https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Hafilhafi 2026-08-03T00:55:09Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhuvanagiri_Assembly_constituency&diff=491401 2026-05-05T19:55:49Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Made some stub first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bhuvanagiri<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 157<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Bhuvanagiri.svg<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[A. Arunmozhithevan]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> <br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> <br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | electors = 233,259 <br /> }}<br /> '''Bhuvanagiri''' is a legislative assembly in [[Cuddalore district]], which includes the city of [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a part of [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | 1952<br /> | [[V. Krishnasami Padayachi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | [[Samikannu Padayachi]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> | [[Ramachandra Rayar]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | [[A. Govindarasan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]<br /> | M. A. Abusali<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]<br /> | V. Raghuraman<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[V. V. Swaminathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]<br /> | S. Sivalogam<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]<br /> | G. Malliga<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[A. V. Abdul Naser]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[P. S. Arul]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}<br /> | [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]&lt;ref&gt;Supported [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] after election&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Selvi Ramajayam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | K. Saravanan Durai<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22157.htm?ac=157|title = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai K. Saravanan|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=M. R. Balamurugan|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sumathi Seenivasan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= D. M. Mahalingam|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =230968 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Arunmozhithevan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,453 |percentage=48.92% |change=20.07% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanan. Durai. K |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,194 |percentage=44.73% |change=13.00% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinavel. R. |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6,958 |percentage=3.53% |change=2.96% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balamurugan. K. S. K |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,470 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,058 |percentage=0.54% |change=-0.06% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,259 |percentage=4.19% |change=1.31% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,97,165 |percentage=79.45% |change= -0.46% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=253 |percentage=0.13% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,157 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanan. Durai. K |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,554 |percentage=31.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Selvi Ramajayam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,066 |percentage=28.85% |change=-22.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashokkumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=33,681 |percentage=17.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sinthanai Selvan]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=33,662 |percentage=17.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marimuthu. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,345 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,132 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinavel Ra |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,091 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthu A |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=910 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugavel. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=781 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeramani. T. |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eswan Ali. J. |party=Independent politician |votes=563 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,488 |percentage=2.88% |change=-4.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,90,854 |percentage=79.91% |change= -2.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,38,837 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.61% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Selvi Ramajayam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,413 |percentage=51.34% |change=0.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Arivuselvan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=74,296 |percentage=43.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugavel |party=Independent politician |votes=2,511 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Muthu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,475 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kamalakannan |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,189 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Samy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,031 |percentage=0.61% |change=0.25% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Soundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=584 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Thiruvarasamoorthy |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=243 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhanarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,117 |percentage=7.70% |change=-3.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,07,558 |percentage=82.03% |change= 5.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,265 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Selvi Ramajayam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,505 |percentage=51.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Devadass. K. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=50,682 |percentage=39.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shafiuddin. S. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,292 |percentage=5.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elumalai. S. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,237 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalapathy. R |party=Independent politician |votes=580 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Babu. S |party=Independent politician |votes=512 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayabalan. K |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=454 |percentage=0.36% |change=-0.74% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhuvanendiran. A. G |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatesan. V |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=302 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Radhakrishnan. R |party=Independent politician |votes=259 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramaniyan. K |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,823 |percentage=11.60% |change=8.20% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,834 |percentage=76.16% |change= 12.32% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,859 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 6.39% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Arul]] |party=Independent politician |votes=49,753 |percentage=44.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalakrishanan. M |party=Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi |votes=45,989 |percentage=41.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gunasekaran . A. N. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,247 |percentage=3.83% |change=0.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Fazlurrahaman. Z |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=3,413 |percentage=3.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chidambara Naddan A. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,802 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. A |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,217 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerasamy A. K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,155 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirusangumurthy. R |party=Independent politician |votes=813 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdullah . C. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=774 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdulrahman. A. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=654 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathakrishnan Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=626 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,764 |percentage=3.39% |change=-13.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,930 |percentage=63.84% |change= -8.42% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,785 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.05% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. V. Abdul Naser]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,457 |percentage=43.80% |change=17.29% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. D. Elangovan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=30,112 |percentage=26.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Rasavel |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,904 |percentage=24.71% |change=-21.67% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Anbarasan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,294 |percentage=3.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Radhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. V. R. Elanchezhian |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kolanji |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Mohamed Abdul Khadar |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Charkaravarthi |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jaisankar |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chellaperumal |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,345 |percentage=17.13% |change=-2.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,12,920 |percentage=72.26% |change= 0.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,025 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.58% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Malliga |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,164 |percentage=46.38% |change=30.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Sabapathy Mohan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,530 |percentage=26.51% |change=-19.99% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. D. Aruimozhi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=27,511 |percentage=26.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thamayanthi |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Radhakrishnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=220 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Meideenkhan |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,634 |percentage=19.87% |change=-5.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,03,853 |percentage=71.66% |change= 7.32% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,49,984 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.12% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sivalogam. S. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,430 |percentage=46.50% |change=3.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathakrishnan. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=17,553 |percentage=20.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Swaminathan. V.V. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,555 |percentage=15.99% |change=-40.21% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalaimani. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,212 |percentage=8.51% |change=-47.70% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaramurthy. R. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,247 |percentage=7.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaradoss. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siva. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murthy. T.K. |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaliuaperumal. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,877 |percentage=25.80% |change=12.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,795 |percentage=64.34% |change= -15.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,779 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.70% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. V. Swaminathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,922 |percentage=56.20% |change=7.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Krishnamoorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,621 |percentage=42.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kanagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=844 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,301 |percentage=13.31% |change=5.78% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,387 |percentage=79.66% |change= 7.71% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,059 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. V. Swaminathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,207 |percentage=49.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Asanudeen. K. S |party=Independent politician |votes=34,883 |percentage=41.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nedunchezhiyan. A |party=Janata Party |votes=6,647 |percentage=7.92% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Satchidanandam. A |party=Independent politician |votes=1,194 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,324 |percentage=7.53% |change=1.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=83,931 |percentage=71.95% |change= 3.92% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,301 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 20.76% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Raghuraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,638 |percentage=28.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T.M.D. Mahalingam |party=Janata Party |votes=17,350 |percentage=22.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Balraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,282 |percentage=22.63% |change=-13.43% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M.A. Abusali |party=Independent politician |votes=14,870 |percentage=19.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Radhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,613 |percentage=4.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,390 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=226 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,288 |percentage=5.61% |change=-2.63% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=76,369 |percentage=68.03% |change= -4.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,210 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -15.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Abusali]] |party=Independent politician |votes=28,615 |percentage=44.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Balakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,291 |percentage=36.06% |change=-4.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=9,962 |percentage=15.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Venkatakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,618 |percentage=2.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subrarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=865 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Shaik V. |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,324 |percentage=8.24% |change=-7.08% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=64,585 |percentage=72.99% |change= -3.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,115 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.98% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Govindarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,795 |percentage=56.28% |change=14.91% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,234 |percentage=40.96% |change=-2.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chellappa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,900 |percentage=2.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,561 |percentage=15.32% |change=13.15% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,929 |percentage=76.34% |change= 4.59% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,496 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ramachandra Rayar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,434 |percentage=43.55% |change=-5.73% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vaithilingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,964 |percentage=41.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatakrishna Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,982 |percentage=8.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishnan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,358 |percentage=4.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pattusami |party=Independent politician |votes=847 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,470 |percentage=2.18% |change=-30.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,585 |percentage=71.75% |change= 23.17% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,934 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Samikannu Pandayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,553 |percentage=49.28% |change=10.96% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Balagurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=7,386 |percentage=16.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Somasundiram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,099 |percentage=16.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Govindarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,668 |percentage=12.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,029 |percentage=4.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,167 |percentage=32.39% |change=29.76% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=43,735 |percentage=48.58% |change= -9.63% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,032 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.96% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhuvanagiri&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Krishnaswamy Padayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,709 |percentage=38.32% |change=38.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Tiruvenkata Nainar |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=12,768 |percentage=35.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pattuswamisethuvaryar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,591 |percentage=7.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Paramananda Rayar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,380 |percentage=6.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sundaramoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,319 |percentage=6.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Zainulabuddin |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,011 |percentage=5.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=941 |percentage=2.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,778 |percentage=58.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,462 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|11.47|79.63|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Cuddalore district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giriraj_Prasad_Tiwari&diff=500564 2026-04-25T00:24:25Z

<p>Hafilhafi: started pg!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1920–2025)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = 9th [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Hira Lal Devpura]]<br /> | term_start = 31 January 1986<br /> | term_end = 11 March 1990<br /> | successor = [[Hari Shankar Bhabhra]]<br /> | governor = [[Vasantdada Patil]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Sukhdev Prasad]]&lt;br /&gt;[[D. P. Chattopadhyaya]]<br /> | constituency = [[Bayana Assembly constituency|Bayana, Rajasthan]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|12|20|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bayana]], [[Bharatpur State]], [[British Raj]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|10|02|1920|12|20|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]], India<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Giriraj Prasad Tiwari''' ({{langx|hi|गिरिराज प्रसाद तिवारी}}; 20 December 1920 – 2 October 2025) was an Indian politician.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Representatives |first=Philippines Congress (1987-) House of |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Record_of_the_House_of_Representatives/ARINAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Giriraj+Prasad+Tiwari&amp;pg=PA506&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Record of the House of Representatives |date=1987 |publisher=Publication and Editorial Division |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Life and career ==<br /> Tiwari was born on 20 December 1920,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Giriraj Prasad Tiwari (MLA) |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/bharatpur/assembly-5/57462/giriraj-prasad-tiwari-mla |website=Rajasthanlink |access-date=4 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Bidyari village of Bayana sub division in the [[Bharatpur district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=3 October 2025 |title=Former Speaker of Rajasthan Assembly Girraj Tiwari passes away at 105; CM mourns loss |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/former-speaker-of-rajasthan-assembly-girraj-tiwari-passes-away-at-105-cm-mourns-loss-1503494312.html |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 1986 to 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=At 103, ex-Speaker looks back, offers advice for netas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/at-103-ex-speaker-looks-back-offers-advice-for-netas/articleshow/104517019.cms |access-date=3 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tiwari died on 2 October 2025, at the age of 104.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=3 October 2025 |title=Former Speaker of Rajasthan Assembly Girraj Tiwari passes away at 105; CM mourns loss |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/former-speaker-of-rajasthan-assembly-girraj-tiwari-passes-away-at-105-cm-mourns-loss-1503494312.html |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Giriraj Prasad}}<br /> [[Category:1920 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men centenarians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yalla_Umesh&diff=546016 2026-04-24T11:45:36Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Air Marshal in the Indian Air Force}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]<br /> | name = Yalla Umesh<br /> | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|VSM|Phd}}<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Air Marshal Yalla Umesh.jpg<br /> | image_size = 235px<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Maintenance Command|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief&lt;br&gt;Maintenance Command]]<br /> | term_start = 1 December 2025<br /> | term_end = <br /> | 1blankname = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]<br /> | 1namedata = [[Amar Preet Singh]]<br /> | predecessor = Vijay Kumar Garg<br /> | successor = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} if dead --&gt;<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} death date first, then birth date --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | placeofburial = <br /> | placeofburial_label = <br /> | placeofburial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | allegiance = {{Country|India}}<br /> | branch = {{Air force|India}}<br /> | service_years = 4 September 1989 – Present<br /> | rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]<br /> | military_blank1 = [[Service number]]<br /> | military_data1 = 20233 AE(M)<br /> | unit = <br /> | commands = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[File:Maintenance Command, IAF.png|15px]] [[Maintenance Command]]<br /> * 7 Base Repair Depot<br /> * <br /> }}<br /> | battles = <br /> | battles_label = <br /> | military_blank2 = Awards<br /> | military_data2 = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> }}<br /> | spouse = <br /> | relations = <br /> | laterwork = <br /> | signature = <br /> | website = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | memorials = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | module = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> }}<br /> [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Yalla Umesh,''' [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving [[air officer]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He is currently serving as the [[Maintenance Command|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Maintenance Command]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 Dec 2025 |title=AIR MARSHAL YALLA UMESH ASSUMES CHARGE OF IAF'S MAINTENANCE COMMAND |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2196863&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=2 |access-date=12 Dec 2025 |website=PIB}}&lt;/ref&gt; He previously served as Director General (Aircraft).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=India Strategic Staff/ |date=2025-12-01 |title=Air Marshal Yalla Umesh assumes charge of IAF's Maintenance Command |url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/air-marshal-yalla-umesh-assumes-charge-of-iafs-maintenance-command/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=India Strategic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the Commodore Commandant of 25 Squadron.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maintenance Command, IAF |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/commands}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> The [[air officer]] is an alumnus of the [[College of Defence Management]] and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], New Delhi. He holds a Doctorate in Management, Post Graduate degrees in Industrial Engineering and Management, and a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Military career ==<br /> He was commissioned into the Aeronautical Engineering (Mechanical) Branch of the [[Indian Air Force]] on 4 September 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Umesh Yalla 20233 AE(M) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/20233 |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a 'Category A' aeronautical engineer and has held diverse engineering and leadership appointments across major combat, transport and specialist fleets of the [[Indian Air Force]]. During his distinguished service, he has held several key appointments, which include assistant chief of the Air Staff Engineering, air commodore engineering (transport), air officer commanding of a guided weapon base repair depot and chief engineering officer at a UN-operated airfield in DR Congo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On getting promoted to the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|air marshal]], he assumed the appointment as the director general (aircraft) at the Air Headquarters on 1 November 2024. A year later on 1 December 2025, he took over as the [[Maintenance Command|air officer commanding-in-chief, Maintenance Command]] succeeding [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Vijay Kumar Garg, who superannuated on 30 November 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-02 |title=Air Marshal Yalla takes charge as AOC-IC of Maintenance Command |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/air-marshal-yalla-takes-charge-as-aoc-ic-of-maintenance-command/articleshow/125704075.cms |access-date=2025-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and decorations ==<br /> For his distinguished service, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2022 |title=President approves 384 Gallantry Awards and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792624&amp;reg=3&amp;lang=2 |website=PIB Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also received commendations from the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]] and [[Central Air Command (India)|AOC-in-C, Central Air Command]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |[[File:UN_MONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Operation Vijay Medal]]<br /> |[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[High Altitude Medal]]<br /> |[[Videsh Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]<br /> |[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[MONUSCO]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Dates of ranks ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:white&quot;<br /> !Insignia<br /> !Rank<br /> !Component<br /> !Date of rank<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1a.svg|64x64px]]<br /> |[[Pilot Officer]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |4 September 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1b.svg|64x64px]]<br /> |[[Flying officer|Flying Officer]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |4 September 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-2.svg|64x64px]]<br /> |[[Flight Lieutenant]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |4 September 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-3.svg|64x64px]]<br /> |[[Squadron Leader]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |4 September 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-4.svg|64x64px]]<br /> |[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |16 December 2004&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-5.svg|64x64px]]<br /> |[[Group Captain]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |1 April 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-6.svg|65x65px]]<br /> |[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |1 July 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-7.svg|65x65px]]<br /> |[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |11 May 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-8.svg|65x65px]]<br /> |[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]<br /> |Indian Air Force<br /> |1 November 2024(AOC-in-C from 1 December 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Umesh, Yalla}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoysala_Kingdom&diff=503190 2026-04-22T04:49:45Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Starting pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description| Medieval Kingdom in South India}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox former country<br /> | conventional_long_name = Hoysala kingdom<br /> | common_name = Hoysala<br /> | status = <br /> | status_text = <br /> | government_type = Monarchy<br /> | year_start = 950<br /> | year_end = 1346<br /> | event_pre = <br /> | date_pre = <br /> | event_start = <br /> | date_start = <br /> | event_end = &lt;!--- Default: &quot;Disestablished&quot; ---&gt;<br /> | date_end = <br /> | event1 = <br /> | date_event1 = <br /> | event2 = <br /> | date_event2 = <br /> | event3 = <br /> | date_event3 = <br /> | event4 = <br /> | date_event4 = &lt;!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 ---&gt;<br /> | p1 = Western Chalukya Empire<br /> | s1 = Vijayanagara Empire<br /> | s2 = <br /> | s3 = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_flag = <br /> | image_map = Map of Hoysala Kingdom at its apex.png<br /> | map_width = 270<br /> | image_map_caption = Greatest extent of the Hoysala kingdom, {{circa}} 1050–1355<br /> | capital = {{plainlist|<br /> * Sosevur([[Angadi]]) (1026–1048)<br /> * [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] (1048–1062)<br /> * [[Halebidu]] (1062–1300)<br /> * [[Tiruvannamalai]] (1300–1343)}}<br /> | national_motto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | common_languages = [[Kannada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]<br /> | religion = [[Jainism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hinduism]]<br /> | currency = &lt;!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---&gt;<br /> | title_leader = [[Monarch|King]]<br /> | leader1 = [[Arekalla]]<br /> | year_leader1 = 950–960<br /> | leader12 = [[Veera Ballala IV]]<br /> | year_leader12 = 1343–1346<br /> | stat_year1 = <br /> | stat_pop1 = &lt;!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given ---&gt;<br /> | footnotes = &lt;!--- Accepts wikilinks ---&gt;<br /> | demonym = <br /> | area_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = <br /> | HDI = <br /> | HDI_year = <br /> | today = <br /> }}<br /> {{Karnataka History}}<br /> <br /> The '''Hoysala Kingdom''' was a prominent South Indian dynasty that ruled most of what is now [[Karnataka]], as well as parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] and southwestern [[Telangana]], between the 11th and 14th centuries CE.&lt;ref&gt;Sastri (1955), pp. 220–221.&lt;/ref&gt; The capital was initially located at Belur and was later moved to Halebidu.&lt;ref&gt;Foekema (1996), p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The origins of the Hoysala dynasty are traced to the Malnad region of Karnataka. Initially, the Hoysalas served as feudatories of the Western [[Chalukyas]] of Kalyana. The dynasty gained prominence under King [[Vishnuvardhana]] particularly after the defeat of the [[Cholas]] in the Battle of Talakad, which consolidated Hoysala authority in the Deccan.&lt;ref&gt;Kamath (2001), pp. 101–102.&lt;/ref&gt; Taking advantage of the conflict between the Western Chalukyas and the Kalachuris of Kalyani in the 12th century, the Hoysalas expanded their domain, eventually controlling large parts of Karnataka, and parts of northwestern Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh (now Telangana).&lt;ref&gt;Sastri (1955), pp. 222–223.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Hoysala period was a significant era for the development of South Indian art, architecture, and literature. Over 100 temples from this period survive, showcasing intricate Hoysala architecture.&lt;ref&gt;Foekema (1996), p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Well-known temples which exhibit what the historian Sailendra Sen has called &quot;an amazing display of sculptural exuberance&quot; include the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakeshava Temple]] in Belur, the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] in Halebidu, and the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava Temple]] in Somanathapura.{{sfn|Sen|2013|pp=58{{ndash}}60}} These three temples were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1670|author=UNESCO World Heritage Convention|publisher=© UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992-2023|work=UNESCO|access-date=2023-10-03|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013010823/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1670|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hoysala rulers also patronised the fine arts encouraging the literature to flourish in [[Kannada literature|Kannada]] and Sanskrit with notable contributions made by Jain and Brahmin poets.&lt;ref&gt;Kamath (2001), pp. 100–104.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> === Origin of the clan ===<br /> Early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas were descendants of the [[Lunar dynasty|Yadu]] by referring to the Yadava ''vamsa'' (or clan) as the &quot;Hoysala ''vamsa''&quot;. But there are no early records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of [[North India]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=122}}<br /> ===Legendary beginnings===<br /> [[File:Hoysala emblem.JPG|thumb|alt=photograph of Sala and the tiger, Belur, Karnataka|Sala fighting a tiger, the emblem of the Hoysala Empire, at the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]]]]<br /> Kannada folklore tells a legend of a young man, Sala (also known as Poysala), who saved his [[Jainism|Jain]] [[guru]] Sudatta by killing a tiger (sometimes described as a lion) that they encountered whilst in a forest, at &quot;Sosevur&quot; located at present-day [[Angadi]] Village in Chikkamagaluru district, the original home of the Hoysala family.&lt;ref&gt;Settar (1986), pp. 18–21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 123.&lt;/ref&gt; The word ''strike'' translates to &quot;hoy&quot; in [[Old Kannada]], hence the name 'Hoy-sala'.{{sfn|Menon|2013|p=128}} The legend purporting to show how Sala became the founder of the Hoysala dynasty is shown in the [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] inscription of the Hoysala king [[Vishnuvardhana]], dated {{circa|1117}},{{sfn|Van der Geer |2008 |p=357}} but owing to several inconsistencies in the story it remains in the realm of folklore.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=150}} Their inscriptions refer to the founders of the Hoysala dynasty as ''Maleparolganda'' ('Lord of the hills'), which makes their original home the [[Malenadu]] region of modern southern Karnataka.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=498}} Vishnuvardhana achieved a victory over the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] at [[Talakadu]] in 1116,{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=67}} and the legend may have arisen or gained popularity after this event, as the Hoysala emblem depicts Sala fighting a tiger, the tiger being the emblem of the Cholas.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=123}}<br /> <br /> ===Establishment of the Kingdom===<br /> The earliest record of the Hoysala family dates to about c. 950 CE, naming [[Arekalla]] as a local chieftain. He was succeeded by Maruga, Nripa Kama I (c. 976 CE), and Munda (1006–1026 CE). [[Nripa Kama I]] is described with the title ''Permanadi'' indicating an early alliance with the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;Kamath (2001), pp. 126–127&lt;/ref&gt; The Hoysalas emerged from the Malnad region in the Western Ghats as feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, gradually expanding their territory during the conflict between the Chalukyas and the Cholas and eventually gaining independence as the Chalukya power declined.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri1955&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 359.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Wars with the Cholas and Chalukyas===<br /> During the reign of King Vishnuvardhana (r. c. 1108–1152 CE), the Hoysalas fought decisive campaigns against the Cholas. Chola incursions into Gangavadi reportedly included the destruction of Jain Basadis around Talakadu. Vishnuvardhana’s general [[Ganggaraj]] led the counter-offensive defeating the [[Chola]] general Adiyamma near Talakadu and recovering lost territory. After this victory Vishnuvardhana earned the title &quot;Talakadugonda&quot; (&quot;Conqueror of Talakadu&quot;), while inscriptions highlighted Gangaraja’s leading role in these campaigns.&lt;ref&gt;Settar (1986), ''Shravanabelagola: A Study in the Context of Jainism and the History of Karnataka''. Shravanabelagola: Sri Shravana Belgola Digambara Jain Mutt, pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> King Vishnuvardhana fought the Western (Kalyani) Chalukyas in Nolambavadi asserting his independence from them. In a second [[Chola]] campaign, the Hoysala armies chased the Chola forces to Vellore which was deep inside Tamil territory. For these victories, Vishnuvardhana made significant land grants to his general at [[Kambadahalli]] which would become an important center for Jainism.&lt;ref&gt;Settar (1986), pp. 24–25.&lt;/ref&gt; These campaigns weakened Chola influence and consolidated Hoysala power in the Deccan, and historians credit the successes of King Vishnuvardhana as pivotal in establishing Hoysala independence and the military leadership of his general Gangaraj as a major factor in these victories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri361&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p.359, p. 361.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Settar (1989). ''Hoysala Heritage''. Dharwad: Karnataka University, pp. 74–75.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vishnuvardhana's grandson [[Veera Ballala II]] further strengthened the kingdom and expanded its influence. He declared war against the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]] and defeated the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]]. He declared independence in 1193.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=499}} During the establishment of the Hoysala Kingdom, the [[Deccan Plateau]] saw a four-way struggle for hegemony between four dynasties: the Hoysalas, the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyans]], the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], and the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seunas]].{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=192}} In 1217, Veera Ballala II defeated the aggressive Pandya after they invaded the Chola Kingdom, helped to restore the Chola king on his throne and assumed the title ''Dakshina Chakravarthi'' (&quot;Emperor of the south&quot;).{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=499}}{{sfn|Kamat|2001|p=127}}<br /> <br /> ===Increased influence and later eclipse===<br /> The Hoysalas extended their foothold in modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]] around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near [[Srirangam]] a provincial capital and taking control over the southern Deccan region.{{sfn|Keay|2000|p=252}} [[Vira Narasimha II]]'s son [[Vira Someshwara]] earned the [[honorific]] ''Mamadi'' (uncle) from the Pandyas and Cholas.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=206}} From 1220 to 1245 the dynasty's hegemony increased southwards to cover both the Chola and Pandya Kingdoms.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=206}} Toward the end of the 13th century, [[Veera Ballala III]] recaptured territory in the Tamil country which had been lost during a Pandya uprising, thus uniting the northern and southern portions of the Kingdom.{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=500}}<br /> <br /> In the early part of the 14th century, major political changes took place in the Deccan region during a period when large areas of northern India were under Muslim rule. [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Sultan of Delhi, was determined to control southern India. In 1311 he sent his commander [[Malik Kafur]] on an expedition to plunder [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]], the capital city of the Seuna Kingdom{{sfn|Sastri|1955|pp=206{{ndash}}208}} By 1318 the Seuna Kingdom had been subjugated. The Hoysala capital [[Halebidu]] was besieged and sacked twice, in [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|1311]] and 1327.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=129}} By 1336, the Sultan had conquered the Pandyas of Madurai, the Kakatiyas of [[Warangal]] and the tiny Kingdom of Kampili. The Hoysalas were the only remaining Hindu Kingdom who resisted the invading armies.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|pp=212{{ndash}}214}} Veera Ballala III stationed himself at [[Tiruvannamalai]] and offered stiff resistance to invasions from the north and the [[Madurai Sultanate]] to the south.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 130:&quot;The greatest hero in the dark political atmosphere of the south.&quot;}} Then, after nearly three decades of resistance, Veera Ballala III was killed at the battle of Madurai in 1343,{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=500}} and the sovereign territories of the Hoysala Kingdom were merged with the areas administered by [[Harihara I]] in the [[Tungabhadra River]] region.{{sfn|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=156}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=pp. 159{{ndash}}160: While many theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brothers, collectively known as the Sangama brothers, it is well accepted that they administered the northern territories of the Hoysala empire in the 1336–1343 time either as Hoysala commanders or with autonomous powers.}} This new Hindu Kingdom resisted the northern invasions and would later prosper and come to be known as the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 161: A collaboration between the waning Hoysala kingdom and the emerging Hindu Vijayanagara empire is proven by inscriptions. The queen of Veera Ballala III, Krishnayitayi, made a grant to the [[Sringeri]] monastery on the same day as the founder of the Vijayanagara empire, Harihara I in 1346. The Sringeri monastic order was patronised by both Hoysala and Vijayanagara empires.}}<br /> ==Economy==<br /> {{main|Economy of the Hoysala Empire}}<br /> {{South Asia in 1175|right|Location of the Hoysala Empire and main contemporary South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the [[Ghurid Empire]] invasion of the subcontinent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=37, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065357/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|{{Annotation|106|190|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}}}}<br /> &lt;!-- LAND USE --&gt;The empire consisted of the valleys of three main rivers, the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], the Tungabhadra, and the [[Kaveri]], whose [[Drainage system (geomorphology)|systems]] facilitated the growth of crops and generated an agricultural output that was immense.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=217}} The highlands (''[[malnad]]'' regions) with its [[temperate]] climate was suitable for raising cattle and the planting of orchards and spices. [[Paddy field|Paddy]] and [[millets]]&lt;!-- In British English, &quot;corn&quot; may refer to any cereal crop; in American English, it refers to Maize, which became known to the Old World after the Columbian Exchange--&gt; were staple crops in the [[tropical]] plains (''Bailnad'').{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}} As agricultural land was scarce, forests, waste land and previously unfarmed land was reclaimed, and new settlements were established. Large areas of forest were cleared to bring lands under cultivation and build villages.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=218}} The Hoysala kings gave grants of land as rewards for service to the heads of families, who then became landlords (''gavunda'') to tenants who worked on the land and in the forests. The ''praja gavunda'' (&quot;the ''gavunda'' of the people&quot;) had a lower status than the wealthier ''prabhu gavunda'' (&quot;of the lord&quot;){{sfn|Thapar|2002|pp=378{{ndash}}379}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- TAX --&gt;The Hoysala administration supported itself through revenues from an agrarian economy.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}}{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=218}} Land was assessed as being wet land, dry land or garden land for the purposes of taxation, and judged according to the quality of the soil.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}} Taxes on commodities (gold, precious stones, perfumes, sandalwood, ropes, yarn, housing, hearths, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses) as well as produce (black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts, sugar) are noted in village records.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=382}} The Hoysalas encouraged people to move to newly-built villages by means of [[land grant]]s and tax concessions.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}}<br /> <br /> Taxes, collected in the form of cash, from trade and commerce generated considerable wealth for the Hoysala state, and enabled it to buy armaments, elephants, horses and precious goods. The state and the merchant class became interdependent, with some more prosperous merchants being known as ''Rajasresthigal'' (royal merchants), officially recognised on account of their wealth. They were seen as ''puramulasthamba'' ('the pillars of the towns').{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=238}} The increased prosperity and prestige of some merchants encouraged them to open markets and weekly fairs,{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=240}} with some becoming ''Pattanaswami'' (town administrators), who had the authority to collect tolls on goods that entered the town.{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=242}} Merchants engaged in minting activities, sometimes producing the coins and supplying them to the state.{{sfn|Nayaka|2003|p=242}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- TANKS --&gt;Tanks (large reservoirs) were created at the expense of the state.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=132}} The Hoysalas put resources into repairing breached tanks and broken [[sluice]]s, easily damaged by heavy rainfall.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}} They collected taxes on irrigation systems, canals and wells, all of which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|pp=218{{ndash}}219}} Repairs were undertaken by the landlords as well as their workers; such repairs were considered to be a duty and a pious act.{{sfn|Kumar|2006|p=219}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- INT'L TRADE--&gt;Importing horses for use as general transportation and in army cavalries of Indian Kingdoms was a flourishing business on the western seaboard.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|loc=p. 383:Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trading by the Arabs and merchants of South India. Imported horses became an expensive commodity because horse breeding was never successful in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and pastoral conditions.}} [[Song Dynasty|Song dynasty]] records from China mention the presence of Indian merchants in ports of South China, indicating active trade with overseas Kingdoms.{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=382}} South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, rhino horn, [[ebony]], [[Agarwood|aloe wood]], perfumes, [[sandalwood]], [[camphor]] and condiments to China, [[Dhofar]], [[Aden]], and [[Siraf]] (the port of entry to Egypt, [[Arabia]], and [[Persia]]).{{sfn|Thapar|2002|p=383}}<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> {{main|Hoysala administration}}<br /> [[File:Garuda pillar with Old Kannada inscription dated 1220 A.D of Kuvara Lakshma, a body guard of Hoysala King Veera Ballala II.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Garuda'' pillar [[Hero stone|hero stone (''virgal'')]] at [[Halebidu]] with ''[[old Kannada]]'' inscription of about 1220 CE.]]In its administrative practices, the Hoysala Empire followed some of the well-established and proven methods of its predecessors covering administrative functions such as cabinet organisation and command, the structure of local governing bodies and the division of territory.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=130{{ndash}}131}} Several of their major feudatories were [[Vokkaliga|Gavundas]] of the peasant extraction.{{sfn|Seshan|Kumbhojkar|2018|pp=45, 46}} Records show the names of many high-ranking positions reporting directly to the king. Senior ministers were called ''Pancha Pradhanas'', ministers responsible for foreign affairs were designated ''Sandhivigrahi'' and the chief treasurer was ''Mahabhandari'' or ''Hiranyabhandari''. ''Dandanayakas'' were in charge of armies and the chief justice of the Hoysala court was the ''Dharmadhikari''.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=130{{ndash}}131}}<br /> <br /> The Kingdom was divided into provinces named ''Nadu'', ''[[Vishaya]]'', ''Kampana'' and ''Desha'', listed in descending order of geographical size.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=pp. 130{{ndash}}131: It is not clear which among ''Vishaya'' and ''Nadu'' was bigger in area and that a ''Nadu'' was under the supervision of the commander (''Dandanayaka'')}} Each province had a local governing body consisting of a minister (''Mahapradhana'') and a treasurer (''Bhandari'') that reported to the ruler of that province (''Dandanayaka''). Under this local ruler were officials called ''Heggaddes'' and ''Gavundas'' who hired and supervised the local farmers and labourers recruited to till the land. Subordinate ruling clans such as [[Alupas]] continued to govern their respective territories while following the policies set by the empire.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=131}}<br /> <br /> An elite and well-trained force of bodyguards known as ''Garudas'' protected the members of the royal family at all times. These servants moved closely yet inconspicuously by the side of their master, their loyalty being so complete that they committed suicide after his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;light&quot;&gt;Shadow like, they moved closely with the king, lived near him and disappeared upon the death of their master – {{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=S. Settar|work=Frontline |date=12–25 April 2003|access-date=17 November 2006|volume=20|issue=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hero stone|Hero stones (''virgal'')]] erected in memory of these bodyguards are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu was erected in honor of Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of King Veera Ballala II.&lt;ref&gt;S. K. Aiyangar, ''Ancient India'', Asian Educational Services, 1911, pp. 388–389.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Settar 1989, pp. 71–73&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends &quot;victor at Nolambavadi&quot; (''Nolambavadigonda''), &quot;victor at Talakad&quot; (''Talakadugonda''), &quot;chief of the Malepas&quot; (''Maleparolganda''), &quot;Brave of Malepa&quot; (''malapavira'') in [[Kannada script|Hoysala style Kannada]] script.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 12, 125: Many coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Hoysalas.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Nolamba1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Hoysalas|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/hoysala/south_hoysalacat.html|author=Govindaraya Prabhu, S|publisher=Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage|date=1 November 2001|access-date=17 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119114119/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/hoysala/south_hoysalacat.html|archive-date=19 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their gold coin was called ''Honnu'' or ''Gadyana'' and weighed 62&amp;nbsp;[[Grain (measure)|grains]] of gold. ''Pana'' or ''Hana'' was a tenth of the ''Honnu'', ''Haga'' was a fourth of the ''Pana'' and ''Visa'' was fourth of ''Haga''. There were other coins called ''Bele'' and ''Kani''.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=131}}<br /> <br /> ===Capitals===<br /> The earliest Hoysala capital was at Sosevur (also called Sasakapura or Sosavurpattana), located at present-day [[Angadi]] in [[Chikkamagaluru]] district. At the time, it was a prominent Jain religious centre and is traditionally regarded as the original home of the Hoysala family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath125&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Sosevur served as the capital from around 1026 to 1048 CE. Even after the capital was moved to Belur, Sosevur remained an important commercial, administrative, and Jain religious centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri357&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 357.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1048, the Hoysala capital was moved to [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; Several factors made Belur an attractive site as a capital: first, its location on the [[Yagachi River]] provided a good supply of water year-round.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 88-9 --&gt; Second, its location in hilly terrain made it easily defended.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; Third, it lay on an important trade route, helping both commerce and communications.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; However, Belur was barely capital for a decade before it was moved again.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt;{{rp|88–90}}<br /> <br /> The third and longest-lasting Hoysala capital was Dwarasamudra (also called Dorasamudra or Dvaravatipur), at the present-day site of [[Halebid]].&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; It became capital in 1062 and remained capital until the dynasty's end.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89-90 --&gt; The reason for the shift is unknown, but it may have been for administrative convenience.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; Canals were dug connecting Dwarasamudra with Belur and bringing water from the Yagachi to Dwarasamudra.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; Two trade routes passed through the city, and scores of temples were built in it.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt; The city declined in the 14th century.&lt;!-- Prasad 1979, p. 89 --&gt;{{rp|89–90}}<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> [[File:Somanathapura Keshava temple altered.JPG|thumb|right|[[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]], built 1268 CE.]]<br /> The Hoysala rulers were originally patrons of [[Jainism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath125&quot;/&gt; In the early period of the dynasty, Hoysala kings and ministers supported Jain institutions, temples, and scholars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri357&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 357.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar73&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; King Vishnuvardhana began his reign as a Jain when he was known as Bitti Deva and continued to patronize Jain institutions before his conversion. He granted lands to his general Ganggaraj who supported Jain temples at [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]] thus expanding Jain religious infrastructure in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri358&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 358.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar74&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 74.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Vishnuvardhana]] later converted to [[Vaishnavism]] under the influence of the philosopher [[Ramanujacharya]].&lt;ref&gt;Settar, S. 1989, p. 152-155&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath126&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; His queen [[Shantala Devi]] and his Family however remained Devotees of Jainism.&lt;ref&gt;Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 45&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar75&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt; She spent her later years at Shravanabelagola and, after the death of her son, took the Jain vow of &quot;Sallekhana&quot; (Jain ritual fasting to death) at Shivagange in 1131 CE. An inscription from 1131 CE at [[Chandragiri Hill]] in Shravanabelagola records her death through &quot;[[Sallekhana]]&quot; in the presence of her guru Prabhachandra Siddhanta Deva, King Vishnuvardhana and her mother Machikabbe. This inscription praises her piety, details her family lineage, and mentions grants made to Jain temples.&lt;ref&gt;''Shravanabelgola: History, Art, Architecture, and Inscriptions (relevant portions on Shantala Devi and Chandragiri inscription)''.&lt;/ref&gt; Ganggaraj is also recorded as having retired to Shravanabelagola after his military career, continuing his patronage of Jain institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri359&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 359.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several prominent Jain, Brahmin and Shaiva poets and scholars flourished under the Hoysalas,&lt;ref&gt;Rice (1921), p. 45&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 16–17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Desai (1957), ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha. pp. 70–75.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Settar (1989), p. 214.&lt;/ref&gt; and important Jain and Hindu monuments were built during this era including shrines and other structures at Shravanabelagola.&lt;ref&gt;Foekema (1996), pp. 14–20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Settar (1989), pp. 200–220.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later Some Hoysala rulers increasingly supported [[Vaishnavism]]. Kings such as Narasimha I and Veera Ballala II are known for their patronage of major Hindu temples and monasteries. However, successors continued the family legacy of patronising Jainism.&lt;ref&gt;Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 46-48&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Settar, S. 1989, p. 154-156&lt;/ref&gt; Inscriptions suggest that king [[Narasimha III]] worshiped [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd Jain Tirthankara, and his spiritual advisor was Meghanandi Siddhanta, (a Digambar [[Jain monk]]).&lt;ref&gt;Sangave, Vilas Adinath. The Sacred Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa. Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; However, with the decline of the Hoysala Kingdom Jains influence began to steadily decline in the modern Karnataka region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath127&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Settar 1989, pp. 280–282&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Society===<br /> {{main|Society of the Hoysala Empire}}<br /> Hoysala society was marked by a highly stratified social order, religious pluralism, and rich cultural development. The empire was predominantly agrarian, with villages serving as the basic unit of administration and economy. Land grants to temples, monasteries, and scholars were common, helping sustain religious institutions and local elites.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri363&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 363.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Urban centers such as [[Halebidu]], [[Shravanbelgola]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], and [[Somanathapura, Mysuru|Somanathapura]] became important hubs of trade, craft production, and temple-building activity. The Hoysalas supported merchant guilds (nagaram), artisans, and sculptors, contributing to the development of the distinctive Hoysala architectural style known for its intricate ornamentation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath128&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; Caste divisions were significant, with Brahmins receiving patronage for education and ritual services, while other occupational groups included agriculturists, artisans, merchants, and laborers. Inscriptions reveal a degree of social mobility through state service, military merit, and religious endowments. Religiously, society was diverse, with Jainism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and local traditions coexisting. Hoysala rulers were notable patrons of Jainism, granting lands and building basadis at Shravanabelagola, Halebidu, and elsewhere throughout their domains. Later kings, particularly after Vishnuvardhana’s conversion under Ramanujacharya’s influence, also supported Vaishnavism, leading to the construction of temples such as Chennakeshava at Belur and Hoysaleswara at Halebidu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar80&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 80.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Society during this period became increasingly sophisticated. The status of women was varied. Some royal women were involved in administration, as shown in records describing Queen Umadevi’s management of Halebidu during Veera Ballala II’s military campaigns. She is also credited with suppressing rebellious feudatories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath129&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 129.&lt;/ref&gt; Women also participated in the fine arts, with Queen [[Shantala Devi]] renowned for her skill in dance and music. Shantala Devi remained a devout Jain and is said to have performed the Jain rite of Sallekhana at Shivagange.&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar81&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; This pluralistic, temple-centered society encouraged art, literature, and learning, leaving behind a legacy of sculpture, inscriptions, and Kannada literary works that flourished under royal patronage. After the 12th century, Vachana Sahitya poets and Lingayat mystics such as Akka Mahadevi also contributed to the bhakti movement.&lt;ref&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; Temple dancers (Devadasis) were common, often well-educated and accomplished in the arts, which gave them comparatively more freedom than other women. However, social norms remained hierarchical, with the caste system conspicuously present.&lt;ref&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 364&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Trade on the west coast brought Arabs, Jews, Persians, Europeans, Chinese, and people from the Malay Peninsula to South India. The empire’s expansion encouraged migration, introducing new cultures and skills. Towns (Pattana or Pattanam) and marketplaces (Nagara or Nagaram) served as the nuclei of urban life. Shravanabelagola, for example, developed from a religious settlement in the 7th century into an important trading center by the 12th century with the arrival of wealthy merchants. Belur also grew into a regal city with the construction of the Chennakesava Temple under Vishnuvardhana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath130&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 130.&lt;/ref&gt; Large temples supported by royal patronage served not only religious but also social, economic, and judicial functions, employing artisans, sculptors, priests, and administrators. Temple building was a shared activity across religions and regions, with merchants and landlords financing temples to serve fiscal, political, cultural, and religious needs of agrarian communities, helping sustain local economies and social structures.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sastri365&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p. 365.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literature===<br /> {{Main|Hoysala literature}}<br /> [[File:Old Kannada inscription dated 1182 A.D. at the Akkana Basadi in Shravanebelagola.jpg|thumb|Old Kannada inscription dated to 1182 of King Veera Ballala II at Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola.]]The Hoysala period was marked by significant literary activity in Kannada, with notable contributions from Jain, Shaiva and Vaishnava Brahmin writers. [[Janna]] the court poet of [[Veera Ballala II]] gained renown for his ''Yashodhara Charite'', a classic of Kannada literature.&lt;ref&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 15–16&lt;/ref&gt; [[Keshiraja]], the Kannada gramarian and author of ''Shabdamanidarpana'' also flourished under Hoysala patronage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar82&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain centers at Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli, where astronomy and mathematics were taught, were important centers of learning. Jain mathematicians such as [[Rajaditya (mathematician)|Rajaditya]] wrote seminal works on arithmetic and geometry including ''Vyavaharaganita'', and Mahaviracharya's ''Ganitasarasangraha'' became a standard mathematical text.&lt;ref&gt;Pingree (1981), p. 471&lt;/ref&gt; Inscriptions attest to Jain Saints maintaining centers for astronomical and mathematical studies under Hoysala patronage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar83&quot;&gt;Settar (1989), p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; This period saw a particularly strong Jain contribution to Kannada literature. The historian R. Narasimhacharya notes that more Jains wrote in [[Kannada]] during this period than in any other Dravidian language.&lt;ref&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 15–16.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The period also saw innovation in Kannada poetic forms. The ''Sangatya'' metre became popular in compositions, while the Shatpadi (six-line), Tripadi (three-line) metres, and ''[[Ragale]]'' (lyrical blank verse) became fashionable, allowing greater variety and expressiveness in verse.&lt;ref&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; Jain works continued to extol the virtues of Jain [[Tirthankaras]], preserving religious and ethical themes.<br /> <br /> Brahminical writers also contributed significantly. [[Rudrabhatta]], patronized by Chandramouli, a minister of Veera Ballala II, wrote ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' in the Champu style, narrating the life of Krishna up to his battle with Banasura, drawing on the Vishnu Purana and similar traditions.&lt;ref&gt;Rice (1921), p. 48&lt;/ref&gt; [[Harihara]] (also known as Harisvara), a poet patronized by King Narasimha I, wrote ''Girijakalyana'' in the Champu style, recounting the marriage of Shiva and Parvati in ten sections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamath131&quot;&gt;Kamath (2001), p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt; A native of Halebidu from a family of accountants (&quot;Karanikas&quot;), Harihara wrote over one hundred ''ragales'' in praise of Virupaksha (a form of Shiva). Raghavanka introduced the Shatpadi metre into Kannada literature with his ''Harishchandra Kavya'', which is considered a classic despite occasional departures from strict grammatical rules.&lt;ref&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 18–19&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> {{main|Hoysala architecture}}<br /> [[File:Belur Temple Apsara with Mirror.JPG|thumb|&quot;Darpanasundari&quot; (lady with a mirror), one of the many [[Salabhanjika|madanakai]] decorating the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]].]]The modern interest in the Hoysalas is due to their patronage of art and architecture rather than their military conquests. The brisk temple building throughout the Kingdom was accomplished despite constant threats from the Pandyas to the south and the Seunas Yadavas to the north. Their architectural style, an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style,{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=215, 243}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=115, 118}} shows distinct [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] influences.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=429}} The Hoysala architecture style is described as ''Karnata Dravida'' as distinguished from the traditional ''Dravida'',{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=6{{ndash}}7}} and is considered an independent architectural tradition with many unique features.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p. 134: Hoysala style has negligible influences of the Indo-Aryan style and owing to its many independent features, it qualifies as an independent school of architecture}}<br /> <br /> A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its attention to exquisite detail and skilled craftsmanship.{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=500{{ndash}}501}} The tower over the temple shrine (''vimana'') is delicately finished with intricate carvings, showing attention to the ornate and elaborately detailed rather than to a tower form and height.{{sfn|Foekema|1996|pp=27{{ndash}}28}} The stellate design of the base of the shrine with its rhythmic projections and recesses is carried through the tower in an orderly succession of decorated tiers.{{refn|1=This is a Hoysala innovation.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=135}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Foekema|1996|pp=21{{ndash}}22}} Hoysala temple sculpture replicates this emphasis on delicacy and craftsmanship in its focus on depicting feminine beauty, grace and physique.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|loc=p 136: &quot;Their sculptured figures, especially the bracket figures, have been objects of praise at the hands of art critics of the whole world. They include ''Sukhabhasini'', ''Darpanadharini'' and other damsels in various dancing poses.&quot;}} The Hoysala artists achieved this with the use of [[Soapstone]] (Chloritic schist), a soft stone as basic building and sculptural material.{{sfn|Sastri|1955|p=428}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=37}}<br /> <br /> The [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] at Belur (1117),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=47}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=325}} the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] at Halebidu (1121),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=59}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=329}} the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Chennakesava Temple]] at [[Somanathapura, Mysuru|Somanathapura]] (1279),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=87}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=346}} the temples at [[Ishvara Temple (Arasikere)|Arasikere]] (1220),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=41}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=321}} [[Amruthapura]] (1196),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=320}} [[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi|Belavadi]] (1200),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=53}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=324}} [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli|Nuggehalli]] (1246),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=83}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=340}} [[Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu|Hosaholalu]] (1250),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=71}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|pp=330{{ndash}}333}} [[Chennakeshava Temple, Aralaguppe|Aralaguppe]] (1250),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=39}} [[Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala|Korvangla]] (1173),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=77}}{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=334}} [[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli|Haranhalli]] (1235),{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=67}} [[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale|Mosale]]{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=81}} and [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu|Basaralu]] (1234){{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=43}} are some of the notable examples of Hoysala art. While the temples at Belur and Halebidu are the best known because of the beauty of their sculptures, the Hoysala art finds more complete expression in the smaller and lesser known temples.{{sfn|Foekema|1996|loc=Preface, 47, 59}} The outer walls of all these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures and horizontal friezes (decorative mouldings) that depict the Hindu epics. These depictions are generally clockwise in the traditional direction of circumambulation (''[[pradakshina]]''). The temple of Halebidu has been described as an outstanding example of Hindu architecture{{sfn|Foekema|1996|p=61}} and an important milestone in Indian architecture.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=135}} The temples at Belur, Halebidu and Somanathapura were designated as [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites|world heritage sites]] in 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:View_of_Akkana_Basadi_from_northeastern_side_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola]]<br /> File:Vesara style shrine and superstructure in Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli.JPG|Vesara style ''Vimana'' of the Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Nuggehalli (1246 CE)<br /> File:Rear view of stellate shrine in the Ishvara temple at Arasikere 1.JPG|Stellate ''Vimana'', at Ishvara Temple (Arasikere) built in 1220 CE<br /> File:Jain Temple at Halebidu.jpg|[[Jain temples, Halebidu]]<br /> File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG|Twin temples (1200 CE) at Mosale, the Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava temple (far)<br /> File:Jain Statue, Dwarasamudra 20240308 085159843.jpg|alt=Hoysala Kingdom|[[Jain]] statue, Dwarasamudra<br /> File:Shilabaalika on pillar bracket in Chennakeshava Temple at Belur2.jpg|A sculpture of a dancer on pillar bracket, 1117 CE, (''Shilabaalika'' or ''Madanika'') in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur<br /> File:Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, Karnataka, probably Belur, India.jpg|Standing Vishnu as Keshava, 1st quarter of the 12th century, Hoysala period, probably Belur, Karnataka, India<br /> File:Hoysala Monuments 20240309 100856505~2.jpg|alt=Jain, Hoysala Monuments|Statue Of [[Parshwanath]], Hoysala Monuments&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> [[File:Shasana (Inscription) at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.jpg|thumb|Old Kannada inscription (1270 CE) of King Narasimha III at Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.]]<br /> The Hoysala rulers strongly supported the [[Kannada]] language, as seen in their inscriptions often composed in polished, poetic Kannada with decorative floral designs in the margins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Settar89&quot;&gt;Settar (1991). ''Hoysala Heritage''. Kannada University, Dharwad. pp. 87–89.&lt;/ref&gt; According to historian Sheldon Pollock, the Hoysala era marked the near-complete displacement of Sanskrit in favor of Kannada as the primary courtly and administrative language.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollock150&quot;&gt;Pollock (2006), p. 150.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain and Buddhist monasteries educated novice monks, while schools of higher learning were called ''ghatikas''. Temples often served as local schools where learned Brahmins taught in Sanskrit. The local Kannada language, however, was widely used in the devotional movements that emphasized an intimate experience of the divine. Literary works were written on palm leaves bound together. While earlier centuries had seen Jain works dominate [[Kannada]] literature, the Hoysala period also witnessed the rise of Hindu and early Brahminical works.&lt;ref name=&quot;Narasimhacharya49&quot;&gt;Narasimhacharya, (1988), pp. 47–49.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sanskrit continued to be used for poetry, grammar, lexicons, manuals, rhetoric, commentaries, prose fiction, and drama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanskrit152&quot;&gt;Sanskrit Reference [152]&lt;/ref&gt; Inscriptions on stone (''shilashasana'') and copper plates (''tamarashasana'') were mostly in Kannada, though some were in Sanskrit or bilingual. Typically, the titles, genealogies, origin myths, and benedictions appeared in Sanskrit, while the terms of grants—including land boundaries, participation of local authorities, rights and obligations, taxes, and witnesses—were in Kannada to ensure clarity for local communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saletore98&quot;&gt;Saletore (1934). ''Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire'', Vol. 1. B.G. Paul &amp; Co. pp. 97–98.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of Monarchs ==<br /> {{static row numbers}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! Regnal names<br /> ! Reign <br /> |-<br /> |[[Sala (Hoysala Dynasty)]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arekalla]]<br /> |950-960<br /> |-<br /> |[[Maruga]]<br /> |960-976<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nripa Kama I]]<br /> |976-1006<br /> |-<br /> |[[Munda (Hoysala)]]<br /> |1006-1026<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nripa Kama II]]<br /> |1026–1047<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)|Vinayaditya]]<br /> |1047–1098<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ereyanga]]<br /> |1098–1102<br /> |-<br /> |[[Veera Ballala I]]<br /> |1102–1108<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vishnuvardhana]]<br /> |1108–1152<br /> |-<br /> |[[Narasimha I]]<br /> |1152–1173<br /> |-<br /> |[[Veera Ballala II]]<br /> |1173–1220<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vira Narasimha II|Narasimha II]]<br /> |1220–1234<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vira Someshwara|Someshwara]]<br /> |1234–1263<br /> |-<br /> |[[Narasimha III]]<br /> |1263–1292<br /> |-<br /> |[[Veera Ballala III]]<br /> |1292–1342/43<br /> |-<br /> |[[Veera Ballala IV]]<br /> |1342/43-1346<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines |orig-date=1920 |year=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2}}{{Better source needed|date=September 2022}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N. |last2= Ravindran |first2= T.K. |last3=Subrahmanian |first3= N. |title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1 |year=2003 |publisher= Chand Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Pandurang Bhimarao |last2=Ritti |first2=Shrinivas |last3=Gopal |first3=B. R. |title=A History of Karnataka: from pre-history to unification |date=1970 |publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University |location=Dharwar |isbn=|oclc=203297 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Foekema |first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples |year=1996 |publisher= Abhinav |location= New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7017-345-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puhKEqJpElEC}}<br /> * {{cite book|editor-last1=Fritz |editor-first1=John M. |editor-last2=Michell |editor-first2=George |title= New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagar|year= 2001|publisher=MARG |location= Mumbai|isbn= 81-85026-53-X}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation -The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Kamath |first= Suryanath U. |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |title= A Concise History of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqY9AAAAMAAJ |publisher= Jupiter Books |location= Bangalore |oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |author1-link=John Keay |title=India: a history |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=9780802195500 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=B. Pandu |title=Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: as depiction in the inscriptions |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2006|volume=67 |pages=217{{ndash}}223 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44147940 |issn=2249-1937}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Indira |title=Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India |date=2013 |publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resources |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788190359139 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya |first= R. |title= History of Kannada Literature |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059 |year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services |location= New Delhi; Madras |isbn= 978-81-206-0303-5}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Nayaka |first1=Hanuma |title=Merchants as Agents of the State under the Hoysalas |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2003 |volume=64 |pages=238{{ndash}}246 |doi= |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44145465 |issn=2249-1937}}<br /> * {{cite book |last = Pollock | first = Sheldon | author-link = Sheldon Pollock | title = The Language of Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Pre-modern India | year = 2006 | publisher = Berkeley and London: University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-24500-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Rice |first=Edward P. |title=A History of Kannada Literature |orig-date=1921 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-206-0063-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC |edition=2nd}}{{Better source needed|date=September 2022}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Settar |first= Sadakshara |title= The Hoysala temples |year=1986 |publisher=Karnatak University, Dharwad|isbn=|edition=|url=}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Sastri |first= K.A. Nilakanta |title= A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |year=1955 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035/page/n7/mode/2up |oclc=1035966644}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Sen |first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |year=1999 |publisher= New Age Publishers |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |date=2013 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |first1=Radhika |last1=Seshan |first2=Shraddha |last2=Kumbhojkar |year=2018 |title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT47 |location=London; New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |oclc=1041706962 |isbn=9780429487569}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash |first=H.S. |editor=Ayyappapanicker |title=Medieval Indian Literature: an anthology |year= 1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |chapter= Kannada |volume=2}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Thapar |first= Romila |title=The Penguin History of Early India: from the origins to AD 1300 |year= 2002 |publisher= [[Penguin Books]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-14-302989-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfEarlyIndiaFromTheOriginsToAD1300Thapar/page/n3/mode/2up}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Van der Geer |first1=Alexandra Anna Enrica |title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time |date=2008 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-16819-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3quxh9gsgC}}<br /> * ⁠{{cite book |last=Settar |first=Sadakshara |title=Jaina Art and Architecture, Vol. 2 |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |year=1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.426584 }}<br /> * ⁠{{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=The Sacred Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa: A Socio‑Religious Study |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.429319 }}<br /> * {{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041022053319/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/25/stories/2004072501490300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 22 October 2004|title= Belur proposal for World Heritage Status|access-date= 17 November 2006|location= Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 25 July 2004}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala/belur.htm|title=Hoysala Temples of Belur, by K. L. Kamat, 04 November 2006|access-date=3 December 2006|work=© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|archive-date=2 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102111633/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala/belur.htm|url-status=live}}<br /> * ⁠{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Pandurang Bhimarao |last2=Ritti |first2=Shrinivas |last3=Gopal |first3=B. R. |title=A History of Karnataka: from pre-history to unification |date=1970 |publisher=Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University |location=Dharwar |isbn=|oclc=203297 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Derrett |first1=J. |last2=Duncan |first2=M. |title=The Hoysalas: a medieval Indian royal family |date=1957 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London |isbn=|oclc=1070864216 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.528535/page/n3/mode/2up |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Foekema |first=Gerard |title= Architecture Decorated with Architecture: later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD |year=2003 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-215-1089-9 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |author1-link=John Keay |title=India: a history |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=9780802195500 |page=|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=B. Pandu |title=Agrarian System of the Hoysalas: as depiction in the inscriptions |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2006|volume=67 |pages=217{{ndash}}223 |doi=|publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44147940 |issn=2249-1937|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Indira |title=Rhythms in Stone: The Temples of South India |date=2013 |publisher=Ambi Knowledge Resources |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788190359139 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym17YA_jhCgC |ref=none}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala.htm |title=Hoysala Dynasty, Jyothsna Kamat|access-date=17 November 2006 |work=© 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri }}<br /> * {{cite web |url=http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/|title=Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, (vols 9, 15,17,18)|access-date=17 November 2006 |work= What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd, Saturday, 18 November 2006}}<br /> <br /> {{India topics}}<br /> {{Middle kingdoms of India}}<br /> {{Karnataka topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hoysala Kingdom| ]]<br /> [[Category:1343 disestablishments in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 1026]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]<br /> [[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval Hindu kingdoms]]<br /> [[Category:Jain empires and kingdoms]]<br /> [[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1343]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankrej_Assembly_constituency&diff=508250 2026-04-15T23:47:06Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Starting data</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kankrej<br /> | mla = Amrutji Motiji Thakor<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Banaskantha]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:291577}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|2}}<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 15<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kankrej''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Banaskantha]] district. It is numbered as 15-Kankrej.<br /> <br /> ==List of segments==<br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Kankrej Taluka<br /> # Deesa Taluka (Part) Villages – Lunpur, Manekpura, Khardosan, Aseda, Nava, Sadarpur, Chhatrala, Mudetha, Yavarganj, Bodal, Jhabadiya, Bhadramali, Dharisana, Kanajhara, Samau Motavas, Saviyana, Velavapura, Samau Nana as.<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Jayantilal Virchand Shah<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=કોંગ્રેસ, ભાજપ અને અપક્ષ વચ્ચે કાંકરેજની બેઠક ઉપર જંગ જામશે|url=http://sandesh.com/congress-bjp-and-independents/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Sandesh|language=gu|trans-title=Fight between Congress, BJP and Independents over the Kankrej seat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Shantilal Dhandhara&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]<br /> |Mafatlal Panchani<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Shantilal Dhandhara<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Jayantilal Virchand Shah<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Dharsibhai Khanpura|Dharshibhai Khanpura]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Gujarat)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |Magansinh Vaghela&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> |[[Dharsibhai Khanpura|Dharshibhai Khanpura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |[[Babubhai Desai]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |[[Dharsibhai Khanpura|Dharshibhai Khanpura]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sandesh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | [[Kirtisinh Vaghela]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | [[Amrut Thakor]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2022 ===<br /> &lt;!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA--&gt;&lt;section begin=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot;/&gt; <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Kankrej Assembly constituency }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amrutji Motiji Thakor|party=Indian National Congress|votes=96,624|percentage=47.81|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vaghela Kirtisinh Prabhatsinh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=91,329|percentage=45.19|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mukeshkumar Somalal Thakkar|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=5,061|percentage=2.5|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,811|percentage=1.89|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=2.62|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:291,481}} <br /> |ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Elections ECI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}&lt;!--<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}--&gt;<br /> {{Election box end}}&lt;section end=&quot;Assembly Election 2022&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Kankrej&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Kirtisinh Vaghela]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 95,131<br /> |percentage = 49.65<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dineshji Jalera<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 86,543<br /> |percentage = 45.17<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = None of the Above<br /> |party = None of the Above<br /> |votes = 3,881<br /> |percentage = 2.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes =<br /> |percentage = 4.48<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,91,587<br /> |percentage = 75.97<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dharshibhai Khanpura]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=73,900|percentage=45.13|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kirtisinh Vaghela]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=73,300|percentage=44.76|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=600|percentage=0.37|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=163,751|percentage=71.74|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Banaskantha district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coord|23.97|71.83|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadepalligudem_Assembly_constituency&diff=539262 2026-04-14T03:36:06Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Tadepalligudem<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (62-Tadepalligudem highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br /> | mla = [[Bolisetti Srinivas]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 208,490<br /> | constituency_no = 62<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | type = SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;constituencies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=20, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bolisetti Srinivas]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jana Sena Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0162.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2019, there are a total of 208,490 electors in the constituency.&lt;ref name=&quot;electors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<br /> <br /> == Mandals ==<br /> The two mandals that form the assembly constituency are:&lt;ref name=&quot;constituencies&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandal<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tadepalligudem]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pentapadu]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | C. S. Varaparasadamurthiraju<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br /> | Namburi Srinivasarao<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Alliuri Krishna Rao<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | Eli Anjaneyulu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> | C. S. R. C. V. Prasada Murty Raju<br /> | {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> | [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> | Eli Anjaneyulu<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | Yerra Narayana Swamy (Benarji)<br /> |-<br /> | 1987 by-election<br /> | E. Varalakshmi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=2 |Kanaka Sundara Rao Pasala<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> | Yarra Narayanaswamy<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | [[Kottu Satyanarayana]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> | Eli Venkata Madhusudhanarao (Nani)<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | [[Pydikondala Manikyala Rao]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | Kottu Satyanarayana<br /> | {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | [[Bolisetti Srinivas]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===1952=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]] : Tadepalligudem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. S. Varaparasadamurthiraju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,844 |percentage=44.90% |change=44.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kilambi Venkata Krishna Vataram |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=19,355 |percentage=43.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kediyala Rajagopala Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,452 |percentage=3.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ramalingeswara Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,375 |percentage=3.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athuri Raghava Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,265 |percentage=2.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravipati Veera Rama Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=908 |percentage=2.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=489 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,199 |percentage=70.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,823 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadepalligudem}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kottu Satyanarayana]]<br /> |votes = 72,477<br /> |percentage = 59.20<br /> |change = +14.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kanaka Sundara Rao Pasala]]<br /> |votes = 47,544<br /> |percentage = 38.84<br /> |change = -14.90<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 24,933<br /> |percentage = 20.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 122,418<br /> |percentage = 73.18<br /> |change = +5.88<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadepalligudem}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Eli Venkata Madhusudhanarao (Nani)]]<br /> |votes = 48,747<br /> |percentage = 33.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kottu Satyanarayana]]<br /> |votes = 45,727<br /> |percentage = 31.84<br /> |change = -27.36<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Mullapudi Bapiraju]]<br /> |votes = 41,282<br /> |percentage = 28.75<br /> |change = -10.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 3,020<br /> |percentage = 2.11<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 143,596<br /> |percentage = 83.61<br /> |change = +10.43<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadepalligudem}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pydikondala Manikyalarao]]|votes=73,339|percentage=46.74|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Thota Poorna Gopala Satyanarayana]]|votes=59,266|percentage=37.77|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=14,073|percentage=8.97|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=156,918|percentage=81.29|change=-2.32}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadepalligudem}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kottu Satyanarayana]]<br /> |votes = 70,741<br /> |percentage = 42.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Eli Venkata Madhusudhanarao (Nani)]]<br /> |votes = 54,275<br /> |percentage = 32.35<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janasena Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bolisetti Srinivas]]<br /> |votes = 36,197<br /> |percentage = 21.58<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 16,466<br /> |percentage = 9.82<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 167,761<br /> |percentage = 80.46<br /> |change = -0.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadepalligudem}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janasena Party<br /> |candidate =[[Bolisetti Srinivas]]<br /> |votes = 1,16,443<br /> |percentage = 65.32<br /> |change =+43.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kottu Satyanarayana]]|votes=53,951|percentage=30.37|change=-11.8}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Marneedi Sekhar|votes=1,901|percentage=1.08|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,534|percentage=0.86|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=62,492|percentage=35.5|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,75,990|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Janasena Party|loser=YSR Congress Party|swing=+43.74}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Coord|16.81|81.53|display=title}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:West Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mane_Magalu&diff=515833 2026-04-10T11:04:24Z

<p>Hafilhafi: done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date =April 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mane Magalu<br /> | image = Mane Magalu.jpg<br /> | caption = VCD cover<br /> | director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]<br /> | producer = K. Vasudha<br /> | writer = Om Sai Prakash<br /> | story = <br /> | starring = [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]]&lt;br /&gt; Vishal Hedge<br /> | music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br /> | cinematography = R. Giri<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Srilakshmi Anjaneya Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|08|01}}<br /> | runtime = 140 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No faceless blogs.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No faceless blogs.--&gt;<br /> | based_on = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mane Magalu''''' ({{Translation|Daughter of the house}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[family drama]] film written and directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]]. It features [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] and Vishal Hegde. The music for the film is by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] in his Kannada debut. The film is a remake of Prakash's ''Maa Inti Adapaduchu '' (1996), which itself is based on the Marathi film ''Halad Rusli Kunku Hasla'' (1991). The film was released on 1 August 2003 along with ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_PPP.asp|title=Preethi Prema Pranaya and Mane Magalu this week|work=Viggy|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211200735/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_PPP.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] as Janaki<br /> * Vishal Hegde<br /> * [[Srinivasa Murthy]] <br /> * Prithviraj<br /> * [[Rajesh Nataranga]]<br /> * Dharma<br /> * [[Doddanna]]<br /> * [[Sadhu Kokila]]<br /> * [[Bank Janardhan]]<br /> * [[Michael Madhu]]<br /> * [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]<br /> * Sarika Raje Urs<br /> * [[Padma Vasanthi]]<br /> * [[Girija Lokesh]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is about [[Pulse Polio]] with Vishal Hegde playing a handicapped man.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_manemagalu.asp|title=Mane Magalu - new film of Radhika|work=Viggy|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218152653/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_manemagalu.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Mane Magalu<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = Vandematharam Srinivas<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = <br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> | label = [[Anand Audio]]<br /> | producer = K. Vasudha<br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]], who composed for the Telugu film. The music rights were acquired by Ananda Audio. &quot;Taali Bottigaagi&quot; was reused from &quot;Thaali Bottukai&quot; and &quot;Siri Chandavalli&quot; was reused from &quot;Hari Chanadanala&quot;; both are from ''Maa Inti Adapaduchu'' (1996).<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> | all_lyrics = <br /> | title1 = Sri Ramachandrana Cheluva<br /> | lyrics1 = Sri Ranga<br /> | extra1 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]], Sangeetha G.<br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = Kaaryeshu Daasi<br /> | lyrics2 = Prasanna<br /> | extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Nanditha<br /> | length2 = <br /> | extra3 = [[Unni Menon]]<br /> | lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]<br /> | length3 = <br /> | title3 = Taali Bottigaagi<br /> | title4 = Yenu Kalmavo<br /> | lyrics4 = Sri Ranga<br /> | extra4 = [[Sadhu Kokila]], Manu<br /> | length4 = <br /> | title5 = Anubanda Dooravayithe<br /> | lyrics5 = R. N. Jayagopal<br /> | extra5 = M. B. Srikumaran<br /> | length5 = <br /> | all_writing = <br /> | title6 = Siri Chandavalli<br /> | length6 = <br /> | extra6 = Manu, Nanditha<br /> | lyrics6 = [[K. Kalyan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was initially scheduled to release on 18 July 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/producers-to-stall-films-release-till-service-tax-impasse-ends/articleshow/68324.cms|title=Producers to stall films release till service tax impasse ends|date=10 July 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; For a week after release, the film was not released in [[Northern Karnataka]] due to issues between producers and distributors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-films-to-be-released-in-karnataka/articleshow/119426.cms|title=No films to be released in Karnataka|date=7 August 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212082735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-films-to-be-released-in-karnataka/articleshow/119426.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that &quot;Coming back after a long spell of silence the renowned producer with high respect Katragadda Prasad gives a magnificent movie for the masses especially the rural class of people. The sitting pretty girl Radhika gives a different role in ‘MM’ and she is already getting ‘Seeti’ in the cinema hall. Director Saiprakash a man armed with many credits has once again gives an attractive film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2812-mane-magalu-review.html|title=Mane Magalu Movie Review |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516014638/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2812-mane-magalu-review.html|archive-date=16 May 2018|access-date=2023-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that &quot;Overall we have something different here. If not a total paisa vasool ({{Translation|money's worth}}), ''MANE MAGALU'' is definitely a good timepass&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/mane_magalu.html|title=MANE MAGALU - Review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004022304/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/mane_magalu.html|archive-date=4 October 2003|website=indiainfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links == <br /> * {{IMDb title}} <br /> <br /> {{Om Sai Prakash}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kannada remakes of Marathi films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 drama films]] <br /> [[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystic_India&diff=519447 2026-04-05T10:49:28Z

<p>Hafilhafi: new...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mystic India<br /> | image = Mystic India poster.jpg<br /> | caption = ''Mystic India'' poster<br /> | director = Keith Melton<br /> | producer = [[BAPS Charities]]<br /> | writer = Mose Richards<br /> | starring = Latesh Patel&lt;br&gt;Rupak Mehta<br /> | narrator = [[Peter O'Toole]]<br /> | music = [[Sam Cardon]], [[Ronu Majumdar|Pandit Ronu Majumdar]]<br /> | cinematography = Reed Smoot<br /> | editing = AKS Media Network <br /> | distributor = Giant Screen Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|2004}}<br /> | runtime = 40 min.<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;br/&gt;English<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mystic India''''' is a 2004 large format film (commonly known as the [[IMAX]] format) about India's culture, people, and traditions. It is told through the 12,000&amp;nbsp;km barefoot journey throughout 18th century India undertaken by the [[Hindu]] adolescent ascetic Nilkanth, later known in life as [[Swaminarayan]] by his followers. The film was directed by Keith Melton and financed and produced by [[BAPS Charities]]. The film is available in Hindi, English, French, and Spanish.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *Latesh Patel as young Nilkanth. At His youngest, this is when He sets out on His journey, and during his early experiences during the journey.<br /> *Rupak Mehta as older Nilkanth. Portrayed to represent Him as he gets older during his 7-year journey, as it comes to an end.<br /> *[[Peter O'Toole]] as the narrator for the English version of the film, describing and elaborating with each scene that passes.<br /> *Total Cast: Mystic India incorporated 45,000 cast members. The scene of [[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]] being performed at the Akshardham alone had 9,000 cast members in it, while the scene of the Rath Yatra had 8,000 cast members.&lt;ref name=&quot;site&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysticindia.com/behindthescene/index.htm|title=Mystic India - Behind the Scene}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> ===Nilkanth’s Journey===<br /> Nilkanth walked 12,000 kilometers around the Indian subcontinent over a span of 7 years. His journey took him through the &quot;dense jungles, fertile plains, majestic mountains, mighty rivers, and peaceful coastlines&quot; of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Synopsis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysticindia.com/filmsynopsis|title=Mystic India - Film Synopsis}}&lt;/ref&gt; This journey included the exploration of &quot;India’s silent spirituality&quot; and its appropriation as a &quot;mystic land of meditation, contemplation and enlightenment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Synopsis&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Leaving Home===<br /> On 29 June 1792 at the age of 11, Nilkanth left home &quot;to begin his life work of establishing ekantik dharma.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dave, H.T. Life and Philosophy of Shree Swaminarayan. 2nd edition. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974.&lt;/ref&gt; Nilkanth took very few possessions with him on his journey. Known articles include a loin cloth, &quot;a rosary, a kerchief, a piece of cloth for filtering water and a small manuscript.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Parekh, Manilal C. Shri Svaminarayan. 3rd edition. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1980&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In the Himalayas===<br /> Nilkanth first travelled to the Himalayan Mountains and reached Badrinath during October 1792.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;Kim, Hanna. Being Swaminarayan: The Ontology and Significance of Belief in the Construction of a Gujarati Diaspora. 1st. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 286&lt;/ref&gt; Soon thereafter, he reached Nepal and performed austerities by standing on one leg in meditation for four months.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===At Jagannath Puri===<br /> &quot;Leaving the Himalayas, Nilkanth went through Bengal to Jagannathpuri in the east.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;&gt;Williams, Raymond. An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. 1st. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 15&lt;/ref&gt; It is here that Nilkanth took part in the Rath Yatra, a festival dedicated to the pulling of Lord Jagannath’s [[murti]] on a royal chariot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Synopsis&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In South India===<br /> From Jagannath Puri, Nilkanth traveled to South India. &quot;He visited the sacred places associated with the life of [[Ramanuja]], including his birthplace at [[Sriperumbudur]] and the famous pilgrimage temple at [[Srirangam]]. Nilkanth’s journey through Kanchipuram, Kumbakonam, Madurai, and Rameshwaram took him to the southern tip of India.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In Gujarat===<br /> On 21 July 1799, Nilkanth’s journey finally ended in the town of Loj, Gujarat. In Loj at the age of 18, Nilkanth met [[Muktanand Swami]], a senior leader of a group of ascetics who followed the [[Vaishnava]] teachings of their guru [[Ramanand Swami]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music for the film was a joint effort between Sam Cardon, Ronu Majumdar, and [[BAPS]] musicians. Due to this diverse talent pool, the music for Mystic India covers a wide spectrum, ranging from western symphony to Indian traditional music.&lt;ref name=&quot;site&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film was shot during two different time periods, March to May 2003 and January to February 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;site&quot; /&gt; The shooting was done at over 100 different locations, some as high as 13,000 feet. The most cinematically appealing scene is during the Rath Yatra festival in Jagannathpuri. The shot included chariots over five stories tall and over 8,000 participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;site&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical reception===<br /> According to movie review website Rotten Tomatoes, Mystic India received an overall critic approval rating of 86%. Top critic Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel said that the film &quot;utterly fills the screen with wondrous images of a place that few will ever have the chance to explore&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tomato&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mystic_india/|title=Mystic India|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Top critic Philip Wuntch of the Dallas Morning News said &quot;the film celebrates India’s diversity and makes a strong and moving plea for unity among the peoples of the world&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tomato&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Awards===<br /> Mystic India received the Audience’s Choice Award at the 10th International Large Format Film Festival at La Geode in Paris, France. The festival lasted from 12 to 31 January in 2005. Mystic India was one of nine large format films selected to be screened at the festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/news/2005/01/mysticindia/index.htm|title = News of BAPS - 'Mystic India' Wins 'The Audience's Choice Prize'}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mystic India was also accredited with the honor of &quot;Most Popular Film&quot; at the San Jose IMAX Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mystic India wows select audience|url=http://india-herald.com/mystic-india-wows-select-audience-p761-1.htm|accessdate=19 April 2013|newspaper=India Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.mysticindia.com/|''Mystic India'' Official Website}}<br /> *{{imdb title|id=0400675|title=Mystic India}}<br /> *[http://www.asiexpo.com/club/articles_show.php?no=186&amp;categorie=cinema/ Review in Chronique Asiexpo (French)]<br /> <br /> [[Category:IMAX short documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]<br /> [[Category:2004 documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 films]]<br /> [[Category:History of India on film]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sam Cardon]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Indian films]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikandar_Begum&diff=535802 2026-04-01T01:08:53Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Nawab of Bhopal from 1860 to 1868}}<br /> {{hatnote|Since [[Begum]] is an honorific, the article's subject is known by her first name.}} <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Sikandar Begum<br /> | title = <br /> | image = Sikandar Begum Bhopal.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = Sikandar Begum, wearing ceremonial dress and a crown<br /> | caption = <br /> | succession = [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal]]<br /> | reign = 30 September 1860 – 30 October 1868<br /> | coronation = <br /> | predecessor = [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]] (first reign)<br /> | successor = [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]] (second reign)<br /> | succession1 = Regent of Bhopal<br /> | reign1 = 1844–1860<br /> | reign-type1 = Regency<br /> | regent1 = [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]]<br /> | reg-type1 = Monarch<br /> | birth_name = Sikandar Begum<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1817|9|10|df=yes}} <br /> | birth_place = Gauhar Mahal, [[Bhopal State]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1868|10|30|1817|9|10|df=y}} <br /> | death_place = Moti Mahal, Bhopal State, British India (present-day Madhya Pradesh, India)<br /> | burial_place = Farhat Afza Bagh, [[Bhopal]]<br /> | spouse = Jahangir Mohammad Khan<br /> | spouse-type = spouse<br /> | issue = [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]]<br /> | full name = <br /> | era name = <br /> | house = <br /> | father = Nasir Mohammad Khan<br /> | mother = [[Qudsia Begum, Begum of Bhopal]]<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | signature_type = <br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sikander Begum''' {{postnom|GCSI}} (10 September 1817 – 30 October 1868) was the [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal]] from 1860 until her death in 1868. Although she was initially appointed regent of her nine-year old daughter [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]] in 1844, she was recognized as nawab in 1860. During the 1857 [[Sepoy Mutiny]], Sikandar's pro-British stance made her a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander]]. In 1863, she was the first Indian ruler to perform [[Hajj]]. Sikandar enacted many reforms in the state, including the creation of a mint, a [[Secretariat (administrative office)|secretariat]], a [[parliament]] and a modern judiciary.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Sikandar was born at Gauhar Mahal in [[Bhopal State]], [[British India]], on 10 September 1817. Her parents, Nasir Muhammad Khan and [[Qudsia Begum, Begum of Bhopal]], were former nawabs of the state.<br /> <br /> ==Reign==<br /> [[File:Silver Rupee coin of the princely state of Bhopal, struck in the name of Nawab Sikander Begum, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee coin from the princely state of Bhopal, struck in the name of Nawab Sikander Begum.]]<br /> On 3 January 1847, Sikandar Begum's nine-year old daughter [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]] ascended the throne of Bhopal. [[Joseph Davey Cunningham]], [[Indian Political Department|political agent]] of the [[Governor-General of India]], announced on 27 July of that year that Sikandar was appointed [[regent]]. The governor-general bestowed the state's executive powers on her.<br /> <br /> During the 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]], Sikandar sided with the British. To prevent rebellion in Bhopal, she banned the publication and circulation of anti-British pamphlets, strengthened her intelligence network, and bribed anti-British soldiers to switch sides. In August, however, a group of [[sepoy]]s attacked British [[garrison]]s in [[Sehore]] and [[Berasia]]; anger with her increased in the state due to her pro-British stance. The same group of sepoys, encouraged by Sikandar's mother, surrounded her palace in December. Sikandar sent her son-in-law, Umrao Daulah, to negotiate with them. The soldiers ended their siege when she announced that their salaries would be increased. In 1861, Sikandar received the [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander]] award for her pro-British stance during the mutiny.&lt;ref name=&quot;TT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Begums Of Bhopal - Saris and a scabbard |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/begums-of-bhopal-saris-and-a-scabbard/cid/523398 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |accessdate=5 April 2019 |date=16 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The British recognized Sikandar as Nawab of Bhopal on 30 September 1860, and her [[Salute#Heavy arms: gun salutes|military salute]] was increased to 19 guns the following year.<br /> <br /> ===Hajj===<br /> In 1863, Sikandar was the first Indian monarch to perform [[Hajj]]. She was accompanied by about 1,000 people, mostly women. Sikandar wrote a memoir of her trip in [[Urdu]], and an English translation was published in 1870. In the memoir, she wrote that the cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Jeddah]] were &quot;unclean&quot; and the [[Arabs]] and the [[Turkish people|Turks]] were &quot;uncivilised&quot; and &quot;possessed no religious knowledge.&quot; Also included in the memoir is an anecdote about her confrontation with Turkish customs officials who wanted to levy [[Duty (economics)|duties]] on everything she brought.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Kashif-ul-Huda |title=Nawab Sikandar Begum's Hajj memoir |url=http://twocircles.net/2010mar13/nawab_sikandar_begums_hajj_memoir.html |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |accessdate=5 April 2019 |date=14 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reforms===<br /> Sikandar divided the state into three districts and 21 sub-districts. A revenue officer was appointed for each district and an administrator for each sub-district. She repaid the state's {{INR convert|3|m}} debt. Sikandar also established a customs office, a [[secretariat (administrative office)|secretariat]], an intelligence network, a mint, a postal service which connected the state with the rest of India, and a modern judiciary with a [[Appellate court|court of appeal]].<br /> <br /> She founded the Victoria School for girls and at least one Urdu and Hindi middle school in each district of the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;TT&quot;/&gt;<br /> Sikandar introduced a Majlis-e-Shoora ([[parliament]]) in 1847. Consisting of nobles and intellectuals, its purpose was to pass and recommend laws and to suggest reforms. In 1862, she replaced [[Persian language|Persian]] with Urdu as the court language.<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> Sikandar constructed a [[Moti Masjid, Bhopal|Moti Masjid]] ([[mosque]]) made of red [[sandstone]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Podder |first1=Tanushree |title=Fascinating Bhopal: City of Begums |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/fascinating-bhopal-city-of-begums/articleshow/6905394.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |accessdate=5 April 2019 |date=11 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and built the Moti Mahal and Shaukat Mahal palaces. The latter was a blend of [[European architecture|European]] and [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], with [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] features.&lt;ref name=&quot;RB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nawab Sikander Begum |url=http://governor.mp.gov.in/sikandar.aspx?lang=hi |publisher=Governor of Madhya Pradash|accessdate=5 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> On 18 April 1835, Sikandar married Nawab Jahangir Mohammad Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;RB&quot;/&gt; They had one daughter, [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]]. Like her mother, Qudsia Begum, Sikandar was a devout Muslim; however, she did not wear the [[niqab]] (face veil) or practise [[purdah]] (female seclusion). She hunted tigers, played [[polo]] and was a [[swordsman]], [[archer]], and [[lancer]]. Sikandar commanded the army, and personally inspected courts, offices, the mint, and the treasury.<br /> <br /> Sikandar Begum died of [[kidney failure]] on 30 October 1868. She was buried at Farhat Afza Bagh, and was succeeded by her daughter as Nawab of Bhopal.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00001525/ A pilgrimage to Mecca (London : W. H. Allen, 1870)] (publication) at SOAS Digital Collections<br /> * [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00001526/ تاریخ-ا سفر-ا مکّہ (Tarikh-i safar-i Makka)] (manuscript. 1863 [inscribed 1864]) at SOAS Digital Collections<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Sikandar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1817 births]]<br /> [[Category:1868 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Begums of Bhopal]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century women monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Army&diff=471636 2026-03-28T16:27:31Z

<p>Hafilhafi: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Land warfare force of the United Kingdom}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox military unit<br /> | unit_name = British Army<br /> | image = [[File:British Army crest.svg|frameless|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Heraldic badge|Badge]] of the British Army&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2007 |title=The official Army badge |url=https://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk/Home/Search?Query=45147540.jpg&amp;Type=Filename |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923004635/https://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk/Home/Search?Query=45147540.jpg&amp;Type=Filename |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=defenceimagery.mod.uk |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defense]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ----<br /> [[File:British Army logo.svg|frameless|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;Logo since 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2018 |title=Army Briefing Note 19/18: The Army Brand |url=https://armysportcontrolboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/20180209-The_Army_Brand_ABN_19_18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923182021/https://armysportcontrolboard.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/20180209-The_Army_Brand_ABN_19_18.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=armysportcontrolboard.com |publisher=British Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | dates = <br /> | country = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]<br /> | type = [[Army]]<br /> | role = [[Land warfare]]<br /> | size = {{plainlist|<br /> * 73,847 regular forces personnel (January 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;stats&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2025/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-january-2025#uk-service-personnel|title=Quarterly service personnel statistics 1 January 2025|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=3 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 4,127 [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gurkhas]] (January 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;stats&quot;/&gt;<br /> * 25,742 [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|volunteer reserve]] personnel (January 2025)&lt;ref name=&quot;stats&quot;/&gt;<br /> * 4,697 other personnel (January 2025)&lt;ref name=stats-march/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | command_structure = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom).svg|size=25px}} [[British Armed Forces]]<br /> | garrison = [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|Whitehall]], [[London]]<br /> | garrison_label = General Staff Offices<br /> | nickname = <br /> | patron = <br /> | motto = <br /> | colours = <br /> | colours_label = <br /> | march = [[List of marches of the British Armed Forces#British Army|List of marches of the British Army]]<br /> | mascot = <br /> | equipment = [[List of equipment of the British Army]]<br /> | equipment_label = <br /> | battles = <br /> | anniversaries = <br /> | decorations = <br /> | battle_honours = &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;<br /> | website = {{Official URL}}<br /> | commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Royal standard of the United Kingdom.svg|size=25px}} [[King Charles III]]<br /> | commander1_label = [[Head of the Armed Forces]]<br /> | commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the General Staff.svg|size=25px}} [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Roland Walker|Sir Roland Walker]]<br /> | commander2_label = [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]]<br /> | commander3 = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[David Eastman (British Army officer)|David Eastman]]<br /> | commander3_label = [[Deputy Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the General Staff]]<br /> | commander4 = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Jonathan Swift (British Army officer)|Jonathan Swift]]<br /> | commander4_label = [[Assistant Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)#Assistant Chiefs|Assistant Chief of the General Staff]]<br /> | notable_commanders = &lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;<br /> | identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|border|100px]]<br /> | identification_symbol_label = {{nowrap|[[War flag]]}}<br /> | identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|center|border|100px]]<br /> | identification_symbol_2_label = Non-ceremonial flag<br /> | start_date = {{start date and age|1707|4|1|df=yes}}{{efn|English/Scottish parliamentary control of separate entities prior to 1707; British parliamentary control since 1 April 1707.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler2003&quot; /&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Clifford Walton|title=History of the British Standing Army. A.D. 1660 to 1700|publisher=Harrison and Sons|url=https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog|year=1894|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog/page/n42 1]–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Noel T. St. John Williams|title=Redcoats and courtesans: the birth of the British Army (1660–1690)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDxnAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22british+army%22+1660|year=1994|publisher=Brassey's|page=16|isbn=9781857530971}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{British Army}}<br /> <br /> The '''British Army''' is the [[Army|land warfare force]] of the [[United Kingdom]] responsible for defending the UK, the [[British Overseas Territories]] and [[Crown Dependencies]]. The British Army, founded in [[Acts of Union 1707|1707]], has [[Military history of the United Kingdom|seen involvement in most of the world's major wars throughout history]], including both [[World War I|world]] [[World War II|wars]]. {{as of|2025|1|1|post=,}} the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gurkhas]], 25,742 [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|volunteer reserve]] personnel and 4,697 &quot;other personnel&quot;, for a total of 108,413.&lt;ref name=stats-march&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=Quarterly service personnel statistics 1 January 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2025 |website=gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The British Army traces back to 1707 and the [[Acts of Union 1707|formation]] of the united [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] which joined the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] into a [[Political union|single state]] and, with that, united the [[English Army]] and the [[Scots Army]] as the British Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDxnAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22british+army%22+1660|title=Redcoats and courtesans: the birth of the British Army (1660–1690)|last=Williams|first=Noel T. St John|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Brassey's (UK)|pages=1–2|isbn=9781857530971}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog|title=History of the British Standing Army. A.D. 1660 to 1700|last=Walton|first=Clifford|date=1 January 1894|publisher=Harrison and Sons|page=[https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog/page/n42 16]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Parliament of England|English]] [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and [[Convention of the Estates|Scottish]] [[Claim of Right Act 1689]] require parliamentary consent for [[the Crown]] to maintain a peacetime [[standing army]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/collections1/collections-glorious-revolution/billofrights/|title=Bill of Rights 1689|website=UK Parliament|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312063114/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/collections1/collections-glorious-revolution/billofrights/|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of the British Army swear allegiance to the [[Charles III|monarch]] as their [[commander-in-chief]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/43291/Ch18.pdf|title=Commanding Officers Guide. Manual of Service Law (JSP 830, Volume 1, Chapter 18)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008171404/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/43291/Ch18.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The army is administered by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] and commanded by the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/32323.aspx|title=The British Army – Higher Command|website=army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128133148/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/32323.aspx|archive-date=28 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At its inception, being composed primarily of cavalry and infantry, the British Army was one of two ''Regular'' Forces (there were also separate ''Reserve Forces'') within the British military (those parts of the British Armed Forces tasked with land warfare, as opposed to the naval forces),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1917/feb/12/naval-and-military-pensions-and-grants|date=12 February 1917|title=Naval and Military Pensions and Grants |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the other having been the ''Ordnance Military Corps'' (made up of the [[Royal Artillery]], [[Royal Engineers]], and the [[Royal Sappers and Miners]]) of the [[Board of Ordnance]], which along with the originally civilian [[Commissariat#19th century|Commissariat Department]], stores and supply departments, as well as barracks and other departments, were absorbed into the British Army when the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855. Various other civilian departments of the board were absorbed into the [[War Office]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/3224/department-of-the-master-general-of-the-ordnance|title=Department of the Master-General of the Ordnance – Regiment History, War &amp; Military Records &amp; Archives|website=forces-war-records.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalhistoryarchive.org/index.php/Board_of_Ordnance|title=Board of Ordnance – Naval History Archive|website=navalhistoryarchive.org}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44220102|title=The Honourable the Board of Ordnance. 1299—1855|author=Leslie, J. H.|year=1925|journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research|volume=4|issue=17|pages=100–104|jstor=44220102}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The British Army has seen action in major wars between the world's [[great power]]s, including the [[Seven Years' War]], the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Crimean War]] and the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World War]]s. Britain's victories in most of these decisive wars allowed it to influence world events and establish itself as one of the world's leading [[military]] and [[Economy|economic]] powers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire: The nineteenth century|last1=Louis|first1=William Roger|last2=Low|first2=Alaine M.|last3=Porter|first3=Andrew|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924678-6|page=332}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVuwCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA508|title=The Historical Foundations of World Order: The Tower and the Arena|last1=Johnston|first1=Douglas|last2=Reisman|first2=W. Michael|year= 2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-2393-5|page=508}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the end of the [[Cold War]], the British Army has been deployed to a number of conflict zones, often as part of an [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]], a [[coalition]] force or part of a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/operations-deployments.aspx|title=The British Army – Operations and Deployments|website=army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128122234/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/operations-deployments.aspx|archive-date=28 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Main|History of the British Army}}<br /> <br /> === Background ===<br /> Until the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1653)]], neither England nor Scotland had a [[standing army]] with professional officers and career corporals and sergeants. England relied on [[Militia (English)|militia]] organised by local officials or private forces mobilised by the nobility, or on hired mercenaries from Europe.&lt;ref&gt;David G. Chandler, ed., ''The Oxford history of the British army'' (1996) pp. 24–45.&lt;/ref&gt; From the [[later Middle Ages]] until the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, when a foreign expeditionary force was needed, such as the one that King [[Henry V of England]] took to [[Kingdom of France|France]] and that fought at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] (1415), the army, a professional one, was raised for the duration of the expedition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/victorious-army-making-raising-king-henry-vs-army-1415/|title=A victorious army in the making: Raising King Henry V's army of 1415|date=11 August 2015|first=Benjamin|last=Trowbridge|publisher=National Archives|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013732/http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/victorious-army-making-raising-king-henry-vs-army-1415/|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | total_width = 350<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | image1 = Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg<br /> | image2 = General Thomas Fairfax (1612-1671) by Robert Walker and studio.jpg<br /> | footer = Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]] (left) Lord General [[Thomas Fairfax]], the first commander of the New Model Army (right)<br /> }}<br /> During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the members of the English [[Long Parliament]] realised that the use of county militia organised into regional associations (such as the [[Eastern Association]]), often commanded by local members of Parliament (both from the House of Commons and the House of Lords), while more than able to hold their own in the regions which [[Parliamentarians (English Civil War)|Parliamentarians ('Roundheads&quot;)]] controlled, were unlikely to win the war. So Parliament initiated two actions. The [[Self-denying Ordinance]] forbade members of Parliament (with the notable exception of [[Oliver Cromwell]], then a member of parliament and future [[Lord Protector]]) from serving as officers in the Parliamentary armies. This created a distinction between the civilians in Parliament, who tended to be [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and conciliatory to the Royalists (&quot;Cavaliers&quot;) in nature, and a corps of professional officers, who tended to be Independent ([[Congregational]]) in theology. The second action was legislation for the creation of a Parliamentary-funded army, commanded by Lord General [[Thomas Fairfax]], which became known as the [[New Model Army]] (originally phrased &quot;new-modelled Army&quot;).{{sfn|Rogers|1968|pp=207–211}}<br /> <br /> While this proved to be a war-winning formula, the New Model Army, being organised and politically active, went on to dominate the politics of the [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] and by 1660 was widely disliked. The New Model Army was paid off and disbanded at the later [[Restoration (1660)|Restoration]] of the monarchy in 1660 with the accession of King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. For many decades the alleged excesses of the New Model Army under [[the Protectorate]] / Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell were used as propaganda (and still feature in Irish folklore){{sfn|Ó Siochrú|2008|p=1–2}} and the [[Whig Party (England)|Whig Party]] element recoiled from allowing a standing army to continue with the agreed-upon rights and privileges under the return of a king.&lt;ref&gt;Lord Macaulay ''The History of England from the accession of James the Second'' (C.H. Firth ed. 1913) 1:136–38&lt;/ref&gt; The militia acts of 1661 and 1662 prevented local authorities from calling up militia and oppressing their own local opponents. Calling up the militia was possible only if the king and local elites agreed to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= 'Charles II, 1661: An Act declaring the sole Right of the Militia to be in King and for the present ordering &amp; disposing the same.', Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80 (1819)|pages=308–309|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47290|access-date= 5 March 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215615/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47290|archive-date= 27 September 2007|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> King Charles II and his &quot;[[Cavalier]]&quot; / Royalist supporters favoured a new army under royal control, and immediately after the Restoration of 1660 to 1661 began working on its establishment.&lt;ref&gt;David Chandler, ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (2003) p. 46. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOgs8WpJI9AC&amp;dq=british+army+founded+1660&amp;pg=PA46]&lt;/ref&gt; The first [[English Army#Restoration|English Army]] regiments, including elements of the disbanded [[New Model Army]], were formed between November 1660 and January 1661&lt;ref&gt;David Chandler, ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (2003) p. 47. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOgs8WpJI9AC&amp;dq=british+army+founded+1660&amp;pg=PA47]&lt;/ref&gt; and became a standing military force for England (financed by [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]).&lt;ref&gt;Mallinson, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Clayton2014&gt;{{cite book|last1=Clayton|first1=Anthony|title=The British Officer: Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-86444-8|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlDJAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA12|quote=The first standing Army for Britain, a force of some 5,000 men on the English establishment, was formed at the Restoration in 1660–61. Separate forces were maintained on the Scottish and Irish establishments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Royal Scots Army|Royal Scots]] and [[Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)|Irish Armies]] were financed by the parliaments of [[Parliament of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Parliament of Ireland|Ireland]].&lt;ref name=Glozier2007&gt;{{cite book|last1=Glozier|first1=Matthew|last2=Onnekink|first2=David|title=War, religion and service: Huguenot soldiering, 1685–1713|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-5444-5|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uC7TWCDcOBwC&amp;pg=PA31|quote=After the Restoration there were separate English and Scottish (until 1707 unification) and Irish (until later 1800 union) military establishments, reflecting the national revenue from which a military unit was maintained. In operational and administrative matters all three combined into a single formation of a unified British Army by the start of the 19th century. From 1688, the description 'British' army is both textually convenient and historically accurate.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parliamentary control was established by the [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]], although the monarch continued to influence aspects of army administration until at least the end of the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;David Chandler, ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (2003) pp. xvi–xvii&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the Restoration, King Charles II pulled together four regiments of infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of £122,000 from his general budget. This became the foundation of the permanent English Army. By 1685, it had grown to number 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. A [[Monmouth Rebellion]] in 1685 allowed successor King [[James II of England|James II]] to raise the forces to 20,000 men. There were 37,000 in 1678, when England played a role in the closing stage of the cross-channel [[Franco-Dutch War]]. After [[Protestantism|Protestant]] dual Monarchs [[William III of England|William III]], formerly William of the Dutch [[House of Orange]], and his wife [[Mary II of England|Mary II's]] joint accession to the throne after a short constitutional crisis with Parliament sending Mary's father, predecessor King James II, (who remained a Catholic) during his brief controversial reign, off the throne and into exile. England then involved itself in the [[War of the Grand Alliance]] on the Continent, primarily to prevent a possible French Catholic monarch organizing an invasion restoring the exiled James II (Queen Mary's father and still a [[Roman Catholic]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|2000|p=144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in 1689, William III to solidify his and Mary's hold on the monarchy, expanded the new English army to 74,000, and then a few years later to 94,000 in 1694. Parliament was very nervous and reduced the cadre to 70,000 in 1697. Scotland and Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were unofficially merged with the English Crown force.&lt;ref&gt;Chandler, ed., ''The Oxford history of the British army'' (1996) pp. 46–57.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Correlli Barnett, ''Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey'' (1970) pp. 90–98, 110–125.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:John Churchill Marlborough porträtterad av Adriaen van der Werff (1659-1722).jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Oil-on-canvas portrait|[[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]], was one of the first generals in the new British Army and fought in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was a noted ancestor of Sir [[Winston S. Churchill]], later famous [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] during [[World War II]].]]<br /> <br /> === Formation ===<br /> By the time of the 1707 [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], many regiments of the English and Scottish armies were already combined under one operational command and stationed in the [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] for the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. Although all the regiments were now part of the new British military establishment,&lt;ref name=Chandler2003&gt;{{cite book|last1=Chandler|first1=David|title=The Oxford history of the British Army|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280311-5|page=xv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOgs8WpJI9AC&amp;q=British+army+from+the+Act+of+Union&amp;pg=PA45|quote=It is generally accepted that the regular standing army in Britain was officially created – in the sense of being fully accommodated within parliamentary control in 1689, although it is, strictly speaking, only correct to refer to the British army from the Act of Union with Scotland in 1707.}}&lt;/ref&gt; they remained under the old operational-command structure and retained much of the institutional ethos, customs and traditions of the standing armies created shortly after the [[restoration (England)|Restoration of the Monarchy]] 47 years earlier. The order of seniority of the most-senior British Army line regiments is based on that of the earlier English army. Although technically the Scots [[Royal Regiment of Foot]] was raised in 1633 and is the oldest Regiment of the Line,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/23301.aspx|publisher=British Army|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118061954/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/23301.aspx|archive-date=18 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scottish and Irish regiments were only allowed to take a rank in the English army on the date of their arrival in England (or the date when they were first placed on the English establishment). In 1694, a board of general officers was convened to decide the rank of English, Irish and Scots regiments serving in the Netherlands; the regiment which became known as the [[Scots Greys]] were designated the [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards|4th Dragoons]] because there were three English regiments raised prior to 1688 when the Scots Greys were first placed in the English establishment. In 1713, when a new board of general officers was convened to decide the rank of several regiments, the seniority of the Scots Greys was reassessed and based on their June 1685 entry into England. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, and the Scots Greys eventually received the British Army rank of 2nd Dragoons.{{sfn|Royal Scots Greys|1840|pp=56–57}}<br /> <br /> === British Empire (1707–1914) ===<br /> {{main|British Army during the Georgian Era|British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British Army during the Napoleonic Wars|British Army during the Victorian Era}}<br /> <br /> After 1707, British continental policy was to contain expansion by competing powers such as France and Spain. Although Spain was the dominant global power during the previous two centuries and the chief threat to England's early trans-Atlantic colonial ambitions, its influence was now waning. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the later [[Napoleonic Wars]].&lt;ref name=ma165/&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the [[Royal Navy]] is widely regarded as vital to the rise of the [[British Empire]], the British Army played an important role in the formation of colonies, [[protectorate]]s and [[dominion]]s in the [[Americas]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[India]] and [[Australasia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=104}}.&lt;/ref&gt; British soldiers captured strategically important sites and territories, with the army involved in wars to secure the empire's borders, internal safety and support friendly governments and princes. Among these actions were the French and Indian War / Seven Years' War,&lt;ref name=&quot;ma106&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=106}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the [[American Revolutionary War]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=129}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Napoleonic Wars]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ma165&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=165}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;ma102&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=102}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Boxer Rebellion]],&lt;ref name=&quot;boxer&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bates|2010|p=25}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the [[New Zealand Wars]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-wars/page-1|title=1. – New Zealand wars – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=www.teara.govt.nz|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403190049/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-wars/page-1|archive-date=3 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Australian frontier wars]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | author1=Connor, John | title=The Australian frontier wars, 1788–1838 | date=2005 | publisher=UNSW Press | isbn=978-0-86840-756-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Rebellion of 1857]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ma210&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[First Boer War|first]] and [[second Boer War]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;ma257&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=257}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Fenian raids]],&lt;ref name=&quot;fenian&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.doyle.com.au/fenian_raids.htm |title=The Fenian Raids |publisher=Doyle.com.au |date=15 September 2001 |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404161321/http://www.doyle.com.au/fenian_raids.htm |archive-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Irish War of Independence]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ma282&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=282}}&lt;/ref&gt; interventions in [[Afghanistan]] (intended to maintain a [[buffer state]] between [[British India]] and the [[Russian Empire]])&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=203}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Crimean War]] (to keep the Russian Empire to the north on the [[Black Sea]] at a safe distance by aiding the [[Ottoman Empire]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ma195&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=195}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Like the [[English Army]], the British Army fought the kingdoms of Spain, France (including the [[First French Empire]]) and the Netherlands ([[Dutch Republic]]) for supremacy in [[North America]] and the [[West Indies]]. With native and provincial and colonial assistance, the Army conquered [[New France]] in the [[French and Indian War]] (North American theatre) of the parallel [[Seven Years' War]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ma106&quot; /&gt; and suppressed a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native / Indian North Americans]] uprising in [[Pontiac's War]] around the [[Great Lakes]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/Pontiacs_War(PrinterFriendly).pdf Pontiac's War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428140752/http://www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/Pontiacs_War(PrinterFriendly).pdf |date=28 April 2011 }} Baltimore County Public Schools&lt;/ref&gt; The British Army was defeated in the [[American Revolutionary War]], losing the [[Thirteen Colonies]] but retaining [[The Canadas]] and [[The Maritimes]] as in [[British North America]], including [[Bermuda]] (originally part of the [[Colony of Virginia]], and which had been originally strongly sympathetic to the American colonial rebels early in the war).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=110}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] and [[Bermuda]] were to become [[Imperial fortress]]es (although Bermuda, being safer from attack over water and impervious to attack overland, quickly became the most important in British North America), along with [[Malta]] and [[Gibraltar]], providing bases in the eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]] for [[Royal Navy]] squadrons to control the oceans and trade routes, and heavily garrisoned by the British Army both for defence of the bases and to provide mobile military forces to work with the Navy in amphibious operations throughout their regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Donald Craigie |author-link= |date=1965 |title=The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870–1914 |url= |location=Baltimore, Maryland, US |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |page=14 |isbn= |quote=There were more than 44,000 troops stationed overseas in colonial garrisons, and slightly more than half of these were in imperial fortresses: in the Mediterranean, Bermuda, Halifax, St. Helena, and Mauritius. The rest of the forces were in colonies proper, with a heavy concentration in New Zealand and South Africa. The imperial government paid approximately £1,715,000 per annum toward the maintenance of these forces, and the various colonial governments contributed £370,000, the largest amounts coming from [[Ceylon]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in [[Australia]].}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy, R.N. |first=Captain W. R. |date=1 July 1885 |title=An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies |url= |magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |location= |publisher=William Blackwood &amp; Sons, Edinburgh, Scotland, and 37 Paternoster Row, London, England |access-date= |page=111 |quote=As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=VERAX |first=(anonymous) |date=1 May 1889 |title=The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine) |url= |magazine=The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs |location= |publisher=LR Hamersly &amp; Co., 1510 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US; subsequently LR Hamersly, 49 Wall Street, New York City, New York, US; BF Stevens &amp; Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, London, England |access-date= |page=552 |quote=The objectives for America are clearly marked — Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval attack on the American coasts and commerce.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Alexander |author-link= |date=1898 |title=MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies |url= |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co., Limited, London, England, UK; The MacMillan Company, New York City, New York, US |page=184 |isbn= |quote=There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Thomas |author-link= |date=1891 |title=Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation |url= |location=Ottawa |publisher=James Hope &amp; Co., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |page=29 |isbn= |quote=Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa Lucia).}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG|thumb|250px|upright=1.05|alt=Panoramic painting of the Battle of Waterloo|The [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] and [[Field Marshal von Blücher]]'s triumph over [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] at the [[The Battle of Waterloo (painting, Sadler II)|Battle of Waterloo]]]]<br /> <br /> The British Army was heavily involved in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], participating in a number of campaigns in Europe (including continuous deployment in the [[Peninsular War]]), the [[Caribbean]], North Africa and [[War of 1812|North America]]. The war between the British and the [[First French Empire]] of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] stretched around the world; at its peak in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian armies under the [[Duke of Wellington]] and [[Field Marshal von Blücher]] finally defeated Napoleon at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] in 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=177}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The English were involved politically and militarily in Ireland. The campaign of English republican Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]] involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns (most notably [[Drogheda]] and [[Wexford]]) which supported the Royalists during the [[English Civil War]]. The English Army (and the subsequent British Army) remained in Ireland primarily to suppress Irish revolts or disorder. In addition to its conflict with Irish nationalists, it was faced with the prospect of battling Anglo-Irish and [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] in Ireland who were angered by unfavourable taxation of Irish produce imported into Britain. With other Irish groups, they raised a volunteer army and threatened to emulate the American colonists if their conditions were not met. Learning from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution. The British Army fought Irish rebels—Protestant and Catholic—primarily in [[Ulster]] and [[Leinster]] ([[Theobald Wolfe Tone|Wolfe Tone's]] [[United Irishmen]]) in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|1798 rebellion]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/irish_reb_01.shtml The 1798 Irish Rebellion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207080021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/irish_reb_01.shtml |date=7 February 2011 }} BBC&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Alphonse de Neuville - The defence of Rorke's Drift 1879 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of the Battle of Rorke's Drift, with a building burning|In the 1879 [[Battle of Rorke's Drift]], a small British force repelled an attack by overwhelming [[Zulu Empire|Zulu]] forces; eleven [[Victoria Cross]]es were awarded for its defence.]]<br /> In addition to battling the armies of other European empires (and its former colonies, the United States, in the [[War of 1812]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 July 2010 |title=Guide to the War of 1812 |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805043534/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ |archive-date=5 August 2011 |access-date=28 March 2011 |publisher=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second [[Opium Wars]]&lt;ref name=ma102/&gt; and the [[Boxer Rebellion]],&lt;ref name=boxer/&gt; [[Māori people|Māori]] tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's]] forces and [[British East India Company]] mutineers in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Rebellion of 1857]],&lt;ref name=ma257/&gt; the Boers in the first and second Boer Wars,&lt;ref name=ma257/&gt; Irish [[Fenian]]s in Canada during the [[Fenian raids]]&lt;ref name=fenian/&gt; and [[Irish Republican Army|Irish separatists]] in the [[Anglo-Irish War]].&lt;ref name=ma102/&gt; The increasing demands of imperial expansion and the inadequacy and inefficiency of the underfunded British Army, [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]], Ordnance Military Corps, [[Yeomanry]] and [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer Force]] after the Napoleonic Wars led to series of reforms following the failures of the [[Crimean War]].&lt;ref&gt;Peter Burroughs, &quot;An Unreformed Army? 1815–1868&quot;, in David Chandler, ed., ''The Oxford History of the British Army'' (1996), pp. 183–184&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Establishment and Strength of the British Army (excluding Indian native troops stationed in India) prior to August, 1914.jpg|thumb|Establishment and strength of the British Army, excluding Indian native troops stationed in India, prior to August 1914]]<br /> Inspired by the successes of the [[Prussian Army]] (which relied on short-term conscription of all eligible young men to maintain a large reserve of recently discharged soldiers, ready to be recalled on the outbreak of war to immediately bring the small peacetime regular army up to strength), the [[Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)#Army Reserve (Regular)|''Regular Reserve'']] of the British Army was originally created in 1859 by [[Secretary of State for War]] [[Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea|Sidney Herbert]], and re-organised under the [[Reserve Force Act 1867]]. Prior to this, a soldier was generally enlisted into the British Army for a 21-year engagement, following which (should he survive so long) he was discharged as a Pensioner. Pensioners were sometimes still employed on garrison duties, as were younger soldiers no longer deemed fit for expeditionary service who were generally organised in invalid units or returned to the regimental depot for home service. The cost of paying pensioners, and the obligation the government was under to continue to employ invalids as well as soldiers deemed by their commanding officers as detriments to their units were motivations to change this system. The long period of engagement also discouraged many potential recruits. The long service enlistments were consequently replaced with short service enlistments, with undesirable soldiers not permitted to re-engage on the completion of their first engagement. The size of the army also fluctuated greatly, increasing in war time, and drastically shrinking with peace. Battalions posted on garrison duty overseas were allowed an increase on their normal peacetime establishment, which resulted in their having surplus men on their return to a ''Home'' station. Consequently, soldiers engaging on short term enlistments were enabled to serve several years with the colours and the remainder in the Regular Reserve, remaining liable for recall to the colours if required. Among the other benefits, this thereby enabled the British Army to have a ready pool of recently trained men to draw upon in an emergency. The name of the Regular Reserve (which for a time was divided into a ''First Class'' and a ''Second Class'') has resulted in confusion with the ''Reserve Forces'', which were the pre-existing part-time, local-service home-defence [[Units of the British Army#British Army units in other areas of the British Armed Forces|forces]] that were auxiliary to the British Army (or ''Regular Force''), but not originally part of it: the [[Yeomanry]], [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]] (or ''Constitutional Force'') and [[Volunteer Force]]. These were consequently also referred to as ''Auxiliary Forces'' or ''Local Forces''.&lt;ref&gt;''The Army Book For The British Empire'', by Lieutenant-General WH Goodenough, Royal Artillery, CB, and Lieutenant-Colonel JC Dalton (HP), Royal Artillery. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. 1893.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The late-19th-century [[Cardwell Reforms|Cardwell]] and [[Childers Reforms]] gave the army its modern shape and redefined its [[regimental system]].&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=24992|page=3300|date=1 July 1881}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1907 [[Haldane Reforms]] created the [[Territorial Force]] as the army's volunteer reserve component, merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force and Yeomanry, while the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cassidy|2006|p=79}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === World Wars (1914–1945) ===<br /> {{main|British Army during the First World War|British Army during the Second World War}}<br /> <br /> [[File:British Mark I male tank Somme 25 September 1916.jpg|alt=Early First World War tank, with soldiers in a trench next to it|thumb|250px|British First World War [[Mark I tank]]; the guidance wheels behind the main body were later scrapped as unnecessary. Armoured vehicles of the era required considerable infantry and artillery support. ''(Photo by [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]])'']]<br /> <br /> [[File:Led by their piper, men of 7th Seaforth Highlanders, 15th (Scottish) Division advance during Operation 'Epsom' in Normandy, 26 June 1944. B6000.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Bagpiper leading a line of soldiers though thigh-high growth|Led by their piper, men of the 7th Battalion, [[Seaforth Highlanders]] (part of the [[46th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|46th (Highland) Brigade]]), advance through Normandy during [[Operation Epsom]] on 26 June 1944]]<br /> <br /> Great Britain was challenged by other powers, primarily the [[German Empire]] and [[Nazi Germany]], during the 20th century. A century earlier it vied with Napoleonic France for global pre-eminence, and [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] Britain's natural allies were the kingdoms and principalities of [[northern Germany]]. By the middle of the 19th century, Britain and France were allies in preventing Russia's appropriation of the [[Ottoman Empire]], although the fear of French invasion led shortly afterwards to the creation of the Volunteer Force. By the first decade of the 20th century, the United Kingdom was allied with France (by the [[Entente Cordiale]]) and Russia (which had a secret agreement with France for mutual support in a war against the [[Prussia]]n-led German Empire and the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Anglo-Russian_Entente|title=Agreement concerning Persia|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708181007/https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Anglo-Russian_Entente|archive-date=8 July 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When the First World War broke out in August 1914 the British Army sent the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF), consisting mainly of [[Standing army|regular army]] troops, to [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Belgium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ensor|1980|pp=525–526}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The fighting bogged down into static [[trench warfare]] for the remainder of the war. In 1915 the army created the [[Mediterranean Expeditionary Force]] to invade the [[Ottoman Empire]] via [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]], an unsuccessful attempt to capture [[Constantinople]] and secure a sea route to [[Russian Empire|Russia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=3}}<br /> <br /> The First World War was the most devastating in [[Military history of the United Kingdom|British military history]], with nearly 800,000 men killed and over two&amp;nbsp;million wounded. Early in the war, the BEF was virtually destroyed and was replaced first by [[Kitchener's Army|volunteers]] and then by a [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|conscript]] force. Major battles included those at [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=310}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Advances in technology saw the advent of the [[tank]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/nonflash_tank.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014050900/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/nonflash_tank.shtml |archive-date=14 October 2007 |title=Mark I tank |access-date=28 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; (and the creation of the [[Royal Tank Regiment]]) and advances in aircraft design (and the creation of the [[Royal Flying Corps]]) which would be decisive in future battles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/ww1.cfm|title=RAF – World War 1|last=here|first=RAF Details|website=www.raf.mod.uk|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129020520/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/ww1.cfm|archive-date=29 January 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trench warfare dominated Western Front strategy for most of the war, and the use of [[Chemical weapons in World War I|chemical weapons]] (disabling and poison gases) added to the devastation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Michael Duffy |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |publisher=Firstworldwar.com |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[World War II|Second World War]] broke out in September 1939 with the Soviet and [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]'s [[invasion of Poland]].&lt;ref name=ma335&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=335}}.&lt;/ref&gt; British assurances to the Poles led the British Empire to declare war on [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. As in the First World War, a relatively small [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|BEF]] was sent to France&lt;ref name=ma335/&gt; but then hastily evacuated from [[Dunkirk evacuation|Dunkirk]] as the German forces [[Battle of France|swept through the Low Countries and across France]] in May 1940.&lt;ref name=ma342&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=342}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the British Army recovered from its earlier defeats, it defeated the Germans and Italians at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] in 1942–1943 and helped drive them from Africa. It then fought through [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]]{{sfn|Taylor|1976|p=157}} and, with the participation of American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, Indian and Free French forces,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theddaystory.com/discover/what-is-d-day/|title=The D-Day Story|publisher=theddaystory.com|access-date=16 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; was one of the principal organisers alongside the U.S. Army and participant in the [[Normandy landings|D-Day invasion of Normandy]] on 6 June 1944; nearly half the Allied soldiers were British.{{sfn|Gilbert|2005|p=301}} In the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|Far East]], the British Army rallied against the Japanese in the [[Burma Campaign]] and regained the British Far Eastern colonial possessions.{{sfn|Taylor|1976|p=210}}<br /> <br /> === Postcolonial era (1945–2000) ===<br /> [[File:1945 Order of Precedence of the British Army.jpg|thumb|left|upright|1945 Order of Precedence of the British Army]]<br /> <br /> After the Second World War the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although [[National Service]] continued until 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;M 384&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=384}}&lt;/ref&gt; This period saw [[decolonisation]] begin with the [[partition of India|partition]] and [[Indian independence movement|independence]] of India and Pakistan, followed by the independence of British colonies in Africa and Asia.<br /> <br /> The [[Corps Warrant]], which is the official list of which bodies of the British Military (not to be confused with ''naval'') Forces were to be considered Corps of the British Army for the purposes of the [[Army Act]], the Reserve Forces Act, 1882, and the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act, 1907, had not been updated since 1926 (Army Order 49 of 1926), although amendments had been made up to and including Army Order 67 of 1950. A new Corps Warrant was declared in 1951.<br /> <br /> Although the British Army was a major participant in [[1st Commonwealth Division|Korea]] in the early 1950s&lt;ref name=&quot;M 384&quot; /&gt; and [[Suez Crisis|Suez]] in 1956,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=407}}&lt;/ref&gt; during this period Britain's role in world events was reduced and the army was downsized.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Merged regiments and new brigading – many famous units to lose separate identity|newspaper=The Times |date=25 July 1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[British Army of the Rhine]], consisting of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I (BR) Corps]], remained in Germany as a bulwark against Soviet invasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=440}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Cold War]] continued, with significant technological advances in warfare, and the army saw the introduction of new weapons systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=442}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the decline of the British Empire, the army was engaged in [[Aden Emergency|Aden]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ma401&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=401}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Indonesia]], [[EOKA|Cyprus]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ma401&quot; /&gt; [[Mau Mau Uprising|Kenya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ma401&quot; /&gt; and [[Malayan Emergency|Malaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=402}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1982, the British Army and the [[Royal Marines]] helped liberate the [[Falkland Islands]] during the [[Falklands War|conflict with Argentina]] after that country's invasion of the British territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Museum/Falklands/falkSurrenderDocument.html |title=Falklands Surrender Document |publisher=Britains-smallwars.com |date=14 June 1982 |access-date=28 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501162727/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Museum/Falklands/falkSurrenderDocument.html |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the three decades following 1969, the army was heavily deployed in [[Northern Ireland]]'s [[Operation Banner]] to support the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] (later the [[Police Service of Northern Ireland]]) in their conflict with republican paramilitary groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=411}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The locally recruited [[Ulster Defence Regiment]] was formed, becoming home-service battalions of the [[The Royal Irish Regiment (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th and Ulster Defence Regiment)|Royal Irish Regiment]] in 1992 before it was disbanded in 2006. Over 700 soldiers were killed during [[the Troubles]]. Following the 1994–1996 [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] ceasefires and since 1997, demilitarisation has been part of the peace process and the military presence has been reduced.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6923342.stm Army ending its operation in NI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123025906/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6923342.stm |date=23 November 2008 }} BBC News, 31 July 2007&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 June 2007 the 2nd Battalion of the [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]] left the army complex in [[The Troubles in Bessbrook|Bessbrook]], [[County Armagh]], ending the longest operation in British Army history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Last troops pull out of Bessbrook |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=25 June 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6235514.stm |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820103544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6235514.stm |archive-date=20 August 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Persian Gulf War ====<br /> {{Main|Gulf War|Operation Granby}}<br /> <br /> [[File:An APC of the 7th Brigade Royal Scots.JPEG|thumb|250px|alt=An armoured personnel carrier flying the Union Jack|British APC passing by wrecked and abandoned vehicles along the &quot;[[Highway of Death]]&quot; in 1991.]]<br /> <br /> The British Army contributed 50,000 troops to the coalition which fought [[Iraq]] in the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/11/iraq.military|title=50,000 troops in Gulf illness scare|date=11 June 2004|work=The Guardian|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043911/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/11/iraq.military|archive-date=29 October 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British forces controlled [[Kuwait]] after its liberation. Forty-seven British military personnel died during the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SUPREME+SACRIFICE%3B+British+soldier+killed+in+Iraq+was+unemployed+TA...-a0107281788|title=Supreme sacrifice: British soldier killed in Iraq was unemployed TA man|date=28 August 2003|publisher=Thefreelibrary.com|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430043927/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/SUPREME+SACRIFICE%3B+British+soldier+killed+in+Iraq+was+unemployed+TA...-a0107281788|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== {{anchor|Balkans conflicts}}Balkan conflicts ====<br /> [[File:British Army vehicles in Croatia, 1996.jpg|thumb|British Army vehicles in a staging area before being deployed to Bosnia]]<br /> {{Main|Yugoslav Wars}}<br /> <br /> The army was deployed to former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in 1992. Initially part of the [[United Nations Protection Force]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=446}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1995 its command was transferred to the [[Implementation Force]] (IFOR) and then to the [[Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (SFOR);&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=447}}&lt;/ref&gt; the commitment rose to over 10,000 troops. In 1999, British forces under SFOR command were sent to [[Kosovo]] and the contingent increased to 19,000 troops.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/former-yugoslavia-and-the-role-of-british-forces|title=Former Yugoslavia and the Role of British Forces|website=politics.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172737/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/former-yugoslavia-and-the-role-of-british-forces|archive-date=18 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between early 1993 and June 2010, 72 British military personnel died during operations in the former Yugoslavian countries of Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/416474/20150326_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II_O.pdf|title=UK Post-WW2 Operational Deaths|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507071536/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/416474/20150326_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II_O.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== The Troubles ====<br /> Although there have been permanent garrisons in Northern Ireland throughout its history, the British Army was deployed as a peacekeeping force from 1969 to 2007 in [[Operation Banner]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6276416.stm|title=Army paper says IRA not defeated|work=BBC News|date=6 July 2007|access-date=21 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111180357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6276416.stm|archive-date=11 January 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, this was (in the wake of [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] attacks on nationalist communities in [[Derry]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Kenneth Bloomfield|Bloomfield, K]] Stormont in Crisis (Belfast 1994) p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Belfast]])&lt;ref&gt;[[Public Record Office of Northern Ireland|PRONI]]: Cabinet conclusions file CAB/4/1460&lt;/ref&gt; to prevent further loyalist attacks on Catholic communities; it developed into support of the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] (RUC) and its successor, the [[Police Service of Northern Ireland]] (PSNI) against the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (PIRA).{{sfn|McKernan|2005|p=17}} Under the 1998 [[Good Friday Agreement]], there was a gradual reduction in the number of soldiers deployed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/859388.stm Army dismantles NI post] BBC News, 31 July 2000&lt;/ref&gt; In 2005, after the PIRA declared a ceasefire, the British Army dismantled posts, withdrew many troops and restored troop levels to those of a peacetime garrison.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php Army To Dismantle Tower Block Post] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912070458/http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php |date=12 September 2008 }} Skyscrapernews, 2 August 2005&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Operation Banner ended at midnight on 31 July 2007 after about 38 years of continuous deployment, the longest in British Army history.&lt;ref name=&quot;analysis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/misc/opbanner.pdf|title=Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland|year=2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]|access-date=21 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227094451/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/misc/opbanner.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to an internal document released in 2007, the British Army had failed to defeat the IRA but made it impossible for them to win by violence. Operation Helvetic replaced Operation Banner in 2007, maintaining fewer service personnel in a more-benign environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;analysis&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6276416.stm|title=Army paper says IRA not defeated|date=6 July 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=21 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111180357/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6276416.stm|archive-date=11 January 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the 300,000 troops who served in Northern Ireland since 1969, there were 763 British military personnel killed&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11743727 Remembrance Day: Where they fell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928140734/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11743727 |date=28 September 2018 }} BBC News, 13 November 2010&lt;/ref&gt; and 306 killed by the British military, mostly civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/index.html|title=Tabulations (Tables) of Basic Variables|publisher=Cain.ulst.ac.uk|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513081528/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/index.html|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; An estimated 100 soldiers committed suicide during Operation Banner or soon afterwards and a similar number died in accidents. A total of 6,116 were wounded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Thomas |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1482975/Troop-deaths-in-Ulster-higher-than-thought.html |title=Troop deaths in Ulster 'higher than thought' |newspaper=Telegraph |date=7 February 2005 |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921112055/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1482975/Troop-deaths-in-Ulster-higher-than-thought.html |archive-date=21 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Sierra Leone'''<br /> {{Main|British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War}}<br /> <br /> The British Army deployed to Sierra Leone for [[Operation Palliser]] in 1999, under United Nations resolutions, to aid the government in quelling violent uprisings by militiamen. British troops also provided support during the 2014 [[West African Ebola virus epidemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 January 2017|title=Sierra Leone profile – Timeline|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094419|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509114751/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094419|archive-date=9 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recent history (2000–present) ===<br /> ==== War in Afghanistan ====<br /> {{Main|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:3royalanglianafghan.JPG|thumb|250px|alt=Armed soldiers in and around a military vehicle|[[Royal Anglian Regiment]] in Helmand Province]]<br /> <br /> In November 2001, as part of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] with the United States, the United Kingdom deployed forces in [[Afghanistan]] to topple the [[Taliban]] in [[Operation Herrick]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mallinson|2009|p=452}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[3rd Division (United Kingdom)|3rd Division]] were sent to [[Kabul]] to assist in the liberation of the capital and defeat Taliban forces in the mountains. In 2006 the British Army began concentrating on fighting Taliban forces and bringing security to [[Helmand Province]], with about 9,500 British troops (including marines, airmen and sailors) deployed at its peak&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22713.aspx|title=Why we are in Afghanistan|publisher=Ministry of Defence (MoD)|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022195153/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22713.aspx|archive-date=22 October 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;—the second-largest force after that of the US.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8305922.stm UK sends 500 more to Afghanistan] BBC News, 15 October 2009&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2012 Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] announced that the combat mission would end in 2014, and troop numbers gradually fell as the [[Afghan National Army]] took over the brunt of the fighting. Between 2001 and 26 April 2014 a total of 453 British military personnel died in Afghan operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/fields-of-operation/afghanistan|title=British fatalities in Afghanistan|publisher=MoD|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725021450/https://www.gov.uk/government/fields-of-operation/afghanistan|archive-date=25 July 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Operation Herrick ended with the handover of [[Camp Bastion]] on 26 October 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29776544|title=UK ends Afghan combat operations|date=26 October 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026082004/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29776544|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the British Army maintained a deployment in Afghanistan as part of [[Operation Toral]].&lt;ref name=toral&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/09/uk-afghanistan-troops-increase-david-cameron|title=UK to increase troops in Afghanistan from 450 to 500|date=9 July 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207151415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/09/uk-afghanistan-troops-increase-david-cameron|archive-date=7 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following an announcement by the US Government of the end of their operations in the Afghanistan, the Ministry of Defence announced in April 2021 that British forces would withdraw from the country by 11 September 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56744265|title=UK troops to begin 'drawdown' in Afghanistan|work=BBC News|date=14 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later reported that all UK troops would be out by early July.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/02/uk-to-bring-home-last-remaining-troops-in-afghanistan-this-weekend|title=UK to bring home last remaining troops in Afghanistan this weekend|date=2 July 2021|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the collapse of the Afghan Army, and the completion of the withdrawal of civilians, all British troops had left by the end of August 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58372437|title=Afghanistan: British ambassador home as last UK troops leave|work=BBC News|date=29 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Iraq War ====<br /> {{Main|Iraq War|Operation Telic}}<br /> <br /> [[File:1 RRF engage Iraqi Army positions with their 81mm Mortars. Iraq. 26-03-2003 MOD 45142764.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Two soldiers with a mortar gun—one loading and the other aiming|British soldiers from the [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers|1st Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]] [[Battlegroup (army)|battlegroup]] engage Iraqi positions with an [[81mm mortar]] [[Battle of Basra (2003)|south of Basra]]]]<br /> <br /> In 2003, the United Kingdom was a major contributor to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]], sending a force of over 46,000 military personnel. The British Army controlled southern Iraq, and maintained a peace-keeping presence in [[Basra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6977914.stm|title=Timeline: UK troops in Basra|work=BBC News|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403070032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6977914.stm|archive-date=3 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; All British troops were withdrawn from Iraq by 30 April 2009, after the Iraqi government refused to extend their mandate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/British_Troops_Leave_Iraq_As_Mandate_Ends/1789785.html |title=British Troops Leave Iraq As Mandate Ends |date=31 July 2009 |publisher=Rferl.org |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108093957/http://www.rferl.org/content/British_Troops_Leave_Iraq_As_Mandate_Ends/1789785.html |archive-date=8 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; One hundred and seventy-nine British military personnel died in Iraqi operations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The [[British Armed Forces]] returned to Iraq in 2014 as part of [[Operation Shader]] to counter the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] (ISIL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmdfence/106/106.pdf|title=UK Operations in Syria and Iraq|year=2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085447/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmdfence/106/106.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Recent military aid ====<br /> {{Main|Operation Rescript|Operation Temperer|Military Aid to the Civil Authorities}}<br /> <br /> The British Army maintains a standing liability to support the civil authorities in certain circumstances, usually in either niche capabilities (e.g. explosive ordnance removal) or in general support of the civil authorities when their capacity is exceeded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61965/defenceconrtibution1.pdf|title=Operations in the UK: Defence Contribution to Resilience|date=2007|website=Ministry of Defence|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305164425/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61965/defenceconrtibution1.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/30013.aspx|title=UK Operations|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421033859/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/30013.aspx|archive-date=21 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In recent years this has been seen as army personnel supporting the civil authorities in the face of the [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak]], the 2002 firefighters strike, widespread flooding in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2014, [[Operation Temperer]] following the [[Manchester Arena bombing]] in 2017 and, most recently, [[Operation Rescript]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/23/raise-terror-level-critical-5000-troops-streets-operation-temperer|title=Critical threat level: who made the decision and what does it mean?|last1=Travis|first1=Alan|date=24 May 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=28 May 2017|last2=MacAskill|first2=Ewen|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526163704/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/23/raise-terror-level-critical-5000-troops-streets-operation-temperer|archive-date=26 May 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OpRESCRIPT&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Haynes|first1=Deborah|author-link=Deborah Haynes|date=19 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Up to 20,000 troops on standby to help deal with COVID-19 outbreak|work=[[Sky News]]|url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-up-to-20-000-troops-on-standby-to-help-deal-with-covid-19-outbreak-11959977|access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Baltic states ====<br /> Since 2016, the British Army has maintained a presence in the [[Baltic states]] in support of the [[NATO Enhanced Forward Presence]] strategy which responded to the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]]. The British Army leads a multinational armoured battlegroup in [[Estonia]] under Operation Cabrit and contributes troops to another military battle group in [[Poland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;efp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/deployments/baltics/ |title=ENHANCED FORWARD PRESENCE (EFP) |work=British Army |accessdate=23 March 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the NATO plans, Britain has committed a full mechanized infantry [[brigade]] to be on a high state of readiness to defend Estonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Brigade assigned to Estonia likely to be one of British Army's strongest|url=https://news.err.ee/1609141828/brigade-assigned-to-estonia-likely-to-be-one-of-british-army-s-strongest|date=23 October 2023|access-date=11 July 2024|website=ERR News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Ukraine ====<br /> Between 2015 and 2022, the British Army deployed Short Term Training Teams (STTTs) to [[Ukraine]] under [[Operation Orbital]] to help train the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] against further Russian aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.forces.net/news/uk-troops-training-forces-ukraine-leave-weekend-armed-forces-minister-says|title=UK troops training forces in Ukraine to leave this weekend|date=12 February 2022|publisher=Forces.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; This operation was succeeded by [[Operation Interflex]] in July 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;politico1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gallardo |first1=Cristina |last2=Caulcutt |first2=Clea |title=Ukraine's military recruits need training. Only one of Europe's giants is pulling its weight |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-and-france-at-odds-over-military-training-for-ukrainians/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=[[Politico]] |date=16 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == {{anchor|Modern British Army}}Modern army ==<br /> === Personnel ===<br /> [[File:Trooping the Colour MOD 45155754.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Blues and Royals]] [[Trooping the Colour]] in 2013]]<br /> <br /> The British Army has been a volunteer force since national service ended during the 1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;M 384&quot; /&gt; Since the creation of the part-time, reserve [[Territorial Force]] in 1908 (renamed the Territorial Army in 1921 and the Army Reserve in 2014), the full-time British Army has been known as the Regular Army. In July 2020 there were just over 78,800 Regulars, with a target strength of 82,000, and just over 30,000 [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Army Reservists]], with a target strength of 30,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;statistics2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quarterly service personnel statistics 1 October 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2021/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-october-2021 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; All former Regular Army personnel may also be recalled to duty in exceptional circumstances during the 6-year period following completion of their Regular service, which creates an additional force known as the [[Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)#Army Reserve (Regular)|Regular Reserve]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=British Army – Reserve Forces – The Regular Reserve – Armed Forces – a11a4|url=http://www.armedforces.co.uk/army/listings/l0071.html|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.armedforces.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of January 2025, the British Army had 73,847 regular soldiers, 4,127 Gurkhas, and 25,742 volunteer reserve personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;stats&quot;/&gt; Under the recommendations of the 2025 [[Strategic Defence Review (2025)|Strategic Defence Review]], the number of regular soldiers is planned to stop declining and eventually increase to 76,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/strategic-defence-review-oral-statement|title=Strategic Defence Review oral statement|date=2 June 2025|website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The table below illustrates British Army personnel figures from 1710 to 2025.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;10&quot; |British Army strength{{refn| 1710–1900,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasler&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Great Powers and Global Struggle, 1490–1990 | date=1994 | publisher=University Press of Kentucky | isbn=0-8131-3353-X | location=United States | page=149 | last1=Rasler | first1=Karen}} (Figure 8.1 Change in the Size of the British Army 1650–1910)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recruiting Victorian armies |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/overview/victorianarmies/ |website=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1918 &amp; 1945,&lt;ref name=&quot;Summers&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14218909 | title=The time when the British army was really stretched | date=23 July 2011 | publisher=BBC | agency=BBC News | last1=Summers | first1=Chris | access-date=5 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822232109/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14218909 | archive-date=22 August 2016 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;End of the First World War&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;End of the Second World War&lt;/ref&gt; 1920,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard1920&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/jun/23/mesopotamia-1#S5CV0130P0_19200623_HOC_328 | title=23 June 1920 | website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | publisher=Hansard – House of Commons | access-date=5 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820130447/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1920/jun/23/mesopotamia-1#S5CV0130P0_19200623_HOC_328 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | date=23 June 1920 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1930,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard1930&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1930/nov/02/strength#S5CV0134P0_19301102_HOC_62 | title=Strength (Territorial Army) – 2 November 1930 | website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | publisher=Hansard – House of Commons | access-date=5 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819235603/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1930/nov/02/strength#S5CV0134P0_19301102_HOC_62 | archive-date=19 August 2016 | date=2 November 1930 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1950,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rutherford&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=International Affairs and Defence: Army 2020 | last2=Rutherford | first2=Tom | date=26 July 2012 | publisher=House of Commons Library | location=United Kingdom | page=13 | last1=Brooke-Holland | first1=Louisa }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard1950&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1950/mar/20/territorial-army-recruitment | title=Territorial Army (Recruitment) – 20 March 1950 | website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | publisher=Hansard – House of Commons | access-date=5 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090127/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1950/mar/20/territorial-army-recruitment | archive-date=4 March 2016 | date=20 March 1950 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1960,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rutherford&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard1960&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1960/jul/20/the-territorial-army | title=The Territorial Army – 20 July 1960 | website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | publisher=Hansard – House of Commons | access-date=5 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516193716/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1960/jul/20/the-territorial-army | archive-date=16 May 2013 | date=20 July 1960 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1970,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansard1970&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1970/mar/12/army-estimates-1970-71-vote-a | title=Army Estimates – 12 March 1970 | website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] | publisher=Hansard – House of Commons | access-date=5 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043312/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1970/mar/12/army-estimates-1970-71-vote-a | archive-date=4 March 2016 | date=12 March 1970 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1980–2000,&lt;ref name=&quot;Berman&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/rp00-99/ | title=House of Commons: Defence Statistics 2000 | date=21 December 2000 | publisher=House of Commons Library | location=United Kingdom | pages=16–17 | last1=Berman | first1=Gavin | access-date=5 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2010,&lt;ref name=&quot;MoD2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/personnel/military/archive/quarterly-personnel-report/2010-01-01/1_january_2010.pdf | title=UK Armed Forces Quarterly Manning Report | date=4 March 2010 | publisher=Ministry of Defence | location=United Kingdom | page=13 | archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140116142443/http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/personnel/military/archive/quarterly-personnel-report/2010-01-01/1_january_2010.pdf | archive-date=16 January 2014 | url-status=dead | access-date=5 July 2016}} (Table 2a – Strength of UK Armed Forces1<br /> – full-time trained and untrained personnel)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url = http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/personnel/military/reserves-and-cadets-strengths/2010-04-01/2010-revised.pdf | title=UK RESERVE FORCES STRENGTHS | date=22 September 2010 | publisher=Ministry of Defence | location=United Kingdom | page=3 | archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140116142443/http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/personnel/military/reserves-and-cadets-strengths/2010-04-01/2010-revised.pdf | archive-date=16 January 2014 | url-status=dead | access-date=5 July 2016}} (Table 1 – Strengths of All Services Reserves)&lt;/ref&gt; 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;statistics2021&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FOI-Size-of-the-UK-Armed-Forces-Since-1700.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FOI-Size-of-the-UK-Armed-Forces-Since-1700.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=An Annual Times Series For The Size Of The Armed Forces (Army, Navy &amp; RAF) Since 1700|website=bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com|publisher=Ministry of Defense|date=28 April 2017|access-date=15 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1707–1810<br /> | rowspan=&quot;99&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1810–1921<br /> | rowspan=&quot;99&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |1930–Present<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Regular Army<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Regular Army<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Regular Army<br /> ! Army Reserve<br /> !'''Total'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1710<br /> | 68,000<br /> | 1820<br /> | 93,000<br /> | 1930<br /> |188,000<br /> |<br /> | —<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1720<br /> | 20,000<br /> | 1830<br /> | 89,000<br /> | 1945<br /> |2,930,000<br /> |{{Small|Included in Regular}}<br /> | '''3,120,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1730<br /> | 17,000<br /> | 1838<br /> | 89,000<br /> | 1950<br /> | 364,000<br /> | 83,000<br /> | '''447,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1740<br /> | 46,000<br /> | 1840<br /> | 94,000<br /> | 1960<br /> | 258,000<br /> | 120,000<br /> | '''387,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1750<br /> | 79,000<br /> | 1850<br /> | 99,000<br /> | 1970<br /> | 174,000<br /> | 80,000<br /> | '''256,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1760<br /> | 65,000<br /> | 1860<br /> | 236,000<br /> | 1980<br /> | 159,000<br /> | 63,000<br /> | '''222,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1770<br /> | 24,000<br /> | 1870<br /> | 185,000<br /> | 1990<br /> | 153,000<br /> | 73,000<br /> | '''226,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1780<br /> | 35,000<br /> | 1880<br /> | 165,000<br /> | 2000<br /> | 110,000<br /> | 45,000<br /> | '''155,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1790<br /> | 53,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Linch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Linch |first1=Kevin |title=The British Army, 1783–1815 |date=2024 |publisher=Pen &amp; Sword Books |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781526737991 |pages=83–84}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1890<br /> | 210,000<br /> | 2010<br /> | 109,000<br /> | 29,000<br /> | '''142,000'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 1800<br /> | 200,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Linch&quot;/&gt;<br /> | 1900<br /> | 302,000<br /> | 2020<br /> | 79,000<br /> | 30,000<br /> | '''116,000'''<br /> |-<br /> |1810<br /> |281,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Linch&quot;/&gt;<br /> |1918<br /> |3,838,000<br /> |2025<br /> |74,000<br /> |26,000<br /> | '''108,000'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == {{anchor|Modern Equipment}}Equipment ==<br /> {{main|List of equipment of the British Army}}<br /> <br /> === Infantry ===<br /> The British Army's basic weapon is the 5.56&amp;nbsp;mm [[SA80|L85A2 or L85A3]] assault rifle, with some specialist personnel using the L22A2 carbine variant (pilots and some tank crew). The weapon was traditionally equipped with either [[iron sights]] or an optical [[SUSAT]], although other optical sights have been subsequently purchased to supplement these.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23222.aspx|title=The British Army – SA80 individual weapon|website=www.army.mod.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616184526/http://army.mod.uk/equipment/23222.aspx|archive-date=16 June 2017|access-date=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The weapon can be enhanced further utilising the [[Picatinny rail]] with attachments such as the [[L17A2 UGL|L17A2]] under-barrel grenade launcher.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/small-arms-and-support-weapons/|title=Small arms and support weapons|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=12 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the [[Army Special Operations Brigade]], which includes the [[Ranger Regiment (United Kingdom)|Ranger Regiment]], began using the [[L403A1]], an [[M16 rifle|AR-pattern]] rifle also used by the [[Royal Marines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/09/newadvancedrifle/| access-date=2023-10-20| date=2023-09-07| title=New advanced rifle for Ranger Regiment| website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; An initiative to find a replacement for the SA80 family, known as [[Project Grayburn]], was in the concept phase in 2025,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=10 June 2025 |title=SA80 out, new assault rifle coming in as quest begins to make the Army more lethal |url=https://www.forcesnews.com/services/army/sa80-out-new-assault-rifle-quest-begins-make-army-more-lethal |website=www.forcesnews.com |location=Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks |publisher=British Forces Broadcasting Service |access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is expected to enter the assessment phase in 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=May 2025 |title=Army: Rifles - Question for Ministry of Defence |url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2025-05-01/49814/ |website=www.parliament.uk |location=Westminster |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=9 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some soldiers are equipped with the 7.62mm [[L129A1|L129A1 sharpshooter rifle]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/small-arms-and-support-weapons/|title=L129A1 sharpshooter Rifle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140733/https://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/small-arms-and-support-weapons/|archive-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; which in 2018 formally replaced the [[L86 LSW|L86A2]] Light Support Weapon. Support fire is provided by the [[L7 (machine gun)|L7 general-purpose machine gun]] (GPMG),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23226.aspx|title=The British Army – General purpose machine gun|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126172854/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23226.aspx|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and indirect fire is provided by [[L16 81mm mortar]]s. Sniper rifles include the [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare|L118A1]]&amp;nbsp;7.62&amp;nbsp;mm, [[L115A3]] and the [[AW50F]], all manufactured by [[Accuracy International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23223.aspx|title=The British Army – L115A3 Long range 'sniper' rifle|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410084543/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23223.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The British Army utilises the [[Glock|Glock 17]] as its side arm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Anti tank guided weapons include the [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin]], the medium range anti-tank guided weapon replacement for [[MILAN|Milan]], with overfly and direct attack modes of operation, and the [[NLAW]]. The Next-generation Light Anti-tank Weapon ([[NLAW]]) is the first, non-expert, short-range, anti-tank missile that rapidly knocks out any main battle tank in just one shot by striking it from above.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= NLAW |url= https://www.saab.com/products/nlaw |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220227124742/https://www.saab.com/products/nlaw |archive-date= 27 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |publisher=[[Saab AB]] |publication-place=Stockholm, [[Sweden|SE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Armour ===<br /> The army's [[main battle tank]] is the [[Challenger 2]], which is being upgraded to [[Challenger 3]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/l_and_a_ls_challenger.html Challenger 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621210618/http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/l_and_a_ls_challenger.html |date=21 June 2007 }} BA Systems&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/equipment/CFE-vehicles-and-aircraft/2013/2013.pdf|title=UKDS 2013|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927100113/http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/equipment/CFE-vehicles-and-aircraft/2013/2013.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is supported by the [[Warrior tracked armoured vehicle]] as the primary [[infantry fighting vehicle]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23237.aspx|title=The British Army – Warrior infantry fighting vehicle|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410035242/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23237.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (which will soon be replaced by the [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer 8x8 armoured fighting vehicle]]) and the [[FV430 series|Bulldog armoured personnel carrier]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-update.com/products/m/MLV.htm|title=Multi-role Light Vehicle|date=26 July 2006|publisher=Defense-update.com|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429185833/http://www.defense-update.com/products/m/MLV.htm|archive-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[General Dynamics Ajax|Ajax armoured fighting vehicle]] is also being brought into service. Light armoured units often utilise the [[MWMIK|Supacat &quot;Jackal&quot; MWMIK]] and [[Jackal (vehicle)#Coyote|Coyote]] tactical support vehicle for reconnaissance and fire support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23234.aspx|title=The British Army – Reconnaissance vehicles|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316023100/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23234.aspx|archive-date=16 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Artillery ===<br /> The army has three main artillery systems: the [[M270 multiple launch rocket system]] (MLRS), the [[Archer artillery system|Archer]] and the [[L118 light gun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23208.aspx|title=The British Army – Artillery and air defence|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410084443/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23208.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The MLRS, first used in [[Operation Granby]], has an {{convert|85|km|adj=on}} standard range, or with the [[Precision Strike Missile|PrSM]], up to 500&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/guided-multiple-launch-rocket-system-gmlrs/|title=Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) – Think Defence|work=Think Defence|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084429/http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/guided-multiple-launch-rocket-system-gmlrs/|archive-date=18 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Archer is a 155&amp;nbsp;mm self-propelled armoured gun with a {{convert|50|km|adj=on}} range. The L118 light gun is a 105&amp;nbsp;mm towed gun, which is typically towed by a [[Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer|Pinzgauer]] all-terrain vehicle.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/l_and_a_ls_105mm_light_gun.html 105 mm Light Gun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220040742/http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/l_and_a_ls_105mm_light_gun.html |date=20 February 2011 }} BAe Systems&lt;/ref&gt; The army plans to replace the Archer with the [[RCH 155]] in the near future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2024/11/doubling-down-on-archer/|title=Doubling Down on Archer - Think Defence|date=30 November 2024|website=www.thinkdefence.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To identify artillery targets, the army operates the TAIPAN artillery detection radar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=British Army completes first live firing of next-generation howitzer in Finland |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-army-completes-first-live-firing-of-next-generation-howitzer-in-finland |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and utilises [[artillery sound ranging]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/artillery/regiments/24678.aspx|title=The British Army – 5 Regiment|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420013606/http://www.army.mod.uk/artillery/regiments/24678.aspx|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For air defence it uses the new [[Sky Sabre]] system, which in 2021 replaced the [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]].&lt;ref name=&quot;whatdotheyknow.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/696137/response/1824979/attach/html/3/20210701%20Goldberg%20FOI%20Sky%20Sabre.pdf.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/696137/response/1824979/attach/html/3/20210701%20Goldberg%20FOI%20Sky%20Sabre.pdf.html |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title = Sky Sabre weapons system – a Freedom of Information request to Ministry of Defence|date = 4 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also deploys the Very Short-Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) [[Starstreak (missile)|Starstreak HVM]] (high-velocity missile) launched by a single soldier or from a [[Alvis Stormer|Stormer HVM]] vehicle-mounted launcher.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.janes.com/events/exhibitions/dsei2007/sections/daily/day1/starstreak-ii-sighted.shtml Starstreak II sighted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412045238/http://www.janes.com/events/exhibitions/dsei2007/sections/daily/day1/starstreak-ii-sighted.shtml |date=12 April 2009 }} Janes&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Protected mobility ===<br /> Where armour is not required or mobility and speed are favoured the British Army utilises protected patrol vehicles, such as the Panther variant of the [[Iveco LMV]], the [[Ocelot (vehicle)|Foxhound]], and variants of the [[Cougar (MRAP)|Cougar]] family (such as the Ridgeback, Husky and Mastiff).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23235.aspx|title=The British Army – Protected patrol vehicles|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410084656/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23235.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For day-to-day utility work the army commonly uses the [[Land Rover Wolf]], which is based on the [[Land Rover Defender]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.landrover.com/gb/en/lr/defender/|title=Land Rover Defender|publisher=Landrover.com|access-date=28 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405215951/http://www.landrover.com/gb/en/lr/defender/|archive-date=5 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Engineers, utility and signals ===<br /> Specialist engineering vehicles include bomb-disposal robots such as the [[L3Harris|T7 Multi-Mission Robotic System]] and the modern variants of the [[Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers]], including the Titan bridge-layer, [[Trojan Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers|Trojan]] armoured engineer vehicle, [[Terrier armoured digger]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23253.aspx|title=The British Army – Engineering equipment|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082357/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23253.aspx|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Day-to-day utility work uses a series of support vehicles, including six-, nine- and fifteen-tonne [[MAN Truck &amp; Bus|MAN]] trucks, [[Oshkosh Corporation|Oshkosh]] heavy-equipment transporters (HET), close-support tankers, quad bikes and ambulances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23267.aspx|title=The British Army – All-terrain mobility platform (ATMP)|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082155/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23267.aspx|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23207.aspx|title=The British Army – Engineering and logistics|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508211348/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23207.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tactical communication uses the [[Bowman (communications system)|Bowman]] radio system, and operational or strategic communication is controlled by the [[Royal Corps of Signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/signals/signals.aspx|title=The British Army – Royal Corps of Signals|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123002754/http://www.army.mod.uk/signals/signals.aspx|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Aviation ===<br /> The [[British Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] (AAC) provides direct aviation support, with the [[Royal Air Force]] providing support helicopters. The primary attack helicopter is the [[AH-64E Apache|Boeing AH-64E Apache]] which replaced the [[AgustaWestland Apache|AgustaWestland Apache AH-1]] in the anti-tank, anti-air defence, and anti-armour role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=Apache AH-64E Attack Helicopter |url=https://des.mod.uk/what-we-do/army-procurement-support/apache-ah64e/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Defence Equipment &amp; Support |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat]] is a dedicated [[intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance]] (ISTAR) helicopter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23210.aspx|title=The British Army – Aircraft|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207044743/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23210.aspx|archive-date=7 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Eurocopter Dauphin|Eurocopter AS 365N Dauphin]] is used for [[special operations]] aviation, primarily [[Counterterrorism|counter terrorism]] operations, within the UK.{{sfn|Ripley|2008|p=10}} The army operates [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s in a surveillance role, such as the small [[Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk III]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/british-army-praises-performance-of-watchkeeper-during-debut-406159/|title=British Army praises performance of Watchkeeper during debut deployment|publisher=Flight global|date=17 November 2014|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012220/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/british-army-praises-performance-of-watchkeeper-during-debut-406159/|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23278.aspx|title=The British Army – Unmanned Air Systems|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410161349/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23278.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;<br /> File:MCV-80.jpg|alt=Tank with painted camouflage|[[Warrior IFV]]<br /> File:GUNNERS ON TARGET FOR EXERCISE STEEL SABRE IN NORTHUMBERLAND MOD 45159595.jpg|alt=Rocket launcher|[[M270 multiple launch rocket system|Guided multiple launch rocket system]] (GMLRS)<br /> File:Challenger 2 MBT in Estonia-902250.jpeg|[[Challenger 2]]<br /> File:AH64E Bourget 2019.jpg|[[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache AH64-E]]<br /> File:New SA80 A3 Assault Rifle MOD 45163883.jpg|L85A3 (SA80A3)<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Current deployments ==<br /> <br /> === {{anchor|Low intensity operations}}Low-intensity operations ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10%;&quot; |Location<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:5%;&quot; |Date<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:85%;&quot; |Details<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Iraq]]<br /> | Since 2014<br /> | [[Operation Shader]]: The UK has a leading role in the 67-member Global Coalition committed to defeating ISIL. The coalition includes Iraq, European nations and the US. British soldiers are not in a combat role in Iraq but are on the ground with coalition partners providing training and equipment to Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) and Kurdish Security Forces (KSF). There were approximately 400 military personnel in Iraq in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/uk-news/2020/03/12/key-questions-over-britains-military-presence-in-iraq/|title=Key questions over Britain's military presence in Iraq|date=12 March 2020|publisher=Express and Star|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625025751/https://www.expressandstar.com/news/uk-news/2020/03/12/key-questions-over-britains-military-presence-in-iraq/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Cyprus]]<br /> | Since 1964<br /> | [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Operation Tosca]]: There were 275 troops deployed as part of the UNFICYP in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The UK and UN Peace Operations: A Case for Greater Engagement: Table 1|date=26 May 2016 |url=http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers_and_reports/uk_and_un_peace_operations_case_greater_engagement|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308142500/http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers_and_reports/uk_and_un_peace_operations_case_greater_engagement|archive-date=8 March 2017|access-date=7 March 2017|publisher=Oxford Research Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Estonia]]<br /> | Since 2017<br /> |[[NATO Enhanced Forward Presence]]: The British Army deploys approximately 900 troops to Estonia and 150 to Poland as part of its commitment to NATO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Baltics|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/deployments/baltics/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Africa]]<br /> |Since 2019<br /> |The British Army maintains several short-term military training teams to help build the capacity of national military forces, ensuring a number of states across Africa can respond appropriately and proportionally to the security threats they face, including terrorism, the illegal wildlife trade, violations of human rights and emerging humanitarian crises.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/deployments/africa/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Permanent overseas postings ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:10%;&quot; |Location<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:5%;&quot; |Date<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:85%;&quot; |Details<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Belize]]<br /> | 1949<br /> | [[British Army Training and Support Unit Belize]]: The British Army has maintained a presence in Belize since its independence. Currently the British Army Training Support Unit in Belize enables close country and tropical environment training to troops from the UK and international partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Belize|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/deployments/belize/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Bermuda]]<br /> | 1701<br /> | [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]]: Colonial Militia and volunteers existed from 1612 to 1816. The regular English Army, then British Army, [[Bermuda Garrison]] was first established by an [[Independent Company]] in 1701.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm|title=British Army in Bermuda from 1701 to 1977|publisher=Bermuda On Line|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035420/http://www.bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Volunteers were recruited into the regular army and the [[Board of Ordnance]] Military Corps for part-time, local-service from the 1830s to the 1850s due to the lack of a Militia. The British Government considered Bermuda as an [[Imperial fortress]], rather than a colony. After the French Revolution, the [[Governor of Bermuda]] was normally a military officer (usually a Lieutenant-General or Major-General of the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers) in charge of all military forces in Bermuda, with the Bermuda Garrison falling under the Nova Scotia Command. From 1868, the Bermuda Garrison became the independent Bermuda Command, with Governors being Generals, Lieutenant-Generals or Major Generals occupying the role of Commander-in-Chief or [[General officer commanding#GOC-in-C|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C). Locally recruited reserve units, the Royal Artillery-badged [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]] (BMA) and [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]] (BVRC) were raised again from 1894, later joined by the Royal Engineers-badged [[Bermuda Volunteer Engineers]] (1931–1946), [[General Service Corps]]-badged [[Bermuda Militia Infantry]] (1939–1946), and a Home Guard (1942–1946). After the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] was redesignated a naval base in 1951, the army garrison was closed in 1957, leaving only the part-time BMA (re-tasked as infantry in 1953, though still badged and uniformed as Royal Artillery) and BVRC (renamed Bermuda Rifles in 1949). The Bermuda Command Headquarters and all regular army personnel other than members of the Permanent Staff of the local Territorials and the [[Aide-de-Camp]] to the Governor of Bermuda (today normally a Captain from the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] employed full-time for the duration of the appointment) were withdrawn. Home defence has been provided by the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] since formed by the 1965 amalgamation of the BMA and Bermuda Rifles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/royal-anglian-soldiers-boost-bermuda-regiment|title=Royal Anglian soldiers boost Bermuda Regiment|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035810/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/royal-anglian-soldiers-boost-bermuda-regiment|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Brunei]]<br /> | 1962<br /> | [[British Forces Brunei]]: One battalion of the [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]], [[British Military Garrison Brunei|British Garrison]], [[British Army Jungle Warfare Training School|Training Team Brunei (TTB)]]. A Gurkha battalion has been maintained in Brunei since the [[Brunei Revolt]] in 1962 at the request of [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] [[Omar Ali Saifuddin III]]. Training Team Brunei (TTB) is the Army's jungle-warfare school, and a small number of garrison troops support the battalion. 7 Flight AAC formerly provided helicopter support to the Gurkha battalion and TTB&lt;ref name=&quot;Brunei&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22792.aspx | title=The British Army in Brunei | access-date=2 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609090139/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22792.aspx | archive-date=9 June 2016 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but its role has since been assumed by [[No. 230 Squadron RAF]].<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Canada]]<br /> | 1972<br /> | [[British Army Training Unit Suffield]]: A training centre in [[Alberta]] prairie for the use of British Army and [[Canadian Forces]] under agreement with the [[government of Canada]]. British forces conduct regular, major armoured training exercises every year, with helicopter support provided by 29 (BATUS) Flight [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|AAC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22727.aspx | title=The British Army in Canada | access-date=2 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063606/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22727.aspx | archive-date=5 June 2016 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;29 BATUS AAC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/30332.aspx | title=29 (BATUS) Flight Army Air Corps | access-date=2 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228181227/http://army.mod.uk/aviation/30332.aspx | archive-date=28 February 2013 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Cyprus]]<br /> | 1960<br /> | 2 resident infantry battalions, [[Royal Engineers]] and Joint Service Signals Unit at [[Ayios Nikolaos Station|Ayios Nikolaos]] as part of [[British Forces Cyprus]]. The UK retains two [[Sovereign Base Areas]] on Cyprus after the rest of the island's independence, which are forward bases for deployments to the Middle East. Principal facilities are Alexander Barracks at Dhekelia and Salamanca Barracks at [[Episkopi, Limassol|Episkopi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/2001/mar/26/somme-barracks-cyprus Somme Barracks (Cyprus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429191531/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/2001/mar/26/somme-barracks-cyprus |date=29 April 2011 }} Hansard, 26 March 2001&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Falkland Islands]]<br /> | 1982<br /> | Part of [[British Forces South Atlantic Islands]]: After the 1982 conflict, the UK established a garrison on the Falkland Islands, consisting of naval, land and air elements. The British Army contribution consists of an infantry company group, a Royal Artillery Battery and an Engineer Squadron.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=South Atlantic Islands|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/deployments/south-atlantic-islands/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Gibraltar]]<br /> | 1704<br /> | Part of [[British Forces Gibraltar]]: The Army has had a presence in Gibraltar for more than 300 years. The people of Gibraltar took up arms as the Gibraltar Volunteer Corps from 1915 to 1920 and again as the Gibraltar Defence Force shortly before the outbreak of WW2. This force later became the [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]], which remains as the only formed Army unit in Gibraltar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gibraltar|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/deployments/gibraltar/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Kenya]]<br /> | 2010<br /> | [[British Army Training Unit Kenya]]: The army has a training centre in Kenya. BATUK is a permanent training support unit based mainly in Nanyuki, 200&amp;nbsp;km north of Nairobi. BATUK provides demanding training to exercising units preparing to deploy on operations or assume high-readiness tasks. BATUK consists of around 100 permanent staff and reinforcing short tour cohort of another 280 personnel. Under an agreement with the Kenyan Government, up to six infantry battalions per year carry out eight-week exercises in Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; There are also Royal Engineer exercises, which carry out civil engineering projects, and medical deployments, which provide primary health care assistance to the civilian community under an agreement with the Kenyan government, which provides training facilities for 3 infantry battalions per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Africa&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx | title=The British Army in Africa | access-date=2 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx | archive-date=30 June 2016 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Oman]]<br /> | 2019<br /> | [[Omani-British Joint Training Area]]: A training area for combined arms battlegroup training, jointly maintained with the [[Royal Army of Oman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Oman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=UK and Oman sign historic Joint Defence Agreement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-oman-sign-historic-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=18 September 2020 |agency=GOV.UK |date=21 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> {{British Army Arms}}<br /> {{Main|Structure of the British Army|l1 = for the current organisation|Future Soldier (British Army)|l2 = for the Future Soldier organisation}}<br /> <br /> [[Army Headquarters (United Kingdom)|Army Headquarters]] is located in [[Andover, Hampshire]], and is responsible for providing forces at operational readiness for employment by the [[Permanent Joint Headquarters]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The command structure is hierarchical, with overall command residing with the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] (CGS), who is immediately subordinate to The Chief of Defence Staff, the head of the British Armed Services. The CGS is supported by the [[Deputy Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the General Staff]]. Army Headquarters is further organised into two subordinate commands, [[Field Army (United Kingdom)|Field Army]] and [[Commander Home Command|Home Command]], each commanded by a [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Command Structure|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/command-structure/|access-date=22 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; These two Commands serve distinct purposes and are divided into a structure of [[Division (military)|divisions]] and [[brigade]]s, which themselves consist of a complex mix of smaller units such as [[Battalion]]s. British Army units are either full-time 'Regular' units, or part-time [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Army Reserve]] units.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Allied Rapid Reaction Corps ===<br /> {{main|Allied Rapid Reaction Corps}}<br /> <br /> Led by a British Army three-star general, one of [[NATO]]'s High Readiness (Land) Forces based in [[Imjin Barracks|Gloucestershire, UK]], with the following British units under its command:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=ARRC {{!}} Home |url=https://arrc.nato.int/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[1st Signal Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Signal Brigade]]<br /> * [[104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade|104th Theatre Sustainment Brigade]]<br /> * [[7th Air Defence Group]]<br /> * [[8th Engineer Brigade (United Kingdom)|8th Engineer Brigade]]<br /> <br /> === Field Army ===<br /> {{main|Field Army (United Kingdom)}}<br /> <br /> Led by [[Commander Field Army]], the Field Army is responsible for generating and preparing forces for current and contingency operations. The Field Army comprises:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[1st (United Kingdom) Division]]<br /> * [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division]]<br /> * [[Field Army Troops]]<br /> <br /> === Home Command ===<br /> {{main|Home Command (British Army)}}<br /> <br /> Home Command is the British Army's supporting command; a generating, recruiting and training force that supports the Field Army and delivers UK resilience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; It comprises<br /> * Army Personnel Centre, which deals with personnel issues and liaises with outside agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Army Personnel Centre|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/people/join-well/army-personnel-centre/|access-date=22 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Army Personnel Services Group, which supports personnel administration&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command]], which is responsible for all recruiting and training of Officers and Soldiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[London District (British Army)|London District Command]], which is the main headquarters for all British Army units within the M25 corridor of London. It also provides for London's ceremonial events as well as supporting operational deployments overseas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HQ London District|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/formations-divisions-brigades/headquarters-london-district/|access-date=22 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Regional Command (British Army)|Regional Command]], which enables the delivery of a secure home front that sustains the Army, notably helping to coordinate the British Army's support to the civil authorities, overseeing the British Army's Welfare Service, and delivering the British Army's civil engagement mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Regional Command|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/formations-divisions-brigades/regional-command/|access-date=22 November 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Standing Joint Command, which coordinates defence's contribution to UK resilience operations in support of other government departments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Headquarters Standing Joint Command (United Kingdom) (HQ SJC (UK))|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/headquarters-standing-joint-command-united-kingdom-hq-sjc-uk|access-date=22 November 2020|website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Special Forces ===<br /> [[File:UK SAS (badge).svg|upright|thumb|alt=Emblem of a winged sword with the motto, &quot;Who dares, wins&quot;|SAS [[cap badge]]]]<br /> The British Army contributes two of the three [[special forces]] formations to the [[United Kingdom Special Forces]] directorate: the [[Special Air Service]] (SAS) and [[Special Reconnaissance Regiment]] (SRR).&lt;ref name=&quot;PPUK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Special Reconnaissance Regiment|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050405/wmstext/50405m01.htm#50405m01.html_sbhd5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425053749/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050405/wmstext/50405m01.htm#50405m01.html_sbhd5|archive-date=25 April 2010|access-date=26 March 2010|publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The SAS consists of one regular and two reserve regiments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UK Defence Statistics 2009|url=http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/UK-defence-statistics-compendium/2009/2009.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230645/http://www.dasa.mod.uk/publications/UK-defence-statistics-compendium/2009/2009.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2014|access-date=26 March 2010|publisher=[[Defence Analytical Services Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The regular regiment, 22 SAS, has its headquarters at [[Stirling Lines]], [[Credenhill]], [[Herefordshire]]. It consists of 5 squadrons (A, B, D, G and Reserve) and a training wing.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fremont-Barnes|2009|p=62}}&lt;/ref&gt; 22 SAS is supported by 2 reserve regiments, [[Artists Rifles|21 SAS]] and 23 SAS, which collectively form the Special Air Service (Reserve) (SAS [R]), who in 2020 were transferred back under the command of Director of Special Forces after previously being under the command of the [[1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade]].&lt;ref&gt;Army Briefing Note 120/14, Newly formed Force Troops Command Specialist Brigades: &quot;It commands all of the Army's Intelligence, Surveillance and Electronic Warfare assets, and is made up of units specifically from the former 1 Military Intelligence Brigade and 1 Artillery Brigade, as well as 14 Signal Regiment, 21 and 23 SAS®.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The SRR, formed in 2005, performs close reconnaissance and special surveillance tasks.&lt;ref name=&quot;PPUK&quot; /&gt; The [[Special Forces Support Group]], under the operational control of the Director of Special Forces, provides operational manoeuvring support to the United Kingdom Special Forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Special Forces Support Group|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060420/wmstext/60420m01.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424085548/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060420/wmstext/60420m01.htm|archive-date=24 April 2010|access-date=26 March 2010|publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Colonial units ===<br /> [[File:Bermuda troops train at Camp Lejeune to become Junior Noncommissioned Officers 180504-M-JQ686-0185.jpg|thumb|upright|Royal Bermuda Regiment soldier with an [[SA80|L85A2]] at [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] [[Camp Lejeune]] in 2018]]<br /> [[File:Page 1761, Part 3, of the 1919 Quarter Four &quot;Army List&quot; - Contents page for Oversea Forces.png|thumb|upright|left|1919 Quarter Four &quot;Army List&quot; Contents page for Oversea Forces]]<br /> [[File:1939 Dominion and Colonial Regiments.jpg|thumb|upright|left|1939 &quot;Army List&quot; Contents page for Dominion and Colonial Regiments]]<br /> <br /> When the [[English Empire]] was established in [[British America|North America]] (including Bermuda), and the West Indies in the early 17th century there was no standing English Army, only the [[Militia (English)|Militia]], [[Yeomanry]], and [[Sovereign's Bodyguard|Royal bodyguards]], of which the Militia, as the primary home-defence force, was immediately extended to the colonies. [[Militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)|Colonial militias]] defended colonies single-handedly at first against indigenous peoples and European competitors. Once the standing English Army, later the British Army, came into existence and began to garrison the colonies, the colonial militias fought side by side with it in a number of wars, including the [[Seven Years' War]]. Some of the colonial militias rebelled during the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]]. The militia fought alongside the regular British Army (and native allies) in defending [[British North America]] from their former countrymen during the [[War of 1812]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/1812/militia.aspx|title=Militia and civilian life |publisher=Government of Ontario |access-date=1 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Locally raised units in strategically located [[Imperial fortress]] colonies (including: [[Nova Scotia]] before the military defence, other than of the dockyard, passed to the new Dominion Government on [[Canadian Confederation]] and the Royal Naval Dockyard there was transferred to the Dominion Government in 1905; [[Bermuda]] – which was treated as part of [[The Maritimes]] under the [[Commander-in-Chief, North America#Commanders-in-Chief, maritime provinces, 1783–1875|Commander-in-Chief at Nova Scotia]] until the [[Confederation of Canada]], with its garrison, formerly commanded by a Major-General, becoming the [[Bermuda Garrison|Bermuda Command]] thereafter, under a General or Lieutenant General as [[General Officer Commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]]; [[Gibraltar]]; and [[Malta]]) and the [[Channel Islands]] were generally maintained from army funds and more fully integrated into the British Army as evident from their placements in British Army lists, unlike units such as the [[King's African Rifles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Somaliland Operations|date=23 October 1902 |page=6 |issue=36906}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The larger colonies (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, etc.) mostly achieved [[Dominion|Commonwealth Dominion]] status before or after the First World War and were granted full legislative independence in 1931. While remaining within the British Empire, this placed their governments on a par with the British government, and hence their military units comprised separate armies (e.g. the [[Australian Army]]), although Canada retained the term &quot;militia&quot; for its military forces until the Second World War. From the 1940s, these dominions and many colonies chose full independence, usually becoming [[Commonwealth realm]]s (as member states of the Commonwealth are known today).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 | work=National Archives of Australia: Documenting a Democracy | url = http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=96 | access-date=8 August 2005 | url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050716075624/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=96 |archive-date=16 July 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url = https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html|last1=Bowden |first1=James | first2=Philippe |last2=Lagassé | title=Succeeding to the Canadian throne | date=6 December 2012 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen | access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110062651/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding%2BCanadian%2Bthrone/7651371/story.html |archive-date=10 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Units raised in [[Self-governing colony|self-governing]] and [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] (those without local elected [[Legislatures]], as was the case with [[British Hong Kong]]) that are part of the British realm remain under British Government control. As the territorial governments are delegated responsibility only for internal government, the UK Government, as the government of the [[Sovereign state]], retains responsibility for national security and the defence of the fourteen remaining [[British Overseas Territories]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9708 |title=Representing the Overseas Territories in the UK Parliament and Government |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2023-02-07 |website=UK Parliament (House of Commons Library) |publisher=UK Government |access-date=2024-01-14 |quote=All the Territories have a UK-appointed Governor, who generally holds responsibility for managing the Territory's external affairs, defence and internal security like the police, and often the power to make or veto laws.......As a matter of constitutional law, the UK Parliament has unlimited power to legislate for the Territories. However, passing legislation for the Territories is rare.}}&lt;/ref&gt; of which six have locally raised regiments:<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/TrainingAndAdventure/RoyalAnglianSoldiersBoostBermudaRegiment.htm DefenceNews ArticleRoyal Anglian soldiers boost Bermuda Regiment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207074844/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/TrainingAndAdventure/RoyalAnglianSoldiersBoostBermudaRegiment.htm |date=7 December 2011 }} Defence News, 19 January 2011,&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/TrainingAndAdventure/RoyalGibraltarRegimentTrainsInUk.htm Royal Gibraltar Regiment trains in UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207105508/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/TrainingAndAdventure/RoyalGibraltarRegimentTrainsInUk.htm |date=7 December 2011 }} Defence News, 12 May 2011&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Falkland Islands Defence Force]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/fidf/|title=Home – FIDF|website=www.fig.gov.fk|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005805/http://www.fig.gov.fk/fidf/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Royal Montserrat Defence Force]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm83/8374/8374.pdf |title=UK Government White Paper on Overseas Territories, June, 2012. Page 23. |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031034047/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm83/8374/8374.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cayman Islands Regiment]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.exploregov.ky/ciregiment|title=THE CAYMAN ISLANDS REGIMENT|website=www.exploregov.ky|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727042841/https://www.exploregov.ky/ciregiment|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Turks and Caicos Islands Regiment]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/governor-dakins-speech-at-tci-national-security-strategy-launch-22-january-2020|title=Governor Dakin's speech at Turks &amp; Caicos Islands National Security Strategy launch |website=www.gov.uk|date=22 January 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Falklandsdf.jpg|alt=Line of soldiers near water|Falkland Islands Defence Force on parade in June 2013<br /> File:Detachment of Falkland Islands Defence Force.jpg|alt=Soldiers marching down a street in black uniforms|Detachment of the Falkland Islands Defence Force in ceremonial dress<br /> File:US President JF Kennedy inspects Bermuda Rifles 1961.jpg|[[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]], escorted by [[Governor of Bermuda|Governor and Commander-in-Chief]] of Bermuda, Major-General Sir [[Julian Gascoigne|JA Gascoigne]], KCMG, KCVO, CB, DSO, DL, and Major JA Marsh, DSO, the Officer Commanding the [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]], inspects a [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps|Bermuda Rifles]] guard in 1961, four years before the units amalgamated<br /> File:RSM of the Bermuda Regiment 1992.jpg|WO1 Herman Eve, RSM of the Royal Bermuda Regiment in 1992&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2001-06-01 |title=Ah yes, that was a very good year |url=https://soldier.army.mod.uk/archive/issues/june-2001 |page=63 |magazine=[[Soldier Magazine|Soldier: Magazine of the British Army]] |location=[[Aldershot Garrison]] |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=2026-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> File:Bermuda Regiment Band.png|Bandsmen of the Royal Bermuda Regiment<br /> File:Bermuda Regiment PNCO Cadre Promotion Parade.jpg|alt=Soldiers in white-and-black dress uniforms|Royal Bermuda Regiment on parade<br /> File:Changing of the Guard duo - Royal Gibraltar Regiment.jpg|alt=Two soldiers in red dress uniforms|Changing of the guard, Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2012)<br /> File:Royal Gibraltar Regiment.jpg|alt=Four soldiers marching in red-and-blue dress uniforms|Royal Gibraltar Regiment in London, April 2012<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Levels of Command ===<br /> The structure of the British Army beneath the level of Divisions and Brigades is also hierarchical and command is based on rank. The table below details how many units within the British Army are structured, although there can be considerable variation between individual units:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Type of unit<br /> ![[Division (military)|Division]]<br /> ![[Brigade]]<br /> ![[Battlegroup (army)|Battlegroup]]<br /> ![[Battalion]], [[Regiment]]<br /> ![[Company (military unit)|Company]], [[Squadron (army)|Squadron]], [[Artillery battery|Battery]]<br /> ![[Platoon]] or [[Troop]]<br /> ![[Section (military unit)|Section]]<br /> ![[Fireteam|Fire team]]<br /> |-<br /> !Contains<br /> |3 brigades<br /> |3–5 battalions (battlegroups)<br /> |Combined arms unit<br /> |4–6 companies<br /> |3 platoons<br /> |3 sections<br /> |2 fire teams<br /> |4 individuals<br /> |-<br /> !Personnel<br /> |10,000<br /> |5,000<br /> |700–1,000<br /> |720<br /> |120<br /> |30<br /> |8–10<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> !Commanded by<br /> |[[Major General (United Kingdom)|Maj-Gen]]<br /> |[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig]]<br /> |[[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lt Col]]<br /> |[[Lieutenant colonel|Lt Col]]<br /> |[[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]<br /> |[[Lieutenant|Lt]] or [[2nd Lieutenant#United Kingdom and Commonwealth|2nd Lt]]<br /> |[[Corporal#United Kingdom|Cpl]]<br /> |[[Lance corporal#United Kingdom|LCpl]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Whilst many units are organised as Battalions or Regiments administratively, the most common fighting unit is the combined arms unit known as a Battlegroup. This is formed around a combat unit and supported by units (or sub-units) from other capabilities. An example of a battlegroup would be two companies of armoured infantry (e.g. from the 1st Battalion of the [[Mercian Regiment]]), one squadron of heavy armour (e.g. A Squadron of the [[Royal Tank Regiment]]), a company of engineers (e.g. B Company of the 22nd Engineer Regiment), a Battery of artillery (e.g. D Battery of the 1st Regiment of the [[Royal Horse Artillery]]) and smaller attachments from medical, logistic and intelligence units. Typically organised and commanded by a battlegroup headquarters and named after the unit which provided the most combat units, in this example, it would be the 1 Mercian Battlegroup. This creates a self-sustaining mixed formation of armour, infantry, artillery, engineers and support units, commanded by a lieutenant colonel.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAS&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web|year=2011|title=British Army Formation &amp; Structure|url=http://www.whodareswins.com/british-army-formation-structure-setup.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429010016/http://www.whodareswins.com/british-army-formation-structure-setup.html|archive-date=29 April 2011|access-date=15 April 2011|publisher=WhoDaresWins.com}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recruitment ==<br /> {{Main|Recruitment in the British Army}}<br /> <br /> [[File:30a Sammlung Eybl Großbritannien. Alfred Leete (1882–1933) Britons (Kitchener) wants you (Briten Kitchener braucht Euch). 1914 (Nachdruck), 74 x 50 cm. (Slg.Nr. 552).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=World War I recruiting poster, with Lord Kitchener pointing at the viewer|One of the most recognisable recruiting posters of the British Army; from [[World War I]], with [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]]]]<br /> The British Army primarily recruits from within the United Kingdom, but accept applications from all British citizens. It also accepts applications from Irish citizens and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] citizens, with certain restrictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apply.army.mod.uk/how-to-join/can-i-join|title=Army entry requirements: Can I join the Army? – British Army Jobs |website=apply.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2018 the British Army has been an equal-opportunity employer (with some legal exceptions due to medical standards), and does not discriminate based on race, religion or sexual orientation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The British Army – Diversity|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/join/Equality-and-diversity.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212094121/http://www.army.mod.uk/join/Equality-and-diversity.aspx|archive-date=12 February 2017|access-date=11 February 2017|website=www.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Applicants for the Regular Army must be a minimum age of 16, although soldiers under 18 may not serve in operations, and the maximum age is 36. Applicants for the Army Reserve must be a minimum of 17 years and 9 months, and a maximum age of 43. Different age limits apply for Officers and those in some specialist roles. Applicants must also meet several other requirements, notably regarding medical health, physical fitness, past-criminal convictions, education, and regarding any tattoos and piercings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Soldiers and officers in the Regular Army now enlist for an initial period of 12 years, with options to extend if they meet certain requirements. Soldiers and officers are normally required to serve for a minimum of 4 years from date of enlistment and must give 12 months' notice before leaving; soldiers who joined before the age of 18 years old are normally required to serve for a minimum of 6 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/TermsofService.pdf|title=British Army Terms of Service|date=April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623005208/http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/TermsofService.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Oath of allegiance ===<br /> All soldiers and commissioned officers must take an oath of allegiance upon joining the Army, a process known as attestation. Those who wish to swear by [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] use the following words:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{blockquote|I, [soldier's or commissioned officer's name], swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to [[Charles III|His Majesty King Charles III]], his heirs and successors and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully defend His Majesty, his heirs and successors in person, [[British Crown|crown]] and dignity against all enemies and will observe and obey all orders of His Majesty, his heirs, and successors and of the generals and officers set over me.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.whodareswins.com/british-army-oath-of-allegiance.html#selfless|title=British Army Oath of Allegiance|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224084204/http://www.whodareswins.com/british-army-oath-of-allegiance.html#selfless|archive-date=24 December 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Others replace the words &quot;swear by Almighty God&quot; with &quot;solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Training ===<br /> [[File:RMAS18Je6-4685.jpg|thumb|alt=Red-brick buildings with large windows|New College buildings at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<br /> <br /> {{see also|Selection and Training in the British Army|List of British Army installations}}Candidates for the Army undergo common training, beginning with [[Recruit training|initial military training]], to bring all personnel to a similar standard in basic military skills, which is known as Phase 1 training. They then undertake further specialist trade-training for their specific Regiment or Corps, known as Phase 2 training. After completing Phase 1 training a soldier is counted against the Army's trained strength, and upon completion of Phase 2 are counted against the Army's fully trained trade strength.&lt;ref name=boot&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.armedforces.co.uk/army/listings/l0139.html|title=Recruitment Selection and Training|publisher=Bootcamp|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=21 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050944/http://www.armedforces.co.uk/army/listings/l0139.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Soldiers under the age of 17 and six months will complete Phase 1 training at the [[Army Foundation College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/24420.aspx|title=Army Foundation College Harrogate|last=British Army|date=n.d.|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infantry Soldiers will complete combined Phase 1 &amp; 2 training at the [[Infantry Training Centre (British Army)|Infantry Training Centre, Catterick]], whilst all other Soldiers will attend Phase 1 training at the [[Army Training Centre Pirbright]] or [[Army training regiment|Army Training Regiment, Winchester]], and then complete Phase 2 training at different locations depending on their specialism.&lt;ref name=boot/&gt; Officers conduct their initial training at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] (RMAS),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apply.army.mod.uk/how-to-join/joining-process/officer-recruitment-steps|title=Joining the Army as an Officer; British Army – British Army Jobs|website=apply.army.mod.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; before also completing their Phase 2 training at multiple different locations.&lt;ref name=boot/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Flags and ensigns ==<br /> {{see also|Regulation Colours}}<br /> The British Army's official flag is the [[Union Jack]]. The Army also has a non-ceremonial flag that is often seen flying from military buildings and is used at recruiting and military events and exhibitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britishflags.net/British%20Army.html |title=British Army (non-ceremonial) |publisher=britishflags.net |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916084125/http://www.britishflags.net/British%20Army.html |archive-date=16 September 2010 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; Traditionally most British Army units had a set of flags, known as the [[Colours, standards and guidons|colours]]—normally a Regimental Colour and a King's Colour (the Union Jack). Historically these were carried into battle as a rallying point for the soldiers and were closely guarded. In modern units the colours are often prominently displayed, decorated with [[Battle honours of the British and Imperial Armies|battle honours]], and act as a focal point for Regimental pride.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The regimental system {{!}} National Army Museum|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/regimental-system|access-date=23 November 2020|website=www.nam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A soldier re-joining a regiment (upon recall from the reserve) is described as ''re-called to the Colours''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalsignalsmuseum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20200504_80_Brassard-of-Cpl-Birdsall.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.royalsignalsmuseum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20200504_80_Brassard-of-Cpl-Birdsall.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title='History of Signalling in 100 Objects: The Brassard of CPL R A Birdsall' (See penultimate sentence: ''Many who served in Korea were reservists recalled to the colours plus a large number of National Servicemen''). Royal Signals Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|alt=Union Jack|Official Army flag<br /> File:Flag of the British Army.svg|alt=The British Lion, the crown and crossed swords on a red background|Non-ceremonial army flag; &quot;Army&quot;, in gold letters, sometimes appears below the badge.<br /> File:British Army Ensign01.svg|alt=Flag with Union Jack and crossed swords on a blue background|[[Ensign (flag)|Ensign]] for general use by the [[Royal Logistic Corps]]<br /> File:British Army Ensign00.svg|alt=Same as previous flag, with the British lion and the crown|Ensign flown by the [[Royal Logistic Corps]] from vessels commanded by commissioned officers<br /> File:Royal Engineers Ensign.png|alt=Union Jack and stylised, winged hand on a blue background|Ensign of the Corps of [[Royal Engineers]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ranks and insignia ==<br /> {{Main|British Army officer rank insignia|British Army other ranks rank insignia}}<br /> <br /> {{British Army officer ranks}}<br /> {{British Army other ranks}}<br /> <br /> Most ranks across the British Army are known by the same name regardless of which Regiment they are in. However, the [[Household Cavalry]] call many ranks by different names, the [[Royal Artillery]] refer to Corporals as Bombardiers, the Rifles spell Sergeant as Serjeant,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swift and bold: All about The Rifles |date=2 February 2022 |url=https://www.forces.net/news/swift-and-bold-all-about-rifles}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Private soldiers are known by a wide variety of titles; notably trooper, gunner, guardsman, kingsman, sapper, signaller, fusilier, craftsman and rifleman dependant on the Regiment they belong to.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=British Army ranks {{!}} National Army Museum|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/british-army-ranks|access-date=23 November 2020|website=www.nam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; These names do not affect a soldier's pay or role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Armed Forces' Pay Review Body: Forty-Ninth Report 2020|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/armed-forces-pay-review-body-forty-ninth-report-2020|access-date=23 November 2020|website=GOV.UK|date=6 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reserve forces==<br /> {{main|Army Reserve (United Kingdom)}}<br /> <br /> The oldest of the Reserve Forces was the [[Militia (Great Britain)|Militia Force]] (also referred to as the ''Constitutional Force''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Militia Bill. (Hansard, 23 April 1852) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1852/apr/23/militia-bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929100825/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1852/apr/23/militia-bill |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=api.parliament.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1855/may/04/the-militia|date=4 May 1855|title=THE MILITIA. |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1856/jul/11/the-militia-question|date=11 July 1856|title=The Militia-Question |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1878/jun/13/army-auxiliary-forces-the-militia|date=13 June 1878|title=Army—Auxiliary Forces—The Militia.—Observations |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which (in the [[Kingdom of England]], prior to 1707) was originally the main military defensive force (until the 1645 creation of the [[New Model Army]], there otherwise were originally only Royal bodyguards, including the [[Yeomen Warders]] and the [[Yeomen of the Guard]], with armies raised only temporarily for expeditions overseas), made up of civilians embodied for annual training or emergencies, which had used various schemes of compulsory service during different periods of its long existence. From the 1850s it recruited volunteers who engaged for terms of service. The Militia was originally an all-infantry force, though [[Militia Artillery units of the United Kingdom and Colonies|Militia coastal artillery]], field artillery, and engineers units were introduced from the 1850s.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;''The Militia Artillery 1852–1909'', by Norman EH Litchfield. The Sherwood Press (Nottingham) Ltd. 1987&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Volunteer Force]] units were also frequently raised during wartime and disbanded upon peace. This was re-established as a permanent (i.e., in war and peace) part of the Reserve Forces in 1859. It differed from the Militia in a number of ways, most particularly in that volunteers did not commit to a term service, and were able to resign with fourteen days notice (except while embodied). As volunteer soldiers were originally expected to fund the cost of their own equipment, few tended to come from the labouring class among whom the Militia primarily recruited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/civilian-soldiers |title=Civilian soldiers |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=National Army Museum |access-date=9 September 2021 |quote=Troop shortages and patriotic zest during the imperial crises and expansion of the British Empire in the second half of the 19th century prompted the creation of other volunteer and yeomanry units, such as the Volunteer Force, with a far less distinct role, as well as the permanent embodiment of the militia in vulnerable British towns.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The British Volunteer System |journal=The North American Review|author=Rt. Hon Earl Brownlow|author-link=Adelbert Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow|page=745 |date=1 May 1900}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Yeomanry|Yeomanry Force]] was made up of mounted units, organised similarly to the Volunteer Force, first raised during the two decades of war with France that followed the French Revolution. As with the Volunteers, members of the Yeomanry were expected to foot much of the cost of their own equipment, including their horses, and the make-up of the units tended to be from more affluent classes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/civilian-soldiers |title=Civilian soldiers |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=National Army Museum |access-date=9 September 2021 |quote=The yeomanry, a mounted force drawn from the upper classes, was created at the peak of the fear of French invasion and used extensively in support of the civil authority to put down riots and disturbances.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1903/may/26/an-imperial-yeomanry-reserve|date=26 May 1903|title=An Imperial Yeomanry Reserve |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although Militia regiments were linked with British Army regiments during the course of the Napoleonic Wars to feed volunteers for service abroad into the regular army, and volunteers from the Reserve Forces served abroad either individually or in contingents, service companies, or battalions in a succession of conflicts from the [[Crimean War]] to the [[Second Boer War]], personnel did not normally move between forces unless re-attested as a member of the new force, and units did not normally move from the Reserve Forces to become part of the Regular Forces, or vice versa. There were exceptions, however, as with the ''New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry'', raised in 1803, which became the [[104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot]] when it was transferred to the British Army on 13 September 1810.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Grodzinski |first1=John R. |title=The 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot in the War of 1812 |date=2014 |publisher=Goose Lane Editions |isbn=9780864924476 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another type of reserve force was created during the period between the French Revolution and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Called [[Fencibles]], these were disbanded after the Napoleonic Wars and not raised again, although the [[Royal Malta Fencible Regiment]], later the ''Royal Malta Fencible Artillery'', existed from 1815 until the 1880s when it became the [[Royal Malta Artillery]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Royal Malta Fencible Regiment (1815–1861) |website=Armed Forces of Malta |date=2020 |url=https://afm.gov.mt/en/oldpages/fencibleregiment/Pages/Royal-Malta-Fencible-Regiment.aspx |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507170302/https://afm.gov.mt/en/oldpages/fencibleregiment/Pages/Royal-Malta-Fencible-Regiment.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps]] was formed in 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=James |year=1955 |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-b1-1-14.html |chapter=The Royal New Zealand Fencibles |title=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period |volume=I: 1845–1864 |series=New Zealand Wars (1845–1872) |publisher=R. E. Owen |location=Wellington}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=NZDSI |year=2003 |url=http://www.nzfenciblesociety.org.nz/ |title=Who Were The Fencibles? |publisher=New Zealand Fencible Society Incorporated |access-date=25 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Reserve Forces were raised locally (in Britain, under the control of [[Lord-Lieutenant|Lords-Lieutenant]] of counties, and, in [[British Overseas Territories|British colonies]], under the [[Governor#United Kingdom overseas territories|colonial governors]], and members originally were obliged to serve only within their locality (which, in the United Kingdom, originally meant within the county or other recruitment area, but was extended to anywhere in Britain, though not overseas). They have consequently also been referred to as ''Local Forces''. As they were (and in some cases ''are'') considered separate forces from the British Army, though still within the British military, they have also been known as ''Auxiliary Forces''. The Militia and Volunteer units of a colony were generally considered to be separate forces from the ''Home'' Militia Force and Volunteer Force in the United Kingdom, and from the Militia Forces and Volunteer Forces of other colonies. Where a colony had more than one Militia or Volunteer unit, they would be grouped as a Militia or Volunteer Force for that colony, such as the Jamaica Volunteer Defence Force. Officers of the Reserve Forces could not sit on Courts Martial of regular forces personnel. The [[Mutiny Act]] did not apply to members of the Reserve Forces. The ''Reserve Forces'' within the British Isles were increasingly integrated with the British Army through a succession of reforms (beginning with the [[Cardwell Reforms]]) of the British military forces over the last two decades of the Nineteenth Century and the early years of the Twentieth Century, whereby the Reserve Forces units mostly lost their own identities and became numbered Militia or Volunteer battalions of regular British Army corps or regiments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1895/mar/15/the-army-estimates|date=15 March 1895|title=The Army Estimates |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1908, the Yeomanry and Volunteer Force were merged to create the [[Territorial Force]] (changed to ''Territorial Army'' after the First World War), with terms of service similar to the army and Militia, and the Militia was renamed the ''Special Reserve'',&lt;ref&gt;''HART'S ANNUAL ARMY LIST, SPECIAL RESERVE LIST, AND TERRITORIAL FORCE LIST, FOR 1911: (BEING THE SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL VOLUME,) CONTAINING DATES OF COMMISSIONS, AND A SUMMARY OF THE WAR SERVICES OF NEARLY EVERY OFFICER IN THE ARMY, SUPPLY &amp;c. DEPARTMENTS, MARINES, AND INDIAN ARMY, AND INDIAN LOCAL FORCES. WITH AN INDEX.'' BY THE LATE LIEUTENANT GENERAL H. G. HART. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. 1911&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1908/feb/18/the-territorial-forces-act-the-militia|date=18 February 1908|title=THE TERRITORIAL FORCES ACT—THE MILITIA. |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1913/apr/09/british-army-home-and-colonial-military|date=9 April 1913|title=BRITISH ARMY.—HOME AND COLONIAL MILITARY FORCES. |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the First World War the Special Reserve was renamed the Militia, again, but permanently suspended (although a handful of Militia units survived in the United Kingdom, its colonies, and the Crown Dependencies). Although the Territorial Force was nominally still a separate force from the British Army, by the end of the century, at the latest, any unit wholly or partly funded from Army Funds was considered part of the British Army. Outside the United Kingdom-proper, this was generally only the case for those units in the [[Channel Islands]] or the [[Imperial fortress]] colonies ([[Nova Scotia]], before [[Canadian confederation]]; [[Bermuda]]; [[Gibraltar]]; and [[Malta]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/bermuda/|title=The National Archives – Homepage|first=The National|last=Archives|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617014624/https://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/bermuda/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Quarterly Army List'' Part I, January 1945. Order of Precedence of the British Army. Page xiii. His Majesty's Stationery Office&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1899/mar/17/army-estimates-1899-1900#division_48|date=17 March 1899|title=Army Estimates, 1899–1900 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]], [[Bermuda Militia Infantry]], [[Bermuda Volunteer Engineers]], and the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]],&lt;ref&gt;''History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army'', by Colonel KW Maurice-Jones, DSO, RA. Royal Artillery Institution. 1959&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt; by example were paid for by the War Office and considered part of the British Army, with their officers appearing as such in the ''Army List'' unlike those of many other colonial units deemed auxiliaries. Today, the British Army is the only Home British military force, including the various other forces it has absorbed, though British military units organised on Territorial Army lines remain in British Overseas Territories that are still not considered formally part of the British Army, with only the [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]] and the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] (an amalgam of the old Bermuda Militia Artillery and Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps) appearing on the [[British Army order of precedence|British Army order-of-precedence]] and in the [[Army List]], as well as on the [[Corps Warrant]] (the official list of those British military forces that are considered corps of the British Army).&lt;ref&gt;''The Army List, 1951'', His Majesty's Stationery Office. Column XVI to XIX (pp. 16 to 19)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/10/01/guyana-review/the-british-guiana-volunteer-force/|title=The British Guiana Volunteer Force|date=1 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.colonialforces.org/batteries-companies-regiments-and-c|title=Batteries, Companies, Regiments and Corps (Land)|website=CFSG (Q) Inc|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127130254/https://www.colonialforces.org/batteries-companies-regiments-and-c|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Bermuda Forts 1612–1957'', Dr. Edward Cecil Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, {{ISBN|0-921560-11-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920'', Lt.-Col. Roger Willock, USMC, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum. {{ISBN|978-0-921560-00-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bermudastamps.co.uk/1988/11/10/military-uniforms-bermuda/|title=1988 Military Uniforms of Bermuda|first=Neil|last=Rigby|date=10 November 1988|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027202435/http://www.bermudastamps.co.uk/1988/11/10/military-uniforms-bermuda/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''A LIST OF THE OFFICERS of the ARMY, (WITH AN ALPHABETICAL INDEX;) OF THE OFFICERS of the ROYAL ARTILLERY, THE ENGINEERS, the MARINE FORCES, AND OF THE OFFICERS on HALF-PAY; AND A SUCCESSION of COLONELS. THE THIRTY-SECOND EDITION.'' War-Office. 31 March 1784&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''THE NEW ANNUAL ARMY LIST, MILITIA LIST, 1854: (BEING THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL VOLUME), CONTAINING THE DATES OF COMMISSIONS, AND A STATEMENT OF THE WAR SERVICES AND WOUNDS OF NEARLY EVERY OFFICER IN THE ARMY, ORDNANCE, AND MARINES. CORRECTED TO 30 December 1853. WITH AN INDEX''. MAJOR H. G. HART, 49TH REGT. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON 1854&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2012 the Ministry of Defence announced that the Territorial Army was to be renamed the Army Reserve.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-19940848|title=Territorial Army 'to be renamed the Army Reserve'|work=BBC News|date=14 October 2012 |access-date=26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == {{anchor|Uniform}}Uniforms ==<br /> {{Further|Uniforms of the British Army}}<br /> <br /> The British Army uniform has sixteen categories, ranging from ceremonial uniforms to combat dress to evening wear. No. 8 Dress, the day-to-day uniform, is known as &quot;Personal Clothing System – Combat Uniform&quot; (PCS-CU)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23215.aspx|title=The British Army – Personal clothing|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410145655/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23215.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and consists of a [[Multi-Terrain Pattern]] (MTP) windproof smock, a lightweight jacket and trousers with ancillary items such as [[Long underwear|thermals]] and [[Raincoat|waterproofs]].&lt;ref name=dresscodes&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.forces80.com/dresscodes.htm|title=Dress Codes and Head Dress|publisher=Forces 80|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219085020/http://www.forces80.com/dresscodes.htm|archive-date=19 February 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The army has introduced [[tactical recognition flash]]es (TRFs); worn on the right arm of a combat uniform, the insignia denotes the wearer's regiment or corps.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30077060|title=badge, unit, tactical recognition flash, British, Royal Corps of Signals|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308135136/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30077060|archive-date=8 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to working dress, the army has a number of parade uniforms for ceremonial and non-ceremonial occasions. The most-commonly-seen uniforms are No. 1 Dress (full ceremonial, seen at formal occasions such as at the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace) and No. 2 Dress (Service Dress), a brown [[khaki]] uniform worn for non-ceremonial parades.&lt;ref name=&quot;dresscodes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/626107/2017-03109.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/626107/2017-03109.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Army Dress Regulations 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Working [[Headgear|headdress]] is typically a [[beret]], whose colour indicates its wearer's type of regiment. Beret colours include:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SGIwBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA43 |title= Military Uniforms in Europe 1900–2000 |volume=2|first= R. Spencer|last= Kidd |year= 2013|page=43|isbn=978-1291187465}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Khaki—[[Foot Guards]], [[Honourable Artillery Company]], [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]], [[Royal Anglian Regiment]], [[Royal Welsh]], [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]<br /> * Light grey—[[Royal Scots Dragoon Guards]]<br /> * Brown—[[King's Royal Hussars]], [[Royal Wessex Yeomanry]]<br /> * Black—[[Royal Tank Regiment]]<br /> * Dark ([[Rifle green|rifle]]) green—[[Royal Dragoon Guards]], [[The Rifles]], [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]], [[Small Arms School Corps]]<br /> * [[Maroon beret|Maroon]]—[[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]]<br /> * Beige—[[Special Air Service]]<br /> * Sky blue—[[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]]<br /> * Cypress green—[[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]]<br /> * Scarlet—[[Royal Military Police]]<br /> * Green—[[Adjutant General's Corps]]<br /> * Navy blue—All other units, such as the [[Household Cavalry]], [[Light Dragoons]], [[Queen's Dragoon Guards]], [[Royal Yeomanry]], and the [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]]<br /> * Emerald grey—[[Special Reconnaissance Regiment]]<br /> * Gun-metal grey—[[Ranger Regiment (United Kingdom)|The Ranger Regiment]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/11/ranger-regiment-cap-badge/|title=Introducing the Army's latest cap badge: Ranger Regiment|website=www.army.mod.uk|access-date=28 August 2022|publisher=British Army}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portalbar|United Kingdom}}<br /> {{Div col |colwidth = 22em }}<br /> * [[Army 2020 Refine]]<br /> * [[Army Cadet Force]]<br /> * [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)]]<br /> * [[British Army order of precedence]]<br /> * [[British campaign medals]]<br /> * [[Corps Warrant]]<br /> * [[List of British Army installations]]<br /> * [[List of British Army regiments and corps]]<br /> * [[List of equipment of the British Army]]<br /> * [[List of military weapons of the United Kingdom]]<br /> * [[List of roles in the British Army]]<br /> * [[List of wars involving England]]<br /> * [[List of wars involving Scotland]]<br /> * [[List of wars involving the United Kingdom]]<br /> * [[Military bands of the United Kingdom]]<br /> * [[Military history of the United Kingdom]]<br /> * [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)]]<br /> * [[Red coat (military uniform)]]<br /> * [[Royal Air Force]]<br /> * [[Royal Navy]]<br /> * &quot;[[Rule, Britannia!]]&quot;<br /> * [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015]]<br /> * [[Tommy Atkins]]<br /> * [[Uniforms of the British Army]]<br /> * [[United Kingdom Special Forces]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bates |first=Gill |year=2010 |title=Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lXkvEIUmg68C&amp;dq=%22nationalist+Boxers%22&amp;pg=PA25 25] |isbn=978-0-8157-0453-9 }}<br /> * {{cite news |author=BBC staff |date=6 January 2007 |title=Recruitment Age for Army Raised |work=BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6236345.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208183807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6236345.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Beevor |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Beevor |year=1990 |title=Inside the British Army |location=London |publisher=Chatto &amp; Windus |isbn= 0-7011-3466-6 }}<br /> * {{cite news |last=Buchanan |first=Michael |date=27 November 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7749793.stm|title=Irish swell ranks of UK military |publisher=BBC}}<br /> * {{cite news|last=Burnside |first=Iain |date=19 May 2010 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2010/may/19/war-musical-lads-in-their-hundreds |title=Songs for squaddies: the war musical Lads in Their Hundreds |newspaper=The Guardian}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Cassidy |first=Robert M |year=2006 |title=Counterinsurgency and the global war on terror: military culture and irregular war |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-275-98990-9 }}<br /> * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Constantinople |volume=7 |page=3 }}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Oxford History of the British Army |editor-first=David |editor-last=Chandler |editor2-first=Ian |editor2-last=Beckett |publisher=Oxford Paperbacks |year=2003 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Connolly |first=Sean J. |title=The Oxford Companion to Irish history |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00conn/page/505 505] |isbn=978-0-19-211695-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00conn/page/505 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Ensor |first=(Sir) Robert |year=1980 |orig-year=1936 |title=England: 1870–1914. (The Oxford History of England) |volume=XIV |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-821705-6 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/england18701914o00robe }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Fremont-Barnes |first=Gregory |year=2009 |title=Who Dares Wins&amp;nbsp;– The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-395-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781846033957 }}<br /> * French, David. ''Army, Empire, and Cold War: The British Army and Military Policy, 1945–1971'' (2012) {{doi|10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548231.001.0001}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |year=2005 |title=Churchill and America |publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vF7wGAzgwfQC&amp;dq=normandy+landings+british+american+61%2C715&amp;pg=PA301 301] |isbn=0-7432-9122-0 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Heyman |first=Charles |year=2009 |title=The Armed Forces of the United Kingdom 2010–2011 |publisher=Pen &amp; Sword |isbn=978-1-84884-084-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofuni0000unse }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|year=2002|title=Redcoat: The British soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket|publisher=HarperCollins|pages=48, 55–57, 59–65, 177–8|isbn=978-0-00-653152-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Holmes|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Holmes (military historian)|title=Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoat to Dusty Warriors|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2011}}<br /> <br /> * Linch, Kevin, and Matthew Lord, eds. ''Redcoats to Tommies: The Experience of the British Soldier from the Eighteenth Century'' (Boydell Press, 2021) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59250 Online review of this book.]<br /> <br /> * {{cite book |last1=Linch |first1=Kevin |title=The British Army, 1783–1815 |date=2024 |publisher=Pen &amp; Sword Books |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781526737991}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Mallinson |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Mallinson |year=2009 |title=The Making of the British Army |publisher=Bantam Press |isbn=978-0-593-05108-5 }}<br /> * {{cite news|last=McGarrigle |first=Heather |date=6 December 2010 |url = http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/british-army-sees-more-irish-recruits-15022631.html |title=British army sees more Irish recruits |newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]] }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=McKernan |first=Michael | year = 2005 |title=Northern Ireland in 1897–2004 Yearbook |publisher=Stationery Office |page=17 | isbn=978-0-9546284-2-0 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Miller |first=John |year=2000 |title=James II |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08728-4}}<br /> * {{cite news |last=Norton-Taylor |first=Richard |date=5 April 2008 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/apr/05/military.defence |title=Commonwealth recruitment caps &amp; current commonwealth troop levels. |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110428153852/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/apr/05/military.defence |archive-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|OED Rupert|2013}} |author=OED staff |chapter=Rupert, n. |date=June 2013 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/269065?redirectedFrom=rupert }}<br /> * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|OED Taffy|2013}} |author=OED staff |chapter=Taffy, n.2 |date=June 2013 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197006?rskey=1LEQ6y&amp;result=2&amp;isAdvanced=false }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Ó Siochrú |first=Micheál |url=https://archive.org/details/godsexecutionero0000osio |title=God's Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland |date=2008 |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-24121-7 |url-access=registration}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Ripley |first=Tim |date=10 December 2008 |title=UK Army Air Corps received Dauphins |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |volume=45 |issue=50 |page=10 }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Colonel H.C.B. |title=Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars |publisher=Seeley Service &amp; Company |year=1968 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Royal Scots Greys |year=1840 |title=Historical record of the Royal regiment of Scots dragoons: now the Second, or Royal North British dragoons, commonly called the Scots greys, to 1839|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UEIAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA56 56]–57 }}<br /> * {{cite news|last=Sharrock |first=David |date=10 September 2008 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4724617.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429092731/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4724617.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2011 |title=Irish recruits sign up for British Army in cross-border revolution |location=London |newspaper=The Times}}<br /> * {{cite news |author= |date=26 October 1939 |title=British Army Expansion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-british-army-e/182485127/ |access-date=18 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |page=8}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Strawson |first=John |author-link=John Strawson (British Army officer) |year=1989 |title=Gentlemen in Khaki: The British Army 1890–1990 |publisher=Secker &amp; Warburg |isbn=978-0-4364-9994-4}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Taylor |first=AJP |author-link=A.J.P. Taylor |year=1976 |title=The Second World War an illustrated history |publisher=Penguin books |isbn=0-14-004135-4}}<br /> * {{cite web|last1=Taylor |first1=Claire |last2=Brooke-Holland |first2=Louisa |date=28 February 2012 |title=Armed Forces Redundancies |url = http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN05951.pdf |publisher=House of Commons |access-date=13 May 2012 }}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Nigel W. M. |last=Warwick |title=In every place: The RAF Armoured Cars in the Middle East 1921–1953 |publisher=Forces &amp; Corporate Publishing Ltd. |location=Rushden, Northamptonshire, England |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-9574725-2-5 }}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{wikiquote}}<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> <br /> {{British Army navbox}}<br /> {{British Armed Forces}}<br /> {{Armies in Europe}}<br /> {{Allied Land Command}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:British Army| ]]<br /> [[Category:1707 establishments in Great Britain]]<br /> [[Category:British Armed Forces|Army]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)]]<br /> [[Category:Military of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1707]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamalabad&diff=476297 2026-03-25T11:18:23Z

<p>Hafilhafi: brief reworked page to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hilltop fortification in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{other places}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox military installation<br /> |name = Jamalabad Fort<br /> |native_name =<br /> |partof = [[Karnataka]]<br /> |location = [[Belthangady]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> |image = Jamalabad Rock(Gadaikallu).jpg<br /> |caption = Jamalabad Fort<br /> |map_type = <br /> |map_size = 280<br /> | elevation = 320<br /> |map_caption =<br /> |type = [[Fort]] <br /> |coordinates= <br /> |code =<br /> |built = 1794<br /> |builder = [[Kingdom of Mysore]]<br /> |materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] and [[lime mortar]]<br /> |height =<br /> |used =<br /> |demolished =<br /> |condition = [[Ruins]]<br /> |open_to_public =<br /> |controlledby = [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> |garrison =<br /> |current_commander =<br /> |commanders =<br /> |occupants =<br /> |battles = <br /> |events =<br /> }}<br /> '''Jamalabad Fort''' is an old hilltop fortification in Killoor road, [[Belthangady]], [[Dakshina Kannada District]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is located in the [[Kudremukh]] range of hills,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ranade&quot; /&gt; 8&amp;nbsp;km north of [[Beltangady]] town and 65&amp;nbsp;km from the city of [[Mangalore]]. It is also referred locally as &quot;Jamalabad Fort&quot; or &quot;Gadaikallu&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Gadaikallu entrance.JPG|thumb|Gadaikallu entrance, &lt;br&gt;Reading: Welcome to Jamlabad, height: 1700 feet]]<br /> [[File:JamalabadFortPassage.jpg|thumb|Narrow steps leading to the fort]]<br /> The fort was built by [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1794&lt;ref name=&quot;Ranade&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ranade, Prabha Shastri|year=2009|chapter=Chapter 5: Tourism Development|title=Infrastructure Development and Its Environmental Impact: Study of Konkan Railway|location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cGSKjaym3TcC&amp;pg=PA162 162]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGSKjaym3TcC|isbn=978-81-8069-450-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; and named after his mother, Jamalabee. He decided to build a fort there, as he was impressed by the massive [[granite|granitic]] rock which was suitable for the construction of a strong fort. According to locals, it was built to serve as a watch tower to see things around when enemy attacked.there is a lake situated at the top which is used to store water, it's truly mesmerising to watch the sight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book<br /> |last=Bhat<br /> |first=N. Shyam <br /> |year=1998 <br /> |title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&amp;pg=PA81 81]<br /> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC<br /> |publisher=Mittal Publications<br /> |isbn=9788170995869 <br /> |access-date=2020-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The fort is accessible via a narrow path, with around 1876 steps to the fort that are cut out of the granite hill and lead all the way to the top.<br /> <br /> Inside the fort, there is a tank to store rainwater. Remains of a single cannon lie at the top. Nothing much of the fortifications remain but hints of the fort wall with parapets are visible. The fort was captured by the British in 1799 during the 4th Mysore war. Legend has it that those out of favour with Tipu were hurled down the edge to their death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A Fortress that Tipu once held |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/77969/a-fortress-tipu-once-held.html |access-date=28 June 2010 |agency=Deccan herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Trekking==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}<br /> Jamalabad Fort is a [[trekking]] destination, with the climb up to the fort being classified as 'medium difficulty level'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Partial hike to Jamalabad fort - eNidhi India Travel Blog |url=https://www.enidhi.net/2021/10/partial-hike-to-jamalabad-fort.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.enidhi.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the top of the structure offering good views of the surrounding landscape and the [[Kudremukh]] range.<br /> <br /> At the base of the hill is a forest check post where visitors have to pay a nominal entry fee. Visitors should carry food and plenty of water since there is no potable fresh water available on top. The nearest town with any communication and medical facilities is [[Beltangady]].<br /> <br /> Entry to the fort is open between 6 am and 4 pm and overnight stay at the fort is prohibited. This hillock fort has one room at the top.<br /> <br /> There is also an unmanned microwave repeater station on top of the hill. Being a hill station it is really cold there and suggested to wear warm and comfortable clothes due to lot of walking.<br /> <br /> The peak is 520m above MSL, while the surrounding area is less than 200m, meaning the trek is considerably steep. <br /> [[Image:ViewFromJamalabad.jpg|thumb|600px|center|{{center|View from top of the hillock}}]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Patrame]]<br /> * [[Dharmasthala]]<br /> * [[Southadka]]<br /> <br /> == Citations ==<br /> {{commons category|Jamalabad}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|13|1|37.38|N|75|17|41.02|E|region:IN_type:landmark_dim:20|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{Forts in Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Dakshina Kannada district]]<br /> <br /> {{Karnataka-stub}}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barhi_subdivision&diff=489847 2026-03-25T03:37:03Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Made a data w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Barhi subdivision<br /> | other_name = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Subdivision<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.30|N|85.42|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 1404.53<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 523834<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = {{URL|hazaribag.nic.in/}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Barhi subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Hazaribagh district]] in the [[North Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] was once a subdivisional town (up to 1872).&lt;ref&gt;Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'',1949, p 177, Orient Longmans Ltd.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administrative set up==<br /> Hazaribagh district is divided in to two subdivisions – Hazaribagh Sadar and Barhi. There are 16 CD blocks and 15 revenue anchals with 1 statutory town, 16 census towns, 1308 villages and 257 gram panchayats in the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;censushandbook&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title= District Census Handbook Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 6-9 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Details of the subdivision are as follows:<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2015_PART_B_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Hazaribagh, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Page 26: District Primary Census Abstract | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Subdivision ||Headquarters||&lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;br/&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Population&lt;br/&gt;(2011) ||Rural&lt;br&gt;population %&lt;br/&gt;(2011)||Urban&lt;br/&gt; population % &lt;br/&gt;(2011)<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision|Hazaribagh Sadar]]||[[Hazaribagh]]||2,903.26||1,210,661||91.12||7.66<br /> |-<br /> |Barhi||[[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]]||1,404.53||523,834||95.13||4.87<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: Data calculated on the basis of census data for CD blocks and may vary a little against unpublished official data.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=380| height=450| zoom=9<br /> | coord={{coord|24|6|0|N|85|27|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Hazaribagh district in North Chotanagpur Division'''&lt;br/&gt;Some census towns and locations around Hazaribagh city are shown in the Hazaribagh City map.&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre, D: dam, HS: hot spring.&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|23|49|50|N|85|13|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Barkagaon | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Barkagaon]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|10|26|N|85|36|38|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Barkatha| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Barkatha]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|16|26|N|85|45|23|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Chalkusha| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chalkusha]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|23|54|58|N|85|30|43|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Churchu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Churchu]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|1|15|N|85|33|54|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Daru| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Daru, Hazaribagh]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|15|N|85|44|3|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Gorhar| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Gorhar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|5|24|N|85|25|49|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Ichak| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Ichak]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|23|58|30|N|85|17|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Katkamdag| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Katkamdag]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|7|3|N|85|12|13|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Katkamsandi| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Katkamsandi]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|23|51|10|N|85|5|32|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Keredari| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Keredari]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|23|57|4|N|85|20|50|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Khapriaon| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Khapriaon]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|15|0|N|85|29|46|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Nagar Barsot| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagar Barsot]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|24|12|40|N|85|21|44|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Padma| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Padma, Hazaribagh]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|1|19|N|85|37|31|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Tati Jhariya| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Tati Jhariya]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|30|N|85|21|40|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Hazaribagh| numbered15=M| mark-title15= [[Hazaribagh]] (M) |label-size15=13 |label-color15=#800000<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|17|40|N|85|25|12|E}}| label-pos16=bottom|label16=Barhi| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Barhi, Hazaribagh]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|24|1|27|N|85|44|25|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Bishnugarh| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Bishnugarh]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|52|30|N|85|26|42|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Charhi| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Charhi]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|22|48|N|85|15|0|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19=Chauparan| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Chauparan]] (CT) |shape-color19= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|23|59|50|N|85|44|57|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Cherra| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Cherra, Hazaribagh]] (CT) |shape-color20= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|22|48|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Dari| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Dari, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|23|40|50|N|85|21|42|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Gidi| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gidi, Hazaribagh|Gidi]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|24|18|36|N|85|26|31|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Konra| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Konra]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|2|0|N|85|27|26|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Meru| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Meru, Hazaribagh]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|20|30|E}}| label-pos25=top|label25=Religara| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Religara]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|23|41|53|N|85|18|17|E}}| label-pos26=left|label26=Urimari| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Urimari]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|24|8|50|N|85|21|16|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Hazaribagh|labela27=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered27=T|shape-color27= #74C365| mark-title27= [[Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|23|56|28|N|85|46|30|E}}| label28= Konar|labela28= Dam| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=right| label-size28=10| mark-size28=12| numbered28=D|mark-title28 =[[Konar Dam]]| shape-color28=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|24|8|10|N|85|38|0|E}}| label29= Surajkund hot spring| label-color29 = #C42222 | label-angle29=0| label-pos29=right| label-size29=10| mark-size29=12| numbered29=HS|mark-title29 =[[Surajkund hot spring]]| shape-color29=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|23|54|50|N|85|0|1|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=CCL Amrapali |labela30=&amp; Chandragupta Area |numbered30=0 | mark-title30=[[Amrapali &amp; Chandragupta Area]] | label-size30=12| shape-color30=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|23|40|32|N|85|19|32|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=CCL Barka|labela31=Sayal Area |numbered31=0 | mark-title31=[[Barka Sayal Area]] | label-size31=12| shape-color31=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|23|39|20|N|85|27|1|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32=CCL Argada Area |numbered32=0 | mark-title32=[[Argada Area]] | label-size32=12| shape-color32=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|23|51|0|N|85|26|28|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=CCL |labela33=Hazaribagh Area |numbered33=0 | mark-title33=[[Hazaribagh Area]] | label-size33=12| shape-color33=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label34= Barakar River |label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 10| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|24|12|50|N|85|45|20|E}} |label35= Barsoti River |label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= -7| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br /> |mark-coord36={{coord|23|55|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label36= Konar |labela36=River |label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 0| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br /> |mark-coord37={{coord|23|47|30|N|85|45|0|E}} |label37= Bokaro |labela37= River |label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 0| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none<br /> |mark-coord38={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|11|10|E}} |label38= Damodar|labela38= River |label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= 0| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none<br /> |mark-coord39={{coord|24|12|0|N|85|8|0|E}} |label39= Mohana|labela39= River|label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= -100| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|85|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-60| arc-gapA=12.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]] data, Barhi subdivision, in Hazaribagh district, had a total population of 523,834. There were 267,645 (51%) males and 257,189 (49%) females. Scheduled castes numbered 97,542 (18.62%) and scheduled tribes numbered 16,692 (3.19%). The literacy rate was 67.00% (for the population below 6 years).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{See also|List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate}}<br /> <br /> ==Police stations==<br /> Police stations in Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision are at:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/hazaribagh| title = District Police Profile -Hazaribagh| work = Contact Number| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 1 February 2021| archive-date = 6 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210306102124/https://jhpolice.gov.in/hazaribagh| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> #[[Barhi, Hazaribagh#Police station|Barhi]]<br /> #[[Barkatha#Police station|Barkatha]]<br /> #[[Chauparan#Police station|Chauparan]]<br /> #[[Gorhar#Police station|Gorhar]]<br /> <br /> ==Blocks==<br /> Community development blocks in the Barhi subdivision are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2015_PART_B_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribagh, Series 21, Part XII B |work = Census of India 2011 Pages 26| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribagh, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Hazaribagh on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! CD block ||Headquarters||&lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;br/&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Population&lt;br/&gt;(2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy&lt;br/&gt; rate %||[[Census town|CT]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Barhi (community development block)|Barhi]]||[[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]]||365.47||131,660||17.24||2.67||68.39||[[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]], [[Konra]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Barkatha (community development block)|Barkatha]]||[[Barkatha]]||281.05||122,269||12.89||6.09||61.44|| -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chalkusha (community development block)|Chalkusha]]||[[Chalkusha]]||149.10||52,068||13.87||1.51||67.13|| -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chauparan (community development block)|Chauparan]]||[[Chauparan]]||482.37||161,814||25.91||2.53||69.41||[[Chauparan]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Padma, Hazaribagh (community development block)|Padma]]||[[Padma, Hazaribagh|Padma]]||126.54||56,014||17.72||1.50||68.90|| -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In 2011, in the Barhi subdivision out of a total 490 inhabited villages there were 97 villages with pre-primary schools, 366 villages with primary schools, 185 villages with middle schools, 50 villages with secondary schools, 17 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with non-formal education centre, 4 villages with vocational training centres/ ITI, 115 villages with no educational facility&lt;ref name=directory&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribagh, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 575=577, Appendix I: Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 2 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;.*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Educational institutions===<br /> &lt;!-- (Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here) --&gt;<br /> <br /> The following institution is located in Barhi subdivision:<br /> <br /> *Ram Narayan Yadav Memorial College was established at Barhi in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.way2college.com/colleges/hazaribagh/r-n-y-m-college-barhi| title = r.n.y.m. College, Barhi| publisher = wat2college| access-date = 2 February 2021}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/r-n-y-m-college-barhi/34327/2 | title= RNYM College, Barhi|publisher= ICBSE| access-date = 2 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> In 2011, in the Barhi subdivision there were 14 villages with primary health centres, 46 villages with primary health subcentres, 8 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 7 villages with allopathic hospitals, 13 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 2 villages with family welfare centres, and 37 villages with medicine shops.&lt;ref name=directory/&gt;<br /> &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Medical facilities===<br /> (Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hazaribagh District}}<br /> {{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazdi_Italia&diff=546139 2026-03-15T09:11:20Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian doctor and public health scientist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Yazdi Maneksha Italia<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- Year of birth missing --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Doctor, Public Health Scientist<br /> | known_for = Tribal healthcare, Sickle cell anemia control program<br /> | awards = <br /> * [[Padma Shri]] (2024)<br /> * Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration (2011)<br /> * Chief Minister’s Award, Government of Gujarat (2023)<br /> * NDTV Health Leader of the Year (2023)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Yazdi Maneksha Italia''' is an Indian doctor and public health scientist known for his contributions to tribal healthcare and sickle cell anemia control in Gujarat. He served as the Director of the sickle cell anemia control program of the [[Government of Gujarat]], and was associated with several research projects under the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR).&lt;ref name=&quot;PadmaCitation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 – Citation for Dr. Yazdi Maneksha Italia |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202456.pdf |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Dr. Italia played a key role in initiating and implementing the state's sickle cell anemia control program, which was launched in 2006 during the tenure of then Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. The program focused on early diagnosis and preventive healthcare among tribal populations.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreePress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Melvyn |title=Gujarat's Tribal Healthcare Hero: Dr Yazdi Italia's Lifesaving Work Earns Padma Shri Award |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/gujarats-tribal-healthcare-hero-dr-yazdi-italias-lifesaving-work-earns-padma-shri-award |website=Free Press Journal |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He served as a co-investigator in several ICMR projects and was instrumental in developing strategies for managing genetic blood disorders in tribal communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;ParsiKhabar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr. Yazdi Maneksha Italia Awarded Padma Shri in 2024 |url=https://parsikhabar.net/news/dr-yazdi-maneksha-italia-awarded-padma-shri-in-2024/28499/ |website=Parsi Khabar |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> In 2011, he received the Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration under the leadership of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PadmaCitation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, the Government of Gujarat honored him with the Chief Minister's Award, and in 2024, he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, for his work in medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANI2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Recognition of my work has been given: Padma Shri awardee Dr. Yazdi Maneksha Italia |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/recognition-of-my-work-has-been-given-padma-shri-award-yazdi-maneksha-italia20240422234822/ |website=ANI News |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr Tejas Patel receives Padma Bhushan, 5 others get Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/dr-tejas-patel-receives-padma-bhushan-5-others-get-padma-shri/articleshow/107159189.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Dr. Italia was also honored as &quot;Health Leader of the Year&quot; at the NDTV Indian of the Year Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-IOTY&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Women Of India Are NDTV's 'Indian Of The Year': Full Winners' List Here |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-of-the-year-women-of-india-are-ndtvs-indian-of-the-year-full-winners-list-here-5297960#pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll |website=NDTV |date=22 February 2019 |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr Yazdi Italia awarded Health Leader of the Year |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/dr-yazdi-italia-awarded-health-leader-of-the-year-award-ndtv-indian-of-the-year-awards-771035 |website=NDTV |access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> * Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;PadmaCitation&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Chief Minister's Award, Government of Gujarat (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;ParsiKhabar&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Padma Shri]] in Medicine (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;PadmaCitation&quot; /&gt;<br /> * NDTV Health Leader of the Year (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV-IOTY&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ Padma Awards Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Public health doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{India-med-bio-stub}}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chera_Perumals_of_Makotai&diff=493859 2026-03-03T22:38:20Z

<p>Hafilhafi: started new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, south India}}<br /> {{For|early historic Chera rulers of south India|Chera dynasty}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox former country<br /> | native_name = Cheraman Perumals<br /> | image_map = File:South_India_in_early_11th_century_AD.jpg<br /> | image_map_caption = Chera Perumal Kingdom with respect to the [[Chola Empire]]<br /> | conventional_long_name = Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram<br /> | common_name = Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram<br /> | year_start = c. 844 CE<br /> | year_end = c. 1124 CE<br /> | official_languages = <br /> | title_leader = Cheraman Perumal<br /> | year_leader1 = c. 844—870 (earliest recorded)<br /> | leader1 = [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]]<br /> | year_leader2 = c. 905—943<br /> | leader2 = Goda Ravi<br /> | year_leader3 = 962—1021<br /> | leader3 = Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya<br /> | year_leader4 = c. 1089—1124 (last)<br /> | leader4 = [[Rama Kulasekhara]]<br /> | capital = * [[Makotai|Mahodayapuram]] (present-day [[Kodungallur]])<br /> | p1 = <br /> | s1 = <br /> | s2 = <br /> | s3 = <br /> | today = [[Kerala]] (majority)<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]] (majority)<br /> | demonym = <br /> | government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br /> | established = c. 844 CE<br /> | area_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = <br /> | HDI = <br /> | HDI_year = <br /> }}<br /> '''Cheraman Perumal dynasty,''' also known as the '''Perumal dynasty of Kerala,''' or the '''Chera Perumals of Makotai''' or '''Mahodayapuram&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date= |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2003 |pages=331-32 |chapter=The Peninsula: Emerging Regional Kingdoms |orig-year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot;&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|2=<br /> |The term &quot;Chera Perumals&quot; is widely used by prominent south Indian and Kerala historians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Romila Thapar 2003 [2002] describes the medieval dynasty of the Cheras in Kerala as the &quot;Cheras or Perumals in Kerala&quot; (pp. 327-28) and refers to the state as the &quot;Makotai kingdom in the Periyar Valley&quot; (pp. 331-32). Noburu Karashima (2014) refers to the family as the &quot;Ceraman Perumal dynasty of Mahodayapuram&quot; (pp. 145-46). Manu Devadevan (2020), building on a from a book edited by historian Kesavan Veluthat (2014), specifically favors the use of the term &quot;Ceraman&quot; over &quot;Cera&quot; (pp. 122).}} (''fl.'' c. 844—c. 1124 CE), was a ruling dynasty in present-day [[Kerala]], [[south India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahodayapuram, or Makotai—the capital of the [[Perumal|Cheraman Perumals]]—is identified with present-day [[Kodungallur]] in central [[Tamil Nadu|Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty{{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam |url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/cheraman-parambu.php |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, their influence appears to have been limited to the area between present-day [[Kollam]] and [[Koyilandy]], but it later extended up to the [[Payaswini|Chandragiri river]] in northern Kerala and to [[Nagercoil]] in the south.<br /> <br /> The medieval Cheras claimed descent from the early historic [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] who flourished in pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] south India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 89-90 and 92-93.&lt;/ref&gt; Present-day central Kerala probably detached from larger [[Kongu Chera dynasty|Kongu Chera or Kerala kingdom]] around 8th-9th century CE to form the Chera Perumal kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:NN&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 89-90 and 92-93.&lt;/ref&gt; The exact relationship between the different collateral branches of the Chera family remains unclear to scholars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 80-81.&lt;/ref&gt; The Chera Perumals are often described as members of the [[Solar dynasty|Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its revenue from maritime trade (the Indian Ocean [[spice trade]]) with the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Thapar, Romila, ''The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 364-65.&lt;/ref&gt; The port of [[Kollam]], located within the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the Southeast Asia.&lt;ref&gt;Thapar, Romila, ''The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 382-83.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nambudiri]]-[[Brahmin]] settlements of agriculturally rich areas (the fertile wetlands) were another major source of support for the Chera state.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;Thapar, Romila, ''The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 379-80.&lt;/ref&gt; The Cheraman Perumals are known for primarily employing a single script ([[Vattezhuthu]]) and language (an early form of [[Malayalam]]) in all of their records in Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; It is speculated that the transformation of land relations, among other factors, played a crucial role in the collapse of the Chera state in the early twelfth century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108494571 |location= |pages=150 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Historiography ==<br /> [[File:Medieval_Cera_inscription_from_Kerala.jpg|thumb|Medieval Chera inscription from Kerala|256x256px]]<br /> An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography held the belief that the medieval Chera state in Kerala was a highly centralized imperial monarchy (following a &quot;unitary or imperial state model&quot;, emphasizing centralized administration).&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;Veluthat, Kesavan. &quot;History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala.&quot; ''Studies in People's History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Ganesh, K. N. (2009). ''Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala.'' Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.&lt;/ref&gt; The state was also erroneously referred to as the &quot;Second/Later Chera Empire&quot; or the &quot;Kulasekhara Empire&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to these views &lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Accusing early Kerala historians of inventing a &quot;Second Chera Empire&quot; to rival the glories of the imperial [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] (in the Tamil country), scholars rejected the theory of a Chera &quot;empire&quot; and instead proposed the existence of a traditional (medieval) monarchy in Kerala (Narayanan, 1972).&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;Freeman, Rich (2003), 'Genre and Society', in ''Literary Cultures in History'', ed., Sheldon Pollock. Berkeleyand Los Angeles: University of California Press. 444-445.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; It was also found that not all Chera kings bore the specific abhisekanama &quot;Kulasekhara&quot;, and therefore the dynasty cannot accurately be referred to as the &quot;Kulasekhara dynasty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> At the other end of the spectrum, suggestions emerged in the early 2000s proposing that the Chera king at Mahodayapuram only held &quot;ritual sovereignty&quot;, while actual political power rested with &quot;a bold and visible [[Nambudiri|Brahmin]] oligarchy&quot; (Narayanan, 2002).&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. 'The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala', in ''State and Society in Premodern South India'', eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp. 111–119. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.&lt;/ref&gt; This perspective describes &quot;a fragmented array of local chiefdoms... held in check by a loose [[Tamil language|Tamil]] hegemony&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{cquote<br /> | quote = &quot;The Cera kingdom was not a strong, absolute monarchy by any means, but rather a confederation of lords and powerful Brahmin communities under the mantle of the Perumal...Therefore, the portrayal of the post Cera period as a time of major political decentralization attributes a false centrality to the Cera period itself...&quot;<br /> | author = Donald R. Davis Jr.<br /> | source = [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026483519342]<br /> | align = center<br /> | width = 75%<br /> }}According to this third model, the Chera ruler's sovereign power was largely confined to the capital, [[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; His kingship was purely &quot;ritual&quot; and remained nominal compared to the political and military power that local chieftains (the Udaiyavar) in distant northern and southern Kerala. [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri-Brahmins]] throughout Kerala also held significant authority in social and religious matters (&quot;ritual sovereignty combined with a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Publication of the sources ===<br /> A general catalogue of most of the so-called Chera Perumal inscriptions was found in the &quot;Index to Chera Inscriptions&quot;, an appendix to &quot;Perumals of Kerala&quot; (University of Kerala PhD thesis, 1972) by noted historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]]. However, this text remained unpublished and in private circulation until 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uz0oQEACAAJ&amp;q=Irreverent+History:+Essays+for+M.G.S.+Narayanan ''Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan''], Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, some recently discovered inscriptions remained unreported and undeciphered, while others were published in a form that was far from satisfactory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:110&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108857871 |pages=120 and 128-29 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}}&lt;/ref&gt; A notable recent effort to catalogue these inscriptions was the publication of South Indian Inscriptions (SII), Volume 43, edited by epigraphist M. R. Raghava Varier and published by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Baiju |first=K. M. |date=28 January 2021 |title=Now, Read Ancient Inscriptions in Malayalam |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/book-documents-historic-inscriptons-in-malayalam-72a38604 |work=Mathrubhumi |location=Calicut}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{See also|Kongu Chera dynasty}}<br /> [[File:Thillaisthanam_inscription_(9th_century_AD,_Aditya_Chola).png|thumb|256x256px|Remains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century CE, Aditya Chola)]]<br /> [[File:ThiruvanchikulamTemp5 (cropped).JPG|thumb|261x261px|[[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple]] (northern entrance gateway)]]<br /> [[File:Laterite_walls,_outside_Thrikulasekharapuram_Temple,_Kodungallur.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Fragmentary laterite walls, outside Thrikulasekharapuram Temple, [[Kodungallur]] (10th-11th centuries)]]<br /> The medieval Chera rulers of Kerala, based at the port of Mahodayapuram (identified with present-day [[Kodungallur]]) on the Malabar Coast, were perhaps descendants of the legendary [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] who flourished in pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] (early historic) south India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt; Early Tamil poems. or the [[Sangam Literature]], provide clear indications that different branches of the Chera family simultaneously managed various centers of power in ancient Kerala and Tamil Nadu — [[Muziris|Muchiri-Vanchi]], located in central Kerala at the mouth of the [[Periyar River]], being one of them.&lt;ref&gt;Gurukkal, Rajan. &quot;Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Historiographical Reconsideration.&quot; ''Indian Historical Review'', vol. 40, no. 2, Dec. 2013, pp. 181–206.&lt;/ref&gt; The Chera Perumal dynasty of Mahodayapuram, in the early 9th century CE, notably introduced &quot;kingship&quot; as a form of rule in Kerala, marking a major departure from the early historic system of clan-based social and political structures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> It is speculated that Kerala's Chera rulers faced little economic pressure for territorial conquest, as the region was naturally rich and derived substantial income from maritime trade with the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 368-69.&lt;/ref&gt; The Chera Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly and hostile relations with the neighboring [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The kingdom was attacked and eventually forced into submission by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE, primarily to break its near-monopoly on Indian Ocean trade with the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{cquote<br /> | quote = &quot;A [Chola] naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe.&quot;<br /> | author = Romila Thapar<br /> | source = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Rajputs#ref46892 | title=The Rajputs | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica | access-date=10 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align = center<br /> | width = 75%<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The Chera Perumal kingship likely remained nominal compared to the power that regional rulers or chieftains — the so-called &quot;nadu-udaiyavar&quot; or &quot;nadu-vazhumavar&quot; — exercised politically and militarily.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Chiefdoms in Kerala under Chera Perumal rule, referred to as &quot;{{transliteration|ml|nadus}}&quot;, were roughly comparable to the &quot;rashtra&quot; under the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and &quot;padi&quot; under the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; These chieftains likely wielded considerable militaristic authority over their country, including even over the [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri-Brahmin]] temples and Brahmin settlements within their nadu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; However, the udaiyavar chieftains were obligated to serve the Chera Perumal in battles — against invading [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] — and the chiefdoms perhaps functioned as revenue collection units for the Chera kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; It is recorded that the Koyil Adhikarikal or Al Koyil, the Chera royal representative in a chiefdom, collected regular dues ({{transliteration|ml|attaikkol}} and {{transliteration|ml|arantai}}) from the chiefdoms on behalf of the Perumal at Kodungallur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; It is probable that the Chera Perumal only held direct authority over the country extending from the [[Palakkad|Palakkad Gap]] to [[Vembanad|Vembanad Lake]], including the port of [[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bhakti saints [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]] and [[Kulasekhara Alvar]] are generally identified with some of the earliest recorded Chera Perumal kings of Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00527 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: Asia and Africa |date= |publisher=Wiley |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition= |language= |chapter=Sthāṇu Ravi |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00527 |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-last4= |editor-first4=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shankaracharya]], the founder of the [[Vedanta]] [[Advaita Vedanta|advaita]] school of philosophy, is also traced to 8th-century Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt; Copper-plate charters of the Chera Perumals notably record grants to [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] merchants of the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The Middle Eastern [[Muslims]] had also established themselves as traders in the kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Merchant guilds such as manigramam, and anjuvannam were active in the Perumal kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136-37.&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest attestation of [[Malayalam language]] as an inscriptional variety is also tentatively dated to the Chera Perumal period or shortly thereafter in Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The temple architecture style known as &quot;[[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala-Dravida]]&quot; is also visible from the 11th century CE onward.&lt;ref&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 161-62.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 12th century, the medieval Chera kingdom of Kerala dissolved into several local powers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 124-25.&lt;/ref&gt; The gradual transformation of land relations, among other factors, played a crucial role in the collapse of the Chera state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; Over time, the Chera Perumal state had gradually lost its role as the primary regulator of land ownership and transactions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; The Perumal dynasty was succeeded in southern Kerala by the rulers of [[Venad]] (Kollam), whose kings, tracing their descent from the Cheras of Mahodayapuram, were variously known as the Cheras or the &quot;Kulasekhara dynasty&quot;.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 368-69.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;''' In other parts of Kerala, the chieftains of Kolathunad, and the future rulers of [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode (Calicut)]] and [[Kochi|Kochi (Cochin)]] succeeded the Chera Perumals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Administration ==<br /> [[File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin - (plate I, side I) (early 11th century AD).jpg|thumb|[[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]] (plate I, side I).|263x263px]]<br /> [[File:Chola_coin_with_legend_&quot;Uttama&quot;_(south_India).jpg|link=File:Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_(south_India).jpg|thumb|263x263px|Chola coin of king [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]], with legend &quot;Uttama Chola&quot;, showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}]]The medieval Chera state in Kerala featured a range of administrative organs that reflected its structure. The &quot;Koyil Adhikarikal&quot;, or &quot;Al/Ala Koyil&quot;, was the Chera royal prince appointed to individual chiefdoms, responsible for collecting regular dues — such as the {{transliteration|ml|attaikkol}} and ''arantai'' — on behalf of the Chera Perumal at Mahodayapuram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:73&quot;&gt;Ganesh, K. N. (2009). ''Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala.'' Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.&lt;/ref&gt; The managers of the four prominent [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri-Brahmin]] temples around Kodungallur, collectively known as the &quot;Nalu Thali&quot;, likely functioned as the Chera Perumal's permanent council or ministers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:152&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 161-63.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Four Temples (the Nalu Thali) &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;/&gt;<br /> !Temple in Kodungallur<br /> ![[Nambudiri|Brahmin]] settlement<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Nediya-thali or [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple]] <br /> |[[Paravur taluk|Paravur]]<br /> |Associated with [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Mel-thali or Thrikkulasekharapuram Temple<br /> |[[Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple|Moozhikkulam]]<br /> |Founded by [[Kulasekhara Alvar]].<br /> |-<br /> |Kizh-thali Temple<br /> |[[Iranikulam Sree Mahadeva Temple|Iranikulam]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Chingapuram/Sringapuram Thali<br /> |[[Irinjalakuda]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> The Ayiram (&quot;The Thousand&quot;) served as the Chera Perumal's personal guard, composed of a thousand Nair warriors who acted as the king’s &quot;Companions of Honour&quot; and were also tasked with managing and protecting the [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 20142&quot;&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:172&quot;&gt;Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.&lt;/ref&gt; The Padai-nayakar (or nayakan or Padai-nair) was the commander of the armed militia, either for the kingdom as a whole or for individual chiefdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:153&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 161-63.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Each chiefdom maintained its own militia known as The Hundred (Nutruvar), an armed contingent whose size was often indicated by the number of households within the nadu that could contribute fighters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:74&quot;&gt;Ganesh, K. N. (2009). ''Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala.'' Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.&lt;/ref&gt; The Nizhal (&quot;The Shadow&quot;) formed the personal protection guard of the udaiyavar chiefs, serving them as loyal &quot;Companions of Honour&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:74&quot; /&gt; Supporting the chiefs further was the Prakrithi, a body of non-Brahmin notables who assisted in administration. Lastly, the Adhikarar were temple or royal functionaries responsible for local administration, including the collection of dues and arbitration of disputes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:74&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Major chieftaincies ==<br /> Through the analysis of medieval Kerala inscriptions from the Chera Perumal period, scholars have substantiated the existence of several chieftaincies or chiefdoms (the &quot;nadus&quot;). From north to south, they are as follows: Kolla-desam [or Kolathu-nadu?&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 118-119.&lt;/ref&gt;] or Mushika country, Purakizha-nadu, Kurumporai-nadu, Erala-nadu, Valluva-nadu,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Kizhmalai-nadu (meaning &quot;Eastern Hill Country&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 189-90.&lt;/ref&gt;), Vempala-nadu, Munji-nadu, Nanruzhai-nadu,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; and [[Venad (historical region)|Venad]]u or Kupaka country (also known by the name of its major port, [[Kollam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 234-36.&lt;/ref&gt; Kolathu-nadu (in northern Kerala) came under the influence of the Chera Perumals only during the 11th century CE, while [[Venad (historical region)|Venad]]u (in southern Kerala) was likely developed under their influence in the early 9th century CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> The Chera Perumal held direct (sovereign) authority over the country extending from the [[Palakkad|Palakkad Gap]] to [[Vembanad lake|Vembanad Lake]], including the port of [[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur]] in the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar Valley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Within this territory, the {{transliteration|ml|nadus}} were present as militaristic or revenue units, with members of martial families serving the Chera Perumal king in appointed roles known as the Udayaivar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Chera Perumal genealogy ==<br /> [[File:Cheraman_Perumal_Nayanar_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Depiction of &quot;Cherman Perumal&quot; Nayanar in [[Brihadisvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]]|262x262px]]<br /> <br /> === Abhisekanama (regnal title) ===<br /> An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography believed that all the rulers of the medieval Chera dynasty of Kerala used the specific abhisekanama (regnal name) &quot;Kulasekhara&quot;. Hence, the ruling lineage was referred to as the &quot;Kulasekhara dynasty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; However, critical research conducted in the late 1960s and early 1970s provided a significant corrective to this view.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noburu Karashima 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; It was found that not all rulers used the regnal name &quot;Kulasekhara&quot; — only two, [[Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]] and [[Rama Kulasekhara]], are known to have done so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The Chera rulers of Kerala were known by several common titles, as evidenced by inscriptions and literary sources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala.html?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y Perumāḷs of Kerala].'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 149-50.&lt;/ref&gt; These included &quot;Cheramanar&quot; or &quot;Cheraman&quot;, &quot;Keralaraja&quot;, &quot;Cheran&quot;, and &quot;Cheralan&quot;. Some rulers were also referred to by the titles &quot;Kothai/Kotha&quot; or &quot;Kothan&quot;, as well as &quot;Udayan/Uthiyan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the kings employed prestigious early historic Chera titles such as &quot;Vanavan&quot; and &quot;[[Villavar|Villavan]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=S. Krishnaswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&amp;dq=chera+villavan&amp;pg=PA411 |title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120618503 |language=en |orig-year=1911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlMCAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=chera+villavan&amp;pg=PT50 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190451400 |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chera Perumal genealogy ===<br /> Originally revised by [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] (1972) from [[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai|Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai]] (1963)&lt;ref&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 64-73.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunjan. ''Chila Keralacharitra Prasnangal'', (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Recent corrections (2014 and revised in 2020) on Narayanan by [[Manu Devadevan|Manu V. Devadevan]] (edited by [[Kesavan Veluthat]]) are also employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Lists of Chera Perumals<br /> !Chera Perumal<br /> !Regnal years (tentative)<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]]<br /> |844–870&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Earliest known Chera ruler of Mahodayapuram.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Contemporary to Chola king [[Aditya I]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 79-80.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Probably identical with [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara Alvar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]]<br /> |870–883 (revised chronology, 2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Probably identical with [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]].'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;Veluthat, Kesavan. &quot;The Temple and the State in Medieval South India.&quot; ''Studies in People's History'', vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.&lt;/ref&gt;'''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vijayaraga]]<br /> |883–895&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 437-438.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Married off his two daughters to Chola king [[Parantaka I|Parantaka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 442-43.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period', ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Goda Goda<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |895—905&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 65-67.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Kerala Kesari<br /> |<br /> * Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above)&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Goda Ravi]]<br /> |905–943&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Indu/Indesvaran Goda<br /> |943–962&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 67-68.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya<br /> |962–1021&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 68-69.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;small&gt;(or)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> 959–1025 (revised chronology, 2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Contemporary to Chola king [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Ravi Goda&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 461-62.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1021—1089&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 71-72 and 464-66.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Contemporary to Chola king [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Rajasimha&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;{{efn|1=Both Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972).&lt;ref name=&quot;:99&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 70-72.&lt;/ref&gt; This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; The claim is disputed by Daud Ali (2007).&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Daud. &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/service-retinues-of-the-chola-court-a-study-of-the-term-velam-in-tamil-inscriptions/89BC54E804CCAFFD9CAA2C3EDF46F6A8 The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions].&quot; Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 70, no. 3, 2007, pp. 487–509.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |<br /> * Contemporary to Chola king [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above)&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Raja Raja&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Ravi Rama&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 72-73 and 466-67.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Aditya Goda Ranaditya&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rama Kulasekhara]]<br /> |1089—1122&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 73-74 and 467-70.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> * Crowned in 1089 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Elder contemporary to Chola king [[Vikrama Chola|Vikrama]]&lt;ref&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 470.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == Chera Perumal epigraphic records ==<br /> {{center|<br /> {{Gallery|width=200|height=200<br /> |File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD).jpg|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] ([[Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]])<br /> |File:Quilon Syrian copper plates - vertical plate (9th century AD)..jpg|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (plate 6)<br /> |File:Vazhappally copper plate (9th century AD).jpg<br /> |[[Vazhappally copper plate]] ([[Rama Rajasekhara]])<br /> |File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin (c. 1000 AD).png|[[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]] (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)<br /> |File:Thiruvalla copper plates (India).jpg| [[Tiruvalla copper plates]]<br /> |File:Perunna inscription of Rama Kulasekhara (1099 AD).jpg| Perunna inscription ([[Rama Kulasekhara]])<br /> |title=}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]] (early 11th century CE)<br /> * [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (9th century CE)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> {{Kerala}}<br /> {{Kerala topics}}<br /> [[Category:Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Chera dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century disestablishments in India]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achuvinte_Amma&diff=460926 2026-03-03T21:36:06Z

<p>Hafilhafi: expanded content additionally and improved wording per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2005 Indian film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Achuvinte Amma<br /> | image = Achuvinte Amma 2005.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | screenplay = [[Ranjan Pramod]]<br /> | story = Rajesh Jayaraman<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]|[[Meera Jasmine]]|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]}}<br /> | director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]<br /> | producer = [[P. V. Gangadharan]]<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | cinematography = [[Alagappan N.]]<br /> | editing = K. Rajagopal<br /> | distributor = Kalpaka Films Release<br /> | studio = Grahalakshmi Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|2005|01|28|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 162 minutes<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | budget = {{INR}}65 lakhs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184518/http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2018|title=Audience apathy to young stars continues!|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Achuvinte Amma''''' ({{translation|Achu's mother}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and written by [[Ranjan Pramod]] from a story by Rajesh Jayaraman. It stars [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Meera Jasmine]] and [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]. The music is composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. It was also a comeback movie for Urvashi in Malayalam after a gap of six years. The film has won several awards, including the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Urvashi), [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam]] for [[Meera Jasmine]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Vanaja is a single mother who lives with her daughter Ashwathy (Achu) a [[civil engineer]] and works as an [[Insurance|insurance agent]] at [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]]. Achu and her mother have a close relationship and never keep secrets from each other. One day, they meet Emmanuel John, known as Ijo who is an [[advocate]], at a railway station in [[Trivandrum]], where Achu has a job interview at a private firm. After this first meeting, Achu and Ijo run into each other periodically, developing a friendship, and eventually, a budding romance. Achu gets a job with a construction company and she and her mother's standard of living improves. She expresses her wish to marry Ijo to Vanaja. Vanaja wishes to meet Ijo's parents to learn more about him. Ijo takes them to a [[cemetery]] revealing that he is an [[orphan]] and his family had committed mass suicide due to a financial crisis, leaving him as the sole survivor. Vanaja suddenly changes her mind and opposes the marriage, saying she wants her daughter to get married into a big family where there would be many people who would care and help them when they were in need.<br /> <br /> Vanaja's opposition shocks and infuriates Achu and she confronts Vanaja with questions about her father, leading to an argument. Vanaja refuses to reveal anything and Achu storms out. She ultimately decides to stay with Ijo, though he advised her to return home. Achu is adamant and remains with her friend. Meanwhile, Ijo tries to mend the relationship between Achu and her mother, but Achu doesn't listen to him.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, due to unforeseen circumstances, Achu has to leave her friend's place. Realizing that she has no place to stay, Achu loses hope and is met with a road accident. Vanaja rushes to see her in hospital but Achu still refuses to talk to her mother. Vanaja opens up to Ijo and tells him about her past. An old woman raised Vanaja, and after her death, Vanaja did odd jobs and worked as a laborer along with other adolescent girls. One day, all the girls Vanaja was working with were going to be transported for [[Human Trafficking|Flesh Trade]]. Vanaja, upon finding this out decided to run away instead and in the process came across a young girl with whom she escaped. Vanaja adopts the girl and names her Achu.<br /> <br /> Vanaja tells Ijo that he should marry Achu as soon as possible, while Ijo promises to take good care of her. Ijo reveals the whole story to Achu. A few days later, Achu returns to Vanaja suffering from the utmost guilt and regret. As they reunite, it is revealed that Vanaja adopted another little girl as her daughter as well. Everyone happily reunites.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as K.P. Vanaja, an [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]] agent<br /> ** Althara as young Vanaja<br /> * [[Meera Jasmine]] as Aswathy / Achu<br /> * [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as [[Advocate]] Immanuel John (Ijo) (voiceover by [[Sarath Das]])<br /> * [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Paulose<br /> * [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Kunjala Chedathi<br /> * [[Sukumari]] as Moothamma<br /> * [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Abdullah<br /> * [[P. Sreekumar]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Madhusoodhanan Pillai<br /> * [[Vettukili Prakash]] as Kunjoy<br /> * [[Anoop Chandran]] as Ijo's friend<br /> * Pala Aravindan as Hospital Staff<br /> * [[Valsala Menon]] as Kathreena<br /> * Reshmi Boban as Usha<br /> * Mahima as Ramla<br /> * Anitha Nair as Smiley (Achu's neighbor &amp; a serial actress)<br /> * [[Manikandan Pattambi]]<br /> * Vinod Kovoor as an employee in Paulose shop<br /> * [[Lakshana (actress)]] as Rukhiya<br /> * Nivedita<br /> * Vijayan Peringode<br /> * [[Ranjan Pramod]] as Co-traveller in bus (cameo)<br /> * [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Bus conductor<br /> * Ambika Rao as Vanaja's Neighbour<br /> * [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as staff in bus<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Achuvinte Amma<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = January 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Audio CD |url=https://avdigital.in/products/achuvinte-amma-1 |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=AVDigital |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021232028/https://avdigital.in/products/achuvinte-amma-1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = Film<br /> | length =<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | label = [[Manorama Music]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The film features songs composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 1 || &quot;Thamarakuruvikku&quot; || [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]], [[Choir|Chorus]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || &quot;Enthu Paranjaalum&quot; || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || &quot;Swaasathin Thaalam&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Manjari<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || &quot;Enthu Paranjaalum&quot; || [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br /> |}<br /> ==Reception==<br /> <br /> === Critical ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | image1 = The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Best Film Actress Award for the year 2004 to Ms. Meera Jasmine for her role in “Padam Onnu Oru Vilapam” at the 51st National Film Award function in New Delhi.jpg<br /> | image2 =<br /> | footer = Meera Jasmine's (''above'') and Urvashi's (''below'') performance received praise. Urvashi went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' ranked it amongst the most critically acclaimed films of 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2016-12-06 |title=Boom year for mollywood |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206164931/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; Reviewing the film for ''Now Running'', Hari Krishnan gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, &quot;''Achuvintte Amma'' is a relevant subject that both scriptwriter and director dealt with very efficiently. [[Sathyan Anthikad|Satyan Anthikkad]] reiterates that good films can win the heart of public and he is still with family-oriented subject, which has a moral value in the society.&quot; He also praised the performance of the lead cast writing, &quot;[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] registers a brilliant comeback. [[Meera Jasmine]] excels with her natural performance and [[Narain (actor)|Sunil Kumar]] an upcoming star has long way to go. Actors like [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha|K. P. A. C Lalitha]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] supported the main actors very well.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-01-27 |title=Achuvinte Amma Review {{!}} Achuvinte Amma Malayalam Movie Review by Hari Krishnan |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2018/malayalam/achuvinte-amma/406/review.htm |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325005353/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2018/malayalam/achuvinte-amma/406/review.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Oneindia]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and a ''Hit'' mark.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Achuvinte Amma |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1973/achuvinte-amma.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204072718/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1973/achuvinte-amma.html |archivedate=4 December 2010 |accessdate=2010-05-29 |work=One India |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' gave an &quot;Above Average&quot; verdict and wrote, &quot;Satyan has succeeded in bringing out the bond between a young mother and her 20-year-old daughter effectively in the first half and laced it with some hilarious moments. But post interval, the story loses its track and the script goes haywire.&quot; They further added, &quot;Though ''Achuvinte Amma'' has some flaws in its story telling method, that mars the tempo, the film is recommended for the sake of the one woman dynamo called Urvashi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-03-08 |title=Achuvinte Amma |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13659867&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2428 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-date=8 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308192055/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13659867&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2428 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote &quot;When the overall effect of a work of art invokes a desired impact, the fallacies may be forgiven. Achuvinte Amma could have been forgiven but for the final sequence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar132005/mr3.asp|date=13 March 2005|access-date=28 March 2025|title=Achuvinte Amma|website=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313113604/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar132005/mr3.asp|archive-date=13 March 2005|first=Sreenath|last=I}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The reviewer for ''[[WB Channel|Web India]]'' called the film &quot;well scripted&quot; and praised the performance of the lead cast, especially Urvashi, writing, &quot;Urvashi proves yet again that she can handle any role with ease. After a break, she has come back to films in top form. Meera Jasmine looks cute and does her role well. Sunil Kumar, who has acted in ''[[4 the People]]'' before, shows promise.&quot; Concluding, they wrote, &quot;Overall the film is worth watching.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Achuvinte Amma Malayalam Movie review-Webindia123.com |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/achuvinteamma/index.htm |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.webindia123.com |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312150018/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/achuvinteamma/index.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Neelima Menon of ''[[The News Minute]]'' criticizes the climax writing, &quot;Urvashi's single mother not only has a bizarre backstory about rescuing the child and adopting her, we are also shown society's myopic reactions to her single status.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-07 |title='Ennum Eppozhum' to 'Achuvinte Amma': How single mothers are shown in Malayalam films |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ennum-eppozhum-achuvinte-amma-how-single-mothers-are-shown-malayalam-films-104997 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312150025/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ennum-eppozhum-achuvinte-amma-how-single-mothers-are-shown-malayalam-films-104997 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Apunkachioce'' described ''Achuvinte Amma'' as an &quot;eminently watchable film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Achuvinte Amma Review |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/movies/mov501/achuvinte_amma-review.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405001534/http://www.apunkachoice.com/movies/mov501/achuvinte_amma-review.html |archivedate=5 April 2007 |accessdate=2007-02-27 |work=Apun Ka Choice |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mouthshut'' also gave a similar comment quoting &quot;[t]his film has witnessed a great comeback by the Malayalam film industry, and I hope the trend continues, and more and more such good films are produced which will put all others to shame&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review on Achuvinte Amma Movie by MouthShut User |url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Achuvinte_Amma-75257-1.html |access-date=29 May 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402153130/http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Achuvinte_Amma-75257-1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''BizHat'' wrote, &quot;Urvashi as Vanaja proves that she is a wonderful actress. Her performance in the climax is heartrending. Meera Jasmine as Achu too does a good job. Sunil as Jijo surprises you with his performance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-10-11 |title=Achuvinte Amma |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_achuvinte_amma.php |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=movies.bizhat.com |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011003446/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_achuvinte_amma.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> The film was commercially successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=24 March 2006 |title=Time for an encore |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/time-for-an-encore/article3217574.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230929141958/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/time-for-an-encore/article3217574.ece|archive-date=29 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''BizHat'' called the film &quot;a [[sleeper hit]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BizHat.com - Malayalam film news, Tamil film news, Hindi film news, Actors news, Actresses news: A Sleeper hit! |url=https://movies.bizhat.com/news/a_sleeper_hit.php |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=movies.bizhat.com |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130202600/https://movies.bizhat.com/news/a_sleeper_hit.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It completed 200 days in noon show in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kozhikode]], at the state government run Kairali theatre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; On 24 March 2006, Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, &quot;A film that ran for 200 days. It was a big hit, especially with women who thronged the theatres to watch her ([[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]) play foster mother to Meera Jasmine.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/09/stories/2005050908390300.htm|title=Sathyan and his cast revel in box-office triumph|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a trade analysis by ''[[Sify]]'', ''Achuvinte Amma'' performed well in bigger cities than smaller ones. It managed to get a share of around ₹7 lakhs from Kairali theatre, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 40 days, while it only got distributors share of ₹1.1 lakhs in [[Kottayam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=Audience apathy to young stars continues! |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=18 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184518/http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the only film of the year that was successful without featuring any major stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-30 |title=2005- An analysis - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14055617 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201512/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14055617 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> '''[[National Film Awards]]'''<br /> *2006: [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] - [[P. V. Gangadharan]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam]] - [[Meera Jasmine]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Malayalam]] - [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Asianet Film Awards]]'''<br /> * Asianet Film Awards for Best Film - [[P. V. Gangadharan]]<br /> * Asianet Film Awards for Best Actress - [[Meera Jasmine]]<br /> * Asianet Film Awards for Best Female Playback Singer - [[K.S.Chitra]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''<br /> * [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]- [[P. V. Gangadharan]], [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]<br /> * [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist]] - Sarath Das<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0446266|Achuvinte Amma}}<br /> * https://web.archive.org/web/20101204072718/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1973/achuvinte-amma.html<br /> <br /> {{Sathyan Anthikad}}<br /> {{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}<br /> [[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2005 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]<br /> [[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award–winning performance]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_India_Rank&diff=485606 2026-03-02T04:34:19Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Made basic post initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Varun Grover}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = All India Rank<br /> | image = All India Rank poster.jpg<br /> | alt = All India Rank poster<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]<br /> | producer = Sanjay Routray&lt;br /&gt;Sarita Patil&lt;br/&gt;Diksha Jyoti Routray<br /> | writer = Varun Grover<br /> | editing = [[Sanyukta Kaza]]<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Bodhisattva Sharma<br /> * Shashi Bhushan<br /> * Samta Sudiksha<br /> * [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]]<br /> * [[Sheeba Chaddha]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = Mayukh-Mainak<br /> | cinematography = Archana Ghangrekar<br /> | distributor = Kaarmic Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|04|[[IFFR]]|2024|02|23|India}}<br /> | runtime = 94 minutes&lt;ref name=&quot;iffr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=All India Rank |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/films/all-india-rank |website=[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206151113/https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/films/all-india-rank |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | studio = [[Matchbox Shots]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | gross = {{INR|0.35 crores}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=All India Rank Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/all-india-rank/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 February 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''All India Rank''''' is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language [[coming of age]] [[comedy drama]] film directed and written by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and produced by [[Matchbox Shots]]. The film marks Grover’s debut as a [[Feature film|feature-film]] director. The film stars Bodhisattva Sharma in a lead role alongside Shashi Bhushan, Samta Sudiksha, [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]], and [[Sheeba Chaddha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Varun Grover Unveils Poster Of Directorial Debut 'All India Rank'; To Officially Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/varun-grover-unveils-poster-of-directorial-debut-all-india-rank-to-officially-release-on-this-date |website=[[Outlook India]] |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202113954/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/varun-grover-unveils-poster-of-directorial-debut-all-india-rank-to-officially-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the closing film at the 52nd [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|IFFR]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Closing Film: All India Rank {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/events/closing-film-all-india-rank |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=iffr.com |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222182100/https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/events/closing-film-all-india-rank |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released theatrically on 23 February 2024 to positive reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Varun Grover says people 'would be flocking to the theaters' if All India Rank was titled Animal 2: 'More people would come to watch it' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-grover-people-would-be-flocking-to-the-theaters-if-all-india-rank-was-titled-animal-2-9171255/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222182059/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-grover-people-would-be-flocking-to-the-theaters-if-all-india-rank-was-titled-animal-2-9171255/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{No plot|date=February 2024}}<br /> Vivek is 17, and as every middle-class family in India would attest, it was high time he was enrolled in coaching classes for the notoriously competitive entrance exams of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Vivek’s father, who sees an IIT degree as a moral certificate, ships his only son off to a residential preparatory school in Kota, the Mecca for IIT coaching. Over two years, Vivek goes through the motions of Indian adolescence, but it is his parents who do the growing up. As time passes, Vivek’s father learns that there are those with low morale who are studying in IITs, leading him to cryptically tell Vivek that IIT is not the end-goal in life on the night before his IIT entrance exam.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * Bodhisattva Sharma as Vivek Singh <br /> * Samta Sudiksha as Sarika Kumari<br /> * Shashi Bhushan as Ramesh Kumar Singh, Vivek's father<br /> * [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] as Manju Singh, Vivek's mother<br /> * [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Kalpana Bundela<br /> * Kailash Gowthaman as Rahul Reddy<br /> * Ayush Pandey as Rinku Yadav<br /> * Neeraj Singh as Chandan<br /> * Vidit Singh as Ishaan<br /> * Ananyabrata Chakravorty as S. K. Joshi<br /> * Saadat Khan as Shawn Michael / Mohit Verma<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Development===<br /> Director [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] announced the film on 13 April 2022, revealing that it is produced by Sanjay Routray and Sarita Patil. Cinematography is done by Archana Ghangrekar, and editing is done by [[Sanyukta Kaza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Varun Grover's directorial debut 'All India Rank' goes on floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-grovers-directorial-debut-all-india-rank-goes-on-floors/articleshow/90825281.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2024 |date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-grovers-directorial-debut-all-india-rank-goes-on-floors/articleshow/90825281.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''All India Rank'' had its world premiere on 5 February 2023 at the 52nd [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], as the closing film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian films set to screen at International Film Festival Rotterdam 2023 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/international-film-festival-rotterdam-2023-to-screen-indian-films-joram-all-india-rank-15464411.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en |date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220104540/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/international-film-festival-rotterdam-2023-to-screen-indian-films-joram-all-india-rank-15464411.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released theatrically on 23 February 2024 in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='All India Rank' Review: Aces the syllabus, but low on entertainment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/all-india-rank-review-varun-grover-aces-the-syllabus-but-low-on-entertainment-2505517-2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=India Today |date=22 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222183150/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/all-india-rank-review-varun-grover-aces-the-syllabus-but-low-on-entertainment-2505517-2024-02-22 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = All India Rank<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = Mayukh-Mainak<br /> | released = 14 February 2024<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 15:55<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | label = [[Tips Industries]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music of the film was composed by Mayukh-Mainak while lyrics are written by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=All India Rank (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/all-india-rank-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1730488985 |website=Apple Music |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125536/https://music.apple.com/us/album/all-india-rank-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1730488985 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = 15:55<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Noodle Sa Dil<br /> | extra1 = [[Aditi Paul]]<br /> | length1 = 2:52<br /> | title2 = Sab Achhi Baatein Hain<br /> | extra2 = Araham Khan, Bodhisattva Sharma<br /> | length2 = 3:00<br /> | title3 = Choice Hi Nahin Hai<br /> | extra3 = Sumit Roy<br /> | length3 = 2:53<br /> | title4 = Thehar Zara<br /> | extra4 = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<br /> | length4 = 4:07<br /> | title5 = Haq Hai<br /> | extra5 = [[Shahid Mallya]]<br /> | length5 = 3:43<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Critical response ===<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=62|count=13|average=6.2|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=1 March 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=All India Rank |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_india_rank |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301120958/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_india_rank |archive-date=1 March 2024 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and said, &quot;Varun Grover's debut feature is a deftly-drawn, affectionate portrait of a young man who is being blown along by the force of his father's dreams.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=All India Rank movie review: Varun Grover film treads familiar 12th Fail territory, but is very much its own beast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/all-india-rank-movie-review-varun-grover-film-treads-familiar-12th-fail-territory-very-much-its-own-beast-9176822/ |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224064028/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/all-india-rank-movie-review-varun-grover-film-treads-familiar-12th-fail-territory-very-much-its-own-beast-9176822/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, &quot;''All India Rank'' abounds in wonderfully striking touches that elevate it above the sum of its parts and turn it into a perceptive, holistic testament to a time of flux. Watch it because it takes you where Hindi films rarely do - a zone where ideas, feelings and barely stated dilemmas take precedence over the exigencies of plot and exposition.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |author1-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=All India Rank Review: At Once Charming And Thought-Provoking Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/all-india-rank-review-at-once-charming-and-thought-provoking-film-4-stars-5117164 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en |date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225025243/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/all-india-rank-review-at-once-charming-and-thought-provoking-film-4-stars-5117164 |url-status=live }}{{rating|4|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and reviewed the film, describing it as &quot;a sweet, sincere, personal film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mayank |author1-link=Mayank Shekhar |title='All India Rank' movie review: Growing up with Grover |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/all-india-rank-movie-review-growing-up-with-grover-23336674 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en |date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125537/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/all-india-rank-movie-review-growing-up-with-grover-23336674 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, and wrote, &quot;''All India Rank'', passes most of the criteria needed in a good film and yet, it falls short on entertainment value&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='All India Rank' Review: Aces the syllabus, but low on entertainment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/all-india-rank-review-varun-grover-aces-the-syllabus-but-low-on-entertainment-2505517-2024-02-22 |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=22 February 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222061152/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/all-india-rank-review-varun-grover-aces-the-syllabus-but-low-on-entertainment-2505517-2024-02-22 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed film and wrote, &quot;This coming-of-age drama about the IIT-ian dream is humorous and observant, yet hardly stands out in a sea of similar-minded content.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit |title='All India Rank' movie review: Varun Grover's directorial debut is delicate but familiar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-india-rank-movie-review-varun-grovers-directorial-debut-is-delicate-but-familiar/article67873708.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en |date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224190742/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-india-rank-movie-review-varun-grovers-directorial-debut-is-delicate-but-familiar/article67873708.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' in her review, wrote, &quot;The film's low-energy hero and fatalistic mood – the promise of the 1990s notwithstanding – are difficult to sustain over the 101-minute runtime. Grover's screenplay has a collection of finely written episodes that compensate for Vivek's feeble, familiar coming-of-age experience.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='All India Rank' review: Testing times in movie about a reluctant IIT aspirant |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1063789/all-india-rank-review-testing-times-in-movie-about-a-reluctant-iit-aspirant |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=25 February 2024 |language=en |date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223105502/https://scroll.in/reel/1063789/all-india-rank-review-testing-times-in-movie-about-a-reluctant-iit-aspirant |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Box office ===<br /> The film collected {{INRConvert|15|l}} – {{INRConvert|20|l}} on its opening day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=बॉक्‍स ऑफिस पर 'आर्टिकल 370' की धीमी शुरुआत, 'क्रैक' का हाल बुरा! जानिए पहले दिन कितनी होगी कमाई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/box-office/yami-gautam-article-370-vs-crakk-vs-all-india-rank-day-1-box-office-prediction-report/articleshow/107941824.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt24973142}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=all-india-rank}}<br /> * [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_india_rank Rotten Tomatoes]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizo_people&diff=447717 2026-02-24T20:35:15Z

<p>Hafilhafi: fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ethnic group in northeastern India}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Mizo<br /> | native_name = ''Mizo hnam''<br /> | rawimage = [[File:Mizoram Bango Nirtya performed at the 44th India International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2013.jpg|200px|alt=[[Cheraw]] dance of the Mizos]]<br /> | caption = Mizo traditional [[Cheraw (dance)|Cheraw]] dance<br /> | population = 1,400,000+ (2011–2019){{efn|including the Mizo diaspora's respective statistics}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150916/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region1 = {{flag|India}}<br /> | pop1 = 1,022,616{{efn|Mizo proper: 830,846; Hmâr, Lakher, Pawi, and Paite in Mizoram combined with Mizo proper: 10,22616}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150916/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region2 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Mizoram]]<br /> | pop2 = 914,026{{efn|Mizo proper: 802,763; Hmâr, Lakher, Pawi, and Paite in Mizoram combined with Mizo proper: 914,026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Mizoram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113828/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region3 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Manipur]]<br /> | pop3 = 55,581{{efn|Mizo proper: 6,500; Hmâr combined with Mizo proper: 55,581. Paite in Manipur are not counted as they identify as Zomi in Manipur.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015659/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region4 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Assam]]<br /> | pop4 = 33,329{{efn|Mizo proper: 4,006; Hmâr combined with Mizo proper: 33,329. Paite in Assam are not counted as they identify as Zomi in Assam.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015659/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region5 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Meghalaya]]<br /> | pop5 = 6,439{{efn|Mizo proper: 4,445; Hmâr combined with Mizo proper: 6,439. Paite in Meghalaya are not counted as they identify as Zomi in Meghalaya.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Meghalaya |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015659/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region6 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Tripura]]<br /> | pop6 = [[Mizo people in Tripura|5,810]]{{efn|Mizo proper: 5,639; Hmâr combined with Mizo proper: 5,810.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Tripura |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015659/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1400.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region7 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | pop7 = 1,445&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619023527/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region8 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Nagaland]]<br /> | pop8 = 1,264&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Nagaland |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015704/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region9 = {{flag|Myanmar}}<br /> | pop9 = [[Mizo people in Myanmar|33,554]] (1973){{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=95}}<br /> | region10 = {{flag|United States}}&lt;br&gt;{{flag|Canada}}<br /> | pop10 = {{approx|6,000}}&lt;ref name=USP&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2023 |title=About us |url=https://www.mizosocietyofamerica.org/about-us |website=Mizo Society of America |location=United States |access-date=19 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Spread out across US and Canada. When considering the Chin population in the US it numbers 30,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://trojaneer.com/9731/features/celebrating-chin-culture/|title=Celebrating Chin culture|first=Jack|last=Forrest|access-date=30 October 2023|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305131353/https://trojaneer.com/9731/features/celebrating-chin-culture/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | region11 = {{flag|Israel}}<br /> | pop11 = 6,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-bnei-menashe-community-in-crisis-as-manipur-rocked-by-ethnic-violence/|title=India's Bnei Menashe community in crisis as Manipur rocked by ethnic violence|first=Jordyn|last=Haime|website=The Times of Israel|date=19 June 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023|archive-date=6 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506014754/http://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-bnei-menashe-community-in-crisis-as-manipur-rocked-by-ethnic-violence/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | languages = [[Mizo language|Mizo]]<br /> | religions = '''Majority''':&lt;br /&gt; [[Christianity in Mizoram|Christianity]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html Religion data of census 2011] cpsindia.org October 2016 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201042816/https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html |date=1 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''Minority''': &lt;br /&gt; [[Judaism]], and [[Sakhua|Mizo Sakhua]]{{efn|Historical majority}}&lt;ref name=SCSTReligion&gt;{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=SC-14: Scheduled Caste population by religious community, 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034553/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14.html |archive-date=14 November 2019}}<br /> |{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled Tribe population by religious community, 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034625/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-date=14 November 2019}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | related_groups = {{ubl|[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kukish]]-speaking peoples}}<br /> | related-c = ([[Zo people|Zo]]):[[Chin people]], [[Kuki people]], [[Thadou people]], [[Mizo people in Tripura|Hallam-Kuki people]], [[Asho people]]&lt;ref name=CGTM&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chinliankap |first1=T. John |last2=Rinawma |first2=P. |date=July 2014 |title=The Cognate Tribes of Mizors in North East India |url=https://mzu.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Geographic-Vol.9.2014.pdf |journal=Mizoram University Geographic |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=Mizoram University|issn=0975-4121 |access-date=31 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Vumson|1987|p=40}}&lt;br /&gt;([[Zomi]]):[[Paite people|Paihtê people]], [[Zou people]], [[Vaiphei people]], [[Simte people]], [[Sukte people|Suktê people]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Rebecca C. |last=Haokip |chapter=The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur |editor=Lazar Jeyaseelan |title=Conflict Mapping and Peace Processes in North East India |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |url=http://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |year=2007 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007}} |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |page=191 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;([[Naga people|Naga]]): [[Aimol people]], [[Kom people (India)|Kom people]], [[Chiru people]]&lt;ref name=CGTM/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;'''Subgroups'''&lt;br/&gt;([[List of Mizo clans|Mizo subgroups]]): [[Hmar people|Hmâr people]], [[Lai people]], [[Mara people]], [[Ralte people|Râlte people]], [[Paite people|Paihtê]]&lt;ref name=CGTM/&gt;<br /> | native_name_lang = lus<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox ethnonym|people='''Mizo hnam'''|language=[[Mizo language|Duhlián ṭawng]]|country=[[Mizoram]], Zoram}}<br /> {{Contains special characters}}<br /> The '''Mizo people''' (historically called the '''Lushais'''{{efn|''Lushai'' is a colonial misnomer encompassing different tribes living in the then Lushai hills; not to be confused with the '''Lusei''' tribe{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=22}}}}) are a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] ethnic group primarily from the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. Further communities beyond Mizoram live in neighboring northeast Indian states like [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizo people in Tripura|Tripura]], with minority populations also found in [[Mizo people in Myanmar|Myanmar]] and North America, including the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=XVIII,61}}&lt;ref name=USP/&gt; Mizoram is the [[Literacy in India|most literate state]] in [[India]], and the first to become fully literate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Population 2022 {{!}} Sex Ratio &amp; Literacy rate 2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/mizoram.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fulllit&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Times of India |title=Mizoram tops literacy charts, becomes 1st fully literate state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mizoram-tops-literacy-charts-becomes-1st-fully-literate-state/articleshow/121298699 |access-date=25 May 2025 |work=Times of India |date=21 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Oral history of the Mizos states [[Sinlung|{{lang|lus|Chhînlung|cat=no}}]] as the original homeland of the people. The nature of {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} as a location or an eponym is inconclusive in answering what or where it is.{{sfn|Pachuau|2009|p=2}} This origin story is shared among various other [[Zo people|{{lang|lus|Zohnahtlâk|cat=no}} tribes]].{{sfn|Roluahpuia|2023|p=95-96}}<br /> <br /> The [[Chin people]] of Myanmar and the [[Kuki people]] of India and Bangladesh are the kindred tribes of Mizos&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/visualstories/webstories/interesting-facts-about-the-kuki-tribe-35073-06-05-2023 | title=Interesting facts about the Kuki tribe | date=6 May 2023|publisher=India Today NE}}&lt;/ref&gt; and many of the [[Mizo people in Myanmar|Mizo migrants in Myanmar]] have accepted the Chin identity.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=73}} The Chin, Kuki, Mizo, and southern Naga peoples are collectively known as [[Zo people]] ({{lang|lus|Zohnahthlâk}}; {{literal translation|descendants of Zo}}) which all speak the [[Mizo literature|Mizo language]].{{sfn|Vumson|1987|p=2,7}}<br /> <br /> The [[Mizo language]], also known as {{lang|lus|Duhlián ṭawng}}, is part of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language family]].{{sfn|Murthy|Subbarao|2011|p=777}} Regionally the language is classed within the [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|{{lang|lus|Zohnathlâk|nocat=yes}} languages]] among the [[Zo people]].{{sfn|VanBik|2009|p=1}}<br /> <br /> Before [[British rule in the Lushai Hills]], the Mizo people organized themselves under a system of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Mizo chieftainship]]. A notable chiefdom was the [[Selesih|Confederacy of {{lang|lus|Selesih|nocat=yes}}]].{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=6-7}} Other notable chiefdoms were Tualte under [[Vanhnuailiana]]{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=8}} and [[Aizawl]] under [[Lalsavunga]].{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=131}} Following British annexation of the Lushai Hills, the Mizos [[History of Christianity in Mizoram|adopted Christianity]] via the influence of missionaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Angom |first=Rebecca |date=31 January 2020 |title=Christianization and its Impact on Mizo Culture |url=https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/view/232 |journal=Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |issn=2663-7197}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the decolonisation period, the Mizo people asserted political representation with the founding of the [[Mizo Union]].{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=354}}<br /> <br /> The Lushai Hills was constituted as an autonomous district of Assam before being renamed to the [[Mizo district]]. Following the [[mautam]] famine of 1959, the [[Mizo National Front]] declared independence in the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] in 1966. The Indian government responded with the [[Bombing of Aizawl]] and [[Operation Accomplishment]] ,an extensive village regrouping policy, to curb the insurgency. The unrest continued until 1986, when Mizoram was inaugurated as a state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=Dr. J.V |last2=Tochhawng |first2=Rini|date=2012 |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971|location=Newcastle, UK |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-44384042-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Classification==<br /> {{main|Scheduled Tribe}}<br /> The Indian Constitution contains provisions related to communities classified as Scheduled Tribes under Article 342. The term, however, is not defined and is subject to the discretion of the President and the Governor of the relevant state. The criterion for assessing categorisation informally considers indications of primitive traits, distinct culture, geographical isolation, shyness of community contact, and economic backwardness.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=255}}<br /> <br /> The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, dated 6 September 1950, designated the hill people of Assam and the Mizos as a Scheduled Tribe. Government policy follows [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s five principles (tribal {{lang|hi|Panchsheel}}) to improve the quality of lives without disturbing their way of life.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=255}} This focuses on encouragement of traditional talents, culture and knowledge; Tribal rights in land and forests; Tribal recruitment into administration and development; Harmonisation of policies without rivalry and judgment of civic growth.{{sfn|Mann|1993|p=36}}<br /> <br /> ==Definition and subgroups==<br /> {{main|List of Mizo clans}}<br /> <br /> The term &quot;Mizo&quot; is a collective name for the people inhabiting the State of [[Mizoram]] who have close affinity in dialect, origins and customs.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=4}} Pachuau states that the Mizo identity was a result of increased self-consciousness of a distinct ethnic group which has had no formal basis of inclusion and exclusion but rather moulded by pre-colonial and post-colonial history granting it legitimacy.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=7}} The most popular discourse on defining Mizo identity is that tribes are identified as being {{lang|lus|chhînlung chhuak}} ({{translation|emerging form {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}}}}). Mizos see themselves as a tribe and a nation but do not deny subclassifications of clans and tribes.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=11}}<br /> <br /> The words Mizo liberally refers to the hill people living in Mizoram but certain groups such as [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], [[Reang]]s and [[Nepali people|Nepali]]s are not considered Mizo due to their lack of affinity. Mizo is thus used to include the people who share a common origin of migrating into present-day Mizoram. The main clans under the Mizo term are [[Hmar people|Hmâr]], [[Lusei people|Lusei]], [[Ralte people|Râlte]], Chawngthu, Khawlhring, Vangchhe, Chawhte, Ngênte, Rawite, Khiangte, [[Paite people|Paihtê]], Renthlei, Tlau, Fânai, [[Lai people|Lai]], and other minor clans in certain cases of [[Thado people|Thado]], [[Sukte people|Suktê]] etc.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=7-8}}<br /> <br /> There are as many as 17 clans of the Mizos and numerous subclans within them. These clans have their own dialects and customs, however the dialects differ little and it interchangeably understood. Mizo ṭawng/[[Mizo language|{{lang|lus|Duhlián ṭawng|cat=no}}]] functions as the lingua franca of the Mizos.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=9}}<br /> <br /> ===Subgroups===<br /> There are five major clans or tribes of the Mizo people which are [[Hmar people|Hmâr]], Lusei, [[Ralte people|Râlte]], [[Lai people|Lai (Pawi)]], and [[Mara people|Mara (Lakher)]] which are known as the {{lang|lus|awzia}} ({{translation|foreigner/ speaker of foreign language}}{{sfn|Lorrain|Savidge|1898|p=58}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in&quot; /&gt; Some [[Lai people|Lai]] and [[Mara people|Mara]] tribes do not identify as Mizo despite being considered proper tribes of the Mizo group.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=12}}<br /> <br /> ====Hmâr====<br /> {{Main|Hmar people}}<br /> <br /> ''Hmâr'' in the Lusei dialect of [[Mizo language|Mizo]] means &quot;north,&quot; indicating that the Hmârs lived at the north of the Luseis.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=185}}{{sfn|Borah|2017|p=5}} They are descendants of Manmasi and term themselves {{lang|lus|Manmasi-nau}} ({{translation|children of Manmasi}}), who came out of the [[Chhinlung|{{lang|lus|Chhînlung|nocat=yes}}]] cave, known as {{lang|hmr|Sinlung}} in the [[Hmar language|Hmâr dialect]].{{sfn|Bapui|2018|p=218}} Historical settlements of Mizoram such as [[Biate (town)|Biate]], [[Champhai]] and [[Vangchhia]] were historically inhabited by the Hmârs.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=44}}<br /> <br /> The Hmâr population decreased since the 1901 census as many began to consider themselves Mizo. The tribe currently claim a population of 150,000 under the Mizo classification. The Hmârs traditionally participated in artisan works such as blacksmithing, carpentry, brass workings and pottery.{{sfn|Prakash|2008|p=838|loc=Volume 2}}<br /> <br /> The Hmâr were politically active within the Mizo community with the influence of educated elites from the Indian plains. Prominent Hmâr statesmen were H.K Bawichhuaka and Pachhunga, who played significant roles in the early period of the [[Mizo Union]]. However, following the formation of the [[Union Territory of Mizoram]], the Hmârs became discontent with the deprivation of representation, where political power was vested within the Lusei and the Pawi-Lakher autonomous council. The discontent was intensified following the [[Mizo Accord]] and the ascension of Mizoram to statehood. The [[Hmar People's Convention|Hmâr People's Convention]] and Hmâr Volunteer Cell formed a separatist movement.{{sfn|Prakash|2008|p=839|loc=Volume 2}} The organisations demanded for the formation of an autonomous region for the Hmâr inhabited regions in Mizoram, Manipur and Cachar. The Hmârs settled an accord in 1994 before various factors led to a splinter with a demand for a separate Hmâr state instead.{{sfn|Prakash|2008|p=840|loc=Volume 2}}<br /> <br /> ====Lusei====<br /> {{see also|Mizo Chieftainship}}<br /> [[File:A photograph of Lusei Chiefs.jpg|thumb|A picture of Lusei chiefs Sitting from L to R: [[Kairûma]] Biate khaw chief, Thanruma Bawlte chief, Khamliana Lungleng chief,Suakhnuna Tachhip chief Standing from L to R:Lalluaia Reiek chief, Hrangvunga Tripura Zampui tlangdung chief, Not known.|alt=Eight Lusei chiefs photographed]]<br /> The former Mizo term {{lang|lus|Lushai}} descends from the Lusei tribe and was popularised following the [[Lushai Expedition]]. Originally, it referred to the tribes occupying south of Cachar, and began to be used as a term for all tribes west of the [[Kaladan river]].{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=5}} The origin of the Lusei clan is relatively unknown compared to other Mizo subgroups. However, the Lusei claim to be distinct as early as settlement in the Chin Hills. Lusei is argued to be a linguistic classification for individuals who speak the {{lang|lus|Duhlián}} dialect. However, there is no genealogy for the Lusei as Lusei historiography has been dominated by chieftain dynasties such as the Sailo. The Paihtês claim that the Lusei descend from Boklua, an illegitimate son of the Paihtê chief Ngehguka.{{sfn|Khai|1995|p=18-20}}<br /> <br /> The Lusei are also known as {{lang|lus|Duhlian}}. Traditionally, they were identified by how they tied their hair on the back of their head.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kumtluang Bu Riatna |publisher=The Director State Council of Educational Research and Training |location=Mizoram, Aizawl |year=2021 |edition=5th |page=129 |language=Mizo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The existing Lusei Chiefs all claim to descendants of a certain [[Ṭhangura]], who is sometimes to [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|Shakespear]] said to have sprung from the union of a Burman with a Paihtê woman.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=3}} In Mizo historiography, Ṭhangur is the son of [[Zahmuaka]], the first Lusei chief.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&amp;dq=mizo+chief&amp;pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7|page=170}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=102}}<br /> <br /> ====Râlte====<br /> The word {{lang|lus|Râlte}} is made up of two words: {{lang|ral|Râl}} ({{translation|enemy}}) and {{lang|ral|te}} being a plural marker. Due to the [[Chhinlung|{{lang|lus|Chhînlung|nocat=yes}}]] origin story, the Râlte people are regarded to be the noisiest members of the Mizo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Chitta Ranjan |title=Post-colonial Mizo Politics |date=1999 |publisher=UBS |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Râlte claim to be the last group to leave Chhînlung with the mythical ancestors known as Hehua and Leplupi.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=139}}{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=16}} Their two sons, Kheltea and Siakenga, conflicted over the distribution of their father's inheritance. This led to the younger Kheltea inheriting the assets and the two brothers setting up separate villages thus establishing the two main branches of the Râlte clan.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=140}}{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=16}} Famous Râlte chiefs include Mangkhaia, who was captured and ransomed but killed by Vanpuia, who did not receive a share of the ransom. {{lang|lus|Mangkhaia Lung}} ({{translation|Mangkhaia's memorial}}){{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=6}} was erected by his father Mangthawnga for this. The Râlte were distinguished from the larger Lusei clan for maintaining their dialect and being known for not building [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûk|nocat=yes}}]] originally until being influenced by Lusei chiefs. The Khelte and Siakeng themselves differ in traditional sacrificial customs. Historically, the Râlte resisted absorption into the Lusei chiefs and maintained their language in their villages.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=140}}<br /> <br /> ====Lai (Pawi)====<br /> {{Main|Lai people}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Fanai.jpg|thumb|A picture of 3 Fânai clansmen|alt=Three Fânai clansmen]]{{lang|lus|Pawi}} is a name given by Lusei to those who tie their hair on the top of their foreheads.{{sfn|Kamkhenthang|1988|p=7}} The {{lang|lus|Pawi}} refer to themselves as [[Lai people|Lai]]. [[Hakha]], ([[Mizo language|Mizo]]:{{lang|lus|Halkha}}) is the capital city of [[Chin State]], which is the main settlement of Pawis in Myanmar, where they are known as the Hakha Chin people.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=15-16}}<br /> <br /> The Hakha Chin people do not identify themself as Mizo and prefer the name Lai or [[Chin people|Chin]]. This is due to the political decision under Section 2(4) of the Chin Special Division Act, amended in 1957. Mizos in Burma adopted the Chin identity to become Burmese citizens. As a result, half of the Mizo population was effectively discouraged from calling themselves Mizos.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=73}}<br /> [[File:Plate 25 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg|150x250px|thumb|Fânai chief [[Zakapa]] from 1909.|alt=Fânai chief [[Zakapa]]]]<br /> In 1953, India adopted a constitution defining itself as a sovereign democratic republic. At that time, the Lai people of the southern part of Mizoram, a segment of the much larger population of Lai/Chin, were granted an [[Autonomous District Council]] under the Sixth Schedule of the constitution in support of their identity. [[Lawngtlai]] was created as the headquarters of [[Lai Autonomous District Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pachuau|first=Rintluanga|title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography|year=2009|publisher=Northern Book Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Mara (Lakher)====<br /> {{main|Mara people}}<br /> <br /> The Mara people are known by different names: they are {{lang|lus|Lakher}} in Mizo and {{lang|rki|Shendu}} in [[Arakanese language|Arakanese]]. They primarily inhabit the southeastern region of the Lushai Hills. While the Maras are believed to have originated in the north, historical accounts suggest that they migrated from various locations within central Chin State, likely due to external pressures from the east. Their migration route to their present settlements can be traced with relative accuracy. Their settlement in the Lushai Hills is estimated to have been established around 200 to 300 years ago.{{sfn|Parry|Hutton|1932|p=1-2}}<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The term ''Mizo'' is derived from two [[Mizo language|Mizo]] words: {{lang|lus|Mi}} ({{translation|&quot;person&quot; or &quot;civilian&quot;}}) and {{lang|lus|Zo}} ({{translation|hill}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |date=March 2024 |entry=Mizo (n. &amp; adj.), etymology |doi=10.1093/OED/1209469017}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Schendel, {{lang|lus|Zo}} means 'highland' or perhaps 'remote'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Schendel |first1=Willem |title=Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: Jumping scale in Southeast Asia |journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space |date=2002 |volume=20 |issue=6 |page=653 (note 13) |doi=10.1068/d16s |bibcode=2002EnPlD..20..647V |s2cid=220080961 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254901953 |access-date=16 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangkima argues the {{lang|lus|Zo}} emerges from ancient China. Since Mizos have historically named their tribes and clans after leaders, {{lang|lus|Zo}} could possibly be a development of {{lang|cmn|Zhou}} of the [[Zhou dynasty]].{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=33}} The similarity of {{lang|cmn|Zhou}} to variations of {{lang|lus|Zo}} such as: {{lang|lus|Jo, Yo}} indicates that the term possibly descended from the tribal beginnings of the Zhou Chinese state.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=32}} Another proposal is that is descends from the Chinese term Miao Tsu ({{lang-zh|t=苗族|s=苗族书|p=Miáozú|l=}}) which was applied to the non-Han tribes in southwest China at the time the Mizos had cohabited together with them.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=24}}<br /> <br /> During the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British colonial era]], the Mizo people were known as the Lushai people, an [[anglicised]] form of Lusei, one of the prominent clans among the Mizo people.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=5}}<br /> <br /> The Mizo people were known as the {{lang|my|ကလင်ကော့}} ({{transliteration|my|Ka Lin Kaw/ Kalinko}}) by the [[Bamar people|Burmans]] when 800 Mizo men joined [[Maha Bandula]]'s [[cavalry]] in 1823 though detailed etymological studies specific to this name are limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ABOUT/ethnicgroups.htm|title=Ethnic Groups of Myanmar|access-date=28 December 2024|archive-date=20 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220013050/https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ABOUT/ethnicgroups.htm|url-status=live}})&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://online.pubhtml5.com/shlu/mdus/|title=မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ (၁၂)|language=my|page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is a theory that due to the alpine climate, the hill people could've been named {{lang|lus|Zomi}} or Mizo as &quot;people of the cold regions&quot;. By this definition, {{lang|lus|Zo}} means cold region, and {{lang|lus|Mi}} means men. However, outside groups' lack of continuation of this name doesn't support the theory.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=71}}<br /> <br /> Lalthangliana argues that the name derives from the town of Zopui, built in about 1765. The town was ruled under [[Lallula]], the progenitor of the modern Sailo chiefs. Due to Lallula's success in raids against their enemies, the Chins, it is plausible that the people prided themselves on their settlement name as the Braves of Zopui. {{lang|lus|Pui}} ({{translation|big}}) in Zopui hence refers to the big town of {{lang|lus|Zo}}.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=71}} Due to the fact that the term Mizo wasn't included in the 1901 British census and became common by the 1960s, it supports the theory of Mizo being a modern name.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=72}} However other historians such as Vanchhunga argue that the term Mizo was being used as early as during the settlements in Burma as the forefathers use to state &quot;{{lang|lus|Keini Mizote chuan}}&quot; ({{translation|We are the Mizos}}).{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=16}} The earliest documented usage of the term Mizo was by [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] in his monograph which proclaimed the people refer to themself in this term.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=12}} In the 1961 census of India, 28000 Hmâr, 109000 Lusei, 9000 Paihtê, 40000 Pawi and 41000 Râlte declared themselves as Mizos which constituted 96% of the total population. In Burma, the identification of individuals as Mizos decreased. This was because, unless they identified as Chin, the government of Burma did not consider them citizens.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=73}}<br /> <br /> Before the term Mizo, the peoples of the [[Chin Hills]], [[Lushai Hills]], [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] were described as being a part of the {{lang|Lus|Zo}} ({{lang|cnh|Jo/Yaw}}) country according to [[Vincenzo Sangermano]] in 1833. This view was reinforced by [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] who in his book ''A fly on the wheel'' describes generic nation of the people in Lushai Hills as &quot;Dzo&quot;.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=13}}<br /> <br /> The popularisation of the term Mizo is also argued to be a political influence. The emergence of the Mizo Union began to replace the terms Lusei or Lushai with Mizo as a conscious choice to incorporate all the tribes of the district at the time. In 1954, the Lushai Hills district was transformed into the Mizo District with a change of name act.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roluahpuia |title=Nationalism in the Vernacular |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009346061 |isbn=978-1-009-34606-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mizo is a broad ethnic classification of subgroups or clans inhabiting [[Mizoram]] (in colonial times the Lushai Hills) in India. [[Zo people|Members of many subgroups]], especially speakers of the [[Central Kuki-Chin languages]] have joined and adopted the Mizo category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy L. K. |last2=van Schendel |first2=Willem |year=2015 |title=The Camera as Witness |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=8–9 |isbn=978-1-107-07339-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ancestral origins==<br /> ==={{lang|lus|Chhînlung}}===<br /> {{See also|Chhinlung}}<br /> Some Mizos have a belief that their ancestors left a place known as &quot;[[Sinlung|{{lang|lus|Chhînlung|nocat=yes}}]]&quot; to immigrate. Some agree that this location is in Northwest China near the upper [[Mekong Valley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Land Revenue Department of Mizoram|date=2017|title=The Land Systems of Mizoram |url=https://landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/historical-evolution-of-mizoram.pdf |website=Land Revenue of Mizoram |location=Aizawl |publisher=Government of Mizoram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707024815/https://landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/historical-evolution-of-mizoram.pdf |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-date=7 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lalthangliana argues that the Tibeto-Burman ancestors of the Mizos resided in the Tao Valley of present-day [[Gansu]], northeast of Tibet.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=xi}} The Mizos have songs and tales that have been passed down from one generation to the next by influential people about the splendor of the old {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} civilization.&lt;ref name=&quot;landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in&quot; /&gt; It is argued that {{lang|lus|Chîn}} refers to the [[Qin Dynasty]] and that {{lang|lus|lung}} in the Mizo language refers to the heart as well as rock, hence possibly referring to the heartland of the Qin Empire at the time.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=58|loc=Volume 1}} Oral history among Mizo communities have passed down {{lang|lus|hla}} ({{translation|song}}) of the Chhînlung origin and have surmised that the ancestors of the Mizos left Chhînlung hurriedly:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=Mizo:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Khaw singlungah kal siel ang ka zuang suak a,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Mi le nello tam e,&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Hriemi hraiah.}}&lt;br/&gt;<br /> English:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Out of the village Sinlung,''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''I jumped out like a siel [sic][[gayal]],''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Innumerable were the encounters''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''With the children of men.''<br /> |source=Essay on the History of the Mizos{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=3}}<br /> }} <br /> This {{lang|lus|hla}} has been argued to be a reference to a Chinese military excursion on the ancestors of the Mizos and attributed to [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s military campaigns.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=15}}<br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=Mizo:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Ka siengna Sinlung ram hmingthang,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Ka nu ram, ka pa ram Ngai.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Chawngzil ang kokir theih chang Siena&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Ka nu ram, ka pa ram ngai.}}&lt;br/&gt;<br /> English:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''My mother-land, famous Sinlung''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Home of my own ancestors''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Could it be called back like Chawngzil,''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Home of my own ancestor.''<br /> |source=Essay on the History of the Mizos{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=2}}<br /> }}<br /> This {{lang|lus|hla}} is argued to be of more recent composition according to its sentiment, language and construction.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=15}}<br /> <br /> Guite argues that the {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} cavern or cave wasn't the origin of the Mizo tribes but rather an important settlement along their migration routes into their present-day settlements.{{sfn|Haokip|2014|p=15}} Zawla argues that the Mizos originated from the [[Great Wall of China]] built in 225 BC. Zawla suggests the Mizos were a Mongolian group who migrated from Western China between the [[Yangtze]] and [[Huanghe]].{{sfn|Haokip|2014|p=18}} Haokip suggests that based on the [[Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang]] following his death, that {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} could refer to the vast networks of caverns and gates built underground where he was buried. The linguistic study of {{lang|hmr|Sinlung}} and {{lang|ctd|khul}} further implies that {{lang|lus|Khulsinlung}} together means tomb or graveyard covered with stones; however, further research is required into this claim.{{sfn|Haokip|2014|p=29}}<br /> <br /> Historian, Sangkima, argues that {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} is located in [[Sichuan]] province of China. The homophonic name Xinlong is located in Sichuan and proposed as a possible location.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=21}} This has been rejected as it is unknown if {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} refers to a Tibetan or Mandarin name. Xinlong is a sinicised name while the Tibetan name is Nyarong.{{sfn|Chhakchhuak|2019|p=10}} Furthermore, the county was named Xinlong in 1951 hence not supporting the theory.{{sfn|Chhakchhuak|2019|p=10}} Another proposal is that {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} is an eponym of a ruler, as traditionally the Mizos declared their origin by their allegiance to their chief rather than a geographic location.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=22}}<br /> <br /> ===Departure from China===<br /> According to [[Kenneth Scott Latourette|K. S. Latourette]], there were [[Revolution|political upheavals]] in [[China]] in 210 BC when the dynastic rule was abolished and the whole empire was brought under one administrative system. Rebellions broke out and chaos reigned throughout the Chinese state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesetheirhist035017mbp/mode/2up|last=Latourette|first=Kenneth|title=The Chinese: Their History and Culture|publisher=The Macmillan Company }}&lt;/ref&gt; Joshi argues that the Mizos left China as part of one of those waves of migration.&lt;ref name=&quot;MPAP&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Hargovind|date=2005 |title=Mizoram Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtX52F_qcWgC&amp;dq=K.S.Latourette+mizo&amp;pg=PR7 |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=11 |isbn=81-7099-997-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anthropologist B. Lalthangliana traces the origins of the Mizo people to [[northwestern China]], particularly the [[Gansu province|Gansu region]] along the [[Yellow River valley]]s.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=xi}} Historical records, including the [[Shiji|{{lang|cmn|Shi Ji|nocat=yes}}]] ({{translation|Historical Records}}), [[Book of the Later Han|{{lang|cmn|Hou Han Shu|nocat=yes}}]] ({{translation|Book of the Later Han}}), and [[New Book of Tang|{{lang|cmn|Xin Tang Shu|nocat=yes}}]] ({{translation|New Book of Tang}}), suggest that the ancestors of the Tibeto-Burman groups descended from the [[Qiang (historical people)|Di-Qiang people]], who lived in the Yellow River valleys over 7,000 years ago.&lt;ref name=DQMH&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Shangwu|last2=Hu|first2=Qingsong|last3=Xie|first3=Yi|last4=Zhou|first4=Lingjun|last5=Xiao|first5=Chunjie|last6=Wu|first6=Yuping|last7=Yu|first7=Anlong |title=Origin of Tibeto-Burman speakers: Evidence from HLA allele distribution in Lisu and Nu inhabiting Yunnan of China |journal=Human Immunology |date=June 2007 |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=550–559 |doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2007.02.006 |pmid=17509456}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Two major migrations of the Di-Qiang people contributed to the spread of Tibeto-Burman groups:<br /> <br /> * First Migration (3000 BC – 2000 BC): Triggered by population growth due to agricultural abundance.&lt;ref name=DQMH/&gt;<br /> * Second Migration (1st century AD - 6th century AD): Driven by warfare and political instability.&lt;ref name=DQMH/&gt;<br /> <br /> The original Tibeto-Burman ancestors of the Mizos are estimated to have originally settled in the [[Gobi Desert]] and northeast of [[Tibet]].{{sfn|Lalhmingthangi|Singh|2022|p=4}}<br /> <br /> The ancestors of the Mizos and other Tibeto-Burman groups are identified as the [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] ({{lang-zh|c=羌|p=Qiāng|w=''Ch'iang''}}). The Qiang were said to have been established in the western areas of [[Sichuan]], [[Shanxi]] and [[Gansu]].{{sfn|Vumson|1987|p=27}} They were neighbours to the [[Shang dynasty]], where their diplomacy was characterised as warlike, consisting of raids, looting and kidnapping for [[human sacrifice]].{{sfn|Vumson|1987|p=27}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.|author=Nicola Di Cosmo |date=13 March 1999 |contribution =The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&amp;pg=PA908 |editor=Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughness |page=908 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-47030-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; One branch travelled south towards Burma and formed the modern Tiobeto-Burman groups.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chen |first=Qingying|author-link=Chen Qingying |date=2003 |title=Tibetan History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcn7AWsj8eQC |location= |publisher=China Intercontinental Press |page=7 |isbn= 978-7-5085-0234-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vumson argues that the [[Tanguts]] formed from the Qiang people were forced southwards by Chinese expansion at an early stage. This was argued as of the Tibeto-Burman languages, only Tibetans maintained a written script, indicating that civilisation did not penetrate them before around the time of the [[Zhou dynasty]]. The absence of the influence of Buddhism indicates that by the first century AD, the Tibeto-Burman ancestors of the Mizos had shifted their villages away from its influence.{{sfn|Vumson|1987|p=28}}<br /> <br /> In analysing Chinese history, Verghese and Thanzawna argue that based on religious beliefs of the Mizos, there was a lot in common with the [[Huns]], [[Saka|Saks]], [[Scythians]] and other slaves who were made to work on the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]]. The legend of a Mizo written language on scripture being devoured by a dog is likened to the possibility of referring to the [[Burning of books and burying of scholars|destruction and burnings of scrolls]], books and documents recorded on bamboo and palm leaves as ordered by Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]].{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=58|loc=Volume 1}} K.S. Latourette states that the Chinese in their early dynasties believed in spirits in nature such as rivers, mountains, stars and other natural objects. They further believed that there were two souls, one in the flesh and another ascended higher.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Latourette |first1=Kenneth Scott |title=The Chinese, Their History and Culture |date=1943 |publisher=The Macmillan Company |location=New York |edition=Second |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesetheirhist035017mbp/mode/2up |access-date=24 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[tartary|Tartars]] during this period believed in a God known as Nagitay who watches over children cattle and Crops. Verghese and Thanzawna argue that Nagitay and {{lang|lus|Pathian}} are similar as being a one true God with dominion over earth but not interfering in mortal lives. The Mizo people also traditionally believed in two souls ({{lang|lus|Thlarau}}). [[Mizo animism]] believed in the prevalence of spirits in natural objects and an afterlife known as {{lang|lus|mitthi khua}} and [[pialral|{{lang|lus|pialrâl|nocat=yes}}]]. Hence, due to these similarities, it is argued that the Tibeto-Burman ancestors of the Mizos had contact with the Huns and Tartars to develop such religious beliefs.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=60|loc=Volume 1}}<br /> <br /> The Mizos maintained an animist religion upon leaving China. This indicates that the migration from {{lang|lus|Chhînlung}} occurred before the introduction and adoption of Buddhism in the first century. By the 6–8th century, it was assumed that the Mizos were in the Chamdo area of Tibet and moved further south during the rule of Empress [[Wu Zetian]]. This is argued as there is no influence of [[Nestorian Christianity]] in the influence of Mizo religion.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=64|loc=Volume 1}} It is also argued that during the southern migration, the Tibeto-Burman ancestors of the Mizos mingled and were influenced by South Chinese ethnic groups and borrowed aspects of their culture, language and custom. It can be argued that the Mizo ancestors lived among groups such as the Ngai-Lao ([[Tai people]]), [[Lolo people|Lolo]], [[Miao people|Miao]] and possibly other tribes in the Kiulung Mountains before being disrupted by Chinese expansions. The Mizos would migrate to the Burmese-Tibet border and eject the Beian Kadu tribes into Manipur and Burma.{{sfn|Lalhmingthangi|Singh|2022|p=4}} Sangkima supports this through lunguistic analysis. Yunnan, which was home to several tribes, influenced the Mizos language with loan words from the [[Loloish languages]].{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=22}} The [[Karen people]] who are thought to share the origin in Yunnan share similar origin stories and folklore and animism beliefs, further supporting this theory.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=23}} Due to this period, Sangkima proposes the term {{lang|lus|Mizo}} emerged as the Chinese term Miao Tsu({{lang-zh|t=苗族|s=苗族书|p=Miáozú|l=}}) was applied to the non-Han tribes in southwest China at the time.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=24}}<br /> <br /> ===Genetics===<br /> Genetic studies have explored the origins of the Mizo people. Research indicates that the Mizo, along with other [[Zo people|Kukish-speaking groups]], have [[East Asia]]ns and [[Southeast Asian]]s genetic markers. A study published in Genome Biology in 2004 found that the [[Y chromosome|Y-DNA]] [[haplotype]]s of Mizo men were distinctly East and Southeast Asian. The Mizo people typically exhibit physical features common among East and Southeast Asian populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite bioRxiv |title=Northeast India: Genetic Inconsistency among ethnicities |date=2024 |biorxiv=10.1101/2024.01.09.574778 |last1=Bankura |first1=Biswabandhu |last2=Basak |first2=Bishnupriya |last3=Singh |first3=Prajjval Pratap |last4=Vanlalruata |first4=Albert |last5=Chatterjee |first5=Arindam |last6=Ghosh |first6=Sudakshina |last7=Tamang |first7=Rakesh |last8=Hazarika |first8=Manjil |last9=Chaubey |first9=Gyaneshwer |last10=Das |first10=Madhusudan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Maity |first1=Bhaswar |last2=Sitalaximi |first2=T. |last3=Trivedi |first3=R. |last4=Kashyap |first4=VK |date=2004-12-02 |title=Tracking the genetic imprints of lost Jewish tribes among the gene pool of Kuki-Chin-Mizo population of India |journal=Genome Biology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=P1 |doi=10.1186/gb-2004-6-1-p1 |doi-access=free |issn=1474-760X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further genetic studies have proposed the Mizo groups to originate from two [[haplotype]]s. The predominant [[haplotype O]] refers to populations originating in Central or East Asia as being part of the Eurasian clan of early Siberians. [[Haplotype H]] refers to South Central Asia and Indian ancestry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mahal |first1=David. G. |last2=Matsoukas |first2=Ianis G. |date=23 January 2018 |title=The Geographic Origins of Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups |journal=Front. Genet. |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=4 |publisher=Frontiers |doi=10.3389/fgene.2018.00004 |pmid=29410676 |pmc=5787057 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Upper Chindwin===<br /> During the 8th century the emergence of a Zo kingdom was evidenced in Chinese records. [[Fan Chuo (Tang dynasty)|Fan Chuo]] a Tang dynasty administrator who published the {{lang|cmn|Man Shu}} ({{lang-zh|t=蠻書|s=蛮书|p=mánshū|l=barbarian document}}; roughly means ''the book on the southern tribes'') records a kingdom on the Chindwin river which the Chinese refer to as {{lang|cmn|Mi No}}. Zou argues the document refers to the Chindwin people living south of the [[Nanzhao Kingdom]]. In the Chinese text, the people are termed as {{lang|cmn|Mi No}}, the Chinese name of the Chindwin and hence comparable to Chin. The {{lang|cmn|Mi No}} were stated to have been victims of Nanzhao's conquests in Western Yunnan. The kingdom was described as referring to their princes and chiefs as {{lang|cmn|Shou}} ({{lang-zh|s=寿|t=壽|p=Shòu}}). The structures lacked inner or outer walls but the {{lang|cmn|Mi No}} king possessed a palace of pillars and gold and silver. In 835 AD the Nanzhao invaded the {{lang|cmn|Mi No}} and looted their gold and silver. Due to the lack of distinct cultural identities, Zou argues that the Chinese scholars simply demarcated the Zo people as the {{lang|cmn|Shou}} or {{lang|cmn|Mi No}} of the Chindwin. Due to the pressure of the Nanzhao, Tibet and China, the Zo tribes migrated southwards towards the Irrawaddy River and settled deeper in Burma by the 9th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zou |first1=David Vumlallian |title=Routledge Handbook of Highland Asia |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-429-34574-6 |chapter=Peopling the Yunnan-Bengal corridor|doi=10.4324/9780429345746 |editor-last1=Wouters|editor-first1=Jelle J.P|editor-last2=Heneise|editor-first2=Michael T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The title of {{lang|cmn|Shou}} resembles the term {{lang|cnh|sho}} used by the [[Chin people|Chins]] in the plains regions to designate themselves. Furthermore, Sing Khaw Khai argues that the pillars of the {{lang|cmn|Mi No}} king were ancestral pillars erected by the [[Tedim people|Tedim]] in the middle of their courtyards for ancestor sacrifices.{{sfn|Khai|1995|p=7}}<br /> <br /> Fan Chuo did not specify the location of the {{lang|cmn|Mi No}} palace, instead indicating it is 60 days stages south west of Yongchang ([[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]]) in Nanzhao which is now situated between the [[Salween River]] and [[Mekong River]]. The directions would thus indicate towards the Kale and Kabaw valleys. Since Khampat in the Kabaw valley was established in the mid-9th century, according to Lalthangliana, it is more likely that the Zo tribes lived under a Kale ruler. The Kale Valley was populated with a variety of tribes ranging from [[Chak people|Sak]], Kantu, Kaget, [[Kadu people|Kadu]], Ingye, Kwan-yi, [[Shan people]], etc. Despite being walled, Sing Khaw Khai argues that a succeeding Shan ruler built walls after the original rulers were conquered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khai |first1=Sing Khaw |title=Zo People and Their Cultureː a historical, cultural study and critical analysis of Zo and its ethnic tribes |date=1995 |publisher=Khampu Hatzaw |location=Manipur |url=https://archive.org/details/zopeopletheircul00sing/mode/1up |access-date=25 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Zo tribes entered with the Kachins. The Zo people are said to have taken a similar migration route to the [[Karen people]] via the [[Mekong River]] or [[Salween River]] or a caravan route from Suifu in western [[Sichuan]] to [[Bhamo]] in Burma to the east of the Irrawaddy River.{{sfn|Lalhmingthangi|Singh|2022|p=5}} The Shans had established a state at Hkamti Long, which was initially a military outpost by a Tibetan Prince from 1000 A.D. The outpost served as a frontier to the influence of the [[Nanzhao Kingdom]] and China in the region. The Shans began settling in Hukawng, Mogaung, Kabaw, Kale and a little in the Yaw valleys. The Shans mixed with the Zo based on Mizo and Zahau oral history.{{sfn|Pau|2020|p=21}}<br /> <br /> Thanga argues that the Mizos during this period settled in the [[Hukawng Valley]].{{sfn|Pachuau|2009|p=2}} The Mizos resided in Auktawng which is argued to be a corruption of [[Awksatlang]] in the Kabaw Valley. During this settlement period, the Mizos developed influence from the Shans and learned to drink tea. The main reason for migration from this settlement, according to oral history, was a famine known as {{lang|lus|Thingpui Tam}} ({{Translation|Tea famine}}) during their stay in the Shan states.{{sfn|Lalhmingthangi|Singh|2022|p=9}} One of the earliest {{lang|lus|hla}} ({{translation|song}}) was inspired by the {{lang|lus|Thingpui Tam}}:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=Mizo:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Shan khuoah lenpur a tla&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Mi raza tlan thiera e.}}<br /> &lt;br/&gt;English:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''A severe famine visited Shan,''<br /> ''that made people run.''<br /> |source=Mizo poetry{{sfn|Thanmawia|1998|p=10}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> However, the Mizos were stated to have prospered with the exchange of culture with the [[Shan States|Tai Shan states]] including learning the art of war and use of iron implements and moulding of brass pipes. Hranglien Songate argues that the Mizos developed their great festivals from the influence of the Tai Shan states and their culture.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=}}{{page needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Arrival in the Kabaw Valley===<br /> It was in the Kabaw Valley that Mizos had cultural influence with the local [[Bamar people|Burmans]]. It is conceivable that the Mizos learned the technique of [[Cultivation System|cultivation]] from the Burmans at Kabaw as many of their agricultural implements bore the prefix {{lang|lus|Kawl}} ({{translation|Burmese}}), signifying the origins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lian H. Sakhong|title=In Search of Chin Identity: A Study in Religion, Politics and Ethnic .|year=2003|publisher=National Institute of Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NEzTqz-6kYC&amp;q=Mizoram+Kabaw+Valley&amp;pg=PA15|isbn=978-0-7007-1764-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MPAP&quot; /&gt; Some agricultural tools with the kawl prefix are: {{lang|lus|kawlhnam}}, {{lang|lus|kawlhrei}}, {{lang|lus|kawltu}}, {{lang|lus|kawlbahra}}, {{lang|lus|kawlhai}}, {{lang|lus|kawlthei}}, {{lang|lus|kawlfung}}, {{lang|lus|kawlhren}} and {{lang|lus|kawlper}}, etc. The influence of Burmese culture is also indicated by similarities in early games, musical instruments, dresses, and customs. Lalrimawia argues that traditions such as throwing of quoits, gauntlet, wrestling, merry-go-round and {{lang|lus|inkawlvar}} were aspects influenced by Burmese culture or interactions.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=13}}<br /> <br /> The Mizos began to migrate further down via the Chindwin River. However, the earliest Tibeto-Burman settlers, the [[Kadu people|Kadu tribes]], had already established themselves along the upper portions of the Irrawady valley. The Kadu in Manipur were in conflict with the Kadu in Burma as the Mizos occupied the Chindwin valley. Furthermore, the Kadu's desire to settle the Chindwin stopped the Mizos from further migration East or West.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=3}} For this reason, the Mizos contained themselves in the Kabaw Valley.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=4}} Lalthangliana argues that the Mizos and the Burmese cohabited in Khampat against the Kadu tribes. An informal alliance was formed where the Burmese would not go beyond the Monywa and Alon in the Chindwin area, hence why the Mizos and Burmese did not have conflicts in this period. The Burmese instead migrated north to Myedu and Khetthin, where the Mizos were not inhabiting. As a result, the Mizo-Burmese alliance lasted from the 9th century to the 13th century. {{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=4}} The Burmese fought their way through the various tribes such as the [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Wa people|Wa]], [[Chak people|Sak]], [[Kantu people|Kantu]] but never the Zo. [[Gordon Luce|Luce]] argues that the Zo were termed {{lang|my|Khyang}} ({{translation|ally}}) by the Burmese and left them with possession of most of the Chindwin. [[F. K. Lehman|Lehman]], however, argues against this by stating that linguistic identity and ethnic identity don't respond neatly.{{sfn|Zou|2022}} This alliance and interaction were responsible for the cultural exchange. Lalthangliana notes that the Mizo language developed and borrowed significant loan words from the Burmese language.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=5}} The Burmese-origin words were absorbed into the Mizo language and considered core features rather than loan words. The Mizos also maintained a tattooing practice, which is attributed to a Burmese introduced custom. The strongest legacy of Mizo-Burman relations is musical instruments. In particular, the brass gongs and drums, which were treated as heirlooms, were originally Burmese.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=9}} Copper hairpins and similar heirlooms are assumed to be Burmese descended as the Mizos were largely isolated from foreigners and had no access to copper mines. The cotton gin of the Mizo villages are also of a similar model to the Burmese and began in use during the settlements in the Kabaw valley.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=10}}<br /> <br /> [[Khampat]] in the Kabaw Valley (now in [[Myanmar]]) is known to have been the next Mizo settlement. The area claimed by the Mizos as their earliest town was encircled by an earthen rampart and divided into several parts. The residence of the ruler stood at the central block called {{lang|my|Nan Yar}} ({{translation|palace site}}). The construction of the town indicates the Mizos had already acquired considerable [[architecture|architectural skills]]. They are said to have planted a [[Banyan|banyan tree]] at the {{lang|my|Nan Yar}} before they left Khampat as a sign that the town was made by them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India Writes to Myanmar Seeking Help to Protect Mizo Family Tree |url=https://thewire.in/culture/india-myanmar-mizo-family-tree |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=The Wire |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180709/https://thewire.in/culture/india-myanmar-mizo-family-tree |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MPAP&quot; /&gt; The reason for leaving Khampat is not known but the Banyan tree was planted with the belief that they would return to Khampat when the branches reached the ground. It is speculated that either the Shans or the Manipuri were responsible for their departure. The population of the migration was exemplified in oral history, which recounts how when the Mizos departed Khampat, they walked over two clusters of bamboo, which were reduced to dust.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=90|loc=Volume 1}} According to the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Meitei and {{lang|mni|Pongs}} (Shans) had a common enemy known as the ''Kyang of Kapo''. Zou argues that the ''Kyang of Kapo'' refers to the {{lang|my|Khyang}} (Chin) of the Chindwin Basin.{{sfn|Zou|2022}} The ''Cheitharon Kumbababa'' states:<br /> <br /> &quot;[King Kiyamba] was victorious over the Kyangs of Kapo. Meetingu Kyampa and Choupha Khekkhompa, the king of Pong, made an alliance and fought (against the Kyangs). ... They attacked together Kyang Khampat of Kapo. They defeated Kyang. Captured in battle Mung of Takhen, Khamset, Khamkhai and Hokham.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |last=Parratt |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-34430-1 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Meitei and the Shans divided the occupation of the Kabaw Valley among themselves.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|p=41}} The Mizos through oral history maintained two ''hla'' regarding the legend of the banyan tree:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=&lt;br/&gt;Mizo:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Ka phunbungpui dawi ai ka sanna,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Mi Khawih loh, as khawih loh turin,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Thangin lian la, khuanuleng hualin,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> I tang zar Piallei a zam tikah,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Seifaten vangkhua rawn din leh nang}}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;English:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Our Banyan tree has the power to predict''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Harm caused wither by men or animals could not inflict it''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Cause it thrives under the protection of Supreme being''<br /> ''That shall be time to restore''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Our Principal town as times before''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |source=History of Mizo in Burma, Lalthangliana{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=90|loc=Volume 1}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=87}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=&lt;br/&gt;Mizo:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Chhak tianga kan sulhnu,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Chumchi leng romei a kai chiai e,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Kan khaw Bungpui a tha her liai e,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Kan khaw Bungpui a that her liai e,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> A tang zaran kulva kawl leng maw?}}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;English:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''The relic of our past in the east is still standing''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''With a golden halo around it in misty setting''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''The Banyan tree would look more majestic''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''If there are lovely birds frolicking''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Aren't they?''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |source=History of Mizo in Burma, Lalthangliana{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=90|loc=Volume 1}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=88}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> After reaching present-day [[Khampat]] in the Kabaw Valley of [[Myanmar]], the Mizos established themselves there. Three chiefs ([[Hmar language|Hmâr]]: {{lang|hmr|Reng}}) were chosen by the Hmar King ([[Hmâr language|Hmâr]]: {{lang|hmr|Rengpui}}) Chawnmanga to lead his realm. Chawnmanga then gave Lersia authority over the kingdom's southern region, Zingthlova over its northern region, and Luopuia over its central region. Then split to three kingdoms that later became chiefdoms.{{sfn|Hrangchhuana|1987|p=29}}<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text=Mizo:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Sima Lersia, hmara Zingtlhoh,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Khawma laiah Luopui (Luahpuia)&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Luopui-in lenbuang a phun,&lt;br/&gt;<br /> Thlanga pualrangin tlan e}}<br /> &lt;br/&gt;English:&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Lersia in the south, Zingthloh in the north,''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''and in between Lupui (Luahpuia) ruled,''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Luopui planted a banyan tree,''&lt;br/&gt;<br /> ''Whereon horbills from the west feed,''<br /> |source=Education and Missionaries in Mizoram{{sfn|Hluna|1992|p=7}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> King Lersia Chawngthu ({{circa|920–970 AD}}) was considered one of the greatest Kings of the Mizo people, as he established trade with the [[Shan people|Shans]] and [[Bamar people|Burmans]], with his kingdom spanning 40,000 miles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2017/11/lersia-lersie-chanchin-mizo-thawnthu.html | title=Mizo Thawnthu: Lersia Chanchin | access-date=17 January 2024 | archive-date=17 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117142209/https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2017/11/lersia-lersie-chanchin-mizo-thawnthu.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Kabaw Valley, the Mizos and Shans were cooperative due to the common enemity of the [[Kadu people]]. Around this time from the 10–13th centuries, the Mizos developed [[Music of Mizoram|musical instruments]].{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=87|loc=Volume 1}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=71}} Instruments such as the drum and gong were adopted most likely from the Burmese.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=30}} It is argued that the Mizos left the Kabaw valley in the 13th century after Tai-Shan tribes invaded Assam in 1229 and the [[Mongol Empire]] conquered China, leading to an influx of Shans into the region. {{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=87|loc=Volume 1}} In accordance with the [[Mongol conquest of Burma]], Kublai Khan had penetrated the Irrawady Valley down to South Mandaly. Since the Mizos did not adopt a written language or script it is extrapolated by historians that the Mizos did not encounter Kublai Khan's armies and avoided contact with the expedition routes taken.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=65|loc=Volume 1}} The Mongols replaced the successors of the Nanzhao kingdom and contributed to rise of ancestors of the Tai-speaking modern Shan. The power vacuum left after the withdrawal of the Mongol Empire empowered militant Shan states to begin expansion campaigns in Burma. This would ultimately push the Zo westwards into the Chin Hills.{{sfn|Zou|2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Chin Hills===<br /> The Mizos arrived in the Chin Hills around the 13th century in successive migratory waves. Their movement southward has been linked to the expansion of Tai-Shan states ([[Tagaung]], [[Mogaung]], [[Mohnyin]], [[Wuntho]], [[Homalin]], [[Kale]], Bahmo, Putai and Khamti), as well as a joint Manipuri invasion of the [[Kabaw Valley#History|Kabaw Valley]] with the [[Pong kingdom]]. The rugged highland terrain limited large urban settlements, leading to the formation of small, distinct village communities with unique socio-cultural identities. Over time, the lack of communication between settlements led to the emergence of different dialects, clothing styles, and customs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=History of Mizo In Burma |date=1975 |publisher=Arts and Science University Mandalay |location=Mandalay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14107/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=9 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ancestors of the Mizos split into two groups. One group passed the tributary of the Chindwin River and established Didim (Tiddim). The tribes in this first group consist of Meitei, Ralleng, Mirawng, Thado, Paihtê, Zo and others to settle on the southern borders of Manipur. The second group moved to the southeastern side. The group halted at Thang Tlang, where tribes such as Ngon, Lente, Tlaichhun and Zagiat settled down. The rest of the second group continued where the tribes of Laizo, Zauhan, Khuangli and Thlan Rawng settled on the southern side of Lêntlang. Mattu and Mara tribes settled in the southern corner neighbours the tribes of the Arakan Hills.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=92|loc=Volume 1}}<br /> <br /> In tracing the migration of the tribes, Zawla purports that there were three stages. The tribes originally halted at Lêntlang or Imbuk Tlang. The tribes then moved south towards the Tiddim area and further south towards Falam. The Suktê and the Siyin tribes of Falam forced the tribes to halt further migrations, as a result the Mizos crossed the Manipur river and occupied Lêngtlang. It is estimated the Mizos lived in Lêntlang within a range of 200–400 years according to varying historians.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=119|loc=Volume 1}}<br /> <br /> Seipui, one of the chiefdoms that lasted till the 1700s, was strategically located with natural defenses and year-round water sources. It was 20 miles west from [[Falam]] and contained ancient stone monuments, speculated to have been erected by the Lusei clan of the Mizo people.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=15}} In regard to prominent settlements in the Chin Hills, the Lusei tribes mainly settled at Seipui and Khawkâwk. The Râlte settled at Suaipui and Saihmun. The Chawngthu clan settled Sânzawl and Bochung. The Khiangtê at Pelpawl, Bêlmual and Lungchhuan. The Hauhnâr, Chuaungo and Chauhâng settled in the Hauhnar hills. The Ngêntê, Puntê and Partê at Chawnghawih and Sialllam. The Pautu and Khawlring settled in the namesake locations of the Pautu Hills and Khawlring Hills.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=15}}<br /> <br /> By the late 16th century, the Luseis at Seipui engaged in conflict with tribes who resided east of the [[Manipur River]]. These wars led to the capture of Chhuahlawma, a Paihtê warrior.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chhuahlawma was adopted by his captors and given a wife. His son, [[Zahmuaka]], would later become the first Lusei chief, marking the beginning of Lusei chieftainship in Mizo history.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1975|p=16}}<br /> <br /> ===Movement westward to the Lushai Hills===<br /> [[File:Plate 21 Folk-Lore, vol. 20.jpg|155x300px|thumb|right|A typical Mizo village during the early 1900s|alt=Early 20th century Mizo village]]<br /> <br /> In the early 14th century, they moved westward to [[India–Myanmar border|Indo-Burmese border]] into the [[Lushai Hills]]. They built villages and called them by their clan names such as ''Seipui'', ''Saihmun'', ''Bochung'', ''[[Biate (town)|Biate]]'', ''[[Vangchhia]]'', etc. The hills and difficult terrains of Chin Hills forced division into several villages and ethnic diaspora arose.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSP&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Chaterjee|first=Suhas|title=Mizo Chiefs And The Chiefdom|year=1995|publisher=MD Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&amp;q=Mizo+Chin+Hills&amp;pg=PA76|isbn=978-81-85880-72-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mizoram historical distribution of tribes clans.png|Historical settlements and distribution of Mizo Tribes and Clans in Mizoram State.|203x240px|thumb|right|alt=Map of Mizo tribes]]<br /> <br /> It has been proposed by historians that there were waves of migrations of Mizo groups into the present-day territory of Mizoram. The first wave is termed &quot;Old Kukis&quot; and migrated to the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the North Cachar Hills with success in preserving their identity. The second wave are the &quot;New Kukis&quot; were the second wave who were forced to mirgate from the Lusei tribes to the west as far as Tripura. This led to confrontations with the British such as Colonel [[Frederick George Lister]] before becoming armed frontiers and stations for the British. The final wave were the Lusei tribes.{{sfn|Lalhmingthangi|Singh|2022|p=7}}<br /> <br /> ====Establishment of chieftainship====<br /> {{main|Mizo Chieftainship}}<br /> <br /> The origins of Mizo chieftainship can be traced back to [[Zahmuaka]] and his sons, who established the earliest ruling clans. These included the Zadêng, Thangluaha, Ṭhangur, Paliana, Rivunga, and Rokhuma families.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=42}} The Zadêng chieftains were among the first to migrate, reaching as far as the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. Subsequent migrations followed, with the Palian clan moving next, succeeded by the Rokhuma, Rivung, and Thangluaha clans.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1890, following the British annexation of the Lushai Hills, colonial records documented the status of these ruling families. The Rokhuma chieftains were assimilated into the predominant Sailo house, leaving little historical trace beyond oral tradition. The Zadêng, Thangluaha, and Palian houses, once powerful, were significantly weakened under British rule, retaining authority over only a few settlements under colonial protection. Meanwhile, Rivung chiefs settled near the [[Twipra Kingdom]], becoming the first Lushai leaders recorded in historical sources as early as 1777. The Ṭhangura house, later known as the Sailo clan, emerged as the most influential ruling group, consolidating power over much of the Lushai Hills frontier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Shakespear |first1=John |date=1909 |title=The Kuki-Lushai Clans |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=39|pages=371–385 |doi=10.2307/2843210|jstor=2843210}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Selesih====<br /> {{main|Selesih}}<br /> <br /> Selesih was one of the largest and most renowned settlements of the Mizo clans. This settlement was formed around 1720 with the cooperation of seven chiefs who sought to defend against raids from tribes across the Ṭiau River. Sailova's sons Chungnunga and Lianlula, with their sons, established Selesih, which was originally a settlement under Pu Kawlha. The coalition consisted of Lalhlûma, Rohnâa, Lalchêra, Pu Kawlha, Darliankuala and Darpuiliana.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=56}} Selesih was home to 7000 households and for this reason was also known as {{lang|lus|Selesih Sangsarih khua}} ({{translation|Seven thousand village of Selesih}}).{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=44}}<br /> In terms of modern-day Mizoram, it was situated between [[Khawbung|Khawbung South]] and [[Zawlsei]] in [[Champhai district]].{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=6-7}}<br /> <br /> Spoken by the Sailo clan, the Lusei dialect emerged as the dominant form of speech within the settlement. As the settlement expanded and mingled with neighbouring clans, the Lusei dialect gained prominence and eventually became the cornerstone of the modern [[Mizo language]].{{sfn|Chhangte|1986|p=260}}<br /> {{Mizo chief family tree}}<br /> <br /> ===Lallula===<br /> {{main|Lallula}}<br /> <br /> Chief [[Lallula]] left the settlement of Selesih to establish Zopui. Lallula consolidated his power by invading the Râlte settlement of Siakeng and overpowering its chief, known as Mangngula. The Khawlhrings, who were harassed by the [[Lai people|Haka tribes]], also fled to Lallula's settlement of Zopui.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=6}} His power would grow and challenge the Zahau clan known as the Thlanrâwn. The Thlanrâwn continued to harass, raid and demand tributes. Lallula hence concocted a plan to end Zahau domination in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=9}}<br /> <br /> Lallula invited the Thlanrâwn chief Thanchhûma to give him tribute and arrange a feast for him. Thanchhûma arrived with a delegation of his ''upas'' and his champion [[pasalṭha]], Thanghlianga. The delegates were fed [[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|cat=no}}]] and intoxicated. At midnight Lallula beat a gong to signal the ambush. The delegation was killed by the villagers and warriors and Thanchhûma was captured. His pasaltha Thanghlianga escaped to tell the news. Thanchhûma was humiliated, and Lallula immortalised the tale in a {{lang|lus|hla}} ({{translation|song}}). To avoid reprisal, Lallula migrated westwards away from the Thlanrâwn.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=11}}<br /> <br /> ===Sailo rule===<br /> Lallula's grandson [[Lalsavunga]] was a prominent chief who founded the village of [[Aizawl]] and conquered the Thado chief Siakzapau, the Hmârs allied to the Thado and conquered the Hualngo under Zahuata. Lalsavunga's son, [[Vanhnuailiana]] was termed ''the greatest of all under the skies'' and founded the famous settlement of Tualte which houses famous warriors such as [[Vana Pa|Vâna Pa]] and [[Zampuimanga]]. Vanhnuailiana subjugated various Lai tribes and conquered land for the Lusei. Lallula's youngest son, [[Vuta|Vûta]] subdued the Zadêng chiefs and fought against the southern Sailos known as Haulong under Chief Lalpuithanga.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=35}}<br /> <br /> The consolidation of the Sailo rule introduced for the first time a ruling tribe that imposed distinct socio-cultural norms on all other tribes. The development of the Sailo confederation continued to attract more and more assimilation and integration of subtribes, who would give up their individual identities and towards a uniform and unified identity.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=37}} Vanlalchhuanawma argues that the resentment of integration and Sailo rule made non-Lusei Mizos reject the Mizo identity and disperse towards Manipur, Cachar and Tripura.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=38}} The remaining Mizo tribes under Sailo rule accepted [[Mizo language|{{lang|lus|Duhlián ṭawng|cat=no}}]] and assumed the Lusei identity.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=39}}<br /> <br /> ===North–South War===<br /> {{main|North–South War of the Lushai Hills}}<br /> The {{lang|lus|Chhim Leh Hmâr Indo}} ({{translation|North-South War}}) was a war between two factions of the Sailo family. Lallula's descendants were established in the North with his son [[Vuta|Vûta]]. In the South, the descendants of Lallula's cousin, Rolûra (son of Lalchêra), were led by Chief Lalpuithanga.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=7}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=11}}{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=76-77}}<br /> <br /> Tensions began when Vûta began to settle further South in Buanhmun. Vûta established a temporary hut to establish a village around. Lalpuithanga in retaliation moved and settled in Buanhmun. However, Vûta did not hesitate from settling in Buanhmun, leading to Lalpuithanga to leave the settlement back to his hometown of Vanchengte.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=42}} Vûta as a result of Lalpuithanga's retreat composed a mocking {{lang|lus|hla}} ({{translation|song}}). This humiliated Lalpuithanga and led to an escalation of tensions between Northern and Southern chiefs.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=12}}<br /> <br /> Vûta, at one point, had to retrieve a gun, his prized possession, which Lalpuithanga had taken. He took his nephew, Thawmvunga, who was a renowned [[pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|pasalṭha|nocat=yes}}]] with him. Lalpuithanga's {{lang|lus|upas}} were former members of the Zadêng chiefs that Vûta and the northern chiefs had subdued, in revenge they planned to ambush Vûta. Each of them concealed a stick and Lalpuithanga confronted Vûta about the composition of the song. Vûta claimed to mean different lyrics in an attempt to defuse the situation. However, his nephew Thawmvunga was angered and swung his {{lang|lus|dao}} ({{translation|sword}}) around above the heads of the delegates to subdue them. Thawmvunga took the gun from them and left with Vûta.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=13}}{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}} Lalpuithanga's {{lang|lus|upas}} chased down Vûta and Thawmvunga and attempted to wrestle the gun away from them. In the ensuing chaos, Thawmvunga took out his knife and attempted to saw off the gun and took off. As they ran, Lalpuithanga's men shot a volley at Vûta and Thawmvunga which missed but signalled a declaration of war.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=14}}<br /> <br /> The war led to constant raids between the North and South chiefs. The war led to the Khawlung massacre, a brutal raid in the middle of the night which became immortalized as a song. Many women and children were taken captive. The war ceased with the onset of the [[mautam]] famine.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=16}}<br /> <br /> ====Old Tualte====<br /> The exact date of Tualte's establishment remains uncertain, though its earliest recorded acknowledgement dates back to 1861. At that time, it comprised approximately 1,000 households and supported a substantial population. Tualte was home to several prominent figures in Mizo history, including [[Pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|Pasalṭha|nocat=yes}}]] [[Vana Pa]] (Thangzachhinga), Chawngduma, [[Zampuimanga]], Keikawla, and Tawkthiala, among others. Unlike settlements such as Selesih, which were governed by multiple chiefs, Tualte operated under the singular authority of [[Vanhnuailiana]], whose father, [[Lalsavunga]], was among the wealthiest chiefs in Mizo history. The decline of Tualte coincided with the devastating impact of the [[mautam|mauṭam]] famine.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=8}}<br /> <br /> ===Lushai Expedition===<br /> {{main|Lushai Expedition}}<br /> <br /> {{see also|Lushai Expedition order of battle}}<br /> <br /> On 31 December 1871, a village in Cachar was raided by 200 Lushai warriors with 25 villagers killed and 37 taken prisoner. The same day, a tea estate in Alexandrapur was destroyed in a joint raid of Chief Savunga and Chief [[Bengkhuaia]]. James Winchester who was visiting with his five year old daughter [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]] was visiting the estate when the raid occurred. He was killed by the warriors and his daughter was taken captive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |author=Carey, Bertram S. |last2=Tuck |first2=H. N. |year=1896 |title=The Chin Hills: a history of our people |publisher=Rangoon, Printed by the superintendent, government printing, Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/chinhillsahisto01tuckgoog |pages=12–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; The taking of Mary Winchester prompted outrage and encouraged a [[punitive expedition]] into the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Low|1883|p=110}}<br /> <br /> Two columns were established. The Chittagong (Southern) column and the Cachar (Northern) column.{{sfn|Sausmarez|Tuck|1896|p=15}} The Cachar Column defeated the villages of [[Pâwibâwia]] after attempting to cross his territory, leading him to side with [[Lalbura|Lalburha]], the target of the expedition. The force occupied his village of Selâm but failed to secure his submission, instead continuing towards Lalburha.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=29-38}}{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Lushai Expedition}}<br /> [[{{Not a typo|File:Vonoler’s Tomb.jpg}}&lt;!-- Do not change the spelling of the file! --&gt;|thumb|Tomb of Chief [[Vanhnuailiana]] during the Expedition, photographed by R.G. Woodthorpe|alt=[[Vanhnualiana]]'s tomb by R.G. Woodthorpe]]<br /> On 17 February 1872, the Cachar Column entered Lalburha's village which had been besieged and abandoned. Lalburha had been attacked by the [[Sukte people|Suktê tribes]] and successfully defended with heavy losses. He deserted the village and had burnt many buildings to the ground. Only the tomb of [[Vanhnuailiana]] had been untouched and investigated. The Cachar column made peace with Lalburha's mother, Rolianpuii in a neighbouring village and returned to Cachar.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=26-27}}{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Lushai Expedition}}<br /> <br /> The Chittagong Column focussed on punishing Savunga and Bengkhuaia. The force fought with Vanlula who refused to let the force cross his territory, leading to his village being overrun and Vanlula burning it down.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Lushai Expedition}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lewin |first1=Thomas Herbert |title=A fly on the wheel: Or, how I helped to govern India |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen &amp; Co |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_wGAAAAQAAJ |access-date=27 January 2025|pages=400–401}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[T.H. Lewin]]'s ally, [[Rothangpuia]] joined the force but was not able to be used diplomatically due to bad history with the Sailo and Howlongs.{{sfn|Lewin|1885|p=403}} Rothangpuia however was influential via marriage to the northern Howlong chiefs. Lewin assigned {{lang|hi|Subadar}} Mohamed Azim of the Chittagong Frontier Police to accompany Rothangpuia to negotiate the release of Mary Winchester under Bengkhuaia and to free the other captives to avoid an attack.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Lushai Expedition}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Whitehead |first=John |date=1992 |title=Thangliena: The Life of T.H. Lewin |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1992%20Thangliena--the%20Life%20of%20T.H.%20Lewin%20by%20Whitehead%20s.pdf |location=Gartmore, Stirlingshire |publisher=Kiscadale Publications |isbn=1-870838-06-8 |access-date=22 January 2025|page=230}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Wincester was recovered safely and negotiations began with the two chiefs. On 29 January 1872, the Chiefs agreed to submit to the column and release all captives from the raids.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=234}} In February, Lewin facilitated an oath of friendship with Bengkhuaia and Savunga. Lalburha, who had avoided the Northern Column, submitted to Lewin as well.{{sfn|Whitehead|1992|p=242-243}}{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Lushai Expedition}}<br /> <br /> ===East–West Wars===<br /> The East–West War was a conflict between two descendant factions of Lallula beginning in 1873. It concerned the western chiefs in the family of [[Suakpuilala]] and the eastern chiefs in the family of [[Vanhnuailiana]]. Tensions had been raised due to Suakpuilala's son, [[Khalkam]], desiring the hand of Tuali, who was to be betrothed to Vanhnuialiana's son Liankhama. Lalzika, a chief with vengeance for being denied Suakpuilala's sister, [[Banaitangi]] joined Liankhama in the war. The war lasted until 1867.{{sfnm|Nunthara|1996|1p=49|Chatterjee|1995|2p=142}}<br /> <br /> The East–West War erupted once more due to closely settling villages and disputing claims to jhum sites. Suakpuilala's son, [[Lianphunga]] cooperated with Lalzika in raiding the village of Pugrying. Khalkam also entered into a dispute with Pâwibâwia. The western coalition consisted of Suakpuilala, Khalkam and Lianphunga while the eastern coalition consisted of Liankhama, Lalburha and Pâwibâwia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander |date=1884 |title=History Of The Relations Of The Government With The Hill Tribes Of The North-east Frontier Of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684/mode/1up?q=Lalchokla |location=Calcutta |publisher=Home Department Press|page=321}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war ended in 1881 with the onset of the [[mautam]] famine. Pâwibâwia, Khalkam and Lalhleia met and made peace and agreed to procure food together from Cachar.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1884|p=325}}<br /> <br /> ===Anti-Sailo Rebellion===<br /> {{main|Lal Sawi}}<br /> <br /> The Anti-Sailo Rebellion ({{lang|Lus|Mizo lal sawi}}) was a movement of the Mizo people to dethrone their chiefs. The rebellion began in the Eastern Lushai Hills in the village of Vûta's son, Lalkhama.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=57}} In the village of Hmawngkawn, ruled by Chief Vanphunga, the villagers rounded him up with his {{lang|lus|upas}} and made them hold burning firebrands in their hands. They took the hostages and made them extinguish the firebrand in a water trough, making the chief recite that his chieftainship is extinguished and the {{lang|lus|upas}} that they will never align or support the chief ever again.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=82}}<br /> <br /> Vûta's son began to lose their authority over their people as they continued to be de-throned. Vanphunga fled to the western chief Lianphunga to restore order and to take anything he wanted as compensation. Lianphunga arrived at Hmawngkawn with Lalhluma where they were threatened to not enter or they would be shot. Lalhluma declared his name and stepped over the entrance where one shot was made but missed him. The individuals surrendered and accepted chieftainship, hence ending the Anti-Sailo rebellion and restoring the rule of the dethroned chiefs.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=85}}<br /> <br /> ===Chin-Lushai Expedition===<br /> {{main|Chin-Lushai Expedition}}<br /> <br /> In 1888, Lieutenant John Fraser Stewart was assigned to survey the Rangamati border for road construction. Stewart was granted a party of sepoys to accompany him.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=39}} On 3 February 1888, Stewart and his party were attacked by 200-300 Mizo warriors.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=99}} Stewart fought back but was wounded in the chest by a bullet and died instantly.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=42}} Stewart's body was recovered in bamboo with his head missing.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=43}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=84}}<br /> <br /> An investigation revealed Chief [[Hausata]] had been ordered by his father-in-law, Zahuata, to bring him heads as an apology for a marital dispute with his daughter Ngundawngi. Hence, Stewart's unguarded encampment was an opportune raid.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=44}}{{sfn|Bawitlung|2011|p=156}} Within 10 days of the murder of Captain Stewart, a British allied chief, Pakuma Rani, was raided by Vûta's sons, Nikama, Lunliana and [[Kairûma]].{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=100-101}} Furthermore, the village in the Chengri Valley was raided by [[Lianphunga]] and his brother Zahrâwka, leading to the death of 101 villagers and the capture of 91 individuals.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=103}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=87}}<br /> <br /> The Lushai Expedition of 1888 was arranged against Hausata. However, intelligence from [[Darbilhi]], a British ally, revealed that Hausata had already died and been buried with Stewart's gun with the heads of the party given to another chief known as Paona.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=53}} When the column arrived at Hausata's village, the Lushais burned it down and deserted it.The guides identified Hausata's house and located his grave. Underneath Hausata's robed body was Stewart's gun.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=56}} Another expedition arranged against Lianphunga was organized. However, when one column under Daly made contact with Lianphunga, he felt unfit to perform an arrest and allowed Lianphunga to return to his village in promise to cooperate with Skinner who was arriving soon. As a result, Lianphunga fled the settlement.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=218}}{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|loc=Chin-Lushai Expedition}}<br /> <br /> ===Lushai Rising===<br /> {{main|Lushai Rising}}<br /> <br /> The Chin-Lushai Expedition annexed the Lushai Hills and the Chin Hills and established several outposts.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=48}} Captain [[Herbert Richard Browne]] was assigned political officer of the North-Lushai Hills. His first decision was to depose Lianphunga and Zahrâwka of their chieftainship.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=106}} However, new British policies on taxes and hunting restrictions led Khalkam to break his oath of fealty.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=108}} Khalkam held a meeting with his brothers and plotted a revolt against British occupation.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=190}}<br /> <br /> On 9 September 1890, Captain Browne was ambushed on his journey between Aizawl and Changsil. Browne was stabbed in the arm with three severe wounds and excessive bleeding.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=16}} Browne died 15 minutes after being brought to Changsil post.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=95}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=58-59}} Khalkam subsequently besieged Fort Aijal and overran the British.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=107}} A relief force was dispatched to relieve Fort Aijal and Changsil.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=96}} The force provided 200 men of the Surma Valley Military police under A.C. Tytler and Lieutenant R.R. Swinton. However, while navigating the river, the party was ambushed and Swinton was killed in action.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=17}} Browne's successor, R.B. McCabe, was successful in curbing the resistance and secured Khalkam's surrender on 23 November.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=109}} Khalkam, Lianphunga and Thanghula were sent to Hazaribagh jail, where the former two committed suicide.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1529}}<br /> <br /> Later on in 1892, Chief [[Zakapa]] revolted against the British. The investigation showed that superintendent of the South Lushai Hills, [[Charles Stewart Murray]] had demanded two girls as sexual companions for himself and his assistant Mr Taylor. After failing to procure women, Murray threatened his wife would be taken from him to fulfil the demand. Zakapa left and stayed with Lalthuama.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=113}} Murray interrupted the meeting and in private conversation reiterated the demands. After the conversation, Murray began to burn down the rice stock of the village by setting the granary on fire. The Lushais became hostile and fired upon Murray and his party. Murray escaped leaving behind his money, guns, and men.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=115}} On 16 March 1892 C.S. Murray was removed as superintendent and replaced with [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]].{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2006|p=41}} Zakapa's allies were captured but liberally treated.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=115}}<br /> <br /> McCabe would visit Lalburha's village who had refused to supply 100 coolies.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=21-22}} The British column occupied the village which led to Lalburha burning down the houses and trapping them. However the British maintained their volley and scattered the attackers. The operations against Lalburha would last from 3 March 1892 - 17 March 1892.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=102}} Lalburha fled into exile as a fugitive as a result.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=23}} Lalburha's ally, Pâwibâwia was captured on 14 April after storming his village at a climb over 2000 feet.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=22}} After the capture of all Eastern Lushai chiefs by 8 June 1892, the chiefs agreed to pay house tax and supply coolies to the British.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=112}}<br /> <br /> ===Colonial era===<br /> {{main|British rule in the Lushai Hills}}<br /> <br /> The Mizo people under British rule experienced the establishment of Fort Aijal now [[Aizawl]]. Captain [[Granville Henry Loch]] expanded the fort and built roads, the parade ground, and permanent stone structures as opposed to temporary thatched shelters.{{sfn|Shakespear|1929|p=99-100}} The colonial era saw the arrival of Welsh Presbyterian Missionaries, most famously [[James Herbert Lorrain]] and [[Frederick William Savidge]] who were funded by the Arthington Aborigines Mission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kyle |date=2023 |title=The Mizo Discovery of the British Raj: Empire and Religion in Northeast India, 1890-1920 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mizo-discovery-of-the-british-raj/A04346D654F1DFD301BB9D85619DD791#:~:text=Book%20description&amp;text=The%20Mizo%20Discovery%20of%20the%20British%20Raj%20presents%20a%20history,the%201890s%20to%20the%201920s. |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-26734-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lorrain and Savidge discovered that the Mizos lacked a writing system and spent four years learning the Mizo language. In 1898, they introduced the Mizo alphabet via the roman script.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=80}} The Mizos experienced the [[mautam]] famine once more but this time as British subjects. The British government began to incentivise hunting down the rat population and distributed food relief. Food was distributed as a loan to be repaid with money or labour in the future. The labourers were used to develop Aizawl into a city by building new infrastructure, instutitons and waterworks.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=138-141}} The church in Mizoram also distributed food and guaranteed loans for Mizos to procure food and took in orphans. In this period, there was a rise in Christianity among the Mizo people.{{sfn|Nag|1998|p=177}}<br /> <br /> In World War One, 2,000 Mizo men were marched out into the 27th Indian Labour Corps under four companies.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=290}}{{sfn|Malsawmdawngliana|2018|p=181}} After World War One, the interwar period saw the first attempts at political representation under Telela Râlte but were suppressed by Superintendent Neville Edward Parry.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=95}} In 1931, Major [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]] was assigned superintendent of the Lushai Hills and introduced significant reforms. He formed the ten point code, the village welfare committee system, the chief's durbar and invested into the development of the Lushai Hills cottage industry. These reforms were introduced to prepare the tribes into being formed into a new crown colony known as the [[Crown Colony of Eastern Agency Scheme]] but was dropped with the onset of World War II.{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=}}{{page needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> In World War Two, Superintendent Anthony McCall implemented the Total Defence Scheme (TDS) to combat the Japanese advance into India. He secured the loyalty of 300 chiefs and made an oath with them to the [[Union Jack]].{{sfn|Alexander|2019|p=153-158}} In 1944, the British formed the Lushai Scouts under Major Jack Longbottom to be part of [[V Force]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jane |date=19 November 2005 |title=Jack Longbottom and the Lushai Scouts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/30/a7106230.shtml |website=BBC |location=Bassingham |access-date=4 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first political party the Mizo Union (originally, Mizo commoners union) was founded on 12 April 1946 by R. Vanlawma.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=29}} The Mizo Union faced internal rivalry in the direction of the political future of the Mizo people. The Mizo Union's left wing focused on membership into the Indian Union.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=98}} The Mizo Union Right Wing advocated for alternative political directions such as the Professor Coupland Crown Colony scheme to carve out a British colony for the hill tribes until self-determination.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=132}} The Mizo people would develop their second party, the [[United Mizo Freedom Organisation]], which would largely advocate for a union with Burma. However, the UMFO would lack the support it needed to prevent joining the Indian Union.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=}}{{page needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Post-Independence India===<br /> {{main|Mizo district|Union Territory of Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> The Mizo people did not celebrate the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]] and no Indian flags were hoisted.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=59}} This was because rival factions of the Mizo Union threatened violence if a celebration of Indian integration were to be carried out.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=156}}<br /> <br /> After Indian independence, the democratic change in the administrative setup of [[Mizoram]] led to an anti-chief movement. The feeling was widespread against the autocratic chiefs and for the [[Mizo Union]]. In 1955, at a meeting of representatives of various Mizo villages held in [[Aizawl]], the demand arose for a separate hills state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1994 |title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga |location=new Delhi |publisher=M D Publications |isbn=81-85880-38-7|page=93|quote=In Short, the Mizo Union demanded the abolition of the Chief system.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The local people felt they had been ill-served by the [[Assam Government]] during the [[Mautam|Mautam famine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1= Arnold P |last1= Kaminsky |first2= Roger D |last2= Long |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&amp;pg=PA473 |access-date=28 August 2013 |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37463-0 |pages= 473–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Mizo Union abolished [[Mizo Chieftainship|chieftainship]] in 1954.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=140}} The same year, the Lushai Hills were renamed to the [[Mizo district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |type= |index= |date=1954 |article=3 |article-type= |legislature=Mizo district council |title=The Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act, 1954 |script-title= |trans-title= |page= |url=https://kanoongpt.in/bare-acts/the-lushai-hills-district-change-of-name-act-1954 |access-date=9 July 2025 |via= |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When in 1960 the government introduced [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the official language of the state, there were many protests against the Official Language Act of 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Hargovindh |year=2005 |title=Mizoram History Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtX52F_qcWgC&amp;pg=PA11 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=11– |isbn=978-81-7099-997-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mizo National Front uprising===<br /> {{main|Mizo National Front uprising}}<br /> <br /> The mautam famine took place once more in 1959.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=249}} The Mizo National Famine Front was formed and distributed food relief while spreading nationalist messages and campaigning on the slogan &quot;Mizoram for Mizos&quot;.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=253}} On 28 October 1961, the MNFF transitioned into a political party and was rechristened as the [[Mizo National Front]].{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=67}}<br /> <br /> On 1 March 1966, the Mizo National Front, led by [[Laldenga]], declared independence from India.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|loc=forward}} The MNF launched Operation Jericho, which targeted the posts of the [[Assam Rifles]], the Aizawl treasury and other key buildings.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=53}} The Indian Government responded with the [[bombing of Aizawl]]. On 5 March 1966, the bombing of Aizawl saw the aerial firing of a water reservoir at Tuikhuahtlang. Further incendiary bombs saw the destruction of circuit houses and the burning down of buildings.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=103}}<br /> <br /> The Indian government designated Mizoram as a [[union territory]] on 21 January 1972. [[Laldenga]], the president of the Mizo National Front,{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=73}} signed a [[peace accord]] in 1986 with the Government of India, stating Mizoram was an integral part of India. Pu Laldenga came to the ministry in the [[interim government]], which was formed in coalition with Congress in 1987. The statehood of Mizoram was proclaimed on 20 February 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Padamalaya |last2=Zote |first2=Lalngaihmawia |date=July 2008 |title=Political Development in Mizoram: Focus on the Post-Accord Scenario |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=643–660|jstor=41856452}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |date=2008 |title=Peace Accords in Northeast India: Journey over Milestones |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3522/ps046.pdf?sequence=1 |location=East-West Center in Washington D.C |publisher=East-West Center |pages=22–26|issn=1547-1330}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Traditional society==<br /> {{main|Mizo chieftainship}}<br /> <br /> Traditional Mizo society consisted of organized chiefdoms. Each village was self-determining, self-governing, self-contained and had to be self-sufficient.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=7}} The Mizos were traditionally a [[semi-nomadic]] people who would cultivate hillside slopes for a few years and then migrate the whole village to another location. Vanlaldika argues that the semi-nomadic lifestyle of traditional Mizo society prevented the development of complex societies and permanent houses which could be constructed into larger dwellings.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=8}}<br /> <br /> The chief was traditionally the supreme administrative authority of each village. The chief was liable to aid the villagers during difficult times and punish offenders who broke customary laws.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=13}} The privileges of a chief was typically the ability to order voluntary labour to build his house and collect certain taxes such as {{lang|lus|fathang}} ({{translation|rice paddy tax}}), {{lang|lus|Sachhiah}} ({{translation|meat tax}}) and {{lang|lus|Chhiah}} ({{translation|salt tax}}) and honey.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=14}}<br /> <br /> Other officials of a village were the {{lang|lus|Upas}} ({{translation|Council of Elders}}), who would assist the chief. The {{lang|lus|Tlangau}} ({{translation|village crier}}) was the individual tasked with declaring the chief's orders. The {{lang|lus|Thirdêng}} ({{translation|blacksmith}}) was in charge of repairing tools and weapons of the villagers. The {{lang|lus|Puithiam}} ({{translation|village priest}}) performed sacrifices to spirits to appease them and to carry out customary rites. There are two types of {{lang|lus|puithiam}}, a {{lang|lus|bawlpu}} ({{translation|medicine man}}) supervised in illness and offered sacrifices to spirits; a {{lang|lus|sadâwt}} was a more traditional priest who resided over ceremonies.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=14}} The {{lang|lus|Ramhual}} ({{translation|expert [[jhum]] cultivators}}) were individuals given priority selection on farming plots based on their knowledge of selecting the next farming junction. The {{lang|lus|Zalen}} were a group of individuals who were exempt from paying {{lang|lus|fathang}} to the chief as it was their duty to lend their rice to the chief during difficulties or emergencies. The {{lang|lus|Khawchhiar}} ({{translation|village writer}}) was established after British colonisation. They were in charge of keeping records of populations, guns, statistics and coolie labours for the British.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=15}}<br /> <br /> Mizo chiefdoms relied on the [[barter system]]. The general medium of exchange between individuals would be the {{lang|lus|sial}} ({{translation|[[gayal]]}}). The {{lang|lus|sial}} would also be the measurement unit of fines and compensation.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=7}} Another unit of wealth was elephant tusks.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=17}} Traditional Mizo society also participated in raiding and [[headhunting]]. Raiding were a way for Mizos to procure rare resources such as steel and manpower. Manpower was a crucial factor in the success of a chiefdom as men were put to labour and women could raise the prestige of the chief by becoming concubines.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=59-60}}<br /> <br /> The Mizos also operated a traditional system of slavery or indentured labour known as the [[Bawi system]]. A {{lang|lus|bawi}} was only owned by a chief and could move to another chief freely into their service and even attain marriage under the chief. {{lang|lus|Inpuichhung bawi}} ({{translation|in-house slave}}) were bawis who were vulnerable during a crisis and decided to become indentured to the chief typically consisting of individuals such as widows, orphans and the sickly in a form of [[serfdom]] and living with their chief.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=125}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=92}} {{lang|lus|Inhrang bawi}} ({{translation|separate house slave}}) was a {{lang|lus|bawi}} who was married off by their chief and permitted to live separately with their family but still retained in service.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=92}} {{Lang|lus|Chemsen bawi}} ({{Translation|red-knife slave}}) refers to an individual who surrenders to the chief after becoming a murderer. By clinging to the post of the chief's house the family of the murderer's victim could not harm them anymore and the chief would become their master.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=92}} {{lang|lus|Tuklut bawi}} ({{translation|promised slave}}) is an individual from another village who during a raid joined the winning side or deserted their village.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=45}} Lastly, a {{lang|lus|sal}} was a literal captive slave from a raid. Unlike a {{lang|lus|bawi}}, a {{lang|lus|sal}} was personal property of their captors and could be exchanged freely for other captives or loot.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=139}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=50}}<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> {{Main|Mizo culture}}<br /> <br /> The Mizo culture is diverse and rich due to the various tribes and clans. After the 19th century, it has been heavily based on [[Christianity]]—the main festival of the Mizos is [[Christmas|{{lang|lus|Krismas|nocat=yes}}]]. Despite valuing traditional practices and culture, many aspects have undergone changes with westernization. Recently, there have been attempts to revive traditional practices such as {{lang|lus|Chapchâr Kût}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Angom |first=Rebecca |date=2020 |title=Christianization and Its Impact on Mizo Culture |url=https://www.neliti.com/publications/351609/ |journal=Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |issn=2663-7197}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> {{Main|Mizo language}}<br /> <br /> The modern Mizo people speak the [[Mizo language]], a member of the [[Kuki-Chin languages]] in the [[Tibeto-Burman language]] family group.{{sfn|Murthy|Subbarao|2011|p=777}} Mizo is one of the official languages of [[Mizoram]], along with [[English language|English]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mizoram, Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram#:~:text=The%20main%20dialects%20of%20Mizoram,,%20Paite%20and%20Thado%20-%20Kuki |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=mdoner.gov.in |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111092907/https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram#:~:text=The%20main%20dialects%20of%20Mizoram,,%20Paite%20and%20Thado%20-%20Kuki |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like the [[Chinese language]], Mizo is a [[Tonal Language|tonal language]]. There are four tones, high, low, rising and falling.{{sfn|Gogoi et al|2021|p=214}}<br /> <br /> ====Writing system====<br /> It is commonly believed that Mizoram and the Mizo people lacked a writing system before the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|arrival of the British]], though this claim is only partially accurate. Mizo folklore recounts a tale of a lost script once written on [[parchment]]. According to the legend, the parchment was consumed by a mad hound, leaving the Mizo people without a script for much of their history.{{sfn|Khiangte|2017|p=2}} While these are myths and not verifiable historical facts, they have sparked speculation among historians about the story's origin. Some historians suggest the tale was never intended to be taken literally; instead, the &quot;mad hound&quot; might symbolize a foreign ruler or authoritative figure who invaded the Mizos and destroyed their records.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/01/the-lost-mizo-script-and-its-revival.html|title=The Lost Mizo Script and Its Revival|date=2022|last=Lungchuang|first=Ruata|quote=this particular story was never meant to be interpreted literally, the mad dog that ate up every parchment available they say was not a literal dog but a foreign king or an authoritative figure who invaded the Zo people.|access-date=28 December 2024|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228123256/https://www.themizos.com/2022/01/the-lost-mizo-script-and-its-revival.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This aligns with historical accounts of invading forces erasing the cultural and intellectual heritage of the conquered. For example, the [[Meitei people]] (Manipuris) recount [[Puya Meithaba|the burning of the Puyas]]—their religious texts—by a Hindu king, illustrating a similar pattern of cultural erasure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/01/the-lost-mizo-script-and-its-revival.html|title=The Lost Mizo Script and Its Revival|date=2022|last=Lungchuang|first=Ruata|quote=in fact, it happens very often. The burning of the Puyas( Manipuri religious text) by a Hindu king as retold by the Manipuris is an example.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Currently, in Mizoram, the [[Latin script|Roman script]] is used to write the Mizo language using the [[Hunterian transliteration]].{{sfn|Prasad|Chakraborty|Sailo|2006|p=16}} The Mizo language can be read by 91.3% of the population of [[Mizoram]], making the state to have the highest [[Literacy|literacy rates]] in [[India]] and the first at 100% in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=From Traffic Rules To One Of Most Literate States: Things We Can Learn From Mizoram |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/mizoram-things-we-can-learn-570712.html |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=India Times |language=en-IN |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204205141/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/mizoram-things-we-can-learn-570712.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fulllit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Names===<br /> {{main|Mizo name}}<br /> <br /> Traditionally, Mizo names were mononyms. Names are unisex with suffix identification for gender.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Thangliana |first=David M. |date=15 June 2024 |title=Decoding Mizo Names |url=https://www.themizos.com/2024/06/decoding-mizo-names.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Mizos |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Chhangte|1986|pp=80–83}}<br /> <br /> ===Art and craft===<br /> {{Main|Mizo craft}}<br /> <br /> [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil visited the Handloom &amp; Handicrafts exhibition at Aizawl, Mizoram on September 23, 2010 (1).jpg|160px|right|thumb|Handloom and handicraft exhibition at Aizawl, Mizoram.|alt=Handicraft Exhibition in Mizoram]]<br /> A wide range of art and craft products are sold at [[Mizoram]]'s markets. The main subset of craftwork is [[textile]]s, [[bamboo]], [[Cane (grass)|cane]], and [[basketry]]. Many women engage in weaving and basketry.{{sfn|Kabra|2008|p=162}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last=Singha|first=Sanathoi|date=18 March 2016 |title=The Project Integrated Design and Technical Development: Project in Bamboo and Cane Crafts at Lengpui Mizoram|url=https://www.epch.in/sites/default/files/project/proj008.pdf |work=Export Promotion Council of Handicrafts |location=Lengpui, Mizoram |publisher=Export Promotion Council of Handicrafts|access-date=9 July 2025|page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most common bamboo products are {{lang|lus|khumbeu}} (a cap), tea tray, cane bag, tea coaster and brooms. Outside of bamboo products, Mizoram is well known for traditional dresses weaved from local artisans such as the [[Mizo clothing|puan]] which now introduces silk into its design.{{sfn|Lalrinfeli|2014|p=307}}<br /> <br /> ===Archaeology===<br /> {{see also|Archaeology_of_India#Mega|l1=Megaliths in India}}<br /> <br /> In Mizoram, megaliths have been erected from pre-colonial times consisting of [[dolmen]] and [[menhir]] monuments.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=6}}<br /> [[File:Mangkhaia Lung.jpg|thumb|Mangkhaia Lung|alt=Mangkhaia's tomb]]<br /> {{lang|lus|Mangkhaia Lung}} ({{translation|Mangkhaia stone}}) is a monument to the chief Mangkhaia. Mangkhaia was a famous Râlte chief who was captured by the Chuango tribes before being ransomed. However, on his return to his chiefdom he was killed by Vanpuia who did not receive any part of the ransom. Mangkhaia's father constructed the monument with figurines of human heads and figures which is now located in [[Champhai]].{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=6}}<br /> [[File:Mangkhaia Lung mithan inscription.jpg|thumb|Mangkhaia monument, inscriptions of [[gayal]] horns|alt=Inscription on Mangkhaia's tomb]]<br /> {{lang|lus|Lungphunlian}} is a village named after the six large menhir monuments of varying sizes. Varying perspectives argue about the possibility of other tribes such as Meitei, Reang and Vangchhia erecting some of the menhirs.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=7}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|lus|Sikpui Lung}} ({{translation|Sikpui stone}}) is a big stone lying flat on the grounds in Zotê village. It was erected initially by Hmâr tribespeople who inhabited the former site in 1918.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=7}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|lus|Sibuta Lung}} ({{translation|[[Sibuta]] stone}}) is 4 metres high and one of the largest menhirs in Mizoram located in Tachhip.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=7}} The stone is associated with the infamy of Chief Sibuta and the erection of the monument even sacrificed a person in the foundation before it was pulled vertical.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=8}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|lus|Darthiangi Lung}} ({{translation|Darthiangi stone}}) is a monument erected for the love story between Darthiangi and Chertuala in [[Farkawn]] village. The monument is unique for adopting the figure of a woman as an inscription.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=8}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|lus|Ridawpi Lung}} ({{translation|Ridawpi stone}} is located in Sabual and is five feet tall weighing 2 tonnes. It is the memorial stone of Chief [[Lallula]]'s daughter Ridawpi. The monument bears inscriptions of men and women with pipes.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=9}}<br /> <br /> Other megaliths in Mizoram are {{lang|lus|Lalruanga Lung}}, {{lang|lus|[[Chhurbura|Chhura]] Lung}}, {{lang|lus|Lungvando}} and {{lang|lus|[[Lallula]] Lung}}.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=9}}<br /> <br /> ===Cuisine===<br /> {{Main|Mizo cuisine}}<br /> <br /> Traditionally, most non-vegetarian dishes among the Mizos were served on [[Banana leaf|banana leaves]], reflecting a rich and distinctive culinary heritage. [[Mustard oil]] was commonly used in cooking, along with ingredients such as garlic, ginger, and chilli—though overall, Mizo cuisine tends to be milder than that of many other regions. [[Rice]] is the staple food, typically accompanied by both vegetarian and non-vegetarian curries. [[Bamboo shoot]]s are often used to impart a distinct aroma to many dishes.&lt;ref name=LNMC&gt;{{cite news |last=Jacob |first=Pearly|date=26 February 2020 |title=India's little-known Mizo tribal cuisine |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200224-indias-little-known-mizo-tribal-cuisine |work=BBC |publisher=BBC |access-date=3 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=NERAMAC |title=Cuisine of Mizoram |url=https://neramac.com/cuisine-of-mizoram |website=North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited|access-date=3 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Government of Mizoram |title=Mizo cuisine |url=https://champhai.nic.in/mizo-cuisine/ |website=Champhai District Government |location=Champhai |publisher=Digital India |access-date=3 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The most typical Mizo dish is {{lang|lus|bai}} which is mixed vegetables combined with fermented pork fat. There are over five different variations of preparing {{lang|lus|bai}} among the tribes of Mizoram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lalmuanpuii |first1=Rosie |last2=Zodinpuii |first2=Betsy| last3=Lalbiaknunga|first3=J.|last4=Zothanpuia |date=9 October 2021 |title=Traditional food preparation of wild edible vegetable among the ethnic groups of Mizoram, North East India |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=8 |issue=26 |article-number=26 |publisher=BMC |doi=10.1186/s42779-021-00104-5 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Certain traditional practices—such as serving food on banana leaves or the widespread use of bamboo shoots—are now largely reserved for special occasions rather than everyday meals.&lt;ref name=LNMC/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dance===<br /> [[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu witnessing the traditional Cheraw dance performed by the Students of Mizoram University, in Aizawl, Mizoram.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Cheraw dance with traditional Mizo attire|alt=Traditional Cheraw dance]]<br /> [[Cheraw (dance)|Cheraw dance]], also referred to as the bamboo dance, is considered to be the oldest dance of the Mizos, dating back until the [[1st century]] while the Mizos were still in [[Sinlung|Chhînlung]], [[China]] before their great [[Migration in China|migration]]. The dance is now performed in almost all festivals and occasions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dances: Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/dances.htm#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20dance%20that,dance%20along%20with%20the%20music |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=mizoram.nic.in |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201011000/http://mizoram.nic.in/about/dances.htm#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20dance%20that,dance%20along%20with%20the%20music |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other dances include [[Chheih Lam]], [[Khual Lam]], [[Chai Lam]], [[Tlang Lam]], and [[Sarlamkai]]. {{lang|lus|Lam}} in Mizo means &quot;dance.&quot;&lt;ref name=TMP&gt;{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Rami Sena|date=1991 |title=The Mizo people: Cultural analysis of life in a Mizo village in the 1890's|location=San Francisco |publisher=University of San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Musical instruments===<br /> {{main|Music of Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Zamluang.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Darkhuang, also known as Zamluang or Jamluang|alt=Mizo brass gong]]<br /> Mizos have been using different [[musical instrument]]s. They can broadly be divided into three: striking instruments, wind instruments, and stringed instruments.<br /> *'''Striking instruments''' include the {{lang|lus|Khuang}} ([[drum]]), {{lang|lus|Dár}} ([[gong]]), {{lang|lus|Darkhuang/Zamluang}} (large brass drum), {{lang|lus|Darbu}} (three-note gong), {{lang|lus|Darmang}} (small gong) and {{lang|lus|Seki}} (hollow [[Horn loudspeaker|horns]]).{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=27,31}}<br /> *'''Wind instruments''' include the {{lang|lus|Rawchhem}} ([[Bagpipes|bagpipe]]-like instrument), {{lang|lus|Tumphit}}, {{lang|lus|Tawtawrawt}} (bamboo [[trumpet]]), {{lang|lus|Phenglawng}} (bamboo [[flute]]), and {{lang|lus|Hnahtum}} (leaf).{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=28-31}}<br /> *'''Stringed instruments''' include the {{lang|lus|Ṭingṭang}} (pronounced treeng-trang, [[guitar]]),{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=27-28}} {{lang|lus|Lemlawi}} ([[harp]]), and {{lang|lus|Tuium Da}}r (three strings with unique notes each).&lt;ref name=MusicMizoram&gt;{{Cite web |title=music: Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/music1.htm#:~:text=Most%20of%20the%20Mizo%20musical,Mizo%20social%20and%20religious%20life |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{lang|lus|Khuang}} is the only Mizo traditional musical instrument that is popularly used in the present day. In the olden days, {{lang|lus|Khuang}} had no role in religious functions; but today, the use of {{lang|lus|Khuang}} is a must in every [[church service]].&lt;ref name=MusicMizoram/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mizo poetry===<br /> {{lang|lus|Hla}} ({{translation|song/poem}}) is a traditional folksong tradition of the Mizo people. According to K. Zawla, the Mizos had no folksongs until they settled in the Len Range in Burma. J. Malsawma similarly argues that the Mizos and their subclans did not possess any folksongs at their early settlements of Seipui, Suaipui, Khawkawk and Sânzawl. Simple verses were composed during the early migration of the Mizos into the current territory of Mizoram when they crossed the Run river.{{sfn|Thanmawia|1998|p=31}} Archaeological investigations have revealed Mizo settlements in Burma possessed brass gongs which implies that folksongs must have been composed much earlier than previously argued.{{sfn|Thanmawia|1998|p=32-33}}<br /> <br /> Mizo folksongs are characterised as being songs of individuals, songs of musical instruments, song of the modulation of the voice, cradle songs and religious invocations or incantations. The principle theme of Mizo folksongs centre around a theme of love.{{sfn|Thanmawia|1998|p=41}} Folksongs were also sung in the context of war and hunting. Folksongs associated with hunting were known as {{lang|lus|hlado}}.{{sfn|Thanmawia|1998|p=46}}<br /> <br /> ===Traditional clothing===<br /> {{main|Mizo clothing}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Mizoram State Museum - 12.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Mizo traditional attire showcased in the [[Mizoram State Museum]].|alt=Traditional Mizo clothes]]<br /> A typical Mizo traditional attire for men comes with a big {{lang|lus|puan}} that varies colors, and different style of wearing it. They wear a shorter {{lang|lus|puan}} that are above the knees at the bottom. In order to protect themselves from the heat during the summer, they are often seen with clothing around their waists and a type of [[turban]] known as {{lang|lus|chawn}} on their heads.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=71}}<br /> <br /> There are numerous Mizo women's traditional outfits. The most popular one is the {{lang|lus|Puan}}. There are four types of {{lang|lus|Puan}}: {{lang|lus|Ngotekherh}} ({{lang|lus|puanhruih}}), {{lang|lus|Puanchei}} ({{lang|lus|Puanlaisen}}), {{lang|lus|Puanngo}} and {{lang|lus|Puanrin}}. The traditional blouse is called {{lang|lus|Kawrchei}}. It is hand woven from [[cotton]] stuff. When dancing, the blouse is frequently paired with {{lang|lus|puanchei}}. These have typically vivid colors and chequered patterns.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=71}}<br /> <br /> ===Social customs===<br /> ====Marriage====<br /> Mizo marriage customs are deeply rooted in traditional practices, though they have evolved over time, especially with the influence of Christianity. The process typically begins with {{lang|lus|Mangkhawn}}, a formal proposal where the groom's family sends an elder, known as the {{lang|lus|Palai}}, to the bride's home to ask for her hand in marriage. Once the proposal is accepted, the groom's family pays a bride price to the bride's family, a practice that underscores the social contract of marriage in Mizo society.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=101}} After the ceremony, the bride moves into the groom's house, marking her permanent entry into his family.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=102}}<br /> <br /> ===={{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}}====<br /> {{main|Tlâwmngaihna}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} (t͡lɔmŋaɪʔna) is a social code of conduct in Mizo culture that has no direct translation into [[English language|English]]. {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} is a moral code held by the Mizos which encompasses being courteous, considerate, helpful, unselfish and ready to help others despite any considerable inconvenience to oneself. It has been summarised as placing the collective beyond the self.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=4}} Typical examples of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} were to helping the sick and vulnerable, volunteering to do [[jhum]] work for others, fetching water from difficult terrain or extinguishing fires. Chatterjee argues that {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} allowed the tribes to live in close homogeneity.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=45-46}}<br /> <br /> A [[saying]] in the Mizo culture goes:&lt;ref name=TBBC/&gt;<br /> {{Cquote|{{lang|lus|Sem sem dam dam, &lt;br /&gt; ei bil thi thi}}<br /> }}<br /> which can be interpreted to:&lt;ref name=TBBC/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|Those who hoard will perish &lt;br /&gt; but who share will live<br /> }}<br /> <br /> This saying was important during the [[Mautam|1958 famine]] in the [[Mizo Hills]]. The principle was kept alive amongst Mizo society via the [[Young Mizo Association]] founded in 1935. The YMA encouraged volunteerism in matters such as road building, landslides or funerals. {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} being core to Mizo society is not a written code and is informally managed and not enforced. The most relevant example of a {{lang|lus|tlawmngai}} ({{translation|follower of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}}}}){{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=4}} was [[Taitesena]], who was self-sacrificing and courageous.&lt;ref name=TBBC&gt;{{cite news |last=Rathnayake |first=Zinara |date=12 January 2021 |title=An Indian state's harmonious approach to life |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210110-an-indian-states-harmonious-approach-to-life |work=BBC |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another part of the Mizo's {{lang|lus|tlâwmngaihna}} is the {{lang|lus|Nghah Loh Dawr}} shops. In [[Mizoram]], it is quite typical to see [[shed]]s or small shops by the side of the road where [[vegetable]]s and [[fruit]]s are stored with signs stating the prices of things, but no [[merchant]] in sight. The shops operate under the tenet of trust.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 February 2025 |title=Mizoram's 'Nghah Loh Dawr' system praised for integrity at Delhi summit |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/mizorams-nghah-loh-dawr-system-praised-for-integrity-at-delhi-summit-1568972 |work=The Assam Tribune|access-date=16 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> ====Sakhua====<br /> {{main|Mizo religion}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|lus|Sakhua}} ({{lit|deity divine force}}), also known as '''Mizo religion''', or {{lang|lus|Khua}} worship, is a [[tradition]]al [[polytheistic]] [[Ethnic religion|ethnic faith]] practiced by the Mizo people prior to the widespread [[Christianity in Mizoram|adoption of Christianity]] during the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British annexation of Mizoram]].{{sfn|Zarzoa|2014|p=1}}<br /> <br /> ====Christianity====<br /> {{main|History of Christianity in Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> {{see also|Christianity in Mizoram}}<br /> Mizo people were influenced by British missionaries in the 19th century, as the British Raj subjugated the chieftainship under its dominance, which they later abolished by Assam-Lushai District (Acquisition of Chief's Rights) Act, 1954.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Assam Lushai Hills District (Acquisition of Chiefs' Rights) Act, 1954&quot;. www.indianemployees.com. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Christianity is the predominant faith in Mizoram. According to the 2001 census, 86.9% of the population identified as Christian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2001 |title=Population by Religion in Mizoram (2001) Census |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/popu_by-reli.htm |website=Mizaoram Government |location=Aizawl |publisher=Mizoram NIC |access-date=9 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Bnei Menashe====<br /> {{see also|Bnei Menashe}}<br /> In the 19th century, European Christian missionary activity in the region led to conversion of some Chin, Kuki, and Mizo peoples. In the mid-to-late 20th century, a rather small number of Mizo and related ethnic peoples in [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]] began practicing Judaism, after a community leader had a dream in 1951 that they were descendants of the biblical figure [[Manasseh of Judah|Manasseh]], a [[lost tribe of Israel]].&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. &quot;Double Conversion among the 'Children of Menasseh'&quot; in Georg Pfeffer and Deepak K. Behera (eds) ''Contemporary Society Tribal Studies'', New Delhi: Concept, pp. 84–102. 1996 Weil, Shalva. &quot;Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo-Burmese Borderlands&quot;, ''The Anthropologist, ''2004''. ''6(3): 219–233.&lt;/ref&gt; The Bnei Menashe were hesitant for DNA tests but agreed in 2004. The mtDNA and Y Chromosome DNA of tribal communities in Mizoram showed the absence of haplogroups associated with Jewish populations. However, some mtDNA results indicate traces of relations between tribes claiming Jewish descent and Near Eastern groups.{{sfn|Parfitt|Egorova|2006|p=123}} Seven thousand Bnei Menashe have converted to Orthodox Judaism and immigrated to Israel by 2024. The Bnei Menashe were recognised as a &quot;lost tribe&quot; in 2005.{{sfn|Feldman|2024|loc=Noahidism as &quot;Lost Tribe&quot; analogue}} Several hundred emigrated to Israel, where they have been settled in the Israeli city of [[Sderot]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haime |first=Jordyn |date=December 14, 2023 |title=Indian Bnei Menashe Jews Miraculously Survived Oct. 7 |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/12/07/israel/indian-bnei-menashe-jews-miraculously-survived-oct-7-now-theyre-fighting-wars-in-israel-and-india }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Other Religions ====<br /> Other small religious groups also exist, including those that follow Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, listed in order of adherent size.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Mizoram - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11903 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Calendar ===<br /> {{main|Mizo calendar}}<br /> <br /> The Mizo have their own calendars which is a lunar calendar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chhakchhuak |first=James Dokhuma |title=Tawng Un Hrilhfiahna |publisher=Gilzom Offset |year=2018 |edition=6th |language=Mizo}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have 12 months in a year. They are:{{lang|lus|Pawlkut Thla, Ramtuk Thla, Vau Thla, Ṭomir Thla, Nikir Thla, Vawkhniahzawn Thla, Thiṭin Thla/Thlazing/Thlado, Mimkut Thla, Khuangchawi Thla, Sahmulphah Thla and Pawltlak Thla}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Lalmalsawmzauva |first=K.C. |date=25 February 2016 |title=Mizo Indigenous Calendar: A Source of MIzo Indigenous Knowledge and Identity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327745581 |publisher=Department of Geography and Resource Management: Mizoram University|access-date=25 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Socio-political developments==<br /> ===Inner Line===&lt;!--Proper Noun--&gt;<br /> {{main|Inner Line Permit}}<br /> <br /> The Inner Line is a former British colonial policy instituted in 1873 and applied to the territory of Mizoram in 1904. Historically the system was to demarcate political participation and governance systems of excluded territories and partially excluded territories.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=13}} In the post-colonial era the Inner Line remained but transitioned into a boundary which restricts free entry into the state. It further prevents non-Mizos from acquiring any land, property or business in the state to avoid displacement of the local people.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=14}} The policy is supported due to the fear of {{lang|lus|chim ral}} ({{literal translation|submerged into extinction}}) and tribal populations becoming a minority, such as the case in Tripura.{{sfn|Pachuau|2014|p=15}}<br /> <br /> ===Present demand for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule===<br /> With 91.58%&lt;ref name=&quot;PP&quot;&gt;Census of India 2011, Provisional Population.&lt;/ref&gt; literacy, the second highest of the Indian states, Mizoram is a leader in the national emphasis on education. That has made people demand for Mizo to be recognised as an official language in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article58221.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 December 2009 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=30 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130012348/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article58221.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Mizo diaspora]]<br /> * [[Mizo people in Myanmar]]<br /> * [[Sinlung|Chhînlung]]<br /> * [[Mizo name]]<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{Refbegin|40em}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Colin R |date=August 2019 |title=Administering Colonialism and War: The Political Life of Sir Andrew Clow of the Indian Civil Service |url= |location=New Delhi |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=158 |isbn=978-0-19-909695-4}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last1=Kumar|editor-first1=Rajesh|editor-last2=Prakash|editor-first2=Om|chapter=Hmar Language and Identity|last=Bapui |first=Vanlal Tluonga |date=30 November 2018 |title=Language, Identity and Contemporary Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddl9DwAAQBAJ |location=Newcastle Upon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2033-2 |access-date=9 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Chhakchhuak |first1=Rema |title=Mingo Phurrit: Zofate Ṭobul Chhuina leh thusep dangte |date=2019 |publisher=Our Hope Imprints |location=Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQC2DwAAQBAJ |access-date=24 October 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=White Man's Burden: Zo Genealogy and other stories |isbn=978-93-5382-098-5 }}<br /> *{{cite thesis |last=Chhangte |first=Lalnunthangi |date=1986 |title=A preliminary grammar of the Mizo language |url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Sino-Tibetan/Mizo%20language%2C%20A%20preliminary%20grammar%20of%20the%20%28Chhangte%29.pdf |work=University of Texas |degree=Masters of Arts in Linguistics |location=Arlington |publisher=Universal Microfilms International |access-date=30 November 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Feldman |first=Rachel Z. |date=2024 |title=Messianic Zionism in the Digital Age: Jews, Noahids, and the Third Temple Imaginary |location=United States|publisher=Rutgers University Press }}<br /> *{{cite book|editor-last1=Karpov|editor-first1=Alexey|editor-last2=Potapova|editor-first2=Rodmonga|last1=Gogoi|first1=Parismita|last2=Kalita|first2=Sishir|last3=Lalhminglui|first3=Wendy|last4=Sarmah|first4=Priyankoo|last5=Prasanna|first5=S.R.M.|chapter=Learning Mizo Tones from F0 Contours using 1D-CNN|title=Speech and Computer:23 International Conference|date=22 September 2021|location=Switzerland|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-87802-3|issn=0302-9743|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vklEEAAAQBA|access-date=9 July 2025|ref = {{harvid|Gogoi et al|2021}}}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B |date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A Study of Politicisation of Culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers|url=https://ia801404.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.148268/2015.148268.The-Mizo-Unrest.pdf}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last=Sudhir|editor-first=H.|last=Haokip |first=D.L.|chapter=The Tales Telling the Location of Sinlung-Khul:Origin of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo Zoumi |date=2014 |title=Tribal History of North-East India: Essay in Honour of Professor Lal Dena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hZrEQAAQBAJ |location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page= |isbn=978-93-5125-099-9 |access-date=14 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Hluna |first=John Vanlal |date=1992 |title=Education and Missionaries in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Spectrum Publications}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Hrangchhuana |first=H.B. |date=1987 |title=Hmar Chanchin |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14202/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Hmar Student's Association|access-date=23 August 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=Hmar History}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Kabra |first=K.C|date=2008 |title=Economic Growth of Mizoram:Role of Business and Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PcdaYllHNUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=21 |isbn=978-81-8069-518-6}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Kamkhenthang |first=H. |date=1988 |title=The Paite, a Transborder Tribe of India and Burma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7CdTs3Iq78C |location=Dehli |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-070-3 |access-date=9 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last=Khiangte |editor-first=Laltluanga |date=2017 |title=Writings in Mizo Manuscripts |url=https://www.namami.gov.in/sites/default/files/book_pdf/Writing%20in%20Mizo%20Manuscripts_0.pdf |location=Aizawl |publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts|isbn=978-93-80829-77-7 |access-date=9 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last=Khiangte |editor-first=Zothanchhingi |last=Khiangte|first=Laltluanga|chapter=Oral Traditions in the Community of the Mizos|date=2016 |title=Orality: the Quest for Meanings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rJ3DQAAQBAJ |location=India |publisher=Partridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-8671-9 |access-date=29 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last1=Singh|editor-first1=Manju|editor-last2=Tandon|editor-first2=Nupur|editor-last3=Potdar|editor-first3=Vidy|editor-last4=Bhatt|editor-first4=Preeti|last1=Lalhmingthangi |first1=Thelma| last2=Singh|first2=Konthoujam Gyanendra|chapter=A Historical Analysis of the Nexus between Migration and Diffusion of the Tribal Mizos|date=2022 |title=Resilience and Transformation for Global Restructuring |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kL-XEAAAQBAJ |location=UK |publisher=Ethics International Press |isbn=978-1-871891-60-7 |access-date=29 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Lalrimawia |title=Mizoram: History and Cultural Identity, 1890-1947 |date=1995 |publisher=Spectrum Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=9788185319575 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnZuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Ralte%20Hehua |access-date=10 November 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=2006 |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |url=https://archive.org/details/culturefolkloreo00lalt/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2658-9}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=1989 |title=Mizo Lal Ropuite |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467582/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=R.T.M Press|language=Mizo|trans-title=The Great Mizo Kings}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Lianhmingthanga |title=Material Culture of the Mizo |date=1998 |publisher=Tribal Research Institute |location=Mizoram}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Liangkhaia |first1=Reverend |title=Mizo Chanchin|date=1938 |publisher=L.T.L Publications |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467315/mode/2up |access-date=21 February 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=Mizo History}}<br /> *{{cite book |first=J. Meirion |last=Lloyd |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |year= 1991 |pages=17–23| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ| publisher= Synod Publication Board}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Lorrain |first1=James Herbert|last2=Savidge|first2=Frederick William |author-link1=James Herbert Lorrain|author-link2=<br /> Frederick William Savidge |date=1898 |title=A Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai Language (Dulien Dialect) |url=https://archive.org/details/grammardictionar00lorr |location=Shillong |publisher=Assam Secretariat Printing Department}}<br /> *{{Cite book|last=Low |first=Charles Rathbone |author-link=Charles Rathbone Low |year=1883 |title=Major-General Sir Frederick S. Roberts, Bart., V. C., G. C. B., C. I. E., R. A., a Memoir |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen and co. |page=[https://archive.org/stream/majorgeneralsirf00lowciala#page/110/mode/1up 110] |url=https://archive.org/details/majorgeneralsirf00lowciala}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Rann Singh |title=Culture and Integration of Indian Tribes |date=1993 |publisher=M.D. Publications |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7BBAYDfoAIC |access-date=21 November 2025|isbn=9788185880037}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last1=Lust |editor-first1=Barbara C.|editor-last2=Wali|editor-first2=Kashi|editor-last3=Gair|editor-first3=James W.|editor-last4=Subbarao|editor-first4=K.V.|editor-last5=de Gruyter|editor-first5=Walter|last1=Murthy|first1=B. Lalitha|last2=Subbarao|first2=K.V. |chapter=Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Mizo|date=2 August 2011 |title=Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages: A Principled Typology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7-N_B9EdmYC |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Grurter GmbH &amp; Co. KG|isbn=978-3-11-081888-8 |access-date=9 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |author-link=Sajal Nag |date=2008 |title=Pied Pipers in North-East India: Bamboo-flowers, Rat-famine and the Politics of Philanthropy. (1881-2007)=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers &amp; Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-311-6}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal|date=April 2016 |title=The Uprising: Colonial State, Christian Missionaries and Anti-Slavery Movement in North-East India (1908–1954) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-946089-2}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Chitta Ranjan |title=Mizo Polity and Political Modernisation |date=1998 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&amp;dq=mizo+chief&amp;pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Joy |date=29 November 2014 |title=Being Mizo: Identity and Belonging in Northeast India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199451159.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-908458-6}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Parfitt |first1=Tudor|last2=Egorova|first2=Yulia |date=2006 |title=Genetics, Mass Media and Identity: A case Study of the Genetic Research on the Lemba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5p-AgAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-37474-X |access-date=16 August 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=N.E |last2=Hutton |first2=J.E |date=1932 |title=The Lakhers |url=https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/ar20/documents/001 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan &amp; Co, Limited |page=1}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-50745-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmnDwAAQBAJ}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Ved |date=2008 |title=Terrorism in india's Northeast: A Gathering Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb1ryB8CVvIC |location=India |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn= 978-81-7835-662-4|access-date=18 June 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=R N |last2=Chakraborty|first2=P|last3=Sailo|first3=Michael Lalrinsanga|date=2006 |title=Administration of Justice in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-llviDkGAAC&amp;dq=mizo+chief&amp;pg=PA13 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-8324-059-3}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Reid |first=A.S. |date=1893 |title=Chin-Lushai Land: Including a description of the various expeditions into the Chin-Lushai Hills and the final annexation of the country |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79810/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Ramchuani Sena |date=1985 |title=Love Mizoram |location=Imphal |publisher=First Impression}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=John |author-link=John Shakespear (British Army officer) |date=1912 |title=The Lushei Kuki Clans |url=https://archive.org/details/lusheikukiclans00shak/lusheikukiclans00shak/ |location=London |lccn=14000139 |oclc=574955962 |ol=6563643M |publisher=Macmillan and Co}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W |date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395/page/n1/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and Co, Limited}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Thanmawia |first=R.L. |date=1998 |title=Mizo Poetry|location=Aizawl |publisher=Din Din Heaven}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=VanBik |first=Kenneth |date=2009 |title=Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages |url=https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph8_Proto-Kuki-Chin.pdf |location=California |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-944613-47-4 |access-date=5 July 2025|page=1}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Vanlalchhuanawma |date=2007 |title=Christianity and Subaltern Cuture: Revival Movement as a Cultural Response to Westernisation in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-81-7214-901-7}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Vanlaldika |first=Andrew H. |date=2014 |title=Social Stratification in Mizo Society |location=New Delhi |lccn=2014360094 |oclc=893890029 |ol=31127060M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-475-6}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}<br /> *{{cite book |editor-last=Verma |editor-first=S.B. |date=1 July 2014 |title=Agricultural Marketing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkA4DwAAQBAJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-86102-95-9 |access-date=9 July 2025|chapter=Export Potential of Agricultural, Handloom and Handicrafts Products in Mizoram|last=Lalrinfeli}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Vumson |date=1987 |title=Zo History: With an introduction to Zo culture, economy, religion and their status as an ethnic minority in India, Burma and Bangladesh |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs12/Zo_History-Vumson.pdf |location=Aizawl, Mizoram |publisher=Vumson |page= |isbn= |access-date=9 July 2025}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&amp;dq=bawi+lushai&amp;pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}<br /> <br /> ===Journals===<br /> *{{cite journal |last1=Bawitlung |first1=Vanlalringa |title=Hausata - Founder of Chinzah Chietainship in the Lai Autonomous District Council, Mizoram |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2011 |volume=XII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2011/11/ |access-date=4 September 2025}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Malsawmdawngliana |title=Exploring the new world: The first world war experience |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |date=2018 |volume=XIX |issue=1 |pages=179–188 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/2020/03/ |access-date=17 October 2025}}<br /> *{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Anandaroop |date=2022 |title=Insurgent Law: Bengal Regulation III and the Chin-Lushai Expeditions (1872-1898) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6E08E60BC55AD0A436790CC655A249F8/S0026749X21000366a.pdf/div-class-title-insurgent-law-bengal-regulation-iii-and-the-chin-lushai-expeditions-1872-1898-div.pdf |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1515–1555 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000366 |access-date=18 December 2024}}<br /> *{{cite journal |last1=Zarzoa |first1=Lal|date=2014 |title=Traditional Religion of the Lusei (Mizo) Tribe in the Premodern Age |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/e233f768f29db77a2b435dd9a1f0cfeb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=5529393 |journal=The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society |volume=4 |issue=1 |publisher=Granada: Common Ground Research Networks |pages=1–10 |doi=10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v04i01/51079 |access-date=13 January 2025|url-access=subscription }}<br /> <br /> ===Reports===<br /> *{{cite report |last=Borah |first=Ashim |date=2017 |title=Ethnographic Report on the Hmars of Assam |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/upload/handle/123456789/61000?viewItem=search |work=Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes |location=Assam |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs|access-date=10 November 2025}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> {{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mizo people| ]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]<br /> [[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking people]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Mizo|people]]<br /> [[Category:Headhunting]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Allmand&diff=455556 2026-02-16T15:59:54Z

<p>Hafilhafi: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|English-French Second World War recipient of the Victoria Cross}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Michael Allmand<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Gurkha Captain Michael Allmand VC.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Lieutenant (Acting Captain) Michael Allmand<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1923|08|22|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|06|24|1923|08|22|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Golders Green]], [[London]], [[England]]<br /> | death_place = [[Mogaung]], [[British Burma]]<br /> | placeofburial = [[Taukkyan War Cemetery]], Burma<br /> | placeofburial_label = <br /> | placeofburial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom|23px}}<br /> | branch = {{army|British India|name=Indian Army|23px}}<br /> | serviceyears = 1942–44<br /> | rank = [[Captain (land)|Captain]]<br /> | servicenumber = &lt;!--Do not use data from primary sources such as service records.--&gt;<br /> | unit = [[Indian Armoured Corps]]&lt;br&gt;[[6th Gurkha Rifles]] (attached)<br /> | commands = <br /> | battles = <br /> {{tree list}}<br /> * [[Second World War]]<br /> ** [[Battle of Mogaung]]{{DOW}}<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | battles_label = <br /> | awards = [[Victoria Cross]]<br /> | memorials = <br /> | spouse = &lt;!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced --&gt;<br /> | relations = <br /> | laterwork = <br /> | signature = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | module = <br /> }}<br /> '''Michael Allmand''' (22 August 1923 – 24 June 1944) was an [[British VCs of World War 2|English-French Second World War recipient]] of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.<br /> <br /> Born into a Catholic family in London in 1923, Allmand attended [[Ampleforth College]] before studying history at [[Oxford University]] in 1941. He joined the [[British Indian Army]] in 1942 and was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] into the [[Indian Armoured Corps]] for service in the Far East.<br /> <br /> He later volunteered to serve with the [[Chindits]] and in 1944 saw action against the Japanese during the [[Battle of Mogaung]], during which he was killed in action at the age of 20.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Michael Allmand was born in [[Golders Green]], [[London]], to Professor [[Arthur John Allmand|Arthur John]] [[Military Cross|MC]] and Marguerite Marie Allmand on 22 August 1923.&lt;ref name=CWGC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2083981|title=Casualty Details: Michael Allmand|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves|access-date=7 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allmand's father, son of Frank (1858-1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil Registration Death |url=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&amp;dbid=7579&amp;h=31900473&amp;tid=&amp;pid=&amp;queryId=9147f56ac95de5fcf2bdc16eaf00b4b0&amp;usePUB=true&amp;_phsrc=ack9&amp;_phstart=successSource |website=search.ancestry.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;) and Mary Allmand, [[née]] Thomas&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freeth |first=F. A. |date=1954 |title=Arthur John Allmand. 1885-1951 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/769194 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |jstor=769194 |issn=1479-571X}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1861-1918&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil registry death index |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/7579/images/ons_d19184az-0023?treeid=&amp;personid=&amp;hintid=&amp;queryId=4b74532f79e6b8118f0e69eff7b9499a&amp;usePUB=true&amp;_phsrc=ack25&amp;_phstart=successSource&amp;usePUBJs=true&amp;pId=20734335 |url-status= |website=ancestry.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;), was a professor of chemistry at [[King's College London]] and later dean of the faculty who came from a flour milling family in [[Wrexham|Wrexham, England]] (later Wales). The Allmands originated in the [[Malpas, Cheshire|Malpas]] area of [[Cheshire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freeth |first=F. A. |date=1954 |title=Arthur John Allmand. 1885-1951 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/769194 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |jstor=769194 |issn=1479-571X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allmand's mother Marguerite hailed from a family of [[Normans]] from the [[Saint-Lô|Saint-Lô district]] who were small landowners and professionals. Allmand grew up in a [[Multilingualism|bilingual]] home, speaking both [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Square Memories |url=http://www.hgs.org.uk/suburbnews/sn88/sn-8.pdf |access-date=September 29, 2024 |website=www.hgs.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Allmand had a brother, the medieval historian [[Christopher Allmand]] (1936–2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Small |first=Graeme |date=2023-01-01 |title=Christopher Allmand obituary |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/01/christopher-allmand-obituary |access-date=2023-03-15 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;), and a sister Marguerite Allmand (1921&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Census Data |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/10598186:61596 |website=ancestry.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;–2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MURPHY - Deaths Announcements - Telegraph Announcements |url=https://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/106394/murphy |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=announcements.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;), later Marguerite Murphy, who was a member of the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]] and worked as a code breaker at [[Bletchley Park]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Allmand was raised in a Roman Catholic family, with his father being a convert to the faith and later a [[Order of St. Gregory the Great|Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great]], who were parishioners at St. Edward the Confessor Church [[Golders Green]]. Allmand himself had a deep and abiding religious faith.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael Allmand VC - victoriacross |url=http://www.vconline.org.uk/michael-allmand-vc/4585912844.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.vconline.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:5 North Square, Hampstead Garden Suburb.JPG|thumb|No 5 North Square, Allmands Childhood Home]]<br /> Allmands childhood home was at No 5 North Square, [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]].<br /> <br /> Allmand was educated at [[Ampleforth College]], in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]], before attending [[Oriel College, Oxford]] in 1941 where he began to study [[history]].&lt;ref name=&quot;STED&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stedwardgg.com/memorial%20window.htm|title=St Edward: A Look Around the Church&amp;nbsp;– The Memorial Window|publisher=The Catholic Parish of St Edward the Confessor|access-date=28 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307002417/http://www.stedwardgg.com/memorial%20window.htm|archive-date=7 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; While at Oxford, Allmand served as the founding editor of a literary review journal called ''The Wind and the Rain'',&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bunting|2010|loc=Chapter 8}}&lt;/ref&gt; and began writing a biography of [[Edmund Burke]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|''The Wind and the Rain''|1969|p=48}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military career==<br /> At the end of 1942, amidst the backdrop of [[World War II]], Allmand left university and joined the [[Indian Army during World War II|British Indian Army]]. He was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] into the [[Indian Armoured Corps]], and assigned to the [[6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)|6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers]].&lt;ref name=STED/&gt; Allmand was sent to [[India]] where, following a call from [[GHQ India]], he volunteered for service with the [[Chindits]] during [[Operation Thursday]] and was subsequently attached to the 3rd Battalion, [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles|6th Gurkha Rifles]] (3/6 GR).&lt;ref name=Parker195&gt;{{harvnb|Parker |2005 |p=195}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the operation, 3/6 GR were assigned to the [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77th Brigade]], under the command of Brigadier [[Mike Calvert]], and divided into two columns.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rooney |1992 |p=115}}.&lt;/ref&gt; They were flown in by glider to landing zone BROADWAY in the northern Kaukwe valley on 5 March 1944.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb |Brayley |2002 |p= 21}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite heavy casualties and the destruction of a large number of gliders, a stronghold was established and from there columns were sent out to the north and south. The 3/6 GR were sent north towards Mawlu and [[Hopin, Kachin State|Hopin]] where they probed Japanese defences.&lt;ref name=Rooney126&gt;{{harvnb|Rooney|1992 |p=126}}.&lt;/ref&gt; They were later sent north to another stronghold dubbed &quot;Blackpool&quot; where they were tasked with supporting Chinese forces around [[Mogaung]] and [[Myitkyina]] under US General [[Joseph Stilwell]], who re-roled them as conventional infantry.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Brayley|2002|p=22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Beginning on 6 June, the 77th Brigade advanced the final {{convert|10|mi|km}} to Mogaung with the intent of capturing it.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rooney|1992|p=138}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Between monsoonal rains and heavy casualties from the fighting as well as tropical diseases, the advance took a heavy toll on the [[Chindits]]. They were facing over 4,000 Japanese&lt;ref name=chinditart&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chindits.wordpress.com/page/4/ |title=The Chindits&amp;nbsp;– In Art |author=Kadidal, Akhil |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=28 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by the end of the first week the brigade, having started with over 2,000 men,&lt;ref name=Parker195/&gt; was down to just 550 and each [[battalion]] was at [[Company (military unit)|company]] strength.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rooney|1992|p=139}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, Allmand was given command of a [[platoon]].&lt;ref name=LG/&gt; On 11 June, two days after 3/6 GR had reached the outskirts of the town, Allmand's platoon was tasked with capturing a road bridge about {{convert|0.25|mi|km}} away from the central railway station, close to where the Japanese had established their headquarters in a building dubbed the &quot;Red House&quot;.&lt;ref name=chinditart/&gt; During the assault, his platoon took heavy fire and the attack stalled; leading from the front, Allmand went ahead, rallying his troops as he attacked the defenders with grenades and his [[kukri]].&lt;ref name=chinditart/&gt; Later he was promoted to acting captain and took over command of a company following the loss of its commander. He was again in the thick of the fighting on 13 June, when he led an assault to secure some high ground by singlehandedly destroying several machine-gun positions.&lt;ref name=chinditart/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 June, during the final stages of the advance on Mogaung, Allmand's company was tasked with capturing Natyigon village and securing the railway bridge that spanned the Mogaung River. Attacking to the left of the &quot;Red House&quot;, Allmand's company was held up by machine-gun fire from an embankment near the bridge, Allmand went forward again. His movement was hampered by severe trench foot due to the poor conditions that the Chindits had faced. He nevertheless fought his way &quot;through deep mud and shell-holes&quot;&lt;ref name=LG/&gt; and knocked out the machine-gun with grenades before being wounded.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Thompson |2008| p=422}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A short time later, another member of 3/6 GR, [[Tul Bahadur Pun]], charged the bridge singlehandedly, killing the remaining Japanese defenders and securing it for the Gurkhas.&lt;ref name=Thompson423&gt;{{harvnb|Thompson |2008 |p=423}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Parker |2005| p=197}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Both Tul Bahadur and Allmand were later nominated for the Victoria Cross.&lt;ref name=Thompson423/&gt;<br /> <br /> It was largely due to Allmand's bravery that Mogaung was captured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Michael Allmand VC |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bballman.htm |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=www.victoriacross.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although he was pulled out of the line of fire by another Gurkha &amp;ndash; Sergeant Tilbir Gurung, who received the [[Military Medal]] for his act&lt;ref name=&quot;chinditart&quot; /&gt; &amp;ndash; Allmand subsequently died of his wounds early on 24 June.&lt;ref name=&quot;CWGC&quot; /&gt; At the time he was just two months short of his twenty-first birthday.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parker195&quot; /&gt; His Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously and was presented to his family by King [[George VI]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 17 July 1945, having been announced in the ''[[London Gazette]]'' on 26 October 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;LG&quot; /&gt; Allmand also received the following other decorations: the [[1939–1945 Star]], the [[Burma Star]] and the [[War Medal 1939–1945]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Website&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Michael Allmand, VC|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bballman.htm|access-date=7 August 2009|publisher=www.victoriacross.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Allmand's body is interred at the [[Taukkyan War Cemetery]], in Burma.<br /> <br /> ==Victoria Cross citation==<br /> The citation in the ''[[The London Gazette|London Gazette]]'' which announced Allmand's award reads:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|&quot;Captain Allmand was commanding the leading platoon of a Company of the 6th Gurkha Rifles in Burma on 11th June, 1944, when the Battalion was ordered to attack the Pin Hmi Road Bridge. The enemy had already succeeded in holding up our advance at this point for twenty four hours. The approach to the Bridge was very narrow as the road was banked up and the low-lying land on either side was swampy and densely covered in jungle. The Japanese who were dug in along the banks of the road and in the jungle with machine guns and small arms, were putting up the most desperate resistance. As the platoon come within twenty yards of the Bridge, the enemy opened heavy and accurate fire, inflicting severe casualties and forcing the men to seek cover. Captain Allmand, however, with the utmost gallantry charged on by himself, hurling grenades into the enemy gun positions and killing three Japanese himself with his [[kukrie]].<br /> <br /> Inspired by the splendid example of their platoon commander the surviving men followed him and captured their objective. Two days later Captain Allmand, owing to casualties among the officers, took over command of the Company and, dashing thirty yards ahead of it through long grass and marshy ground, swept by machine gun fire, personally killed a number of enemy machine gunners and successfully led his men onto the ridge of high ground that they had been ordered to seize. Once again on June 23rd in the final attack on the Railway Bridge at Mogaung, Captain Allmand, although suffering from trench-foot, which made it difficult for him to walk, moved forward alone through deep mud and shell-holes and charged a Japanese machine gun nest single-handed, but he was mortally wounded and died shortly afterwards.<br /> <br /> The superb gallantry, outstanding leadership and protracted heroism of this very brave officer were a wonderful example to the whole Battalion and in the highest traditions of his regiment.&quot;&lt;ref name=LG&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=36764|supp=y|page=4900|date=26 October 1944}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> [[File:Memorial Gates, Constitution Hill (February 2010) 10.jpg|thumb|Allmands name listed on the memorial pavilion, on the [[Green Park]] side of [[Constitution Hill, London|Constitution Hill]]. ]]<br /> The Victoria Cross medal remained in Allmand's family's possession until 1991, when it was presented to the Regimental Trust in [[Hong Kong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Website&quot; /&gt; Later, in 2003, the medal was donated to the [[The Gurkha Museum|Gurkha Museum]] at [[Winchester]] in [[Hampshire]], England.&lt;ref name=&quot;Website&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Roman Catholic church of St Edward the Confessor, Golders Green.jpg|thumb|St Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in [[Golders Green#Religious sites|Golders Green]] where a memorial window over the high altar was erected in his memory.]]<br /> Allmand's life is commemorated in the Memorial Window at the [[St Edward the Confessor Church, Golders Green|St Edward the Confessor Catholic Churc]]h in [[Golders Green#Religious sites|Golders Green]], London.&lt;ref name=&quot;STED&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Allmand is named on the [[Chindit Memorial]], [[Memorial Gates, London|Memorial Gates]] and the Oriel College War memorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Allmand|url=http://www.memorialstovalour.co.uk/vc1272.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www.memorialstovalour.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also commemorated in [[John Bunting (sculptor)|John Bunting's]] Scotch Corners Chapel, a chapel on the edge of the [[North York Moors|North Yorkshire Moores]] dedicated to the War dead of Ampleforth College.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=John Bunting, Sculptor and Master of Drawing|url=http://www.johnbunting.co.uk/memorial.html#crucifix|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www.johnbunting.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Captain M Allmand VC name tag.jpg|thumb|Captain M Allmand VC name tag, apparently added to the book of remembrance after it was installed on the Golders Green War Memorial.]]<br /> The Michael Allmand Trophy is presented by the [[Combined Cadet Force]] contingent at [[Ampleforth College]] to the Cadet who scores the highest in their leadership competition. Allmand is also commemorated in the Library of Ampleforth where a painted portrait of him hangs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-29|title=Catching up with our Cadets in the CCF|url=https://www.ampleforth.org.uk/college/news/catching-our-cadets-ccf|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Ampleforth College|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allmand's name was added to the Golders Green War Memorial by fixing his name on to the bronze book that commemorates the World War II victims.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross]]<br /> * [[John Lucas (MC)]]<br /> * [[Old Amplefordians]]<br /> * [[:Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford|Alumni of Oriel College]]<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes ==<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Brayley |first=Martin |title=The British Army 1939–45 (3): The Far East |series=Men-at-Arms # 375 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |location=Botley, Oxford |isbn=1-84176-238-5 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bunting |first=Madeleine | author-link =Madeleine Bunting|title=The Plot: A Biography of an English Acre |year=2010 |publisher=[[Granta Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84708-144-5 }}<br /> * {{cite book| first=John| last=Parker| year=2005| title=The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers| publisher= [[Headline Publishing]]|location=London | isbn=978-0-7553-1415-7 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Rooney |first=David |title=Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima March 1944 to May 1945 |year=1992 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]] |location=London |isbn=0-304-35457-0 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |title=none|journal=The Wind and the Rain |volume=1 |year=1969|publisher=[[Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson|Phoenix Press]] |location=London |oclc=300780348 |ref=CITEREF''The_Wind_and_the_Rain''1969 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Peter |title=Pacific Fury: How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge |year=2008 |publisher=[[William Heinemann]] |location=North Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-74166-708-0 }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor-first=Nora |editor-last=Buzzell |year=1997 |title=Register of the Victoria Cross in &quot;This England&quot;. |edition=3rd |publisher=This England Alma House |isbn=0-906324-27-0}}<br /> *{{cite book |first=David |last=Harvey |author-link=David Charles Harvey |year=1999 |title=Monuments to Courage: Victoria Cross Headstones and Memorials. Vol.2, 1917–1982 |publisher=Kevin &amp; Kay Patience |oclc=59437300}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=John |last=Laffin |author-link=John Laffin |year=1997 |title=British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism |publisher=[[Sutton Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7509-1026-2}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggburma.htm Burial location of Michael Allmand]<br /> *[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccgurkha.htm Location of Michael Allmand's Victoria Cross]<br /> *{{Find a Grave |8185202|Michael Allmand |work= |author=John &quot;J-Cat&quot; Griffith |date= |accessdate=15 April 2013}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Allmand, Michael}}<br /> [[Category:1923 births]]<br /> [[Category:1944 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:English Roman Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]<br /> [[Category:People from Golders Green]]<br /> [[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]<br /> [[Category:British Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army personnel killed in World War II]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at Ampleforth College]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at Taukkyan War Cemetery]]<br /> [[Category:Military personnel from the London Borough of Barnet]]<br /> [[Category:English people of French descent]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mubarakpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=518675 2026-02-07T19:35:53Z

<p>Hafilhafi: stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Mubarakpur<br /> | map_image = 346-Mubarakpur.svg<br /> | mla = [[Akhilesh Yadav (born 1964) | Akhilesh Yadav]]<br /> | party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2022<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | electors = 3,54,153<br /> | constituency_no = 346<br /> }}<br /> '''Mubarakpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Mubarakpur in the [[Azamgarh district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<br /> <br /> Mubarakpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 346 amongst 403 constituencies.<br /> <br /> ==Election results==&lt;!--Alphabetical order of Political party name. After results are declared, they will be arranged in decreasing order of votes. Names added without a reliable source will be removed.--&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mubarakpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24346.htm?ac=346 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003085322/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24346.htm?ac=346 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav (born 1964) | Akhilesh Yadav]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:80726}}<br /> |percentage = 36.02<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Arvind Jaiswal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:51623}}<br /> |percentage = 23.03<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Abdussalam<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:48734}}<br /> |percentage = 21.74<br /> |change = {{decrease}}14.9<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> |candidate = [[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:36460}}<br /> |percentage = 16.27<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1349}}<br /> |percentage = 0.6<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.25<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:29103}}<br /> |percentage = 12.99<br /> |change = {{increase}}12.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:224138}}<br /> |percentage = 63.29<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Mubarakpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = [[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam Urf Guddu Jamali]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:70705}}<br /> |percentage = 36.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Akhilesh Yadav (born 1964) | Akhilesh Yadav]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:70017}}<br /> |percentage = 36.28<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Luxman Mourya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:44489}}<br /> |percentage = 23.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1628}}<br /> |percentage = 0.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:688}}<br /> |percentage = 0.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:192991}}<br /> |percentage = 60.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | Surjan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | Vishwanath<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Bhabhi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | Doodhnath<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | Hafeez Bharti<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | Yashwant Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | A. Salam<br /> |-<br /> | [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> | Ram Darshan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | Yashwant Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Chandradev Ram Yadav<br /> |-<br /> | [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Shah Alam<br /> |-<br /> | [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | Akhilesh Yadav<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|26.09|83.29|display=title}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajendra_Pal_Singh_Raghava&diff=499646 2026-02-07T19:16:09Z

<p>Hafilhafi: started new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian bio-informatician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava<br /> | image = Raghava2.png<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | caption = G. P. S. Raghava<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|05|25|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bulandshahr]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | field = [[Bioinformatics]]<br /> | work_institution = [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]]<br /> | prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (2008), [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] (2006)<br /> | occupation = [[bioinformatics]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava''' is an Indian bio-informatician and Director of [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal==<br /> <br /> ===Early years and education===<br /> Raghava was born in village Nagla Karan, [[Bulandshahr district]] (UP), India in 1963. He completed his primary education from his native place [[Bulandshahr]] and post graduation from [[Meerut]], UP in 1984. After completing his MTech from [[Indian Institute of Technology]], New Delhi, he joined [[Institute of Microbial Technology]] as a computer scientist. There he continued to work on various projects and became the head of Bioinformatics Centre in 1994. In 1996 he received a doctorate in bioinformatics from [[Institute of Microbial Technology]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi |url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/raghava |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Notable bioinformatician – Dr Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava | url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/features/174140/notable-bioinformatician-i-dr-gajendra-pal-singh-raghava-i | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428064034/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/features/174140/notable-bioinformatician-i-dr-gajendra-pal-singh-raghava-i | archive-date=28 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career and higher studies===<br /> Raghava joined the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh in 1986 as a computer scientist and developer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page of Prof. Gajendra P. S. Raghava |url=https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=webs.iiitd.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also coordinator of the distributed information centre supported by [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] under the BTISNET programme, where his primary duty is to build and maintain infrastructure required for protein modelling and engineering.<br /> <br /> He worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Oxford university as well as at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) at Cambridge for two years (1996–98). During this period he learned and developed a number of web servers for application in [[computational biology]], particularly in protein modelling.<br /> <br /> ===Achievements and awards===<br /> [[Image:Raghava kapil.png|thumb|G P S Raghava receiving National Bioscience Award from Science and Technology minister Shri Kapil Sibal]]<br /> Raghava received the Young Leader Award in Science &amp; Technology, Lakshmipat Singhania – [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]] National Leadership awards 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= Press release IIML national leadership awards | url= http://www.jklakshmi.com/pdf/press-release_IIML-national-leadership-awards-nov-30-2012.pdf | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107133750/http://www.jklakshmi.com/pdf/press-release_IIML-national-leadership-awards-nov-30-2012.pdf | archive-date= 7 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IMTECH scientist bags Lakshmipat Singhania – IIM Lucknow National Leadership Award|url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/123001/imtech-scientist-awarded-lakshmipat-singhania-iim-lucknow-national-leadership-award|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214215525/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/123001/imtech-scientist-awarded-lakshmipat-singhania-iim-lucknow-national-leadership-award|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was listed as one of eight highly cited Indians scientists by [[Thomson Reuters]] in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds | date=June 2014|url=http://sciencewatch.com/grr/presenting-highly-cited-researchers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Change head!! 8 Indians pale in comparison with 163 Chinese in list of highly-cited researchers<br /> |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Change-head8-Indians-pale-in-comparison-with-163-Chinese-in-list-of-highly-cited-researchers/articleshow/38983168.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was awarded NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Awards, 2009 in Biological Sciences&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Awards, 2009 | url=http://nasi.nic.in/NASI-Reliance%20Industries%20Platinum%20Jubilee%20Awardees%20(2009).htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Thomson Reuters]] presented him Research Excellence ~ India Research Front Awards 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=India Research Front Awards 2009|url=http://science.thomsonreuters.com/ssr/researchday_09_in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He received the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] for 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092859630900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930074359/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092859630900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2008 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Scientific recognitions ===<br /> *He was elected as Fellow of National Academy of Sciences by for his excellent contribution in the field of Bioinformatics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The National Academy of Sciences, India |url=http://nasi.nic.in/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *He was elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Banglore for his excellent contribution in the field of Bioinformatics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Banglore|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Raghava,_Dr_Gajendra_Pal_Singh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Raghava has H-index 95 and I10-index more than 286 in as per his Google scholar profile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Google Scholar Profile of Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=XK5GUiYAAAAJ&amp;oi=ao}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * He is member of editorial board of number of scientific journals.<br /> <br /> ==Research interests==<br /> Raghava developed a method for calculating concentration of antibodies and antigens from ELISA data, and he a prediction method for protein secondary structure prediction. In 1999 he established his research group at IMTECH with emphasis on protein structure prediction and genome annotation. In 2001, his group also focused on &quot;Computer aided vaccine design&quot; with emphasis on subunit vaccine design. Since 2006, his group is trying to integrate bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, pharmaco-informatics and clinical informatics in order to develop a single platform for designing drugs in silico.<br /> <br /> ==Web services and software==<br /> Raghava is an adherent of [[public domain software]] or open source software, and his group both uses and develops free software for academic use. Recently his group have initiated a web portal [[Computational Resource for Drug Discovery (CRDD)]] under [[Open Source Drug Discovery]].<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * OSDDlinux A customized linux operating system for drug discovery<br /> * GlycoEP : In silico Platform for Prediction of N-, O- and C-Glycosites in Eukaryotic Protein Sequences. [http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067008 PLoS ONE 8(6): e67008]<br /> * Lbtope: Improved Method for Linear B-Cell Epitope Prediction Using Antigen's Primary Sequence. [http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062216 PLoS ONE 8(5): e62216]<br /> * Open Source Software and Web Services for Designing Therapeutic Molecule<br /> * Freeware in Science A google plus community on Freeware in the field of Science.<br /> * HIVcoPred: A server for prediction of HIV coreceptor usage (CCR5).<br /> *TumorHPD: Computational approach for designing tumor homing peptides. [http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130405/srep01607/full/srep01607.html Scientific Reports 3: 1607] <br /> * CellPPD: In silico approaches for designing highly effective cell penetrating peptides. [http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/11/1/74/abstract Journal of Translational Medicine 2013, 11:74] .<br /> * MDRIpred : A web server for predicting inhibitors against drug tolerant M. Tuberculosis, published in [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714114112/http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/7/1/49/abstract Chemistry Central Journal] <br /> * CancerDR: Cancer Drug Resistance Database. [http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130313/srep01445/full/srep01445.html Scientific Reports 3, 1445]<br /> * CSIR-Informatics Portal: Web Servers and software developed by CSIR, INDIA<br /> * ToxinPred: In Silico Approach for Predicting Toxicity of Peptides and Proteins. [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0073957]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/}}<br /> * [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=XK5GUiYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en Google Scholar Profile]<br /> * [https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7003507401 Scopus]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gajendra_Raghava/ ResearchGate Profile]<br /> <br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raghava, Gajendra}}<br /> [[Category:1963 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian bioinformaticians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian medical researchers]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bulandshahr district]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjali_Naidu&diff=486699 2026-02-06T05:37:45Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Made initial bio more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Anjali Naidu<br /> | image= <br /> | occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]<br /> | years_active= 1981-1987<br /> | death_date = <br /> | parents = <br /> }}<br /> '''Anjali Naidu''' is an Indian actress. She was a prominent [[lead actress]] during the 1980s in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil film|Tamil]].She made her cinematic debut with the Malayalam film, ''[[Mela (1980 film)|Mela]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-04 |title=RIP - Drishyam 2 fame actor Mela Raghu passes away - Details |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rip-drishyam-2-fame-actor-mela-raghu-passes-away-details.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Partial filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Language<br /> ! Co-Stars<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1980 ||''[[Mela (1980 film)|Mela]]'' ||Sharada ||Malayalam ||[[Mammootty]], Raghu ||Debut movie<br /> |-<br /> |1981 ||''[[Thakilu Kottampuram]]''||Uma ||Malayalam ||[[Mohanlal]], [[Prem Nazir]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |1982 ||''[[Ankachamayam]]'' ||Gayathri || Malayalam || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1982 ||''[[Kayam (1982 film)|Kayam]]'' || || Malayalam || [[Shankar Panikkar]], [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1982 || ''[[Mylanji]]''|| || Malayalam || [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Shanavas]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1982 || ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]''|| ||Hindi ||[[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Raakhee]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |1982 || ''[[Ee Nadu]]''||Nabeesa ||Malayalam ||[[Mammootty]], [[Ratheesh]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |1983 ||''[[Koodevide]]''||Rajamma||Malayalam||[[Mammootty]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]<br /> |-<br /> |1984 || ''[[Vetta]]'' || ||Malayalam || [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1985 || ''[[Ee Thanalil Ithiri Neram]]'' || ||Malayalam || [[Mammootty]], [[Shobhana]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1987 ||''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' || ||Malayalam || [[Mammootty]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1987 ||''[[Vamban]]'' || ||Malayalam || [[Ratheesh]], [[T. G. Ravi]]||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|0619652}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214556/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&amp;artist=Anjali%20%28Old%29 Anjali Naidu at MSI]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Anjali}}<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajyotsava_Awards_(2016)&diff=528841 2026-01-30T12:46:30Z

<p>Hafilhafi: started the data w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = 2016 Rajyotsava Awards<br /> | date = 1 November 2016<br /> | location = [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> | host =<br /> | winner = See [[Rajyotsava Awards (2016)#List of awardees|list]]<br /> | website =<br /> | previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2015)|2015]]<br /> | main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]<br /> | next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2019)|2019]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''2016 Rajyotsava Awards''' ceremony took place at the [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]] on 1 November 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;th&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=61 chosen for Rajyotsava award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/61-chosen-for-Rajyotsava-award/article15878372.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2017|date=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awarded annually by the [[government of Karnataka]], the ceremony saw 61 individuals being awarded for achievements in various fields.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/oct/31/61-people-bag-2016s-rajyotsava-awards-1533408.html|title=61 people bag 2016’s Rajyotsava awards|date=31 October 2016|agency=The New Indian Express|access-date=31 October 2016|location=Bengaluru}}&lt;/ref&gt; The number was chosen to mark the 61st anniversary of the [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|formation of the State of Karnataka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I had no say in Rajyotsava awards, says Siddaramaiah|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/021116/siddaramaiah-i-had-no-say-in-rajyotsava-awards.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 April 2017|date=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of awardees==<br /> The selection committee adhered to the yardstick of minimum age of 60 while selecting individuals for the awards. However, norms were relaxed in the field of sports and social sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;th&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Winners:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/578550/list-rajyotsava-awardees.html|title=List of Rajyotsava awardees|date=31 October 2016|agency=Deccan Herald|accessdate=31 October 2016|location=Bengaluru}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Individual===<br /> [[File:K.T.Gatti's photo.jpg|upright|thumbnail|Writer K. T. Gatti, one of the winners]]<br /> [[File:J R Lakshmana Rao.jpg|upright|thumbnail|J.R.Lakshmanarao]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Awardee !! Area of expertise!! Highlights<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Shivaraj Patil|Justice Shivaraj Patil]] || Judiciary || Supreme court judge.<br /> |-<br /> | K. T. Gatti ||Literature || Author of 90 books in Kannada and English. He authored 45 novels, 19 plays, 9 anthologies of short stories, and many essays and poems.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bezwada Wilson]] || Activism || Activist and National convenor of National Convenor of the Safai Karmachari Andolan (SKA). He started a grassroots movement to eradicate [[manual scavenging]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Karnataka's top honour for 'Julie' Lakshmi and Bezwada Wilson|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/311016/karnatakas-top-honour-for-julie-lakshmi-and-bezwada-wilson.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 April 2017|date=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] || Film and television || Actress<br /> |-<br /> | Moulasab Imamsab Sadaf || Theatre || <br /> |-<br /> |T. H. Hemalatha||Theatre||<br /> |-<br /> |Rameshwari Verma||Theatre||<br /> |-<br /> |Umarani Barigidada||Theatre||<br /> |-<br /> |Chandrakumar Singh||Theatre||<br /> |-<br /> |Revathi Kalyan Kumar||Film and television||<br /> |-<br /> |[[Srinivasa Murthy]]||Film and television||<br /> |-<br /> |Sa. Ra. Govindu||Film and television|| President of Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce<br /> |-<br /> |Syed Satyajith||Film and television||<br /> |-<br /> |K Muralidhar Rao||Music and dance||<br /> |-<br /> |Dwaraki Krishnaswamy||Music and dance||<br /> |-<br /> |Hemavathamma||Music and dance||<br /> |-<br /> |Pandit Narayana Dage||Music and dance||<br /> |-<br /> |V. G. Mahapurush||Music and dance||<br /> |-<br /> |Thimmamma||Folklore||<br /> |-<br /> |Sharadamma||Folklore||<br /> |-<br /> |Mallaiah Hidikal||Folklore||<br /> |-<br /> |Sanna Birappa Kariyavar||Folklore||<br /> |-<br /> |Sabhitha Kambrekar||Folklore||<br /> |-<br /> |Chikka Marigowda||Folklore||<br /> |-<br /> |M. R. Ranganath Rao ||Yakshagana||<br /> |-<br /> |Petri Madhav Nayak||Yakshagana||<br /> |-<br /> |Kinnigoli Mukhyaprana Shettigar||Yakshagana||<br /> |-<br /> |Sujathamma||Yakshagana||<br /> |-<br /> |D. J. Lavani||Yakshagana||<br /> |-<br /> |Dhruva Ramachandra Pattar||Art and Sculpture||<br /> |-<br /> |Kashinath Shilpi||Art and Sculpture||<br /> |-<br /> |Basavaraj L. Jane||Art and Sculpture||<br /> |-<br /> |Parvathamma Kowdi||Art and Sculpture||<br /> |-<br /> |Tulasamma Kelur||Social Service||<br /> |-<br /> |G. M. Muniyappa||Social Service||<br /> |-<br /> |Somanna Hedge Devanakote||Social Service|| Tribal rights activist&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tribal activist presented 'People's Rajyotsava' award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Tribal-activist-presented-%E2%80%98People%E2%80%99s-Rajyotsava%E2%80%99-award/article16444174.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2017|date=13 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Nazeer Ahmed||Social Service||<br /> |-<br /> |L. C. Soans||Agriculture/Environment||<br /> |-<br /> |G. K. Veeresh ||Agriculture/Environment||<br /> |-<br /> |K. Puttannaiah||Agriculture/Environment||<br /> |-<br /> |M. A. Khadri||Agriculture/Environment||<br /> |-<br /> |M. M. Mannur||Media||<br /> |-<br /> |Bhavani Lakshminarayana||Media||<br /> |-<br /> |Ishwara Daithota||Media||<br /> |-<br /> |Indudhara Honnapura||Media||<br /> |-<br /> |J. R. Lakshmana Rao ||Science/Environment|| Science writer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rajyotsava Award conferred on J.R. Lakshmana Rao|url=http://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=24672|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212052832/http://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=24672|archivedate=12 December 2016|work=Star of Mysore|publisher=bangalorefirst.in|accessdate=2 April 2017|date=6 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |K. Muniyappa||Science/Environment||<br /> |-<br /> |Hebri Subhash Krishna Ballal||Medicine||<br /> |-<br /> |Surjith Singh||Sports||<br /> |-<br /> |[[S. V. Sunil]]||Sports||<br /> |-<br /> |Krishna Naikodi Amoghappa||Sports||<br /> |-<br /> |Tejaswi Kattimani||Education||<br /> |-<br /> |R. S. Lokapura||Literature||<br /> |-<br /> |B. Shyam Sundar||Literature||<br /> |-<br /> |Sukanya Maruthi||Literature||<br /> |-<br /> |Mahadev Shivabasappa Patana||Freedom fighter|| 106-year-old freedom fighter from [[Belagavi]]. He represented [[Ramdurg]] in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1957. Participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] and the [[Unification of Karnataka|Karnataka unification movement]]. He led the agitation to free Ramdurg from the British. A reward of {{INR}}10,000 was announced by the British to catch him dead or alive. He was a follower of [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]].<br /> |-<br /> |M. N. Vali||Other fields||<br /> |-<br /> |R. Jaiprasad||Other fields||<br /> |-<br /> |Shakunthala Narasimhan ||Other fields||<br /> |-<br /> |Devaraj Reddy|| Other fields || Hydro-geologist<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Organisations/Associations===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=95%<br /> |-<br /> ! width=6%|Sl.No !! width=25%|Awardee !! width=14%|Area of expertise !! width=15%| Location !! width=40%|Highlights<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || '''Team YUVAA''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Government |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=karnataka.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| NGO || [[Bidar]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2016]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buon_Natale&diff=492534 2026-01-29T00:12:00Z

<p>Hafilhafi: started new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Annual Christmas procession in Thrissur, Kerala, India}}<br /> {{other uses}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox recurring event<br /> |name = Buon Natale<br /> |logo = <br /> |image = Buon Natale 2022 participates 5.jpg<br /> |caption =<br /> |location = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> |years_active = 2013 – present<br /> |dates = December–January<br /> |next = 27 December 2025<br /> |genre = Cultural festival<br /> |website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Buon Natale''' (from the [[Italian language|Italian]] phrase meaning &quot;[[Merry Christmas]]&quot;; {{langx|ml|ബോൺ നത്താലെ}}) is the [[cultural festival]] organized by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Thrissur Archdiocese]] and Thrissur Citizenry in association with [[Christmas]] celebration. It is held at the premises of [[Thrissur]] city in [[Kerala]] every year from 2013. Buon Natale procession entered the [[Guinness World Records]] in 2014 for having the maximum number of people dressed up as Santa Claus.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/buon-natale-enters-guinness-world-records/article6732404.ece|title='Buon Natale' enters Guinness World Records|date=2014-12-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/the-mighty-buon-natale-procession-paints-thrissur-in-red|title=Mighty 'Buon Natale' procession paints Thrissur in red|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/indian-parade-sets-guinness-record-with-18112-santas|title=Indian Parade Sets Guinness Record With 18,112 Santas|website=National Catholic Register|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/People-in-Kerala-create-world-record-for-largest-Santa-Claus-gathering/videoshow/45667495.cms|title=People in Kerala create world record for largest Santa Claus gathering {{!}} News - Times of India Videos|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; This event was started to raise charitable funds along with the celebrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-gathering-of-santa-claus?fb_comment_id=843960002292757_853478721340885|title=Largest gathering of Santa Claus|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/buon-natale-exhibition-begins/article30355145.ece|title=Buon Natale exhibition begins|date=2019-12-20|work=The Hindu, Special Correspondent|access-date=2019-12-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Buon Natale was first conducted by the Thrissur Archdiocese in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151228/nation-current-affairs/article/santas%E2%80%99-day-out-thrissur|title=Santas' day out in Thrissur|date=2015-12-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Santas on wheelchairs|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/santas-wheelchairs-meet-kerala-men-who-spread-spirit-christmas-54843|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was flagged of by former president of [[India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/5-000-santas-2-000-angels-in-biggest-xmas-pageant-113122701022_1.html|title=5,000 Santas, 2,000 angels in biggest Xmas pageant|last=IANS|date=2013-12-27|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5,000 Santa Clauses and 2,000 angels was part of this cultural event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/5000-santas-2000-angels-in-biggest-xmas-pageant-1310821.html|title=5,000 Santas, 2,000 angels in biggest Xmas pageant|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 December 2014 this event had the participation of 18,112 number Santa Clauses and won the Guinness World Records.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] there were no celebrations in the year 2020 and 2021.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Buon Natale 2019 plot 2.jpg|PLot at Buon Natale 2019 procession<br /> File:Buon Natale 2019, Thrissur 06.jpg|Santas walking during Buon Natale 2019<br /> File:Buon Natale closing ceremony 2019.jpg|Buon Natale procession closing ceremony 2019<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> The 10th edition of Buon Natale was held on 27 December 2022. The procession started from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] and goes round through the [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur]]. The [[Minister of State|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minority Affairs]], [[John Barla]] was the chief guest of the 2022nd Buon Natale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-12-23 |title=Buon Natale-2022 to be celebrated on December 27 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/buon-natale-2022-to-be-celebrated-on-december-27/article66298515.ece |access-date=2022-12-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=buon natale thrissur അണിനിരന്നത്... |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2022/12/27/buon-natale-thrissur.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.twentyfournews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Buon Natale 2022 interactions 1.jpg|[[John Barla]], Union Minister of India interacting with the Buon Natale participates<br /> File:Buon Natale 2022 participates 1.jpg|Santa Clause dressed participants<br /> File:Buon Natale 2022 plot 4.jpg|Buon Natale 2022 Plot<br /> File:Buon Natale 2022 participates 2.jpg|Santa Clause dressed participants<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> Swaraj Round, a vibrant cultural hub in Thrissur, has been the spirited stage for the festive dances of countless Santa Clauses, providing a lively showcase of Kerala's rich pluralistic cultural heritage. From nursery students to spirited senior citizens, some surpassing the age of 80, and women, all donned the iconic attire of Christmas Papas, joyously dancing to the tunes of special Buon Natale songs. Archbishop [[Andrews Thazhath|Mar Andrews Thazhath]], mayor M K Varghese, [[T. N. Prathapan|MP T N Prathapan]], and MLAs [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P Balachandran]] and [[T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph|Saneesh Kumar Joseph]], district collector Krishna Teja were among those who participated in the opening session.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=More than 10,000 Santa Clauses add colour to Buon Natale celebrations at Thrissur |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/more-than-10k-santas-add-colour-to-buon-natale-celebrations/articleshow/106336716.cms |access-date=2023-12-29 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Buon Natale 2023 participants 19.jpg|Buon Natale 2023 participants dancing to the tunes of Buon Natale songs<br /> File:Buon Natale 2023 participants 15.jpg|Buon Natale 2023 participants dancing<br /> File:Buon Natale 2023 participants 11.jpg|Buon Natale 2023 participants dancing to the tunes of Buon Natale songs<br /> File:Buon Natale 2023 Plot 1.jpg|Buon Natale 2023 Plot<br /> File:Buon Natale 2023 Plot 3.jpg|Buon Natale 2023 Plot<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> In 2024 more than 15,000 people participated the Buon Natale Christmas procession. The event was inaugurated by Thrissur Archbishop Mar Andrews Thazhath, along with Ministers K. Rajan and [[R. Bindu]], [[P. Balachandran]], Thrissur Mayor M.K. Varghese, and other socio-political and religious leaders. Over 110 parishes under the Thrissur Archdiocese participated. The event featured a grand procession, attracting thousands and highlighting Thrissur’s cultural and religious harmony during Christmas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-27 |title=Thrissur buzzes with festivity as Santas take over the streets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrissur-buzzes-with-festivity-as-santas-take-over-the-streets/article69034302.ece |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ആഘോഷമൊരുക്കി ബോൺ നതാലെ; കൺനിറയെ പാപ്പാമാർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2024/12/28/christmas-celebrations-in-thrissur.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ആഘോഷമൊരുക്കി ബോൺ നതാലെ; കൺനിറയെ പാപ്പാമാർ |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> Buon Natale Thrissur 2024 42.jpg|Buon Natale 2024 participants<br /> Buon Natale Thrissur 2024 8.jpg|Buon Natale 2024 participants dancing<br /> Buon Natale Thrissur 2024 84.jpg|Buon Natale 2024 participants dancing<br /> Buon Natale Thrissur 2024 76.jpg|Buon Natale 2024 participants<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2025 ===<br /> In this year more than 15,000 participants dressed as Santa Claus marched through the streets, transforming Thrissur into a vibrant display of red and white. The procession was inaugurated by Union Minister for [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]] &amp; [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]], [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]. This year’s edition featured a theme song by music director [[Jerry Amaldev]], along with synchronised flash mobs, tableaux, and innovative elements such as skating Santas, a robot Santa, and a drone Santa. AI-supported moving floats created by students and teachers of [[Jyothi Engineering College, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur|Jyothi Engineering College]] added a futuristic dimension to the celebrations. Charity initiatives linked to the event, along with participation from religious leaders, ministers, and civic representatives, underscored Buon Natale’s emphasis on social responsibility, communal harmony, and shared celebration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | date=2025-12-27 |title=Buon Natale rally turns Thrissur into a living canvas of Christmas joy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/buon-natalerallyturnsthrissur-into-alivingcanvas-of-christmasjoy/article70444069.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=സാന്റാക്കടലായി തൃശൂരിലെ ‘ബോൺ നതാലെ’ സാന്താക്ലോസ് റാലി; അണിനിരന്നത് 15,000 പാപ്പമാർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2025/12/27/thrissur-christmas-celebrations-buon-natale-santa-claus-rally.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=സാന്റാക്കടലായി തൃശൂരിലെ ‘ബോൺ നതാലെ’ സാന്താക്ലോസ് റാലി; അണിനിരന്നത് 15,000 പാപ്പമാർ |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-12-28 |title=''ഏത് മൂഡ്... സാൻ്റാ മൂഡ്...'' തൃശൂർ കളറാക്കി ബോൺ നതാലെ; അണിനിരന്നത് 15,000 പാപ്പമാർ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/videos/buon-natale-thrissur-kls25122803212 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Procession ==<br /> The procession starts from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St Thomas College]] in Thrissur, encircles [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur|Swaraj Round]] and ends at Saktan Thampuran Ground. Members from different churches under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Thrissur Archdiocese]] participates in the procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thousands-of-santa-clauses-descend-on-thrissur/article30415471.ece|title=Thousands of Santa Clauses descend on Thrissur|date=2019-12-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Buon Natale, Thrissur}}<br /> *[https://thrissur.nic.in/culture-heritage/ Culture &amp; Heritage Thrissur District]<br /> *[https://www.trichurarchdiocese.org/ Archdiocese of thrissur]<br /> <br /> {{Tourist attractions in Thrissur |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Festivals in Thrissur district]]<br /> [[Category:December observances]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddharth_Katragadda&diff=535646 2026-01-26T04:57:08Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a pg - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Siddharth Katragadda<br /> | image = 31r-BtR9JuL. UX250.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Siddharth Katragadda<br /> | pseudonym = Sid<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = {{flatlist|<br /> * Writer<br /> * Artist<br /> * Filmmaker<br /> * Engineer<br /> }}<br /> | nationality = US (India)<br /> | citizenship = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Texas, Arlington]], [[The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru]], [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]]<br /> | period = 2002–present<br /> | genre = <br /> | subject = <br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = ''Dark Rooms'', ''The Other Wife'', Varanasi (film), B.L.I.N.D (film), Painless (screenplay)<br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | awards = Red Hen Fiction Prize (Runner up), Rhode Island International Film Festival (Semi-finalist) Page Screenwriting Award, Screencraft Drama Contest, WeScreenplay Feature Contest (Quarterfinalist), San Diego Book Awards(Runner-up ), Atlantic City Film Festival (Best Foreign Film)<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = {{URL|sidartist.com}}<br /> | portaldisp = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Siddharth (Sid) Katragadda''' is an Indian American artist, writer, filmmaker, poet and engineer.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> He was born in [[Bangalore]], India in 1972 and moved to the United States for his Master's degree in computer sciences from the [[University of Texas at Arlington]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Siddharth Katragadda - Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter | url=https://clay.earth/profile/siddharth-katragadda | access-date=2025-11-16 | website=clay.earth}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Painting==<br /> Katragadda began exhibiting and selling his art in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Exhibition of paintings – by Siddharth Katragadda at Karnataka Chitra… |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/event--exhibition-paintings-siddharth-katragadda/segment--venue-map/id--11982.html |website=buzzintown.com |access-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118164159/http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/event--exhibition-paintings-siddharth-katragadda/segment--venue-map/id--11982.html |archive-date=18 Jan 2013 |date=18 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; His paintings often feature Indian women painted in an abstract style.&lt;ref name=&quot;tainttainttaintmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Soulism|url=https://www.tainttainttaintmagazine.com/siddarth-katragadda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811082828/https://www.tainttainttaintmagazine.com/siddarth-katragadda |archive-date=11 August 2022 |website=Taint Taint Taint }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, he painted a series of 12 Western paintings in what he calls Holeism style, based on various humanitarian issues. He also returned to his abstract Indian women, creating the first of his Timism style paintings, which were exhibited on Culturally Arts Collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Exhibition, Milostka Center |url=https://www.culturallyarts.com/soloexhibitionsidkatragadda |website=Culturally Arts Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=I Can't Breathe Exhibition |url=https://www.culturallyarts.com/milostkasoloexhibitions |website=Culturally Arts Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.saatchiart.com/art/Painting-Timism-I/653151/9915007/view?srsltid=AfmBOoqC0T4G16daFGAIoTumhUHN_9TxKJLFT4v1fbGost4ZC1OBIksU | title=Timism I Painting by Siddharth Katragadda }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> His work has been featured in various journals and podcasts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with Siddharth Katragadda |url=https://voyagela.com/interview/life-work-with-sid-katragadda-of-orange-county/ |website=VoyageLA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with Sid Katragadda |url=https://canvasrebel.com/meet-sid-katragadda/ |website=CanvasRebel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with Siddharth Katragadda |url=https://play.cdnstream1.com/s/zenomedia/immigrantly/crafting-change-through-9461e5 |website=Immigrantly Podcast}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a featured artist on Saatchi Art in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Featured Artist, May 2023 |url=https://www.saatchiart.com/art-collection/New-This-Week-05-01-2023/153961/728863/view |website=Saatchi Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He's an Artist on the [[San Diego Museum of Art]] Artist Guild &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=The San Diego Museum of Art Artists Guild - Member public profile | url=https://www.sdmaag.org/Sys/PublicProfile/40756022/4310749 | access-date=2025-11-16 | website=www.sdmaag.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Films==<br /> Katragadda's short documentary ''B.L.I.N.D – Born to Live in Near Darkness?'' won numerous festival awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Best Docu Short, Summer 2020 |url=https://www.iifilmawards.com/Gold_Award.html |website=IIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sun of the East Winners |url=https://tiff-b.com/sun-of-the-east-awards-winner-2021/ |website=Tagore International Film Festival|date=17 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nominated films |url=https://jiffindia.org/documents/16IFF2020_NOMI_AWARDS_Final.pdf |website=Jaipur International Film Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His short film ''Varanasi'' won the Best Foreign Film Award at the Atlantic City CineFest, New Jersey, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://downbeach.festivalgenius.com/2013/films/varanasi_siddharthkatragadda_downbeach2013|title=Downbeach Film Festival/Atlantic City Cinefest 2013 : Home|work=festivalgenius.com|access-date=16 February 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040807/http://downbeach.festivalgenius.com/2013/films/varanasi_siddharthkatragadda_downbeach2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://downbeach.festivalgenius.com/2013/films/varanasi_siddharthkatragadda_downbeach2013|title=Varanasi|work=festivalgenius.com|access-date=16 February 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040807/http://downbeach.festivalgenius.com/2013/films/varanasi_siddharthkatragadda_downbeach2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; His screenplay ''Painless'' (aka The Mercy Machine) was a quarter finalist at the PAGE International Screenwriting Awards, 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pageawards.com/past-winners/2016-winners/2016-quarter-finalists/|title=2016 Quarter-Finalists – PAGE International Screenwriting Awards: Screenplay Contests|work=pageawards.com|access-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Screencraft Drama Contest 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://screencraft.org/2017/10/24/2017-drama-contest-quarter-finalists-announced/|title = 2017 Drama Contest Quarter-Finalists Announced| newspaper=Screencraft |date = 24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; the WeScreenplay Screenplay Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wescreenplay.com/blog/post/wescreenplay-feature-contest-wisc-2016-quarter-finalists?WISC%20QF|title=WeScreenplay – WeScreenplay Feature Contest WISC 2016 Quarter Finalists|last=WeScreenplay|work=wescreenplay.com|date=30 December 2016|access-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; His short documentary ''The Indus Code'' was shortlisted for the 6th International Documentary and Short Film Festival, Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://iffk.in/idsffk/images/9th-Day.pdf | title=Schedule 9th June 2013 | access-date=12 June 2013 | archive-date=15 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215074707/http://www.iffk.in/idsffk/images/9th-Day.pdf | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://idsffk.keralafilm.com/informfilm.html |title=International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala |access-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030095300/http://idsffk.keralafilm.com/informfilm.html |archive-date=30 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His Screenplay pitches won Honorable Mention/Finalist awards at the 2021 ISA Virtual Pitch Challenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.networkisa.org/modules/contest/individual/fast_track_announcements/1231|title = ISA Virtual Pitch Challenge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.networkisa.org/articles/view/the-key-to-a-perfect-pitch-is-you|title = The Key to a Perfect Pitch is You}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filmography===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;33&quot; |Year<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Film<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Genre<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Awards<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Credited as<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;65&quot; | Director<br /> ! width=&quot;65&quot; | Producer<br /> ! width=&quot;65&quot; | Screenwriter<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2012<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''The Girl Upstairs''<br /> | [[Drama film|Feature Film]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Released on Amazon Prime''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2013<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Varanasi''<br /> | [[Drama film|Short Film]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | <br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2023<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''City of Lights''<br /> | [[Drama film|Short Film]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''B.L.I.N.D : Born to Live in Near Darkness''<br /> | [[Social|Documentary Short]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> <br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2020<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Being Human''<br /> | [[Drama film|Short Film]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |2023<br /> |The Godsend<br /> |Short Film<br /> |<br /> |Yes<br /> |Yes<br /> |Yes<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Writing ==<br /> His first novel, ''Metamorphosis'' was named a Runners-up for the 2021 [[Red Hen Press]] Fiction Award/ Los Angeles Review.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://redhen.org/awards/red-hen-press-fiction-award/|title=Red Hen Press Fiction Award – Red Hen Press|date=18 February 2020}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> His first novel in verse, ''Dark Rooms'' won an award at the San Diego Book Prize, 2002 (Poetry).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PA Up In Lights |url=http://publishamerica.com/upinlights3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809083325/http://publishamerica.com/upinlights3.html |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=Publish America}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Katragadda|first=Siddharth|date=1 January 2003|title=The other wife: a novel in verse|url=https://sandiego.bibliocommons.com/item/show/889973104_the_other_wife|publisher=PublishAmerica|isbn=9781413706833|via=sandiego Library Catalog|access-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; His next novel &quot;Blood Siblings&quot; won an award at the SD Book Awards, 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Katragadda|first=Siddharth|date=1 January 2003|title=Winner, Unpublished Novel, San Diego Book Awards, 2010|url=https://sandiegobookawards.org/winners/2010-winners-finalists/|publisher=PublishAmerica|via=San Diego Library Catalog|access-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Katragadda was quoted in CNN&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sarah |date=2013-01-04 |title='She could have been me': Action urged after Delhi gang rape case |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/04/world/asia/irpt-new-delhi-gang-rape-ireport-reaction/index.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''a''nd his work has appeared in ''Taint Taint Taint'',''Grey Sparrow Press'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://grey-sparrow-press.com/9-summer-2011/|title=&amp;#91;9&amp;#93; Summer 2011|date=31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''New Plains Review – Fall 2018 Issue'', Chaffey Review, ''A Generation Defining Itself'', ''Carter Street Review'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cartier Street Review March 2011|url=http://issuu.com/mike_finley/docs/cartier|work=issuu.com|date=22 March 2011 |access-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Wilderness Review.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.whlreview.com/no-5.4/poetry/SiddharthKatragadda.pdf|title=Poetry in Wilderness House Literary Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; His work has been reviewed in ''One India''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boldsky.com/insync/pulse/2008/the-dark-rooms-review-220408.html|title=The Dark Rooms: Ode to a Generation|date=22 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=5 May 2008|title=The Other Wife: When You Take The Second Step|url=http://www.boldsky.com/insync/pulse/2008/siddharth-katragadda-the-other-wife-050508.html|work=boldsky.com|access-date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also writes on Cricket topics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/the-fall-of-goliath-indias-near-exit-from-the-t20-world-cup/|title = The Fall of Goliath – India's near-exit from the T20 World Cup|date = 3 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Books===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33&quot; |Year<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Book<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Genre<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Awards<br /> <br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2002<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Dark Rooms''<br /> | [[poetry]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Runners-up San Diego Book Awards''<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2003<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''The Other Wife''<br /> | [[poetry]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Runners-up San Diego Book Awards''<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; | 2022<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Metamorphosis''<br /> | [[Novel]]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Runners-up – Red Hen Fiction Award''<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Plays ==<br /> <br /> His play ''Tsunami'' was produced by Firecracker Production, Houston, and was nominated for five Awards at the 2021 Broadway World Houston.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.broadwayworld.com/houston/liveupdateregion.cfm?btype=6169&amp;region=Houston&amp;fbclid=IwAR16FayEYtXSMn0eqy--2PqDnYqo2ZRYsqdU7r_DXkn3vRVVs6j8DXiQX24| title = BroadwayWorld Houston Awards – Best Streaming Play}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Tsunami'' also was won the &quot;Your Worst Nightmare Short Play Festival&quot; in San Francisco.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} His short play ''Power Outage'' was set to be produced at the 11th Towne Street Theatre's Annual Ten-Minute Play Festival – at the Stella Adler Theatre, Hollywood April 4–26, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.townestreetla.org/11thplayfestival|title=11th 10 Minute Play Festival|website=Towne Street Theatre}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theatre productions===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Play !! Production<br /> |-<br /> | 2020||The Power Outage|| Stella Adler Theatre, Hollywood 11th-annual-10-min-play-festival<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 2020||Tsunami|| Shelton Theater in San Francisco, Your Worst Nightmare Short Play Festival<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |Tsunami<br /> |Firecracker Productions, Houston<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{wikiquote}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Katragadda, Siddharth}}<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:American male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:American film producers]]<br /> [[Category:American male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:English-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br /> [[Category:American film directors of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:American science fiction film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction film directors]]<br /> [[Category:American horror film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian horror film directors]]<br /> [[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male painters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Expressionist painters]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]<br /> [[Category:American artists of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:American artists of Asian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Indian artists]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halenahalli&diff=501890 2026-01-24T21:57:13Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Starting new stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> '''Halenahalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-01|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624707}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Halenahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Halenahalli,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2821743,77.1828928,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d4f6ec536df1:0x1bb0d95175f58885!8m2!3d13.2792932!4d77.2413437?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Halenahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Rural district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Village &amp; Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Halenahalli<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | government_type = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.2800982|N|77.2318934|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Rural]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluk]]s<br /> | parts = Nelamangala<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 562111<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br /> | website = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Halenahalli had population of 864 of which 443 are males while 421 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Karnataka district census handbook Bangalore (rural) | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113235611/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf | archive-date=2015-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> The total geographical area of village is 284.36 hectares.&lt;ref&gt;Page 74- 624707- https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bus route from Bengaluru City ==<br /> [[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - Darasahalli - [[Nelamangala]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Districts of Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite web | title=Bangalore Rural District , Government of Karnataka {{!}} India | url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/ | access-date=2026-01-24 | website=bangalorerural.nic.in}}<br /> <br /> {{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanjur_Marg&diff=508234 2026-01-20T18:30:48Z

<p>Hafilhafi: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kanjur marg<br /> | native_name = Kanjur Gaav<br /> | native_name_lang = Marathi<br /> | other_name = Kanjurmarg Village<br /> | settlement_type = Suburb<br /> | image_skyline = JVLR near Suncity.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = [[Jogeshwari - Vikhroli Link Road]] at Kanjur<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = Mumbai<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19.13|N|72.94|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = City<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = Auto Rickshaw<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 400042 for East &amp; 400078 for West<br /> | area_code = 022<br /> | area_code_type =<br /> | registration_plate = MH03<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kanjur Marg''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[kaɲd͡zuɾmaːɾɡ]]]) is a suburb in east central [[Mumbai]]. [[Kanjurmarg railway station]] is the main access point for [[IIT Bombay]], [[IIM Mumbai]], [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, IIT Powai|KV Powai]], [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai]], [[Larsen &amp; Toubro|L&amp;T]], [[Hiranandani Gardens]] and other locations in [[Powai]]. The station was built in 1968 and named after the local Kanjur village.&lt;ref&gt;''Star Track''; ''[[Times of India]]'' Mumbai; pg-2; 2006-04-21&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Panorama<br /> |image = File:Kanjurpanorama.jpg<br /> |height = 230<br /> |alt = <br /> |caption = Kanjur Marg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Commons category|Kanjurmarg}}<br /> {{Mumbai metropolitan area}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Suburbs of Mumbai]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Mumbai-geo-stub}}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishwamitri_River&diff=544973 2026-01-14T14:04:56Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting place - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|River in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox river<br /> | name = Vishwamitri River<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | name_other = <br /> | name_etymology = <br /> | nickname =<br /> &lt;!---------------------- IMAGE--&gt; <br /> | image = Vishwamitri-river-1.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = Vishwamitri River, near [[Vadodara]]<br /> | image_alt =<br /> &lt;!---------------------- MAPS --&gt; <br /> | map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_size = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption= <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> &lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type1 = <br /> | subdivision_name1 = <br /> | subdivision_type2 = <br /> | subdivision_name2 = <br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | subdivision_type4 = <br /> | subdivision_name4 = <br /> | subdivision_type5 = <br /> | subdivision_name5 = <br /> &lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;<br /> | length = <br /> | width_min = <br /> | width_avg = <br /> | width_max = <br /> | depth_min = <br /> | depth_avg = <br /> | depth_max = <br /> | discharge1_location= <br /> | discharge1_min = <br /> | discharge1_avg = <br /> | discharge1_max = <br /> &lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;<br /> | source1 = <br /> | source1_location = <br /> | source1_coordinates= &lt;!-- {{Coord|...}} --&gt;<br /> | source1_elevation = <br /> | mouth = <br /> | mouth_location = <br /> | mouth_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | mouth_elevation = <br /> | progression = <br /> | river_system = <br /> | basin_size = <br /> | basin_landmarks = <br /> | basin_population = <br /> | tributaries_left = <br /> | tributaries_right = <br /> | waterbodies = <br /> | waterfalls = <br /> | bridges = <br /> | ports = <br /> | custom_label = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> '''Vishwamitri River''' is a non-perennial river in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Originating from [[Pavagadh]] in the [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal District]] of Gujarat, the river flows westward through the city of [[Vadodara]] before draining into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The river's name is thought to be derived from the name of the sage [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/introduction/|title=Introduction|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Human settlement dating back to 1000 B.C has been found on the bank of river Vishwamitri. In the beginning of the [[Common Era]], a small township was developed on a mound on the banks of this river which later came to be known as Ankotakka (currently known as [[Akota]]). The river was important to the settlement of [[Vadodara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seas.umich.edu/masters-projects/vishwamitri-river-and-its-reign-2017|title=&quot;Vishwamitri &quot; a River and its Reign (2017) {{!}} University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability|website=seas.umich.edu|access-date=2019-08-31|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831155012/https://seas.umich.edu/masters-projects/vishwamitri-river-and-its-reign-2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vishwamitri is part of a larger river system includes the Sayaji Sarovar on the Vishwamitri River near [[Ajwa]], and the Dev Dam on the Dhadhar Branch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vmc-to-rehabilitate-vishwamitri-crocodiles-i/380704|title=VMC to rehabilitate Vishwamitri crocodiles in Ajwa Sarovar - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/narmada-or-vishwamitri-crocodiles-on-the-offensive-in-gujarat/|title=Narmada or Vishwamitri, crocodiles on the offensive in Gujarat|date=2014-06-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its flow is from East to West in between two large perennial rivers Mahi and Narmada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273631460|title=Mugger (Crocodylus palustris) Population In And Around Vadodara City, Gujarat State, India|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vishwamitri River banks are home to multiple of places of historical importance like Chhatri, Pratappura Sarovar, Old Bridge, Suspension Bridge, Boat House.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Vishwamitri is known for its population of [[Mugger crocodile]]s, a threatened reptile species in India that is legally protected under Schedule I of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act]], 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dams and sarovars ==<br /> <br /> === Ajwa Dam ===<br /> This dam is built in the early 20th century by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]. It solves the purpose of providing water to the vadodara city. Height of the dam is 211 feet above sea level and its 5&amp;nbsp;km long. It has 62 gates and directly connected to Vishwamitri river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/ajwa-reservoir-sayaji-sarovar/|title=Ajwa Reservoir (Sayaji Sarovar)|date=2009-09-07|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though Vishwamitri river is seasonal river so Sardar Sarovar's one branch is required to fulfil the need whenever needed. Also reports says that it is the home of more than 300 crocodiles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/croc-chronicles-vmc-refuses-to-house-homele/364038|title=Croc Chronicles: VMC refuses to house homeless crocodiles in Ajwa Sarovar - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pratappura Sarovar ===<br /> This sarovar is built by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. It is also known as Pratapsinh Tank. The main purpose to build this sarovar is to supply water in Ajwa Reservoir. There are seven gates on sarovar from which three gates are connected to the Vishwamitri River. Whenever an emergency occurs, where the Ajwa Reservoir is full then the excess water is sent off to the Vishwamitri River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/pratappura-sarovar/|title=Pratappura Sarovar|date=2019-08-10|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Nearby attractions ==<br /> <br /> === Ajwa Gardens ===<br /> It is located at 23&amp;nbsp;km away from Vadodara. Also, Sayaji Sarovar is situated near these gardens. These gardens resemble the [[Vrindavan]] Garden,{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} and has many illuminated fountains. There is also a separate musical fountain which is an attraction for the visitors.&lt;ref&gt;“Ajwa Garden.” ''Vadodara Municipal Corporation'', https://vmc.gov.in/AjvaGarden.aspx .&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sayaji Baug ===<br /> It is also known as kamati baug. It is located on Vishwamitri river. It is built by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. This park contains many fountains, lawns and many types of trees. Apart from all these, it has a zoo, aquarium, toy train, Historical Museum, small Museum of Health and Hygiene and many more. In addition to all, Vadodara Municipal Corporation also built the Floral Clock. This is a major attraction for visitors to [[Sayaji Baug]]. It has minute hand and second hand which is constructed on 20&amp;nbsp;ft diameter dial. To give a more natural look to this clock all the machinery is underground.&lt;ref&gt;“Garden.” ''Vadodara Municipal Corporation'', https://vmc.gov.in/Garden.aspx .&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Suspension Bridge ===<br /> As Vishwamitri river flows through the park there is a need of path from the zoo to the park. This was the main purpose to build this bridge. Initially, It was designed by Gaekwad III but in 1964, the bridge crumbled down due to heavy rush in the garden during the Fugga Agiyaras Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Vadodara-Municipal-Corporation-to-approach-LT-for-Kamatibaug-suspension-bridge/articleshow/30981642.cms|title=Vadodara Municipal Corporation to approach L&amp;T for Kamatibaug suspension bridge |date=February 25, 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; After this event [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] has decided to make a similar bridge at the same place. Now it has become a major attraction for the park.<br /> <br /> === Chhatri ===<br /> It is an ornate structure built on the Vishwamitri bridge in Vadodara city. The structure was commissioned by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. The structure is like an octagonal structure. It has eight pillars. It is made up of stone from Saurashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/chhatri-at-vishwamitri-bridge/|title=Chhatri at Vishwamitri Bridge|date=2012-05-15|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Boat House ===<br /> It is located on the banks of Vishwamitri River. It is near the Sangramsinh Gaekwad Sports Academy. The main reason to put this as an attraction for visitors because of its carved eaves and finials.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://historyofvadodara.in/boat-house/|title=Boat House|date=2016-02-02|website=History of Vadodara - Baroda|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Water pollution and flooding ==<br /> The Vishwamitri river system which flows through the heart of the city of Vadodara has over the years suffered due to urbanization and industrialization. Despite having multiple dams on the river system, it remains subject to floods and thus suffers floodplain encroachment and storm water outfalls. Neglect towards the maintenance of the river and release of sewage waters, industrial effluents and other sources of pollution has led to the deterioration.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some of the major gauge stations built on this river to keep floods in check are Ajwa, Pratappura, City Bridge, Bhaniara, Dhanora, Ghansarvav, Haripura, Vadadala, Shivrajpur in Vadodara and Halol and Deo Dam in Panchmahal.&lt;ref&gt;Guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in. (2019). [online] Available at: https://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/disaster_man_plan_1.8.pdf .&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a study done by [[University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment|School of Natural Resources and Environment]], [[University of Michigan–Dearborn|University of Michigan]] and commissioned by ASP(Amrut Sitaram Pradhan) Foundation, the major causes of the degradation are improper sewage management, increased [[impervious surface]] and deforestation throughout the watershed, encroachment within the floodplain, lack of concern for ecological processes, invasive species, open dumping of solid waste and lack of sensitivity for historical context in development.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 1994, there have been more than 8 floods in this river. The river not only floods the low-lying parts of the city but also endangers the crocodiles living in the river and is a cause for animal-people conflict as these crocodiles are now in human occupied territory. [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] (VMC) has started a Vishwamitri Riverfront Development Project(VDRP) for the development of Vishwamitri River and for control of floods&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/vishwamitri-riverfront-mp-seeks-centres-push/|title=Vishwamitri Riverfront: MP seeks Centre's push|date=2014-12-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Vishwamitris-revival-can-be-a-model-for-rivers-in-India/articleshow/46643022.cms|title='Vishwamitri's revival can be a model for rivers in India' |date=March 21, 2015|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/VMC-keen-on-riverfront-development-corporation-for-Vishwamitri/articleshow/5680841.cms|title=VMC keen on riverfront development corporation for Vishwamitri |date=March 15, 2010|first=Sachin |last=Sharma |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vishwamitri-riverfront--irrigation-dept-to-submit-report-next-week/550447/|title=Vishwamitri riverfront : Irrigation dept to submit report next week - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Vaho Vishwamitri abhiyan ==<br /> This abhiyaan (campaign) is started to majorly focus on developing a bioshield on the banks of Vishwamitri River. Targeted area is from Pavagadh Hills to Bay of Khambhat. The main purpose of this abhiyaan (campaign) is environmental protection and water conservation. This will lead to better animal [[habitat]] and it also tries to improve the quality of organic farming.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cscvadodara.com/VVA.html|title=Community Science Centre Vadodara|website=www.cscvadodara.com|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under this Abhiyaan, Drones are used for plantation purpose. There are many tree plantation workshops were organized as a part of this project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/developmental-issues/drone-used-for-plantation-on-the-banks-of-vishwamitri-river/articleshow/48732355.cms|title=Drone used for plantation on the banks of Vishwamitri river|last=Rupera|first=Prashant|date=2015-08-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Technical experts in [[Government of Gujarat|GOG]], [[Government of India|GOI]] and the [[World Bank]] have appreciated and accepted the holistic plan as technically feasible and beneficial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Vadodara]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luni_River&diff=450032 2026-01-11T16:13:37Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Content refined for better accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|River in northwest India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox river<br /> | name = Luni River<br /> | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=sa|name1=Lavanavari |tag2=sa|name2=Lavanavati}}<br /> | name_other = Sagarmati<br /> | name_etymology = <br /> | nickname = &lt;!---------------------- IMAGE--&gt;<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_alt = &lt;!---------------------- MAPS --&gt;<br /> | map = Sarasvati river.jpg<br /> | map_size = 232px<br /> | map_caption = Course of River Luni or Lavanaravi river, south of the estimated route of the ancient Sarasvati river<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_size = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the mouth of the river in India<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = &lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = State<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | subdivision_type4 = <br /> | subdivision_name4 = <br /> | subdivision_type5 = <br /> | subdivision_name5 = &lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;<br /> | length_km = 495<br /> | width_min = <br /> | width_avg = <br /> | width_max = <br /> | depth_min = <br /> | depth_avg = <br /> | depth_max = <br /> | discharge1_location = <br /> | discharge1_min = <br /> | discharge1_avg = <br /> | discharge1_max = &lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;<br /> | source1 = <br /> | source1_location = [[Pushkar]] Valley near [[Ajmer]]<br /> | source1_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|...}} --&gt;<br /> | source1_elevation = {{cvt|550|m}}<br /> | mouth = <br /> | mouth_location = Near [[Nadabet]], [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Gujarat]]<br /> | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|39|N|71|11|E|display=it|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> | mouth_elevation = <br /> | progression = <br /> | image_map1 = <br /> | river_system = <br /> | basin_size_km2 = 37363<br /> | basin_landmarks = <br /> | basin_population = <br /> | tributaries_left = [[Jawai River]], [[Sukri River]], [[Guhiya River]], [[Bandi River]], [[Liladi River]]<br /> | tributaries_right = [[Jojari River]]<br /> | waterbodies = <br /> | waterfalls = <br /> | bridges = <br /> | ports = <br /> | custom_label = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | extra = <br /> | district = [[Ajmer]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]]<br /> | cities = [[Birami]], [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Luni''' is the largest river in the [[Thar Desert]] in [[Northwest India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Carling|first1=Paul A.|last2=Leclair|first2=Suzanne F.|date=2018-07-16|title=Alluvial stratification styles in a large, flash-flood influenced dryland river: The Luni River, Thar Desert, north-west India|journal=Sedimentology|volume=66|issue=1|pages=102–128|doi=10.1111/sed.12487|issn=0037-0746|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It originates in Naga hills&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=RajRAS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AX6kDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Luni+river&amp;pg=PA83 |title=Rajasthan Geography |date=2018-01-17 |publisher=RajRAS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Pushkar]] valley of the [[Aravalli Range]], near [[Ajmer]], passes through the southeastern portion of the Thar Desert, and ends in the marshy lands of [[Rann of Kutch]] in [[Gujarat]], after travelling a distance of {{cvt|495|km}}. It is first known as '''Sagarmati''', then after passing Govindgarh, it meets its tributary Sarasvati, which originates from [[Pushkar Lake]] and from then on it is called Luni.&lt;ref name=lun&gt;{{cite book|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_217.gif|title=Luni River, The Imperial Gazetteer of India|year=1909|volume=16|pages=211–212}}, see also [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1892, Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh II]] of [[Jodhpur]] constructed 0 in Pichiyak village between [[Bilara]] and Bhawi of [[Jodhpur district]]. It is one of the largest artificial lakes in India and irrigates more than {{cvt|12000|acre|km2}}.&lt;ref name=lun/&gt; It is one of the internal drainage rivers in India; it does not meet with [[Arabian Sea]]. It is drained before it reaches the Arabian Sea.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The Luni is also known as the Lavanavari or Lavanavati, which means '''&quot;salt river&quot;''' in [[Sanskrit]], due to the high salinity of its water.&lt;ref name=lun/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> [[File:Luni river view from railway bridge of Luni town in Jodhpur district 01.jpg|left|thumb|Luni river view from railway bridge of [[Luni, Rajasthan|Luni town]] in Jodhpur district]]<br /> The Luni River basin is 37,363&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, which includes all or part of the [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Jalore district|Jalore]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Pali district|Pali]], and [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]] districts of [[Rajasthan]] and the [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] and [[Patan district|Patan]] districts of northern Gujarat. Its major tributaries are the [[Sukri]], Mithri, [[Bandi River|Bandi]], [[Khari River|Khari]], [[Jawai River|Jawai]], [[Guhiya River|Guhiya]] and Sagi from the left and the Jojari from the right.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Luni River begins near [[Ajmer]], in the Pushkar valley of the western [[Aravalli Range]] at an elevation of about 550m. At this point, the river is also known as the Sagarmati. The river then flows in the southwest direction through the hills and plains of the Marwar region in Rajasthan. The river flows south-west and enters the Thar Desert before dissipating into the Rann of Kutch, traversing a total of 495&amp;nbsp;km. In spite of the high [[salinity]], it is a major river in the region and serves as a primary source of irrigation. The Luni is not saline until it reaches [[Balotra]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Honkimäki |first=Julia |date=2023-06-20 |title=मरुगंगा लूणी नदी का पानी पहुंचा बालोतरा, छतरियों का मोर्चा बीओटी पूल से पानी हुआ पार » Balotra News-बालोतरा न्यूज़ |url=https://www.balotranews.com/balotra/the-water-of-the-maruganga-luni-river-reached-the-balotra-umbrella-front-water-crossed-from-the-bot-pool/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; where high salt content in the soil impacts the river.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Luni may have been the southern portion of the historic [[Ghaggar-Hakra]] river channel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tributaries==<br /> [[File:Luni Riber Basin India.png|300px|thumb|Luni River Basin]]<br /> The [[Jawai River|Jawai]], [[Sukri River|Sukri]], [[Guhiya River|Guhiya]], [[Bandi River|Bandi]] and [[Jojari River|Jojari]] rivers are the main tributaries of Luni river. The Jojari is the only tributary that merges to the right bank of the river while other 10 tributaries join its left bank. All the tributaries except Jojari originate from the [[Aravalli Range]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/luni-mysterious-indian-river-in-west-rajasthan-facts-html-1380307-2018-11-01|title=Luni, the Indian river with saline water that doesn't drain into any sea or ocean: Facts you need to know|access-date=7 March 2020|work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080326193503/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3bluni.htm Luni Basin (Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080419033829/http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/3rivers5.htm Luni tributaries (Department of Irrigation, Government of Rajasthan)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dams and irrigation==<br /> The dams in Luni river are:&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Jaswant Sagar Dam - built in 1892 by Maharaja Jaswant Singh.It is one of the largest artificial lakes in India.<br /> <br /> The two major irrigation projects on Luni river are [[SardarSamand]] and Jawai dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> Sardar Samand dam was constructed in 1905.<br /> <br /> ==Flash floods==<br /> Flash floods have occurred in the Luni river as the river flows on a shallow bed and the riverbank soil is easily flattened by the rain water.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The worst flood happened in 2006, when the desert region received heavy rain. Flash floods caused water levels to rise to as high as {{convert|15|to|25| feet|m|0}} submerging many parts along the river in the [[Barmer district]]. A large number of people and animals died in the flood.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2010, another flood occurred but there were fewer casualties.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Industrial Pollution Impact==<br /> <br /> The degradation of the Luni River's water quality is primarily attributed to the discharge of hazardous pollutants by textile industries located along its banks, including [[Balotra]], [[Bithuja]], [[Jasol]], and [[Pali district|Pali]]. The pollution has resulted in the loss of the river's natural flow, transforming freshwater into saline water as it reaches Balotra. This pollution not only affects the river itself but also contaminates groundwater and surface water bodies in the surrounding areas.<br /> <br /> === Efforts to Combat Pollution ===<br /> <br /> Several individuals and organizations have been actively involved in combating the pollution of the Luni River. The 'Pradushan Niwaran and Paryavarn Sanrakshan Samiti,' a voluntary organization, has been at the forefront of the fight against river pollution. Their efforts include advocating for the enforcement of green norms, raising awareness about the issue, and pushing for compensation to farmers whose crops have been damaged due to contaminated water.<br /> <br /> === Legal Interventions ===<br /> <br /> The National Green Tribunal (NGT) and the Rajasthan High Court have played significant roles in addressing the pollution problem of the Luni River. The NGT, in response to a public interest litigation, declared the Luni water unfit for irrigation due to pollution from textile dyeing units. The court ordered the shutdown of around 800 textile units for violating green norms, and subsequent assessments were conducted to monitor the situation.<br /> <br /> === Ongoing Challenges ===<br /> <br /> Despite legal interventions and efforts by various stakeholders, challenges persist in addressing the pollution of the Luni River. Textile industries continue to discharge pollutants into the river, and encroachments in the catchment area exacerbate the problem. The lack of full compliance with environmental quality standards by some industries and the failure to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) remain areas of concern. Due to the absence of embankments around the river bank, saline water reaches the nearby fields during the rainy season, causing a decrease in fertility. <br /> <br /> ==Fish diversity==<br /> The fish diversity assessment of Luni river led by ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow from October, 2018 - November, 2019 reported the occurrence of 27 species belonging to 22 genera, dominated by Cyprinids. The highest fish diversity of 12 species was reported in Samdhari and Gandhav. In this study, the wide distribution of Invasive Fish Species such as [[Clarias gariepinus|African Catfish]] (Clarias gariepinus) and [[Mozambique tilapia]] (Oreochromis mossambicus) were also reported from the river Luni.&lt;ref&gt;Pathak, A. K., Kantharajan, G., Saini, V. P., Kumar, R., Dayal, R., Mohindra, V., &amp; Lal, K. K. (2020). Fish community and habitat diversity profiling of Luni, an ephemeral saline river from Thar Desert of India for conservation and management. Community Ecology. {{doi|10.1007/s42974-020-00033-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Waters of South Asia}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Barmer district]]<br /> [[Category:Aravalli Range]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methaneilie_Solo&diff=517490 2025-12-17T17:28:47Z

<p>Hafilhafi: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Family name hatnote|Solo|lang=Angami}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Methaneilie Solo<br /> | image = Methaneilie Jütakhrie.jpg<br /> | caption = Solo performing in 2021<br /> | birth_name = Methaneilie Solo <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|07|27}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kohima Village]], [[Assam]], India &lt;br/&gt;(now [[Nagaland]], India)<br /> | occupation = Singer, songwriter<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Dziesetuonuo Solo|1983}}<br /> | children = 4<br /> | module =<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | origin = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India<br /> | genre = * [[Pop music|Pop]]<br /> }}<br /> | years_active = 1968–present<br /> }}<br /> '''Methaneilie Solo''' (born 27 July 1955), better known by his stage name '''Methaneilie Jütakhrie Solo''', is an Indian singer and composer from [[Nagaland]] who became successful as a musician in the 1980s and 1990s.<br /> <br /> == Early years ==<br /> Methaneilie Solo was born on 27 July 1955 to an [[Angami Naga]] family from the Tsütuonuomia [[Clan|Thinuo]] of [[Kohima Village]]. His mother and father were Khrienuo and Zajükhrie Solo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/renowned-singer-methaneilie-to-release-original-music-video-soon/247592.html|title=Renowned singer Methaneilie to release original music video|date=29 December 2021|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=6 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Solo became hunchbacked at the age of four after a wrestling match with his brother and could study only up to 4th class. However, his parents and friends encouraged him to sing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ucanews&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Methaneilie Solo composed his first song in 1973, and recorded his first album in 1984. In 1993, his 12th volume of cassette was released which includes recording in his own Angami dialect (Tenyidie), as well as translations from other tribal languages and Hindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ucanews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1996/01/19/handicapped-singer-promotes-nagaland-social-welfare&amp;post_id=28841 |title=Handicapped Singer Promotes Nagaland Social Welfare | date= 19 January 1996 |work=UCA News}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has recorded 250 songs, and has composed 187 songs himself.&lt;ref name=&quot;morung&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://morungexpress.com/reviving-oral-tradition-story-nights-methaneilie-solo/ |title=Reviving oral tradition: 'Story Nights' with Methaneilie Solo|date=14 May 2017 |work=Morung Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/story-nights-with-methaneilie-jutakhrie/ |title=Story Nights with Methaneilie Jütakhrie |date= 14 May 2017 |work=Eastern Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A few of his popular Tenyidie songs are:<br /> *&quot;Kekhrie&quot;<br /> *&quot;Pfütsero&quot;<br /> *&quot;Sievü No&quot;<br /> *&quot;Dzükou&quot;<br /> *&quot;Nagamia Rüli&quot;<br /> *&quot;Oh Kohima&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;Whiskey&quot;, &quot;I Call Her Darling&quot; and &quot;Nagaland City Kuribole&quot; are some of his popular Nagamese songs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://morungexpress.com/call-darling-call-dustbin/|title=I call her darling; She call me dustbin|date=6 December 2017|work=Morung Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> On 26 October 2021, Solo was awarded the ‘Lifetime Achievement Award’ at the 13th [[Music Awards of Nagaland]] held at [[Regional Centre of Excellence for Music &amp; Performing Arts|RCEMPA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpage.com/high-note-methaneilie-gets-lifetime-achievement-award/|title=High note: Methaneilie gets 'Lifetime Achievement Award'|date=17 October 2021|website=[[Nagaland Page]]|access-date=6 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> *''‘Jütakhrieko’'' (1984)<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> ===Family===<br /> Solo married Dziesetuonuo in 1983. Together the couple has two daughters and two sons.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Methaneilie Solo}}<br /> * {{Instagram|methaneilie}}<br /> * [https://youtube.com/channel/UCySjGf4fP73gBC2ngAyd5xQ Methaneilie Solo] on [[YouTube]]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Solo, Methaneilie}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kohima]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakshanda_Khan&diff=463174 2025-12-03T19:41:48Z

<p>Hafilhafi: slightly updated intro per sources further and fixed typos per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Rakhsandha khan1.jpg<br /> | caption = Khan in 2012<br /> | name = Rakshanda Khan<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|09|27|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rakshanda Khan turns a year older; Naagin actress Surbhi Jyoti calls her Elizabeth Hurley |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakshanda-khan-turns-a-year-older-naagin-actress-surbhi-jyoti-calls-her-elizabeth-hurley/articleshow/71334619.cms |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rakshanda Khan pregnant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rakshanda-Khan-pregnant/articleshow/44971240.cms?imageid=32340484 |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2014 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Sachin Tyagi]]|15 March 2014}}<br /> | homepage = <br /> | children = 1<br /> | notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''|''[[Kasamh Se]]''|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rakshanda Khan Tyagi ''' (born 27 September 1974) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi television]] actress. She is married to actor [[Sachin Tyagi]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Khan is married to actor [[Sachin Tyagi]], a father of two daughters from his first marriage. Khan met Tyagi on the sets of the television show ''[[Kuch Apne Kuch Paraye]]'' in 2006 and got married on 15 March 2014 in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-actress-rakshanda-khan-marries-beau-sachin-tyagi/|title=TV actress Rakshanda Khan marries beau Sachin Tyagi|last=Goyal|first=Divya|date=19 March 2014|work=Indian Express|access-date=29 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/rakshanda-khan-ties-the-knot/15168054|title=Rakshanda Khan ties the knot|first=Chulbuli|last=Pandey|date=19 March 2014|work=Mid Day|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720045326/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/rakshanda-khan-ties-the-knot/15168054|archive-date=20 July 2020|access-date=10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Together the couple have a daughter who was born in December 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=BFFs Rakshanda Khan and Sania Mirza meet after long with their kids |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bffs-rakshanda-khan-and-sania-mirza-meet-after-long-with-their-kids/articleshow/70224006.cms |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Actress Rakshanda Khan on Being Advised to 'Fix' Her Nose |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actress-rakshanda-khan-on-being-advised-to-fix-her-nose-4304081.html |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=News18 |date=9 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dubbing roles==<br /> ===Live action films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Title !! Actress !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[The Mummy (1999 film)|''The Mummy'']] || [[Rachel Weisz]] || [[List of The Mummy characters#Evelyn &quot;Evie&quot; Carnahan O'Connell|Evelyn Carnahan]] || Hindi || English &lt;br/&gt; Arabic &lt;br/&gt; [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] || 1999 || 1999 || <br /> |-<br /> |[[Total Recall (2012 film)|''Total Recall'']] || [[Jessica Biel]] || Melina || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Indian films ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Title!!Actress!!Character!!Dub language!!Original language!!Original year release!!Dub year release!!Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|''Oh! Baby'']]<br /> |[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]<br /> |Young Savithri alias &quot;Baby&quot; / Swathi<br /> |Hindi<br /> |Telugu<br /> |2019<br /> |2023<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]<br /> |[[Samyuktha Menon]]<br /> |Meenakshi<br /> |Hindi<br /> |Telugu<br /> |2023<br /> |2023<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]<br /> |[[Samyuktha Menon]]<br /> |Nandini<br /> |Hindi<br /> |Telugu<br /> |2023<br /> |2023<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''<br /> |[[Kiara Advani]]<br /> |Sita<br /> |Hindi<br /> |Telugu<br /> |2019<br /> |2023<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Animated films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Title !! Original Voice(s) !! Character(s) !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year release !! Dub Year release !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Incredibles]]'' || [[Holly Hunter]] || [[Elastigirl (The Incredibles)|Helen Parr / Elastigirl]] || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 || The Hindi dub released as &lt;br/&gt;'''&quot;Hum Hain Lajawab&quot;'''.&lt;br/&gt;[[Kajol]] dubbed this role in [[Incredibles 2|sequel]].<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Serial <br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! 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Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanniyar&diff=457424 2025-12-03T18:57:17Z

<p>Hafilhafi: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hindu agrarian caste in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{About|the Indian Vanniyar community|medieval Sri Lankan chieftaincy title|Vanniar (Chieftain)}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}&lt;!-- do not remove, see [[Special:PermaLink/698674019#Palestine-Israel articles 3 (2): Arbitrator views and discussion]] --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> [[File:Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 6 - Image 1.jpg|thumb|Vanniyars celebrating [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], 1909]]<br /> <br /> The '''Vanniyar''', formerly known as the '''Palli''', are a community or ''[[jāti]]'' found in the northern part of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Rudolph|first1=Lloyd I.|author-link1=Lloyd Rudolph|last2=Rudolph|first2=Susanne Hoeber|author-link2=Susanne Hoeber Rudolph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&amp;pg=PA49|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India|date=1967|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73137-7|pages=49|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Vanniyars were historically considered a [[Caste system in India|lower caste]], although some were peasant-warriors in the 14th century. The Palli, along with the [[Paraiyar]], were largely employed as agricultural labourers during British rule, although some were smallholders and minor landowners.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eugene F.Irschick&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= dialogue and History Constructing South India, 1795-1895 |first=Eugene |last=F.Irschick |publisher=University of California |year=2001 |isbn=9780520914322 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dialogue_and_History/gwEOfHfUFTkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=palli+paraiyar&amp;pg=PP15&amp;printsec=frontcover |page=XIII}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malaysian Historical society&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= Malaysia in History |first=Malaysia |last=Historical society |publisher=University of California |year=1982 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Malaysia_in_History/n6RSIp6xyGYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=palli+paraiyar&amp;dq=palli+paraiyar&amp;printsec=frontcover |page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian school of social sciences&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=Subramanya |title=RYOTWARI SETTLEMENTS AND PEASANT RESISTANCE |journal=Social Sciences |date=1988 |volume=16 |issue=181-182 |page=45 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/books/socialscientist/query.py?object=47&amp;bookid=HN681.S597_181-82&amp;display_type=page_display#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=27 October 2025|quote=These mirasidars or dominant castes usually had untouchable paraiyar farm servants while Brahmin mirasidars had pallis, a group who were not untouchables. In some areas the pallis (later called Vanikula Kshatriyas) had in course of time became mirasidars themselves.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;N.Subrahmanian&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Tamils Their History, Culture, and Civilization |first=N |last=Subrahmanian |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |year=1996 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Tamils/UQZuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=palli+paraiyar&amp;dq=palli+paraiyar&amp;printsec=frontcover |page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haruka Yanagisawa&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= A century of change caste and irrigated lands in Tamilnadu, 1860s – 1970s |first=Haruka |last=Yanagisawa |publisher=Manohar |year=1996 |isbn=9788173041594 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Century_of_Change/cTeFAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=pallis |page=114}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have been trying to gain a higher socio-religious standing since the 19th century, using the [[Sanskritisation]] process to promote a [[myth of origin]] that they are related to the ancient [[Agnivansha|Agnikula]] deity, born from the flames of a fire sacrifice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isabelle Clark deces&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first= Isabelle Clark | last= Deces| year=2007| title= The encounter never ends | page=28| publisher= State University of Newyork| url= https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encounter_Never_Ends/GIiqagUpgjMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=vanniyar+19th+century&amp;pg=PA28&amp;printsec=frontcover }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Several etymologies for ''Vanniyar'' have been suggested. [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] suggests that the caste name derives from ''vahni'', a [[Sanskrit]] word thought to be the root for the Tamil word ''vanni'' (fire), which is also a Tamil name for an important tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiltebeitel35&quot;/&gt; The connection to the sage (Jambumuni) leads to further associations with mythological legends.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&amp;pg=PA36|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|date=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120810006|pages=36|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other etymologies include derivation from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] ''val'' (&quot;strength&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;hiltebeitel38&quot;/&gt; or the Sanskrit or [[Pali]] ''vana'' (&quot;forest&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Subramanian |last=Gopalakrishnan |title=The Nayaks of Sri Lanka, 1739-1815: Political Relations with the British in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=New Era Publications |page=134}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term ''Palli'' is widely used to describe them, but is considered to be derogatory.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiltebeitel38&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta |volume=1|first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991|page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&amp;pg=PA38|isbn=9788120810006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical status==<br /> Hiltebeitel, who classifies the Vanniyar as [[Shudra]] in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system, notes that South Indian society traditionally recognised neither the ''[[Kshatriya]]'' (warrior) nor ''[[Vaishya]]'' (merchant) varnas, being divided instead between [[Brahmin]]s on the one hand and Shudras and [[Untouchability|untouchables]] on the other. Nonetheless, communities in the region frequently sought to prove a historic higher status, based on myth or occasionally probable history. He notes that &quot;traditions of demotion from a once higher rank are a commonplace of South Indian caste mythologies&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta |volume=1|first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991|pages=33–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&amp;pg=PA33|isbn=9788120810006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Burton Stein]] is one of several writers who have described the Vanniyars as &quot;peasant-warriors&quot; in the 14th century, by which time they had risen to &quot;local prominence&quot; in some areas as the [[Sambuvaraya]] chiefs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Vijayanagara |series=The New Cambridge History of India |first=Burton |last=Stein |authorlink=Burton Stein |page=54 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780521619257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&amp;pg=PA54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers [[Lloyd Rudolph|Lloyd]] and [[Susanne Hoeber Rudolph|Susanne Rudolph]] note that as early as in 1833, the Vanniyar had ceased to accept their &quot;low caste&quot; status,&lt;ref name=&quot;rudolph49&quot; /&gt; also described as being Shudra by [[Kathleen Gough]] and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Jean-Luc|last=Racine|chapter=Caste and Beyond in Tamil Politics|title= Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies |editor-first=Christophe |editor-last=Jaffrelot |editor-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |page=447 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDN0MinxMigC&amp;pg=PA447|isbn=9781136516610 |date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Routledge }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gough&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title= Rural Society in Southeast India |first=Kathleen |last=Gough |author-link=Kathleen Gough |publisher=Cambridge University press |pages=24, 437 |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&amp;pg=PA24|isbn=9780521040198 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gough, however, documenting her fieldwork of 1951–53, records the Palli and the Vanniyar as separate but similar cultivating castes.&lt;ref name=&quot;gough&quot; /&gt;{{efn|Aside from distinguishing the Palli and Vanniyar, Gough also distinguishes the Padaiyacchi cultivating caste,&lt;ref name=&quot;gough&quot;/&gt; which other scholars consider to be a synonym for Vanniyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA264|year=2017|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1-53810-685-3|page=264}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Regarding Pallis of Pondicherry, [[J. B. Prashant More]] noted, &quot;they seem to take pleasure in considering themselves as belonging to higher castes, though they have been classified traditionally among the eighteen lower castes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=More |first=J. B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK73DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Pondicherry+vanniyar&amp;pg=PT35 |title=Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754 |date=1 November 2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-26372-5 |language=en |author-link=J. B. Prashant More}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sanskritisation movement==<br /> The Pallis tried to get an order in [[Pondicherry]] that by descent they were not a low agricultural caste. In preparation for the [[Census of India prior to independence|1871 Indian census]] they petitioned to be recognised as being of the Kshatriya varna.&lt;ref name=&quot;rudolph49&quot;/&gt; They formed a number of caste organisations using their preferred name, with the Vanniyakula Kshatriya Maha Sangam appearing in [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1888&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Chockalingam |first=Joe Arun |title=Constructing Dalit Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0JuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-316-0081-8 |page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; and extending state-wide in 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India |first=Marguerite Ross |last=Barnett |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-40086-718-9 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFF9BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA85}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the late 19th century, oral histories began to assert the Vanniyars' descent from the mythical &quot;fire races&quot;, whom Kshatriyas often claimed as ancestors. The creation of new names such as ''Agnikula Kshatriya'' and ''Vannikula Kshatriya'' (Kshatriyas of the fire race) formed part of this process. By 1931, due to their successful politicking (a process known as [[Sanskritisation]]), the term ''Palli'' was removed from the Madras census, with the term ''Vanniya Kula Kshatriya'' appearing instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;rudolph49&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Lloyd I. |last1=Rudolph |author-link1=Lloyd I. Rudolph |last2=Rudolph|first2=Susanne Hoeber|author-link2=Susanne Hoeber Rudolph|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&amp;pg=PA49 |year=1984 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-73137-7 |pages=49–52}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Invented tradition|reinvention of their history]] through Sanskritisation, and thus the change in their status implicit in being called Vanniyar rather than Palli, was evidenced in the community adopting such practices as vegetarianism and prohibiting the [[Women in Hinduism#Widowhood and remarriage|remarriage of widows]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |publisher=C. Hurst &amp; Co. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |pages=183–184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&amp;pg=PA183}}&lt;/ref&gt; and what Rudolph terms a &quot;radically revisionist history&quot; was supported by claims of descent from the ancient [[Pallava dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rudolph49&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Hiltebeitel, whilst the mythological claims of origin from the fire lend credence to their demand for being deemed as Kshatriyas, the claims to military origins and Kshatriya identity did not solely rely on myths. He notes that they had historically adopted various titles and terms that signified a self-image of Kshatriya status, including the ''Vanniyar'' name itself, and that<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|beyond linguistic indicators&amp;nbsp;... The Vanniyars' Kshatriya claims are rooted in their history. There is, to begin with, no reason to discount the&amp;nbsp;... traditions that Vanniyars formed an important part of the Pallava soldiery. And after the Pallava period there is increasing evidence of Vanniyars assuming &quot;Kshatriya&quot; roles and activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;hiltebeitel38&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The caste has also been significant in the practices relating to worship of [[Draupati Amman|Draupaudi Amman]], together with the [[Konar (caste)|Konars]] and [[Vellalar]] [[Mudaliar]]s, and quite possibly were the instigators of it, with the other two communities being later adopters. The Vanniyar practice of [[polyandry]] was perhaps related to their adoption of the cult.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Soni|first=Sakshi|date=2015|title=Draupadi in Folk Performances and Sculptural Representations|url=http://journals.du.ac.in/humsoc/pdf/SONI%20Draupadi.pdf|journal=Delhi University Journal of Humanities and the Social Sciences|volume=2|pages=25–40}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hiltebeitel35&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta |volume=1|first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991|page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&amp;pg=PA35|isbn=9788120810006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to [[domestic slavery]], there were a number of agricultural labour relationships. According to Ravi Ahuja, [[Paraiyar]] or Vanniyar farmhands sometimes called {{Transliteration|ta|pannaiyals}} were collectively bound to their home village soil. Vanniyar mobility was severely restricted but the powers exercised by their masters were also limited – such [[slaves]] could not be expelled or transferred to another village, even if the masters left the region themselves. Dharma Kumar argues that the term slavery does not adequately describe the many forms of bondage existing within the traditional agrarian society. Caste involved a number of slavery-like criteria, such as restriction of freedom, [[forced labour]] and ownership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo| url-access=registration| title= Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772–1843| publisher= Oxford University Press | work= History | date= 2012 | author= Andrea Major |pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo/page/33 33]| isbn=978-1-84631-758-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Current status==<br /> Rudolph noted that, although &quot;necessarily tentative&quot; because of being [[Census of India prior to independence|based on figures from the 1931 census]], the Vanniyars in the 1980s constituted around 10% of the population of Tamil Nadu, being particularly prevalent in the northernmost districts of [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingelput]], [[North Arcot]], [[South Arcot]] and [[Salem district|Salem]], where they formed around 25% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;rudolph49&quot;/&gt; Vanniyar/Palli constituted 30% of the population of [[Pondicherry]] in the nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXtuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Pondicherry+vanniyar |title=Indo-French Relations |last2=Stephen |first2=S. Jeyaseela |date=1999 |publisher=Pragati Publications |isbn=978-81-7307-061-7 |pages=154 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Most Vanniyars remain either marginal farmers cultivating small areas of land or landless labourers. However, it was reported in 2003 that they were being hurt significantly by the rising debt crisis engulfing Tamil Nadu agriculture, and many now worked as day labourers in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=N.|first=Nakeeran|date=13 September 2003|title=Women's Work, Status and Fertility: Land, Caste and Gender in a South Indian Village|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2003/37/special-articles/womens-work-status-and-fertility.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=38|issue=37|pages=3931–3939}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to their population size and concentration, the Vanniyars wield significant political clout in northern Tamil Nadu. The [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) is a political party formed by [[S. Ramadoss]] from the Vanniyar Sangam, a caste association. It has been known on occasion for its violent protests against [[Dalit]]s and draws its support base from Vanniyars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Telegraph |title=Senior Ramadoss arrested |date=1 May 2013 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/nation/story_16846810.jsp |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141706/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/nation/story_16846810.jsp|archive-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vanniyars, who previously were of the [[Other Backward Class|Backward Class]] category, were re-designated as a Most Backward Caste after successful agitations by them in the 1980s intended to unlock more favourable education and employment entitlements from the state government under its [[Reservation in India|reservation system]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gorringe|first=Hugo|year=2012|title=Caste and politics in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2012/633/633_hugo_gorringe.htm|publisher=India Seminar}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, the PMK launched an agitation to obtain a 20% reservation entitlement for Vanniyars and forced the Tamil Nadu government to institute a caste census.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 December 2020|title=PMK agitation in support of reservation for Vanniyars paralyses traffic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pmk-agitation-in-support-of-reservation-for-vanniyars-paralyses-traffic/article33226064.ece|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> * [[S. S. Ramasami Padayatchiyar]], a politician and founder of [[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Viramma: life of an untouchable|author=John L. Varianno, Jean-Luc Racine and Viramma Josianne Racine | date=1997| publisher=Verso| isbn=978-1859848173|page=293}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nagappan Padayatchi]], an [[Indian South African]] [[Satyagraha]] martyr&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/27662|title = Forbes India Magazine - Print}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]], politician and founder of Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/former-union-minister-vazhapadi-dead/articleshow/26487766.cms|title=Former Union minister Vazhapadi dead|work=The Times of India |date=27 October 2002|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Chengalvaraya Naicker]], a philanthropist&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ptleecncet.org/Profile/frmAboutHistory.aspx |title=P.T.LEE Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering and Technology-Kanchipuram |publisher=Ptleecncet.org |accessdate=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201064947/http://www.ptleecncet.org/Profile/frmAboutHistory.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[M. A. Manickavelu Naicker]], politician of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and founder of [[Commonweal Party]]&lt;ref name=&quot;modernity_of_traditionp56&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Modernity of Tradition: political development in India| url=https://archive.org/details/modernityoftradi00rudo| url-access=registration| first1=Lloyd I.|last1=Rudolph|author-link1 = Lloyd Rudolph|first2=Susanne Hoeber|last2=Rudolph|author-link2=Susanne Hoeber Rudolph| year=1969| pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernityoftradi00rudo/page/56 56]| publisher=University of Chicago| isbn=0-226-73137-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Radhakrishna Padayachi]], a South African [[Cabinet of South Africa|cabinet minister]] and activist&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2010 |title=Why Padayachie is the right choice |url=https://techcentral.co.za/why-padayachie-is-the-right-choice/183069/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=TechCentral |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], politician and former Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/anbumani-ramadoss|title=Anbumani Ramadoss|website=[[India.gov.in]]|date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131243/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/anbumani-ramadoss|archive-date=26 December 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[N. Rangaswamy]], [[Chief Ministers of India|Chief Minister]] of the [[Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/puducherry-assembly-elections-2016-know-your-leader-profile-2038136.html|title= N Rangasamy|website=www.oneindia.com|date= 11 March 2016|access-date=25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Kaduvetti Guru]], politician and President of Vanniyar Sangam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/05/28034158/1232613/Tension-in-Kaduvetti-as-Gurus-kin-attacked.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122060826/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/05/28034158/1232613/Tension-in-Kaduvetti-as-Gurus-kin-attacked.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2021 |title=Tension in Kaduvetti as Guru's kin attacked |website=DTNext.in |access-date=16 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Veerappan]], bandit turned domestic terrorist&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 August 2000 |title=Caste politics may bail out Veerappan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/caste-politics-may-bail-out-veerappan/articleshow/1849977436.cms |access-date=23 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |quote=A backward caste Vanniyar, Veerappan's Robin Hood status in the Vanniyar belt of north and west Tamil Nadu could explain why various parties and leaders are anxious to appease him.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> '''Notes'''<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> '''Citations'''<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite book |first1=Geert |last1=de Neve |first2=Henrike |last2=Donner |title=The Meaning of the Local: Politics of Place in Urban India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4BW5e8reosC|isbn=9780203967645 |date=8 February 2007 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis }}<br /> *{{cite book |first=A. R. |last=Venkatachalapathy |chapter=&quot;More Kshatriya than thou!&quot; Debating caste and ritual ranking in colonial Tamilnadu |title=Ritual, Caste and Religion in Colonial South India |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Bergunder |editor2-first=Heiko |editor2-last=Frese |editor3-first=Ulrike |editor3-last=Schröder |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=9789380607214 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&amp;pg=PA275}}<br /> <br /> {{Social class}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Vanniyar| ]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian castes]]<br /> [[Category:Dravidian peoples]]<br /> [[Category:South Indian communities]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Studios&diff=462049 2025-10-24T12:42:45Z

<p>Hafilhafi: improved lead for clarity to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film studio}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Central Studios<br /> | logo = Central Studios Openning.jpg<br /> | type = [[Managing Agency]], later Private Limited Company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=CENTRAL STUDIOS AND TEXTILES PRIVATE LIM ITED - Company, directors and contact details | website=Zauba Corp | date=2021-03-02 | url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/CENTRAL-STUDIOS-AND-TEXTILES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U17111TZ1936PTC000033 | access-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | foundation = 1935<br /> | defunct = 1958 (de facto)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1104826/ |title= Commissioner Of Income-Tax vs Central Studios (P.) Ltd. on 16 August, 1972 |website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location = [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]], [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], [[Coimbatore]]<br /> | key_people = B. Rangaswamy Naidu, Sriramulu Naidu, Samikannu Vincent, R. K. Ramakrishnan Chettiar, [[Lakshmi Mills]]<br /> | industry = [[Motion picture]]s<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Central Studios''' was an Indian [[film studio]] in the neighbourhood of [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], started by B.Rangaswamy Naidu (a.k.a. B. R. Naidu) and other prominent industrialists like [[Swamikannu Vincent]] of Coimbatore in 1935 to make [[Tamil films|Tamil]] and other South Indian language movies. The studio was a major hub of Tamil movie production and notable for its association with many early day Tamil Movie Superstars, directors and script writers etc. and many making their career debuts here. The studio is best remembered for movies like [[Sivakavi]], [[Velaikari]] and [[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Movie industry in Coimbatore===<br /> [[File:Samikannu Vincent.jpg|thumb|right|150px|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;Samikannu Vincent&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> Movies became a major industry in [[Coimbatore]] when in 1905 a South Indian Railways employee Samikannu Vincent purchased a film projector along with some silent films from a Frenchman named Du Pont who had fallen ill on his touring exhibition. Samikannu Vincent then built a business as film exhibitor first by traveling around the country and finally erecting tents theatres for screening films. His tent cinema became popular as he traveled all over the state with his mobile unit. In 1917, Samikannu Vincent built South India's first permanent cinema theatre, Variety Hall Cinema, at [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|TownHall]]; it is now called ad Delite theatre. As Samikannu Vincent also generated his own electric power for his theatres, he built a series of theatres in and around the city to screen silent films. He also became a distributor for the French [[Pathé Frères]] movie projectors. In the early 1930s he launched the Variety Hall Talkies banner to make [[sound film]] (a.k.a. talkies) and released a few movies which were mainly shot in [[Calcutta]]. Feeling a need to have a movie studio, he was instrumental, along with other industrialists and movie makers, in establishing a fully equipped studio in Coimbatore.<br /> <br /> Also during the late 1920s, another firm under Sabapathy was involved in the distributorship of an Italian [[movie projector]] company, eventually leading to the manufacture of their own brand of movie projectors in Coimbatore. By the early thirties Coimbatore already had a studio named Premier Cinetone Studio &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Sathi-Anusuya-1937/article17111613.ece|title=Sathi Anusuya (1937)|first=Randor|last=Guy|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 January 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (later renamed [[Pakshiraja Studios]]). In 1935 a London-educated graduate, [[T. R. Sundaram]], built a fully equipped movie studio, [[Modern Theatres]], in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and the region became the central hub for movie activity.<br /> <br /> ===Studio beginnings===<br /> [[File:Central Studios Coimbatore Catalogue.jpg|thumb|right|220px|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt; Catalogue of Central Studios, Coimbatore&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> Central Studio was founded by a group of prominent industrialists B. Rangaswamy Naidu, R. K. Ramakrishnan Chettiar (brother of India's first Finance Minister [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]]), [[Samikannu Vincent]], and another new movie director [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] (who joined as a working partner). Studio commenced its operation in 1936 with their first release being Thukkaram in 1937 directed by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]. By the early 1940s the Studio became the central hub of Tamil Movie industry.<br /> <br /> ==Facilities==<br /> <br /> The Studio is located at [[Singanallur]], near to the [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]] in [[Coimbatore]] city. The Studio had almost all modern facilities required for a Movie studio along with Sound and film editing labs and technical workshops. The sound engineers and cameramen were all Germans during the 30s and most of the Make-Up team were from [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-the-limelight/article3649311.ece|title=In the limelight|first=Subha J.|last=Rao|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 July 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The studio also had a music department headed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]. The studio also boasted the BNC [[Mitchell Camera]], then a Hollywood standard, which cost a whopping Rs 500,000 in the 1930s and the Studio was equipped with 10 KW, 5 KW AND 2 KW lights. Most of the artists and technicians were on monthly payroll.<br /> <br /> ==Studio system==<br /> The Silver Jubilee hit movie of 1936 [[Sivakavi]] starring [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], was an in-house production, as well as several socially significant movies. Central Studio released few movies, but the Studio housed lot of other production banners. The most popular being [[Jupiter Pictures]] and [[Pakshiraja Films]]. Other production houses that operated inside the studio were Narayanan and Company, Manorama Pictures and Venu Pictures. The then popular comedian trio [[N. S. Krishnan]] and T. Mathuram had their independent production unit, Ashoka Films inside the premises. They often made their comedy track independently and sold to other Movie producers who later released as ‘side reel’.<br /> <br /> ==Notable film personalities==<br /> <br /> The studio was a central hub during the early days for [[Tamil movie]]s first 'Superstars' [[P. U. Chinnappa]] and [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] and the popular comedian [[N. S. Krishnan]] and T. A. Mathuram. The studio was also a starting point for four of [[Tamil Nadu]] state [[Chief Minister]]s [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/kalaignars-tryst-with-cinema-began-in-coimbatore/articleshow/65423106.cms|title=Kalaignar's tryst with cinema began in Coimbatore |website=The Times of India|date=9 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[M. G. Ramachandran]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/celluloid-stories/article5810184.ece|title=Celluloid stories|first=K.|last=Jeshi|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 March 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[V. N. Janaki]]. The Studio housed famous musicians [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], while [[G. Ramanathan]] along with [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[K. V. Mahadevan]] composed for some of the Studio Movies. The popular music composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]] was an assistant to S. M. Subbiah Naidu. Playback singer [[T. M. Soundararajan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/notes-on-an-icon/article5500972.ece|title=Notes on an icon|first=K.|last=Jeshi|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 December 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; made his early foray as playback singer here so was Lyricist [[Kannadasan]] in his initial career. Central Studio was a launch pad for many later day directors like [[Muktha Srinivasan]] who was an associate director for 1954 release [[Sorgavasal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Sorgavaasal-1954/article15448137.ece|title=Sorgavaasal 1954|first=Randor|last=Guy|newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 February 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[K. Shankar]] who was in the editing department. [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]], [[Madhuri Devi]] and [[Rajasulochana]] featured in many films shot in Central Studioc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/sree-andal-1949/article5788442.ece|title=Sree Andal (1949)|first=Randor|last=Guy|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 March 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actress [[Sachu]] as childhood artist appeared in few films shot here.<br /> <br /> Famous directors who operated out of the Studio were [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]], [[Ellis R. Dungan]], [[A. S. A. Sami]], [[A. P. Nagarajan]] and popular duo [[Krishnan–Panju]] of [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] fame who directed their first movie in Central Studios. India's pioneering [[Cinematographer]] [[Adi Merwan Irani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/a-scholars-paupers-death/article3412048.ece|title=A scholar's pauper's death|first=S.|last=Muthiah|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 May 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; worked in this studio for [[Sivakavi]] and [[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]]. [[Sando Chinnappa Thevar]], of [[Devar Films]] living nearby in Ramanathapuram was a body builder who worked as stunt actor before becoming one of Indias successful movie producers.<br /> <br /> ==Final years==<br /> In 1945 [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] left Central Studios to start his own Studio called [[Pakshiraja Studios]] and B. Rangaswamy Naidu family bought out majority of its shares. During the late 1940s the management leased the Studio to [[Jupiter Pictures]]. After B. R. Naidu's demise the Studio management passed on to [[Lakshmi Mills]] family who closed it in 1959 as Chennai by then emerged as the major Movie hub and also as a result of other lobbying groups who wanted to keep movie industry out of Coimbatore, as it was then emerging into an Industrial and Educational hub. The Studio with its equipments were leased to other producers in 1958 and continued Film distribution till 1962.<br /> <br /> ==Present day==<br /> Most of the Studio structure is still intact as the B. R. Naidu family uses the premises for various industrial activities. Some of the buildings houses Textile production units and small workshops. During the 70s and 80s race car constructor and driver [[S. Karivardhan]] used the studio premises to build and test his race cars.<br /> <br /> Till 2009 the text impression ‘ Central Studios’ can found at their main entrance gate. Recently in 2010 some structures were pulled down to make way for new developments. Post 2013 the studio premises was split between the family members of B. R. Naidu and though the buildings remain as it, the approach roads are different and still remain private.<br /> <br /> ==List of major releases==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! Year !! Title !! Language !! Production !! Lead Cast !! Director !! Music composer !! Release date &amp; Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || 1938 || [[Thukkaram]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Central Studios ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]], [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]], K. Seetha, Meenambal&lt;/span&gt;|| B. Narayan Rao || [[R. Balasaraswathi]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 17 Sep 1938 ''The iconic Carnatic musician [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]]'s only movie. .''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 2 || 1938 || [[Thukkaram]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Central Studios ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]], [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]], Kamalabai, Balasaraswathi&lt;/span&gt;|| [[M. L. Tandon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151224/entertainment-kollywood/article/musiri-cast-saint-tukaram-maiden-central-studios-movie | title=Musiri cast as Saint Tukaram in maiden Central Studios movie | date=24 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[R. Balasaraswathi]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 17 Sep 1938 ''Shot simultaneously along with the Tamil version''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || 1939 || [[Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1939 film)|Rambaiyin Kaadhal]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Central Studios || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt;[[K. Sarangkapani]], [[K. L. V. Vasantha]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || B. Narayan Rao || Central Studios Orchestra || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 24 Feb 1939 '' Debut movie for comedian [[T. S. Durairaj]] ''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || 1939 || [[Prahalada (1939 film)]] || Tamil || Salem Sankar Films || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt;[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[R. Balasubramaniam]], Nagercoil K. Mahadevan,[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]]&lt;/span&gt;|| B. Narayan Rao || Sharma Brothers || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 12 Dec 1939&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || 1940 || [[Bhooloka Rambai]] || Tamil || M. Somasundaram (Jupiter Somu) (Salem Shanmugha Films) &amp; M.D. Viswanathan (Vijaya Maruthi Pictures) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; K.L.V. Vasantha, [[T. K. Shanmugam]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T.R. Mahalingam]], [[T.S. Balaiah]], [[N.S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]] and Kumari Rukmini&lt;/span&gt; || [[B. Narayan Rao]] || [[G. Ramanathan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 14 Jan 1958 '' [[S.S. Vasan]] had just started Gemini Pictures Circuit as distributor, was looking for movies for distribution, called on Rao at Coimbatore and asked him whether he could complete the film in time for Deepavali if he funded the project.''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || 1940 || [[Naveena Vikramadityan]] || Tamil || Ashoka Films || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; N. S. Krishnan, [[T. A. Mathuram]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], M. R. Swaminathan&lt;/span&gt; || K. S. Mani || N. S. Balakrishnan || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 29 Jun 1940&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 7 || 1941 || [[Chandrahari]] || Tamil || Ashoka Films || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; N. S. Krishnan, [[T. A. Mathuram]], L. Narayana Rao, [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || K. S. Mani || N. S. Balakrishnan || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; '' As this was a short film, it was package as part 2 with another film Izhandha Kadhal (Part 1)''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || 1941 || [[Ezhandha Kadhal]] || Tamil || Ashoka Films || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; N. S. Krishnan, [[T. A. Mathuram]], K. P. Kamatchi&lt;/span&gt; || K. S. Mani || N. S. Balakrishnan, K. M. Gowrisan || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; n/a&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 9 || 1941 || [[Sathi Murali]] || Tamil || Central Studios, Saba Films ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; &quot; [[M. K. Radha]], M.R.Santhanalakshmi,[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], Nagercoil K. Mahadevan, L. Narayana Rao, Kali N. Ratnam, [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[T. A. Mathuram]]&lt;/span&gt; || B. Narayan Rao,[[T. C. Vadivelu Naicker]] || || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; n/a&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 10 || 1941 || [[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1941 film)]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Ashoka Films ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; &quot;[[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]], [[M. R. Swaminathan]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]&lt;/span&gt;|| K. S. Mani || N. S. Balakrishnan || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 15 Mar 1941&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || 1941 || [[Aryamala]] || || [[Pakshiraja Films]], K. S. Narayanan Iyengar ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[P. U. Chinnappa ]], M. S. Sarojini, [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || [[Bomman Irani]] || [[G. Ramanathan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 19 Oct 1941&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 12 || 1942 || [[Prithivirajan]] || Tamil || Central Studios + Haran Talkies || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || B. Sampathkumar || [[G. Ramanathan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 29 Apr 1942&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 13 || 1943 || [[Jeevana Nataka]] || Kannada || Gubbi Films (Gubbi Veeranna) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[Gubbi Veeranna]], [[Kemparaj Urs]], [[Shanta Hublikar]], B. Jayamma&lt;/span&gt; || Wahab Kashmiri || [[S. V. Venkatraman]], Ramayyar Shirur, Harmonium Sheshagirirao || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 01 Jan 1943 ''[[Kemparaj Urs]], the brother of future Chief Minister of Mysore State, [[D. Devaraj Urs]], made his acting debut in the film.''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || 1943 || [[Sivakavi]] || [[Sivakavi]] || Central Studios, [[Pakshiraja Films]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[S. Jayalakshmi]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] || [[Papanasam Sivan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 10 Apr 1943 ''Shooting started in 1942 with [[P. K. Raja Sandow]] as director. Due to disputes between Raja Sandow and producer S. M. Sriramulu Naidu, later took over direction. Script was by Elangovan''. Was a major blockbuster all over [[Madras Presidency]].&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || 1944 || [[Jagathalaprathapan (1944 film)]] || Tamil || Central Studios, [[Pakshiraja Films]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[M. S. Sarojini]], [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]], P. B. Rangachari, [[U. R. Jeevaratnam]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], T. A. Jayalakshmi, [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]]&lt;/span&gt; || [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 07 Mar 1944&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 16 || 1944 || [[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]] || Tamil || Rayal Talkie Distributors ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[N. C. Vasanthakokilam]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || Sundar Rao Nadkarni || [[Papanasam Sivan]], [[G. Ramanathan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt;16 Oct 1944 ''One of the record setting blockbuster hit, released for 1944 Deepavali, it ran continuously in Madras Broadway Theater with full shows for 110 weeks, crossing 1945 and 1946 Deepavali's''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || 1945 || [[En Magan (1945 film)]] || Tamil || Central Studios || N. Krishnamoorthi, [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], Kumari Kamala, C. K. Saraswathi || R. S. Mani ||[[Papanasam Sivan]],<br /> C. A. Lakshmana Das || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt;16 Feb 1945&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 18 || 1945 || [[Saalivaahanan]] || Tamil || Bhaskar Pictures || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[K. L. V. Vasantha]], [[N. S. Krishnan]]&lt;/span&gt; || B. Narayan Rao ||Nagercoil K. Mahadevan ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 04 Nov 1945 ''The film had a love scene sequence between Ranjan and T. R. Rajakumari, in colour which was achieved manual hand-tinting for each frame. ''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 19 || 1946 || Valmiki || Tamil || Central Studios ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; C. Honnappa Bhagavathar, [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[N. C. Vasanthakokilam]]&lt;/span&gt; || [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] || [[Papanasam Sivan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 13 Apr 1946 Originally signed with [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] as lead, shooting commenced in 1944 before his arrest in [[Lakshmikanthan Murder Case]]. Later, all scenes were re-shot with C. Honnappa Bhagavathar.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || 1946 || Vidhyapathi || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[K. Thavamani Devi]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], D. Premawathi&lt;/span&gt; || A. T. Krishnaswami || Attapalli Rama Rao ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 17 Oct 1946&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 21 || 1946 || [[Sri Murugan]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] || [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]], [[K. Malathi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[U. R. Jeevaratnam]], [[P. S. Veerappa]], Narasimha Bharathi, [[M. G. Chakrapani]], [[Kali N. Rathnam]] || M. Somasundaram, V. S. Narayanan || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 27 Oct 1946&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 22 || 1947 || [[Asokamala]] || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || Sir Chittampalam A. Gardine ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; Shanthi Kumar, Emaline Dimbulana&lt;/span&gt; || Shanthi Kumar, T. R. Goppu || Mohammed Ghouse || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 09 Apr 1947&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 23 || 1947 || [[Rajakumari (1947 film)]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; M. G. Ramachandran, K. Malathi, M. R. Saminathan, T.S.Balaiah, [[M. N. Nambiar]]&lt;/span&gt; || A. S. A. Sami || S. M. Subbaiah Naidu ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 11 Apr 1947&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 24 || 1947 || [[Kanjan]] || Tamil || Jupiter + Central || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; S. V. Subbaiah, [[M. N. Nambiar]], P. V. Narasimha Bharathi, K. Malathi, M. S. S. Bhagyam&lt;/span&gt; || Covai A. Aiyamuthu, T. R. Gopu || || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 11 Nov 1947&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 25 || 1948 || [[Bilhanan]] || Tamil || TKS Brothers ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; T. K. Shanmugam, T. K. Bhagavathi, M. S. Draupathi&lt;/span&gt; || K.V. Srinivasan || T. A. Kalyanam ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 23 Apr 1948 ''The story and screenplay by [[A.S.A. Sami]]. The song, &quot;Thoondir Puzhuvinaipol” sung by TKS brothers, used lyrics by poet [[Subramania Bharati]]. Film producer [[A. V. Meiyappan]], who held copyright to all Bharati's work, sued TKS Brothers for infringement. Later resolved by then Madras State Chief Minister [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]] when he offered to purchase the rights and make Bharati's works copyright free''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 26 || 1948 || [[Abhimanyu (1948 film)]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; M. G. Ramachandran, S. M. Kumaresan, M. R. Santhanalakshmi, M. G. Chakrapani, P.V.Narasimma bharathi, [[M. N. Nambiar]]&lt;/span&gt; || A. S. A. Sami || S. M. Subbaiah Naidu, C. R. Subburaman ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 6 May 1948&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 27 || 1948 || [[Mohini (1948 film)]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures ]], Central Studios ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[Madhuri Devi ]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[V. N. Janaki]]&lt;/span&gt; || Lanka Sathiyam || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[C. R. Subburaman]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 13 Oct 1948&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 28 || 1949 || [[Velaikkaari]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[Janaki Ramachandran]], [[M. N. Nambiar]]&lt;/span&gt; || A. S. A. Sami || S. M. Subbaiah Naidu, C. R. Subburaman || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 25 Feb 1949 ''The film script was written by [[C. N. Annadurai]] (later chief minister of Tamil Nadu), his second film to be based on his plays. ..''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 29 || 1949 || [[Kanniyin Kaadhali]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[Anjali Devi]], [[Madhuri Devi ]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]]&lt;/span&gt; || K. Ramnothand, A. K. Sekhar || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 06 Aug 1949 ''The movie featured a dance sequence by the famed sister duo [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]].''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 30 || 1950 || Krishna Vijayam || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; N. C. Vasanthakokilam, P. V. Narasimha Bharathi,&lt;/span&gt; || [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[C. R. Subburaman]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 14 Jan 1950 The film featured dance by [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 31 || 1950 || [[Vijayakumari (film)]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; K. R. Ramaswamy, T. R. Rajakumari, Serukulathur Sama, T. S. Balaiah, Kumari Kamala, P. K. Saraswathi, [[M. N. Nambiar]]&lt;/span&gt; || A. S. A. Sami || C. R. Subburaman || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 18 Mar 1950&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 32 || 1951 || [[Marmayogi]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Madhuri Devi ]], [[M. N. Nambiar]]&lt;/span&gt; || K. Ramnoth || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[C. R. Subburaman]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 02 Feb 1951 M. G. Ramachandran played the lead role. First Tamil film to receive an &quot;A&quot; (Adults Only) certificate from Central Film Censor Board.''[[Jupiter Pictures]] later remade in Telugu as [[Marmayogi (1964 film)]] starring [[N. T. Rama Rao]] ''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 33 || 1951 || [[Sudharshan (film)|Sudharshan]] || Tamil || Central Studios + Vauhini Studios (Rayal Talkies) || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[P. U. Chinnappa]], P. Kannamba, (Yogam) Mangalam, Lalitha, T. S. Balaia, [[D. Balasubramaniam]], P. B. Rangachari, C. K. Saraswathi&lt;/span&gt; || [[A. S. A. Sami]], [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] || G. Ramanathan || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 28 Nov 1951 ''[[P. U. Chinnappa]] the lead hero, died before the film was released. The same story was filmed simultaneously by [[Gemini Studios]] as [[Chakra Dhari|Chakradhari]] and was released early, while Sudharshan was delayed and was released 3 years later in 1951. Also [[A. S. A. Sami]], Director, was replaced by [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]].''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 34 || 1951 || [[Kaithi (1951 film)|Kaithi]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[S. Balachandar]], [[S. A. Natarajan]], S. Revathi, S. Meenakshi, [[K. Malathy]]&lt;/span&gt;|| [[S. Balachandar]] || [[S. Balachandar]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 23 Dec 1951&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 35 || 1952 || [[Rani (1952 film)]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; S. Balachander, P. Bhanumathi&lt;/span&gt; || [[L. V. Prasad]] || [[C. R. Subburaman]], D. C. Dutt || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 26 Apr 1952 '' Central + Neptune.''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 36 || 1952 || Rani (1952 film) (Hindi) || Hindi || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; Anoop Kumar, [[P. Bhanumathi]]&lt;/span&gt; || [[L. V. Prasad]] || [[C. R. Subburaman]], D. C. Dutt ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 26 Apr 1952 ''Central + Neptune''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 37 || 1952 || [[Puyal]] || Tamil || Pelican Pictures (K. P. George) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; G. M. Basheer, [[M. V. Rajamma]], G. M. Gulsar, K. R. Ramsingh&lt;/span&gt; || G. Viswanath || S. G. K. Pillai, P. S. Diwakar || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 25 Jul 1952&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 38 || 1952 || [[Zamindar (1952 film)]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] + Sangeetha Pictures (Central ) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[S. A. Natarajan]]. [[Madhuri Devi ]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]], T. P. Muthulakshmi&lt;/span&gt; || P. V. Krishnan || [[G. Ramanathan]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 30 Aug 1952&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 39 || 1953 || Naalvar || Tamil || M. A. Venu (Sangeetha Pictures) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[A. P. Nagarajan]], Kumari Thangam, N. N. Kannappa, M. N. Krishnan, Muthulakshmi&lt;/span&gt; || V. Krishnan || [[K. V. Mahadevan ]]|| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 05 Nov 1953&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 40 || 1954 || Mangalyam (film) || Tamil || M. A. Venu (M. A. V Pictures) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[A. P. Nagarajan]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[S. A. Natarajan]], B. S. Saroja, A. Karunanidhi, S. Mohana, [[M. N. Nambiar]], C. T. Rajakantham, M. M. A. Chinnapa Devar&lt;/span&gt; || K. Somu || [[K. V. Mahadevan ]]|| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 22 May 1954 '' The Tamil movie debut of [[Rajasulochana]]''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 41 || 1954 || [[Sorgavasal]] || Tamil || [[Jupiter Pictures]] + Parimalam Pictures ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramaswamy]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[P. S. Veerappa]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]&lt;/span&gt;|| A. Kasilingam || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 28 May 1954 ''The film was partly shot at Central Studios and [[Neptune Studios]], Adyar, Madras. [[C. N. Annadurai]] for the first time was credited for screenplay and dialogues as Arignar Anna.''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 42 || 1954 || [[Manasakshi]]|| Malayalam || K. S. Akhileswarayyar (Ishwar Production) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; &quot;[[Prem Nazir]], P. Bhaskaran, Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair, Hemalatha, T. R. Omana, Jose Prakash, P. A. Thomas&lt;/span&gt;|| G. Viswanath || S. G. K. Pillai || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 20 Aug 1954 '' The story of Ammaye Kaanaan (1963) closely resembled this film.''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 43 || 1955 || [[Nalla Thangai]] || Tamil || [[S. A. Natarajan]]- Forward Art Films ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Madhuri Devi]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[S. A. Natarajan]] [[T. S. Balaiah]]&lt;/span&gt; || [[S. A. Natarajan]]|| [[G. Ramanatha]]n || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 5 Feb 1955''Another film with the title Nalla Thangal was produced by Madras Movietones and was released at the end of this year with a different cast and crew.''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 44 || 1955 || [[Mullaivanam]] || Tamil || Arvind Pictures (V. Krishnan) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; Sriram, [[Kumari Rukmini]], [[P. S. Veerappa]], [[A. Karunanidhi]]&lt;/span&gt; || V. Krishnan || [[K. V. Mahadevan ]]|| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 11 Mar 1955&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 45 || 1955 || [[Pennarasi]] || Tamil || M. A. Venu (M. A. V Pictures) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[A. P. Nagarajan]], [[P. Kannamba]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[P. S. Veerappa]]&lt;/span&gt; || K. Somu || [[K. V. Mahadevan ]]||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 07 Apr 1955 ''Story by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 46 || 1955 || [[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]] || Tamil || [[Srimathi Pictures]] ([[Madhuri Devi ]]) ||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[A. P. Nagarajan]], [[Madhuri Devi ]], [[T. R. Ramachandran ]], [[V. M. Ezhumalai]], [[Rajasulochana]]&lt;/span&gt; || G. R. Rao || [[K. V. Mahadevan ]]|| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; 29 Jun 1955 ''Newtone &amp; Film Center''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 47 || 1955 || [[Town Bus]] || Tamil || M. A. Venu (M. A. V Pictures) || &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt; [[N. N. Kannappa]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[A. Karunanidhi]], [[M. N. Rajam]]&lt;/span&gt; || K. Somu || [[K. V. Mahadevan ]]|| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%&quot;&gt;13 Nov 1955 ''Story by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * The 1947 Sinhala film [[Asokamala]] was also shot in Central Studios &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/lester-and-ceylons-films/article23879760.ece|title=Lester and Ceylon's films|first=S.|last=Muthiah|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 May 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The 1954 Prem Nazir hit movie [[Manasakshi]] was produced here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/old-is-gold-manasakshi-1954/article5693417.ece|title=OLD IS GOLD: MANASAKSHI 1954|first=B.|last=Vijayakumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 February 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Pakshiraja Studios]]<br /> * [[Pakshiraja Films]]<br /> * [[Jupiter Pictures]]<br /> * [[Chamundeshwari Studios]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050508164351/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm Reel-time nostalgia The Hindu]}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040510163921/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/02/stories/2004020201050100.htm Coimbatore Wealth creators - The Hindu ]<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article451896.ece Baker-turned filmmaker - The Hindu ]<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article417856.ece Samikannu Vincent, he brought cinema to South - The Hindu ]<br /> * [Book: Life of a Textile Pioneer Published by Limex Journal]<br /> * [Book: B.Rangaswamy Naidu - Vazhkai Varalaru]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020400100300.htm Remembering Kovai - Business Line]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100622052650/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/18/stories/2010061850740400.htm Naidu - hits and misses - Randoor Guy]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020135949/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article69891.ece Valmiki (1946), Movie review - The Hindu]<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article434342.ece Rani (1952), Movie review - Randoor Guy]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1935]]<br /> [[Category:Film production companies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film studios]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Coimbatore]]<br /> [[Category:Film production companies based in Coimbatore]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1935]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C58&diff=523520 2025-08-01T22:44:12Z

<p>Hafilhafi: started new pg more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian space flight}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox rocket launch<br /> | name = PSLV-C58<br /> |image=File:PSLV-C58, XPoSat - Lift off from First Launch Pad at SDSC-SHAR 05.webp<br /> | rocket = PSLV-DL<br /> | launch = 01 January 2024, 9:10 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] &lt;br/&gt; ([[UTC]] +5:30)<br /> | operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)<br /> | pad = [[First Launch Pad]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]<br /> | payload = <br /> | outcome = Success<br /> <br /> | succession = [[List of PSLV launches|PSLV launches]]<br /> | previous = [[PSLV-C57]]<br /> | next = [[PSLV-C59]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''PSLV C-58''' was the 60th flight of the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|Polar Satellite launch Vehicle.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;businessline-20240101&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Simhan |first=T. E. Raja |date=1 January 2024 |title=ISRO rings in New Year with successful launch of PSLV-C58/XPoSat mission |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/isro-rings-in-new-year-with-successful-launch-of-pslv-c58xposat-mission/article67694585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703011618/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/isro-rings-in-new-year-with-successful-launch-of-pslv-c58xposat-mission/article67694585.ece |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=[[Business Line]] |issn=0971-7528 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It carried the [[XPoSat|XPoSAT]] mission along with rideshare payloads.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu-20240101&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 January 2024 |title=PSLV rocket with X-Ray polarimeter and 10 other satellites lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-rocket-with-x-ray-polarimeter-and-10-other-satellites-lifts-off-from-sriharikota/article67694577.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416021304/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-rocket-with-x-ray-polarimeter-and-10-other-satellites-lifts-off-from-sriharikota/article67694577.ece |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |agency=The Hindu Bureau }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Payload ==<br /> Besides [[XPoSat]], the rocket carried 10 other payloads on [[PSLV Orbital Experiment Module]] (POEM) - 3.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia-20231229&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=29 December 2023 |title=Isro to begin New Year with XPoSat launch; 10 other payloads to go on POEM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isro-to-begin-new-year-with-xposat-launch-10-other-payloads-to-go-on-poem/articleshow/106376598.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917193859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isro-to-begin-new-year-with-xposat-launch-10-other-payloads-to-go-on-poem/articleshow/106376598.cms |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:PSLV-C58, XPoSat - Render of POEM-3 and XPoSat inside payload fairing.png|thumb|upright=0.65|Rendering of XPoSat and POEM-3 ( also the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket ) inside the [[payload fairing]]]]Alongside them, two payloads by [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s (ISRO) [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)]] and one by the [[Physical Research Laboratory|Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)]] were manifested for the flight.<br /> On PSLV-C58/XPoSat campaign, POEM-3 hosted ten payloads weighing ~145&amp;nbsp;kg cumulatively.&lt;ref name=&quot;pslv-c58-launch&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |date=1 January 2024 |title=Launch of PSLV-C58/XPoSat Mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Tr04wrZpng&amp;t=2377s |publisher=[[Doordarshan]] |via=[[YouTube]] |time=39 minutes 37 seconds }}&lt;/ref&gt; PSLV fourth stage was lowered to 350&amp;nbsp;km orbit at 9.6° inclination after deploying XPoSat to reach the POEM-3 operational orbit. For power generation and storage it will again have flexible solar panels in conjunction with 50Ah [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-Ion battery]] and will be [[three-axis stabilized]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pslv-c58-press-kit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2023 |title=PSLV-C58/XPoSat Press Kit |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLV_C58/PSLV_C58_Brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730054459/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/PSLV_C58/PSLV_C58_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2024 |publisher=[[ISRO]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Payloads hosted on POEM-3 are following, seven of them facilitated by [[IN-SPACe]] and three are by ISRO,<br /> <br /> # Radiation Shielding Experimental Module (RSEM): Experimental payload by TakeMe2Space to evaluate effectiveness of [[Tantalum]] coating for [[radiation shielding]].<br /> # Women Engineered Satellite (WESAT): Payload by [[L B S Institute of Technology for Women|LBS Institute of Technology for Women]] to compare and measure [[Ultraviolet|ultraviolet radiation]] in space and on Earth's surface in real-time.<br /> # BeliefSat-0: Amateur Band UHF to VHF FM voice repeater, and VHF APRS Digipeater satellite by [[K. J. Somaiya Institute of Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iaru-sat-coord&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IARU Sat Coordinator |url=https://iaru.amsat-uk.org/finished_detail.php?serialnum=942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529214455/https://iaru.amsat-uk.org/finished_detail.php?serialnum=942 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=iaru.amsat-uk.org |publisher=[[International Amateur Radio Union]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;beliefsat0-github&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=BeliefSat-0 |url=https://github.com/NewLeapKjsieit/BeliefSat-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917194613/https://github.com/NewLeapKjsieit/BeliefSat-0 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=30 December 2023 |publisher=New Leap Initiative-KJSIEIT }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Green Impulse TrAnsmitter (GITA): Green [[bipropellant]] [[CubeSat|CubeSat propulsion unit]] by Inspecity Space Labs Pvt. Ltd.<br /> # Launching Expeditions for Aspiring Technologies-Technology Demonstrator (LEAP-TD): P-30 [[nanosatellite]] platform subsystems validation by [[Space industry of India|Indian space startup]] [[Dhruva Space]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dhruvaspace-20231231&quot;&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Dhruva Space kicks off 2024 with LEAP series of hosted payload Space missions; set to validate P-30 Nanosatellite Platform onboard ISRO's PSLV-C58 on 01 January, 2024 |url=https://www.dhruvaspace.com/news/dhruva-space-leap-hosted-payload-space-missions-p30-nanosatellite-platform-onboard-isro-pslv-c58-01-january-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227194800/https://www.dhruvaspace.com/news/dhruva-space-leap-hosted-payload-space-missions-p30-nanosatellite-platform-onboard-isro-pslv-c58-01-january-2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=31 December 2023 |publisher=[[Dhruva Space]] |place=Hyderabad }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # RUDRA 0.3 HPGP: Green [[Monopropellant]] Thruster by Indian space startup [[Bellatrix Aerospace]] Pvt. Ltd.<br /> # ARKA200: Xenon based [[Hall-effect thruster]] (HET) by [[Bellatrix Aerospace]].<br /> # Dust Experiment (DEX): Interplanetary dust count measurement by [[Physical Research Laboratory]].<br /> # [[Fuel cell]] Power System (FCPS): Demonstration of fuel cell power system by [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]]<br /> # Si-based High Energy cell: Demonstration of [[Silicon]] based High Energy cells by [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]]<br /> <br /> Two instruments from VSSC consist of twin sets of &quot;[[Fuel cell|Fuel Cell]] Power System (FCPS)' designed to demonstrate [[fuel cell]] technology and Silicon-based high-energy cells which can be later be used on large scale missions such as the proposed [[Bharatiya Antariksha Station|Indian Space Station]],&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday-20240101&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 January 2024 |title=Isro launches fuel cell to test power source for future Bhartiya Space Station |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-launches-fuel-cell-to-test-power-source-for-future-india-space-station-2482710-2024-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320124026/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-launches-fuel-cell-to-test-power-source-for-future-india-space-station-2482710-2024-01-01 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |issn=0254-8399 }}&lt;/ref&gt; for which preliminary sources in the media indicated would be the case. On the other hand, the payload from PRL, known as the Dust Experiment (DEX), aims to quantify [[Interplanetary dust cloud|interplanetary dust]] within the low earth orbit regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia-20231229&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> POEM-3 later re-entered the earth's atmosphere having completed all mission objectives by the beginning of February, over the [[Pacific Ocean]] on March 21st.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday-20240325&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Acharya |first=Ashutosh |title=PSLV's Poem-3 burns up above Earth to give Isro zero debris mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pslv-poem-3-isro-zero-debris-mission-2519279-2024-03-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406123442/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pslv-poem-3-isro-zero-debris-mission-2519279-2024-03-25 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |issn=0254-8399 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesnow-20240325&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 March 2024 |title=Another Milestone For ISRO! PSLV's POEM-3 Re-Enters Earth, Accomplishes Zero Orbital Debris Mission |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/another-milestone-for-isro-pslvs-poem-3-re-enters-earth-accomplishes-zero-orbital-debris-mission-article-108770653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325174636/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/another-milestone-for-isro-pslvs-poem-3-re-enters-earth-accomplishes-zero-orbital-debris-mission-article-108770653 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia-20240325&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |title=PSLV's POEM-3 re-enters Earth, falls in Pacific ocean |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pslvs-poem-3-re-enters-earth-falls-in-pacific-ocean/articleshow/108770162.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327133417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pslvs-poem-3-re-enters-earth-falls-in-pacific-ocean/articleshow/108770162.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mission overview ==<br /> * '''Mass''':<br /> ** ''Payload weight:''<br /> * '''Overall height''': {{cvt|44.4|m}}<br /> * '''Propellant''':<br /> ** ''Stage 1:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] <br /> ** ''Stage 2:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]] <br /> ** ''Stage 3:'' [[Solid-fuel rocket|Composite Solid]] <br /> ** ''Stage 4:'' [[Liquid fuel rocket|Earth Storable Liquid]]<br /> * '''Propellant mass''':<br /> ** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|139000|kg}}<br /> ** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|41000|kg}}<br /> ** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|7650|kg}}<br /> ** ''Stage 4:'' {{cvt|1600|kg}}<br /> * '''Altitude''': 650&amp;nbsp;km&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday-20231206&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Isro to illuminate cosmic mysteries of black holes with launch of XPoSat mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-xposat-mission-pslv-launch-x-ray-polarisation-black-hole-neutron-stars-2472657-2023-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153205/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-xposat-mission-pslv-launch-x-ray-polarisation-black-hole-neutron-stars-2472657-2023-12-06 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |issn=0254-8399 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Maximum velocity''': <br /> * '''Inclination''': 6.0°&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia-20231130&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=XPoSat set to revolutionize x-ray astronomy: Isro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/xposat-set-to-revolutionize-x-ray-astronomy-isro/articleshow/105610104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225081641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/xposat-set-to-revolutionize-x-ray-astronomy-isro/articleshow/105610104.cms |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Azimuth''':102°&lt;ref name=&quot;pslv-c58-press-kit&quot; /&gt;<br /> * '''Period''': 90.0 Minutes<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{PSLV}}<br /> {{Indian space programme}}<br /> {{orbital launches in 2024}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Spaceflight|Science|Technology|Transport}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]<br /> [[Category:January 2024 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rocket launches in 2024]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pramod_Arya&diff=455516 2025-05-07T20:17:50Z

<p>Hafilhafi: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1944)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Pramod Arya<br /> | image = <br /> | country = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|8|30|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | bowling = <br /> | role = <br /> <br /> | club1 = <br /> | year1 = <br /> | clubnumber1 = <br /> | club2 = <br /> | year2 = <br /> | clubnumber2 =<br /> <br /> | date = 30 November 2016<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26736.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pramod Arya''' (born 30 August 1944) is an Indian [[first-class cricket]]er who represented [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26736.html |title=Pramod Arya |accessdate=30 November 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Rajasthan in the [[1975-76 Ranji Trophy]] on 21 December 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/35/35779.html|title=Rajasthan v Madhya Pradesh, Ranji Trophy 1975/76 (Central Zone)|last=|first=|date=|website=cricketarchive.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=26736}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Pramod}}<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1940s-stub}}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_in_Punjab&diff=536940 2025-05-04T23:42:00Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{see also|Sports in Punjab, India}}<br /> Various types of sports are played in [[Punjab]]. Both [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pbsports.gov.in/indexeng.htm: Indian Punjab Sports Board Website&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]&lt;ref&gt;http://sportsboard.punjab.gov.pk/: Pakistani Punjab Sports Board Website&lt;/ref&gt; have separate sports boards to undertake most of the sports activities in their respective regions. Also many many private organizations, universities and schools held their sporting events as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519094940/http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/fairs-and-festivals-in-punjab/festivals/raipur-sports-festival.htm Article title]}} : Local Indian Punjab Sporting Event&lt;/ref&gt; Punjab youth festival is an annual event in Pakistani Punjab that is very famous in terms of audience participation.&lt;ref&gt;http://sportsboard.punjab.gov.pk/Dls/PYF2014/EventPages/PunjabYouthFestival.html:: Punjab Youth Festival Webpage&lt;/ref&gt; Also local boards make sure to have international collaborations when necessary to improve standards in certain sports.&lt;ref&gt;http://tribune.com.pk/story/664970/sports-board-punjab-join-hands-with-uk-club/ : Promotion of Football in Punjab Pakistan&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since Punjab have a huge foreign diaspora so they arrange certain events in other countries as well.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pcschicago.org/ourhistory.php : International Event in Chicago&lt;/ref&gt; Recently rugby is gaining traction in Punjab and Pakistan's first under-16 rugby team has been selected from [[Faisalabad]] Punjab to play in the World Rugby under-16 tournament.&lt;ref&gt;http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/21602/under-16-rugby-world-cup-open-your-eyes-pakistan-talent-for-sports-other-than-cricket-exist/ : Rugby World Cup Selection for Under 16 from Pakistani Punjab&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> *[http://pu.edu.pk/home/sports: Punjab University Sporting event Home Page]<br /> *[http://sports.lums.edu.pk/: Lahore University of Management Sciences HomePage]<br /> *[http://www.gcu.edu.pk/sports.htm: Government College University Lahore Punjab Sports Page]<br /> *[https://www.facebook.com/pakistan.rugby: Pakistan Rugby Official Facebook Page]<br /> <br /> {{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}<br /> {{Punjab, Pakistan}}<br /> {{Punjab, India}}<br /> [[Category:Sport in Punjab|*]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadul_Singh_(administrator)&diff=531725 2025-02-06T00:54:28Z

<p>Hafilhafi: starting a bio - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br /> Colonel Rao Bahadur Thakur '''Sir Sadul Singh Rathore''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE}} (1881 &amp;ndash; 23 December 1937), of [[Bagseu]], was a senior administrator in [[Bikaner|Bikaner State]] in India.<br /> <br /> Son of [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]] Rawat Singh Rathore of [[Rora, India|Rora]], Sadul Singh was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to [[Ganga Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner]] in 1902, Deputy Revenue and Financial Secretary in 1904, Revenue and Financial Secretary in 1910, Revenue Member of the Bikaner State Executive Council in 1912, and Public Works Minister in 1917. He held the last post until his retirement in 1934, at which time he was also vice-president of the State Executive Council.<br /> <br /> Two years before his death, he was designated as officiating Prime Minister of the State of Bikaner in addition to his other duties, although he declined the substantive post for personal reasons<br /> <br /> He accompanied the Maharaja to the [[Imperial War Conference]] and [[Imperial War Cabinet]] in London in 1917 and to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Versailles Conference]] in 1918&amp;ndash;1919.<br /> <br /> Sadul Singh was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1920 New Year Honours]]&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette |issue=31712 |date=30 December 1919 |page=5 |supp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1935.&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette |issue=34277 |date=24 April 1936 |page=2623}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette |issue=15180 |date=7 June 1935 |page=483 |city=Edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *''[[Who Was Who]]''<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sadul}}<br /> [[Category:1881 births]]<br /> [[Category:1937 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bikaner]]</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumbabishekam&diff=511091 2023-05-13T14:47:51Z

<p>Hafilhafi: created redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Kumbhabhishekham]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rompicherla&diff=549705 2022-05-16T09:28:15Z

<p>Hafilhafi: added a page.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Rompicherla''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> *[[Rompicherla, Chittoor district]], a village in the Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> *[[Rompicherla, Guntur district]], a village in the Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> <br /> {{geodis}}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_India,_Amman&diff=498420 2022-05-12T17:35:53Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Created redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[List of diplomatic missions of India#Asia]]<br /> <br /> {{R cat shell|<br /> {{R from subtopic}}<br /> {{R to section}}<br /> }}</div>

Hafilhafi https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=MH_SH_194&diff=514075 2022-04-29T05:25:40Z

<p>Hafilhafi: Redirect article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[State Highway 194 (Maharashtra)]]</div>

Hafilhafi