mass killings of Muslims |date=30 November 2013 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131129/news-current-affairs/article/exclusive-sundarlal-report-police-action |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618233504/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131129/news-current-affairs/article/exclusive-sundarlal-report-police-action |archive-date=18 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The annexation was over in just 109 hours or roughly 4 days. Due to no foreign connections and no real defence, the war was a losing cause for Hyderabad from the start. After the annexation the territory came under Indian rule and the Nizam was removed from his position but allowed to keep all personal wealth and title.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=15 September 2018|title=Accession of Hyderabad: When a battle by cables forced Nizam's hand|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/accession-of-hyderabad-when-a-battle-by-cables-forced-the-nizams-hand/article24956708.ece|access-date=11 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Wealth==
{{See also|Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad}}

The Nizam was so wealthy that he was portrayed on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine on 22 February 1937, being described as the world's richest man.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19370222,00.html |title=Time Magazine Cover: The Nizam of Hyderabad – Feb. 22, 1937 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617145520/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19370222,00.html|archive-date=17 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> At its peak, the wealth of Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII was worth {{INRConvert|660|c}} (all his conceivable assets combined) in the early 1940s, while Nizam's entire treasure of jewels, would be worth between US$150 million and US$500 million variously in today's terms.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868973,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010704/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868973,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2009|title=INDIA: The Nizam's Daughter|date=19 January 1959|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/20010903-exhibition-of-jewels-of-hyderabad-nizams-includes-fifth-largest-diamond-in-world-774129-2001-09-02|title=Exhibition of jewels of Hyderabad Nizams includes fifth-largest diamond in world|date=3 September 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/11jafri.htm?h=splitinfinity&d=get&sony|title=rediff.com: Hyderabad museum to exhibit Nizam's jewels }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priceless-Nizam-jewels-to-be-exhibited/articleshow/1492626431.cms|title=Priceless Nizam jewels to be exhibited|website=The Times of India|date=20 August 2001 }}</ref> He used the [[Jacob Diamond]], a 185-carat diamond that is part of the [[Jewels of the Nizams|Nizam's jewellery]], as a paperweight.<ref name="not miser">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-was-not-a-miser/article17367987.ece |title=The last Nizam of Hyderabad was not a miser |last=Y. Lasania |first=Yunus |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132401/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-was-not-a-miser/article17367987.ece|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During his days as Nizam, he was reputed to be the richest man in the world, having a fortune estimated at US$2 billion in the early 1940s<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868973,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |title=INDIA: The Nizam's Daughter |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=19 January 1959 |access-date=18 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203010704/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,868973,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|archive-date=3 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> (US${{Formatprice| {{Inflation|US|2000000000|1942}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars)<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign Commerce Weekly |year=1946 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc8l6esL-ZAC&pg=RA3-PA25 |volume=24 |page=25}}</ref> or two percent of the US economy then.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2015 |title=Here are five super-rich people from the pages of history! |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/here-are-five-super-rich-people-from-the-pages-of-history/articleshow/47108897.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 July 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185215/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/here-are-five-super-rich-people-from-the-pages-of-history/articleshow/47108897.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Nizam's personal fortune was estimated to be roughly £110 million, including £40 million in gold and jewels (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|110000000|1965|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Gifts of gold to help the Indian treasury |work=The Times |date=14 December 1965 }}{{request quotation|date=September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Usha Ramamrutham Bala |last2=Ramamrutham |first2=Bharath |title=Jewels of the Nizams |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Culture, Government of India |isbn=978-81-85832-15-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_rAAAAMAAJ&q=nizam%20sikander%20jah |language=en |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185215/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jewels_of_the_Nizams/cT_rAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=nizam+sikander+jah |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian government still exhibits the jewellery as the Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad (now in Delhi). There are 173 jewels, which include [[emerald]]s weighing nearly {{convert|2000|carat|kg}}, and [[pearls]] exceeding 40 thousand [[Buddam (unit)|chows]]. The collection includes [[gemstone]]s, [[turban]] ornaments, necklaces and [[pendant]]s, [[belt (clothing)|belts]] and buckles, [[earrings]], [[armbands]], bangles and [[bracelets]], [[anklet]]s, [[cufflinks]] and [[button]]s, [[watch chain]]s, and rings, [[toe ring]]s, and [[nose piercing|nose rings]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/20010903-exhibition-of-jewels-of-hyderabad-nizams-includes-fifth-largest-diamond-in-world-774129-2001-09-03 |title=Exhibition of jewels of Hyderabad Nizams includes fifth-largest diamond in world |author=Methil Renuka |date=3 September 2001 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727105445/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/20010903-exhibition-of-jewels-of-hyderabad-nizams-includes-fifth-largest-diamond-in-world-774129-2001-09-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Along with the Nizam's jewels, two Bari gold coins worth hundreds of crores were considered the rarest in the world. Himayat Ali Mirza has requested the central government to bring these coins, which were made in the [[Arabic script]], back to [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clipping of Sakshi Telugu Daily - Hyderabad Constituencies |url=https://epaper.sakshi.com/c/68985858 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=epaper.sakshi.com |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715082626/https://epaper.sakshi.com/c/68985858 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Gift to Queen Elizabeth II===
In 1947, Nizam made a gift of diamond jewels, including a tiara and necklace, to the future [[Queen Elizabeth  II]] on the occasion of her marriage. The brooches and necklace, known as the [[Elizabeth II's jewels#Nizam of Hyderabad Necklace|Nizam of Hyderabad necklace]], were worn by the Queen until her death.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nizam of Hyderabad Rose Brooches and Necklace |url=http://queensjewelvault.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/the-nizam-of-hyderabad-rose-brooches.html |publisher=From Her Majesty's Jewel Vault |date=11 February 2013|access-date=12 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221828/http://queensjewelvault.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/the-nizam-of-hyderabad-rose-brooches.html|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==

[[File:NizamViiMukarram.jpg|thumb|left|The Nizam with his heir apparent and grandson [[Mukarram Jah]]]]

The Nizam lived at [[King Kothi Palace]] — bought from a nobleman (Kamal Khan, an architect of those times) — from age 13 until his death. He never moved to [[Chowmahalla Palace]], even after his [[Enthronement|accession]] to the throne.<ref name="kingkothi">{{Cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |url=https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf |title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India |year=2009 |pages=163 |author-link=Omar Khalidi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925143941/https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref>

Unlike his father, he was not interested in fine clothing or hunting. His hobbies rather included poetry and writing ''[[ghazals]]'' in Urdu.<ref>{{cite news |title=A visual ode to Mir Osman Ali Khan, the architect of modern |date=8 April 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/a-visual-ode-to-mir-osman-ali-khan-the-architect-of-modern-hyderabad/articleshow/63658107.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/a-visual-ode-to-mir-osman-ali-khan-the-architect-of-modern-hyderabad/articleshow/63658107.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

He revered his mother and visited her every day she was alive; he used to visit her grave almost every day after she died.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thenizamsmuseum.com/seventh-nizam.html |title=:: The Seventh Nizam - the Nizam's Museum Hyderabad, Telangana, India | access-date=16 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095333/http://thenizamsmuseum.com/seventh-nizam.html | archive-date=17 May 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref>

===Family===
He had seven wives.<ref name="f682">{{cite book | last=Ikegame | first=A. | title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge/Edinburgh South Asian Studies Series | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-23909-0 | page=105}}</ref> His first wife was Sahibzadi Azam-un-Nisa Begum Sahiba also known as Dulhan Pasha Begum. She was the elder daughter of Nawab Jahangir Jung. They married on 14 April 1906 at Eden Bagh, Hyderabad. Nawab Khudrath Nawaz Jung was his first brother-in-law.<ref name="Jagannath" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Nizam paid 128 kg in gold coins as meher to first wife |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23117859.cms |work=The Times of India |last=Khan |first=Mir Ayoob Ali |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-paid-128-kg-in-gold-coins-as-meher-to-first-wife/articleshow/23117859.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="g965">{{cite book | last=Jaganath | first=S. | title=The History of Nizam's Railways System | publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=978-1-312-49647-7 | page=43}}</ref> She was the mother of his sons [[Azam Jah]] and [[Moazzam Jah]],<ref name="j952">{{cite book | last=Sharma | first=P.L. | title=India Betrayed | publisher=Red-Rose Publications | issue=v. 2 | year=1980 | page=87}}</ref> and a daughter Ahmed-un-Nisa Begum also known as Shahzada Pasha.<ref name="w444">{{cite web | title=Nizam's Family Tree | website=Internet Archive | date=2021-10-06 | url=https://archive.org/details/whats-app-image-2021-10-06-at-9.36.43-am | access-date=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref name="b606">{{cite book | title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine | issue=v. 20 | year=1978 | page=18}}</ref> She died in 1955, and was buried beside her husband in Masjid-e Judi.<ref name="i593">{{cite web | title=Masjid-i Judi | website=Dome Home | date= | url=https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/21411 | access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref>

Another wife was Shahzada Begum.<ref name="m323">{{cite web | last=M | first=Hymavathi | title=Khada Dupatta: A timeless ensemble | website=The New Indian Express | date=2021-06-22 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/Jun/22/khada-dupatta-a-timelessensemble-2319582.html | access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> She was the mother of Hasham Jah, who was born after her two earlier pregnancies ended in stillbirths.<ref name="g178">{{cite web | last=Akbar | first=Syed | title=Nizam's grandson seeks recognition from government for all heirs of royal family | website=The Times of India | date=2018-03-28 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-grandson-seeks-recognition-from-government-for-all-heirs-of-royal-family/articleshow/63502016.cms | access-date=2024-05-12}}</ref> Another wife was Ikbal Begum.<ref name="j459">{{cite book | last1=Krishnan | first1=U.R.B. | last2=Ramamrutham | first2=B. | title=Jewels of the Nizams | publisher=Department of Culture, Government of India | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-7508-306-6 | page=31}}</ref> She was the daughter of his Army Secretary, Nawab Nazir Jung.<ref name="m904"/> Another wife was Gowhar Begum.<ref name="j459"/> She was a niece of the [[Aga Khan]].<ref name="m904">{{cite book | last=Bawa | first=B.K. | title=The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan | publisher=Viking | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-670-83997-1 | page=69}}</ref> Another wife was Mazhar-un-Nisa Begum.<ref name="n850">{{cite book | author=Company Law Institute of India | title=The Income Tax Reports | publisher=Company Law Institute of India | issue=v. 188 | year=1991 | pages=234, 237}}</ref> She was the youngest daughter of Khurshid-ul-Mulk, the grand-daughter in the line of the fifth Nizam, [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]], and a niece of the sixth Nizam, Mahboob Ali Khan. They married in 1923.<ref name="m903"/> She died on 18 June 1964.<ref name="z318">{{cite book | author=Company Law Institute of India | title=The Income Tax Reports | publisher=Company Law Institute of India | issue=v. 158 | year=1986 | page=263}}</ref> Another wife was Leila Begum.<ref name="n850"/> She was a Hindu woman whose family willingly sent her to his harem as gratitude. She possessed exceptional beauty, and was his favourite wife.<ref name="m060">{{cite book | last=Hasan | first=M. | title=Pakistan in an Age of Turbulence | publisher=Pen & Sword Books | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-5267-8861-0 | page=35}}</ref> They had five sons - Zulfiqar Jah, Bhojat Jah, Shabbir Jah, Nawazish Jah and Fazal Jah - and two daughters Mashhadi Begum and Sayeeda Begum.<ref name="i185">{{cite web | last=Khan | first=Mir Ayoob Ali | title=Last surviving son of Nizam, Fazal Jah, dies | website=The Times of India | date=2018-02-19 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms | access-date=2024-05-16}}</ref> His last wife was Jani Begum.<ref name="n850"/> She was the daughter of Sahibzada Yavar Jung, and was the mother of Imdad Jah. She died on 7 June 1959.<ref name="m074">{{cite book | title=Taxation | publisher="Taxation House". | issue=v. 31 | year=1975 | page=230}}</ref> In total, he had 34 children: 18 sons and 16 daughters.<ref name="Nanisetti">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-gets-to-own-the-nizams-millions/article29606090.ece |title=Who gets to own the Nizam's millions? |first=Serish |last=Nanisetti |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 October 2019|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327221533/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-gets-to-own-the-nizams-millions/article29606090.ece|archive-date=27 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Robert McCorquodale|editor2=Jean-Pierre Gauci|last=Webb |first=Philippa|title=British Influences on International Law, 1915-2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c36kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|date=2016|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, Boston|isbn=978-90-04-28417-3|page=162}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mohla |first=Anika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1306390.ece |title=From richest to rags in seven generations |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814120438/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1306390.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Paran Balakrishnan |date=23 February 2014 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140223/jsp/graphiti/17951885.jsp |title=Return of the Royals |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |language=en |access-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821214017/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140223/jsp/graphiti/17951885.jsp |archive-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |website=The Telegraph |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726011013/http://www.telegraph.co.uk:80/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |archive-date=26 July 2012 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nadeau |first1=Barbie Latza |title=Whose $40 Million Diamond Is It? An Italian Family Feud |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/whose-dollar40-million-diamond-is-it-an-italian-family-feud |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170615173207/http://www.thedailybeast.com/whose-dollar40-million-diamond-is-it-an-italian-family-feud |archive-date=15 June 2017|url-status=live |language=en |date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="wives">{{cite book |last1=Bawa |first1=Basant K. |title=The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan |date=1992 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-83997-1 |pages=377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h45uAAAAMAAJ&q=nizam+%22wives%22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Last surviving son of Nizam, Fazal Jah, dies |author=Mir Ayoob Ali Khan |date=19 February 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220040300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Last Surviving son of seventh Nizam passes away in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/last-surviving-son-seventh-nizam-passes-away-hyderabad-76681 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193305/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/last-surviving-son-seventh-nizam-passes-away-hyderabad-76681 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Menace of Black Money: Bring back Nizam's wealth first |url=http://www.vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=3427 |language=en |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145648/http://www.vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=3427 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nizam's heirs seek Pakistani intervention to unfreeze bank account |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizam-heirs-pakistani-intervention-unfreeze-bank-account-110376-2012-07-20 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145641/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizam-heirs-pakistani-intervention-unfreeze-bank-account-110376-2012-07-20 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

His first son, Azam Jah, married [[Durru Shehvar]] (daughter of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] caliph [[Abdul Mejid  II]]), while his second son Moazzam Jah, married [[Princess Niloufer|Niloufer]] (a niece of the Ottoman sultan).<ref name="Tele06">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1510174/Princess-Durruhsehvar-of-Berar.html |title=Princess Dürrühsehvar of Berar |date=11 February 2006 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225405/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1510174/Princess-Durruhsehvar-of-Berar.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Leonard2007">{{cite book|last=Leonard|first=Karen Isaksen|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&pg=PA310|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2|page=310}}</ref>

Azam Jah and Durru Shehvar had two sons, [[Mukarram Jah]] and [[Muffakham Jah]], with the former succeeding his grandfather as the [[de jure]] Nizam.<ref name="Tele06"/> Moazzam Jah, after his divorce from Princess Nilofer, since she couldn't bear a child, married Razia Begum and had three daughters - Princess Fatima Fouzia, Princess Amina Merzia and Princess Oolia Kulsum. He also married Anwari Begum and had a son, Prince Shahmat Jah.<ref name="family">{{Citation|last=Family|title=Nizam's Family Tree|url=https://archive.org/details/whats-app-image-2021-10-06-at-9.36.43-am|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

Another socially prominent grandson is [[Mir Najaf Ali Khan]], son of Hasham Jah,<ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/heirs-of-hyderabads-last-nizam-demand-277-acres-royal-property-in-aurangabad-1799761 |title=Last Hyderabad Nizam's Heirs Demand 277 Acres Royal Property in Aurangabad |work=[[NDTV.com]]|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811204403/https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/heirs-of-hyderabads-last-nizam-demand-277-acres-royal-property-in-aurangabad-1799761|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="India Times 2017-07-05">{{Cite news |author=Syed Akbar |date=5 July 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-heir-goes-by-blue-book-wants-market-rate-for-acquired-land/articleshow/59449745.cms |title=Nizam's heir goes by Blue Book, wants market rate for acquired land |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725212733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-heir-goes-by-blue-book-wants-market-rate-for-acquired-land/articleshow/59449745.cms|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-27/Nizams-grandson-basks-in-grandpas-glory/296107 |title=Nizam's grandson basks in grandpa's glory |website=The Hans India |language=en |date=27 April 2017|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130329/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-27/Nizams-grandson-basks-in-grandpas-glory/296107|archive-date=16 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> who represents several trusts of the last Nizam, including the [[H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust]] and the Nizam Family Welfare Association.<ref name="India Times 2017-07-05"/>

The Nizams' daughters had been married traditionally to young men of the [[Paigah family|House of Paigah]]. This family also belonged to the Sunni sect of Islam.<ref>{{cite news |first1= TNN |last1=a |title=Paigah scion Mujeeb Yar Jung dead {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/paigah-scion-mujeeb-yar-jung-dead/articleshow/2936270.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 Apr 2008 |language=en}}</ref> One of his daughters Ahmed-un-Nisa Begum,<ref name="family"/> by his first wife Azam-un-Nisa Begum, was once engaged to a nawab, but the Nizam suddenly called off the wedding after a traveling holy man warned him that he would not live long after her marriage. She remained unmarried,<ref name="u775">{{cite magazine | title=INDIA: The Nizam's Daughter | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=1959-01-19 | url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,868973,00.html | access-date=2024-05-20}}</ref> and died on 24 March 1985.<ref name="family"/> Another of his daughters was Basheer-un-Nisa Begum. She was born in September 1927. She married Nawab Kazim Jung, popularly known as Ali Pasha, and had one daughter. She died at her residence, Osman Cottage, in Purani Haveli, of natural causes on 28 July 2020, aged ninety-three. She was the last surviving child of the Nizam.<ref name="a196">{{cite web | title=Last of Hyderabad Nizam's children, Sahebzadi Basheerunnisa Begum passes away | website=The News Minute | date=2020-07-29 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/last-hyderabad-nizam-s-children-sahebzadi-basheerunnisa-begum-passes-away-129637 | access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref><ref name="q906">{{cite web | last=Akbar | first=Syed | title=Hyderabad: Sahebzadi Basheerunnisa Begum, last of Nizam's kids, dies | website=The Times of India | date=2020-07-29 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-sahebzadi-basheerunnisa-begum-last-of-nizams-kids-dies/articleshow/77231858.cms | access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> Another daughter Mashhadi Begum, by his wife Leila Begum, was born in September 1939.<ref name="e414"/> In January 1959, she married Paigah noble Mahmood Jah,<ref name="u775"/> and had four sons and two daughters. She died on 16 November 2015 due to chronic illness. Her funeral was performed at Masjid-e Judi, and she is buried at the Paigah Tombs, beside her husband.<ref name="e414">{{cite web | title=Mashadi Begum, favourite daughter of Nizam, dead way | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2015-11-17 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151117/nation-current-affairs/article/mashadi-begum-favourite-daughter-nizam-dead-way | access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> His youngest daughter by Leila Begum, Sayeeda Begum also known as Lily Pasha, was born on 30 December 1949. She died of a brief illness on 17 July 2017, and is buried in Masjid-e Judi. She was survived by a son and a daughter.<ref name="d512">{{cite web | title=Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions | via=PressReader | url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20170718/281775629209321 | access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> Some other daughters were Asmat-un-Nisa Begum, Hurmat-un-Nisa Begum,<ref name="k146">{{cite book | title=Frontline | publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons | issue=v. 8 | year=1991 | page=73}}</ref> Mehr-un-Nisa Begum<ref name="j459"/> and Masood-un-Nisa Begum.<ref name="h124">{{cite web | last=Sur | first=Aihik | title=Not 120, over 200 of Nizam kin may claim Hyderabad funds | website=The New Indian Express | date=2019-10-21 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/Oct/21/not-120-over-200-of-nizam-kin-may-claim-hyderabad-funds-2050589.html | access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref>

Various parties have used the Nizam's name for political gain. A great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, wrote to the prime minister in this regard along with the [[Election Commission of India]], requesting political parties not to use Nizam's name in today's politics as it is disrespectful to such a great personality.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 1, 2021|author=Syed Akbar|title=Hyderabad: Don't project Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan as a villain for votes, kin writes to PM {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/dont-project-nizam-as-villain-for-votes-kin-writes-to-pm/articleshow/86667014.cms|access-date=15 October 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Final years and death==

The Nizam continued to stay at the King Kothi Palace until his death. He used to issue ''[[firman]]s'' on inconsequential matters in his newspaper, the Nizam Gazette.<ref name ="kingkothi" />

He died on Friday, 24 February 1967. In his will, he asked to be buried in Masjid-e Judi, a mosque where his mother was buried, that faced [[King Kothi Palace]].<ref name="siasat 2018-04-22">{{cite web |url=https://www.siasat.com/news/floarl-tribute-nizam-vii-1322809/ |title=Floarl Tribute to Nizam VII – The Siasat Daily |website=siasat.com |date=25 February 2018|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062341/https://www.siasat.com/news/floarl-tribute-nizam-vii-1322809/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/heritage-enthusiasts-pay-rich-tributes-to-seventh-nizam/article23460365.ece |title=Heritage enthusiasts pay rich tributes to seventh Nizam |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230191657/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/heritage-enthusiasts-pay-rich-tributes-to-seventh-nizam/article23460365.ece|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The government declared state mourning on 25 February 1967, the day when he was buried. State government offices remained closed as a mark of respect while the [[National Flag of India]] was flown at half-mast on all the government buildings throughout the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pictures-50-years-ago-sea-people-turned-death-hyderabads-last-nizam-57707 |title=In pictures: 50 years ago a sea of people turned up for Death of Hyderabads Last Nizam |website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=23 March 2019 |date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218171434/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pictures-50-years-ago-sea-people-turned-death-hyderabads-last-nizam-57707|archive-date=18 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nizam Museum documents state: <blockquote>"The streets and pavements of the city were littered with the pieces of broken glass bangles as an incalculable number of women broke their bangles in mourning, which [[Telangana]] women usually do as per Indian customs on the death of a close relative."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=Modern-Hyd-architect-statehood-icon-Nizam-VII-fades-24022017006023 |title=The Times Group |website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327093411/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=Modern-Hyd-architect-statehood-icon-Nizam-VII-fades-24022017006023|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"The Nizam's funeral procession was the biggest non-religious, non-political meeting of people in the history of India till that date."</blockquote>
Millions of people of all religions from different parts of the state entered Hyderabad in trains, buses and on bullocks for a last glimpse of their king in a coffin in the [[King Kothi Palace]] Camp in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-his-50th-death-anniversary-hyderabad-s-last-nizam-is-a-forgotten-king/story-C893eZBp0ymVSqiffqTHtJ.html |title=On his 50th death anniversary, the last Nizam of Hyderabad |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 February 2017 |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-his-50th-death-anniversary-hyderabad-s-last-nizam-is-a-forgotten-king/story-C893eZBp0ymVSqiffqTHtJ.html |archive-date=19 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The crowd was so uncontrollable that barricades were installed alongside the road to enable people to move in a queue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nizam's opulence has no takers |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2017-02-25/Nizams-opulance-has-no-takers/283066 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210456/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2017-02-25/Nizams-opulance-has-no-takers/283066 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> D. Bhaskara Rao, chief curator, of the [[Nizam's Museum]] stated that an estimated one million people were part of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Syed Akbar |date=25 February 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/modern-hyderabad-architect-and-statehood-icon-nizam-vii-fades-into-history/articleshow/57324957.cms |title=Mir Osman Ali Khan: Modern Hyderabad architect and statehood icon, Nizam VII fades into history |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902195213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/modern-hyderabad-architect-and-statehood-icon-nizam-vii-fades-into-history/articleshow/57324957.cms |archive-date=2 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Title and salutation==
===Salutation style===
The Nizam was the honorary Colonel of the 20 Deccan Horse. In 1918, [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] elevated Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur from "His Highness" to "[[His Exalted Highness]]". In a letter dated 24 January 1918, the title "Faithful Ally of the British Government" was conferred on him.<ref name="HPS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html |title=Hyderabad (Princely State) |work=The Indian Princely States Website |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030107054442/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html |archive-date=7 January 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}

===Full Titular Name===
The titles during his life were:

1886–1911: Nawab Bahadur Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi. <ref name="HPS" />
1911–1912: His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman ‘Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI <ref name="HPS" />
1912–1917: Colonel His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman ‘Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI <ref name="HPS" />
1917–1918: Colonel His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman ‘Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI, GBE <ref name="HPS" />
1918–1936: Lieutenant-General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman ‘Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI, GBE <ref name="HPS" />
1936–1941: Lieutenant-General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman ‘Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, GCSI, GBE <ref name="HPS" />
1941–1967: General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman ‘Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, GCSI, GBE.<ref name="HPS" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27511/supplement/3 |title=Page 3 {{pipe}} The Gazette |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312191123/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27511/supplement/3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours and eponyms==
* Recipient of the [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal, 1911]] as part of the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=12 December 1911 |page=9357 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shanker |first1=CR Gowri |title=Nizam VII cared more for people than himself |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270518/nizam-vii-cared-more-for-people-than-himself.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* GCSI: [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], 1911<ref name="honours">{{cite book |last1=Cannadine |first1=David |author-link=David Cannadine | title=Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515794-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daDh_x2Ne_wC&q=Royal%20Victorian%20Chain%20%3A%20nizam&pg=PA96 |language=en |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915185221/https://books.google.com/books?id=daDh_x2Ne_wC&lpg=PA96&dq=Royal+Victorian+Chain+%3A+nizam&pg=PA96 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* GCStJ: Bailiff Grand Cross of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St John]], 1911<ref name="honours" />
* GBE: [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]], 1917<ref name="honours" />
* Recipient of the [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]], 1935<ref name="honours" />
* Recipient of the [[King George VI Coronation Medal]], 1937<ref name="honours" />
* Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], 1946<ref name="honours" />

===List of Eponyms===
* [[Osmania General Hospital]]
* [[Osmania Biscuit]]
* [[Osman Sagar]], a reservoir in Hyderabad
* [[Osmanabad]]
* The [[Nizam of Hyderabad necklace]]
* The [[Nizam Gate]] of [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Safvi |first1=Rana |title=In the Chishti shrine in Ajmer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/in-the-chishti-shrine-in-ajmer/article26292437.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 February 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[:Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State|Establishments of the Nizams]]
*[[:Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State|Hospitals established by the Nizams]]
*[[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]
*[[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]]
*[[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]
*[[Hyderabad State]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* ''The Splendour of Hyderabad: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture (1591–1948 A.D.)'' By M.A. Nayeem {{ISBN|81-85492-20-4}}
* ''The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad '' By Sidq Jaisi
*''Developments in Administration Under H.E.H. the Nizam VII'' By Shamim Aleem, M. A. Aleem [https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ&q=jubilee+hall+hyderabad Developments in Administration Under H.E.H. the Nizam VII]
* ''Jewels of the Nizams (Hardcover)'' by Usha R. Krishnan (Author) {{ISBN|81-85832-15-3}}
* ''Fabulous Mogul: Nizam VII of Hyderabad'' By Dosoo Framjee Karaka Published 1955 D. Verschoyle, Original from the University of Michigan [https://books.google.com/books?id=oSg-AAAAMAAJ&q=king+kothi+palace Fabulous Mogul: Nizam VII of Hyderabad]
* ''The Seventh Nizam: The Fallen Empire'' By Zubaida Yazdani, Mary Chrystal {{ISBN|0-9510819-0-X}}
* ''The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan'' By V.K. Bawa, Basant K. Bawa {{ISBN|0-670-83997-3}}
* ''The Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad: An Archival Appraisal'' By Sayyid Dā'ūd Ashraf [https://books.google.com/books?id=nYhMGQAACAAJ&q=The+seventh+Nizam+of+Hyderabad+:+an+archival+appraisal The Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad: An Archival Appraisal]
* {{Cite book |title=Misrule of the Nizam: being extracts from and translations of articles regarding the administration of Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Deccan |first=D |last=Raghavendra Rao |date=27 July 1926 |publisher="Swarajya" Press |oclc=5067242}}
* {{Cite book |title=Photographs of Lord Willingdon's visit to Hyderabad in the early 1930s |date=27 July 1931 |oclc=33453066}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan) |last=Law |first=John |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co. |year=1914 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38 |ref={{sfnref|Faruqui, At Empire's End|2013}}}}{{Cbignore}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Asaf Jah VII}}

*[https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-vii-took-care-people-despite-being-monarch-198446/ "The Nizam often used to call Muslims and the Hindus as his two eyes" in Siasat]
*[https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19370222,00.html The Nizam of Hyderabad on the cover of ''Time'']
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RW7fkzi_hA History of Nizam's Hyderabad Deccan]
*[https://telanganatoday.com/cultural-accomplishments-of-nizam-era The progressive rule of Nizams]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]|8 April|1886|24 February|1967}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]|years=1911–1948}}
{{s-non|reason=Annexed by [[Dominion of India]]}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-new|reason=}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]|years=1948–1967}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mukarram Jah|Barkat Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VIII]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box
|before=[[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III]]
|title=[[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]
|years=1914–1919
|after=Sir Sayyid Ali Imam
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hyderabad state}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Royalty|India|History}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osman Ali Khan}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Madhya Bharat politicians]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Asaf Jahi dynasty]]
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]

Pandharpur Wari

2026-03-05T10:49:20Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: added citations further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Annual religious pilgrimage in western India}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Pandharpur Vari
| image = A procession Palkhi festival Hindu culture religion rites rituals sights.jpg
| caption = A procession of Palkhi to [[Pandharpur]]
| type = Hindu
| longtype = Spiritual
| observedby = [[Hindus|Hindu]]
| begins =
| ends =
| date2024 = 28 June - 16 July
| date2025 = 18 June - 6 July
| date2026 = 19 June - 7 July
| frequency = Annual
| nickname = Palkhi
| duration = 20 days
| date =
}}

[[File:Syayambhuvithoba.jpg|thumb|100px|right|The Vari is undertaken in honour of the god [[Vithoba]].]]
'''Pandharpur Vari''', or '''Vari''' is a ''[[yatra]]'' to [[Pandharpur]], [[Maharashtra]], to honor [[Vithoba]]. It involves carrying the ''[[paduka]]'' of a saint in a ''[[palkhi]]'', most notably of [[Dnyaneshwar]] and [[Tukaram]], from their respective [[Samadhi (shrine)|shrines]] to Pandharpur. Many pilgrims join this procession on foot. ''[[Warkari|Varkari]]'' is a Marathi term which means "one who performs the V''ari''". The tradition is more than 700 to 800 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punebuzz.com/pandharpur-yatra-ekadashi-pandharpur-wari/|title=Pandharpur Wari 2015, Schedule, Route and Pandharpur Yatra Videos|date=8 June 2015|website=Punebuzz.com|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727041100/http://www.punebuzz.com/pandharpur-yatra-ekadashi-pandharpur-wari/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/warkari-wave-sweeps-pune-city-pimpri-chinchwad/|title=Warkari wave sweeps Pune city, Pimpri-Chinchwad|date=22 June 2014|website=Indianexpress.com|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismpune.com/2015/07/pandharpur-palkhi-wari.html|title=Pandharpur Palkhi Sohala 2015|website=Tourismpune.org|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927081946/http://www.tourismpune.com/2015/07/pandharpur-palkhi-wari.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Marches happen on foot from various locations in Maharashtra to [[Vithoba Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/this-years-wari-moves-towards-greener-pastures/articleshow/69624747.cms|title=This year's wari moves towards greener pastures; plantation drive to be undertaken on widened Mangalwedha-Pandharpur stretch|last1=Nitnaware|first1=Himanshu|date=June 3, 2019|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15|archive-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613112717/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/this-years-wari-moves-towards-greener-pastures/articleshow/69624747.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> This [[yatra]] takes 21 days. Along the way, many other ''palkis'' join the two most revered ''palkhis.'' Starting from their towns located in the [[Pune district]] of Maharashtra: Sant Dnyaneshwar's ''palkhi'' leaves from [[Alandi]], while Tukaram's begins at [[Dehu]]. The V''ari'' culminates at the Vithoba Temple on the holy occasion of [[Shayani Ekadashi]] (Ashadi Ekadashi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incredibleindia.org/en/experience-india/fairs-and-festivals/49-july/16-ashadi-ekadashi-pandharpur|title=Ashadi Ekadashi, Pandharpur|website=Incredibleindia.org|access-date=11 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730022512/http://www.incredibleindia.org/en/experience-india/fairs-and-festivals/49-july/16-ashadi-ekadashi-pandharpur|archive-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Devotees from across Maharashtra and nearby areas leave for Pandharpur, wearing [[Tulsi|holy basil]] beads and singing the glories of Vithoba and songs like "Dñyanbā Tukārām", commemorating the saints.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Elaborate-arrangements-for-Sant-Tukaram-Maharaj-palkhi-procession/articleshow/47974911.cms|title=Elaborate arrangements for Sant Tukaram Maharaj palkhi procession |newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref> When they reach Pandharpur on Shayani Ekadashi, the devotees bathe in the sacred [[Bhima River]] before visiting the temple.

==History==

===Beginnings===
Various views exist on the origins of the ''wari'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: पंढरपूरची वारी or वारी). According to one theory, Vitthalpant, the father of the [[Varkari]] saint [[Dnyaneshwar]], began the ''wari'' to visit [[Pandharpur]] in the Hindu months of [[Ashadha]] and [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]]. The tradition of performing a Vari is generally regarded to have existed for more than 800 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parikramaholidays.com/pdf/The-Pandharpur-Wari.pdf|title=Pandharpur Wari|publisher=Parikramaholidays|access-date=29 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064739/http://www.parikramaholidays.com/pdf/The-Pandharpur-Wari.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/PANDHARPUR-WARI.asp|title=PANDHARPUR WARI:PILGRIMAGE ON FOOT|publisher=[[All India Radio]]|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181005/http://www.newsonair.com/PANDHARPUR-WARI.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another theory credits [[Dnyaneshwar]] and [[Tukaram]] to have started the pilgrimage. They used to take a journey to Pandharpur by foot for 15 days, reaching Pandharpur's [[Vithoba Temple]] on [[Shayani Ekadashi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/palkhi-festival.html|title=Palkhi Festival|website=Maharashtrattourism.net|access-date=2017-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gethe|first1=Subhash|title=Varkari Movement|url=https://www.academia.edu/4231089|access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref> The tradition of carrying the ''[[paduka]]'' of the saints was started by the Tukaram's youngest son, Narayan Maharaj, in 1685.

===British era===
Changes were brought to the pilgrimage in the 1820s by Tukaram's descendants and a devotee of Dnyaneshwar named Haibatravbaba Arphalkar, who was a courtier of the [[Scindia]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The wari tradition|url=http://www.warisantanchi.com/english/parampara2.html|website=Wari Santanchi|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908230750/http://www.warisantanchi.com/english/parampara2.html|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haibatravbaba is credited with the organization of the ''wari'' in use today. This involved carrying the ''paduka'' in a ''[[palkhi]]'', having horses involved in the procession, and organizing the devotees or varkaris in Dindis (Dindi stands for a specific group of varkaris).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mokashi |first1=Digambar Balkrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vIv4oxeh4C&pg=PA1 |title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage |date=1987 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-88706-461-2 |location=Albany |page=18 |translator-last=Engblom |translator-first=Phillip C.}}</ref>

==Palkhi route==
{{Location map+|Maharashtra |width=350 |float=right |caption= Location of Pandharpur and the starting place of important palkhis in [[Maharashtra]]|places=
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=17.4040 |long=75.1940 |label=[[Pandharpur]]|position=bottom }}
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=18.677062 |long=73.896600 |label=[[Alandi]]|position=bottom }}
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=18.72 |long=73.77 |label=[[Dehu]]|position=Top }}
{{Location map~ |Maharashtra |lat=19.48 |long=75.38 |label=[[Paithan]]|position=Top }}

}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Day
!Sant Tukaram Maharaj Palkhi
!Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Palkhi
|-
|1
|[[Dehu]]
|
|-
|2
|[[Akurdi]]
|[[Alandi]]
|-
|3
|[[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]]
|[[Bhavani Peth, Pune|Bhavani Peth]]
|-
|4
|[[Hadapsar]]
|[[Pune]]
|-
|5
|[[Loni Kalbhor]]
|[[Saswad]]
|-
|6
|Yavat
|[[Saswad]]
|-
|7
|Varvand
|[[Jejuri]]
|-
|8
|[[Baramati]]
|Walhe
|-
|9
|[[Indapur]]
|Lonand
|-
|10
|[[Akluj]]
|Taradgaon
|-
|11
|[[Malshiras]]
|[[Phaltan]]
|-
|12
|Natepute
|Barad
|-
|13
|Velapur
|Natepute
|-
|14
|Pirachi Kuroli
|[[Malshiras]]
|-
|15
|Bhandishegaon
|Velapur
|-
|16
|Wakhari
|Bhandishegaon
|-
|17
|colspan=2|Wakhari
|-
|18
|colspan=2|[[Pandharpur]]
|-
|19
|colspan=2|[[Vithoba Temple]]
|}

==Wari in present times==
{{Infobox
| title = ''Pandharpur Wari'' in Hinduism
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=150|height=120
| image1 = Tukaram Maharaj palkhi (palanquin).jpg| caption1 = Tukaram Maharaj palakhi (palanquin)
| image2 = Tukaram Maharaj palkhi (palanquin) Rath.jpg| caption2 = Tukaram Maharaj palkhi (palanquin) Rath
| image3 = DnyaneshwarMaharajPalkhiFestival2ndCircularRingan.jpg| caption3 = Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Palkhi 2nd Circular ringan. Near, Khudus Phata, Malshiras.
| image4 = Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Palkhi 3rd Circular ringan program .jpg| caption4 = Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Palkhi 3rd Circular ringan. Near, Thakur buva samadhi, Velapur.
| image5 = Pilgrims 1 (2731600954).jpg| caption5 = Pilgrims bathing in the Chandrabhaga river at Pandharpur
| image6 = PHUGADI.jpg|caption6 = During the Palkhi the Warkaris play [[Fugdi|Phugadi]] games in the temple passage.
}}
}}

The Warkaris—whose patron deity is Vithoba—undertake the ''wari'' to Pandharpur, reaching there on a day before Shayani Ekadashi, the eleventh lunar day ([[Ekadashi]]) of the bright fortnight ([[Shukla paksha|Shukla Paksha]]) of [[Ashadha]] (June–July). Pilgrims carry palanquins of the saints from the places of their respective [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/PANDHARPUR-WARI.asp|title=Pandarpur Yatra - Pandharpur Ashadhi Ekadasi Wari Pilgrimage, Palkhi Festival - Palki Festival Maharashtra, Palkhi Festival Pandharpur India|website=www.newsonair.com|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181005/http://www.newsonair.com/PANDHARPUR-WARI.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parikramaholidays.com/pdf/The-Pandharpur-Wari.pdf|title=The Pandharpur Wari|website=Parikramaholidays.com|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064739/http://www.parikramaholidays.com/pdf/The-Pandharpur-Wari.pdf|url-status=dead}}

The Wari begins on the 8th/9th lunar day of the waning moon in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] and reaches a day before [[Ashadhi Ekadashi]] at Pandharpur. People from various castes and socio-economic backgrounds participate in the Wari, with the common goal to reach Pandharpur and worship the deity. Along the Way the procession passes cities, towns and villages. The local residents of place along the route come out to greet, feed and house the varkari pilgrims.</ref><ref name="Lele1989">{{cite book|author=Jayant K. Lele|title=Language and Society: Steps Towards an Integrated Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC&pg=PR7|date=1 January 1989|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-08789-3|page=26}}</ref>

===Dindi===
The concept of '''Dindi''' (Marathi: दिंडी procession) or troupes of warkari devotees was introduced by Haibatravbaba in the early 1800s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mokashi |first1=Digambar Balkrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vIv4oxeh4C&pg=PA1 |title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage |date=1987 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-88706-461-2 |location=Albany |page=18 |translator-last=Engblom |translator-first=Phillip C.}}</ref> A diṇḍī is a group of Hindu devotees of one caste or village who are part of a larger [[palkhi]] going to a holy site on pilgrimage. Some religious institutions and temples also have their own Dindi. Accommodation, meals, and other facilities for warkaris are provided through their respective Dindi. The Managing members of a Dindi usually travel ahead to make arrangements for food and shelter at their next stop. All registered Dindis are numbered and assigned their place in the procession. Some walk in front of the ''palkhi,'' and others behind it. During their march, flag and banner-carrying members are at the front of the troupe, and the drummer is at the center of the Dindi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=J |title=Pilgrimage and Audience on the Maharashtrian Vārī. |journal=Yale Journal of Music & Religion |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=115–132 |doi=10.17132/2377-231X.1063 |url=https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/yjmr/vol2/iss2/7/|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Along with the procession, [[sevā]] is performed for the poor and needy, like ''[[dāna]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
The event is said to be one of the world's largest and oldest movement where people gather on one day each year and walk a distance of around 250 km. The Pandharpur Wari has been classified by the World Book of Records as "one of the most visited places in a day".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldbookofrecords.uk/records/record_detail/shri-vitthal-rukmini-mandir--pandharpur--india-216|title=World Book of Records|website=worldbookofrecords.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>

== ''Wari'' management ==
The Dnyaneshwar ''palkhi'' is managed by Haibatraobua Arphalkar's descendants, the hereditary Chopdars, and the Alandi Devasthan Trust.<ref name="OlsenTrono2018">{{cite book |last=Shinde |first=Kiran A |title=Religious Pilgrimage Routes and Trails: Sustainable Development and Management |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78639-027-1 |editor-last=Olsen |editor-first=Daniel H |pages=150–165 |chapter=Chapter 13, Palkhi: A moving sacred town |editor-last2=Trono |editor-first2=Anna |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YtlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150}}</ref>

The ''wari''{{'s}} schedule is published ahead of time and is strictly followed. It is detailed and minute details are made available, including starting location and the location of breaks, including lunch, rest and night stays. Every morning at early dawn, after worshiping the Saint's ‘Paadukaa/Paduka’(sacred footwear), the ''palkhi'' leaves at 6am for the next stretch of the route. A ''tutari'' (wind instrument) is blown thrice to alert all Warkaris. At the first signal, all warkaris get ready to leave. At the second signal, the Dindis stand in line and start walking at the third signal. After 4 to 5 km, they take a quick break for breakfast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parikramaholidays.com/pdf/The-Pandharpur-Wari.pdf|title=Wari|website=Parikramaholidays.com|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064739/http://www.parikramaholidays.com/pdf/The-Pandharpur-Wari.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Economic impact==
An estimated one million pilgrims, either varkaris traveling with the ''palkhi'' or independent travelers, travel to Pandharpur each year, who require accommodation provided by the [[Matha|''mathas'']] and temporary lodging houses.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baad|first1=D|title=IMPORTANTANCE OF WARI (YATRA) IN POINT OF ECONOMIC VIEW|date=2016|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781329943117|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCxmDAAAQBAJ&q=urus+jatra+maharashtra+village&pg=PA51}}</ref>

==Public health measures==
Because the ''wari'' brings many people on the way to Pandharpur through many localities, public health measures have been implemented since the early [[British raj|British colonial]] period. These included compulsory vaccinations for diseases, such as [[cholera]] and [[Plague (disease)|plague]], segregation of the infected, and restrictions on mobility.<ref name="Pandey2013">{{cite book |last=Das |first=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9uoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR3 |title=Subalternity and Difference: Investigations from the North and the South |date=March 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-70162-7 |editor-last=Pandey |editor-first=Gyanendra |pages=27–28}}</ref> According to Manjiri Kamat, the colonial administrators had other motivations, such as generating revenue by collecting pilgrim tax, or maintaining law and order for implementing public health measures.<ref>Kamat, M., 2001. The Palkhi as plague carrier’: The Pandharpur fair and the sanitary fixation of the colonial state; British India, 1908–1916. Health, medicine and empire: Perspectives on colonial India, pp.299-316.</ref> The colonial government's public health measures in the early part of the 20th century included attaching medical staff to different ''palkhis'', removing infected persons, modifying wells for drinking water, digging trenches, providing bins for waste collection, and employing sanitation staff.<ref name="PatiHarrison2018">{{cite book|author1=Biswamoy Pati|author2=Mark Harrison|title=Society, Medicine and Politics in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOFLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|date=13 February 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-26218-7|page=1279}}</ref> The requirement to be vaccinated against cholera and [[typhoid]] in order to join a dindi has continued in the present times.<ref>Koiso, C., Social Implications of Two Hindu Pilgrimages in Maharashtra. In Regional Routes, Regional Roots? Cross-Border. Patterns of Human Mobility in Eurasia (pp. 99-109). Hokkaido Slavic-Eurasian Research Center.[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/rp/publications/no14/14-09_Koiso.pdf]</ref>

In 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|COVID-19]] pandemic, the wari was reduced with fifty varkaris joining the march to Pandharpur. The ''Paduka'' of the saints were either driven to or flown to Pandharpur for Shayani Ekadashi on July 1, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bengrut |first1=Dhiraj |title=Urban warkaris redraw wari plans due to Covid-19 pandemic, go online |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/urban-warkaris-redraw-wari-plans-due-to-covid-19-pandemic-go-online/story-bekElxRRiP92ZzNDod69hL.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |issue=June 18, 2020 |date=2020}}</ref>

== Dindi ==
[[File:Ai dindi warkari group photo.jpg|thumb|Participants of Dindi walking with devotion during the Pune to Saswad stretch of the Vari]]
'''Dindi''' is a devotional and cultural initiative that blends tradition with technology to enhance participation in the annual Pandharpur Vari. Launched with the intention of offering a safer, more inclusive, and well-organized experience for Varkaris, Dindi aims to preserve the spiritual essence of the Vari while making it easier for people from diverse backgrounds to join the journey. It emphasizes disciplined coordination, safety practices, and community-driven values while supporting the traditional practices followed during the Vari.

To encourage wider participation, Dindi provides flexibility for devotees to join the Vari on any day from Pune to Pandharpur. Participants are offered support in transport, accommodation, meals, and guidance throughout the journey. The initiative has been facilitating this structure for over 18 years and continues to grow as a digitally supported Dindi. Registration and more information can be accessed through their official website, [https://aidindi.org/ https://aidindi.org].

==Goa Dindi festival==
The '''Dindi festival''' is an annual festival held in [[Margao]], [[Goa]]'s Vitthal Rakhumai temple, and the Damodar Temple in the month of November.<ref>Pran Nath Chopra Encyclopaedia of India: Goa, Daman & Diu 1992– Page 102 "A big festival attended by thousands of people known as 'Dindi' is held every year. A procession is taken out from this temple to Vitthal "</ref><ref>Robert Bradnock, Roma Bradnock ''Footprint Goa Handbook: The Travel Guide'' 1903471222 - 2002 -Page 173 The Damodar Temple, 2 km from Kadamba bus terminaL hosts the winter Dindi festivaL when there is a palanquin procession along with singing of devotional hynms.</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/palkhi-dindi-walk-facebook-save-water-crisis-swapnil-more-2884329/|publisher=The Indian Express|title=Palkhi procession: Virtual dindi walks for a noble cause this year — Save Water Campaign in Pune | The Indian Express|date=30 June 2016 |access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref name="heraldgoa">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Dindi-euphoria-stems-demonetisation-anxiety/108381.html|publisher=heraldgoa.in|title=Herald: Dindi euphoria stems demonetisation anxiety|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215426/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Dindi-euphoria-stems-demonetisation-anxiety/108381.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Dindi festival is dedicated to [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Vithoba]], the festival dates back to 1909. It is one of the oldest festivals in [[Salcete]](Margao) taluka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/dindi-festival-lights-up-margao-2/|title=Dindi festival lights up Margao|website=www.navhindtimes.in|date=22 November 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:mr:आषाढी वारी (पंढरपूर)|आषाढी वारी (पंढरपूर)]] on Marathi Bharatpedia
* [[:hi:आषाढी वारी (पंढरपूर)]] on Hindi Bharatpedia
* [[Bhakti movement]]
* [[Dindi dance]]
* [[Sant Mat]]
* [[Yatra#Famous yatras|Famous Hindu yatras]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]]
* [[Padayatra]]
* [[Ratha Yatra]]
* [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]]
* [[Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur]] (section Dindi Yatra)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Pandharpur Wari}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Solapur district]]
[[Category:Warkari]]

Ashwathi Pillai

2026-03-05T10:42:16Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Entry

{{short description|Swedish badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Ashwathi Pillai
| image = Ashwathi Pillai.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pillai at the [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
| nickname =
| birth_name = Ashwathi Vinodh Pillai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|7|14}}<ref name=":ba">{{cite web |title=Badminton Athlete Profile: PILLAI Ashwathi – Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud de Buenos Aires 2018 |url=https://www.buenosaires2018.com/results/en/badminton/athlete-profile-n1020911-pillai-ashwathi.htm?lng=en |website=Buenos Aires 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126164946/https://www.buenosaires2018.com/results/en/badminton/athlete-profile-n1020911-pillai-ashwathi.htm?lng=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = village near [[Thuckalay]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<ref name=":ie">{{cite news |title=Despite tasting Swede success, Ashwathi's heart remains in India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2018/oct/23/despite-tasting-swede-success-ashwathis-heart-remains-in-india-1888772.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| height = 172 cm
| weight = 63 kg
| event = Women's singles & doubles
| highest_ranking = 215 (WS 10 May 2018) 400 (WD 5 July 2018)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| country = [[Sweden]]
| coach = Rio Willianto<ref name=":ba"/>
| handedness = Right
| titles =
| bwfbadminton_id = 81068
| bwf_id = E90141E6-695C-4C1B-87F3-D4BB705B95C1
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{nowrap|{{flagicon|IOC}} [[Mixed-NOCs at the Youth Olympics|Mixed-NOCs]]}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Youth Olympic Games|Youth Olympic Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]] | [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed teams|Mixed team]] }}
}}

'''Ashwathi Vinodh Pillai''' (born 14 July 2000) is a Swedish professional [[badminton]] player. She has participated in several national and international tournaments across Europe, and was part of the Alpha team which won the gold medal at the [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Summer Youth Olympics]].<ref name=":ba"/>

== Early life ==
Pillai was born to Gayathri and Vinod Pillai. She hails from a village near Thucklay in [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=":NIE"/> She has one sibling, a brother.<ref name=":TIO">{{cite news |title=Ashwathi Pillai: Playing in India in front of my people is one of my biggest goals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ashwathi-pillai-playing-in-india-in-front-of-my-people-is-one-of-my-biggest-goals/articleshow/66376681.cms |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She studied at the National Public School, Bangalore, until class 4.<ref name=":NM"/>

She was intrigued by [[badminton]] during her childhood as she watched her father play along with his friends.<ref name=":TIO"/> In 2009, the Pillai family moved to Sweden owing to her father's professional requirements. While in Sweden, she continued her schooling at [[Internationella Engelska Skolan]].<ref name=":2"/> In her class 12, she studied math and biology.<ref name=":TIO"/> She takes inspiration from [[Carolina Marín]], and is reported to admire actress [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref name=":2"/>

== Career ==
Pillai started playing badminton at the age of seven. After moving to Sweden, she did not want to stop training. She entered the [[Täby]] badminton club under the coach Rio Willianto and joined the national training centre in [[Uppsala]] under the coach [[Anders Kristiansen (badminton)|Anders Kristiansen]].<ref name=":NIE">{{cite web |title=Kerala girl Ashwathi Pillai shoulders Swedish badminton hopes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/07/kerala-girl-ashwathi-pillai-shoulders-swedish-badminton-hopes-1882303.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> She is coached by [[Prakash Padukone]] at his academy in Bengaluru, India, for three weeks every year, and trained by [[U. Vimal Kumar|Vimal Kumar]] and Yousaf Johari.<ref name=":NM">{{cite news |title=First Indian to play for Sweden in Youth Olympics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/17-yr-old-india-born-shuttler-ashwathi-pillai-represent-sweden-youth-olympics-83458 |access-date=16 January 2019 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> She trains for at least three and a half hours a day, including training by physical trainers from [[Swedish Sports Confederation|Swedish National Sports Federation]].<ref name=":NIE"/>

Pillai participated in several national and international tournaments such as European 8 Nations, Danish Junior International, Glasgow International Junior Championship, and Finnkampen in Helsinki. Later, Pillai was given admission into the National Sports Gymnasium for playing badminton.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Ashwathi Pillai – Chasing My Dream |url=https://searchindie.com/blogs/ashwathi-pillai-chasing-my-dream/ |access-date=26 January 2019| publisher=Search Indie}}</ref>

Pillai's achievements at national and international tournaments is as follows:
* 2015 – Swedish national champion in U-15 category<ref name=":NIE"/>
* 2015 – Winner in singles at Swiss Junior Open<ref name=":NIE"/>
* 2016 – Runner-up in singles at Polish Junior International Championship<ref name=":NIE"/>
* 2017 – Made to quarterfinals of Bulgaria Open<ref name=":NIE"/>
* 2018 – Youngest-ever winner of the Swedish Senior National Championship (age 18)<ref name=":NIE"/>
* Youngest qualifier for the Swedish Elite class tournaments<ref name=":2"/>

== Awards and recognition ==
Pillai received the Prestigious Player of the Year award (Girls Junior) 2012–2013 in Stockholm with prize money.<ref name=":2"/> She also received a Bengt Erik Hoijers stipend for 2013 with prize money.<ref name=":2"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{sports link}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Ashwathi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Swedish female badminton players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Stockholm]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Sri Lankan descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]

Shadows of Time

2026-03-04T03:44:10Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started Page

{{Other uses|Shadow of Time (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shadows of Time
| image = Shadows-of-Time-poster.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Florian Gallenberger]]
| writer = Florian Gallenberger
| producer = {{ubl|[[Helmut Dietl]]|Norbert Preuss}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Prashant Narayanan]]
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
* [[Irrfan Khan]]
* [[Tillotama Shome]]
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
}}
| cinematography = Jürgen Jürges
| editing = Hansjörg Weißbrich
| music = Gert Wilden Jr.
| distributor = [[Constantin Film]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|09|12|[[2004 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]]|2005|05|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = Germany
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross = $41,874
}}

'''''Shadows of Time''''' ({{langx|de|'''Schatten der Zeit'''}}, [[Bengali language|Bangla]]: সময়ের প্রতিচ্ছবি) is a 2004 [[Bengali language]] German [[romance film]] directed by [[Florian Gallenberger]] in his [[List of directorial debuts|directorial debut]]. Filmed in [[Calcutta]], India, the film stars [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Tillotama Shome]]. It marks Khan's debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].

==Plot==
The film opens with the elderly Ravi driving to an abandoned carpet factory in [[West Bengal]]. As he explores the remains of the factory, he finds his bed and other memoirs. The story reverts to the early 1940s in [[British Raj|pre-independent India]], with Ravi Gupta a child laborer in the factory, saving up his earnings so that he can leave the factory one day. Ravi befriends a girl of his own age, Masha, who's been sold to the factory by her father. When the obstinate factory manager tries to sell Masha to a rich man, Ravi unsuccessfully tries to match the bid. He subsequently gives her the money to escape, and as they part Masha promises to wait for Ravi at every full moon at Calcutta's great Kali temple.

Years later, the adult Ravi leaves the factory and sets out for Calcutta. He begins working for an old carpet seller and his granddaughter, Deepa. Masha has become a professional courtesan in Calcutta, romanced by a customs officer, Yani Mishra. Masha goes to the Shiva temple every full moon to possibly meet Ravi, who himself is trying to search for her. They almost meet one night, but are separated by the chance arrival of Deepa, who Masha thinks is Ravi's wife. Masha decides to marry Yani, and Ravi, thinking Masha has forgotten him, finally marries Deepa.

Ravi renovates the carpet shop and becomes an Exporter of carpets. A few years later, he meets Yani, who had once bought a carpet from him to impress Masha. Yani invites him and Deepa to a dinner party, where Ravi and Masha finally meet. Perplexed at first, their mutual attraction gradually turns into an extra-marital affair. When Yani announces that he has been transferred to [[Kerala]], Masha gets scared at the thought of losing Ravi again and asks him to take some action. Confused, Ravi arrives at the railway station but lets her down. The two leave, with Yani telling Ravi, just before boarding, that Masha is pregnant.

A few years later, Yani visits Ravi and tells him that Masha delivered a boy in Kerala, but he discovered that it was not his, so he expelled them from his house. Ravi goes to the brothels, where he finds Masha and their son, but she refuses to see him. Ravi departs, sliding a packet full of money into her room before leaving.

The film comes to the present time where elderly Ravi is at the factory. He hears a little girl and her grandmother in the courtyard. He starts talking to them and finds out that the grandmother is Masha, who is still waiting for Ravi to come; because this was the place where they first met. Ravi is astounded, but in the end he decides to walk away. The little girl asks her grandmother who he was, to which she replies, "It was Ravi".

==Cast==
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as Ravi Gupta
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Masha
* [[Tillotama Shome]] as Deepa
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Yani Mishra
* [[Sikandar Agarwal]] as Young Ravi
* [[Tumpa Das]] as Young Masha
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Old Ravi
* [[Sova Sen]] as Old Masha
* [[Biplab Dasgupta]] as the Factory Manager
* [[Satya Bandopadhyaya]] as Deepa's grandfather

==Production==
Gallenberger first came to India in April 2001 for research and spent around a year and a half researching and understanding life. He was moved by a radio interview he had earlier heard, of a little girl working as a laborer in an Indian carpet factory which prompted him to leave for India and research a story.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.young-germany.de/mobile/life-in-germany/life-in-germany/article/8749f2f0c2/life-after-winning-an-oscar.html|title=Life after winning an Oscar|publisher=Young Germany|access-date=2009-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731045516/http://www.young-germany.de/mobile/life-in-germany/life-in-germany/article/8749f2f0c2/life-after-winning-an-oscar.html|archive-date=2010-07-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> He set his story in [[Calcutta]], which had earlier attracted renowned filmmakers from all over the world like [[Jean Renoir]], [[Roberto Rossellini]], [[Louis Malle]] and [[Roland Joffe]] to come and make a film in the city. But Gallenberger decided that unlike the others, he was going to make it in [[Bengali language]] rather than in [[English language|English]] or his native [[German language|German]].<ref name="Screen">{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=10534|title=Shadows of Time is my cinematic tribute to Kolkataw|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|date=3 June 2005|access-date=16 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731195209/http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=10534|archive-date=31 July 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The film was partly funded by the German government and was produced by [[Helmut Dietl]] and [[Norbert Preuss]].<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news| first = M.| last = Chhaya|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27german.htm|title=Oscar-winner to shoot Bengali film|work=Rediff.com|date=27 February 2003}}</ref> Preuss, in an interview, stated though the story was written in German by Gallenberger, the Indian setting and Bengali language were chosen to maintain authenticity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mailman.rice.edu/pipermail/sasialit/2003-February/015165.html|title=German Oscar winner to tell a Bengali love story|newspaper=Times of India|date=27 February 2003}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Noted Indian theatre actor [[Dilip Shankar]] who did casting in Mira Nair's ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' and Pan Nalin's ''[[Samsara (2001 film)|Samsara]]'', was appointed as the casting director for ''Shadows of Time''. [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Sir Ben Kingsley]] and [[Vivek Oberoi]] were being considered for major roles in the film,<ref>{{cite news| first = Debashis| last = Konar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23202643.cms|title=Kingsley to shoot in Kolkata for Bengali film?|newspaper=Times of India|date=25 September 2002}}</ref> but the roles of adult ''Ravi'' and adult ''Masha'' went to actors [[Prashant Narayanan]] and [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] respectively. Gallenberger had spotted Narayanan in ''[[Chhal]]'' and was impressed by him.<ref>{{cite news|first=Preeti|last=Thandi|url=http://www.mybindi.com/arts-entertainment/whatson/tiff2004/tif-interview-prashant.html|title=The Reluctant Actor|publisher=Mybindi.com|year=2004|access-date=2009-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204025926/http://www.mybindi.com/arts-entertainment/whatson/tiff2004/tif-interview-prashant.html|archive-date=2008-12-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the young ''Ravi'' and ''Masha'', more than 7,000 schoolchildren were auditioned before they narrowed it down to Sikandar Agarwal and Tumpa Das.<ref>{{cite news| first = Reshmi| last = Sengupta|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060907/asp/calcutta/story_6711214.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731043715/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060907/asp/calcutta/story_6711214.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2010|title=Life, moment by moment: Screen On & Off|publisher=The Telegraph|year=2004}}</ref> For portraying the old age of the characters, veteran Bengali actor [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and actor [[Utpal Dutt]]'s widow Sova Sen were chosen.<ref name="Rediff"/>

Gallenberger hired a Bengali communicator for a crash course in the language for non-Bengali members of the 100-member crew, which include 10 Germans.<ref name="Rediff"/> The lead actor Prashant Narayanan too had to take lessons in the language as he is originally from South India and did not know Bengali.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ashish|last=Mitra|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=13658|title=Changing times|publisher=Screen|date=15 March 2003|access-date=16 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731195213/http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=13658|archive-date=31 July 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The shooting of the film began in March 2003 at locations in and around Calcutta, and was finished in 12 weeks.<ref name="Screen"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shadows of Time
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Gert Wilden Jr.
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 April 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score]], [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 46:20
| label = Colosseum<ref>{{cite web | title= Shadows of Time original soundtrack | url=http://www.colosseum.de/product_info.php/info/p95_Shadows-Of-Time.html | accessdate=2009-03-07 | publisher=Colosseum.de }}</ref>
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music in the film was composed by Gert Wilden Jr., who had earlier composed music in Gallenberger's Academy Award-winning 2000 short film ''[[Quiero ser (I want to be...)]]''.

#"Prologue - Factory Memories" - 5:13
#"City Lights" - 01:10
#"Masha's Song" {{ref label|Masha's Song|A|}} - 2:38
#"Clandestine Exercises" - 1:26
#"Farewell" - 3:31
#"Full Moon at the Temple" - 3:52
#"Bansuri Phantasy" - 1:44
#"Shining Shoes" {{ref label|Shining Shoes|B|}} - 1:11
#"Missing" - 2:51
#"White Shoes" - 0:54
#"The Letter" - 1:06
#"Carlton" - 1:10
#"In Search of Masha" - 2:19
#"Ticket Booth" - 1:18
#"Communication Breakdown" - 1:59
#"Thinking of Masha" - 0:56
#"Masha's Escape" - 0:57
#"Another Farewell" - 1:11
#"Behind The Door" - 3:02
#"Dandy's Lover" {{ref label|Dandy's Lover|C|}} - 1:21
#"The Kiss" - 1:52
#"Epilogue" - 4:39

{{refbegin}}
:'''A'''{{note|Masha's Song}}: Vocals by [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]; Music by [[Debojyoti Mishra]]; Lyrics by Amit Kumar & [[Florian Gallenberger]]
:'''B'''{{note|Shining Shoes}}: Performed by The Firehouse Jazzmen; Music by Werner Tautz
:'''C'''{{note|Dandy's Lover}}: Performed by The Firehouse Jazzmen; Music by Heinz Kiessling
{{refend}}

==Awards==
The film was screened at the 5th [[International Film Festival of Marrakech]] on 12 November 2005.<ref>{{cite web | title= Release dates for Schatten der Zeit | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0360960/releaseinfo | accessdate=2009-04-14 | publisher=IMDb.com }}</ref> It was a nominee for the coveted Golden Star (Best Film), but lost to the [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]] film ''Saratan''.<ref>{{cite web | title= Marrakech International Film Festival 2005 | url=https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Marrakech_International_Film_Festival/2005#Golden_Star | accessdate=2009-04-14 | publisher=IMDb.com }}</ref>

;Won
* [[Bavarian Film Award]] for Best New Director (Florian Gallenberger)
* [[Bavarian Film Award]] for Best Cinematography (Jürgen Jürges)
* Best European Film at the Mons International Festival of Love Films

;Nominated
* [[German Film Award]] for Best Cinematography (Jürgen Jürges)
* [[German Film Award]] for Best Costume Design (Lisy Christl)
* Best Film (Golden Star) at the [[International Film Festival of Marrakech]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0360960|title=Shadows of Time}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=shadows_of_time|title=Shadows of Time}}

[[Category:German romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:2004 German films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa

2026-03-03T20:35:07Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating Basic Pg Nd Citations

{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2017}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa
| image = Oru_Visheshapetta_Biriyani_Kissa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kiran Narayanan
| producer = WL Epic Media
| writer = Kiran Narayanan
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]|[[Nedumudi Venu]]|[[Joju George]]}}
| cinematography = Sunil Kaimanam
| editing = Ayoob Khan
| music = '''Songs:''' Sanjeev Kirhsnan G. K. Rao '''Score:''' [[Bijibal]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|8|25|India}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by Kiran Narayan. It stars [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Joju George]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Mamukkoya]], [[V. K. Sreeraman]], and [[Sunil Sukhada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-21 |title=Lena’s film Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa's trailer is extremely drool-worthy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lenas-film-oru-visheshapetta-biriyani-kissas-trailer-is-extremely-droolworthy/articleshow/60157873.cms |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Oru Visheshapetta BiriyanikissaU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/oru-visheshapetta-biriyanikissa/movieshow/61203924.cms |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was released on 25 August 2017.

==Plot==

Thaara lives a quiet life in a fictional village in [[Kerala]], a village which is famous for a [[mosque]] and the mosque's free weekly [[Biryani|biriyani meal]]. The free meal is offered by [[Sahib]], the village head. Though it is a Muslim mosque and a Muslim does this offering, the entire village, regardless of religion and caste, takes part in it. The biriyani served is famous for its taste and the free meal program acts as a societal bonding in the entire village. Unexpectedly the chef who cooks the biriyani passes away and the entire free meal program comes to a standstill. Thaara, who had recently become a [[widow]], is a good cook as she was once blessed by the divine being himself and had won many cooking contests in her past. The story then turns to heaven were the superior angel tells his junior that when Thaara was 19 months old baby she was crying and the angel gave her the skill of cooking. This is why her food has the taste of heaven. Villagers are unaware of Thaara's culinary skills and the blessings that she got. She volunteers and requests the Sahib to give her a chance to cook biriyani. Some of the villagers object this as they do not see Thaara as a good soul. Thaara is untouched by the recent death of her husband. The Sahib, though reluctant, agrees to Thaara's request.

On Thaara's first day, a news rock the village. Thaara was pregnant and has delivered a child. The biriyani feast comes to a halt after Thaara gets pregnant. The villagers meet in the presence of Sahib. One of the villagers recommends a famous chef, an outsider to the village. The recommendation is accepted, and the new chef is appointed. But the new chef and the villager who recommended him has an ulterior motive is to steal the valuable stalk which is in the mosque. This takes the film to its climax. The story concludes by revealing Thaara's romantic life, the fatherhood of her child, the hardships she had to face and whether she and her biriyani will get accepted by the villagers or not.

The film starts and ends with a narration by one of the famous chefs in Kerala, thus implying that it was just a story narrated for an FM Radio programme.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Thaara
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Krishnan Nair
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Alavikutti
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Mayin Hajiyar
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Mathayi
* [[Joju George]] as Maimutty
* [[Bhagath Manuel]] as Paul Mathayi
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Rajan Mangatteri
* [[Vinod Kovoor]] as Sulaiman
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Mathew
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Amina
* [[Noby Marcose]] as Kunji Mrukan
* Appunni Sasi as Hassan
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Superior Angel (Cameo appearance)
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Junior Angel (Cameo appearance)
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Abu Musaliyar Mowlavi (Cameo appearance)
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Kumari Kamalambika (Cameo appearance)}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Sanjeev Krishna and GK Rao. Song lyrics were written by Suku Maruthathoor and Aji Deivappura.
{{tracklist
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:18
| title1 = Payye Payye
| lyrics1 = Suku Maruthathoor
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Mulankaadu Poothu
| lyrics2 = GK Rao
| extra2 = Reshmi I V
| length2 = 04:27
| title3 = Nila Nilamazhaye
| lyrics3 = Aji Deivappura
| extra3 = [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
| length3 = 04:21
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6688098}}

[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]

Vuakmual Airport

2026-03-03T13:34:03Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started A Post

{{Infobox airport
| name = Vuakmual Airport
| ensign =
| ensign_size =
| ensign_alt =
| nativename = {{lang|lus|Vuakmual Ṭumhmun}}
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width = 
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 
| image2_alt =
| caption2 =
| IATA = None
| ICAO =
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| type =
| owner-oper =
| owner =
| operator =
| city-served = [[Lunglei]]
| location = Vuakmual
| opened = 
| closed = 
| passenger_services_ceased = 
| hub =
| focus_city =
| built = 
| used = 
| commander = 
| occupants = 
| timezone =
| utc =
| summer =
| utcs =
| elevation-f =
| elevation-m =
| metric-elev =
| coordinates =
| website = 
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt = Proposed location in Mizoram
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| r1-number =
| r1-length-f =
| r1-length-m =
| r1-surface = 
| metric-rwy =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data = 
| stat-year =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vuakmual Airport''' is a [[greenfield airport]] to be built at Vuakmual, [[Lunglei district]], [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/aerial-survey-conducted-for-greenfield-airport-at-vuakmual-lunglei-district|title=AERIAL SURVEY CONDUCTED FOR GREENFIELD AIRPORT AT VUAKMUAL, LUNGLEI DISTRICT|date=7 June 2023|website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140932/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/aerial-survey-conducted-for-greenfield-airport-at-vuakmual-lunglei-district|url-status=dead}}</ref> It will serve [[Lunglei]], the second largest town in the Indian state of Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/mizoram-to-get-its-second-airport-soon-govt-conducts-aerial-survey/|title=Mizoram to get its second airport soon, Govt conducts aerial survey|date=7 June 2023|website=Northeast Live|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

It will be utilised for both the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and civil aviation.<ref>https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/mizoram-new-airport-southern-part.html</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lengpui Airport]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Airports in India}}

{{coord missing|Mizoram}}

[[Category:Airports in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Lunglei district]]

Darwaaza Bandh Rakho

2026-03-03T12:00:09Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: general added structure per sources and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Darwaza Bandh Rakho
| image = Darwaaza Bandh Rakho poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]
| producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| writer = [[Snehal Dabi]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = J. D. Chakravarthy
| story = Micky
| starring = [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Isha Sharvani]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Chunky Pandey]] [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] [[Snehal Dabi]] [[Divya Dutta]] [[Gulshan Grover]] [[Aditya Srivastava]]
| music =
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Bhanodaya
| distributor = RGV Film Company
| released = {{Film date|2006|08|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=289|title=Darwaaza Bandh Rakho – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}2.32 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Darwaza Bandh Rakho''''' ({{translation}} ''Keep the Door Shut'') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy film]] directed by [[J. D. Chakravarthy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darwaza Bandh Rakho {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/darwaza-bandh-rakho |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darwaza Bandh Rakho |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/darwaza-bandh-rakho/cast/2030292383/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]] and released in 2006. The film was remade in Telugu in 2011 as ''[[Money Money, More Money]],'' with [[J.D. Chakravarthy]] playing the lead role and in Kannada as ''[[5 Idiots]]''.

==Synopsis==
Four small-time crooks turn towards kidnapping for some quick money. They kidnap a millionaire's daughter, Isha Taneja, and demand money (1 crore). They are forced to barge into the home of a vegetarian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family of 35.

Their stay in the house gets extended when they learn that the hostage's father has gone abroad, and they have to wait until he returns. The kidnappers are forced to take more hostages to keep their identities secret and prevent the kidnapping venture from failing. Eventually, other people are stuck in the house, such as a pizza guy, a police constable, a salesgirl, a guy who wants money from Kantilal, and a real estate guy. What follows is a "mad-mad comedy of errors."

Taneja finally appears; he gives the four kidnappers the money; however, there is now a fight between the four, and then Taneja calls the police. The kidnappers go to the court. Isha says Ajay, Goga, and Raghu are innocent but not Abbas. After 16 months, Ajay owns a hotel and works with Mughale Azam; Isha and Ajay are both friends; Julie works with Raghu on the sales business; Goga is an auto driver, Ganpat Kale is not a policeman but an instructor in a driving school ; Abbaas goes to jail; and the Shah residence lives happily ever after.<ref>http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12498/index.html Review by Taran Adarsh</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Ajay 'Balu' Pandit
*[[Chunky Pandey]] as Raghuveer 'Raghu' Achrekar
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Mohammad Abbas Ali
* [[Aditya Srivastav]] as Inspector
* [[Snehal Dabi]] as Govind 'Goga' Gawde / Narrator
*[[Isha Sharvani]] as Isha Taneja
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Julie - CISCO Salesgirl
*Ishrat Ali as Kantilal Shantilal Shah
*[[Smita Jaykar]] as Sarita K. Shah
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Taneja
*[[Tashu Kaushik]] as Sheeba K. Shah
*[[Ravi Kale]] as Havaldar Ganpat Kale
*[[Divya Dutta]] as Chameli G. Kale
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Manish Mehta - Real Estate Agent
*Nitin Raikwar as Madhusudan 'Mugaleazam' - Pizza Boy
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Police Inspector
*Srinivasa Rao Kota as Dr. Mukala Umapathi Kutti
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as Dinesh Duggal - Secretary
*[[Raju Mavani]] as Mushtaqbhai Pathan
*Javed Rizvi as Arvind S. Shetty
*[[Padma Rani]] as Mrs. Shah 'Ba'
*Vijay Shah as Ponky K. Shah
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Darwaza Khulega Kismat Ka
| extra1 = Nitin Raikwar
| title2 = Golimaar
| extra2 = [[Guru Randhawa]]
}}

==Reception==
The movie was tagged as a "thrilling comedy"; other reviewers regarded it as an innovative theme that "ran out of steam" midway into the plot. The performance was regarded as "lackluster", Acting was mediocre and people who watched said that the actors tried "too hard" to make people laugh but failed miserably.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1855963.cms |title=Darwaza Bandh Rakho- The Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829084329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1855963.cms |archive-date=2006-08-29}}</ref> The movie was box office failure.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0471646}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2006 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey

2026-02-28T00:28:39Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: rework citations for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian sitcom (2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Wagle Ki Duniya - Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey cover image.jpg
| language = Hindi
| company = Hats Off Productions Limited
| editor = Ashok Rathore 
Ajay A Kumar Atul Singh
| cinematography = Vijay Soni Rishi Mudrale Jitendra Mishra
| num_episodes = 1,362
| runtime = 21–28 minutes
| creator = [[Jamnadas Majethia]] Aatish Kapadia
| director = Aatish Kapadia Sameer Kulkarni
| network = [[Sony SAB]] [[Sony LIV]]
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|2|8|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|8|9|df=y}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]''
}}
| starring = [[Sumeet Raghavan]] [[Pariva Pranati]] [[Anjan Srivastav]] [[Bharati Achrekar]] Chinmayee Salvi Sheehan Kapahi
| genre =
| creative_director =
| producer = [[Jamnadas Majethia]] Aatish Kapadia
| opentheme =
}}

'''''Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey''''' ({{translation|''Wagle's World – New Generation New Stories''}}) is an Indian television [[sitcom]] that aired from 8 February 2021 to 9 August 2025 on [[Sony SAB]]. It is based on characters created by cartoonist [[R. K. Laxman]], especially [[The Common Man]], and about the everyday issues experienced by the average [[middle-class]] Indian man. A sequel to ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]'', which aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi, Naye Kissey: Everything we know about Sony SAB show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/everything-we-know-about-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey-7170034/|access-date=2021-02-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214122527/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/everything-we-know-about-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey-7170034/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show is based around the daily struggles of a courier company manager, Rajesh Wagle, who lives with the prudence of a middle-class person of the time. The show presents the everyday struggles of people from three generations and multiple families from their perspectives acting like members of a single family. They try to clear the struggles between everyone, acting like a whole. The show gives a social message in most of its episodes through humor and emotions.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Sumeet Raghavan]] as Rajesh "Raju/Raj" Wagle: A [[chief operating officer]] of a courier service company. (2021–2025)
*[[Pariva Pranati]] as Vandana "Vandu" Sinha Wagle: Rajesh's wife. (2021–2025)
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Srinivas Wagle: Radhika's husband. (2021–2025)
*[[Bharati Achrekar]] as Radhika Gokhale Wagle: Srinivas's wife. (2021–2025)
** Achrekar also portrayed Ruby Gokhale, Radhika’s twin sister. (2022)
*Chinmayee Salvi as Sakhi Wagle: Rajesh and Vandana's daughter; Vivan's best friend and girlfriend. (2021–2025)
*Sheehan Kapahi as Atharva Wagle: Rajesh and Vandana's son. (2021–2025)

=== Recurring ===
*Amit Soni as Harshad Agrawal – Wagle Family's closest neighbours, Rajesh's close friend. (2021–2025)
*Bhakti Chauhan as Jyoti Gupta Agrawal – Harshad's wife; Gungun and Vidyut's mother. (2021–2025)
*Deepak Pareek as Advocate Dakshesh "Dakku" Joshipura – The stubborn secretary of Sai Darshan Heights Society. (2021–2025)
*Manasi Joshi as Yamini "Yam" Joshipura – Naivedya's sister. (2021–2025)
**Riddhi Nayak Shukla replaced Joshi as Yamini. (2025)
*Vipul Deshpande as Manoj Wagle – Srinivas and Radhika's elder son. (2023–2025)
*Sukanya Surve as Vidya Kulkarni Wagle - Mr. Kulkarni's daughter. (2023–2025)
* Charmi Dhami as Gungun Agrawal – Jyoti and Harshad's daughter. (2021)
**Prapti Shukla replaced Dhami as Gungun. (2021-2023)
**Nandini Maurya replaced Shukla as Gungun. (2023-2025)
*Hitanshu Nagia as Vidyut Agrawal – Jyoti and Harshad's son. (2021–2025)
*Mahi Soni as Kittu Joshipura – Meenakshi's daughter; Yamini and Dakshesh's adopted daughter. (2022–2025)
*[[Namit Shah]] as Vivaan Malhotra – Sakhi's best friend later boyfriend. (2021–2025).
*Suryakant Govale as Chandu Parab – A staff member in Rajesh's courier office. (2021–2025)
*Nayan Shukla as Ghanshyam Dasani – A staff member in Rajesh's courier office. (2021–2025)
*[[Anju Jadhav]] as Kiara Tejwani – The CEO of the courier service P2P Max. (2021–2025)
*Vinayak Ketkar as Manish Marfatia – Ex Hotel manager of Treat Resort in [[Silvassa]], now a staff member at Rajesh's courier office. (2021–2025)
*Urmila Katkar as Asha Tipnis – Sai Darshan Heights Society's maid; Dilip's wife. (2021–2025)
*Satyavrat Mudgal as Ganpat Rao Tiwari – Sai Darshan Heights Society's watchman. (2021–2025).
*Khushali Jariwala as Munmun Chatterjee – Catering manager at Treat Resort. (2021)
*Praful Joshi as Dilip Tipnis – Asha's husband; Komal's father (2021-2025)
*Dhwani Hetal Parmar as Komal Tipnis – Asha and Dilip's daughter (2021-2025)
*[[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Verma]] as Nikesh "Nick" Agarwal – Harshad's cousin.(2022–2024)
*Preeti Kochar as Mahadevi Tripathi – Vandana's aunt (Maami). (2022-2024)
*Riya Soni as Anvita Jain – Vivaan's ex-girlfriend; Sakhi's college friend. (2021–2025)
*Sushant Kalyan Singh as Shikhar Patel – Gungun's boyfriend (2021–2025)
*Nabil Parkar as Soumil Ahuja – Sakhi and Gungun's college friend. (2021–2022)
*Ambar Bedi as Maya Ahlawat – Vandana's college friend, Rajesh's rival and P2P Glocal Packers staff member. (2021–2022)
*[[Vikas Grover]] as Harish "Harry" Khatri – He was the owner of the courier service P2P Glocal. (2022-2024)
*Prabhackar Sinha as Arjun Swaroop – A hotel staff and junior to Mr. Marfatia at Treat Resort. (2021)
*Suhail Iqbal as Mr. Tejwani – Rajesh's previous boss and Kiara's father. (2021)
*[[Nayana Apte Joshi]] as Kishori – Radhika's best friend (2021–2025)
* Tulika Patel as Trupti Ahuja – Harshad's ex-girlfriend; Soumil's aunt (2021-2022).
* Akshay Sharma as Tushar Dalvi - Atharva and Vidyut's classmate (2023)
* Milky Srivastav as Khushi Tarachand – Atharva and Vidyut's classmate (2022–2024)
**Simmi Ghoshal replaced Srivastav as Khushi (2024-2025)
*Amit Munjal as Walia ; Resident of Sai darshan heights society. (2023-2025)
** Afreen Shaikh as young Vidya (2023)
*Arya Mahajan as Mangesh - Vidya and Damodar's son. (2023-2025)
* Bhoomi Shah as Aditi Sathe - Atharva's classmate in college, who has a crush on Atharva (2024-2025)
* Araham Sawant as Abhimanyu Malhotra - Atharva's classmate and college rival.(2024-2025)
* Saumya Shetye as Ananya - Atharva's classmate in college and crush.(2024-2025)
*Zain Nabil as Karen - Sakhi's foreign exchange best friend from Germany (2023-2024)
* Tarjanee Bhadla as Santoori "Santu" Dave - Dharmesh's wife; Vandana's friend (2024-2025)
* Khanjan Thumber as Dharmesh Dave - Santoori's husband (2024-2025)
* Vyom Thakkar as Krishna Dave - Dharmesh and Santoori's younger son (2024-2025)
* Dutt Patel as Aditya "Adi" Dave - Dharmesh and Santoori's elder son (2025)

=== Guest appearances ===
*[[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Rekha Gondhalekar – Radhika's old maid; She won a lottery of [[₹]]50 million, and became immensely rich after leaving Radhika's place(2021)
*[[Deven Bhojani]] as Balkrishna 'Anna' Gokhale from ''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]'' – Radhika and Ruby's elder brother who was on non-talking terms with Srinivas for 18 years. He was against the [[love marriage]] of Rajesh and Vandana. Srinivas broke his relationship with him. But later, Anna realises that Vandana is a perfect wife. He reties his bonds with Srinivas and thus, things get sorted.(2021)
*Manas Shah as Randeep Walia – Popular TV actor; Priya's brother. He came to Treat Resort for shooting. His sister, Dr. Priya Walia was a look-alike of Sakhi and died due to COVID-19. (2021)
*[[Amita Khopkar]] as Mrs. Walia – Priya and Randeep's mother.(2021)
*Ojas Rawal as Naivedya Mehta – Yamini's brother. He is the owner of Treat Resort, situated in Silvassa. He makes fun of Dakshesh and all the Sai Darshan Heights residents. He only cares about his sister. He teasingly calls Dakshesh as 'Mendakshesh'.(2021-2025)
*Kalpesh Chauhan as Gulaabdas Rawal – Co-owner of Treat Resort.(2021)
*Apurva Gore as Aashka – Nishant's wife. She and her fiancé, Nishant got married at Treat Resort amidst lockdown restrictions.(2021)
*Vivek Kaul as Nishant – Aashka's husband. He and his fiancée, Aashka got married at Treat Resort amidst lockdown restrictions.(2021)
*[[Bakhtiyaar Irani]] as Jamie Paul – A professional photographer who molests Sakhi in the name of making her a famous model. (2023)
* [[Abhishek Avasthi]] as Dr Ravi "Rinku" Sinha – Vandana's cousin; Raghu's father. He is a farmer and is irritated by Atharva for the same. However, Atharva reconciles with him learning his past. Later, He is revealed to be a reputed agricultural scientist. (2022)
* Madhura Joshi as Archana Wagle Chinoy – Prabhakar's daughter; Rajesh's cousin; Vivek's wife. She is Rajesh's cousin from Nashik who came to Mumbai to get married after her mother-in-law's illness. Later with Sakhi's help, she and Vivek tried to flee from the wedding to get married after knowing about the true shades of her greedy father-in-law who secretly pressurizes her father for dowry. (2022)
* Rahul Krishna Arora as Vivek Chinoy – Janardhan and Sukanya's son; Archana's husband. (2022)
* Arvind Wahi as Janardhan Chinoy – Sukanya's husband; Vivek's father. He is a greedy person who secretly pressurized Prabhakar for dowry and have Archana and Vivek's marriage in Mumbai. (2022)
* Chaitali Jadhav as Sukanya Chinoy – Janardhan's wife; Vivek's mother. She stood up against her husband and helped Archana and Vivek. (2022)
*Ajji as Kalyani Mausi – She is Rajesh's distant aunt from Radhika's village, who is very conventional in her thinking and always taunts innovative thinking when she visits Sai Darshan Heights society.(2021-2022)
*Vinay Yedekar as Ashwin Chitre – Rajesh's best friend who established a business in Dubai and hadn't talked to him for years.(2021)
*Simran Khanna as
** Monica Palekar / Sukanya Palekar – Sudhir's daughter; Rajesh's childhood friend. She was a fat girl and was inspired to loss weight after Rajesh once taunted her in his childhood.(2021)
** Sarika Saxena – Priyanka's mother (2024)
*Utpal Dashora as Suryakant Bhosle – Rajesh's friend who followed his passion and became a famous painter. Now settled in France.(2022)
*Payal Sharma as Niyati – Director of Dishwasher's ad, for which she selected Radhika and Vandana.(2021)
*[[Karan Grover]] as Arnav Sachdev – He starred with Vandana and Radhika in an advertisement.(2021)
*Devendra Mishra as Inspector M. Tripathi.
*[[Aditi Sanwal]] as Dr. Prabha Shah – Gungun's doctor. She is a widowed mother of a six-year-old boy as she lost her husband due to COVID-19. She attempts suicide due to death threats on social media following a post by Harshad Agrawal owing to a misunderstanding.(2022)
*[[Adaa Khan]] as Sakhi Warge: Sakhi's friend and dancer teacher. (2023)
* Neha Dandale as ACP/DCP Tejaswi Deshpande (2023)
* Dimple Kava as Alka, a psychiatrist (2024)
*[[Karan Sharma (TV actor)| Karan Sharma]] as Pulkit Sharma: Riya's ex-husband turned friend (2023)
* Priyanka Goswami as Priyanka Saxena – Sarika's daughter; Sakhi's college friend (2024)
* Bharti Singh as Ira – Sakhi's college friend (2024)
*Tasneem Ali as Justice Nirmala Sharma (2024)
*[[Rakhi Sawant]] as Begum Chorni
*Ketan Singh as Badshah Chor
*Vansh Sayani as Kushal Joshi - Atharva's friend who aspires to become a chef (2024)
*[[Tunisha Sharma]] as Inspector Aditi Jammwal from ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''
*[[Gulki Joshi]] as Inspector Haseena Malik from ''[[Maddam Sir]]''. She appeared in episode 291 to explain the importance of safety of girls in the society.
*[[Simple Kaul]] as Koyal Roy – Cadet of Parakram SAF from ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''.
*Nirbhay Thakur as Nikhil Roy – Koyal's son from ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''.
*[[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Abhay – Koyal's husband from ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''.
*[[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Special Agent Karan Shergill from ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''.
*[[Kaveri Priyam]] as Dr. Monami Mahajan – Cadet of Parakram SAF and Koyal's friend from ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''.
*Karuna Pandey as Pushpa Patel from ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''.
*[[Amit Pachori]] as Colonel Ashish Singh - Rajesh's childhood friend (2024)
*[[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]] as Abhay Bansal: Sakhi's stalker. (2024)
* [[Rashami Desai]] as Advocate Meenakshi Kapoor: Kittu's mother (2025)
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Rakesh Diwan (Rocky D): Vandana 's college friend and A Superstar Singer (2025)
* [[Paresh Ganatra]] as Himanshu, Deepanshu and Dr. Sudhanshu: Jyoti's brothers who are triplets (2025)
* [[Sugandha Mishra]] as Suman: A actress (2025)

== Production ==
The show is produced by [[Jamnadas Majethia]] and Aatish Kapadia of Hats Off Productions. The show was first teased featuring [[Sumeet Raghavan]] on [[Sony SAB]]'s official YouTube channel on 5 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumeet Raghavan to be seen in the classic comedy show Wagle Ki Duniya - Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sumeet-raghavan-to-be-seen-in-the-classic-comedy-show-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey/articleshow/79578826.cms|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213053121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sumeet-raghavan-to-be-seen-in-the-classic-comedy-show-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey/articleshow/79578826.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The show has been given a special [[COVID-19]] touch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-05|title=Wagle ki Duniya to return in new avatar with Sumeet Raghavan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/wagle-ki-duniya-to-return-in-new-avatar-with-sumeet-raghavan-7092822/|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118134545/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/wagle-ki-duniya-to-return-in-new-avatar-with-sumeet-raghavan-7092822/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Specify|date=February 2022}}

The shooting of the show was halted in April 2021 after eight people reportedly tested positive for COVID-19. Fresh episodes started airing on 26 April, with episodes being shot in [[Silvassa]]. Towards the end of June, shooting restarted in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sumeet Raghavan on Wagle Ki Duniya Shoot shifting from Silvasa to Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sumeet-raghavan-on-wagle-ki-duniya-shoot-shifting-back-from-silvassa-to-mumbai/articleshow/83484247.cms|first=Sukarna|last=Mondal|date=14 June 2021|accessdate=28 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629015906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sumeet-raghavan-on-wagle-ki-duniya-shoot-shifting-back-from-silvassa-to-mumbai/articleshow/83484247.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Crossover==
In August 2021, [[Deven Bhojani]] was cast, reprising his role of Anna from Sony SAB's show [[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakarwadi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/deven-bhojani-to-enter-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey-1843422-2021-08-20|title=Deven Bhojani to enter Wagle Ki Duniya Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey|website=India Today|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705124052/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/deven-bhojani-to-enter-wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey-1843422-2021-08-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Big Shanivaar'' is crossover of all [[Sony SAB]]'s on-going shows (except ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'') on 9 October 2021 to promote Sony SAB telecasting their shows on Saturday also.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=smksmeZ8eeQ |title=The Big Shanivaar {{!}} Sony SAB {{!}} 9th Oct {{!}} 7.30 – 11 PM |date=2021-10-06 |last=Sony SAB |access-date=2025-04-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakhi Sawant on Wagle, Maddam Sir and others’ Mahasangam; assures non-stop entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/rakhi-sawant-on-wagle-maddam-sir-and-others-mahasangam-assures-non-stop-entertainment/videoshow/86806181.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

''The Big Shanivaar'' is crossover of all [[Sony SAB]]'s on-going shows (except ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'') on 20 November 2021 on the occasion of Diwali in [[Ziddi Dil Maane Na|Parakram SAF]] and to help its Cadet Koel Roy in escaping from her husband.

''Wagle Ki Duniya'' had multiple crossover with ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]'' from 12 September 2022 to 13 September 2022, on 1 July 2023, on 9 and 14 September 2024, and on 17 and 19 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pushpa-impossible-and-wagle-ki-duniya-mahasangam-on-the-special-occasion-of-ganesh-chaturthi/articleshow/94071335.cms|title=Pushpa Impossible and Wagle ki Duniya mahasangam on the special occasion of Ganesh Chaturthi|date=8 September 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625081714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pushpa-impossible-and-wagle-ki-duniya-mahasangam-on-the-special-occasion-of-ganesh-chaturthi/articleshow/94071335.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Sony SAB’s ‘Wagle Ki Duniya’ & ‘Pushpa Impossible’ to feature longer episodes |url=https://www.adgully.com/sony-sab-s-wagle-ki-duniya--pushpa-impossible-to-feature-longer-episodes-150172.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

From 15 to 19 October 2024, [[Gulki Joshi]] who played role of Haseena Malik in ''[[Maddam Sir]]'' appeared in ''Wagle Ki Duniya''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=Gulki Joshi enters Wagle Ki Duniya to solve an intense case, says 'Haseena Mallik has always stood for justice' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-enters-wagle-ki-duniya-to-solve-an-intense-case-says-haseena-mallik-has-always-stood-for-justice/articleshow/114078354.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Wagle Ki Duniya EXCLUSIVE: Gulki Joshi enters as Haseena Malik; says, 'Grateful to be part of THIS important storyline...' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/wagle-ki-duniya-exclusive-gulki-joshi-enters-as-haseena-malik-says-grateful-to-be-part-of-this-important-storyline-1352642 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Gulki Joshi On Returning As Haseena Malik In Wagle Ki Duniya: ‘I Was Waiting For This’ - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/gulki-joshi-on-returning-as-haseena-malik-in-wagle-ki-duniya-i-was-waiting-for-this-exclusive-article-114080039 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|rowspan= "7" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ITA Awards 2022 Nominees|url=https://www.theita2021.com/|date=March 2022|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|Popular Show - Comedy
|Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|rowspan= "3"|Popular Actor - Comedy
|[[Aanjjan Srivastav]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Sumeet Raghavan]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Sheehan Kapahi
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|rowspan= "3"|Popular Actress - Comedy
|[[Bharati Achrekar]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Pariva Pranati]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Chinmayee Salvi
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|rowspan= "2" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/|title=Entertainment|date=4 July 2023|access-date=14 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207134621/https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Best Director - Comedy
|[[Jamnadas Majethia]] and Sameer Kulkarni
|{{Won}}
|{{cn|date=September 2024}}
|-
|Best Actor - Comedy
|[[Sumeet Raghvan]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/22nd-ita-awards-2022-winners-list-best-awards-full-show-telecast-date-timings-channel|title=22nd ITA Awards 2022 Winners List: Best Awards, Full Show, Telecast Date, Timings, Channel|website=www.tellybest.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan= "6" |2023
|rowspan= "6" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]{{cn|date=September 2024}}
|Best Actor in a Lead Role
|[[Sumeet Raghvan]]
|{{Won}}
| {{cn|date=September 2024}}
|-
|Best Casting Director Award
|Kuldeep Singh Chauhan
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Programme with a Social Message Award
|Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role Award
|[[Aanjjan Srivastav]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast Award
|Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Fan Favourite Child Artist
|Sheehan Kapahi
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=13853152}}
* ''[https://www.sabtv.com/en_in/shows/257/wagle_ki_duniya Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]''
* ''[http://www.hatsoffproduction.com/articles/wagle-ki-duniya-nayi-peedhi-naye-kissey/109 Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]''

{{Sony SAB Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wagle Ki Duniya - Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey}}
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on comic strips]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]

Bimbaji Bhonsle

2026-02-25T06:42:33Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started The Article V1

{{Short description|Subahdar of Chhattisgarh from 1758 to 1787}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Bimbaji Bhonsle
|title = [[Subahdar]] King of [[Ratanpur]]
|image = File:Idol_of_Bimbaji_Bhosale.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|succession = [[Chhattisgarh|Subahdar of Chhattisgarh]]
|reign = 1758–1787
|coronation =
|predecessor = [[Mohansingh (ruler)|Mohan Singh]]
|successor = Chimnaji (second son of [[Mudhoji Bhonsle]])<ref>{{cite book |title=The Nagpur State In The 18th Century |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278288/page/n107/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Chhattisgarh}}</ref>
|spouses = Anandibai<ref name= "nepal"/>
|issue =
|full name =
|house = [[Bhonsles of Nagpur]]
|dynasty =
|father = [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]]
|mother =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 1787
|death_place =
|burial_date =
|burial_place =
}}

'''Bimbaji Bhonsle''' (died 1787) was the youngest son of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]],<ref name="nepal">{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Makhan |title=India and Nepal: Sacred Centres and Anthropological Researches |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-081-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jk6oE4sh18C&dq=Bimbaji&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Nagpur kingdom#Rulers of Nagpur kingdom|Maratha ruler of Nagpur]]. Bimbaji was the ruler of [[Chhattisgarh]] on behalf of the [[Nagpur kingdom#Rulers of Nagpur kingdom|Maharaja of Nagpur]]. However, he was only nominally subordinate to the [[Nagpur kingdom#Rulers of Nagpur kingdom|Maharaja of Nagpur]], as he had a separate army and court with ministers at his capital of [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]].<ref name="past">{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |last2=Dube |first2=Professor of History Center for Asian and African Studies Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3687-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fYPCm1EJeAC&dq=Bimbaji&pg=PA28 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="durg">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Durg |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Bimbaji was the youngest son of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]],<ref name="nepal">{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Makhan |title=India and Nepal: Sacred Centres and Anthropological Researches |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-081-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jk6oE4sh18C&dq=Bimbaji&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Nagpur kingdom#Rulers of Nagpur kingdom|Maratha ruler of Nagpur]]. Bimbaji married Anandibai, who continued to wield her influence in Chhattisgarh after her husband's death and caused small-scale unrest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Provinces (India) |first1=Central |title=Raipur district |date=1909 |publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0mAQAAIAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref> [[Janoji I Bhonsle]] appointed him as the governor of [[Chhattisgarh]] in 1758. When [[Mohansingh (ruler)|Mohan Singh]], the [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom|Haihayavanshi]] ruler of [[Chhattisgarh]] on behalf of Nagpur learnt about this, he prepared an army at [[Raipur]] to oppose Bimbaji but suddenly fell ill and died. Thus Bimbaji faced no opposition in assuming rule of the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: West Nimar |date=1978 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3axhAAAAIAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Sir Arthur Edward |title=Raipur District: Volume A, Descriptive |date=1909 |publisher=Printed at the British India Press, Byculla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVNRqTCIeYAC&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref>

Bimbaji maintained order in Chhattisgarh through military oppression.<ref name= "d">{{cite book |title=Sevartham |date=1988 |publisher=St. Albert's College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9PYAAAAMAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref> Bimbaji collected excess revenue in order to maintain the government, as well as to pay an annual tribute of 7,000 rupees to Nagpur. But this had disadvantageous effects as the revenue of the region dropped considerably from 8 lakhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Durg |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref>
Bimbaji was constantly quarrelling with his nominal overlord at Nagpur, [[Janoji I]], who was also his brother.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute |first1=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research |title=Monograph Series |date=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyYiAQAAIAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=mr}}</ref> During the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] a Khilat{{clarify|date=February 2026}} was sent by the Peshwa to [[Mudhoji Bhonsle]] to invade Bengal and conquer East India Company's capital of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Despite having all required assistance, the Raja of Nagpur was reluctant to receive the khilat. However, when Bimbaji learnt about this, he expressed his desire to invade and burn Calcutta, but never received any khilat in his lifetime. He governed Chhattisgarh from 1758 to 1787.<ref name= "past"/><ref name="nepal"/> After his death, the ''subah'' system was adopted in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-064-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T02CC0ihCmcC&dq=Bimbaji&pg=PA6 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

St. Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai

2026-02-22T18:10:17Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started A Stub

{{cleanup rewrite|History section contains trivia and bizarre wording.|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Xavier's Boys' Academy Mumbai
| native_name =
| logo = XavBoysAcaMumbai.png
| logo_size = 120px
| image = St. Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = St. Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai
| motto = {{nowrap|{{langx|la|Tenebras illuminare et vias dirigere}}}}
| motto_translation = To enlighten darkness and direct paths
| address =
| city = Marine Lines, [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|56|9|N|72|49|41|E|display=title,inline|region:IN-MH_type:edu}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]] primary and secondary school
| language = [[English language|English medium]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic church|Catholicism]]
| denomination = [[Jesuit]]s
| patron = [[St Francis Xavier]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1957|06}}
| founder = Fr. Agnel Sologran, SJ
| status =
| dean =
| administrator = Fr. Arul John Bosco SJ
| rector =
| director =
| principal = Fr. Arul John Bosco SJ
| headmaster =
| staff =
| teaching_staff = 37
| grades = [[K-12 (education)|PreK-10]]
| gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]
| enrollment = {{circa|900}}
| athletics =
| mascot =
| nickname = SXBA
| national_ranking =
| publication = ''Academy Boys' Chronicle''
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliations =
| accreditation = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary Education]]

| website = {{URL|www.sxba.in}}
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| affiliation =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| tuition =
| campus =
| colours =
| houses = {{ubl|{{colour box|yellow}}  Kabir|{{colour box|red}}  Nehru|{{colour box|green}}  Tagore|{{colour box|blue}}  Tilak}}
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
}}

'''St. Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai''' ('''SXBA''') is a [[Private school|private]] primary and secondary school for boys located in Marine Lines, [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The school was established by the [[Jesuit]]s in June 1957 and caters to students enrolled from Jr Kg through 10.<ref name=":2"/> The school is accredited by the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary Education]] to prepare students for their [[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC) Examination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myprivatetutor.com/schools/mumbai/st.-xavier's-boys-academy,-marine-lines|title=St. Xavier's Boys Academy, Marine Lines - Indian(CBSE) School in Mumbai - MyPrivateTutor.com|website=www.myprivatetutor.com|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> SXBA accepts boys of all communities, castes, or creeds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sxba.org/|title=St. Xavier's Boys' Academy|website=www.sxba.org|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref>

==History ==

Following are the years and all the events that were newly introduced in SXBA in the past:<ref>{{cite book |title=Academy Boys' Chronicle |publisher=St. Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai |date=2017 |isbn= |location=Mumbai, India |page= }}</ref>

* June 1957 - St. Xavier's Boys' Academy school was established. The founder of this school was Fr. Agnel Sologran SJ and the first principal was Fr. Eudel Palomera
* 6 December 1957 - 1st inspection of the academy by Inspector Save
* 10 December 1957 - 1st picnic to the [[National park]] by train
* 22 December 1957 - 1st Christmas party on the terrace of the academy with fancy dress, games, refreshments, gifts
* 5 March 1958 - 1st Annual Sports Day at [[Brabourne Stadium]]
* 8 and 9 March 1958 - 1st Parents' Day Celebrations (then called Academy Day)
* 4 March 1958 - The academy's 1st long excursion to [[Kashmir]] and [[North India]]
* 6 August 1958 - The lift starts functioning, but was for parents and visitors, not students{{clarify|date=February 2025}}
* 17 January 1959 - 1st social gathering for parents, teachers and students in 3 groups, according to standards
* 26 September 1959 - 1st 'Dress As You Like Day' introduced in the school. One day in a month set aside for this
* 12 March 1960 - The academy is recognised as a full-fledged high school for standards 5th to 11th
* 29 August 1960 - 1st Medical Inspection in the academy - strong advice of the doctor{{clarify|date=February 2025}}
* 23 December 1960 - Standards 9 introduces the Christmas Tableau - moving scenes of the Nativity of [[Jesus]]
* 4 January 1961 - 1st farewell party of the first batch of S.S.C. students
* 5 June 1961 - 1st S.S.C. results received by the academy. All students in the English medium were declared successful and in the first grade.
* 15 July 1961 - Fr. Palomera says, "It is Election Day - for the first time in the Academy, Captains and Vice Captains are elected in a truly democratic manner"
* September 1961 - The Drama and Music club combine to broadcast in [[All India Radio]], the half-hour show on the Wonderland Programme
* 11 October 1961 - The academy joins the Harris Shield Cricket Tournament
* 1 September 1962 - 1st quiz for the Higher classes on current events and general knowledge
* 20 July 1963 - A swimming club started functioning
* 1975-1976 - 1st and the last H.S.C. batches of Science and Commerce. Fr. Netto said
* 1984 - After the S.S.C. students exams, a batch of S.S.C. students went an adventure led by Pramod Kasliwal and trekked to the [[Himalayas]]

== Management ==
=== Principals ===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
The following individuals have served as principals of the academy.

{| {{Table|sort}}
|-
! Ordinal !! Officeholder !! Term start !! Term end !! Time in office
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}} || Fr. Eudel Palomera, SJ ||align=center|1957 ||align=center|1966 ||align=right|{{age in years|1957|1966}} years
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}} || Fr. Lancy Rodricks, SJ ||align=center|1966 ||align=center|1969 ||align=right|{{age in years|1966|1969}} years
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}} || Fr. Ernest Netto, SJ ||align=center|1969 ||align=center|1971 ||align=right|{{age in years|1969|1971}} years
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}} || Fr. Ernest Netto, SJ ||align=center|1974 ||align=center|1981 ||align=right|{{age in years|1974|1981}} years
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}} || Preema Noronha ||align=center|2011 ||align=center|2023 ||align=right|{{age in years|2011|2023}} years
|}
<ref>https://news.sxba.in/041-bapsa-pays-tribute-to-a-beloved-principal-fr-ernest-netto-s-j</ref>

=== Managers ===
The following individuals have served as managers of the academy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sxba.in/about-us/managers |title=About us: Managers |publisher=St Francis Xavier's Boys' Academy |date=2020 |access-date=4 May 2021 }}</ref>
{| {{Table|sort}}
|-
! Ordinal !! Officeholder !! Term start !! Term end !! Time in office || Notes
|-
|align=center|{{nts|1}} || Fr. Edmund Carasco, SJ ||align=center|2001 ||align=center|2002 ||align=right|{{age in years|2001|2002}} years || Manager and principal
|-
|align=center|{{nts|2}} || Fr. Herman Castelino, SJ ||align=center|{{start date|2007|06}} ||align=center|{{end date|2008|06}} ||align=right|{{age in years|2007|2008}} years ||
|-
|align=center|{{nts|3}} || Fr. Joe Saldanha, SJ ||align=center|{{start date|2008|06}} ||align=center|{{end date|2009|08}} ||align=right|{{age in years|2008|2009}} years ||
|-
|align=center|{{nts|4}} || Fr. Lawrie Ferrao, SJ ||align=center|{{start date|2009|08}} ||align=center|{{end date|2010|05}} ||align=right|{{age in years|2009|2010}} years ||
|-
|align=center|{{nts|5}} || Fr. John Misquitta, SJ ||align=center|{{start date|2010|06}} ||align=center|{{end date|2011|06}} ||align=right|{{age in years|2010|2011}} years ||
|-
|align=center|{{nts|6}} || Fr. Blaise D'Souza, SJ ||align=center|{{start date|2011|06}} ||align=center|''Incumbent'' ||align=right|{{age in years|2011}} years ||
|-
| align=center|{{nts|6}} || Fr. Arul John Bosco SJ ||align=center|{{start date|2023|11}} ||align=center|''2023–present'' ||align=right|{{age in years|2023}} years ||
|}

==School houses ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
All students from standards 5th to 10th are assigned into various [[House system|houses]] as part of the house system. There are four houses:

*{{colour box|yellow}} Kabir house (yellow) - named after [[Kabir]], a Hindu saint
*{{colour box|green}} Tagore house (green) - named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]], an Indian poet, writer and freedom fighter
*{{colour box|red}} Nehru house (red) - named after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's 1st prime minister and a freedom fighter
*{{colour box|blue}} Tilak house (blue) - named after [[Balgangadhar Tilak]], an Indian freedom fighter and teacher

The houses are given to boys once they reach 5th standard, and the house remains the same until the 10th standard.

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]
* [[List of schools in Mumbai]]
* [[Violence against Christians in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://www.sxba.in
*https://sites.google.com/site/sxbasite/news/may-day

{{Mumbai topics|state=autocollapse}}
{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's Boys' Academy, Mumbai}}
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]

St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad

2026-02-21T03:35:08Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: cleanup

{{Infobox school
| name = St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad
| native_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|2|52.35|N|72|32|56.72|E|}}
| other_name =
| nickname = Loyola
| logo = XavLoyolaHallAH.png
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Coat of arms
| motto = {{nowrap|{{langx|la|A teneris impende laborem}}}}
| motto_translation = Apply yourself to hard work from an early age
| address =
| city = [[Naranpura]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| zipcode = 380013
| country = India
| type = Private primary and secondary school
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]]
| denomination = [[Jesuit]]s
| established = {{Start date and age|1956}}
| status =
| principal = Mrs. Jasmine Shaji
| headmaster =
| grades = [[K-12 (education)|K-12]]
| gender = Coeducational
| enrollment =
| athletics =
| mascot =
| accreditation =
| national_ranking =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliations = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.loyolahallahd.com}}
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| logo_size =
| affiliation =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| asst principal =
| tuition =
| campus =
| colors = Blue, red, and white {{color box|blue}}{{color box|red}}{{color box|white}}
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
}}
St. Xavier's Loyola Hall is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] school that offers primary, secondary and higher secondary education in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Since 2006, it has been a co-educational school; prior to 2006, it was an all-boys school.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=St. Xavier's School, Loyola Hall |url=https://www.loyolahallahd.com/the-school.php |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=www.loyolahallahd.com}}</ref>

In 2022, Mrs. Jasmine Shaji was appointed principal of the school.<ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/three-xaviers-girls-accuse-pt-teacher-of-improper-conduct/81844461.html</ref> In 2016, Mrs. Laxmi Iyer was appointed the headmistress of the primary school.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rathod |first=Rahi |date=n.d. |title=St. Xavier's School, Loyola Hall, Raviraj incident |url=https://blogs.mtdv.me/articles/t-phnw5PSD |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=www.loyolahallahd.com}}</ref>

== History ==
St. Xavier's Loyola Hall was founded by Father Fernando Arellano S.J. on December 3, 1956.<ref name=":1" /> An outreach program in the 1960s led by the students and faculty of St. Xavier's Loyola Hall inspired the establishment of the [[St. Xavier's Social Service Society]], a charitable [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - ST. XAVIER'S SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY |url=https://sxsss.org/History |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=sxsss.org}}</ref>

The St. Xavier's Loyola Hall primary school was designed by [[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh C. Patel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Catherine |title=The architecture of Hasmukh C. Patel : selected projects 1963-2003 |date=2017 |others=Bimal Patel |isbn=978-1-935677-65-9 |location=Ahmedabad, India |oclc=953598936}}</ref>

== Academics ==
St. Xavier's Loyola Hall offers K-12 education with each standard consisting of three sections offering English medium instruction and one section offering Gujarati medium instruction. It offers science and commerce streams for standard 11 and 12.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=St. Xavier's High School Loyola Hall {{!}} The Ahmedabad Blog |url=http://theahmedabadblog.com/st-xaviers-high-school-loyola-hall.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Sports Day ==
Sports Day has been an integral part of Loyola's Sports Culture.

There are 4 clubs viz. Lions, Panthers, Bears and Tiger. Each club compete against each other to win the overall tournament. There is a point system based on the games any club player wins. Running, Relay, Cycling, Long Jump, High Jump, and March Past were some the events that take place on Sports Day.

== Facilities ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
St Xavier's Loyola Hall provides students with the following facilities:

* Primary Hall
* Museum
* Zoo
* Kindergarten playground
* Primary playground
* Arts and crafts classroom
* Library
* Laboratories for physics, chemistry and biology
* Laboratories for computer science
* Cricket ground
* Football ground
* Hockey ground
* Tennis courts
* Basketball courts
* Volleyball court
* Table tennis facilities
* Gymnasium
* Skating rinks
* Sports pavilions
* Swimming pool
* Stationary
* Book store
* Primary School Auditorium
* Secondary School Auditorium
* Conference Room
* Audio-visual room

== Notable alumni ==
The following individuals have attended St. Xavier's Loyola Hall:<ref name=":0" />

* [[Geet Sethi]] (former world billiards champion, recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]], the [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]], the K.K. Birla Award and the [[Khel Ratna Award|Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geet Sethi Profile - Indian Billiards Player Geet Sethi Biography - Information on Geet Sethi |url=https://www.iloveindia.com/sports/billiards/players/geetsethi.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.iloveindia.com}}</ref>)
* [[Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora]], Judge at the [[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]]
* [[Bimal Patel (architect)|Bimal Patel]] (recipient of the Padma Shri Award<ref>{{Cite news |title=Architect and urban planner, Dr Bimal Patel to be conferred the Padma Shri Award - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/architect-and-urban-planner-dr-bimal-patel-to-be-conferred-the-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67710611.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |date=28 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>)
* Mervin D'Souza (geologist, led the 20th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOD's HomePage : Annual Report(2000-01) |url=http://164.100.163.217/writereaddata/files/archive/ayr00-01/ar_ane20.htm |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=164.100.163.217}}</ref>)
* [[Vinod Kinariwala]] (Independence activist and freedom fighter)
* [[Arpan Shah]] (an [[India]]n Architect based in [[Ahmedabad]])
* [[Ronit Roy]] an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor recipient of [[Filmfare Award]], five [[ITA Awards]], and six [[Indian Telly Awards]].

== Association of Past Xavierite ==
The Association of Past Xavierites (A. P. X.) came into existence in 1986. The membership has been growing steadily. APX currently has about a 1000 members.

The current office bearers are: Shridhar Derasari, Farida, Bina Shah, Snehal Rajnikant Jadvani, Satpal Singh Chhabda, Shapath Shah.

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Gandhinagar]]
* {{section link|List of Jesuit educational institutions|Schools}}
* [[List of schools in Gujarat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Jesuit Schools of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall}}
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Bombay State]]

Air India Express Flight 611

2026-02-19T22:27:53Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: New

{{multiple issues|
{{notability|events|date=August 2021}}
{{nf|date=August 2021}}}}
{{short description|2018 aviation incident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = Air India Express Boeing 737-800 Spijkers.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VT-AYD, the aircraft involved in the incident, pictured in 2011
| occurrence_type = Incident
| date = {{start-date|11 October 2018}}
| summary = [[Tailstrike]] due to captain's backrest collapsing and [[pilot error]]
| site = [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|45.94|N|78|42.90|E|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| total_injuries = 1
| ground_injuries = 1
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-800]]
| aircraft_name =
| operator = [[Air India Express]]
| IATA = IX611
| ICAO = AXB611
| callsign = EXPRESS INDIA 611
| tail_number = VT-AYD
| origin = [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = [[Dubai International Airport]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| occupants = 136
| passengers = 130
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 0
| survivors = 136
}}
'''Air India Express Flight 611''' was an international flight from [[Tiruchirappalli]], India, to [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates. On 11 October 2018, the [[Boeing 737 800|Boeing 737-800]], registration VT-AYD, operating the flight suffered a severe tail strike and crashed into the [[localizer antenna]] and perimeter wall, due to the captain's backrest collapsing on [[takeoff]]. The aircraft continued to fly towards the UAE. When it was nearing Oman, it was diverted to [[Mumbai]], India, where it landed safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Flight 611 (ASN) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20181012-0 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=India.com News Desk |title=Air India Trichy-Dubai IX-611 Flight Hits ATC Compound Wall With 136 Passengers On-board |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/air-indias-trichy-dubai-flight-hits-atc-compound-wall-with-136-passengers-on-board-3376531/ |publisher=india.com |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

==Incident==
Conditions were good, and the captain chose to take off from Runway 27. ATC granted Flight 611 takeoff clearance at 00:49 hours. The thrust was set to 98% for takeoff, and as is standard procedure, the captain placed his hand on the thrust levers ready to pull them closed in case of a [[rejected takeoff]]. Once the aircraft had accelerated to {{convert|117|kn|km/h mph}}, the backrest of the captain's seat suddenly collapsed. That caused him to inadvertently pull the thrust levers back, reducing thrust from 98% to 77%. The captain immediately called "your controls", giving the first officer control of the aircraft. Due to the sudden and unprecedented problem, the first officer failed to confirm the position of the thrust levers, a mandatory step if a pilot becomes incapacitated. Once he had recovered his position, the captain took back control of the aircraft with {{convert|2000|ft}} of runway left. Despite requiring more force than usual, the captain was able to rotate and the aircraft began to lift off with {{convert|1000|ft}} of runway still available. However, during the takeoff, the aircraft collided with the airport fence, an ILS antenna, and a brick wall. A motorist passing the brick wall was struck by debris and injured.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kainth |first1=Shamsher |title=Air India plane hits a brick wall, continues to fly for hours |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/air-india-plane-hits-a-brick-wall-continues-to-fly-for-hours |publisher=SBSPunjabi |access-date=18 October 2021 |date=16 October 2018}}</ref>

Once airborne, both pilots realized the aircraft was vibrating, which they attributed to wake turbulence and did nothing. [[Cabin crew]] at the rear of the aircraft felt a bump during takeoff and relayed that observation to the senior cabin crew at the first opportunity, although they believed the noise was caused by cargo moving. At the [[Trichy]] ATC Tower, operators become aware that the [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] Localizer was no longer working. Tower staff dispatched a crew to inspect the antenna, who discovered that it had been destroyed and that the one and a half meter-tall boundary wall had sustained significant damage, with parts of the aircraft skin embedded. The damage was found to be from the landing gear.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

Flight 611 crew were informed of that by ATC at 00:56 but, inexplicably, decided to proceed with the flight, in violation of the [[tailstrike]] protocol, which states that the aircraft must not be pressurized and must land at the nearest available airport. The crew maintained an altitude of {{convert|21,000|ft|m}} while testing the landing gear and other systems. They soon requested to climb to {{convert|35,000|ft|m}}. Whilst the flight carried on towards Dubai, an [[Air India Express]] representative attended Tiruchirappalli Airport and inspected the damage done. Shortly thereafter, the company contacted the flight crew and instructed them to divert to [[Mumbai]], despite the stricken aircraft being much closer to [[Dubai]]. Flight 611 touched down safely at [[Mumbai Airport]] at 05:38 hours, with the [[emergency services]] standing by.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selk |first1=Avi |title=Boeing 737 flies into brick wall — and just keeps going |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2018/10/13/boeing-flies-into-brick-wall-just-keeps-going/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=18 October 2021 |date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

After the aircraft had parked at a stand, an inspection found a large hole in the underside of the plane, with a light and [[VHF]] antenna having been ripped off, as well as damage to the landing gear, the left horizontal stabilizer, and the cowling of the number two engine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandra |first1=Jagriti |title=Air India Express fiasco: 'Aircraft could have flown safely to Dubai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-india-express-fiasco-aircraft-could-have-flown-safely-to-dubai/article25217393.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Air India plane hits wall on take-off |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45833239 |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Bard |title=Air India plane hits wall on takeoff |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/12/asia/air-india-flight-crash-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The subsequent investigation found that the collapse of the captain's backrest was due to over-tightening of the reclining mechanism. The investigation also found that had the [[First officer (aviation)|first officer]] implemented a rejected takeoff, the aircraft would have had sufficient runway to come to a stop safely. Had either the first officer or captain increased thrust back to 98%, Flight 611 would have taken off safely.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Emirates Flight 407]] - a tailstrike caused by too little thrust on takeoff.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

{{aviation accidents and incidents in 2018}}
{{Air India}}
{{aviation accidents and incidents in India}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2018]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:October 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:2018 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Next Generation]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by tailstrikes]]

Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki

2026-02-18T17:12:42Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: improve references based on references

{{short description|Indian social drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shakti_title.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Rashmi Sharma Shanti Bhushan Madhu Pandey Vikram Khurana }}
| screenplay = Shilpa F D'Mello Sancheeta Bose '''Dialogues''' Sharad Chandra Tripathi
| director = Pankaj Kumar
| creative_director = Rohit K Mukherjee Soniaa Mehta
 Palash Mandol Asma Ashfaque
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| theme_music_composer = [[Anand Raaj Anand]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Richa-Sharma-and-Anand-Raaj-Anand-to-sing-title-track-of-Shakti-Astitva-Ke-Ehsaas-Kii/articleshow/52801326.cms|title=Richa Sharma and Anand Raaj Anand to sing title track of Shakti … Astitva Ke Ehsaas Kii|date=17 June 2016|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1360
| producer = Rashmi Sharma Pawan Kumar Marut
| cinematography = Danny Santosh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21 minutes approx.
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2016|5|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2021|10|1}}
}}
'''''Shakti — Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki''''' ({{Translation|''Strength — feeling of existence''}}) is an Indian Hindi-language social drama [[television series]] produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms airing from 30 May 2016 to 1 October 2021 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Richa-Sharma-and-Anand-Raaj-Anand-to-sing-title-track-of-Shakti-Astitva-Ke-Ehsaas-Kii/articleshow/52801326.cms|title=Richa Sharma and Anand Raaj Anand to sing title track of Shakti … Astitva Ke Ehsaas Kii|date=17 June 2016|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred [[Vivian Dsena]], [[Rubina Dilaik]], [[Jigyasa Singh]], [[Simba Nagpal]] and [[Cezanne Khan]]. This show is the fourth [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running television show of Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/colors-to-air-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii-from-30-may-160526|title=Colors to air 'Shakti…Astitva Ke Ehsaas Kii' from 30 May|last=|first=|date=2016-05-26|website=Indian Television|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/jigyasa-singh-on-playing-transgender-in-colors-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki/|title=Jigyasa Singh on playing transgender in Colors' Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|last=|first=|date=2020-01-18|website=EasternEye|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in rural [[Punjab]], Maninder and his mother Nalini try to bury the one-year-old Soumya alive. They are caught by Nimmi who saves her and warns Maninder that if he and Nalini try to kill Soumya again, she will not spare them.

Soumya is a quiet and simple girl, raised lovingly by Nimmi but is hated by Maninder and Nalini. Her sister, Surbhi receives all of their father and grandmother's love and attention.

Now grown up, Soumya mostly lives inside. Currently in college, Surbhi teaches a lesson to the spoilt troublemaker Harman. Vengeful, he vows to punish her but mistakenly kidnaps Soumya. Harman's father, Harak Singh orders Harman to marry Soumya in order to avoid social embarrassment. They marry and soon fall in love. Nimmi reveals Soumya's truth that she is an [[intersex]].

This leaves Harman enraged, but he later starts loving Soumya. Knowing Soumya's truth, Harman's mother, Preeto, traumatizes Nimmi, who dies of [[cardiac arrest]]. Later, Preeto asks Soumya to pitch Harman and Surbhi. For Soumya's sake, the two marry but Surbhi later divorces Harman in order to not come between him and Soumya. Preeto tells the truth to Harman that she first married Harak's elder brother, but after few years of marriage he left her, then she married Harak Singh and they give birth to Harman and Raavi. Harak's nephew, Varun, who hates Harak, marries Surbhi to remain close to them pretending to be supportive. Eventually, Preeto realizes her misdeeds and accepts Soumya.

After numerous twists, Varun is finally disowned by Harak, who finds out his intentions. Pregnant, Surbhi returns from Delhi. In a confrontation, Varun ends up accidentally injuring her. Before dying, Surbhi delivers a son, Soham and hands over Soumya his responsibility. Varun is jailed for Surbhi's murder.

Preeto again starts hating Soumya, as she had to do widow's ritual, after her first husband, Nihaal's death. Thus, Soumya leaves them with Soham and lives in Mallika's community. She takes care of Vedant Bansal, who falls for her. As she rejects him, Vedant gets Harman jailed to blackmail Soumya. Soumya fakes her marriage to save Harman, who misunderstood her. In envy, Harman marries Mahi.

Soon after, Harman has liver problems due to excessive drinking. Mahi is pregnant. Harman finds out the truth about Soumya and Vedant's fake marriage and how Vedant threatened Soumya. He comes to save her but gets assumed dead as Vedant pushes him off a cliff and thus is jailed. Soumya and Preeto reunite and adopt Vedant's nephew, Rohan. Later, Mahi delivers an intersex child and disowns her. Soumya and Preeto stop Mahi and take responsibility of the child. Harak names the child Heer, unaware of her truth.

Heer is a bubbly girl, brought up by Soumya and Preeto. On knowing her truth, Harak intends to kill Heer but is arrested. Bailed, Varun returns and tries to get Soham back. But Maninder exposes he killed Surbhi so Soham disowns him. The police allows Harak to meet Preeto. Harak asks to send Soumya away if she wants him to accept Heer. Preeto agrees; Soumya leaves with a tearful goodbye but vows to return after years.

Heer is grown into a strong girl and is fiercely protected by Soham and Rohan. Heer falls in love with Virat and they elope to marry. However, Preeto reveals Heer's truth to Virat who initially hates her. Later, Virat realizes that he loves Heer and hides her truth. Virat and Heer marry. Eventually, everyone learns Heer's long-hidden truth. Heer blames her family for hiding her truth but soon understands their love for her. Angel manipulates Heer into joining their clan. Later, Virat comes to get her but gets beaten up. Heer falls off a cliff and presumed died while trying to save Virat.

After 6 months, Heer is shown to be alive and working as a caretaker and namesake family member of Dr. Akshay's family. Virat has gone mad. Heer returns to her family finding about Virat, who recovers and reunites with her. They are attacked by Angel. Soumya returns home after 16 years to protect her family. Surprisingly back and alive, Harman also reconciles with the family after years, proving he is Harman, though his face changed (as he got surgery). Angel is jailed. Soumya and Harman unite with Heer after years, who also remarries Virat. Heer hires a maid Gitu, who is molested by Virat's brother, Daljit. Heer fights for Gitu's justice but is killed by Parmeet, Daljeet and Sant Baksh.

Soumya, Harman and Virat eventually learn about Heer's death. They make Parmeet, Daljeet and Santbaksh confess their crime who get arrested. Raavi's son, Chintu returns to destroy Harak's family. Preeto and Soumya save a transgender baby from being buried alive. They adopt the child, being supported by entire family. Chintu and Angel team up to snatch the family happiness, but finally realize their mistakes. Preeto names the baby as Shagun. Soumya wills to protect and raise her by letting her know her truth. The show ends on a happy note, with the family united.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Vivian Dsena]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kamya-punjabi-pens-emotional-note-as-vivian-dsena-bids-adieu-to-shakti-1582582-2019-08-20|title=Kamya Punjabi pens emotional note as Vivian Dsena bids adieu to Shakti|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28|agency=Ist}}</ref> as Harman Singh: Harak and Preeto's son; Raavi's brother; Nihaal, Veeran, Harjeet and Sukhwinder's nephew; Chintu, Sindhu, Praval, Varun and Gurmeet's cousin; Soham's uncle and adoptive-father; Soumya, Surbhi and Mahi's husband; Heer's father; Rohan's adoptive father (2016—2019)
** [[Cezanne Khan]] replaced Vivian Dsena as Harman Singh (2021)
* [[Rubina Dilaik]] as [[Intersex]] Soumya Singh: Maninder and Nimmi's daughter; Surbhi's sister; Harman's first wife ; Nalini's granddaughter; Anjana's granddaughter; Soham's aunt and step-mother; Harak and Preeto's daughter-in-law; Raavi's sister-in-law; Heer's step-mother; Rohan's adoptive-mother (2016—2020)(2021)
** Mahira Khurana as Child Soumya Singh (2016)
* [[Jigyasa Singh]] as Heer Virat Singh: Harman and Mahi's daughter; Soumya's stepdaughter; Chintu and Soham's cousin; Virat's wife (2020–2021) (Dead)
** Sumaiya Khan as Child Heer Singh (2019–2020)
* [[Simba Nagpal]] as Virat Singh: Parmeet and Sant Baksh's younger son; Daljeet and Simran's brother; Heer's widower (2020–2021)

===Recurring===
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Preeto Kaur Singh: Payal's daughter; Sukhwinder's sister; Nihaal's ex-wife; Harak's wife; Harman and Raavi's mother; Chintu and Heer's grandmother (2016–2021)
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Harak Singh: Nihaal, Veeran and Harjeet's brother; Preeto's husband; Harman and Raavi's father; Chintu and Heer's grandfather (2016–2021)
* [[Lakshya Handa]] as Varun Singh: Harjeet and Amarinder's son; Surbhi's ex-husband; Sweety's husband; Soham's father (2016–2019; 2019–2020)
* [[Garima Jain]] / [[Pooja Singh]] as Raavi Singh: Preeto and Harak's daughter; Harman's sister; Balwinder and Jeet's ex-wife; Chintu's mother (2016–2018) / (2018–2021)
* Bhuvan Chopra as Veeran Singh: Nihaal, Harak and Harjeet's brother; Shanno's husband; Sindhu and Praval's father (2016–2021)
* Aarya Rawal as Shanno Singh: Veeran's wife; Sindhu and Praval's mother (2016–2021)
* Ekta Singh as Mallika Khanna: [[Transgender]]; Milkha's sister; Soumya's mother-figure (2016–2021)
* Kajol Saroj as Kareena: [[Transgender]]; Soumya and Heer's enemy (2016–2018; 2019; 2020; 2021) (Dead)
* Tushar Kawale as Chintu "Angad" Singh: Raavi and Balwinder's son (2021)
** Unknown as Child Chintu Singh (2017–2018)
* Nidhi Bhavsar / Vaani Sharma as Sindhu Khurana: Veeran and Shanno's daughter; Praval's sister; Ankush's wife (2019–2020) / (2020–2021)
** [[Ashlesha Thakur]] as Child Sindhu Singh (2016–2017)
* [[Meherzan Mazda]] as Rohan Singh: Rekha and Vidhaan's son; Soumya's adoptive son; Simran's husband (2020–2021)
** Unknown/[[Meet Mukhi]] as Child Rohan Singh (2019–2020)
* [[Avinash Mukherjee]] as Soham Singh: Surbhi and Varun's son; Soumya and Harman's adopted son (2020)
** Vivaan Yogesh Sharma as Child Soham Singh (2019–2020)
* Sarika Dhillon as Mahi Singh: Harman's ex-wife; Heer's mother (2019–2021)
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Sant Baksh Singh: Baksh's son; Tejinder's brother; Parmeet's husband; Daljeet, Simran and Virat's father (2020–2021)
* Gauri Tonk/[[Jasveer Kaur]] as Parmeet Singh: Sant Baksh's wife; Daljeet, Simran and Virat's mother (2020) / (2020–2021)
* Rachana Mistry/Visha Vira as Simran Singh: Parmeet and Sant Baksh's daughter; Daljeet and Virat's sister; Rohan's wife (2020–2021) / (2021)
* [[Aakash Talwar]] as Daljeet Singh: Parmeet and Sant Baksh's elder son; Simran and Virat's brother; Gurwinder's husband (2020–2021)
* [[Ekroop Bedi]] as Gurwinder Singh: Daljeet's wife (2020–2021)
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Tejinder Singh: Baksh's daughter; Sant Baksh's sister (2020)
* [[Paintal (comedian)|Kanwarjit Paintal]] as Baksh Singh: Sant Baksh and Tejinder's father; Daljeet, Simran and Virat's grandfather (2020)
* Sonam Arora as Angel: [[Transgender]]; Maharani's disciple; Soumya and Heer's enemy (2020–2021)
* [[Roshni Sahota]]/Iti Kaurav as Surbhi Singh: Nimmi and Maninder's younger daughter; Soumya's sister; Harman and Varun's ex-wife; Soham's mother (2016–2018) / (2018–2019) (Dead)
** Tasheen Shah as Child Surbhi Singh (2016)
* [[Reena Kapoor]] as Nimmi Kaur Singh: Anjana's daughter; Maninder's wife; Soumya and Surbhi's mother; Soham's grandmother (2016) (Dead)
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Maninder Singh: Nalini's son; Nimmi's widower; Soumya and Surbhi's father; Soham's grandfather (2016–2019; 2019–2020)
* Dishi Duggal as Anjana Singh: Nimmi's mother; Soumya and Surbhi's grandmother; Soham's great-grandmother (2016–2019) (Dead)
* Mamata Luthra as Nalini Singh: Maninder's mother; Soumya and Surbhi's grandmother; Soham's great-grandmother (2016–2019; 2019–2020)
* [[Tanvi Kishore]] as Sweety Singh: Varun's wife (2019)
* Prakash Ramchandani as Nihal Singh: Harak, Veeran and Harjeet's brother; Preeto's ex-husband (2019) (Dead)
* Unknown/Rishikesh Ingley/Kush Sharma as Balwinder Singh: Kishanlal's son; Raavi's former husband; Chintu's father (2016–2017) / (2017–2019) / (2021) (Dead)
* Unknown as Kishanlal Singh: Balwinder's father; Chintu's grandfather (2016–2018; 2021)
* [[Krutika Desai Khan]] as Payal Singh: Preeto and Sukha's mother; Harman, Raavi and Garry's grandmother (2018)
* Jaswant Menaria as Sukhwinder Singh: Payal's son; Preeto's brother; Sunaina's husband; Gurmeet's father (2019)
* [[Shivani Gosain]] as Sunaina Singh: Sukhwinder's wife; Gurmeet's mother (2019)
* [[Rohit Chandel]] as Gurmeet Singh: Sunaina and Sukhwinder's son (2019)
* [[Sahil Uppal]] as Vedant Bansal: Sunil's son; Rekha's brother; Soumya's obsessive lover (2019)
* [[Shweta Sinha]] as Rekha Bansal: Sunil's daughter; Vedant's sister; Vidhaan's wife; Rohan's mother (2019) (Dead)
* Unknown as Vidhaan Singh: Rekha's husband; Rohan's father (2019) (Dead)
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Sunil Bansal: Harak and Harman's business partner; Rekha and Vedant's father; Rohan's grandfather (2019)
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Arjun: Vedant's ally (2019)
* Hitanshu Jinsi as Ankush Khurana: Sindhu's husband (2019)
* [[Preeti Puri]] as Dr. Gayatri Mathur (2019)
* Avisha Shahu as Reet Mathur: Gayatri's daughter; Heer, Rohan and Soham's friend (2019)
* [[Rohit Roy]] as Nishant Bhalla (2019)
* Emir Shah as Monty: Harman's friend (2016)
* Shivani Chakraborty as Mahima: Shanno's relative; Harman's ex-fiancée (2016)
* Mahi Sharma as Kalsi: Soumya and Surbhi's best friend (2016–2017)
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as Sharmani: [[Transgender]] (2016–2017)
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] as Mohini: Harak's former mistress (2017–2018)
* [[Anand Goradia]] as Maharani: [[Transgender]]; Soumya's enemy from [[Bangkok]]; Angel's mentor (2017; 2018; 2019)
* Chhavi Awasthi as Chameli: [[Transgender]] (2017–2021)
* Sonal Handa as Jeet Singh: Motilal's son; Jasleen's brother; Raavi's former husband (2018)
* [[Amrita Prakash]] as Jasleen Kaur Singh: Motilal's daughter; Jeet's sister; Harman's childhood friend (2018)
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Motilal Singh: Jasleen and Jeet's father; Harak's friend (2018)
* Dheeraj Gumbar as Sumit Kapoor: Surbhi's business partner and friend (2018)
* [[Sahil Mehta]] as Sameer Singh: Gopika's son; Soumya's obsessive lover (2018)
* Tiya Gandwani as Dr. Lavneet Kaushal: Harman's obsessive lover (2018)
* Alka Mogha as Gopika Singh: Sameer's mother (2018)
* Shiva Gupta as Esha: Heer's friend (2020)
* Prerna Panwar as Nutan: [[Transgender]]; Heer's best friend (2020)
* Sonya Ayodhya as Jharna Narula: Uttam's daughter; Virat's former fiancée (2020)
* [[Naveen Saini]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Uttam Narula: Jharna's father (2020)
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Indrajit Shergill (2020)
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as Shyam: [[Transgender]]; Angel's partner (2021)
* Pankaj Bhatia as Jagjit Singh: Jatinder's elder son; Akshay's brother; Archana's husband (2021)
* Bhawna Hada / [[Kaveri Priyam]] as Dr. Isha Hooda: Virat's childhood friend (2021)
* Anahita Jahabaksh as Jatinder Kaul: Jagjit and Akshay's mother; Kuhu's grandmother (2021)
* Neha Narang as Archana Kaul: Jagjit's wife (2021)
* [[Kapil Nirmal]] as Jeet (2021)
* Sanjeev Siddharth as Harishchandra: Jeet's grandfather (2021)
* [[Puneett Chouksey]] as Dr. Akshay Kaul: Jatinder's younger son; Jagjit's brother; Kuhu's father; Heer and Virat's friend (2021)
* Salman Shaikh as Arjun Randhawa: Kamini's son; Nayantara's brother; Simran's ex-boyfriend (2021)
* [[Dharti Bhatt]] as Nayantara Randhawa: Kamini's daughter; Arjun's sister; Virat's former bride (2021)
* Unknown as Kamini Randhawa: Parmeet's childhood friend; Arjun and Nayantara's mother (2021)
* Paras Zutshi as Guru: Heer and Virat's friend (2021)
* [[Abigail Jain]] as Riya (2019)
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Shruti Bhalla (2019)
* [[Nikita Sharma]] as Archana Kapoor (2019)
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Advocate Navjot Chaddha (2019)
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Advocate Rajat Singh (2019)
* Preetika Chauhan as Sneha Singh (2019)
* [[Roopal Tyagi]] as Manasvi (2019)

===Special appearances===
* [[Salman Khan]] to promote ''[[Big Boss 10]]'' (2016)
* [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] to promote ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]'' (2017)
* [[Jay Soni]] as Bakool Vasavda from ''[[Bhaag Bakool Bhaag]]'' (2017)
* [[Helly Shah]] as Devanshi Bakshi from ''[[Devanshi (TV series)|Devanshi]]'' (2017)
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Pavan Bakshi from ''Devanshi'' (2017)
* [[Varun Kapoor]] as Dr. Veer Malhotra from ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]'' (2017)
* [[Swarda Thigale]] as Dr. Saachi Malhotra/Mishra from ''Savitri Devi College & Hospital'' (2017)
* [[Vikram Sakhalkar]] as Dr. Kabir Kapoor from ''Savitri Devi College & Hospital'' (2017)
* [[Meera Deosthale]] as Chakor Rajvanshi from ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'' (2017)/(2018)
* [[Sahil Uppal]] as Kunal Singhania from ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]'' (2017)
* [[Sangeita Chauhan]] as Meghna Singhania from ''Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman'' (2017)
* [[Sidharth Shukla]] as Parth Bhanushali from ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak (TV series)|Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' (2017)
* [[Rashami Desai]] as Shorvori Parth Bhanushali from ''Dil Se Dil Tak'' (2017)
* [[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Teni Bhanushali from ''Dil Se Dil Tak'' (2017)
* [[Arjun Bijlani]] as Deep Raj Singh/Deep Raichand from ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' (2018)
* [[Aalisha Panwar]] as Aarohi Raichand from ''Ishq Mein Marjawan'' (2018)
* [[Ritvik Arora]] as Ahaan Dhanrajgir from ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]'' (2018)
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] to promote ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]'' (2017)
* [[Krystle D'Souza]] as Roopa from ''[[Belan Wali Bahu]]'' (2018)
* [[Harshad Chopda]] as Aditya Hooda from ''[[Bepannah]]'' (2018)
* [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]] as Pankti Dhanrajgir from ''Tu Aashiqui'' (2018)
* [[Affan Khan]] as Young Roopendra Singh Vaghela to promote ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]'' (2018)
* [[Ankita Lokhande]] on [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] (2018)
* [[Mouni Roy]] on Ganesh Chaturthi (2018)
* [[Gauahar Khan]] on Ganesh Chaturthi (2018)
* [[Shashank Vyas]] as Roopendra Singh Vaghela from ''Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop'' (2018)
* [[Avika Gor]] as Anushka Sangwan from ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2]]'' (2018)
* [[Drashti Dhami]] as Nandini Thakur from ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' (2018)
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Milkha Singh Khanna – Mallika's brother (2019)
* [[Arjit Taneja]] as Azaan from ''[[Bahu Begum]]'' (2019)
* [[Samiksha Jaiswal]] as Noor from ''Bahu Begum'' (2019)
* [[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Reyansh Khurana from ''[[Pavitra Bhagya]]'' (2020)
* Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia as Meher from ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'' (2020)
* Siddharth Kumar For Online Promotion of NIIT Class (2021)
* Meenakshi Sharma as Meenakshi: Akshay's former's girlfriend, Kuhu's mother (only in flashbacks) (2021)

==Production==
===Casting===
After a ten-year leap in June 2016, child actors Mahira Khurrana and Tasheen Shah were replaced by [[Rubina Dilaik]] and [[Roshni Sahota]] respectively. [[Vivian Dsena]] was roped in as the male lead. Besides them [[Kamya Panjabi]], [[Sudesh Berry]], [[Garima Jain]], Bhuvan Chopra, Aarya Rawal, [[Ashlesha Thakur]] and Lakshya Handa joined the cast.

In November 2016 [[Reena Kapoor]] quit the series and her character Nimmi died. It had a crossover with [[Sasural Simar Ka]] in April 2017 and [[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]] in June 2017. In August 2017 [[Anand Goradia]] was chosen to play Maharani. In November 2017 [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] bagged the series as Mohini. Three months later, Jain left the show and was replaced by [[Pooja Singh]]. Later [[Amrita Prakash]] was roped in to play Jasleen. Some other new cast entered including [[Sahil Mehta]], [[Hemant Choudhary]], Alka Mogha and Sonal Handa.

Afterwards [[Krutika Desai Khan]] played Payal but she later quit the show. The same month Sahota too quit. During Soumya and Harman's memory loss story, Tiya Gandwani joined the cast as Lavneet Kaushal whereas Mehta and Mogha returned. In very late of December 2018 Iti Kaurav replaced Sahota as Surbhi, but quit after a short 10 episodes in January 2019, before Jaswant Menaria, [[Shivani Gosain]] and Rohit Chandel joined the cast. In March 2019, [[Rohit Roy]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Mouli Ganguly]] and [[Roopal Tyagi]] were cast and [[Aashish Kaul]] appeared in a special appearance.

Next month, [[Nidhi Bhavsar]] and Hitanshu Jinsi entered. In May 2019, [[Nikita Sharma]] and Prakash Ramchandani were seen in the series. In June 2019, [[Sahil Uppal]] entered in a negative role along with [[Rajesh Puri]]. In July 2019, Sarika Dhillon became a part of the show. Next month, [[Shweta Sinha]] was cast for a short appearance and Dsena quit because of not wanting to play a father, as a five-year leap was confirmed.

In September 2019, child actors Sumaiya Khan, Vivaan Sharma and [[Meet Mukhi]] were cast in the series. In October 2019, Mamta Luthra, Handa and [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] returned while Preeti Puri and Avisha Shahu became a part of the show. Initially the 16 year leap was planned for November 2019, but got extended to January 2020. Dilaik quit the show, and several actors joined the cast, with [[Jigyasa Singh]] and [[Simba Nagpal]] as new leads. Others included [[Avinash Mukherjee]], [[Meherzan Mazda]], [[Parag Tyagi]], Gauri Tonk, [[Paintal (comedian)|Kanwarjit Paintal]], [[Aakash Talwar]], Vaani Sharma, [[Ekroop Bedi]] and Rachana Mistry. In February 2020, Sonyaa Ayodhya, Prerna Panwar and [[Naveen Saini]] were hired. In late June 2020 actress Gauri Tonk quit the show and was replaced by [[Jasveer Kaur]]. In October 2020, [[Avinash Mukherjee]] also left the show.

In February 2021, Aarya Rawal who played as Shanno quit the show. In March 2021, [[Rubina Dilaik]] joined the show again. In April 2021, [[Cezanne Khan]] replaced [[Vivian Dsena]] and joined the show as Harman Singh.

== Music ==
The songs "Title Song", "Tera Ishq Hai Meri Ibaadat" and "Jag Begana Hoya Na Peer" were composed by [[Anand Raaj Anand]]. The songs were sung by [[Shahid Mallya]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], Yashika Sikka and Siddharth Amit Bhavsar. "Dil kyun Teri Aur chala re" was composed by [[Sargam Jassu]] and [[Nakash Aziz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richa Sharma and Anand Raj Anand bring life to the title track of Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Kii |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/richa-sharma-and-anand-raj-anand-bring-life-to-the-title-track-of-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii_92229 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!SI.no
!Title
!Singer(s)
!length
|-
|1
|Shakti (Title Song)
|[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
|3:31
|-
|2
|Tera Ishq Hai Meri Ibadat
|[[Shahid Mallya]] and Richa Sharma
|5:00
|-
|3
|Jag Begana Hoya Na Peer
|[[Anand Raaj Anand]]
|03:50
|-
|4
|Dil Kyun Teri Aur Chala Re
|Yashika Sikka & Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
|03:15
|-
|5
|Yeh Nasiba Bhi Kya Cheez Hai
|Richa Sharma
|3:01
|}

== Reception ==
The show has been dubbed into multiple languages, including [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Indonesian language|Bahasa Indonesia]], [[Bahasa Melayu]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Thai language|Thai]], with [[Kannada]] being another notable dubbed language mentioned.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title=Hindi show 'Shakti- Astitva Ke Ehsaas Kii' to be dubbed in Kannada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/hindi-show-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii-to-be-dubbed-in-kannada/articleshow/89053177.cms#:~:text=Hindi%20show%20'Shakti-%20Astitva%20Ke,You%20are%20in%20() |access-date=2025-09-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In late 2016, Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki achieved a TRP rating of 5.55 under the old system, making it a top-rated show that week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |title=BARC report: Mouni Roy's Naagin 2 and Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki rule the TRP charts |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/barc-report-mouni-roys-naagin-2-and-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki-rule-the-trp-charts-1633771/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-27 |title=TV Shows Off Air: 5 टीवी शोज पर गिरी गाज, Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki से Tera Yaar Hoon Main तक पर लगेगा ताला! |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/tv-show-5-colors-and-sab-tv-serial-going-off-air-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki-qurbaan-hua-to-kaatelal-and-sons-hero-gayab-mode-on/356172 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref> The show was reported to have taken the No. 1 spot on the TRP charts at some point.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2016-11-10 |title=Rubina Dilaik's 'Shakti' rules the TRP charts! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/rubina-dilaiks-shakti-rules-the-trp-charts-444071 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7509964}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Transgender-related television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2010s LGBTQ-related drama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Raorchestes hassanensis

2026-02-09T09:08:36Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating First Bio V1...

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Raorchestes ponmudi (Large Ponmudi bush frog).jpg
| image_caption = From [[Agumbe]], [[Karnataka]], India.
| image2 = Dutta's Bubble-nest Frog imported from iNaturalist photo 170955562 on 11 April 2024.jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN />
| taxon = Raorchestes hassanensis
| authority = (Dutta, 1985)
| range_map =
| synonyms = *''Philautus montanus'' Rao, 1937 non Taylor, 1920
*''Philautus hassanensis'' Dutta, 1985
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=AMNH />
}}

'''''Raorchestes hassanensis''''', the '''Hassan bush frog''' or '''Dutta's bubble-nest frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is endemic to [[India]], including the [[Western Ghat]]s.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Raorchestes hassanensis'' (Dutta, 1985)
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-hassanensis
|access-date=August 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes hassanensis'' (Dutta, 1985)
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8964
|access-date=August 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Dutta's Bubble-nest Frog: ''Raorchestes hassanensis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/87739519/87739538
|article-number=e.T87739519A87739538
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T87739519A87739538.en
|id=87739519
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=March 12, 2024}}</ref>

Scientists once believed this population to be part of ''[[Raorchestes flaviventris]]'' but a reassessment was published in 2015.<ref name=Amph /><ref name=Reap>{{cite journal|date=November 24, 2015 |volume=4048|issue=1|pages=90–100|doi =10.11646/zootaxa.4048.1.5|title=A reappraisal of the rhacophorid bush frog Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882), with an evaluation of the taxonomic status of R. emeraldi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu and Shankar, 2014 |pmid=26624738|author1=Robin Kurian Abraham |author2=Anil Zachariah |author3= Vivek Philip Cyriac |type=Abstract|journal=Zootaxa|doi-access=free}}</ref>

This frog lives in [[evergreen]] and [[shola]] forests and has also been observed on coffee and tea plantations. It seems to tolerate some level of habitat disturbance but not an entirely open [[canopy (biology)|canopy]].<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists classify this frog as near threatened because its moderate range faces only moderate threat and because the frog shows some ability to live in altered habitats. The fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' can infect other frogs in ''Raorchestes'', so the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]] may pose some threat as well.<ref name=IUCN />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q22009396}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1985]]
[[Category:Raorchestes|hassanensis]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-27T20:18:11Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: minor update lead for consistency additionally and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1967
| next_election = 1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1977
| seats_for_election = 60 seats in the Assembly
| majority_seats = 31
| election_date = 11 March 1972
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| image1 = Cow and Calf INC.svg
| leader1 = [[Sukhamoy Sen Gupta]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Agartala Town III Assembly constituency|Agartala Town III]]
| last_election1 = 27/30
| seats1 = 41
| seat_change1 =-
| popular_vote1 = 224,821
| percentage1 = 44.83%

| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| image2 = File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg
| leader2 =-
| leaders_seat2 =-
| last_election2 = 2/30
| seats2 = 16
| seat_change2 =-
| popular_vote2 = 189,667
| percentage2 = 37.82%


| map_image = Tripura map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Tripura]] District Map

| title = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|CM]]
| before_election = [[President's rule]]
| before_party =
| after_election = [[Sukhamoy Sen Gupta]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
[[File:Tripura in India.png|thumb|right|[[Tripura]]]]

[[Tripura]] was recognized as a state in India on January 21, 1972. Before that, [[Tripura]] was a Union Territory. The first Legislative Assembly Election as a state was held on March 11, 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tripura.gov.in/history#:~:text=On%20January%2026%2C%201950%20Tripura,%2DEast%20Reorganisation%20Act%2C%201971.|title=Historical background of Tripura}}</ref> The 1972 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] election took place in a single phase to elect the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from each of the 60 Assembly Constituencies (ACs) in Tripura, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sec.tripura.gov.in/|title=Official Website of State Election Commission, Government of Tripura, India|website=sec.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress]] led by [[Sukhamoy Sen Gupta]], won 41 seats and formed a Government in [[Tripura]].

==Highlights==
Election to the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] were held on March 11, 1972. The election were held in a single phase for all the 60 assembly constituencies.

=== Participating political parties ===
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Type
! Abbreviation
!Party
|-
|1
|rowspan="4" |National Party
|BJS||Bharatiya Jan Sangh
|-
|2||CPI||Communist Party of India
|-
|3||CPM||Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|-
|4||INC||Indian National Congress
|-
|5
|State Party
|FBL||All India Forward Bloc
|-
|6
|Registered (Unrecognised) Party
||TUS||Tripura Upajati Zuba Samiti
|-
|7||Independents||IND||Independent
|-
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=List of Participating Political Parties}}</ref>

=== No. of constituencies ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Constituencies
! GEN
! SC
! ST
! Total
|-
| No. of Constituencies
| 36
| 5
| 19
| 60
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=Constituencies-Tripura}}</ref>

=== Electors ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Men
! Women
! Total
|-
| No.of Electors
| 406,712
| 359,381
| 766,093
|-
| No.of Electors who Voted
| 284,765
| 231,288
| 516,053
|-
| Polling Percentage
| 70.02%
| 64.36%
| 67.36%
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=Total No.of Electors}}</ref>

=== Performance of women candidates ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Men
! Women
! Total
|-
| No.of Contestants
| 230
| 04
| 328
|-
| Elected
| 60
| 00
| 60
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=Performance of Women candidates Vs Men candidates}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Politics of India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tripura Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|-
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1967 Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 3
| 0
| 345
| 0.07%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 11
| 1
| 15,226
| 3.04%
| 1
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 57
| 16
| 189,667
| 37.82%
| 2
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 59
| 41
| 224,821
| 44.83%
| 27
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 9
| 0
| 5,739
| 1.14%
| -
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 10
| 0
| 5,883
| 1.17%
| -
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 85
| 2
| 59,792
| 11.92%
| 0
|-
! Total
! 234
! 60
! 501,473
!
!
|-
|colspan=10|Source: ECI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1972/|title=1972 Tripura Election result}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]]||75.04%||Bhadramani Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,594||53.02%||S. B. Kishore Debbarman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,656||42.2%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''938'''
|-
|2||[[Mohanpur Assembly constituency|Mohanpur]]||66.05%||Radharaman Debnath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,277||51.58%||Pram D. Ranjan Dasgupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,592||43.32%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''685'''
|-
|3||[[Bamutia Assembly constituency|Bamutia]]||71.4%||Prafulla Kumar Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,862||61.72%||Brajendra Biswas||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,015||38.28%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,847'''
|-
|4||[[Barjala Assembly constituency|Barjala]]||67.67%||Basana Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,733||55.67%||Gouri Bhattacharjee||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,307||34.4%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,426'''
|-
|5||[[Kunjaban Assembly constituency|Kunjaban]]||65.46%||Ashok Kumar Bhattacharya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,033||52.38%||Kanu Ghosh||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,633||41.95%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,400'''
|-
|6||[[Pratapgarh, Tripura Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]]||62.8%||Madhusudan Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,862||49.%||Jadab Chandra Majumder||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,593||45.59%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''269'''
|-
|7||[[Agartala Town III Assembly constituency|Agartala Town III]]||59.74%||Sukhamoy Sen Gupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,415||49.44%||Supriyo Bhowmik||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,963||33.18%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,452'''
|-
|8||[[Ananda Nagar Assembly constituency|Ananda Nagar]]||68.21%||Tarit Mohan Dasgupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,341||45.07%||Khagen Das||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,159||43.18%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''182'''
|-
|9||[[Agartala Town I Assembly constituency|Agartala Town I]]||64.27%||Ajoy Biswas||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,810||50.28%||Renuka Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,742||36.19%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,068'''
|-
|10||[[Agartala Town II Assembly constituency|Agartala Town II]]||65.01%||Krishnadas Bhattacharjee||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,009||48.01%||Ashoke Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,322||37.05%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''687'''
|-
|11||[[Old Agartala Assembly constituency|Old Agartala]]||70.44%||Sailesh Chandra Some||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,098||56.76%||Jagadish Chandra Dey||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,217||24.69%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,881'''
|-
|12||[[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur]]||70.59%||Jatindra Kumar Majumder||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,724||54.79%||Bhanu Gosh||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,073||45.21%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''651'''
|-
|13||[[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]||65.98%||Kalidas Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,717||66.28%||Bagala Prasad Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,664||23.38%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''3,053'''
|-
|14||[[Uttar Debendranagar Assembly constituency|Uttar Debendranagar]]||69.%||Sabhiram Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,208||56.51%||Rabindra K. Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,949||26.18%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,259'''
|-
|15||[[Ishanchandranagar Assembly constituency|Ishanchandranagar]]||69.56%||Naresh Chandra Roy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,349||46.62%||Mati Lal Sarkar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,328||46.33%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21'''
|-
|16||[[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]]||65.21%||Gunapada Jamatia||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,461||41.37%||Mahendra Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,049||36.45%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''412'''
|-
|17||[[Kamalasagar Assembly constituency|Kamalasagar]]||75.41%||Bichitra Mohan Saha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,936||52.56%||Nagendra Deb||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,316||30.93%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,620'''
|-
|18||[[Bishalgarh Assembly constituency|Bishalgarh]]||73.54%||[[Samir Ranjan Barman]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,777||32.32%||Babul Sengupta||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,638||30.7%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''139'''
|-
|19||[[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]]||67.03%||Niranjan Deb||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,805||36.78%||Monmohan Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,474||32.44%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''331'''
|-
|20||[[Bishramganj Assembly constituency|Bishramganj]]||69.65%||Sudhanwa Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,745||35.12%||Deuan Chandra Tripura||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,479||31.72%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''266'''
|-
|21||[[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]||74.34%||Munsur Ali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,787||54.69%||Phani Bhushan Bhakta||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,097||30.29%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,690'''
|-
|22||[[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]]||67.01%||Benode Behari Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,078||48.77%||Hari Madhab Bhowmik||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,199||38.26%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''879'''
|-
|23||[[Sonamura Assembly constituency|Sonamura]]||65.74%||Debendra Kishore Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,340||55.44%||Sultan Miah||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,504||24.97%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,836'''
|-
|24||[[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]||67.66%||Samar Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,530||48.64%||Dhirendra Kumar Sengupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,757||37.99%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''773'''
|-
|25||[[Salgarh Assembly constituency|Salgarh]]||69.29%||Tapash Dey||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,966||48.67%||Abani Mohan Bhowmik||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,907||35.67%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,059'''
|-
|26||[[Kakraban Assembly constituency|Kakraban]]||69.4%||Ajit Ranjan Ghosh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,387||43.19%||Kashab Chandra Majumder||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,849||36.33%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''538'''
|-
|27||[[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorpur]]||72.7%||[[Usha Ranjan Sen]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||4,888||48.37%||Sushil Mukerjee||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,509||34.73%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,379'''
|-
|28||[[Matarbari Assembly constituency|Matarbari]]||67.34%||Nishi Kanta Sarkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,851||45.7%||Naresh Chandra Ghosh||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,215||38.16%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''636'''
|-
|29||[[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]||63.83%||Lakshmi Nag||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,265||34.63%||Badal Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,908||30.85%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''357'''
|-
|30||[[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]||58.79%||[[Jitendra Lal Das]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||3,992||43.57%||Suresh Chandra Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,627||39.59%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|'''365'''
|-
|31||[[Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency|Hrishyamukh]]||63.1%||Chandra Sekhar Dutta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,911||66.14%||Amalendu Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,613||29.24%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,298'''
|-
|32||[[Muhuripur Assembly constituency|Muhuripur]]||58.6%||Achaichhi Mog||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,394||55.93%||Brajmohan Jamatia||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,583||32.88%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,811'''
|-
|33||[[Manu Assembly constituency|Manu]]||67.92%||Hari Chanran Choudhrury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,764||54.25%||Thaingya Mog||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,157||35.95%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,607'''
|-
|34||[[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]||72.9%||Kalipada Banerji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,180||66.31%||Sunil Kumar Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,140||33.69%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,040'''
|-
|35||[[Chellagong Assembly constituency|Chellagong]]||59.33%||Baju Ban Riyan||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,032||41.25%||Panji Ham Reang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,989||40.67%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''43'''
|-
|36||[[Birganj Assembly constituency|Birganj]]||66.57%||Sushil Ranjan Saha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,645||46.61%||Syamal Kantisaha||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,142||40.17%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''503'''
|-
|37||[[Dumburnagar Assembly constituency|Dumburnagar]]||53.6%||Pakhi Tripura||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,272||60.15%||Rajprasad Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,664||30.59%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,608'''
|-
|38||[[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]]||59.63%||Bullu Kuki||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,663||57.84%||Gopinath Jamatia||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,140||33.79%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,523'''
|-
|39||[[Teliamura Assembly constituency|Teliamura]]||73.05%||[[Anil Sarkar]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,458||51.19%||Bir Chandra Barman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,847||36.08%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,611'''
|-
|40||[[Mohar Chhera Assembly constituency|Mohar Chhera]]||72.83%||Ananta Hari Jamatia||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,351||51.36%||Joy Mohan Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,691||35.43%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,660'''
|-
|41||[[Kalyanpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]||84.55%||Bidya Chandra Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||10,273||77.36%||Krishna Kumar Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,006||22.64%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''7,267'''
|-
|42||[[Pramodenagar Assembly constituency|Pramodenagar]]||79.25%||Manindra Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,439||61.25%||Nanda Kumar Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,707||38.75%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,732'''
|-
|43||[[Khowai Assembly constituency|Khowai]]||76.52%||J Prasanna Bhattacharjee||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,069||56.35%||Kaminisingh||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,162||35.15%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,907'''
|-
|44||[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]||82.01%||[[Nripen Chakraborty]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,290||58.92%||Arun Kar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,137||38.75%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,153'''
|-
|45||[[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]||75.44%||Sunil Chandra Datta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,422||49.45%||Makhan Datta||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,768||42.14%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''654'''
|-
|46||[[Surma Assembly constituency|Surma]]||77.2%||Kshitish Chandra Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,737||48.73%||Rudreswar Das||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,202||43.23%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''535'''
|-
|47||[[Kulaihower Assembly constituency|Kulaihower]]||67.21%||Mongchabai Mog||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,380||55.81%||Dinesh Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,662||40.78%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,718'''
|-
|48||[[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]]||50.4%||[[Purna Mohan Tripura]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,164||48.03%||Ghanshyam Dewan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,189||33.23%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''975'''
|-
|49||[[Fatikroy Assembly constituency|Fatikroy]]||67.29%||Radhika Ranjan Gupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,019||38.55%||Tarani Mohan Singha||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,966||28.45%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,053'''
|-
|50||[[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]]||60.46%||Gopi Nath Tripura||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,973||50.09%||K. Mohan Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,279||41.34%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''694'''
|-
|51||[[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]||77.71%||Manindralal Bhowmik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,418||48.94%||Baidyanath Majumdar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||3,138||44.93%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''280'''
|-
|52||[[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]||70.73%||Moulana Abdul Ratif||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,299||55.43%||Bonode Dey||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,720||22.18%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,579'''
|-
|53
|[[Bilaspur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|70.01%
|Subal Chandra Biswas
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|4,228
|56.82%
|Barindra Malaker
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2,230
|29.97%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,998'''
|-
|54||[[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]||65.03%||Monoranjan Nath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,777||51.37%||Ram Kumar Nath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,180||29.65%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,597'''
|-
|55||[[Longai Assembly constituency|Longai]]||57.45%||Hangshadhwaz Dewan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,690||46.41%||Indu Madhav Chakma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,156||27.12%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,534'''
|-
|56||[[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]||48.99%||Raimuni Reang Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,126||46.66%||Len Prasad Reang||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||2,138||31.92%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''988'''
|-
|57||[[Deocherra Assembly constituency|Deocherra]]||62.76%||Abdul Wazid||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,399||44.97%||Karunamoy Nath Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,870||24.74%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,529'''
|-
|58||[[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]||66.35%||Amarendra Sarma||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,728||47.21%||Debiprasad Purkayastha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,489||44.19%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''239'''
|-
|59||[[Kadamtala Assembly constituency|Kadamtala]]||61.99%||Benoy Bhushan Banerjee||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,684||40.74%||Abdul Rup||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,717||26.06%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''967'''
|-
|60||[[Sonichera Assembly constituency|Sonichera]]||61.18%||Radha Raman Nath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,637||33.61%||Abdul Matin Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,551||19.77%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,086'''
|}

==Government formation==
[[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won 41 out of 60 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The CPI-M won 18 seats in the Legislative Assembly. [[Sukhamoy Sen Gupta]] of the INC formed a government as Chief Minister on March 20, 1972.

[[Prafulla Kumar Das]] formed a government as Chief Minister on April 1, 1977.

[[Radhika Ranjan Gupta]] formed a coalition government with the [[Janata Party]] (JP) and the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] (LF) on July 26, 1977. Chief Minister [[Radhika Ranjan Gupta]] resigned, and the state of Tripura was placed under [[presidential rule]] from November 5, 1977 to January 5, 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiatripura-1949-present/|title=43. India/Tripura (1949-present)|website=uca.edu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tripura elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tripura]]
[[Category:1972 State Assembly elections in India|Tripura]]

Tata Consumer Products

2026-01-24T07:33:38Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started A Details

{{Short description|Indian consumer products company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Consumer Products Limited
| logo = TATA-CONSUMER-PRODUCTS BLUE LOGO Feb 13.png
| logo_size = 250px
| former_name = {{nowrap|Tata Tea Limited Tata Global Beverages Limited}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|500800}}|{{NSE|TATACONSUM}}|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE192A01025}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]] {{small|(Chairman)}} Sunil D’Souza {{small|(CEO & MD)}}
| industry = [[Fast-moving consumer goods]]
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|17811|c}} (FY2025)
| operating_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1776|c}} (FY2025)
| net_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1380|c}} (FY2025)
| assets = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|31977|c}} (FY2025)
| equity = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|21390|c}} (FY2025)
| num_employees = 4,517 (2024)
| parent = [[Tata Group]]
| brands =
| location = [[Kolkata]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact information |url=https://www.tataconsumer.com/contact-info |website=www.tataconsumer.com |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411052628/https://www.tataconsumer.com/contact-info |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| subsid = {{ubl|[[Good Earth Teas]]|[[Tetley]]|[[Eight O'Clock Coffee]]|[[Organic India]]|[[Tata Starbucks]] (50%)}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.tataconsumer.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Results For The Quarter And Year Ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.tataconsumer.com/sites/g/files/gfwrlq316/files/2025-04/Consolidated_Results_March2025.pdf |publisher=Tata Consumer Products |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''Tata Consumer Products Limited''' is an Indian [[fast-moving consumer goods]] company and a part of the [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.tataconsumer.com/company/tata-consumer-products-at-a-glance/about-us|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.tataconsumer.com|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415104926/https://www.tataconsumer.com/company/tata-consumer-products-at-a-glance/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> Its registered office is located in [[Kolkata]] while its corporate headquarters is in [[Mumbai]]. It is the world's second-largest manufacturer and distributor of [[tea]] and a major producer of [[coffee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tata.com/tata_tetley/media/20020530.htm |title=Tata.com : Tetley's fiscal show to jazz up Tata Tea results |access-date=August 30, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111015310/http://www.tata.com/tata_tetley/media/20020530.htm |archive-date=11 November 2006 }}</ref>

Formerly known as Tata Global Beverages Limited (TGBL), Tata Consumer Products was formed when the consumer products business of [[Tata Chemicals]] merged with Tata Global Beverages in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Consumer Products to spearhead FMCG ambitions|url=https://www.tataconsumer.com/media/news/detailed-news/2020/02/11/tata-consumer-products-to-spearhead-fmcg-ambitions|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.tataconsumer.com}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The company now operates in the food and beverages industry, with ~56% of their revenue coming from India while the rest is from their international businesses. After the merger, the company controls Indian and international brands like [[Tata Salt]], Tata Tea, [[Tetley]], [[Eight O'Clock Coffee]], [[Good Earth Tea]], Tata Sampann and [[Tata Starbucks]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Annual Report 2019-20|url=https://www.tcpl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Year-2019-20.pdf|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215628/https://www.tcpl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Year-2019-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tata Tea is the biggest-selling tea brand in India. [[Tetley]] is the biggest-selling tea brand in Canada and the second-biggest-selling in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/our-brands/brands-overview |title=Tata Global Beverages - Brand portfolio and overview |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231202048/http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/our-brands/brands-overview |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>

==History==

===1980 to 1990===
In the early 1980s, the tea industry in India was experiencing rising input and labour costs and dwindling margins as well as high taxes. India was facing competition in the world market not just from China, but also from other countries entering the business.

In 1983, Tata Tea bought the stake belonging to the [[James Finlay Bangladesh|James Finlay]] group to form the individual entity Tata Tea. In the same year, the company decided to move from the commodities business to consumer branding. The first brand Tata Tea was introduced. This was followed by other brands like [[Kannan Devan Hills Plantation|Kannan Devan]], Agni, Gemini and Chakra Gold. In spite of being the largest market in the world, the concept of branded tea took time to be accepted.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

In 1987, Tata Tea set up a fully owned subsidiary, Tata Tea Inc., in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/tata-global-557/information/company-history|title=Tata Global Beverages Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718194815/https://www.business-standard.com/company/tata-global-557/information/company-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1990 to 2000===
In the 1990s, Tata Tea decided to take its brands into the global markets. It formed an export joint venture with [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s Tetley Tea in 1992. Other new enterprises included a majority interest in Consolidated Coffee Ltd. (Tata Coffee Ltd.) and a joint venture to manage agricultural estates in Sri Lanka. Tata Tea Inc. in the United States processed and marketed instant tea from its facility in [[Florida]], based on the sourcing of instant tea products out of [[Munnar]] and [[Kerala]]. In 1993, they entered into a joint venture with [[Allied Lyons]] PLC in the UK to form Estate Tata Tetley.

In the mid-1990s, Tata Tea attempted to buy Tetley and the Lankan JVC acquired 51% shareholding in Watawala Plantations Ltd.

In 1997 the company was embroiled in a major scandal known as the "[[Tata Tapes controversy]]" which related to funds the company provided to the outlawed [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA), an armed-struggle group operating in [[Assam]].

By 1999, Tata Tea's brands had a combined market share of 25% in India.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The company had 74 tea gardens and was producing 6.2 [[crore]] kilograms of tea a year, two-thirds of it packaged and branded. Towards the end of the year, the tea business was hit by a drought in much of India. In addition, Russia, once the largest buyer of Indian tea, temporarily withdrew from the market.

===2000 to 2010===
[[File:Tata and tetley.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley tea canister from Canada]]
Tata Tea acquired the [[Tetley|Tetley Group]] (based in the United Kingdom) in 2000. It was a £271 million ($432 million) leveraged buyout. Tata Tea reportedly outbid the American conglomerate [[Sara Lee Corporation|Sara Lee]] in what was described, at the time, as the largest takeover of a foreign company by an Indian company. At the time, Tetley was the world's second-largest tea company after [[Unilever]]'s [[Brooke Bond]]-[[Lipton]] and had an annual turnover of £300 million. It was the market leader in Britain and Canada and a popular brand in the United States, [[Australia]] and the [[Middle East]].{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

Established in 1837, Tetley was the first [[United Kingdom|British]] tea company to introduce the tea bag to the UK in 1953. The tea bag was followed by the first round tea bag in 1989 and the 'no drip, no mess' [[drawstring]] bag in 1997. Tetley now contributes around two-thirds of the total turnover of Tata Tea.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

From 2005, Tata Tea began a restructuring exercise to divest direct ownership of plantations in India, a process facilitated by subsidised loans from the World Bank's [[International Finance Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBOM1064820070219 |title=UPDATE 1-Tata Tea sells stake in new plantation firm to IFC |publisher=Reuters |date=2007-02-19 |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501094516/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBOM1064820070219 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Tata Tea acquired [[Eight O'Clock Coffee]], a U.S.-based coffee producer from Gryphon Investors for $220m;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-06-26/news/27465216_1_tata-coffee-gryphon-investors-folgers-and-maxwell-house|title=Tatas buy Eight O'Clock Coffee|work=The Economic Times|date=26 June 2006|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032041/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-06-26/news/27465216_1_tata-coffee-gryphon-investors-folgers-and-maxwell-house|url-status=dead}}</ref> before being sold to Gryphon, the Eight O'Clock Coffee brand was originally owned by [[The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company]] from its beginnings in 1859 to 2003.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

The international [[trade union]] [[International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association|IUF]] criticized the company in 2009 for not allowing statutory [[Parental leave|maternity leave]] to pregnant [[farmworker|tea pluckers]], and for [[Lockout (industry)|locking out]] 1,000 workers on the Nowera Nuddy Tea Estate in [[West Bengal]] for so long that the local government began distributing food coupons for emergency rations to workers and their families.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iuf.org/cgi-bin/dbman/db.cgi?db=default&uid=default&ID=6344&view_records=1&ww=1&en=1 |title=IUF |publisher=IUF |date=2009-11-23 |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414150947/http://www.iuf.org/cgi-bin/dbman/db.cgi?db=default&uid=default&ID=6344&view_records=1&ww=1&en=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2010, a crop sprayer died of suspected poisoning on a Tata estate in [[Assam]], leading to protests at which two more workers were shot dead by riot police.<ref>Press Trust Of India, Tetley accused of rights violation {{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Tetley-accused-of-rights-violation/Article1-606605.aspx |title=Tetley accused of rights violation - Hindustan Times |access-date=7 October 2010 |archive-date=15 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015041502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Tetley-accused-of-rights-violation/Article1-606605.aspx |url-status=dead }}, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 30 September 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.</ref>

===2010 to 2019===
On 30 January 2012, Tata Consumer Products Limited and [[Starbucks]] announced the creation of a 50:50 joint venture called [[Tata Starbucks]] Limited, which will own and operate Starbucks outlets branded as ''Starbucks Coffee "A Tata Alliance"'' in India. The stores started operating in 2012, launching initially in [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/Pages/Media-centre/News/67/TATA%20GLOBAL%20BEVERAGES%20AND%20STARBUCKS%20FORM%20JOINT%20VENTURE%20%20TO%20OPEN%20STARBUCKS%20CAF%C3%89S%20ACROSS%20INDIA |title=Tata Global Beverages - News detail |access-date=January 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202205156/http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/Pages/Media-centre/News/67/TATA%20GLOBAL%20BEVERAGES%20AND%20STARBUCKS%20FORM%20JOINT%20VENTURE%20%20TO%20OPEN%20STARBUCKS%20CAF%C3%89S%20ACROSS%20INDIA |archive-date=2 February 2012 }}</ref> The coffee shops source coffee beans from [[Tata Coffee]], a subsidiary company of Tata Consumer Products Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/media-centre/news/news-detail/2012/10/19/starbucks-opens-spectacular-flagship-store-in-mumbai-honoring-the-dynamic-culture-of-india |title=Starbucks Opens Spectacular Flagship Store in Mumbai, Honoring the Dynamic Culture of India |access-date=March 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405092813/http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/media-centre/news/news-detail/2012/10/19/starbucks-opens-spectacular-flagship-store-in-mumbai-honoring-the-dynamic-culture-of-india |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Consumer Products Yearly Results, Financial summary, Tata Consumer Products Yearly Earnings - The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tata-consumer-products-ltd/yearly/companyid-12929.cms|access-date=2020-06-08|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501154843/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tata-consumer-products-ltd/yearly/companyid-12929.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2019 to present===
On 15 May 2019, [[Tata Chemicals|Tata Chemicals Limited]] (TCL) announced the de-merger of the Consumer Products Business of TCL and into TGBL through a National Company Law Tribunal ("NCLT") approved scheme of arrangement ("Scheme") to become Tata Consumer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tata-chemicals-tata-global-beverages-to-merge-consumer-business/articleshow/69342736.cms|title=Tata Chemicals & Tata Global Beverages to merge consumer businesses|date=2019-05-15|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528191241/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tata-chemicals-tata-global-beverages-to-merge-consumer-business/articleshow/69342736.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tata-group-tata-chemicals-transfer-to-tata-global-beverages-business/story/346906.html|title=Tata Group to consolidate FMCG Business; announces Tata Chemicals transfer to Tata Global Beverages|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=15 May 2019|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911035508/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tata-group-tata-chemicals-transfer-to-tata-global-beverages-business/story/346906.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the beverages business, Tata Consumer brands include Tata Tea, Tetley,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tetley-enters-into-pact-with-tassimo/article20485439.ece1|title=Tetley enters into pact with TASSIMO|last=Pani|first=Priyanka|website=@businessline|date=14 August 2012|language=en|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429033258/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tetley-enters-into-pact-with-tassimo/article20485439.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref> Vitax, Eight O’Clock Coffee, Himalayan Natural Mineral Water, Grand Coffee and Joekels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tata.com/newsroom/tata-consumer-products-announcement|title=Tata Global Beverages And Tata Chemicals Announce Transaction To Combine Consumer Businesses|website=www.tata.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531200106/https://www.tata.com/newsroom/tata-consumer-products-announcement|url-status=live}}</ref> In the food segment, the brands include [[Tata Salt]] and Tata Sampann.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/tata-groups-consumer-products-business-to-be-brought-under-one-roof/69316724|title=Tata Group's consumer products business to be brought under one roof - ET BrandEquity|last=www.ETBrandEquity.com|website=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501100016/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/tata-groups-consumer-products-business-to-be-brought-under-one-roof/69316724|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tata Global Beverages Limited (TGBL) and Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL) announced that the Scheme of Arrangement between TGBL and TCL regarding the Consumer Products Business of TCL is now operational, effective from 7 February 2020. Following this, TGBL has been renamed Tata Consumer Products Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/tgbl-renamed-as-tata-consumer-products-ltd-to-spearhead-fmcg-ambitions/articleshow/74076725.cms|title=TGBL renamed as Tata Consumer Products Ltd, to spearhead FMCG ambitions|date=2020-02-11|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501153341/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/tgbl-renamed-as-tata-consumer-products-ltd-to-spearhead-fmcg-ambitions/articleshow/74076725.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-global-beverages-renamed-as-tata-consumer-products-to-spearhead-fmcg-ambitions/article30789738.ece|title=Tata Global Beverages renamed as Tata Consumer Products to spearhead FMCG ambitions|last=PTI|website=@businessline|date=11 February 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429214102/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-global-beverages-renamed-as-tata-consumer-products-to-spearhead-fmcg-ambitions/article30789738.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Tata Consumer Products combines the food and beverages brands, which include Tata Salt, Tata Tea, Tata Sampann, Tetley, Soulfull<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Consumer Products to acquire Kottaram Agro Foods, owner of the brand 'Soulfull'|url=https://www.tataconsumer.com/media/news/detailed-news/2021/02/02/tata-consumer-products-to-acquire-kottaram-agro-foods-owner-of-the-brand-soulfull|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.tataconsumer.com|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226153128/https://www.tataconsumer.com/media/news/detailed-news/2021/02/02/tata-consumer-products-to-acquire-kottaram-agro-foods-owner-of-the-brand-soulfull|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Himalayan mineral water, under a single umbrella.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tatachemicals.com/Asia/News-room/Press-release/tata-global-beverages-and-tata-chemicals-announce-transaction-to-combine-consumer|title=Tata Global Beverages and Tata Chemicals announce transaction to combine Consumer Businesses to create a focused Consumer Products Company|website=www.tatachemicals.com|access-date=2020-02-13|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425120954/https://www.tatachemicals.com/Asia/News-room/Press-release/tata-global-beverages-and-tata-chemicals-announce-transaction-to-combine-consumer|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tata Consumer Products acquired complete control of Tata SmartFoodz Limited from Tata Industries Limited for {{INRConvert|395|c}} on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Choudhury |first1=Deepsekhar |title=Tata Consumer Products acquires 100% of Tata SmartFoods for Rs 395 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-consumer-products-acquires-100-of-tata-smartfoods-for-rs-395-cr-121111200715_1.html |website=Business Standard India |access-date=13 November 2021 |date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112221809/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-consumer-products-acquires-100-of-tata-smartfoods-for-rs-395-cr-121111200715_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 May 2022, Tata Consumer Products announced that [[Tata Coffee]] would merge with itself as part of a reorganization plan. The company stated that the merger was expected to be completed in late 2023, with shareholders of Tata Coffee receiving 3 shares in Tata Consumer Products for every 10 shares of Tata Coffee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Coffee merger with TCPL in 12-14 months |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-coffee-merger-with-tcpl-in-12-14-months-8439051.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Moneycontrol |date=May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508083053/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-coffee-merger-with-tcpl-in-12-14-months-8439051.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2022, Tata Consumer Products launched premium honey products and flavoured preserves, under the company's Himalayan brand name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-07-14 |title=Tata Consumer Products launches honey and preserves |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tata-consumer-products-launches-honey-and-preserves-11657795468276.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Mint |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726195604/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tata-consumer-products-launches-honey-and-preserves-11657795468276.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in July 2022, the company launched [[plant-based meat]] products under the brand name, Tata Simply Better.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |date=2022-07-24 |title=Big FMCG companies enter plant-based meat segment, target non-veg consumers |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/big-fmcg-companies-enter-plant-based-meat-segment-target-non-veg-consumers-122072400548_1.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012112702/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/big-fmcg-companies-enter-plant-based-meat-segment-target-non-veg-consumers-122072400548_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2024, Tata Consumer acquired Capital Foods (owner of [[Ching's Secret]] and [[Smith & Jones instant noodles|Smith & Jones]] brands) for ₹5,100 crore and [[Organic India]] for ₹1,900 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Tata Consumer to acquire Capital Foods for Rs 5,100 cr, Organic India for Rs 1,900 cr |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/tata-consumer-to-acquire-capital-foods-owner-of-chings-secret-and-smith-jones-brands-for-rs-5100-cr-413107-2024-01-12 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
[[File:Tea Estate in Munnar.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Tata's tea plantations in Munnar, India]]
[[File:TataTea.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Packages of Tata Tea on a store shelf]]
The company was renamed as Tata Global Beverages (now Tata Consumer Products Limited) to include the range of health and nutritional beverages it wants to enter into. Via subsidiary companies, Tata Consumer Products Limited manufactures 7 [[crore]] kilograms of tea in [[India]], controls 54 tea estates, ten tea blending and packaging factories and employs around 59,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatatea.com/images/Corporate_Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 30, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909174114/http://www.tatatea.com/images/Corporate_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2006 }}</ref> The company owns 51 tea estates in [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]], especially in [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]] in eastern India and [[Kerala]] in the south. The company is the largest manufacturer of [[Assam tea]] and [[Darjeeling tea]] and the second-largest manufacturer of [[Tea production in Sri Lanka|Ceylon tea]].{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

Set up in 1964 as a [[joint venture]] with [[United Kingdom|UK]] based James Finlay and Company to develop value-added tea, Tata Consumer Products Limited has now product and brand presence in 50 countries. It is one of India's first [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] companies. The operations of Tata Consumer Products Limited and its subsidiaries focus on branded product offerings in tea, but with a significant presence in plantation activity in India and Sri Lanka.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

The consolidated worldwide branded tea business of Tata Consumer Products Limited contributes to around 86% of its consolidated turnover with the remaining 14 per cent coming from bulk tea, [[coffee]] and investment income. With an area of approximately {{Convert|159|km2|}} under tea cultivation, Tata Consumer Products Limited produces around 30 million kg of [[black tea]] annually.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Instant tea is used for light density 100% teas, iced tea mixes and in the preparation of ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

Tata Consumer Products Limited owns five brands in India: Tata Tea, Tetley, [[Kannan Devan Hills Plantation|Kannan Devan]], Chakra Gold, and Gemini. The company has a 100% export-oriented unit (KOSHER and HACCP certified) manufacturing [[instant tea]] in [[Munnar]], [[Kerala]], which is the largest such facility outside the United States. Tata Consumer Products Limited has subsidiaries in [[Australia]], [[Great Britain]], [[United States|The United States of America]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] and [[India]].{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

==Brands and products==
[[Tea]]
* Tata Tea
* [[Good Earth Teas]]
* [[Tetley]]
* 1868 by Tata Tea
* Teapigs
* Vitax
* [[Organic India]] - Teas & infusions
[[Coffee]]
* Tata Coffee Grand
* [[Eight O'Clock Coffee]]
* Sonnets by Tata Coffee
* Tata Coffee Gold
* Tata Coffee Quick Filter
* Tata Coffee Cold Coffee
[[Liquid]] [[Beverage]]
* Tata Copper+
* Himalayan Natural Mineral Water
* Tata Gluco+
* Tata Fruski
[[Food]]s
* [[Tata Salt]]
* [[Ching's Secret]]
* [[Smith & Jones instant noodles|Smith & Jones]]
* Tata Sampann
[[Herbal supplements|Herbal Supplements]]
* [[Organic India]] - [[Herbal supplements]]

==Social initiatives==

===Jaago Re!===
Tata Global Beverages worked with [[Janaagraha]] on a [[voter registration drive]], with the campaign name "''Jaago Re!''" ("Wake Up!"). Following this, the company moved the campaign on to opposing [[Political corruption|corruption]]. The Jaago Re! website encourages discussion on this and other social issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaagore.com/jaago-re-story/ |title=Jaago Re Story | Jaagore |access-date=January 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126045610/http://www.jaagore.com/jaago-re-story |archive-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref>

===Scholarships===
Tata Global Beverages awarded the Tata Global Beverages Re-imagination Scholarships on 17 March 2013 to eight students from the 'Urban Scholars' program at [[Brunel University London|Brunel University]] in London. The participating students were required to write an essay based on the following topic "A hot cup of tea on a cold morning, sharing a joke over a cup of coffee, a sip of cool water after a long trek. Beverages are part of our everyday life and yet they also sprinkle some magic on it—moments of reflection, sharing, inspiration and laughter...moments that take us away from the ordinary. What do you think makes a magical beverage moment?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tataglobalbeverages.com/media-centre/news/news-detail/2013/03/18/reimaginationscholarshipessays |title=Essays on 'Magical Beverage Moments' by winners of Tata Global Beverages Re-imagination scholarships |access-date=March 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423191728/http://tataglobalbeverages.com/media-centre/news/news-detail/2013/03/18/reimaginationscholarshipessays |archive-date=23 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Criticism==
In January 2014, Tata Consumer Products Limited and International Finance Corporation (IFC) which is part of [[World Bank]] were criticized for poor working conditions, low wages, and gross human rights violations in a report released by Human Rights Institute at Columbia Law School. The report alleges Amalgamated Plantations Private Limited (APPL) which is partly owned by Tata Tea and IFC is in violation of many of the provisions of the Indian Plantation Labor Act (PLA) on its tea plantations in Assam and West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/tea_report_final_draft-smallpdf.pdf |title="The More Things Change ..." : The World Bank, Tata and Enduring Abuses on India's Tea Plantations |date=January 2014 |website=Web.law.columbia.edu |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=12 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312074114/http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/tea_report_final_draft-smallpdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/14/world/asia/on-indian-tea-plantations-low-wages-and-crumbling-homes.html?_r=0|title=Hopes, and Homes, Crumbling on Indian Tea Plantations|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 February 2014|access-date=2016-04-01|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|archive-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013055118/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/14/world/asia/on-indian-tea-plantations-low-wages-and-crumbling-homes.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2014 a documentary on The Guardian news website claims that Tata Global Beverages is underpaying the minimum Indian wage at an Assam tea plantation that Tata co-owns with Tetley and other major tea producers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2014/mar/01/tetley-tea-maids-real-price-cup-tea-video?CMP= |title=Assam's modern slaves: the real price of a cup of Tetley tea - video | Global development |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101744/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2014/mar/01/tetley-tea-maids-real-price-cup-tea-video?CMP= |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2015, a movement of 6,000 female labourers calling themselves "Pempilai Orumai", or women's unity laid siege to the Munnar tea estates, one of Kerala's most popular tourist destinations and owned subsidiaries of Tata Tea's plantation in Kerala. Trade and tourism were brought to a near standstill but, after nine days of protest and marathon negotiations overseen by the chief minister of the state, it gave in.{{Cn|date=April 2023}}

The spark that ignited the protest was a decision to cut the 20% bonus paid to tea pickers, but its roots go much deeper than that. "Part of the women's complaint is that they live in one-bed huts without toilets and other basic amenities and, while they earn significantly more than the tea workers in Assam, they say the {{INRConvert|230}} (£2.30) they are paid for a day's work is half what a daily wage labourer in Kerala would get."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34513824 |title=The Indian women who took on a multinational and won |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2015-10-19 |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304124219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34513824 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Shareholding pattern ==
The maximum stake is being held with Indian promoters of the business i.e., TATA Group with a percentage share of 33.55%. Mutual funds hold a 14.86% share and FPIs hold a 17.05% stake in the company. Non-institutional individuals hold a 20.38% share in the company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Annual Report 2019-20|url=https://www.tcpl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Year-2019-20.pdf|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215628/https://www.tcpl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Year-2019-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Shareholders (as on 31 March 2024)
!Shareholding<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholding Pattern |url=https://www.screener.in/company/TATACONSUM/consolidated/ |website=screener.in |publisher=Mittal Analytics Private Ltd |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Promoter
|33.55%
|-
|FIIs
|25.46%
|-
|DIIs
|17.39%
|-
|Government
|0.01%
|-
|Public
|23.59%
|-
|Total
|100.0%
|}

== See also ==
*[[History of tea in India]]
*[[Munnar Tea Museum]]
*[[Kanan Devan Hills Plantations Company]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tata Tea}}
* {{Official|https://www.tataconsumer.com/}}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Tata Sons subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Tea companies of India]]
[[Category:Tata Consumer Products]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Condiment companies of India]]

Mahakapi Jataka

2026-01-20T06:54:17Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: basic fix content additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|One of the Jataka tales}}
[[File:Mahakapi Jataka in Bharhut.jpg|thumb|300px|Mahakapi Jataka in [[Bharhut]], 2nd century BCE.]]
[[File:Mahakapi Jataka.jpg|thumb|300px|Mahakapi Jataka in [[Sanchi]]. The Buddha, in a previous life as the king of 80.000 monkeys, helps them flee and travel a stream with his own body. 1st century BCE.<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p.70]</ref>]]
The '''Mahakapi Jataka''' is one of the [[Jataka tales]] or stories of the former lives of the [[Buddha]], when he was still a [[Bodhisattva]], as a king of the monkeys.<ref>Jataka Or Stories of the Buddha's Former Birth, Volumes 1 to 2, E. B. Cowell, Asian Educational Services, 2000 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SyuOuvn7kdsC&pg=PA37 p.37]</ref>

==Story==
The story runs that the [[Bodhisattva]] was born as a monkey, ruler over 80,000 monkeys. They lived at a spot near the [[Ganges]] and ate of the fruit of a great [[mango tree]]. King [[Brahmadatta]] of [[Benares]], desiring to possess the mangoes, surrounded the tree with his soldiers, in order to kill the animals, but the Bodhisattva formed a bridge over the stream with his own body and by this means enabled the whole tribe to escape into safety.

[[Devadatta]], the jealous and wicked cousin of the Buddha, was in that life one of the monkeys and, thinking it a good chance to destroy his enemy, jumped on the Bodhisattva’s back and broke his spine.

The king, seeing the good deed of the Bodhisattva and repenting of his own attempt to kill him, tended him with great care when he was dying and afterwards gave him royal obsequies.<ref>thejatakatales.com [https://thejatakatales.com/mahakapi-jataka-407/]</ref>

==Depiction in Bharhut==
In this jataka tale the Buddha, in a previous incarnation as a monkey king, self-sacrificingly offers his own body as a bridge by which his fellow monkeys can escape from a human king who is attacking them. A short section of the river, across which the monkeys are escaping, is indicated by fish designs. Directly below that, the impressed humans are holding out a blanket to catch him when he falls. At the very bottom (continuous narrative), the now recovered Buddha-to-be preaches to the king.

==Depiction in Sanchi==
Down the panel of the relief from [[Sanchi]] (Stupa No1, Western Gateway) flows, from top to bottom, the river Ganges. To the left, at the top, is the great mango tree to which
two monkeys are clinging, while the king of the monkeys is stretched across the river from the mango tree to the opposite bank, and over his body some monkeys have
already escaped to the rocks and jungles beyond.

In the lower part of the panel, to the left, is king Brahmadatta on horseback with his soldiers, one of whom with bow and arrow is aiming upwards at the Bodhisattva. Higher up the panel the figure of the king is repeated, sitting beneath the mango tree and conversing with the dying Bodhisattva, who, according to the Jataka story, gave the king good advice on the duties
of a chief.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Source==
* Public Domain text of "A Guide to Sanchi" published in 1918 in [[India]], [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] (1876-1958) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148]

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Jataka tales]]
[[Category:Primates in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]

GITAM School of Architecture

2026-01-13T21:21:24Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: basic expand information and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = GITAM School of Architecture
| native_name = '''GSA'''
| image = GITAM School of Architecture.jpg
| caption = Architecture School
| type = Private University
| established = 2011
| dean = Prof. Dr. Vibhuti Sachdev
| students = 250
| faculty = 25 full-time, 16 visiting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gitam.edu/GSA/Faculty.aspx|title=GIT, GITAM University|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106143159/http://www.gitam.edu/GSA/Faculty.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gitam.edu/GSA/content.aspx?title=1050|title=Welcome GITAM University|publisher=|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106143204/http://www.gitam.edu/GSA/content.aspx?title=1050|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| city = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| parent = [[GITAM University]]
| accreditation = Council of Architecture
| affiliations = [[Indian Institute of Architects, National Association of Students of Architecture, INTACH, IGBC]]
| website = https://gsa.gitam.edu/
}}

The '''GITAM School of Architecture, Visakhapatnam''' ('''GSA''') is a constituent institute of [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]] located in [[Visakhapatnam]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/how-intach-is-reviving-the-railway-heritage-of-visakhapatnam/article26864193.ece|title=How INTACH is reviving the railway heritage of Visakhapatnam|last=Ganguly|first=Nivedita|date=2019-04-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[India]], specializing education and research in the field of [[architecture]]. It was established in 2011.

==Academics==
[[File:GSA_School_photograph_2.jpg|GSA School|250px|right]]
It offers [[Bachelor of Architecture]] (B. Arch.) and [[Master of Architecture]] (M. Arch.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/gitam-launches-m-arch-programme/article19730636.ece|title=Gitam launches M. Arch programme|date=2017-09-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and a PhD Programme.

==Admission==

Admissions to the undergraduate programme is through the [[Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE) or [[National Aptitude Test in Architecture|NATA]] conducted by the [[Council of Architecture]]. Foreign nationals, non-resident Indians (NRIs) and persons of Indian origin (PIOs) candidates are eligible to apply and should have qualifications from the foreign boards/universities recognized as equivalent by the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU) to be shortlisted for further evaluations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gitam.edu/course/under-graduate-programs/175/#Eligibility|title=GITAM- Courses and Admission requirements|website=www.gitam.edu|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>

==Facilities==
At GITAM, we are committed to providing good infrastructure that supports the diverse needs of our architecture students. Our facilities are designed to foster innovation and hands-on learning, preparing students to excel in the architecture profession. Our Facilities include Maker Space including 3D Printing and Laser cutting machines, Materials Museum, M.Arch resource center, Gallery, Digital Lab, Image Lab, Climatology Lab, Library and Cafe.

The Campus provides modern and well-equipped hostel facilities, student dinning, knowledge resource center, sports, gym and medical facilities.

==See also==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada]]
* [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|GITAM School of Architecture}}
[https://www.gitam.edu/ GITAM Deemed to be University | Multidisciplinary Education & Research]

{{Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]]

Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes)

2026-01-12T16:34:56Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: cleanup article based on references and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Indirect Taxes)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Rajesh Masala

2026-01-05T12:17:03Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating Basic Info Basic Info...

{{short description|Indian manufacturer, distributor and supplier of ground spicer}}
{{Notability|date=January 2026}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = Rajesh_Spices_Logo.png
| type = Private
| foundation = 1997, [[Amethi]]
| location = [[Amethi]], India
| founder = Rajesh Agrahari
| key_people = Rajesh Agrahari [[Chandrama Devi Agrahari]]
| industry = Food, Spices
| products = Sabji Masala, Chaat Masala
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://rajeshmasala.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajesh Masala''' or '''Rajesh Spices''' is an Indian manufacturer, [[Distribution (business)|distributor]] and supplier of ground spices. The company is led by its directors, Rajesh Agrahari and [[Chandrama Devi Agrahari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजेश मसाला के संघर्ष की कहानी:कभी घर से पैक करके बेचते थे, आज 12 स्टेट में कस्टमर, 1200 करोड़ का टर्नओवर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/news/the-struggle-story-of-rajesh-masala-133325802.html}}</ref>

== History ==

The company was founded in 1997 by the late industrialist R. R. Agrahari under the company banner of Agrahari Masala Udyog, in [[Amethi]], Uttar Pradesh state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Ideas of India 3.0: Never Compromise on Quality of the Product, Says Rajesh Kumar Agrahari |url=https://news.abplive.com/ideas-of-india/ideas-of-india-2024-by-abp-network-live-tv-atul-saraf-chairman-aisshpra-gems-and-jewels-rajesh-kumar-agrahari-founder-rajesh-masale-on-homegrown-brands-1666709 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=Ideas of India: कैसे शुरू हुआ राजेश मसाला ब्रांड का सफर? Rajesh Agrahari, MD, Rajesh Masale |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/news/india-ideas-of-india-rajesh-agrahari-md-rajesh-masale-2389948 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Rajesh Masala Private Limited was incorporated as a private company on 13 February 2004.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Other ==
Its director Rajesh Agrahari is also called as "Rajesh Masala" due to his brand of spice. He has been a party leader in the [[Samajwadi Party]] before his expulsion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/4890760_SP-leader-expelled-from-party-for-garlanding-Gadkari-.html|title=SP leader expelled from party for garlanding Gadkari|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> He was expelled from the party by Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]] in July 2014 due to his involvement in what the party regarded as "anti-party activities".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707104846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sp-leader-expelled-from-party-for-6-years-after-he-garlands-nitin-gadkari/484171-3-242.html IBNLive]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=अखिलेश यादव ने राजेश मसाला को भी अनुशासन हीनता के आरोप में बाहर निकाला|url=http://jamosnews.com/politics/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2/|publisher=Jamos News |language=hi|date= 5 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गडकरी की माला राजेश मसाला की दुश्मन बनी|url=http://www.newstracklive.com/HI/NewsDesc.aspx?category=Politics&news=HN487496CB1B5B714F6A1824F1176277F25160/|date=7 July 2014}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=एसपी से छह साल के लिए निकाला|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/sp-for-six-years-removed/articleshow/37853926.cms|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|language=hi|date= 5 July 2014}}</ref> Thereafter, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sadhvi Rithambara's katha in Amethi builds ground for BJP onslaught |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sadhvi-rithambaras-katha-in-amethi-builds-ground-for-bjp-onslaught/articleshow/63841349.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://rajeshmasala.com}}
{{Commercial herbs & spices}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1997]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Baragaon, Himachal

2026-01-02T06:47:31Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi:

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baragaon
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Baragaon (Sangri).jpg
| image2 = Baragaon121.jpg
| image3 = Baragaon122.jpg
| image4 = Sangri1.jpg
| image5 = Baragaon123.jpg
}}
| image_alt = Baragaon Village
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' View of Baragaon Village; Brahmeshwar Mahadev temple; Main Bus Stand and Shops in Baragaon; View of Apple Orchards from Sangri Fort; Baragaon Diwali Fair
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.343|77.373|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimla]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kumarsain]]
| established_title = <ref name="indianmapia">{{cite web |title=Baragaon Pin Code, Baragaon, Shimla Map, Latitude and Longitude, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://indiamapia.com/Shimla/Baragaon.html |website=indiamapia.com |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1568
| population_total = 842
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari]] (Shodochi)<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 172027<ref name="indianmapia" />
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP-95]]
| website =
| iso_code =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_magnitude =
}}

'''Baragaon''' is a village in [[Kumarsain]] [[Subdivision (India)|subdivision]] of [[Shimla district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

Formerly under the [[British Raj]], it was the capital of Sangri [[princely state]], which was one of the several states of the [[Punjab States Agency]].

== History ==
Sangri originally was part of [[Bushahr]], but was seized by Raja Man Singh of [[Kullu State|Kullu]] in about 1703. It was taken back by [[Bushahr]] in 1719 but in 1803 it was seized by the [[Gurkhas]] of Nepal and restored in 1815 to Raja Bikram Singh of [[Kullu State|Kullu]] after [[Gurkhas]] left. After Kullu was annexed by British in 1846 after [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], Sangri became [[princely state]] under [[Simla Hill States|Shimla Hill states]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Sangri (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/sangri |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |date=19 December 1810 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Verma 1995">{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&q=order+of+precedence+in+shimla+hill+states&pg=PA53 |title=The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-035-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Sangri signed merger treaty with the Indian Union on 15 April 1948<ref name="Verma 1995"/>

== Accessibility ==
Baragaon is 91 km from Shimla city and lies 8 km beside [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] from Kingal village on Kingal - Basantpur road. Nearest Airport and Railway station are at Shimla city and there are regular Bus services from Shimla to Baragaon.

== Government ==
It is [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] under Narkanda Block.

In [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] it is represented under [[Theog (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Theog Assembly constituency]] .

In [[Lok Sabha|Loksabha]] it is represented under [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla loksabha]] seat.

On 16 August 2022, Himachal CM declared Baragaon to be new Sub Tehsil under Kumarsain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Government |url=http://himachalpr.gov.in/OnePressRelease.aspx?Language=1&ID=26314 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=himachalpr.gov.in}}</ref>

On 21 December 2022, Himachal CM denotified all sub tehsil including Baragaon created by previous government.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.himachalheadlines.com/news/306-institution-announced-by-bjp-before-election-denotify/ | title=306 institution announced by BJP before Election denotify - HIMACHAL HEADLINES | date=21 December 2022 }}</ref>

== Education ==

* Government Senior Secondary school (Established in 1922 by rulers of Sangri and upgraded later. Renamed after Kargil War Martyr Shaheed Satish Kumar from Baragaon) <ref>{{Cite web |title=SANGRI DARPAN |url=http://gsssbaragaon.himdhara.in/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=gsssbaragaon.himdhara.in |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224100703/http://gsssbaragaon.himdhara.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Shimla district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vararuchi

2025-12-27T06:34:45Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi:

{{Short description|Indian mathematician and linguist}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
'''Vararuci''' (also transliterated as '''Vararuchi''') ({{Lang-Deva|वररुचि}}) is a name associated with several literary and scientific texts in [[Sanskrit]] and also with various [[legend]]s in several parts of [[India]]. This Vararuci is often identified with [[Kātyāyana]].<ref name="Cowell"/> Kātyāyana is the author of [[Varttikakara|''Vārtikās'']] which is an elaboration of certain sūtrās (rules or aphorisms) in Pāṇini's much revered treatise on Sanskrit [[grammar]] titled [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]. Kātyāyana is believed to have flourished in the 3rd century [[BCE]].<ref name="Kunjunni">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies: The philosophy of the grammarians |editor1=Harold G. Coward |editor-link1=Harold Coward |editor2=Karl H. Potter |editor3= K. Kunjunni Raja|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|year=1990|pages=458–459|isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}}</ref> However, this identification of Vararuci with Kātyāyana has not been fully accepted by scholars.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richard Pischel, Subhadra Jhā|title=A grammar of the Prākrit languages|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|year=1999|edition=2|pages=45|isbn=978-81-208-1680-0}}</ref>
Vararuci is believed to be the author of ''Prākrita Prakāśa'', the oldest treatise on the grammar of ''[[Prakrit|Prākrit]]'' language.<ref name="Cowell">{{Cite book|last=Edwards Byles Cowell|title=The Prākrita-prakāsa or the Prākrit grammar of Vararuci with the commentary (Manorama) of Bhāmaha|publisher=Stephen Austin, Book Sellers to East India College|location=Hertford, England|year=1854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOY9AAAAcAAJ&q=prakrita+prakasa&pg=PR17}}</ref>
Vararuci's name appears in a verse listing the 'nine gems' ([[navaratnas]]) in the court of one [[Vikramaditya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=V. P. Ramachandra Dikshitar|author2=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar |title=The Gupta Polity|publisher=Motilal Barasidass|location=Delhi|year=1952|pages=37–38|isbn=81-208-1024-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP_DTtd6kJEC&q=The+Gupta+polity++By+V.+P.+Ramachandra+Dikshitar,+V.+R.+Ramachandra+Dikshitar}}</ref> Vararuci appears as a prominent character in ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' ("ocean of the streams of stories"), a famous 11th century collection of Indian legends, [[fairy tale]]s and [[Folklore|folk tale]]s as retold by [[Somadeva]].

The ''[[Aithihyamala]]'' of [[Kottarathil Sankunni|Kottarathil Shankunni]] states that Vararuchi was the son of Govinda Swami i.e. Govinda Bhagavatpada. It also states that King Vikramaditya, Bhatti (the minister of King Vikramaditya) and [[Bharthari (king)|Bharthari]] were his brothers.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} Vararuci is the father figure in a legend in [[Kerala]] popularly referred to as the legend of the ''twelve clans born of a pariah woman (Parayi petta panthirukulam)''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edgar Thurston|author2=K. Rangachari |title=Castes and tribes of Southern India |publisher=J. Jetley for Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|date=1909|volume=1|pages=120–124}}</ref>
The Vararuci of Kerala legend was also an astute [[astronomer]] believed to be the author of [[Candravakyas|Chandravākyas]] ([[moon]] sentences), a set of numbers specifying the [[longitude]]s of the Moon at different intervals of time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David Pingree|title=Census of the exact sciences in Sanskrit|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1994|pages=558–559}}</ref> These numbers are coded in the [[Katapayadi system|katapayādi system]] of [[numeration]] and it is believed that Vararuci himself was the inventor of this system of numeration. The eldest son of Vararuci of Kerala legend is known as [[Mezhathol Agnihothri]] and he is supposed to have lived between 343 and 378 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David Edwin Pingree|title=Census of the exact sciences in Sanskrit|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1970|pages=558|isbn=978-0-87169-213-9}}</ref>

The name Vararuchi is associated with more than a dozen works in Sanskrit, and the name Katyayana is associated with about sixteen works.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohan Lal|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademy|year=2006|volume=5 (Sasay To Zorgot)|pages=4495–44497|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3}}</ref> There are around ten works connected with astronomy and mathematics associated with the name of Vararuci.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David Pingree|title=Cesusus of Exact Sciences in Sanskrit|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1994|pages=557–559|isbn=978-0-87169-213-9}}</ref>

==Vararuci, the astronomer==
Possibly there are at least three persons named Vararuci in the [[astronomy|astronomical]] tradition of [[South India]].

===Vararuci (Kerala, fourth century CE)===
This Vararuchi is the [[father figure]] in the astronomical tradition of [[Kerala]]. He is also the father figure in the [[Parayi petta panthirukulam|legend of the twelve clans born of the Pariah woman]]. The eldest son of this Vararuci, the establisher of the first of the twelve clans, was one [[Mezhathol Agnihothri|Mezhattol Agnihotri]] and he is supposed to have lived between 343 and 378 [[Common Era|CE]]. Based on this, Vararuci is supposed to have lived in the first half of the 4th century CE. The [[manuscript]] tradition of Kerala ascribes to Vararuci the authorship of [[Candravakyas|Chandravākyās]] ([[moon]] sentences)<ref>{{Cite book|last= C. Kunhan Raja|title=Chandravākyās of Vararuci: A practical guide for calculating the position of the sun and moon, namely, tithi and naksatra, on any day of the year|publisher=Adyar Library |location=Chennai|year=1946|pages=56}}</ref><ref>''Chandravākyāni'' (Moon sentences of Vararuci) Ed. as Appendix II in ''Vākyakaraṇa''. Ed. T.S. Kuppanna Sastri and [[K.V. Sarma]], Madras, Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, 1962, pp. 135 – 249.</ref> which is a set of 248 numbers for calculating the position of the sun and moon. This work is also known by the name Vararuci-Vākyās. Vararuci is also believed to be the originator of the [[Katapayadi system|Katapayadi notation]] of depicting numbers, which has been used in the formulation of Chandravākyās.

===Vararuci (Kerala, 13th century CE)===
This astronomer is the author of the well-known ''Vākyakaraṇa'', which is the source book of the ''Vākya Panchānga'', popular in South India, .<ref name="Hari">{{cite journal|last=K. Chandra Hari|year=2001|title=Vakyakarana – A study|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=36.3–4|pages=127–149|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b67_127.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Encyclo">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures|editor=Helaine Selin|editor-link=Helaine Selin|publisher=Springer|year=1997|pages=995|isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9}}</ref> This Vararuchi belonged to the [[Kerala]] region, as is clear from the introductory verses of the work. It has been shown that this treatise was originally produced around 1282 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Hari"/> The treatise is also known as ''Vākyapañcādhyāyī'' and is based on the works of [[Haridatta]] (c. 650 CE) of Kerala. Sundararaja, an astronomer from Tamil Nadu contemporaneous with [[Nilakantha Somayaji]], has composed a commentary on ''Vākyakarana'' and the commentary contains several references to Vararuci.<ref name="Hari"/> In five chapters ''Vākyakaraṇa'' deals with all aspects of astronomy required for the preparation of the Hindu almanac. Chapter I is concerned with the computation of the sun, the moon and the moon's nodes, Chapter II with that of the planets. Chapter III is devoted to problems involving time, position and direction and other preliminaries like the precession of the equinoxes. Chapter IV deals with the computation of the lunar and solar eclipses. Chapter V is devoted to computation of the conjunction of the planets and of the planets and stars.

===Vararuci (several persons)===
Many texts have been ascribed to Vararuci, such as Kerala-Vararuchi-Vakya, Kerala-Vararuchi-proktha, Kerala-dvādaśa-bhāva-vākyāni, Vararuchi-Kerala, Bhārgava-pañcāṅga etc. The Vararuchi, who is the author of the above works on astrology might be identical to Vararuchi of Kerala, but it is not possible to assert that he is the same as the author of the Chandra-Vākyās.<ref>{{Cite book|last=David Edwin Pingree|title=Census of the exact sciences in Sanskrit|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1970|pages=557–559|isbn=978-0-87169-213-9}}</ref>

==Vararuci, the grammarian==

===The author of Vartikas===

In ancient India, grammar was the first and most important of all sciences. When one had first studied grammar, he could go in for learning any other science.<ref name="Maurice">{{Cite book|last=Maurice Winternitz|author2=Moriz Winternitz |author3=Subhadra Jha |title=History of Indian literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1967|volume=III|pages=458|isbn=81-208-0056-7}}</ref>
This historical mindset justifies the great respect and prestige attributed to the ancient grammarians of India like [[Pāṇini]] and [[Patanjali]]. Pāṇini was an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara (fl. 4th century BCE).
He is known for his Sanskrit grammar text known as {{Transliteration|sa|Aṣṭādhyāyī}} (meaning 'eight chapters'). The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit. After Pāṇini, the {{Transliteration|sa|Mahābhāṣya}} ('great commentary') of Patañjali on the Ashtadhyayi is one of the three most famous works in Sanskrit grammar.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} It was with Patañjali that Indian linguistic science reached its definite form.
[[Kātyāyana]] (c. 3rd century BCE) was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India. He is known as the author of the [[Varttikakara|Varttika]], an elaboration on Pāṇini grammar. Along with the Mahābhāsya of [[Patañjali]], this text became a core part of the {{Transliteration|sa|vyākarana}} ([[grammar]]) canon. (A vārttika is defined as a single remark or a whole work attempting to present a detailed commentary.) In many accounts Katyayana has been referred to as Vararuci.<ref name="Maurice"/> Kātyāyana's Vārtikās correct, supplement, eliminate as unnecessary, or justify the rules of Pāṇini.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Leonard Bloomfield anthology|editor=Leonard Bloomfield, Charles Francis Hockett|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/leonardbloomfiel0000bloo_o0a6/page/145 145]|isbn=978-0-226-06071-2|url=https://archive.org/details/leonardbloomfiel0000bloo_o0a6/page/145}}</ref>
<ref>For more references on work relating to Kātyāyana's Vārtikās : {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies: The philosophy of the grammarians |editor1=Harold G. Coward |editor-link1=Harold Coward |editor2= Karl H. Potter |editor3= K. Kunjunni Raja |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|year=1990|pages=458–459|isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}}</ref>
In his Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya, he subjected about 1500 sutras of Panini to critical
observations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|publisher=New Age International|year=1999|pages=163|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref>

===A Prākṛt grammarian===
The term [[Prakrit|''Prākṛt'']] or ''Prakrit'' denotes a multitude of [[language]]s all originated from [[Sanskrit]]. They are all considered as derived from Sanskrit and developed by adopting deviations and by corruption.<ref name="Pischel">{{Cite book|last=Richard Pischel|author2=(Translated by Subhadra Jhā)|title=A grammar of the Prākrit languages|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|year=1999|edition=2|pages=1–5|isbn=978-81-208-1680-0}}</ref> Indian languages including those in the south are considered Prakrut in Indian classification. There is now no complete agreement on what languages are to be included in this group. Prakrit is also closely connected with the development of [[Buddhist]] and [[Jainism|Jaina]] [[philosophy|philosophical thought]].

Vararuci is the name of the author of the oldest extant grammar of Prakrit, titled {{Transliteration|sa|Prākṛt Prakāśa}}.<ref name="Cowell"/> In this work Vararuci has considered four different dialects: [[Maharashtri]], the older form of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]; [[Sauraseni]], which evolved into the [[Braj|Braj language]]; [[Magadhi]], the former form of [[Bihari people|Bihari]]; and [[Paisaci]], a language no longer extant. The book is divided into twelve chapters. The first nine chapters containing a total of 424 rules are devoted to Maharashtri and of the remaining three chapters, one each is devoted to Paisaci with 14 rules, Māgadhi with 17 rules, and Sauraseni with 32 rules respectively.<ref name="Pischel"/>

The author of ''Prakrita Prakasa'' was also known by the name [[Katyayana]], perhaps the [[gotra]] name of Vararuci. This gotra name was given to him by the unknown author of a commentary of ''Prakrita Prakasa'' named ''Prakritamanjari''. In [[Somadeva]]'s [[Kathasaritsagara]] and [[Kshemendra]]'s Brihatkathamanjari one can see that Katyayana was called Vararuci. The oldest commentator of ''Prakrita Prakasa'' was [[Bhamaha]] an inhabitant of [[Kashmir]] who was also a rhetorician as well as a poet.<ref name="Pischel"/>

==Vararuci ''Śulbasūtras''==
The ''[[Sulbasutra|Śulbasūtras]]'' are appendices to the [[Veda]]s which give rules for constructing [[altar]]s. They are the only sources of knowledge of [[Indian mathematics]] from the [[Vedic period]]. There are several ''Śulbasūtras''. The most important of these are the [[Baudhayana|''Baudhayana Śulbasūtra'']], written about 800 BCE; the [[Apastamba|''Apastamba Śulbasūtra'']], written about 600 BCE; [[Manava|''Manava Śulbasūtra'']], written about 750 BCE; and the ''Katyayana Śulbasūtra'', written about 200 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_sulbasutras.html|title=The Indian Sulbasutras|last=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson|date=November 2000|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> Since ''Katyayana'' has been identified with one Vararuci, possibly the author of the Vartikas, ''Katyayana Śulbasūtra'' is referred to as ''Vararuci Śulbasūtra'' also.<ref>{{Cite book|last=George Ghevarghese Joseph|title=[[A Passage to Infinity]]|publisher=Sage Publications India Pvy. Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2009|pages=36 (note 5)|isbn=978-81-321-0168-0}}</ref>

==Vararuci, the ''littérateur''==
Vararuci was also a legendary figure in the Indian literary tradition.<ref name="Warder">{{Cite book|last=Anthony Kennedy Warder|title=Indian Kavya Literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|year=1990|edition=2|volume=2|pages=108–113|isbn=978-81-208-0445-6}}</ref>

===Author of ''Ubhayabhisarika''===
{{see|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}
Though littérateur Vararuci is recorded to have composed several Kavyas, only one complete work is currently extant. This is a satirical monologue titled ''Ubhayabhisarika''.<ref name="Warder"/>
The work titled ''Ubhayabhisarika'' (The mutual elopement) appears in a collection of four monologues titled ''Chaturbhani'', the other monologues in the collection being ''Padma-prabhritaka'' (The lotus gift) by Shudraka, ''Dhurta-vita-samvada'' (Rogue and pimp confer) by Isvaradatta and ''Padataditaka'' (The kick) by Shyamalika. The collection along with an English translation has been published in [[Clay Sanskrit Library]] under the title ''The Quartet of Causeries''.<ref name="Clay">{{Cite book|last=Translated by Csaba Dezső, Somadeva Vasudeva|title=The Quartet of Causeries|publisher=NYU Press|year=2009|series=Clay Sanskrit library|volume=49|isbn=978-0-8147-1978-7}}</ref> ''Ubhayabhisarika'' is set in Pataliputra and it is dated to somewhere between the 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE. It might be the earliest Indian play extant.<ref name="Clay"/> Some scholars are of the opinion that the work was composed in the 5th century CE.<ref name="Clay"/>

===Other works===
He is also said to have written two kavyas by names ''Kanthabharana'' (The necklace) and ''Charumati''. There are several verses ascribed to Vararuci appearing in different literary works. Other works attributed to Vararuci are: ''Nitiratna'', a book with didactic contents; ''Niruktasamuccaya'', a commentary on the Nirukta of Yaska; ''Pushpasutra'', a Pratishakhya of the Samaveda; a lexicon; and, an alamkara work.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Vararuci, a 'gem' in the court of Samrat Vikramaditya==
Vararuci's name appears in a Sanskrit verse specifying the names of the 'nine gems' (''[[navaratnas]]'') in the court of the legendary [[Vikramaditya|Samrat Vikramaditya]] who is said to have founded the [[Vikrama era]] in 57 BCE. This verse appears in ''Jyotirvidabharana'',<ref>For information about this treatise see : {{Cite web|url=https://trueindianhistory-kvchelam.blogspot.com/2010/01/vikramaditya-of-first-century-bc.html#more|title=Kota Venkata Chelam – Ancient Indian History |last=Kota Venkata Chelam|date=17 January 2010|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> which is supposed to be a work of the great [[Kalidasa]] but is in fact a late forgery.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/sep2000/sep2000.htm |title=Vigyan Prasar News|last= Gunakar Muley|date=September 2000|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref> This verse appears in the last chapter (Sloka 20 : Chapter XXII) of ''Jyotirvidabharana''.<ref name="Mirashi">{{Cite book|last=V.V. Mirashi, N.R. Navalekar|title=Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1969|pages=24–26|isbn=978-81-7154-468-4}}</ref> That the great Kalidasa is the author of ''Jyotirvidabharana'' is difficult to believe because [[Varahamihira]], one of the nine gems listed in the verse, in his ''[[Pancasiddhantika]]'' refers to [[Aryabhata]], who was born in 476 CE and wrote his ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' in 499 CE or a little later. ''Jyotirvidabharana'' is a later work of about 12th century [[BCE|CE]].<ref name="Mirashi"/> There might have been a very respected Vararuci in the court of one King Vikrama, but the identities of the particular Vararuci and the King Vikrama are uncertain.

The names of the nine gems are found in the following Sanskrit verse:
<poem>
dhanvantarikṣapaṇakāmarasiṃhaśaṅku
vetālabhaṭṭa ghaṭakarpara kālidāsāḥ |
khyāto varāhamihiro nṛpate sabhāyāṃ
ratnāni vai vararucirnava vikramasya ||
</poem>

The names of the nine gems and their traditional claims to fame are the following:

*[[Dhanvantari]], a medical practitioner
*Kshapanaka, probably Siddhasena, a Jain monk, author of Dvatrishatikas
*[[Amarasimha]], author of ''[[Amarakosha]]'', a [[thesaurus]] of Sanskrit
*Sanku (little known)
*[[Vetalabhatta]], a [[Maga Brahmin]] known as the author of the sixteen stanza Niti-pradeepa (''The Lamp of Conduct'') in tribute to Vikramaditya
*Ghatakarpara, author of ''Ghatakarpara-kavya,'' in which a wife sends a message (reverse of [[Meghaduta]])
*[[Kalidasa]], a renowned classical Sanskrit writer, widely regarded as the greatest poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit language
*[[Varāhamihira|Varahamihira]], [[astrologer]] & [[astronomer]]
*Vararuchi, poet & [[Philologist|grammarian]]

==Vararuci of Kerala legends==
There are several versions of these legends.

One of these versions is given in ''Castes and tribes of Southern India '' by [[Edgar Thurston]]. This seven volume work is a systematic and detailed account of more than 300 [[caste]]s and [[tribe]]s in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] and the states of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. It was originally published in 1909. The Vararuci legend is given in Volume 1 (pp. 120 – 125) in the discussion on the [[Paraiyan]] caste. Thurston has recorded that the discussion is based on a note prepared by L.K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.

A slight variant of the legend can be seen in ''Aithihyamala'' by Kottarathil Sankunny (1855–1937). This work originally written in [[Malayalam]] and published as a series of pamphlets during the years 1909 – 1934 is a definitive source of [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s of [[Kerala]]. (An English language translation of the work has recently been published under the title ''Lore and Legends of Kerala''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oup.co.in/search_detail.php?id=144820|title=Lore and Legends of Kerala|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kottarathil Sankunny|title=Lore and Legends of Kerala|editor=T.C. Narayan (Translator)|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-569889-3}}</ref>) The story of Vararuci is given in the narration of the legend of ''[[Parayi petta panthirukulam]]''.

===Legend as per ''Castes and tribes of Southern India ''===
In these legends,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edgar Thurston|author2=K. Rangachari |title=Castes and tribes of Southern India |publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2001|volume=I|pages=120–125|isbn=978-81-206-0288-5}}</ref> Vararuchi, a son of a [[Brahmin]] named Chandragupta and his Brahmin wife who was an astute astrologer, became king of [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]] and ruled until [[Vikramāditya]], son of Chandragupta by his [[Kshatriya|Kṣatriya]] wife came of age and the king abdicated in his favor. Once when he was resting under an [[Ficus religiosa|aśvastha]] (ficus religiosa) tree he happened to overhear a conversation between two [[Gandharva|Gandharvās]] on the tree to the effect that he would marry a certain, just then born, paraiya girl. This he tried to prevent by arranging, with the help of the king, to have the girl enclosed in a box and floated down a river with a nail stuck into her head.

After floating down the river through a long distance, the box came into the hands of a Brāhman who was bathing in the river. Finding a beautiful and charming little girl inside the box and accepting it as a divine gift he adopted her as his own daughter and helped her groom up accordingly. Vararuci in his travels happened to pass by the house of this Brāhman and the Brāhman invited him to lunch with him. Vararuci accepted the invitation on condition that the Brāhman had to prepare eighteen curries and would give him what remained after feeding a hundred other Brāhmans. The host was puzzled. But his adopted daughter was unfazed. She placed a long [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] leaf in front of Vararuci and served a preparation using [[ginger]] (symbolically corresponding to eighteen curries) and some rice which had been used an offering at the Vaisvadeva ceremony (symbolically equivalent to feeding a hundred a Brāhmans). Knowing this to be the work of the host's daughter and fully convinced of her superior intellect Vararuci expressed his desire to marry her. The desire was acceded to by the Brāhman.

Days passed. One day while conversing with his wife about their past lives he accidentally saw a nail stuck in her head and he immediately knew her to be the girl whom he caused to be floated down a river. He realised the impossibility of altering one's fate and resolved to go on a [[pilgrimage]] with his wife bathing in rivers and worshiping at temples.

At the end of these pilgrimages they reached Kerala and while in Kerala the woman bore him twelve children. All these children, except one, were abandoned on the wayside and were picked up members of different castes and were brought up according to the customs and traditions of those castes. They were all remarkable for their wisdom, gifted with the power of performing miracles, and were all believed to incarnations of [[Viṣṇu]]. These children are known by the names:<ref name="Namboothiry"/>

[[File:Naranathu bhanthan statue at rayiram kunnu.jpg|thumb|175px|Statue of Nārānat Bhrāntan (The madman of Nārāṇatt), one of the twelve children of Vararuci of Kerala legends.]]

*''[[Mezhathol Agnihotri|'''Mezhathol Agnihotri''']]'' (a Brāhman who had performed Yajñam or [[Yāgam]] ninety-nine times)
*'''''Pākkanār''''' (a [[Paraiya]], [[bamboo]] [[basket]] maker by profession),
*''[[Perunthachan|'''Perumtaccan''']]'' (a master carpenter and an expert in [[Nālukettu|Vāsthu]])
*'''''Rajakan''''' (a sage and a learned man raised by a washerman)
*'''''Vallon''''' (a Paraiya, sometimes identified with the Tamil saint [[Thiruvalluvar]] who composed [[Thirukkural]]),
*'''''[[Vaduthala Nair]]''''' (a [[Nair|Kshathriya]], an expert in martial arts)
*'''''Uppukootan''''' (a [[Muslim]], a trader in salt and cotton)
*'''''Akavūr Cāttan''''' (a [[Vysya]], a manager of Akavur Mana)
*'''''Kārakkal Amma''''' ([[Kṣatriya]] woman, the only girl of the twelve children)
*'''''Pānanār''''' (a Pānan, a singer in Thiruvarangu)
*''[[Naranath Bhranthan|'''Nārānat Bhrāntan''']]'' (a Brahman, also called the madman of Nārāṇatt)
*'''''Vāyillākunnilappan''''' (not adopted by anybody, deified as the god of silence sanctified on the top of a hill).

There are several legends about these children of Vararuci. In one such legend, Pākkanār tries to dissuade a group of Brāhmans who had resolved to go to [[Varanasi|Benares]] from so doing, by telling them that the journey to the sacred city would not be of productive of salvation. To prove the fruitlessness of the journey, he plucked a [[lotus flower]] from a stagnant pool and gave it to the Brāhmans and instructed them to give it to a hand which would rise from the [[Ganges]] and to say that it was a present for [[Ganga (goddess)|Goddess Ganga]] from Pākkanār. They did as directed and returned with news of the miracle. Pākkanār then led them to a stagnant [[Pond|pool]] and said: "Please return the lotus flower, Oh! Ganga!". According to the legend, the same lotus flower instantly appeared in his hand.

===Legend as per Aithihyamala===
There is another legend regarding the circumstances leading to Vararuci's arrival in Kerala.<ref name="Namboothiry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/agnihothri.htm|title=Vararuchi and Mezhathol Agnihothri|last=Rajan Chungath|author2=K.D.Nambudripad |date=14 September 2000|publisher=Namboothiri Websites Trust|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="Sankunny">{{Cite book|last=Kottarathil Sankunni|title=Eithihyamaala|publisher=Kottarathil Sankunni Memorial Committee|location=Kottayam|year=1990|pages=44|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=P. Narendranath|title=Parayi Petta Panthirukulam (Children's novel) |publisher=Prabhath Book House|location=Thiruvananthapuram|year=2000|edition=4|language=ml}}</ref> In this legend, Vararuci appears as a very learned scholar in the court of Vikramaditya. Once King Vikramaditya asked Vararuci to tell him about the most important verses in the whole of Valmiki's Ramayana. Since Vararuci could not give an immediate answer, the King granted him 40 days to find out the same and to report back to the king. If he were unable to find the correct answer, he would be required to leave the court. Vararuci left the court in search of an answer and during his wanderings, on the last night of the stipulated period, Vararuci happened to rest under a tree. While half awake and half asleep Vararuci happened to overhear a conversation of the Vanadevatas resting on the tree regarding the fate of a newly born Paraiah infant girl to whom he would be wedded while they were talking about the poor Brāhman who does not know that the verses beginning with "māṃ viddhi.." as the most important verse in Ramayana . Vararuci most pleased with his discovery returned to the court and told the king the surprising answer. The king was very pleased and Vararuci prevailed upon Vikramiditya to destroy all pariah infant girls recently born in a certain locality. The girl was not killed instead was floated down a river with a nail stuck through the heads. The rest of the legend is as described in the first version of the legend.

==Vararuci of ''Kathasaritsagara''==
''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' ('ocean of the streams of stories') is a famous 11th century collection of Indian legends, [[fairy tale]]s and [[Folklore|folk tale]]s as retold by a [[Saivite]] Brahmin named Somadeva. Nothing is known about the author other than that his father's name was Ramadevabatta. The work was compiled for the entertainment of the queen Suryamati, wife of king Anantadeva of Kashmir (r. 1063–81). It consists of 18 books of 124 chapters and more than 21,000 verses in addition to prose sections. Vararuchi's story is told in great detail in the first four chapters of this great collection of stories. The following is a very brief account of some of the main events in the life of Vararuchi as told in this classic. It emphasises the divine ancestry and magical powers of Vararuchi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/Ocean/oosChapter001.pdf|title=The Ocean of Story, Book I: Katha Pitha, Chapter 1|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/Ocean/oosChapter002.pdf|title=The Ocean of Story, Book I: Katha Pitha, Chapter 2|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/Ocean/oosChapter003.pdf|title=The Ocean of Story, Book I: Katha Pitha, Chapter 3|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/Ocean/oosChapter004.pdf|title=The Ocean of Story, Book I: Katha Pitha, Chapter 4|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/Ocean/oosChapter005.pdf|title=The Ocean of Story, Book I: Katha Pitha, Chapter 5|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref>

Once [[Parvati|Pārvati]] pleaded with [[Shiva]] to tell her a story nobody had heard before. After much persuasions Shiva agreed and narrated the story of Vidyadharas. To ensure that nobody else would hear the story, Parvati had ordered that nobody be allowed to enter the place where they were and Nandi (The Vehicle of Lord Shiva) kept guard at the door. While Shiva was thus speaking to his consort in private thus, Pushpadanta, one of Shiva's trusted attendants, a member of his gana, appeared at the door. Having denied entry and overcame by curiosity, Pushpadanta summoned his special powers to move about unseen and entered the chamber of Shiva and eavesdropped the entire story as told by Shiva. Pushpadanta then narrated the entire story to his wife Jaya and Jaya retold the same to Parvati! Parvati became enraged and told Shiva: "Thou didst tell me any extraordinary tale, for Jaya knows it also." Shiva, due to his meditational powers, immediately knew the truth and told Parvati of the role of Pushpadanta in leaking the story to Jaya. Having heard this, Parvati became exceedingly enraged and cursed Pushpadanta to be mortal. Then he together with Jaya fell at Parvati's feet and entreated her to say when the curse would end.
"A [[Yaksha]] named Supratîka, who has been made a Pisacha by the curse of [[Kuvera]], is residing in the [[Vindhya]] forest under the name of Kāṇabhūti. When thou shalt see him, and calling
to mind thy origin, tell him this tale; then thou shalt
be released from this curse."

Pushpadanta was born as a mortal under the name of Vararuchi in the city called Kausāṃbi.
Somadatta, a Brāhman, was his father, and Vasudatta his mother. Vararuchi was also known as Kātyāyana. At the time of his birth there was a heavenly pronouncement that he would be known as Varauchi because of his interest (ruchi) in the best (vara) things. It was also pronounced that he would be a world-renowned authority on grammar. Vararuchi was divinely blessed with a special gift: who could get anything by heart by hearing only once. In course of time Vararuchi became a student of Varsha along with Indradatta and Vyādi. Though Vararuchi was defeated by Pāṇini in a test of scholarship, Vararuchi by hard work excelled Pāṇini in grammar. Later Vararuchi became a minister to King Yogananda of [[Pāṭaliputra]].

Once he went on a visit to the shrine of Durgā. Goddess Durga, being pleased with his austerities, ordered him in a dream to go to the forests of the Vindhya to behold Kāṇābhūti. Proceeding to Vindhya, he saw, surrounded by hundreds of Piśāchas, that Paiśācha Kāṇābhūti, in stature like a śāla tree. When Kāṇābhūti had seen him and respectfully clasped his feet, Kātyāyana sitting down immediately spoke to him thus: "Thou art an observer of the good custom, how hast thou come into this state?" When Kāṇābhūti finished his story, Vararuchi remembered his origin, and exclaimed like one aroused from sleep: "I am that very Pushpadanta, hear that tale from me." and Vararuchi told all his history from his birth at full length.

Vararuchi then went to the tranquil site of the hermitage of Badarî. There he, desirous of putting off his mortal condition, resorted for meditation with intense devotion to that goddess and she, manifesting her real form to him, told him the secret of that meditation which arises from fire, to help him to put off the body. Then Vararuchi, having consumed his body by that form of meditation, reached his own heavenly home.

==Vararuci in ''Pancatantra''==
The characters in one of the several stories in ''[[Pancatantra]]'' are King Nanda and Vararuci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://panchatantra.org/a-three-in-one-story.html|title=A Three-in-One Story|access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> This story appear as the fifth story titled ''A Three in One Story'' in ''Strategy Four : Loss of Gains''.

Once upon a time, there was a much respected popular king called Nanda. He had a minister called Vararuchi. He was a very learned man well versed in philosophy and statecraft.

Vararuchi's wife was one day annoyed with her husband and kept away from him. Extremely fond of his wife, the minister tried every possible tactics he could think of to please her. Every method failed. Finally he pleaded with her: "Tell me what can I do to make you happy." The wife said sarcastically: "Shave your head cleanly and prostrate before me, then I will be happy." The minister meekly complied with her wish and succeeded in winning back her company and love.

King Nanda's queen also enacted the same drama of shunning his company. Nanda tried every trick he knew of to win her affection. King also failed in his efforts. Then the King fell on her feet and prayed: "My darling, I cannot live without you even for a while. Tell me what should I do to win back your love?" The queen said: "I will be happy if you pretend to be a horse, agree to be bridled and to let me ride you. While racing you must neigh like a horse. Is this acceptable to you?" "Yes," said the king and he did as his wife demanded.

Next day, the king saw Vararuchi with a shaven head and asked him, "Vararuchi, why have you shaved your head all of a sudden?" Vararuchi replied: "O king, is there anything that a woman does not demand and a man does not readily concede? He would do anything, shave his head or neigh like a horse."

Raktamukha, the monkey, then told Karalamukha, the crocodile: "You wicked crocodile, you are a slave of your wife like Nanda and Vararuchi. You tried to kill me but your chatter gave away your plans." That's why the learned have said:

<poem>
Silence is golden.
Parrots sing and betray
Their presence to the hunter.
The crane eludes the hunter
By keeping his beak tightly shut.
</poem>

==See also==
*[[Candravakyas|Chandravakyas]]
*[[List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school]]
*[[Vākyakaraṇa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kerala School}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
[[Category:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Vyakarana]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Indian writers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian people]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC writers]]

2023 West Bengal local elections violence

2025-12-14T11:12:00Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: New

{{Short description|2023 violence in India}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| partof =
| image =
| date = 8 June 2023 - 13 July 2023
| place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| causes = Violent clashes between workers of political parties across various parts of the state
| methods = [[Arson]], [[Shooting]], [[Rioting]]
| fatalities = 48 <ref name="IT 8 July">
Bengal Panchayat Election 2023 HIGHLIGHTS — SEC Says Will Look Into Poll Violence Complaints, Demands For Repolling, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/west-bengal-panchayat-election-violence-death-toll-repolling-8823262/]
</ref>
| injuries = 400+ <ref name="Zee 8 July">
[https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/west-bengal-panchayat-election-2023-voting-live-updates-2632411 LIVE | Bengal Panchayat Polls: 13 Killed In Massive Poll Violence]
</ref>
| damage =
| howmany1 =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.9868|87.8550|dim:70000_region:IN-MN_type:event|format=dms|display=it}}
| map_type = India
| map_size = 200
}}

A violent clash erupted between various workers of political parties including [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] during the poll day of panchayat elections on 8 July 2023 in [[West Bengal]]. According to reports of [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Aljazeera]] and [[Reuters]], at least 11 were killed and dozens more injured in clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 11 killed in local polls in India's West Bengal: Reports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/8/at-least-11-killed-in-local-polls-in-indias-west-bengal-reports |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2023 |title=At least 10 killed in poll-related violence in India's West Bengal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/least-10-killed-poll-related-violence-indias-west-bengal-2023-07-10/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Partial violence across the state had started from the announcement of the dates of polling from 8 June resulting in few casualties too. With polling and elections going on, violence against many workers continued over the streets of the state. The state witnessed [[Gunshot|gun shots]], [[assault]]s, [[riot]]ing and [[arson]]s wide across many parts of the state. Moreover, ballot boxes had been destroyed in various parts of the state. The polling process began at 7 am in 73,887 seats in rural areas of the state, where approximately 56,700,000 people were expected to cast their votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=Violence continues in Bengal, several areas to vote again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-election-commission-orders-repolling-at-697-booths-after-vote-tampering-and-violence-101688925878534.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Primarily [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]] in West Bengal saw stones being pelted and [[Bomb|kachcha bombs]] being burst when a sudden violent clash began between workers of [[Indian Secular Front]] and [[Trinamool Congress]]. This further spread across various parts of the state, where polling for panchayats were being carried on, mainly around the rural parts of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-08 |title=West Bengal Panchayat polls marred by violence, 12 dead; Here's top developments |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/west-bengal-panchayat-elections-marred-by-violence-12-dead-heres-top-developments-11688835874470.html |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
The clashes reportedly led to more than 15 deaths with allegations of strong-arm tactics, and several numbers injured, admitted in hospitals. The reports said deaths included around 7 [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] workers, 2 [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] workers, 2 [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] workers and others involved in riots and clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Bengal violence death toll rises to 20 as repolling takes place in over 600 booths |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/west-bengal-panchayat-election-violence-death-toll-repolling-8823262/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The governor of West Bengal [[C. V. Ananda Bose]] reacted stating that "We must kill poverty, but poor are being killed" and expressed disappointment in the state's management of polls. He also called these incidents disturbing and said he would be submitting reports to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Governor flies to Delhi, likely to submit poll violence report to Amit Shah |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/bengal-governor-flies-to-delhi-likely-to-submit-poll-violence-report-to-amit-shah-2404185-2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=India Today |date=10 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The Leader of Opposition [[Suvendu Adhikari|Suvendhu Adhikari]] called it as "Death of Democracy" and demanded for a free and fair poll to be rescheduled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Suvendu Adhikari puts lock on election office after Bengal poll violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-panchayat-poll-violence-protest-bjp-suvendu-adhikari-office-lock-sec-2403892-2023-07-09 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=India Today |date=9 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Congress Leader [[Digvijaya Singh]] said it to be "frightening" and appealed for peace and strict handling of situation to the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress leader Digvijaya Singh makes big remark on Bengal Panchayat Election Violence |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/congress-leader-digvijaya-singh-makes-big-remark-on-bengal-panchayat-election-violence-2633298.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2021 West Bengal post-poll violence]]
*[[2022 Birbhum violence]]
*[[Ram Navami riots]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Bengal local elections violence, 2023}}
[[Category:Politico-Religious violence in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:July 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2023 riots]]
[[Category:Gun violence in India]]
[[Category:Stone pelting in India]]
[[Category:Arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2023 mass murders]]
[[Category:June 2023 in India]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2023 murders in India]]
[[Category:2020s political riots]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political riots in India]]

Bagoriya

2025-12-12T03:47:52Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Done

{{Short description|Village in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagoriya
| native_name = Bagoriya
| native_name_lang = Marwadi
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name = Bagoriya
| subdivision_type1 = Tehsil
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type4 = Country
| subdivision_type5 = [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bhopalgarh]]
| subdivision_name2 = Jodhpur Rural
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{flag|india}}
| subdivision_name5 = [[Bhopalgarh Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali parliamentary constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Official language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hindi]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Vernacular language
| registration_plate = RJ-19 / RJ-54
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 342603
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch (Village head)
| leader_name = Arjun Singh
| area_code = 02930
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| blank_name_sec2 = Assembly MLA
| blank_info_sec2 = Geeta Barwar
| blank1_name_sec2 = Parliament MP
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[P. P. Choudhary]]
| postal2_code_type = Post office
| postal2_code = Bagoriya
| length_km = 8
| width_km = 12
| area_total_ha = 1361
| population_total = 2581
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rural = 7472
| image_skyline = Bagoriya entry gate.jpg
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|26|35|46.3|N|73|29|58.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan#India#World
| elevation_m = 302
| iso_code = RJ-IN
| demographics_type1 = Transport Connectivity
| demographics1_title1 = [[List of railway stations in India|Nearby Railway Station]]
| demographics1_info1 = Pipar Railway Station
| demographics1_title2 = [[List of airports in Rajasthan|Nearest Airport]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Jodhpur Airport]]
| demographics_type2 = Crops
| demographics2_title1 = [[Kharif crop|Kharif]]
| demographics2_info1 = Bajra, Maije, Jawar, Groundnut
| demographics2_title2 = [[Rabi crop|Rabi]]
| demographics2_info2 = Barley, Wheat, Gram, Pulses, Mustard
| extinct_title = Nearby City
| extinct_date = [[Bhopalgarh]], [[Pipar]]
| image_caption = Bagoriya Mata Temple, [[Bhopalgarh]]
}}
'''Bagoriya''' is a village located in [[Bhopalgarh]] [[Tehsil]] of [[Jodhpur District]] in [[Rajasthan]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,581.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bagoriya Village Population | website=Census 2011 India | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/84823-bagoriya-rajasthan.html | access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref> There is an ancient old temple known as ''Bagoriya Mata Temple'', a Muslim Pujari temple situated on a hill.{{cn|date=June 2024}} The main source of income for the inhabitants is farming. The village has rich farming soil and ground water level is low.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

Talcher Thermal Power Station

2025-12-11T11:41:54Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started Page

{{Short description|Power station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Talcher Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image = Talcher-thermal 0.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|20|54|37|N|85|12|24|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Talcher]], [[Angul district]]
| status = Decommissioned
| construction_began =
| commissioned = February 1968
| decommissioned = 31 March 2021
| cost =
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]
| operator = NTPC
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 4 × 60 MW 2 × 110 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 460 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Talcher Thermal Power station''' is located in [[Talcher]] sub-division of [[Angul district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]] Pin.759101. The existing plant was closed on 31 March 2021 with the plans to set up a new plant still in discussion phase. The power plant is one of the [[coal]]-based plants of [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Jagannath Mines of [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited]]. Source of water for the plant is from [[Brahmani River]]. It has its own railway station and is well connected to three other important stations in close vicinity: Talcher Road, Angul and Talcher Stations. This power plant has been ranked among the best power plants in the country despite being the oldest plant in the state. It has consistently topped the charts in NTPC for the last four years and was also the nation's top power plant (by PLF) in 2015-16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prameyanews7.com/en/jan2016/odisha/10252/NTPC-top-boss-urges-employees-to-maintain-performance-momentum-NTPC-Angul-employees-Odisha-Odisha.htm|title=NTPC top boss urges employees to maintain performance momentum|last=PrameyaNews7|access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>

On 23 November 2016, TTPS achieved the highest-ever power generation among all the power plants in the country in a single day at 104.13% PLF.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-talcher-thermal-achieves-highest-generation-in-a-single-day/articleshow/55599812.cms|title=NTPC- Talcher Thermal achieves highest generation in a single day|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ntpc-s-talcher-plant-achieves-highest-generation-in-a-day-116112401155_1.html|title=NTPC'S Talcher plant achieves highest generation in a day|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-11-24|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>

== Major milestones==
*5 January 1964: Foundation stone laid by then PM, Lt. Jawaharlal Nehru
*17 December 1967: 1st unit of 62.5 MW commissioned
*7 February 1968: 1st unit of 62.5 MW dedicated to the Nation by PM Smt. Indira Gandhi
*1968-1969: U#2, 3,& 4 commissioned.
*24 March 1982: 110 MW Unit commissioned. 2nd unit of 110 MW unit commissioned on 24 Mar’83
*3 June 1995: Transfer of Talcher Thermal Power Station(TTPS) from Odisha State Electric Board (OSEB) to NTPC Ltd.
*Sep 2005: Mine back filling with ash at MCL Mines started
*2008-09: Achieved Annual PLF of more than 90%
*2012-13: Highest Annual PLF of 96.27% & Availability of 93.61%
*7 February 2018: Completed 50th year of commercial operation of 1st unit
*31 March 2021 Closed. New plant setup still under discussion.

== Capacity ==
The total capacity is 460 MW, consisting of four units of 60 MW each and two units of 110 MW each.

==Construction==
===Stage I===
Unit 1 was commissioned 17-12-1967.

Unit 2 was commissioned 28-03-1968.

Unit 3 was commissioned 11-07-1968.

Unit 4 was commissioned 11-04-1969.

Stage I units were boilers (Babcock and Wilcox, USA) and TG’s of GE make.

===Stage II===
Unit 5 was commissioned 24-03-1982.

Unit 6 was commissioned 24-03-1983.

Stage II units are BHEL make.

The PPA agreement was signed between NTPC, OSEB and GoO on 08-03-1995 (with reference to an MOU signed between NTPC and GoO on 11-10-1994). Talcher TPS was transferred to NTPC on 03-06-1995 in pursuance to the Talcher Thermal Power Station (Transfer and Acquisition Act, 1994) with an objective to improve its performance using NTPC’s technical and managerial expertise. Total consideration for transfer payable by NTPC was Rs. 356 Cr. The Switchyard was transferred to NTPC by an MOU signed on 10-09-2000.

== Renovation and modernisation==

Objective of R&M

*Improve/sustain availability
*Restore design efficiency/ Heat Rate
*Extend life of units
*Upgrade technology of equipment/ overcome technology obsolescence and flexibility in operation and maintenance
*Improve plant safety
*Improve environment conditions{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

TTPS R&M was taken in phases viz. Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, Switchyard R&M and Stage II ESP R&M. Units 5 and 6 of Talcher TPS were undertaken for R&M and LE Programme in Phase-III of R&M implementation plan with an addition to some works based on RLA study reports in TG and auxiliaries of Stage I units. Some schemes in BOP area common to both stage I and II such as air compressors and ash dyke were also covered in this phase.

The station PLF has improved from 25.90% at the time of takeover in the FY 1995-96 to 79.33% in the FY 2003-04 as an indication of successful R&M. Similarly, the heat rate at the time of takeover was 3882 kCal/kWh which also improved to 2924 during the year 2004-05. The Auxiliary power consumption at the time of takeover was 12.55%, which was reduced to 10.85% in the year 2004-05. There was also a significant decrease in forced outage of the unit from 43% at time of takeover to 3.6% during the year 2004-05. Tube leakages in Boiler was 29 times at the time of takeover and which reduced to 6 during the year 2004-05.

The benefits envisioned after performing successful R&M implementation were sustained unit availability and generation, the reliability of the unit has improved, life of the units
have been increased by implementing technological up-gradation of equipments, flexibility of operation and maintenance, technological obsolescence have been overcome by replacing older equipments to get the spares of the new ones, improvement in plant safety and better environment management by installing new ESP.

== Performance ==
NTPC Talcher Thermal (commonly known as NTPC TTPS) remains one of the best renovated & performing power plants in the entire country. For the last few years it has almost constantly topped the charts of NTPC in terms of PLF (Power Load Factor) of electricity generation. It has even held the first position in the country for considerable intervals numerous times. Despite being an old take-over plant (to enter its 50th year of operation in February 2017), its performance exceeds that of newer plants of both NTPC and the private sector. The power plant officials attribute this consistency to the work culture of the township including a sense of ownership in the plant. The transformation from about 20-30% PLF during its take-over in 1995 to an average of 92-95% PLF as of 2016 has baffled experts throughout the country and foreign alike.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Expansion ==
As part of further growth strategy, two units of 660 MW are planned to be installed within the available land of Talcher Thermal. The useful life of the existing units are likely to be completed by March 2021. Clearance for the 1320 MW expansion was accorded from Govt. of Odisha on 20-01-2020 (revised on 28-02-20).

Environment clearance for the project was accorded on 12-09-2018. 39 cusecs of water allotted for the project from River Brahmani. Coal linkage is under finalization with CCL.

==Highlights of FY 2019-20==

*A four-week workshop on Girls Empowerment Mission (GEM), under CSR initiative was organized in May to 16 June 2019 with the participation of around 102 girl students from peripheral schools. It is planned to replicate the same in upcoming financial year
*46th State Junior Kabadi Championship 2019 for boys and girls concluded was organized by CSR department of NTPC /TTPS in association with Odisha Kabadi Association and Angul District Athletic Association from 12 to 14 December for three days in Shakti Stadium. Total 17 girls and 25 boys teams were participated from different districts of Odisha. Khurda girls team and Cuttack boys team were the winners in their category.
*NTPC Talcher is supporting Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan (RAA) under its CSR initiative primary focus areas of RAA is to strengthen the support of teachers and to bring Information and Communication Technology(ICT) into the learning atmosphere in government schools. NTPC Talcher is actively implementing this one year long initiative in 10 Upper Primary schools around the station.
*Conducted Rural volleyball tournament during 15–16 February 2020.
*Constructed community toilet blocks (Talcher SDJM court premises and another at Talcher Bus stand area).
*A total of 14 mobile health camps have been conducted.
*Ashalok Hospital organized a disability screening camp at NTPC Talcher Thermal.

== Township ==
NTPC TTPS maintains a township of about 350 acres. The colony is planned and has about 1200 houses, categorized to different types. The residence for the HOP (Head of the Project) is separate from these types.

There is a special guest house for accommodating the company guests ("Purvasha"), a multipurpose recreational center, a sports complex ("Shakti" Stadium), a modern medical facility ( "Ashalok" Hospital ), an executive club ("Spectrum" Club) and an open-air theatre.

===Ashalok Hospital===

Ashalok Hospital was constructed in 1967 as an OPD based Hospital. It was later converted to a 7 bed hospital and it is currently a 25 bed hospital with the following facilities: occupational health unit, ICU, cabin and IPD facility, dressing room, advanced operating theatre, radiology room with X-ray, pharmacy, pathology lab, laundry room with CSSD facility, dental unit, burn unit, and emergency unit.

Doctors at Ashalok Hospital contributed to post-Fani Cyclone restoration through medical camps conducted during May 2019, covering 8472 patients during the 22 day camp.

===Schools===
There are three schools on the campus with total enrollment of around 2446 students:
* D.A.V. Public School. (From Std 1 to +2 levels, English Medium).
* D.A.V. Talcher Thermal High School. (From Std 1 to Std 10, Odia medium) and D.A.V. Senior Secondary School.(+2 levels, Odia medium)
* Little Angels' Nursery School.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Talcher Super Thermal Power Station]], another coal-based power plant in close proximity owned by NTPC.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=306&Itemid=175&lang=en Talcher Thermal Power Station]

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power stations of Odisha}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Angul district]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1968]]

Kanyakumari Brahmin

2025-12-10T16:24:44Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: created biography

{{Short description|Southern Indian Vedic and Tantric Brahmin inter-dependent communities}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreferenced|date=May 2021}}
{{no footnotes|date=August 2016}}
{{Notability|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
|image =
|group = Kanyakumari Brahmins
|poptime=
|popplace = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Suchindram]], [[Kanyakumari]]
|region1 = India
|langs = ''Historical:'' [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]] ''Modern:'' Local languages, primarily: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]]
|rels=[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (100%)
|related = [[Iyer]]s, [[Iyengar]], [[Namboothiri]] and different [[Brahmin]] Communities.
}}

'''Kanyakumari Brahmins''' are a social group of Vedic as well as [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Brahmin]] inter-dependent communities mainly found in [[southern India]], and are basically known to represent a geographic-identity based [[Shaiva]]-[[Vaishnava]]-[[Shakta]] spiritual and political union. This unionist system of worship is supported by a monastic melting pot of [[Vadama]] people of the [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of [[Kerala]] and [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], along with descendants of [[Nambudiris]], [[Iyengars]], [[Iyers]], [[Madhwas]], and other [[Indo-Aryan people]] who migrated to the region in different waves to support pilgrimage in the region. The word Kanyakumari Brahmins means the Brahmins whose common ancestors, before any [[schisms]], had settled around the greater [[Kanyakumari]] region which includes south Kerala and Tamil Nadu and Brahmins here, irrespective of all superficial differences, respect it as a common identity and do religious rituals in the [[Suchindram]] temple together.

This region also known as [[Ay Kingdom]] was spread to the borders of [[Central Travancore]] in ancient times. [[Vadamas]] are believed to be the migrants from the north of [[Vindhya]] reaching the other coast of [[Tambapanni]] in the south crossing [[Pamba River|Pamba]] after [[Agastya]] and [[Pulastya]]. All sub-groups of Kanyakumari Brahmins were believed to be the ancestors of local [[Iyengars]] as well as the local [[Namboothiris]] and others in ancient [[Suchindram]], who also share a common ancestry irrespective of their faith.

All these [[Hindu]] sub-groups have ancestors who co-existed peacefully with [[Buddhists]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] and share [[Pali]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Malayali]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]], southern [[Pandyan]] and even ancient Yogic traditions and heritage with their neighbours. The ancient ports in this region connected the people to [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]] as international trade brought migrants from many parts of India and other kingdoms in this geographic triangle which had a common economic and melting pot cultural history until the British rule began.

It is to be noted that though the patrilineal
predecessors of Kanyakumari Brahmins, and Tamil Brahmins in general, were of Indo-Aryan origin, they mixed with the local native [[Dravidian peoples]] over the span of hundreds of years, so much so that the genetic makeup of these Brahmins is now majorly Dravidian with Indo-Aryan underlay.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/brahmins-seek-15-per-cent-reservation/article1334333.ece Brahmins seek 15 per cent reservation]
* [http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/ Tamil Brahmins Community]

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Kerala]]

Rawal Bharttripatta II

2025-11-05T14:33:33Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi:

{{Short description|Rawal of Mewar from 942 to 951}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox King
| name = Bhartripatta
| title = Rawal Maharajadhiraja
| succession =[[Guhila dynasty|Rawal of Mewar]]
| reign = 942–951
| predecessor = Khuman III
| successor = [[Rawal Allata]]
| spouse = Mahalaxmi (born [[Rashtrakuta]])
}}

'''Rawal Bharttripatta II''' or '''Rawal Bhartribhatta II''' (Bhartṛipaṭṭa) was a ruler of the [[Guhila dynasty]] in the Udaipur region of [[Rajputana]] in [[India]] in the first half of the 10th century. He became the '''Rawal''' in 942/43 after his father Khuman III and was succeeded by his son [[Rawal Allata|Allata]] in 951.{{Sfn|Somani|1976|loc=p. 50: "Khuman II was succeeded by Mahayaka and the latter by Khuman III, We have very little information about these rulers, Bharttripatta II, who succeeded, was an ambitious ruler"}}

He is described as an ambitious ruler by R. Somani.{{Sfn|Somani|1976|loc=p. 50: "Bharttripatta II, who succeeded, was an ambitious ruler"}} He married Mahālakṣmī, a [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] princess to establish an alliance with the Rastrakutas and also strike a hostility with the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]] who had been the allies of the Guhilots for centuries but were now in a state of decline.{{Sfn|Somani|1976|loc=p. 50}} Another evidence of hostility with the Pratihara is the fact that Pratapgarh inscriptions of 999VS (942 CE) describe him as the [[Maharajadhiraja]] and intentionally omitted the name of the Pratihara King [[Mahendrapala I|Mahendrapala]].{{Sfn|Somani|1976|loc=pp. 50–51 : "The Pratapgath inscription of V.E, 999 (042 A.D,) describes guhilot Bhartiripatta IT of Mewar as Maharajadhiraj, by intentionally omitting the name of Pratihar king Mahendrapal I, although, the name of the latter is mentioned in the second inscription of
V.E. 003 engraved on the same slab, Therefore, it seems that Bharteripatta was having hostile relations with the Pratihara rulers and seems to have extended his help to the Karnataka king Krishna III"}}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Ram Vallabh |last=Somani |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976|oclc=2929852}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharttripatta 02}}
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Guhila dynasty]]

Pir Shah Jewna

2025-10-26T14:53:16Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Creating First Info V1...

{{Short description|16th-century Sufi saint (1493–1569)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
[[File:SHAHJII.jpg|thumb|Shah Jewna Shrine, [[Jhang]] District Pakistan

]]
'''Shah Jewna''', also known as '''Pir Shah Jewna Mahboob Alam Naqvi Al-Bukhari''' was a 15th-century saint and a Naqvi [[Sayyid]]. Born in [[Kannauj]] in 895 A.H. (1493 A.D.), he was a direct descendant of [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]], Jewna’s father Sayyed Sadruddin Shah Kabir Naqvi Al Bukhari was the chief advisor of King [[Sikandar Lodi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|access-date=2021-01-07|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref>

After the death of Makhdoom Jahanian Jahangast, the ancestors of Shah Jewna had moved to Kannauj.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari|url=http://www.janathimessage.co.uk/literature/sufism/hazrat%20pir%20shah%20jewna%20al-naqvi%20al-bokhari.html|access-date=2021-01-07|website=www.janathimessage.co.uk}}</ref> Jewna migrated from Kannauj to [[Shah Jeewna]] (a town named after him), which was deserted until he settled there. Makhdoom Jahanian Mosque is still present in Kannauj.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Makhdoom Jahaniya, mohalla shekhana kannauj|url=https://indiapl.com/uttar/makhdoom-jahaniya-81693|access-date=2021-01-09|website=indiapl.com}}</ref> Shah Jewna رحمه الله died in the year 971 A.H. (1569) during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Akbar]]. Jewna's descendants are still present in various places of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glories of Hazrat Pir shah Jewana|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/5652-glories-of-hazrat-pir-shah-jewana|access-date=2021-01-07|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Journal Of Archaeology|url=http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx|access-date=2021-02-03|website=ijarch.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1493 births]]
[[Category:1569 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:People from Bukhara]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Jhang District]]

Kirātārjunīya

2025-10-21T16:58:47Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: created a entry

{{Short description|Hindu epic poem by Bhāravi}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox religious text
| image = File:Kiratarjuniya.jpg
|caption = [[Arjuna]] receives the [[Pashupatastra]] from [[Shiva]]. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], 19th century.
| author = [[Bharavi|Bhāravi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| verses =
| period = [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]
}}

'''''Kirātārjunīya''''' ({{langx|sa|किरातार्जुनीय}}, ''Of Kirata and Arjuna'') is an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] by [[Bhāravi]], written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=M. P.|title=Encyclopaedia of teaching of history|publisher=Institute for Sustainable Development|year=2002|isbn=81-261-1243-3|edition=1st|location=Lucknow|pages=297|oclc=631660227 }}</ref> Believed to have been composed in the 6th century or earlier, it consists of eighteen [[Canto|cantos]] describing the combat between [[Shiva]] (in the guise of a ''[[kirata]]'', or "mountain-dwelling hunter"), and [[Arjuna]]. Along with the [[Naishadha Charita|''Naiṣadhacarita'']] and the ''[[Shishupala Vadha]]'', it is one of the larger three of the six Sanskrit [[mahakavya]]s, or great epics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Har|1983|p=iii}}</ref> It is noted among Sanskrit critics both for its gravity or depth of meaning, and for its forceful and sometimes playful expression. This includes a canto set aside for demonstrating linguistic feats, similar to [[constrained writing]]. Later works of epic poetry followed the model of the ''Kirātārjunīya''.

==Synopsis==
===Overview===

[[File:Kiratarjuna.jpg|thumb|left|[[Arjuna]] fights with the [[Kirata]]-[[Shiva]]]]

The ''Kirātārjunīya'' predominantly features the ''Vīra [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'', or the mood of valour.<ref>{{citation | year=2006 | title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature Volume One (A To Devo) | editor=Amaresh Datta | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 | page=462 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=kiratarjuniya&pg=PA462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|date=2021|title=From Purāṇic to Folk: the 'Kirātārjunīyam Ballade' and Visuals|url=https://www.academia.edu/49196507|journal=Eikón / Imago|volume=10|pages=355–366|doi=10.5209/eiko.74158 |s2cid=237980745 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It expands upon a minor episode in the ''[[Vana Parva]]'' ("Book of the Forest") of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'': While the [[Pandavas]] are exiled in the forest, [[Draupadi]] and [[Bhima]] incite [[Yudhishthira]] to declare war with the [[Kauravas]], while he does not relent. Finally, Arjuna, at the instruction of [[Indra]], appeases [[Shiva]] with penance (''[[tapasya]]'') in the forest. Pleased by his austerities, Shiva decides to reward him.

[[File:Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists - Kirat-Arjuna.jpg|thumb|upright|''Kirata-Arjuna'', by [[Nandalal Bose]], 1914]]
When a demon named [[Mukasura|Muka]], in the form of a wild boar, charges toward Arjuna, Shiva appears in the form of a kirata, a wild mountaineer. Arjuna and the kirata simultaneously shoot an arrow at the boar, and kill it. They argue over who shot first, and a battle ensues. They fight for a long time, and Arjuna is shocked that he cannot conquer this kirata. Finally, he recognises the god, and surrenders to him. Shiva, pleased with his bravery, gives him the powerful weapon, the [[Pashupatastra]]. Apart from Arjuna, no one possessed Pashupatastra in the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{citation | year=1876 | title = The London quarterly review, Volume 46 | author1=John Telford | author2=Benjamin Aquila Barber | editor1=William Lonsdale Watkinson | editor2=William Theophilus Davison | publisher=J.A. Sharp | page=324 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZtIAAAAMAAJ&q=kiratarjuniya&pg=PA324}}
</ref><ref>{{citation | year=1989 | title = A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices | author1=Sures Chandra Banerji | edition=2 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0063-2 | page=215 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC&q=cantos&pg=PA215}}
</ref>

===The Cantos===

[[File:Arjuna-celestials.jpg|thumb|right|Arjuna, with the army of celestial maidens ([[apsara]]s) and musicians ([[Gandharva]]s) approaching. [[Kangra painting|Kangra]] watercolour, Himachal Pradesh, {{circa|1820}}.]]
There are 18 Cantos in this great work.
The following canto-by-canto description of the work is from [[A. K. Warder]].<ref name=warder/> Bharavi's work begins with the word ''[[Shri|śrī]]'' (fortune), and the last verse of every canto contains the synonym [[Lakshmi]].

'''I.''' A spy of the exiled king [[Yudhiṣṭhira|Yudhishthira]] arrives and informs him of the activities of the [[Kauravas]]. Yudhiṣṭhira informs the other [[Pandavas]], and his wife [[Draupadi]] attempts to incite him to declare war, upbraiding him for stupidly accepting the exile rather than breaking the agreement and declaring war to regain what is rightfully theirs. 
'''II.''' Bhima supports Draupadi, pointing out that it would be shameful to receive their kingdom back as a gift instead of winning it in war, but Yudhiṣṭhira refuses, with a longer speech. Meanwhile, the sage [[Vyasa]] arrives. 
'''III.''' Vyasa points out that the enemy is stronger, and they must use their time taking actions that would help them win a war, if one were to occur at the end of their exile. He instructs Arjuna to practise ascetism (''tapasya'') and propitiate [[Indra]] to acquire divine weapons for the eventual war. Arjuna departs, after being reminded by Draupadi of the humiliation she has suffered. 
'''V.''' Arjuna is led by a yaksha to the Indrakila mountain, which is described in great detail. Arjuna begins his intense austerities, the severity of which causes disturbance among the gods. 
'''VI.''' Meanwhile, a celestial army of nymphs ([[apsara]]s) sets out from heaven, in order to eventually distract Arjuna. 
'''VII.''' Description of their passage through the heavens. 
'''VIII.''' The nymphs enjoy themselves on the mountain. 
'''IX.''' Description of the night, with celebrations of drinking and lovemaking. 
'''X.''' The nymphs attempt to distract Arjuna, accompanied by musicians and making the best features of all six seasons appear simultaneously. However, they fail, as instead of Arjuna falling in love with them, they fall in love with Arjuna instead. 
'''XI.''' Finally, Indra arrives as a sage, praises Arjuna's asceticism, but criticises him for seeking victory and wealth instead of liberation — the goddess of Fortune is fickle and indiscriminate. Arjuna stands his ground, explaining his situation and pointing out that conciliation with evil people would lead one into doing wrong actions oneself. He gives a further long speech that forms the heart of the epic, on right conduct, self-respect, resoluteness, dignity, and wisdom. Pleased, Indra reveals himself to his son, and asks him to worship [[Shiva]]. 
'''XII.''' Arjuna begins severe austerities, and, on being implored by the other ascetics, Shiva takes the form of a kirata and arrives to meet Arjuna. 
'''XIII.''' Both Arjuna and the kirata shoot the boar. Arjuna goes to retrieve his arrow, and one of the ''kirata''s quarrels with him. 
'''XIV-XVIII.''' Arjuna and Shiva fight. Arjuna fails and finally realizes whom he is facing, and surrenders to Shiva and wins his benediction.<ref name=warder/>

==Appraisal==
The work was popular among critics, with more than 42 commentaries written on it. The style of his work, with cantos 4 to 9 having no relation to the plot but instead being merely an excuse for beautiful descriptive poetry, was influential on all later Sanskrit epic poetry, in which the action was often ignored entirely.<ref name=das>{{citation | year=2006 | title = A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular | author1=Sisir Kumar Das | author2=Sahitya Akademi | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 | pages=71–72 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&pg=PA71}}</ref>
Over a tenth of the verses from this work are quoted in various anthologies and works on poetics. The most popular verse is the 37th from the eighth canto, which describes nymphs bathing in a river, and is noted for its beauty. Another verse from the fifth canto (''utphulla sthalanalini...'') is noted for its imagery, and has given Bharavi the sobriquet of "Chhatra Bharavi",<ref>Lal, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4126&dq=kiratarjuniya p. 4126]</ref><ref name=winternitz/> as he describes the pollen of the lotus flowers being blown by the wind into a golden umbrella (''Chhatra'') in the sky. Thus, for having verses that are pleasing to lay people as well as clever verses appreciated by scholars, the work is considered to have 'harmony' or 'appropriateness' at all levels, and has been said to possess ''samastalokarañjakatva'', the quality of delighting all the people.<ref>Warder, pp. 230–232.</ref>

The ''Kirātārjunīya'' is the only known work of Bharavi and "is regarded to be the most powerful poem in the Sanskrit language".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Husain|first=S. Abid|title=The national culture of India.|publisher=Asia Publishing House|year=1961|location=Bombay, London|pages=68|language=en|oclc=316088831}}</ref> [[A. K. Warder]] considers it the "most perfect epic available to us", over [[Aśvaghoṣa]]'s ''[[Buddhacarita]]'', noting its greater force of expression, with more concentration and polish in every detail. Despite using extremely difficult language and rejoicing in the finer points of [[Sanskrit grammar]], Bharavi achieves conciseness and directness. His alliteration, "crisp texture of sound", and choice of [[Sanskrit metre|metre]] closely correspond to the narrative.<ref name=warder/>

==Linguistic ingenuity==
The work is known for its brevity, depth (''arthagauravam''), and verbal complexity. At times, the narrative is secondary to the interlaced descriptions, elaborate metaphors and similes, and display of mastery in the Sanskrit language.<ref name=winternitz>{{citation | year=1985 | title = History of Indian literature | author1=Moriz Winternitz | editor1=Subhadra Jha (transl.) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 | page=71 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&q=kiratarjuniya&pg=PA71}}</ref> Notably, its fifteenth canto contains ''[[Chitra-kavya|chitrakavya]]'', decorative composition, including the fifteenth verse with "elaborate rhythmic consonance"<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64041/Bharavi Bharavi: Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> noted for consisting of just one consonant:<ref name=warder>{{citation | year=2004 | title = Indian Kāvya literature, Part 1 | author1=A. K. Warder | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0445-6 | page=225 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTlLXw46g-cC&q=nunnanunnanut&pg=PA225}}</ref><ref>{{citation | year=1875 | title = Indian wisdom: or, Examples of the religious, philosophical, and ethical doctrines of the Hindūs: with a brief history of the chief departments of Sanskṛit literature, and some account of the past and present condition of India, moral and intellectual | author1=Sir Monier Monier-Williams | edition=2 | publisher=W.H. Allen | page=452 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IewdAAAAMAAJ&q=kiratarjuniya&pg=PA452}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PBIpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT271 Canto 15, Verse 14]</ref>

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
[[Devanagari]] 
न नोननुन्नो नुन्नोनो नाना नानानना ननु । 
नुन्नोऽनुन्नो ननुन्नेनो नानेना नुन्ननुन्ननुत् ॥
</div>
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
[[IAST]] 
na nonanunno nunnono nānā nānānanā nanu । 
nunno'nunno nanunneno nānenā nunnanunnanut ॥
</div>
{{col-end}}

''Translation'': "О ye many-faced ones (''nānānanā''), he indeed (''nanu'') is not a man (''na nā'') who is defeated by an inferior (''ūna-nunno''), and that man is no man (''nā-anā'') who persecutes one weaker than himself (''nunnono''). He whose leader is not defeated (''na-nunneno'') though overcome is not vanquished (''nunno'nunno''); he who persecutes the completely vanquished (''nunna-nunna-nut'') is not without sin (''nānenā'')."<ref>{{citation | year=1860 | title = Nalopákhyánam: story of Nala : an episode of the Mahá-bhárata : the Sanskrit text, with a copious vocabulary, grammatical analysis, and introduction | author1=Sir Monier Monier-Williams | author2=Henry Hart Milman | publisher=University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVwIAAAAQAAJ&q=nunnanunnanut&pg=PR24 | page=xxiv}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The 25th verse from the same canto is an example of the form of verse that the Sanskrit aestheticians call ''sarvatobhadra'', "good from every direction": each line (''pada'') of it is a [[palindrome]], and the verse is unchanged when read vertically down or up as well:<ref name=warder/>

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
देवाकानिनि कावादे 
वाहिकास्वस्वकाहि वा । 
काकारेभभरे का का 
निस्वभव्यव्यभस्वनि ॥

 

devākānini kāvāde 
vāhikāsvasvakāhi vā । 
kākārebhabhare kā kā 
nisvabhavyavyabhasvani ॥
{{Col-break}}
{| style="text-align: center; width:200px;"
|- style="color:red;"
| de || vā || kā || ni || ni || kā || vā || de
|-
| style="color:red;" | vā || hi || kā || sva || sva|| kā || hi || style="color:red;" | vā
|-
| style="color:red;" | kā || kā || re || bha || bha || re || kā || style="color:red;" | kā
|-
| style="color:red;" | ni || sva || bha || vya || vya || bha || sva || style="color:red;" | ni
|-
| colspan=8 | (and the lines reversed)
|-
| style="color:red;" | ni || sva || bha || vya || vya || bha || sva || style="color:red;" | ni
|-
| style="color:red;" | kā || kā || re || bha || bha || re || kā || style="color:red;" | kā
|-
| style="color:red;" | vā || hi || kā || sva || sva|| kā || hi || style="color:red;" | vā
|- style="color:red;"
| de || vā || kā || ni || ni || kā || vā || style="color:red;" | de
|}
{{col-end}}
''Translation'': "O man who desires war! This is that battlefield which excites even the gods, where the battle is not of words. Here people fight and stake their lives not for themselves but for others. This field is full of herds of maddened elephants. Here those who are eager for battle and even those who are not very eager, have to fight."<ref name=gems>[http://nextfuture.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/aug07/nfaug07_wonder.htm Gems of Sanskrit literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180739/http://nextfuture.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/aug07/nfaug07_wonder.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}, Dr. [[Sampadananda Mishra]], Sanskrit Research Coordinator, Sri Aurobindo Society, Pondicherry</ref>
</blockquote>

Similarly, the 23rd verse of the fifteenth canto is the same as the 22nd verse read backwards, syllable for syllable.<ref name=warder/>

The 52nd verse of the 15th canto is an example of ''Mahāyamaka'', or the great ''Yamaka'', where all four feet of the verse are the same, but each foot has a different meaning.

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
[[Devanagari]] 
विकाशमीयुर्जगतीशमार्गणा विकाशमीयुर्जगतीशमार्गणाः । 
विकाशमीयुर्जगतीशमार्गणा विकाशमीयुर्जगतीशमार्गणाः ॥
</div>
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
[[IAST]] 
vikāśamīyurjagatīśamārgaṇā vikāśamīyurjagatīśamārgaṇāḥ | 
vikāśamīyurjagatīśamārgaṇā vikāśamīyurjagatīśamārgaṇāḥ ॥
</div>
{{col-end}}

''Translation'': "The arrows (''mārgaṇāḥ''), of the king (''jagatīśa'') ''Arjuna'' spread out (''vikāśam īyuḥ''). The arrows (''mārgaṇāḥ''), of the lord of the earth (''jagatīśa'') [i.e. Śiva], spread out (''vikāśam īyuḥ''). The ''Gaṇa''s (gaṇāḥ) who are the slayers of demons (''jagatīśamār'') rejoiced (''vikāśam īyuḥ''). The seekers (''mārgaṇāḥ'') of ''Śiva'' (''jagatīśa'') [i.e. the deities and sages], reached (''īyuḥ'') the sky (''vikāśam'') [to watch the battle]. "<ref>{{citation | year=1895 | title = The Kirātārjunīya of Bhāravi - With the commentary of Mallinātha and various readings | author1=Pandit Durgaprasad | author2=Kasinath Pandurang Parab | publisher=Tukaram Javaji | page=252}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Offshoots and commentaries==
The earliest commentary of Kiratarjuniya was likely on Canto 15, by [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western ganga]] king [[Durvinita]] in Kannada, however, this work isn't extant.<ref>{{Citation |title=JSTOR |date=2023-01-29 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&oldid=1136202811 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Durvinita |date=2023-02-03 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durvinita&oldid=1137210596 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>

Bharavi's "power of description and dignity of style" were an inspiration for [[Māgha]]'s ''[[Shishupala Vadha]]'', which is modelled after the ''Kirātārjunīya'' and seeks to surpass it.<ref>{{citation | year=1999 | title = Ancient Indian History and Civilization | author1=Sailendra Nath Sen | publisher=New Age International | isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 | page=230 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=kiratarjuniya&pg=PA230}}
</ref> While Bharavi uses 19 different types of [[Sanskrit metre|metres]], Māgha uses 23; while Bharavi praises Shiva, Māgha extols [[Vishnu]]; and he has his own instances of one-consonant (''dādadoduddaduddādī…'') and ''sarvatobhadra'' palindromic verses.<ref name="winternitz" />

A ''vyayoga'' (a kind of play), also named ''Kirātārjunīya'' and based on Bharavi's work, was produced by the Sanskrit dramatist Vatsaraja in the 12th or 13th century.<ref name=lal>{{citation | year=2006 | title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, Volume 5 | author1=Mohan Lal | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 | page=4515 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=kiratarjuniya&pg=PA4515}}</ref>

The authoritative commentary on the ''Kirātārjunīya'', as on the other five ''mahakayva''s, is by [[Mallinātha Sūri|Mallinātha]] ({{circa|1500 CE}}). His commentary on the ''Kirātārjunīya'' is known as the ''Ghaṇṭāpatha'' (''the Bell-Road'') and explains the multiple layers of compounds and figures of speech present in the verses.<ref>{{citation | year=2002 | title = Mallinātha | author1=P. G. Lalye | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-1238-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0FfADSV6o4C}}</ref>

The first Western translation of the poem was by Carl Cappeller into German, published by the [[Harvard Oriental Series]] in 1912.<ref>{{citation | year=1912 | title = Bharavi's poem Kiratarjuniya: or, Arjuna's combat with the Kirata | author1=Bhāravi | author2=Carl Cappeller | publisher=Harvard University | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6B0YAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> There have since been six or more partial translations into English.<ref>Tuvia Gelblum, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/616942 Review], ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 50, No. 1 (1987)</ref>

==See also==

* [[Arjunawiwaha]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation | year=2004 | title = Indian Kāvya literature, Part 1 | author1=A. K. Warder | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0445-6 | pages=198–233 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTlLXw46g-cC&pg=PA198}}
* {{Citation| last = Roodbergen| first = J.A.F. | title = Mallinātha's Ghaṇṭāpatha on the Kirātārjunīya, I-VI| publisher = Brill Archive| year = 1984 | isbn =90-04-07018-4| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AM0UAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation | last = Peterson| first = Indira Viswanathan | title = Design and rhetoric in a Sanskrit court epic: the Kirātārjunīya of Bhāravi| publisher = State University of New York Press| year = 2003| isbn = 0-7914-5614-5}}
* {{citation | year=1983 | last=Har|first=Saktipada | title=Bhāravi and Kirātārjunīyam: A Critical Study | publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar | place=Calcutta}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6B0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR22 A bibliography, as of 1912]
* {{citation | year=2016 | title = Arjuna and the Hunter | author1=Bharavi (Indira Viswanathan Peterson, ed. and trans.) | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn= 978-06-745-0496-7 | pages=430 | url=}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/kirtrjunyabhrav00bhgoog Original text with Sanskrit commentary]: {{citation | year=1885 | title = The Kirâtârjunîya of Bhâravi: with the commentary (the Ghaṇtâpatha) of Mallinâtha | author1=Bhāravi | editor1=Nārāyaṇa Bālakṛishṇa Godabole | editor2=Kāśināth Pāṇḍurang Paraba | publisher=Nirṇaya-Sâgara press}}
* [http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/2_kavya/bhakirxu.htm Transliterated text] at [[GRETIL]]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03038.htm Kairata Parva], translation of the part of the Vana Parva that contains the story.
* [https://archive.org/stream/laysancientindi00goog#page/n142/mode/2up The Hunter and the Hero]: a very slightly abridged verse translation of the ''Kirātārjunīya'' into English by [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], in his ''Lays of Ancient India''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiratarjuniya}}
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:6th-century books]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]
[[Category:6th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Poems based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Pallava dynasty]]

Naaz Joshi

2025-09-22T23:23:52Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: stub...

{{Short description|India's first international trans beauty queen}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Naaz Joshi
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| height = 5 ft 10 in
| haircolor = Brown
| eyecolor = Green
| agency = MIHM
| relatives = [[Viveka Babajee]] (cousin)
}}

'''Naaz Joshi''' (born 31 December 1984 in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Naaz Joshi: From being abandoned to winning Miss Universe Diversity; |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/people/naaz-joshi-being-abandoned-winning-miss-universe-diversity-story-1st-transgender-beauty-queen-560665 |work=Pink villa |date=2 September 2020 |accessdate=3 September 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509194809/https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/people/naaz-joshi-being-abandoned-winning-miss-universe-diversity-story-1st-transgender-beauty-queen-560665 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is India's first [[transgender]] international beauty queen, a trans rights activist<ref>{{cite web |last=Tandon|first=Rajguru|authorlink=|title=Naaz Joshi, The Trans- Woman Inspiring Change In The Community
|url=http://bwpeople.businessworld.in/article/Naaz-Joshi-The-Trans-Woman-Inspiring-Change-In-The-Community-/10-09-2019-175879/|work=Business World|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref> and a motivational speaker.

[[Joshi]] won the [[Miss World]] Diversity beauty pageant three times in a row.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur|first=Priyanshi|authorlink=|title=making India Proud: Transgender Model Naaz Joshi Wins The Title Of Miss World Diversity 2019|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/making-india-proud-transgender-model-naaz-joshi-wins-the-title-of-miss-world-diversity-2019_-373119.html/|work=India Times |date=8 August 2019|accessdate=23 October 2019 }}</ref> She is India's first transgender cover model.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maki |authorlink= |title=Transgender cover girl in India |url=https://transgenderfeed.com/2017/10/23/aizya-naaz-joshi-first-transgender-cover-girl-india/| work=Transgenderfeed|date=23 October 2017 |accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Story of India's first trans sexual model |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news-plus/singles/story-of-indias-first-international-transsexual-model-times-now/101539|work= Times now plus|date= 26 June 2021 |accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref> She is the world's first trans woman to win an international beauty pageant with cisgender women.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma|first=Shweta|title=Not easy to compete with cis women: Naaz Joshi, India's first transgender to win Miss World Diversity title thrice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/naaz-joshi-indian-transgender-miss-world-diversity-title-winner-5909563/|work= indian express|date= 17 August 2019 |accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Biography==
Joshi was born to a [[Muslim]] mother and a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] father.<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Time Miss Diversity Naaz Joshi Wants To Use Her Crown To Work For Her Community. |url=https://www.womensweb.in/2019/08/i-want-to-use-my-crown-to-work-with-the-government-aizya-naaz-joshi-aug19wk4md/ |work=Women's web |date=21 August 2018 |accessdate=25 October 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116173557/https://www.womensweb.in/2019/08/i-want-to-use-my-crown-to-work-with-the-government-aizya-naaz-joshi-aug19wk4md/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the age of 7, her family sent her to a distant relative in [[Mumbai]] to avoid taunts for her feminine behavior. She worked at dance bars and restaurants to earn a living from 1998 to 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Time Miss Diversity Naaz Joshi Wants To Use Her Crown To Work For Her Community. |url=https://www.womensweb.in/2019/08/i-want-to-use-my-crown-to-work-with-the-government-aizya-naaz-joshi-aug19wk4md/ |work=Women's web |date=21 August 2018 |accessdate=25 October 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116173557/https://www.womensweb.in/2019/08/i-want-to-use-my-crown-to-work-with-the-government-aizya-naaz-joshi-aug19wk4md/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Joshi enrolled at the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT) and completed her formal studies in fashion design.<ref>{{cite web |last=Soni|first=Preeti|authorlink=|title=Abandoned at 7, raped at 11, India's three-time Miss Diversity, Naaz Joshi, shares the gut-wrenching plight of the country's trans community|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/good-news/abandoned-at-7-raped-at-11-indias-three-time-miss-diversity-naaz-joshi-shares-the-gut-wrenching-plight-of-the-countrys-trans-community/ar-AAGroL4?li=AAggbRN&backRedirect=true|work=MSN|date=27 August 2018 |accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref> She completed her [[MBA]] in marketing from the [[Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Monn|first=Cherrylan|authorlink=|title=Crowning glory|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/270718/crowning-glory.html/ |work=Deccan Chronicle| date=28 August 2018 |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref>

At the age of 18, Joshi met her cousin, [[Viveka Babajee]], a [[Mauritian]] model. Viveka helped Joshi enter NIFT and she studied Fashion Design. After Viveka committed suicide in 2010, Joshi decided to fulfill her dream of becoming a model and stopped design.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramesh|first=Malvika|authorlink=|title='Trans'-fixed by her beauty|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/280819/trans-fixed-by-her-beauty.html |work=Deccan Chronicle| date=28 August 2019 |accessdate=26 April 2021}}</ref>

Joshi worked as a sex worker to earn money for her sex reassignment surgery.<ref>{{cite web |last=Norboo |first=Rinchen |authorlink= |date=27 August 2018 |title=India's 1st International Transgender Beauty Queen Once Washed Dishes, Survived Sexual Assault. |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/191847/india-transgender-inspirational-miss-world-diversity-naaz-joshi-international/ |accessdate=23 October 2019 |work=[[The Better India]]}}</ref>

==Professional life==
After her graduation, she worked with two designers of [[India]], [[Ritu Kumar]] and Ritu Beri. She worked with an ex-Member of Parliament, Dr. [[Udit Raj]], for gender sensitization and to make women aware of their constitutional rights and menstrual hygiene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/naaz-joshi-india-first-transsexual-ms-diversity-2018-5263252/ |title=Meet Aizya (Naaz) Joshi: India's first transsexual to win Ms Diversity 2018 |website= Indian Express|date=17 July 2018 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Joshi has worked with Nitin Shakya, the Nodal officer of [[New Delhi district|New Delhi District]], to help the trans community. She is working on his project to mainstream the transgender community of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naaz Joshi, India's First Transgender Beauty Queen, Participates in Gender Sensitization Program |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/naaz-joshi-india-s-first-transgender-beauty-queen-participates-in-gender-sensitization-program/article_4ba22262-b1c1-11eb-befb-c31d7093e2b8.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=India west |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513181303/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/naaz-joshi-india-s-first-transgender-beauty-queen-participates-in-gender-sensitization-program/article_4ba22262-b1c1-11eb-befb-c31d7093e2b8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Joshi is a pageant director for Mrs. India Home Makers (MIHM). Its goal is to bridge the gender gap.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/270718/crowning-glory-1.html |title= Crowning glory |website= Deccan Chronicle|date= 27 July 2018 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

Joshi works on gender sensitisation programs. She has interacted with the trans community in schools and universities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.desiblitz.com/content/indias-1st-transgender-pageant-winner-advocates-for-equality |title= Naaz Joshi, India's 1st International Pageant Winner participates in Gender Sensitization Program |website= desi blitz|date=17 January 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref>
She is currently the president of an international beauty pageant for trans women named Miss Universe Trans<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dw.com/en/india-transgender-beauty-pageant-celebrates-diversity/video-67659540 |title= India Transgender beauty pageant celebrates diversity |website= dw|date=4 December 2023|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==
Joshi won the title of Miss World Diversity in 2017, 2018 and 2019, She became the first trans woman to win the title for three consecutive years. The win also made her the first transgender person in the world to win an international crown against [[cisgender]] women. In 2020 and 2022 she won miss universe diversity competition, The 2020 competition was made digital due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There were contestants from thirty countries who were given tasks. Joshi chose to work on women's safety and self-defense.<ref>{{cite web |title= Not easy to compete with cis women: Naaz Joshi, India's first transgender to win Miss World Diversity title thrice2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/naaz-joshi-indian-transgender-miss-world-diversity-title-winner-5909563/|work=Indian Express|date=17 August 2018|accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma|first=Shweta|authorlink=|title= Not easy to compete with cis women: Naaz Joshi, India's first transgender to win Miss World Diversity title thrice 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/naaz-joshi-indian-transgender-miss-world-diversity-title-winner-5909563/|work=New Indian Express|date=17 August 2019|accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I'm looking for power to voice my opinions: Miss Universe Diversity Naaz Joshi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/aug/08/interview--im-looking-for-power-to-voice-my-opinions-miss-universe-diversity-naaz-joshi-2180539.html|work = New Indian Express|date= 8 August 2020 |accessdate= 8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = naaz joshi wins miss universe diversity 2022 crown| url = https://indianexpress.com/web-stories/life-style/naaz-joshi-wins-miss-universe-diversity-2022-crown/| work= Indian express | date= 3 August 2022}}</ref>

In September 2018, Joshi won the [[Miss Transqueen India]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last=kumar|first=ashok|authorlink=|title= Delhi Transgender Accuses Hotel Staff for Discrimination|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/transgender-accuses-hotel-staff-of-discrimination/article26658058.ece|work=New The Hindu|date=28 March 2019|accessdate=25 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, Joshi won the Miss Republic International Beauty Ambassador and Miss United Nations Ambassador pageants. On winning this particular title, she told Indulge Express that winning the crown gives her more power and responsibility towards society, with which she aims to work towards bringing the transgender community into the mainstream.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Shruti |date=9 October 2019 |title=Creating History: Transgender Model Naaz Joshi Wins Miss World Diversity For The Third Time! |url=https://www.whatshot.in/delhi-ncr/creating-history-transgender-model-naaz-joshi-wins-miss-world-diversity-for-the-third-time-c-16995 |access-date=27 October 2019 |website=What's Hot}}</ref>

In 2021, Joshi won the Empress Earth pageant, making her India's first trans queen with seven titles. She is the first Indian to win the title. The contest was supposed to take place in [[Dubai]] on 1 June 2021, but due to the pandemic, the pageant was done virtually. Female Contestants from more than 15 countries participated in Empress Earth 2021. The countries that entered the top five were [[Colombia]], [[Spain]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title= India's first international transgender beauty queen wins empress earth|url= https://www.womansera.com/indias-first-international-transgender-beauty-queen-wins-empress-earth/|work = Womansera|date= 4 June 2021 |accessdate= 5 June 2021}}</ref>

== Views ==
In an interview during the 72nd Independence Day celebration in India, she said that love is not free in the country. She said her marriage was called off because she is a trans woman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2020 |title=Independence Day 2020: Is India independent to love? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/independence-day-2020-is-india-independent-to-love/22936260 |access-date=17 August 2020 |website=Midday}}</ref>

In an interview with [[the times of india|''The Times of India'']], Joshi narrated her hurdles in pageantry. Some contestants backed out, hearing that a trans woman would be competing and some backed out because she had a history of sex work. She went on to say that in the national Indian trans pageant, where she competed in 2018, she was age shamed by her co-contestants because she was the eldest of all the transgender contestants.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2021 |title=It's very difficult to find true love as a trans- woman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/its-very-difficult-to-find-true-love-as-a-trans-woman/articleshow/83742390.cms |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

In 2018, she claimed to be a victim of gender discrimination after having her booking rejected by a hotel in [[Gurgaon]]. A junior employee of the hotel, contacted about this by the ''[[Hindustan Times]],'' stated that the booking was cancelled for "gender-based reasons", and was later denied by the general manager who stated the "allegations of discrimination of any kind were false" and that the hotel had not yet confirmed Joshi's booking because it was still waiting for approval from the regional sales office.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |date=28 March 2018 |title=Trans woman model alleges gender discrimination by hotel in Civil Lines. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/trans-woman-model-alleges-gender-discrimination-by-hotel-in-civil-lines/story-R1sDoFENfhKk61ghxFEigN.html/ |accessdate=25 October 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Joshi is a mother of two daughters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Naaz}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Transgender women entertainers]]
[[Category:Transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Transgender female models]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Sundarakanda

2025-09-08T21:02:18Z

Hakeem Nafeesurrahman Thanvi: Started Details

{{Wikt|sa:सुन्दरकाण्ड}}

'''Sundarakanda''' or '''[[Sundara Kanda]]''' is the fifth book in the ancient Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.

'''Sundarakanda''' may also refer to these Indian films:
* [[Sundarakanda (1991 film)|''Sundarakanda'' (1991 film)]], a Kannada film starring Shankar Nag
* [[Sundarakanda (1992 film)|''Sundarakanda'' (1992 film)]], a Telugu film starring Daggubati Venkatesh and Meena
* [[Sundarakanda (2001 film)|''Sundarakanda'' (2001 film)]], a Kannada film directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
* [[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|''Sundarakanda'' (2008 film)]], a Telugu film starring Allari Naresh and Charmy Kaur
* [[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|''Sundarakanda'' (2025 film)]], a [[List of Telugu films of 2025#July–September|Telugu film of 2025]]

==See also==
*[[Sundara (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Sundara Kandam]]'', a 1992 film
*[[Kanda (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}